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Kv'itori.ti.''

HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE

SKETCH

1
I

(

BIRMINGHAM;

WITH

SOME ACCOUNT OF ITS ENVIRONS,

AMD

FORTY-FOUR VIEWS OF THE PRINCIPAL PUBLIC

BUILDINGS,

Sabmiwive to the ^kilfol workman's will,
Here the rough metals brighten into fame ;
Taking a thonaand diff*rent artf ol forms,
Minute or massive, simple or complex,
Sought through the world for ornament or qm.

Jago*

BIRMINGHAM :

BEILBY, KNOTT, AND BEILBY.

MDCCCXXX.

r^V

I'fB JfBW TOM

380154B

rUDSH fOVKDABOtlB

Tt KNOTT, JUN« PAIKTXR.

JOHN GOUGH, ESQUIRE,

OF PERRT HALL, IK THE COUNTY OF STAFFORD,

WHOSE ANCESTORS,

DURING A LONG RESIDENCE IN THE VICINITT OF

BIRMINGHAM,

PROMOTED IN SUCCESSION

THE WELFARE OF THE TOWN;

AND WHO HIMSELF,

BY HIS MUNIFICENT LIBERALITY

TO ITS PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS,

IS ENTITLED TO THE RESPECT AND GRATITUDE

OF THE INHABITANTS,

THIS WORK

IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED
BY HIS MOST OBEDIENT SERVANTS,

BEILBY, KNOTT, and BEILBY.

of those for whose use it is peculiarly intend-
ed^ but also prove an interesting and accept-
able l^emorial to the Inhabitant.

The principal Public Buildings of the town^
comprising forty-four distinct subjects, are
faithfully represented in a series of neatly
executed Engravings^ with which this Work
is embellished.

Birmingham, 1830.

CONTENTS.

Page*
Situation, Superficial Contents, and Outlintof Na-
tural History ... „. ... ^

Orthography and Etymology ... ••• ^

Ancient History .•. ... •.• ®

Battle of Birmingham ... ... ^^

Modem Occurrences ... ..". •.. ^^

Biotsofl791 ... .. •.. *1

Increase of the Town, Population ... .*> ^

Character and Condition of Society ... 72

Manu&ctures, Trade, and Commerce «.• 76

Manor ... .. ... ... 83

Government and Police ... ... ••• ^

Markets ... ... ... ... 87

Thursday's Market T.. ... ... 87

Monday and Saturday's Markets ». 89

Hay and Straw Market ... ... 90

Fairs ... ... ... ••• 90

Wakes ... ... .•• ... 91

DeritendWake ... ... ... 91

Chapel Wake ... ... ... 91

Bell Wake ... ... ... 91

General Description and Improvements - ... 92

Intended Improvements ... ... ... 07

Decayed Belioious Establishment,

Hospital of St. Thomas the Apostle, or Priory 98

VIII

Page,

Places of Wobship,

St Martin's Church

...

103

Clodshale's Chantry

...

107

Parsonage

...

108

St. PhiUp's Church ...

...

109

Christ Church

...

112

St. George's Church

...

116

St. Peter'* Church ...

...

119

St. Thomas's Church

...

121

St. Bartholomew's Chapel

...

122

St. Mary's Chapel ...

...

123

St. Paul's Chapel

...

124

St. John's Chapel, Deritend ...

...

125

St. James's Chapel, Ashsted

...

129

Trinity Chapel, Bordesley ....

...

130

Jews' Synagogue

...

133

Boman Catholic Chapels (St. Peter's and

St. Chad's

...

134

Quaker's Meeting House

...

134

Old Meeting House (Unitarians)

...

135

New Meeting House (ditto) ...

...

136

Carr's Tjane Meeting House (Independents)

136

Livery-street Meeting House (ditto)

...

137

Ebenezer Meeting House (ditto)

.••

138

Baptist Meeting Houses,

Particular Baptists — Cannon-street

...

138

Bond.street

...

139

Newhall-street

139

Mount Zion

...

139

General Baptists-^Lombard- street

...

140

Methodist Meeting Houses,

Wesleyan — Cherry-street

...

140

Belmont-row

141

Bradfurd-street ...

■•«

141

i Methodist Meeting Houses cotUinu&d Page.

Wesleyan — Islington ... ... 141

Constitution-hill ... 141

New Connexion — Oxford-street ••• 141
King-street Meeting House (Lady Huntingdon's

Connexion) ... ... ... 141

Calvinist Meeting Houses, ,

Bartholomew-street ... ... 142

Newhall-street ... ... 142

New Jerusalem Temple (Swedenborgians) 142

Scottish Church ... ... ... 142

Charitable Ikstitutions,

General Hospital ... ... ... 142

Grand Musical Festivals for

the Benefit of ... ... ... 146

Dispensary , ... ... ... 148

Self-Supporting Dispensary ... ... 149

House of Recovery, or Fever Hospital ... 150

Institution for Relief of Bodily Deformity 161

Eye Infirmary ... ... .. 151

Guild of the Holy Cross, now the Free School,

New-street ...- ... ... 151

Blue Coat Charity School ... ... 160

Protestant Dissenting Charitj School ... 162

Deaf and Dumb Institution ... ... 163

Lancasterian School ... ^ ... ... 166

National or Madras School ... ... 167

St. David's Society (or Welsh Charity) ... 168

Infant Schools ... ... ... 168

Sunday Schools ... .„ ... 170

Fentham*s Trust .. ... ... 170

Crowley's Trust ... ... ... 170

Scott's Trust ... ... ... 171

\ Piddock's J'rust ... ... ... 171

Lench's Trust and Alms Houses ». 171

XII

JoiKT Stock Establishments continued^ Page.

Waralone aod Deritend Breweries ... 230

Birmingham Brewerj ... ... 230

Union Rolling Mill, Crescent ... 230

Chamber of Manufactures and Commerce ... 230
Societies for Protection of Trade and Prosecution of

Felons ... ... ... ... 231

Botanical and Horticultural Society ... 231

Principal Inns ... ... ... 232

jtsanJEs ... ... ... ... Avo

Table of Hackney Coach Fares and Stands ... 233

Newspapers ... ... ... 235

Environs of Birmingham,

Aston ■ ... ... ... ••• 235

Handsworth ... ... ... 240

Harbourn ... .. ... 242

Edgbaston ... .. •.. 244

KiDg*g Norton and Moseley ... ... 248

Additions and Corrections ... ••• 251

LIST OF THE PLATES,

With directions fir placing them^ and refirencet to the descrip-
tive Articles.

• I

To face the Title,

1 St. Martinis Church

2 St. Philip's Church

To face p. 112,

1 St. Peter's Church

2 St George's Church

3 Christ Church

4 St. Thomas's Church

To face p. 122,

1 St. Paul's Chapel ...

2 St Mary's Chapel

3 St Bartholomew's Chapel

To face p. 128,

1 Trinity Chapel, Bordesley

2 St John's Chapel, Deritend

3 St James's Chapel, Ashted

described page 103
109

...
• •

• •

119
116
112
121

124
123
122

130
125
129

XIV

To face p. 136,

1 Carr'8-lane Meeting House

2 Cherrj-street ditto

3 Ebenezer ditto

4 Mount Zion Chapel

To face p. 138,

1 Old Meeting House

2 Cannon-street Meeting House
' 3 Livery-street Meeting House

4 New Meeting House

5 Newhall-street Meeting House

6 Belraont-row Meeting House

To face p. 142,

1 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, \

Edgbaston ... ... J

2 Dispensary

3 Charity School, Park-street

4 General Hospital

5 Blue Coat Charity School ...

To face p. 151,

1 Philosophical Society Lecture Room (interior)

2 Academy of Arts (interior before rebuilt) ...

3 Free Grammar School of King Edward VL

To face p. 180,

1 Theatre Royal

2 Old Library

3 New Library

4 News Room .•

described page 1S6
140
138

135
138
137
136
139
141

•t*

163

148
162
142
160

185
188
151

J 70
194
195
195

To face p. 190,

1 New Building of Society of Arts

2 Interior of ditto •••

190
190

To face p. 177,

1 Cavalry Barracks ...

2 Workhouse

3 Gun-barrel Proof House ...

4 Asylum for In&nt Poor

To face p. 196,

1 Public Office

2 Post Office

3 Birmingham Fire Office ...

4 Birmingham Canal Office ...

described page 204

177
202

>• ... 178

196
201

217
212

A SKETCH, &c.

SITUATION— SUPERFICIAL CONTENTS— AND
OUTLINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

The market town of Birmingham, famed at an
early period for the manufacture of articles of iron,
and distinguished in modern times by its great
advancement in population, and by the successful
pursuits of commercial and manufacturing indus-
try, is situate near the centre of England, in the
north-west peninsular extremity of the county of
Warwick, in the hundred of Hemlingford, the
diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, and the deanery
of Arden. Latitude 52° 59' north ; longitude
P 48' west from Greenwich.*

The parish is bounded east by that of Aston, in
the county of Warwick; west and south-west by
that of Edgbaston, in the same county; north by
that of Handsworth, in the county of Stafford ;
north-west by that of Harborne, also in the county
of Stafford ; and on the south slightly touching the
parish of King's Norton, in the county of Worces-
ter : being distant about 20 miles from Warwick,

* Vide Sherriff 's Map ; other calculationi vary a little from
his.

2 SITUATIOK, ice.

18 from Coventry, 26 from Sta£ford, 26 from Wor-
cester, and 109 from London.

It 18 small in size compared with most of the
other parishes in the neighbourhood, a circumstance . '

which Mr. Hutton has endeavoured to account for
by observing that when Alfred parcelled out his
kingdom, where he met with a town he allotted a
smaller quantity of land, because the inhabitants
chiefly depended upon commerce ; but where there
was only a village, he allotted a larger, because
they depended on agriculture ; which observation,
he adds, goes far in proving the antiquity of the
place, it being 900 years since that division was
effected. The parish is somewhat of an oval form,
and about seven miles in circumference, the longest
diameter, nearly in the direction from east to west, *

being about three miles ; and the widest, from north
'to south, more than two. The superficial contents
are stated at about 2864 acres, whereof the town,
occupying the south-eastern part of the parish,
covers nearly one-half. In this direction Birming-
ham has considerably overstepped her parochial
limits, numerous lines of strieets being continued
into the adjoining parish of Aston.

The foundation upon which the town stands is
one solid mass of dry reddish sand. As no part
lies flat, the showers promote both cleanliness and
health by carrying off the dirt and filth into the
small river Rea, which bounds the eastern side of
the parish. Except irom Hales Owen, on the north-

SITUATION, Ae^ 3

west, the approach to Birmingham on every side is
hy ascent, which gives a free accession of air, and
allows the sun to exercise his full powers of exha-
lation.

Former writers have viewed Birmingham as low
and watery, because Digbeth, then the chief street,
bears that description. But all future writers will
view her on an eminence, and with as much reason,
because for one low street we have now fifty ele*
vated.

The soil is rather light, sandy, and weak. The
northern part of the parish, consisting of about 400
acres, denominated Birmingham Heath, Elaye Hill,
and Gibb Heath, lay waste till 1800, when it was
inclosed under the authority of an Act of Parlia-
ment. A considerable portion of the land near the
town is parcelled out into small gardens, averaging
about a guinea, or from that to two guineas per
annum rent. These are occupied not so much for
profit as for health and amusement, to both of
which, as well as to the improvement of the morals
of the people, they essentially contribute. There
are now but few farms in the parish, and those of
small size ; much of the land not used for gardens
being let out in small quantities, to various persons,
for purposes of accommodation.

There is no natural river running through the
parish, but there are three which mark its boun-
daries for about half its circumference. One is a
little stream crossing the Bromsgrove turnpike road

A 2

4 SITUATION, *c.

near the first mile->stone ; the second, Shirland
Brook, on the Dudley road; and the third and
principal one, the River Rea, which runs at the
foot of Digbeth, and over which is a handsome
bridge at the entrance of the parish from the Lon-
don road. The town is abundantly supplied with
good water for ordinary purposes by means of
pumps inserted into wells throughout the town.
That in the upper part, which is found at the depth
of about 20 yards, is mostly hard ; but in Digbeth,
and generally along the lower side of the town,
there is a never-failing supply of excellent soft
water, with which the inhabitants are accommo-
dated at a reasonable rate, by persons who make it
their business to take it about in carts and cans for
sale.

The natural air of the place cannot perhaps be
excelled in this climate ; the moderate elevation
and dry soil, of course essentially contribute to its
purity, but it receives an alloy from the congregated
bodies of nearly 100,000 people, from the conti-
nual smoke of the immense quantity of coals con-
sumed, and from the noxious effluvia of various
trades. Nevertheless, instances of many of the
inhabitants living to a very advance^d age are nu-
merous, and the general healthiness of the people
probably exceeds that of any other manufacturing
town of equal size ; indeed, it is remarked by the
most accurate observer of the probability of human
existence (Dr. Price), to be one of the healthiest

ORTHOGRAPHY, Ac. 5

towns in England. Dr. Priestley, too, pronounced
the air of the place to be equally pure as any he
had analysed.

Mr. Hutton has truly observed of Birmingham,
that she is peculiarly favoured with the enjoyment
of four of the greatest blessings that can attend
human existence — water, air, the sun, and a situa««
tion free from damps.*

ORTHOGRAPHY AND ETYMOLOGY,

Probably no place has undergone more changes
in the orthography of its name, which, in the course
of time, has been written in a great variety of ways.
The following are a few selected instances, ar-
ranged without regard to chronological order : —
Byrmyncham, Brymyncham, Burmyncham, Ber-
myncham, Birmincham, Byrmyngham, Byr-
mingham, Bermyngeham, Bermyngham, Bur-
myngham, Burmingham, Brumingham, Ber-
mingeham, Bermigham, Bermingham.
Brumwycheham, Bromwycham, Bromygham^
Bromicham, Bremisham, Bremicham, Bre-

mingeham.f
Birmingham is now the fixed spelling, though in
common speech, among persons careless of correct

* Hutton *8 History of Birmingham.

J Taken from Dugdale, Hutton, and a variety of publishei^
MS. documents.

6 ORTHOGRAPHY, Ac.

pronunciation, the place is still not unfrequently
called BruTkicham, or Brummagem.

The etymology of the name is, as it probably
ever must remain, merely conjectural. Dugdale*
(whose opinion is presumed to be founded on the
Norman Survey, wherein it is called Bermingehamf)
supposed it to have been originally taken from some
Saxon possessor, the termination ham denoting a.
home or dwelling, and the previous part of the
word, in his opinion, manifesting itself to be a
proper name ; but the late Mr. HuttonX has con-
tended for an earlier and different derivation, think-
ing the name to have been originally, and long
before the Saxon era, Bromwych ; Brom^ perhaps
from the shrub Broom, for tha growth of which the
soil is extremely favourable, and wych,% a descent,
which would correspond ^ith the declivity from
High-street to Digbeth ; observing also, in support
of this hypothesis, that two other places in the
neighbourhood bear the same name. Castle Brom-
wich and West Bromwich ; to which may be added
a third. Little Bromwich : the termination ham he
supposes to have been adopted, during the Seulou
Heptarchy, from the Lord of the place having made

* Antiquities of Warwickshire, 1S56.

-f- Gent Mag. April, 1804, p. 299.

f History of BirmiDgham, 1781.

§ The Saxon Wic^ or fTicft, signified a village, &c so that
Brom or Broom Wich. would answer to Broom Village, and the
IMurtide ham being added, the whole (Bromwicham) might sig-
nify a house or abode in Broom Village.

ORTHOORAPHT, At^. 7

it his residence; thus rendering Bramwycham as
its then name.

Mr. Hamper published in the Gentleman's Ma-
gazine for 1804,* with references to various autho-
rities, some remarks on the etymology of the name,
wherein^ after noticing the derivations givai by
Dugdale and Hutton, he observes : '^ These deri-
vations, however plausible, seem to have but
little weight when we consider that the Roman
'^ Station, Bremeniumyf was on the Ikeneild Street
'^ at this place. That word evidently bears a greater
<< resemblance to the present Birmingham, than to
^' Mr. Hutton's hypothetical Bromwich : and the
" Historian of Manchester, in a note on the 10th
'/ Iter« of Richard of Cirencester,^ says, ^ The
*' * name of Bremenium is composed of Bre and
" * .Maen, the high stone^ and the site of it must
'' * therefore have been on the crest of tlie hill at
'^ ' Birmingham.' In the Liber Niger of the Ex-
'* chequer§ it is written Bremingeham ; and in a list
** of no less ihtjiji/ty changes which the fluctua-
** tion of orthography has caused in the name of
^' our town, I find nothing to support Mr. Hutton's
'^ conjecture previous to the year 1336, when Bur*
'* myncham occurs. I must, therefore, prefer Mr.
'^ Whitaker's derivation, until Mr. Hutton, or some

• Gent. Mag. April, 1804, p. 299.

t ^^ Richard of Cirencester, Iter. 10.**

t ** Whitaker*s Hist, of Manchester. Appendix."

I Lib. Niger Scamrii, vol. i. 199.

8 AUCISHT HISTORY.

" othej of Mr. Urban's Antiquarian friends, will
oblige me by producing a proof that Broniwych»
or Bromwycham, was the original name, and by
accounting for the manner in which it is spelt in
'' Richard of Cirencester, Domesday Book, and
" the Liber Niger."

Such are the various opinions that have been in-
geniously advanced on the etymology of Birming-
ham, a subject upon which no conclusive evidence
is likely to be discovered.

ANCIENT HISTORY.

^ Though the town has a modern appearance,
exhibiting but few vestiges of antiquity, there is
reason to believe that its origin may be carried back
to a very early date. Mr. Hutton gives it existence
in the days of the Ancient BritonSy as having been
the manufactory whence that people obtained their
warlike instruments, the sword, spear, shield, and
scythe ; observing that ironstone and coal, the ne-
cessary materials for such productions, are both
found in the neighbourhood, in great plenty ; and
offering the two following circumstances as strongly
evincing this ancient British manufactory : — *

'' Upon the borders of the parish stands Aston
** Furnace, appropriated for melting ironstone, and

f Htttton'sUutory of BinniDghAm, 4th edition, p. 32, 23.

((

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ti
<<

<(
• <

ANCIENT HISTORY. 9

** reducing it into pigs :* this has the appearance
of great antiquity. From the melted ore in this
subterranean region of infernal aspect, is pro-
" duced a calx, or cinder, of which there is an
enormous mountain. From an attentive survey
*' the observer would suppose so prodigious a heap
could not accumulate in one hundred generations ;
'^ however, it shews no perceptible addition in the
age of man.
There is also a Common of vast extent, called
" Wednesbury Old Field, f in which are the ves-
tiges of many hundreds of coal-pits, long in dis-
use, which the curious antiquary would deem as
long in sinking, as the mountain of cinders in
** rising."

Mr. Hutton also instances the roads that proceed
from Birmingham as indications of her great anti-
quity.t Where any of them led up an eminence,
they were worn by the long practice of ages into
deep holloways, some of them twelve or fourteen
yards below the surface of the banks, with which
they were once even, and extremely narrow. In
this state most of these roads remained till within
the last seventy or eighty years, during which the
progress of improvement has nearly destroyed all
traces of their original state. Among the most re-

* Now disused as an iron furnace, and converted into a ma-
nufactory of paper.
-j- About seven miles north north-west of Birmingham.
i History of Birmingham, 4th edition, p. 26, 26.

10 AVCIBKT HISTORY.

markable may be mentioned one between Deritend
and Camp-hill, in the way to Stratford-upon-Avon »
which is said to have been nearly sixty feet deep ;
another at Holloway-head, formerly the way to
Bromsgrove and to Bewdley ; a third at Constitu-
tion hill, on the Wolverhampton road; and a fourth'
between Gosta-green and Aston Brook, on the road
to Lichlieldv

In the opinion of the same author, British traces
were discoverable in the old Dudley road, down
Easy-hill, under the Canal; at the eighth mile-
stone, and at Smethwick; also in several roads
near Birmingham, which were never thought to
merit a repair, particularly at Good Knave's-end,
towards Harbome ; the Green-lane, leading to the
Garrison ; and that beyond Longbridge, in the road
to Yardley ; all of them deep holloways, carrying
evident tokens of antiquity. Subsequent altera-
tions and improvements have, however, in some in-
stances, either destroyed or considerably lessened
the traces to which he alludes.

Birmingham lay within the British Division, or
District of the Cornaviiy a people who appear to
have possessed that portion of the island which
now composes the counties of Warwick, Worcester^
Stafford, Salop, and Chester.*

Under the Ramans it was probably comprised
within the Division called Flavia C^$arien9iSf

•
* Gibioii*s C«nden, yoL i.

AHCIEMT HISTOKT. 11

thoDgfi) according to some writers, part of the
couaty was included in that of Britannia Secunda.
It has been already observed that the Roman
Station Brememum' (mentioned in the [tineraTy of
Richard of Cirencester.f Iter. 10) was at this place,
and that the site was supposed to have been on the
crest of the hill, which would agree with the conns
of the Ikeneild Street through the parish, on the
north-west or upper side of the town. This street,
one of the four famous military roads foimed by the
Romanst for the completion of their conquest of
Britain, commenced near Southampton, extending
from sea to sea in a direction from south to north
across the island, and terminating upon the banks
of the Tine, near Tinemoutb, in Northumberland.
It entered the parish of Birmingham near'the Ob-
servatory, in Lady Wood-lane, crossed the Dudley
Toad at the Sandpits,^ continued along Worstone-
lane, through the Little Pool and Hockley Brook,

* The Bremenium of Antgninui ni ncai the Wall in Nor-
tfaumberluid.

■f- A MoDk or Weitmiaater, in tha foqrteenth ccntur;, who
is mppoied to hare prepucd hii work fiom the lenxitu of Ra-
CDrda drami up bj the tathoritf of ■ Romui Qsncral, betweea
the reus ISBand 170, ■bam theidgnof Antooinua Pius. Thii
ItiDencT wu uaknown to Dugdsle, having lun in concealment
till 1747, when it wai diacorered at Copenhagen b; Sir. Ba-
tram, an £ngli>b gentleman — Vide Whitaka'i Mancheitei,
»oLL

X Bj Knne thil Koad ii thought to hare been originallj niad*
b; the Britons, and its name would seem to be derived ftom tha
loeta, Cheancient British inhabiunti of theEaitem Countiea of
EngIand_Vide Smilh's WarwickaUie deUneated.

% Near Ihia apot stand* Ikeneild House, laia the nudaace of
JaniM Woolkr, E*q. bat now of TimothT Smith, fiiq.

12 ANCIENT HISTORY.

where it left the parish, and proceeded from thence
(crossing the river Tame atOldford) to Sutton Cold-
field and Sutton Park, and so onwards to its termi-
nation. The distance which this road passed
through the parish of Birmingham was about a mile
in length, but its course here is now wholly invi-
sible. On Sutton Coldfield, and in Sutton Park,
four or five miles distant, a considerable portion of
it, two or three miles in length, may yet be seen in
a state of the greatest perfection.*

The Romans formed or improved several smaller
roads throughout the kingdom for common use, one
of which, issuing from London, penetrates through
Stratford-on-Avon (Street-ford), Monkspath-street,
and Shirley-street, to Birmingham,t affording
another fndication of the antiquity of the place.

No vestiges of the station here remain. Mr.
Hutton examined the country with care, but could
find none. All traces of the precise site of it are
equally lost, but Kaye-hill, or its immediate vicinity,
near to Worstone-lane, is perhaps the most likely
spot.

In a concise History of Birmingham published a
few years since,! it is stated to be obvious that the
Romans had a station here from coins and other
antiquities having been dug up ; and, in the same
work, it is added, that " in June, 1816, as a man

* Hutton*s Hist, of Birmingham.

"f Whitaker*s Hist, of Manchester, vol. i.

:;: Printed and published by Jabet and Moore, Birmingham.

ANCIENT HISTORY. 13

** was digging in his garden, near the Jews* Bury-
" ing Ground"* (situate near the basin of the Wor-
cester Canal), " he threw out a quantity of coins,
" many of them in excellent preservation ; one was
'' of Vespasian, and had the following inscription
" round the head : — imp. caesah vesp. avo. cos.
" VII. — on the reverse, a figure in a long robe/
'< with a star upon the head, and the letters S. C.
" one on each side."

It is to be regretted that a more circumstantial
account of this discovery was not published, with
some clue for tracing the possession of the articles
discovered.

Of Birmingham in the time of the Saxons, when
it formed part of the kingdom of Mercia, but little
can be said — Dugdale states that '^ this being a
" place very eminent for most commodities made
" of iron, was, in Edward the Confessor's days,
" . the Freehold of one Vluuine** (modern Alt€n),f
It is likewise recorded by the same author, that in
2d Edw. II. (1309) Willm. de Birmingham, then
Lord of the Manor, on the trial of a suit between
him and the inhabitants of Bromsgrove and King's
Norton, touching the liability of such inhabitants
to market toll in Birmingham, which they had re-
fused to pay, and for which his bailiffs had dis-
trained, after producing the charters of divers
kings, &c. for justification of his market, further

* About a mile from the supposed site of the Station,
•f- Dugdale^s Warwickshire.

14 AKCIENT HISTOEY4

alleged that his ancestors had a market here before
the Norman Conquest;* and Mr. Hutton informs
lis that he had met with an old author who observes
that Birmingham was governed by two Constables
in the time of the Saxons.f

After the Norman Invasion, William Fitz Aus-
culfX (whose seat was the Castle of Dudley, about
nine miles distant) possessed Birmingham, and
divers other towns hereabout.§

By the Conqueror's Survey (Domesday Book)
Birmingham is rated for four hides, having woods
of half a mile in length, and four furlongs in
breadth ; all being then held of the same William
by one Richard, and valued at twenty shillings.||
Of the woods alluded to^ no traces now remain ;
but the . site of them was probably On the western
side of the parish, at, or in the vicinity of a place

* Dugdale*s Warwickshire. — The men of Bromsgtove and
Norton had jud^ent in their fayour, on the plea that as the
Lordships in which they inhabited were of the ancient Demesne
of the Crown, the inhabitants thereof ought to be freed from the
payment of toll throughout the realm, for all petty commodities,
as victual and the like, except it could appear that they did buy
and sell as o6mmoB merchants.

. -f- .Hutt0Q*s Birmingham, 4th edition, p. 40.

X According to a document referred to in Dr. Booker*s His-
tory of Dudley Castle, this name should be written Ansculph.

8 II Dngdale^s Warwickshire. — A Hide of Land it yariously
estimated ; some rate it as equal to 100 acres— others more-
others less ; but it does not seem to have comprised any certain
quantity. It is said by some to have included as much land as
one plough could till in a jear.

The then measure in miles and furlongs would not precisely
correspond with the measure of the present day, as the mile was
not reduedd to its present standard till the ragn of Queen Eli-
sabeth.

ANCIENT HISTORY. 15

Still called Lady-wood (formerly St. Mary's Wodd,
being so designated in the Free School Charter).

William Fitz AuscuI/w^ls immediately succeeded
in the enjoyment of Dudley Castle, and the sub-
stance of all his other lands, by the Paganells;
from whom Birmingham, with other fair posses-
sions, about the time of Henry I. came into that
family which probably took its sirname from this
place, and of which the above-named Richard is
thought to have been the paternal ancestor: and it
appears that Peter de Birmingham* Sewer to Ger-
vase Paganell, held the place of the said Gervase
by military service, in the 12th of Henry II. (1166).
This Peter had a castle or mansion here, near the
Church, on the south side (now Smithfield market);
and by a grant of that King, as also of the same
Gervdsef a weekly market upon the Thursday, to
him and his heirs; which market King Richard I.
afterwards cotkfirmed to William d^ Birmingham^
son and successor of the said Peter.f

In 35th Henry III. (1251), William de Birming^
ham^ son and successor of the last-mentioned Wil-
Zsam, had a charter for a fair to be annually held
here, by^the space of four days, beginning on the
eve of the Ascension (commonly called Holy Thurs-
day) ; and in the same year another fair was granted

* The Offfioe of Sewer was anciently one of hononr, and hel4
by persons of rank. Its duties were to serve up the feasts of the
llord in whose service the officer wa9 engaged.

"t* Dugdale*8 Warwickshire.

16 ANCIENT HISTORT-

to be yearly kept here for three days, viz. on the
eve of St. John the Baptist, and the two days next
following.*

This William de Birmingham sided with his
father-in-law, Thomai de Astley, and the other
Barons, in the grand rebellion against Henry III.
and was slain at the Battle of Evesham, in the 49th
of that king's reign (1265); whereupon his lands
being confiscated, the inheritance of thlkshis Manor
of Birmingham, rated at forty pounds, wa^ given
by the king, with ether forfeited lordships, t^nto
Roger de Clifford, for his faithful service ; but \s,
by the Dictum de Kenilworth, the greatest part of
all men's lands so confiscate might be compounded
for, this, with the rest, upon satisfaction made ac-
cprding to the tenor of that decree, was re-pos-
sessed by William de Birmingham, son and heir to
the rebel; which last-mentioned William, 11th
Edw. I. (1283), obtained a charter of Free Warren
throughout all his demesne lands here and in other

places.f

In I2th Edward II. (1319), the inhabitants ob-
tained a licence to take toll of all vendible commo-
dities brought here to be sold,, for the space^of three
years, viz. for every quarter of corn a farthing, &c.
towards paving the town : but this work was not
perfectly completed within that time, nor of fifteen
years after; for in 7th Edward III. (1333) they

* Dugdale^s Warwickshire.
t Ibid.

ANCIENT HISTORT. 17

obtained another license to take toll in like manner
for the space of three years more.*

The manor continued in the Birmingham family
till the reign of Henry VIIL when it was wrested
from Edward Birmingham^ the then rightful pos<-
sessor, by an artifice^ which^ for heartless, cold-
blooded villainy, has perhaps no parallel in the
annals of crime.

The infamous transadtion is thus related by
Dugdale : —

** This Edward hapned ta be the last of the
'^ family that hiEtd to do here ; for being contempo-
^^ rary with that ambitious. man JbA» Dtc^fZey, af-
<< terwards Yiscount £VsZe (move commonly known
'^ by those greater titles which he sometimes had^
** viz. Earl of Warwick and Duke of Nortkumber-^
*^ land)i he was strangely wrested out of this
'^ lordslup ; for the said John^ having possest him*
** self of i)tf<l/tfy*cas|]e^''and observing Berming-'
'' kam a fit ornament for sonoble a seat^ but being
** the princtpall residence of such a family, as had
'' for some hundreds of years enjoy'd it^ not likely

• Dugdale.

The late celebrated Antiquary Richard Oough, Esq. had in
hifpoesession a etorions Map of iCngland, on yeUam, supposed
to be of the age of Edward the Third, of whieh a facsimile ia
engrailed in Brit. Top. vol. 1, p. 76. Birminghatn, in its pre-
sent spelling, is shewn, and i« the only place m Warwickshire
mentioned by name upon the map. Coventry is also thewn^
and some few other towns and villages in the county, but not
ftamei. Hence it would aeem that, in Uiose^ys, Birminghani
had attained some degree of importance, or nie Would not have
been considered worthy of especial notice on this map.

18 . AKGIBKT HISTORT.

'^ to be purchased from the then rightfull owner»
^* -conspired by a wicked stratagem, to work him
** out of it, which he soon put in practise : Tlie
'< story whereof is ih sUbstalnCe thus, as by tradi-
" tion from dirers discreet persons I have heard,
'< vi^. that Dudley did set on some of his agents
'< to lodge in Berminghamy and to learn when
Master Bermingham was to ride out from home ;
which being accordingly done, they so contrived
their business, that one of their plot should ride
leisurely before, so that they might soon, keep-
" ing but an ordinary pace, overtake him ; where-
'^ upon they watcht an opportunity to strike into
" Master Bermingkam^s company, as travailers,
" with whom they soberly rode for a while; but
** being come up to their confederate, forthwith set
^' upon him for his purse, so that the villain, thus
seemingly rob'd, makes pursuit after them, and
likewise after Master Bermingham^ as one of the
'' pack; who being thereupon apprehended and
prosecuted, apparently saw his danger. The
business therefore now working according to
Dudleys first design, there were others imployed
to Mr. Bermingham with overture how he might
<< save his life ; viz. to make the Vicount VIsle his
^* friend in giving up this Lordship of Bermingham
*' to him ; which, that it might bear the better co-
** lour, and be the more valid, was performed by
^* yielding it to the king, and ratified by a speciall

U
li

ANCIENT HISTORY.

* act of parliament, the tenor whereof was as fol-

* loweth: (28 Hen. VIII: 1537)

* Where Edward Byrmingham, late of Byr^
mingham, in the coiintie of Warwick, Esquire,
otherwise callid Edward Byrniingham, Esquire,
ysandstandyth lawfully indettid to our Sovereing
Lord the Kynge in diverse grete summes of
midney ; and also standyth at the mercy of his
Highness, for that the same Edward ys at this
present convicted of felony; our seide Sovereign
Lord the Kyng, ys contentid and pleased, that
for and in recompence and satisfaction to his
grace of the seyde summes of money, to accept
and take of the seyde Edwarde, the Mannour and
Lordship of Byrmingham, otherwise called Byr-
mincham, with the appurtenances, lying and
being in the countie of Warwick, and all and sin-
gular other lands ' and- tenements, reversions,
rents,' services, and hereditaments of the same
Edward Byrmingham, set lying and beying in
the countie of Warwick afforeseyde. < Be yt there-
fore ordeyned and enacted, by the authoritie of
this present Parliament, that our saide Sovereine
Lord the Kynge, shall have hold and enjoy to
him his heirs and assignes, for ever, the seide
Mannour and Lordship of Byrmingham, (&c.) —
In which Act there is a reservation of £40 per
an. to the said Edward, and EUzabethhis wife,
during their lives.' "* * .

* Dagdale*s Warwickshire.
B 2

20 AKCIEMT HISTORY.

From this Act it would appear that Birmingham
was actually convicted of the felony alleged against
him ; and his imprisonment in the Tower of Lon-
don is manifested by a paper containing an account
of the Charges of certain Prisoners in the Tower^
temp. Hen. S, published in Archeeologia, vol. 18,
p. 294.
Thus (to use the language of Mr. Hutton) '< in-
nocence is depressed for want of su{^ort ; pro-
perty is wrested for want of the protection of the
'' law ; and a vile Minister, in a corritpt age, can
** carry an infamous point through a Court. of Jus-
** tice, the two Houses of Parliament^ and com-
'^ pleat his horrid design by the sanction of a
« Tyrant."*

The place where tradition tells us the diabolical
transaction happened, is the middle of Sandy Lane,
in the Sutton road, the upper part of .which begins
at the north-east comer of Aslon Park wall, about
two miles from the Manor House, in Birminghaim,
the place of Edward's abode.f

Northumberland, though- perhaps covertly exiOr-
cising every act of owner^ip, yet, with the view,
as it would seem, to escape in some degree the cen-
sure of the world for his hard dealing, suffered
nine years to elapse before hcTentured to.take a
formal grant from the Crown of the. Birmingham
Estate, for such grant b^rs not date jtill December
21st, 37 Hen. VHI. (1546), a short time before

* f Hutton*B BirmiDgfaam.

ANCIBNT HISTORT. 21

that King's decease, when the Manor of Birming-
ham, and Patronage of the Rectory, late belonjg-
ing unto the said £dwa:rd Birmingham, were, with
other lands, passed unto Northumberland, who en-
joyed not these possessions many more years, for
haying embarked in political intrigues, for the pur-
pose of fixing the crown in his own family, he was
attainted and beheaded 1 Mary (1553), whereupon
the Manor and Estates of Birmingham again re-
verted to the Crown ; and the same (jueen, in 3d
and 4th of her reign, granted the inheritance there-
of tp Thomas Marowy Esq. whose posterity (seated
at Berkswelly in this county) continued Lords of
it nearly 200 years.*

The reign of Henry VIIL introduces us to that
celebrated Antiquary and Tourist, Leland, whose
Itinerary, begun about 1538, 30th of that reign,
gives the following description of Birmingham, in
the quaint phraseology of his time.f

'* I came through a pretty street or ever I entred
\' . into Bermingham towne. This street, as I re-
'* member, is called Dirtey.X In it dwell smithes
" and cutlers, and there is a brooke that divideth

* 0ugdale*8 Warwickshire, and Hntton^s Birmingbam.

•h This quotation is correctly given from Heanie*8 3d edition
of Leland, printed at Oxford, 17U« vol. 4, p. 106-0, fol. 18S, b.
of the oriffinaL Leland is incorrectly quoted in Mr. Uutton*s
History of fiinningham, and in other published accounts of the
place.

♦ " Dirty or Deriten."

«(

22 AMCIEKT HISTORY.

*' this Street from Bermigham,^ and is an hamlett
or member belonginge to the parish therebye.
" There is at the end of Dirtey a propper chap-
pell and mansion house of tymber, hard on the
*\ ripe, as the brooke runneth downe, and as I went
'^ through the ford by the bridge, the water ranne
<' downe on the right hand, and a fewe miles
lower goetb into Tame ripa dextra,
** This brooke above Dirtey breaketh in 2 armes
that .a litfe beneath the bridge close againe.
** This brooke riseth, as some say, 4 of 5 miles
above Bermigham towards Black' Hilles.

The beauty of Bermigham^ a good market!

towne in the extreame partes of Warwike-shirey

is one street going up alonge almost from the

*^ left ripe of the brooke up a meane hill by the

*' length of a quarter of a mile. I saw but one

" paroch church in the towne. There be many

'' smithes in the towne that use to make knives and

all mannour of cuttinge tooles, and many lori-

ners that make bittes, and a great many naylors.'

V* Soe that a great pait of the towne is maintained

T?ie following Annolationt (1, 2, 3) are ofpended to th^
ahove account .*— .

' *' Bremisham, Dyrtey is but an hamlet or membre
'< longynge to - - - -• paroche therby and is clene se,
y^ peratea from Bremischam paroch. — St.**

« « Hilles in Worcestershire. St."

it
«

ANCIENT IIISTORT. 23

by smitbes whoe have theire iron' and sea-cde
out of Stqfford^shire**
In the reign of Elizabeth, Camden, who had vi-
sited Birmingham in the course of his tours, pub-
lished, his Britannia. In this work he mentions
Bremicham, swarming with inhabitants and
echoing with the noise of anvils (for here are
great numbers of smiths*). The lower part of the
town is very watery. The upper part rises with
abundance of handsome buildings ; and itis none
of the least honours of the place, that from hence
the noble and warlike family of the BremichaTns
in Ireland, had both their original and name.t*'t
In 1588, on £lizabeth*s requisition for extraor-
dinary, aid, by way of loan, for defence of the
country against the Spanish Invasion^ the following
sums were raised in Birmingham, viz.

" William Kinge. £26

" William CoUmer 25

** John Warde 25/'§

* '< Yren out of Staffordshire and Warwikeshire and
'^ see coale out of Staffordshire. St.'*

GUiton makes thefilUowing aidUions to this account .-—

* [And of other artificers in iron and steel, whose perfor-
mances in tliat way are greatly admired bpUi at home and
abroad].

f [And that it gives the title oC Baron to Edward liord Dud^
% and Ward ; of which family. Humble Ward was created by
King Charles the First, Lord Ward of Birmhigham,\

X Bp. Gibson's Translation of Camden, yol. 1.
§ '* The Names of the Nobility, Gentry, and others, who
'* contributed to the defence of this Count^ at the time of the

24 ANCifiNT HISTORY.

The town, it should be remembered, was then
comparatively small, both in extent and population;
and the whole county produced on ihe above occa-
sion but forty contributors.

In 1636, when Charles the. First imposed upon
bis sa))jects the tax of ship money^ Binntngham
paid tpwftrds that tax £100, Coventry £266, War-"
wicV.. £) Q0,» &nmn Coldfield £80^ and Stratford
£50.*

. Inuring the yast succession of ages feom the Nor-
mw Conquest to the time of the Civil War in Aer
Yfiigil of .Charles the First, the inhabitants of 'Bir-
mingham appear.tQ have.steadily applied themsehres
tQ the labours of the hammer and the anril; 'sel-
dom interfering or taking any part in national aj^rs,
or. in tbo&a gr^at political questicms which agitated
most other towns* Some . interest was excited*
among the inhabitants in . the reign of Henry III.
when William de JBirmtngham led a small number
of the tenants- of his lordship to the battle of
Evesham, where they fought unsuccessfully on the
side of the Barons; but in the war between the
Roses they were silent spectators.f

Not so werethey 4n>(hecebelliOi> against Charles
t^ie Firsts but, on the coiitrary,, became warm par-
tisans on the side of the Parliament ; and, besides

» » • ■

*^>8paaiih. Invasion in 1688,** &c. prioted [from a contempo.
nury MS.] for Leigh and Sotheby; London, 1798» Also Hatn
ton*8 Hist, of Birmingham.

* |Iatton*s Hist, of Birmipghnm.

f , Warwickshizo-T:poblished at Coventry, ^1817w

A)IC1£KT HISTORY. 2S

Other acts of hostility, stoutly opposed the en-
trance into the town of the King's troops nnder
Prince Riipert^ on thek « march towards Lichfield
and the north, in April, 1643.

Clarendon, in his History of that R^eUion,
strongly reproaches our ancestors for their disloy^
aity ch the occasioii ; and details the occurreaceif
here at some length, and with considerable ndnute-
ness;- we shall therefore extract from that work
such passaf^es as relate, to the subject.

In Octd[>er, 1642, the King marched from
Shrewsbury towards London ; and, in his progpress,
passed through Birmingham immediately before the
Battle of Edge-Hill, which took place on the 23d
of that month.

Thus Clarendon — '' there was not the least vio-'
*y lenceor disoxdep among' 4he common soldiers, m
** their march, which soaped exemplary punishment,
'< so that at Brcmichami a town so generally
<< wicked, that it had rises upon small parties of
the King's, and kill'd or taken them prisoners,
and sent them to Coventry * declaring a more
peremptory malice to his Majesty than any other
place, two soldiers were executed for having taken
<* some small trifle of no value out of a house,
'' whpse owner was at that time in the rebels
**''■• army. So strict was the discipline," &c.

* .HcBce^ Mtys JUr.ilattoD, the moyerbial ezpremn re-
■pecting a refractory person, Send fnm to Covffi^.— Hut. of
Binningham.

26 iLVCISBT BISTORT.

Again — after nocidiig that in the bcgiBwag of
Aprfl, 1643, Prince Rnpert, widi 1200 liovae and
dragoons, and 6 or 700 loot, mardied towards
lichfieldy on his way into the north. *< In his way
** thither, he was to march through Bromnckam, a
** town in Warwickshire before mentioh'd, and of
** as great fame for hearty, willal, aifecled, dis-
** loyalty to the king, as any place in England.
'^ It is before remonber^d, that the King in his
march from Shrewsbory, notwithstanding die
eminent malignity of that people, had sheVd as
eminent compassion to them; not giving way
that they should suffer by the nndistingnishing
license of the soldi^, or by the sererity of his
own justice ; which clemency of his, found so
unequal a return, that, the next day after bis re-
move thence, the inhabitants of that place seised
on his carriages, wherein were his own plate and
furniture; and conveyed them to Warwick
*' castle; and had from that time, with unusual
*' industry and vigilance, apprehended all messen-
*' gers who were employed, or suspected to be so,
** in the king's service ; and though it was never
'* made a garrison by direction of the Parliament,
** being built in such a form as was indeed hardly
capable of being fortified, yet they had so great
a desire to distinguish themselves from the king's
good subjects, that they cast up little slight
'' works at both ends of the town, and barricadoed
'' the rest, and voluntarily engaged themselves not
** to admit any intercourse with the king's forces.

€4
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ANCIEKT HISTORY. 27

'< In this posture Prince Rupert now found them,
having in the town with them at that time a troop
of horse, belonging to the garrison of Lichfield,
which was grown to that strength, that it in-
fested those parts exceedingly ; and would in a
short time have extended itself to a powerful
jurisdiction. His Highness hardly believing it
'* possible, that when they should discover his
power, they would offer to make resistance, and
being unwilling to receive interruption in his
more important design, sent his Quarter-masters
** thither to take up his lodging; and to assure
them ^ that if they behaved themselves peace-
ably, they should not suffer for what was past :'
But they had not confidence good enough to be-
** lieve him, and absolutely refused to let him
'< quarter in the town ; and from their little works,
*^ with mettle equal to their malice, they dis-
** charged their shot upon hitn ; but they were
** quickly overpower'd and some parts of the town
'< being fired, they were not able to contend with
^' both enemies ; and distracted between both, suf-
*^ fered the assailant to enter without much loss ;
'^ who took not that vengeance upon them they de-
*' serv'd, but made them expiate their transgres-
<' sions with paying a less mulct than might have
*^ been expected from their wealth, if their wicked-
" ness had been less.

'^ In the entrance of this town, and in the too
'^ eager pursuit of that loose troop of horse that

it
it
«
«

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<(
<i
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28 ANCIENT HISTORY.

** was in it, the Earl of Denbigh (who from the
<< beginning of the war, with unwearied pains and
** exact submission to discipline and order, had
« been a voluntier in Prince Rupert's troop, and
been engaged with singpilar courage in all enters
prizes- of danger) was unfortunately wounded
with many hurts on the head and body, with
swords, and poll axes ; of which, within two or
three days^ he dyed. Had it not been for this
ill accident (and to.remember the dismal inequar
'^ lity of this contention, in which always some
** Earl, or person of great honour or fortune fell,
when after the most signal victory oyer the other
side, there was seldom lost a man of any known
family, or of other reputation, than of passion
'' for the cause in which he fell) I should not have
'V mention'd an action, of so- little moment, as was.
ihh of Bromichafn; which I shall enlarge with,
the remembrance of a Clergyman, who was here
kill'd at the entering of the town, after he had
not only refused quarter, but provoked the sol-
deir by the most odious reyilings, and reproaches
of the person and honour of thfs king, that can
** be imagin*d, and renouncing all a^llegiance to
*i him ; in whose pockets were found several pa-
<< pers of memorials of bis own obscene and scur-
'f rilous behaviour wi^h several women, in such
** loose expressions as modest ears eannot endure*
'' This m,an was the principal govemour and incen-
'' diary of the rude people of that place against

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ANCIBNT HI8TO&Y. 29

^* their sovereign. So Aril a qualification was a
** heightend measure of malice and disloyalty for
'^ thiH service, that tt weighed down the infamy' of
*' any other lend and vicious behaviour/'*

The place called Camp-hill, at the top of Deri-

tend, was the leading scene of Prince Rupert'a atr

tack, which took place ori Easter Monday, April

3^ 1643, and of which the most, authentic' local

particulars yet published aris to be found in three

Tracts relative to th6 Battle of Birmingham, writ*

ten immediately after the event, origHiaUy prittted

in the same year, and reprinted for the publishers

of the present work in 1^15. The first of these

Tracts is entitled '< A True Relation of Prince

'V Rvpert'sbai^aroQS Cruelty againt the Towne of

** Birmingham,'' and conlprises two letters, one

dated Coventry; April -8, 1643, signed with the

initials R. P.,t and the other #idiout dAte, bearing

the initials R. O. Both .writers^ evidently Round-*

heads,! appear to have been townsmen of Birming*^

ham, and eye-witnesses of the affair ; and the firat,

judging from his letter, acted ii^ a miUtary capa«

oity. The first letter comm^ices with a sl%ht ceu-

sure of Coventry for not sendii^ help» and atates

* CIarend<m*8 Hist, of the Rebellion wad Civil Wars in £dg.
land began in the year 1641, v. 288, Oxfetd edition. A* D.
1707.

f Probably ^* Matter Perket/* who, aeoording to the lecond
letter, had a troop of horse in Uie town^ comoMUided by Caft '
tun Oreayes.

t The Puritans were ,€aQed Roundheads, from the drcnm-
stance of cutting their hair close.

30 A9CIEHT HISTORY.

that the town had not much hope of making a sue*
cessful defence, its strength, as there stated, not
being above 150 musketeers, with a troop of horse
of Captain Greaves ; while that of the Cavaliers
was estimated at near 1500 ; bat that resistance
was determined npon in compliance with the gene-
ral desire of the inhabitants, especially of those
who bore arms, and to escape the reproach of
cowardice ; that 80 houses, with their contents,
were burnt, and 15 men and 2 women, mostly poor
malignants, lost their lives, the loss on the part of
the Prince being considered as more than equal ;
that, besides the Earl of Denbigh, the Cavaliers are
said to have lost Lord Digby (who is spoken of with
certainty as having been wounded), and another
man of quality ; that Captain Greaves' troop was
sharply pursued by Denbigh some two miles out of
tO¥m, till the Captain, observing his time betwixt
two woods,* faced about, and charged the pur-
suers, and drove them back, inflicting on Denbigh
his mortal wound,f and so the Captain's troop es-
caped with safety, the Captain himself only being
wounded, but not mortally; *' in the pursuit of
" that troope" (the writer says) " God made a way

* Mr. Button states, but without shewing on what author!^,
that the yanquUhed took the way to Oldbury, and that the Earl
was killed in 8hireland-lane, in the manor of Smethwick.

•f The Earl was buried at Menk^s-Kirby, in Leicestershire.
Of this Nobleman ( WURam Fielding^ Earl of Denbigh) there
is a Portrait, bv Vandyke, in the Collection of his Urace the
Duke of Hamilton, of which a fine enrraving, by Dean, is pub-
lished in that excellent work '^ Lodgers Portraits of Illustrious
Personages.**

ANCIENT HISTORY. 31

" for all our souldiers> saving soine two or three,
" to escape, most with their armes, which they
*' threw away and hid in pits and ditches as they
** could, whereof the most, I thinke the Cavaleeres
** found not, and not one c&ptaine or officer was
" hurt or taken prisoner, nor any considerable
*^ man, but most poore fellowes, and malignants,
** because they could meet with no better^ and all
" are released saving two of the" best, though of
" no great quality ; some redeemed themselves for
** 2d. 12d. and 8d. apiece, and some one or two
" for 20s." The writer further observes, " in the
" enterance for pillage they spared none, friend or
" foe they lighted of, yet for the most part those
*' that did most against them escaped best, the
'* same I may say of the fire, though they intended
" to burne the towne utterly, as may be known by
'^ their laying lighted match, with powder, and
** other combustible matter> at the other end, which
'^ fired in divers places, and divers was foiind out
" and prevented, so that we may truely say, that
the flames, sword, pilledgers, but especially the
prison, made a difference betwixt those that
" feared God, and those that feare him not. But
'" this is remarkable in their vilenesse, that all these
houses saving two were fired in cold blood, at
their departure, wherein they endeavoured to fire
all, and in the flames they would not suffer the
people to carry out their goods, or to quench it,
triumphingly with reproaches rejoyced that the

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32 A9CIK19T niSTOKT.

** wind stood right to consume the towne, at which
** present the Lord caiised thep winds to turn, which^
** was a token of his notice of their insultation." —
The second letter, which professes to *^ make re-
** lation of' a most barharoas massacred of oar
*< townesmen of Bermiugham, and of the enraged
** cmelty of Primce Rupert and his inhumane ca-
'* valiers/' proceeds thus, ^* about three of the
** clocke one Munday in the afterhoone, he had
** with neere two thousand horse and foote, four
** drakes and two sakers,* set against the towne,
** playing with his ordnance, and endeavouring to
** force his way, with foote and horse, were twice
** beaten off with our musqueteers at the entrance
^* of Derringtonf at which many of their men fell;
" the townesmen held, them in play above an houre,
** we had not above one hundred and fourtie mus-
** quets and having many entrances into the towne
" they were many too few, Coventry men bad
^* withdrawne their forces three daies before, laH"
^* but Captaine Casiledowhe'e dragooneers, a troop^
<' of horse of Master Perkesf commanded by Cdp-
** taine Oreaves being in the towne, not fit for that
**. service, made escape when the adversalHes* began*
'^ to inoompasse the towne,' and fbrce the "waies
'* over the medowes, and fired the towne in two'
*^ places, and so by incompassing them that did'
** defend the out-worke, caused them to draw in-

* A description of ordnanee.

t Probably the writer of the fint letter.

ANCIENT HISTORY, 33

*' ward, to other workes there in Digboth, which
" worke they defended to the adversaries losse, but
" being the enemy brake in at the Millone they
" were forced to leave that .worke also, and so put
" to shift for themselves, with breaking through
" houses, over garden waies, escaped over hedges
'* and boggy medowes, and hiding their armes^
" saved most of them, the enemy killed none as I
" here in fight, unlesse some three or foure, Mr.
" Carter and Samuell Elsmoreh%\n^ of them, some
" with their armes defended themselves stoutly till
'^ death, they persued the rest in fields and lanes,
'^ catting and most barbarously mangling naked
^' men to the number of fifteene men, one woman,
another being shot, a^d many hurt, many men
sore wounded, and Mr. TillamHtiB surgeon stand-
ing in his dore to entertaine them, was most
cruelly shot, having his leg and thigh bones
broken, they pillaged the towne generally, their
owne friends sped worst, and one Tuesday mom-
'^ ing set fire in diverse places of the towne, and
** have burnt neere a hundred dwellings the Welch
^' end, Dale-end, and More-street end, Humphrey
'' RanSy the Bell, and diverse houses thereabout,
many other fires they kindled, but they did not
burne, they left kindled matches with gunpowder
'^ also in other places, intending nothing lesse than
utterly to destroy the towne, but by God's provi-
dence they whose hurt they chiefly intended by
Gods hand is much prevented." Further, « the

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34 ANCIENT HISTORY.

*' Cavaliers have lost thirty men at least, of which
'< there be three or fonre chiefe men, Earles and
^* Lords, I beleeve you have heard them named the
*< Earie ofDenby, the Lord John Stewart, some
** say the Lord Dighy, thirty are said to be buried and
'^ many carried away wounded, this did so much
'' enrage them, that they appeared more like devills
** than men, lamenting more their losse, than boast-^
^' ing of their gaine, which was much in goods and
** in money, its thought above two thousand pounds
^' thirteene hundred being taken from Mr. PeakCf
^* Mr. Jennens lost much, the which men if they
** had parted with little before, our fortification had
** been such as tliey could not have e&tred, which
*^ went on well for the time/' Of the houses which
escaped destruction, the writer mentions those of
Mr. Roberts ai*d Mr. Porter, as well as his own.

The second tract is entitled *' A Letter written
** from Wsdshall, by a worthy Gentleman to his
<^ Friend in Oxford, concerning Bermingham." It
is dated April 5, 1643, and without any signature:
but was written by a Cavalier, as is shewn in the
first sentence of the letter.

The burthen of this communication is, the miser-
able destruction of '* Burpiingham" by fire, and
the chief object of the writer to expulpate the Prince
from the charge of having caused, the conflagra-
tion. The offences of the inhabitants, which had
drawn down upon them the Royal vengeance, are
stated. They had first stirred up Coventry to re-

ANCIftMT HISTORY. 35

sistthe KiDg, and sent to tlikt city about 300 men
to defend it against the king's forces ; had sent
15,000 swords for the parliament army, and not
only refused to supply the king's forces with swords
for their money, but imprisoned divers who bought
swords, upon suspicion that they intended to sup-
ply the king's forces with them ; that, notwithstand-
ing when his Majesty marched that way with his
army, he gave express orders that the inhabitants
should not be plundered, and because some were
plundered (though but few, and very little taken
. from them), there was exemplary justice done by
the hanging of two officers, and they had a special
protection granted to them, yet (so little did they
value the king's clemency) no so(mer was the king's
army removed from thence, but they stayed all the
carriages which did not move the same day widi
that army, amongst which was some of Uie king's
plate and divers goods of great value, and carried
them to Warwick castle, before the king was out of
that shire ; and that they had continued, on all oc-
casions, violently to oppose the king, and to aid
those who had taken arms against him, insomuch
that they made fortifications about the town, and
sent out parties to plunder the king's friends. The
writer thus proceeds —

** When his Highnessei upon Munday last sent
<< one to them to take up his quarter at Burming-
** ham, who assured them that if they would quietly
*' receive his Highnesse and his forces they shouM

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36 ANCIENT HISTORY.

** suffer no injury, but otherwise they must expect
to be forced to it, they refused to give him en-
trance, and prepared themselyes with all their
*^ strength to resist him ; and when his forces drew
'' neare they set up their colours, and sallyed out
of their workes, and gave fire upon them, and
with opprobius speeches reviled them, calling
** them cursed doggei^ develiak cdvalierSy popish
** tray tors, and this was done not by a few of them
'^ but by almost all of them with great shouts and
'^ clamours. This could not but incense the soul-
** diers, and the Prince to make his passage into
'' the towne was forced to give orders for firing a
** house or two ; but they retiring and flying, upon
** his entrance into the towne he immediately gave
** order for quenching of the fire which was done
** accordingly, and no more hurt was done on Mun-
** day. But yesterday his Highnesse being to
<* march from thence, and fearing what those great
<' provocations might worke with the souldiers, he
*^ gave expresse command that no souldier should
** attempt to fire the towne. And after his depar-
^* ture thence some souldiers (as yet unknown)
** having fired the towne in diverse places, he im-
** mediately sent to the inhabitants of the towne, to
let them know it was not done by his command,
and therefore wished them to quench it, but the
wind being high and the fire encreased, it could
not be so soone extinguished as was to be de-
" sired." Some remarks are then made respecting

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AITCIKITT HItTORY. 37

the crazy miDiater who was killed preaently after the

38 AWCfBVT HI8T0EY.

" forces^ his considerable persons slaine, or mor-
*' tally wounded ; their many abominable carriages
in and after the taking of the town. The small
strength which Birmingham had to maintaine
** their defence, the names of their men slaine ; the
^' number of houses burned, and persons thereby
** destitute of habitation ; with divers other consi*-
" derable passages." — This tract commences by
stating that to correct the many fabe reports then
spr^d abroad, and to prevent all fdise narrations
for &e future, concerning the late surprisal and
spoiling of the town of Birmingham, the ensumg
relation of passages had been collected from the
information of divers trusty and intelligent inhabi*
tants of Birmingham, who were eye witnesses of,
and sufferers under;* many of the said calamities of
that town, so far as the truth could then be disco-
vered. It then proceeds with the narration, from
which we make copious extracts. ^' The towne of
^' Birmingkam pei^ceiving that for their faithful!
** affection to King and Parliament^ they had de^
** rived the hatred of Popish and prophane malig-
** nants upon themselves ; and that since the noble
^' Lord Brockets death, these parts of the country
** began to be much infested with divers troopes of
** robbers and plunderers, whei^y their persons
« and estates were much indangered, resolved to
** arme themselves and estates, and to maintaine
^' two captaines for the better disciplining and or-
** imtig of their men to that end : But whilst they

;iEHT HISTORY.

40 ANCIENT HISTORY.

<< On Easter Monday Prince Ruperfs forces ap-
'< proached to the towne about 2 or 3 o'clock in the
^^ afternoone, at one end, presently assaulted it
with great fury, discharging their musquets and
great pieces onely about 100 musketiers opposing
them (the rest hiding themselves) which were
'< also divided into severall ends of the town, and
'' not many, in any one place, a good while the
" musketiers .kept them off their works, and drove
**' them back till they fired a thatched hpuse, and
'< burnt 2 or 3 houses at towns end and their horse
*'*' also broke jnto the fields and came in at the back
*' sides of the town through Lake-meadow, which
<* forced the towns-men to retreat back into the
<' towne.to charge them, when they came up, when
[*• they, slew some very considerable man who was
'' presently stripped of his rich garments, and
'^ wrapped in a grey coat, and a woman of theirs
'^ suborned. to lament for him as her. husband, they
<' called him Adam a Belly but this losse so en-
'' raged them that they presently burnt 2 or 3
<^ houses to the ground, where they conpeived he
^' was ih^t ; then they broke in ^o forcibly upon
the few m^n in the tqv^n that they were forced to
scatter ^npl fly for their live^. It is very remark-
<^ able that none of them were sl^ipe or hurt whiles
^' they stood upon their guard (as is credibly aver-
" red) till they scattered and were so singled out.
'^ The C&valiers rode up into the towne like so

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AVCISMT HISTORY. 41

*' many furyes or bedlams, the Earle of Denbigh
being in the front, singing as he rode, they shot
at every doore or window where they could espy
any looking out, they hacked, hewed, or pistol-'
led all they met with, without distinction, blas^
'^ pheming, cursing, and damning themselves most
hidiously. Discovering a troope of horse, whichr
was under the command of Captain Greaves at
'' the further end of the towne facing them, they
pursued after them, who after a little flight
wheeled about, and most stoutly charged them
through, and the captaine received five small
wounds." ;••••.••••" In which charge the £a.
of Den&t^ A was knockt off his horse, laid for
'' dead, and his pockets rifled (though his wounds
'' not so mortall as to die presently) the rest of his
'' horse were chased till they came neere their own
'' colours, which was excellent service, for meane
'^ while most of the townes foot escaped away.

After which Captaine Greaves retreated, and
so advanced to Lichfield. Their horse rode des-
paratly round the town, leaping hedges and
*^ ditches (wherein one is reported to breake his
'^ neck) to catch the townes-men ; no mad men
** could ride more furiously. They slew in their
frenzy as we are informed, about 14 in all, viz.
John Carter y junior, William Knight y glasier,
" William BUUngsley, junior, Joseph Rastell, WiU
" /tarn Tterton, cutler, TAowas the Ostler at Swan,
<' pistolled comming officiously to take their hordes,

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42 ANCIENT HISTORY.

<^ Richard Hunt cobler, Henry Benton laboarer,
<< Samuel Elsmore cutler, William Ward cutler,
" Richard Adami cobler, Widdow Colling^ Lucas
** his wife, and one Mr. Whitehall a minister, who
<' hath bin long lunatick, held Jewish opinions, and
'< had layn in Bedlam and other prisons (some say)
'^ 16, some 22 yeares, and was lately come ont;
** they comming to him asked him if he would
'^ have quarter, he answered to this (or like pur-
pose) he scorned quarter from any popish armies
or souldiers, whereupon they supposing him to
be Mr. Roberts Minister of Birmingham, did
'' most cruelly mangle and hack him to death, and
^' found certain idle and foolish papers in his pock-
et, which they spared not to divulge (as they
thought to the Roundheads infamy) and so went
'^ insulting up and downe the towne that they had
^' quartered their minister, out of whose bloody
'^ hands the Lord's gracious providence delivered
'' him a little before the towne was assaulted, and
'^ (blessed be God) bee is neither slain nor hurt.
** All the considerable men escaped out of their
^* snare, some 40 (they say) were taken prisoners,
** whereof scarce 20 of their own towne, all infe-
rior men, most of them their own favourers, and
since fbr trifling sums of money they are released
all, save 2 or 3 (as unworthy to be kept)"
** Having thus possessed themselves of the towne,
they ran into every hmise cursing and dammihg,
Areatning and terrifying the poore women most

ANCIENT HISTORY. 43

i tertibly, setting naked swords and pistolls to
their breasts, they fell to plundering all the towne

« before them, as well malignants as others, pick-
ing purses and pockets, searching in holes and
comers, tiles of houses, wells, pooles, vaults,
gardens and every place they could suspect for
money and goods, forcing people to deliver aill
the money they had. It is credibly believed Ihey

*' took from one Thomas Peake a Councellor 1500

" or 1300 li. at least." ♦ ♦ •

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They have had divers greiat summes also from
others, who have shewed small love to King and
Parliament ; tooke much money to protect peo^
ple*s houses, and afterwards betrayed them and
set them on fire. It is conceived they had 3000K
** in money from the towne." They assaulted
many women's chastity. *^ They broke the win-
dowes, apoyled the goods they could not take
away, and carried with them all the chiefe goods
** in the towne, some having little left, some no-
'^ thing but bare walls, some nothing but cloathes
<' on their backs,^ and some stripped to th^r very
'' shirts and left naked. That night few or none
*' of them went to bed, but sate up revelling, rob*
bing, and tyrarnifzing over the poore affrighted
women and prisoners, drinking dmnkey health-
^' ing upon their knees, yea drinking healths to
Prince Rupert's dog."

44 AKCIBNT UirrORT.

'< Nor did their rage here cease, but when on
<* next day they were to march forth of the towne,
*' they used all possible diligence in every street to
" kindle fire in the towne with gunpowder, match,
^' wispes of straw, and besomes burning coales of
'* fire &c. flung into straw, hay, kid piles^ coffers,
*^^ thatch, and any other places where it was likely
** to catch hold ; many of which attempts were
«« successlesse and found after their departure, yea,
*^ it is confidently related that they shot fire out of
'< their pistblls, wrapping lighted match with pow-
«< der or some other ingredients in formes of slugs,
*^ or bullets in brown paper, which themselves con-
«< fessed was the Lord Digbie*s devise, that English
** firebrand ; and lest any should save any of their
<' goods they had left, or quench their flames, they
^' stood with their drawne swords apd pistols,
'' about the burning houses, shooting and indea-
** vouring to kill every one that appeared to pre-
'' serve goods, and quench the fire, domineering at
" the flames, Where's your Coventry now ?Where*8
'' your God Brookes now ? You may see how God
** jfights against youy &c. And when some of the
'* towne (whose purses had dearely purchased some
** interest among them) diswaded them from fur-
'* ther fiering, one of their owne men confessed that
<' every Quartermaster was swome to fire his owne
'' quarter, and that they durst not but doe it. By
" sdl which it notoriously appeares, that theire full

ANCIENT HISTORY. 45

intention was, and that by command (let them
pretend what excuse they can) to burne downe the
whole towne to the ground, and doubtlesse would
*' have done it, had not the Lord been the more mer-
<^ cifuU; the houses burned, were about 87, besides
^< multitudes of bames, stables, and other back
'^ buildings, belonging both to these dwelling
*^ houses and to others that escaped the flames.
** Persons unfurnished and fallen into extreme
*^ distresse by this fire, 340 and. upwards. So
^' that many are quite undone by these barbarous
^^ cruelties, which are so much the more cruell,
'^ in as much as all these (except five or six houses)
<* were burnt in cool blood, the next day after
^' they had saicked the towne. And yet for all this
** the souldiers told the inhabitants, that Prince
'' Rupert dealt mercifully with them : but when
^' they came back againe with the Queenes armtfy
" they would leave neither man, woman, nor childe
*^ alive. Such are the cavaliers mercies. This
'* towne (as is thought) was the first towne in
^^ the kingdom, that was generally plundered when
^* the king marched from Shrewsbury, before JTeyn-
'^ ton battell and the first that in cold blood was
" barborously fyred : However Prince Rupert hath
" got himself eternall honour, by conquering so
mighty an enemy as 100 musketiers, with so
small an army as 2000 men. Since their depar-
'* ture Prince Rupert hearing that some in Bir-
*^ mingham, cursed him for his cruelties, had de-

46 ANCIENT HISTORY.

** signed (as one of their owne party informed) two
*^ troopes of horse to fire the rest of the towhe.
** Whereupon some of the towne petitioning him
" not to doe it, he replyed he would not if they re-
<' belled not againe, nor returned to their vomit.
" Sithence they have caused one Mr. Porter's
** blademill in the towne, to be pulled downe,
' wherein swoidblades were made and imployed,
' onely for the service of the Parliament, and so
'' they were informed (which cost erecting about
** lOOL) threatning if it were not pulled downe,
^* the rest of the towne should be burnt. For now
^' they begin to be great agents in fire workes.

'< On their part it is probably believed there fell
** three very considerable men, viz. Earle of Den-
*^ high who died not long after of his wounds, ano-
" ther as is supposed, was Sir William Ayres,
<< The third as yet not knowne.

** Certainely two coffins were made in Birming'
** Aam. while the Earle of Denbigh ^2iSdMye; and
'' many common souldiers are supposed to be
<< slaine, some suspected to be buryed in the breast-
** workes ditch they entred, which they laid flat,
*' and charged that none should meddle with it
** npoQ paine of death, and when they came into
the towne, they <:ur8ed at the round-heads, and
swore they shoty as if they had been shooting at
** sparroweSy scarce ever missed man or horse.
They tooke away two cart load of wounded men,
about 12 in a cart, when they went away. Now

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ANCIENT HI8T0UY. 47

^* they have made Birmingham a woful spectacle
^' to heholdy a thorow faire for thieves and plun-
<( derers; the rich are wofuUy wasted and spoyled,
*^ multitudes almost quite beggered, and undone;
^' it is thought 20000K cannot repaire theire losseSf
^^ their own malignant neighbours rage at the well
<' affected, like mad men, theire minister is driven
^' from home, debarred from all imployment and
deprived of all his maintenance; besides his
many losses by fire and plundering, and till those
parts be cleared small hopes of his safe returne,
being so much maligned and threatned by the
** cavaliers, and the domineering anti-guard left in
'' BirnUngham, The people that are left are fed
'' with such rayling sermons as one Orton curate to
^' Parson Smith the ancient pluralist can afford
^' them, rankly tempered with the malignancy of
'^ his owne distempered spirit. And all well af-
'' fected people are forced to be absent from their
*^ habitations, to their excessive charge in this their
" low estate, for feare of surprizalls, large summes
« being proffered to apprehend them, especially
^* those of better ranke.'*

Here terminate our extracts from the three tracts
alluded to. Another illustrative extract may how-
ever be acceptable, from '' Vicars*s God in the
Mount, or England's Parliamentarie Chronicle,"
p. 296.

April the 8th came certain intelligence to Lon-
don from Brumingham of the cruell slaughter of

■

48 ANCIENT HISTORY.

** diverse of the inhabitants of that honest town,
'' and that about eighty of their dwelling-houses
« were burnt downe by that barbarous and butch-
'/ erly Prince of Robbers, and his accursed cava-
liers. But yet withally that his filching forces got
little by their so inhumane barbarity : for, God
fought for those poore unarmed inhabitants, who
were for the most part, smiths, whose profession
'^ or trade was to make nails, sythes, and such like
** iron commodities ; and that with such iron wea-
" pons as they had they so knocked the Earl of
" Denbigh that he received his deaths wound in
'^ his furious pursuit of some of them, and imme-
^' diately after dyed of those his wounds: And
<^ with him also (as it was credibly informed) the
^^ Lord Digby that arch traitor to the Common-
'< wealth of England was sorely wounded in the
^' same fight. And this also was noted and cre-
dibly informed thence as a remarkable provi-
dence of the Lord. That in the plundering and
burning of this town the greatest losse was to
'< the malignant partie of that town who inhabited
'^ among them, most of the honest and godly men
^* there, having by Gods mercy and good provi-
*' dence carryed & conveyed away their best goods
*' into Coventry y before the cavaliers came to their
" town."*

* Though the troubles at Birmingham in the Civil War
against Charles the First must have been familiar to Sir Wil-
liam Dugdale, and took place thirteen years before the publica-
tion of his Antiquities of Warwickshire, yet they are not at all

ANCIENT HISTORY. 49

Mr. Hutton, in his History of Birmingham, tran-
scribes, as from the Newspapers of t%e day^ the
passage last quoted, not verbatim, but in substance
only ; he also refers very slightly to Clarendon ;
but does not appear to have been aware of the ex-
istence of the three Tracts recently reprinted,
which, however, his Daughter has noticed in the
fourth edition of her father's History of Birming-
ham, published since his death, and subsequently
to the republication of those Tracts*

A few other particulars illustrative of the event
under consideration appear in Mr. Hutton's His-
tory, a work of considerable merit and interest, but
with one prevailing defect throughout, namely, the
want of authorities^ which in an historical work are
essentially requisite to vouch for the facts and cir-
cumstances represented. He states that the inha-*
bitants choked up with carriages the deep and nar-
row road then between Deritend and Camp-hillf
which obliged the Prince to alter his route to the
lefty and proceed towards Long Bridge : that part
of the vanquished took the way to Oldbury^ and
that the Earl of Denbigh received bis mortal wound
in Shireland-lane^AvL the manor of Smethwick^ while
in pursuit of them — ^that the clergyman who acted

noticed in the observations on Birminffham contained in that
work. But Sir William only professed to illustrate the Antl^
quUiet of the County, therefore events so recent would not re«
gularlv fall within nis plan. Dr. Thomas, hil Continuator, is
also silent on the subject, though his edition of Dugdale was
not published till 1730, being 87 years after the date of the oc-
currences which are the subject of these remarks.

50 ANCIENT HISTORY.

as governor of the town, and refused quarter, was
killed in the Red Lion Inn — that part of the fine
which the Prince exacted from the town, is said to
have been shoes and stockings for his people — that
the Parliament forces had formed their camp in that
well chosen angle, which divides the Stratford and
Warwick roads, upon Camp-hill : that the victo-
rious Prince left no garrison, because the insignifi-
cant works of the place were untenable ; but left a
humbled people, and marched to the reduction of
Lichfield. Mr. Hutton also observes^ that he had
a cannon ball, said to have been found at Camp-
hill, weighing upwards of six pounds, and being
12 inches in circumference.*

We have now communicated all the information
within our reach relative to the calamities brought
upon Birmingnam by civil war, and may congratu-
late the present generation on being happily far re-
moved from any practical illustration of such scenes
of horror.

In 1665, Birmingham felt that dreadful mark of
Divine judgment the plague, which visited London
and many otiier parts of England in the same year.
The infection b said to have been caught here by a
box of clothes brought by a carrier, and lodged at
the White Hart. Depopulation ensued. The
church-yard was insufficient for the reception of the
dead, who were convj&yed to Lady- wood Green, one
acre of waste land, thence denominated the Pest
Ground.*

* Button's Birmingham.

ANCIENT ItlSTOftT. 51

In 1688 (observes Mr. Hutton) when the nation

54 RIOTS IN 1791.

difficulty in persuading the unthinking actors, that
the real intentions of the Dissenters were to destroy
the Churches.

The minds of the inferior classes of people being
thus prejudiced and contaminated, an opportunity
was only wanting to shew their attcLckment to the
Church and King; this opportunity presented itself
upon notice fo^ng given that it was the intention of
tiie friends of freedom to celebrate the anniversary
4)f.the French Revolution, with which intention Dr.
Priestley and the Dissenters were especially identi-
fied.

As a further stimulus to the e^rtions of the
populace, a report was industriously circulated
amongst them, that the magistrates were unfriendly
to the Dissenters, and would afford encouri^ement
to the destruction of their places of worship. The
mere assertion was sufficient to gain credence with
the populace, and, thus armed with fancied au-
thority, they entered upon a work, not only of
choice, but, as they would consider, of duty also.
Unfortunately, it was not till after inebriation and
success had rendered them ungovernable, that ac-
tive measures were employed to undeceive them.

The first advertisement announcing the proposed
meeting of the Friends of Freedom, was dated
Hotel, Birmingham, July 7, being seven days
before the day of meeting, which was to be on the
I4th. On the appearance .of this advertisement in
the Birmingham Gazette, another advertisement

RIOTS IN 1791. 55

was likewise inserted, that a list of those who dined
at the Hotel, would be published on the next day.
This last advertisement was certainly intended to
intimidate the meeting at the Hotel, and alarm the
people. About this time a few copies of a most
imprudent and seditious hand bill were privately
circulated, and increased the growing ferment.
This Paper was immediately succeeded by one pub*
lished in refutation of its calumnies, and as an anti*
dote to its mischievous tendency. In addition to
which, the authorities of the town offered by public
advertisement on the morning of the 14th, a reward
of one hundred guineas for the discovery of the
Writer, Printer, Publisher, or Distributor of the
inflammatory hand bill, so that he or they might be
convicted thereof, llie gentleman who proposed
the Meeting also published an advertisement ex-
pressing their disapprobation of the hand bill, and
their ignorance of its author.

Whether the hand bill complained of was written
by an imprudent friend of the Revolution, or an
enemy to the Dissenters, is not known. Every
attempt to trace it to its source, proved ineffectual,
nothwithstanding the Dissenters afterwards offered
an additional reward of one hundred guineas, and
government also proclaimed a further reward of one
hundred poimds. Mr. Hutton states it to have
been fabricated in London, brought to Birmingham,
and privately scattered under the table of an Inn.
This bill, criminal as it was in itself, was rendered

^fi aioTs IN 1791.

donbly sd by its publication at that particular period,
when (if it was not the intention of the author) it
was natural to conclude that it might produce im-
proper effects on the previously irritated minds of
the populace.

On Thursday, July 1 4, 1 79 1 ^ in conformity to their
advertisement, about eighty gentlemen assembled
and dined together at the Hotel, in Temple-row

(then kept by Mr, Dadley), to celebrate the

Anniversary of the Revolution in France, oh which
occasion a variety of toasts and sentiments, appro-
priate to the object of the meeting, were given.
The populace, identifying this meeting with the
Dissenting party, and considering the persons at-
tending it as a knot of Revolutionists, met to com-
municate and encourage disaffected sentiments to-«
wards Church and State, assembled in front of the
house, and first gave vent to their exasperated dis-
pleasure by hissing and hooting. Towards eight
o'clock in the evening a large and riotous mob had
collected, who raised a cry of Church and King,
and commenced active operations by breaking the
windows of the Hotel. Dr. Priestley was sought
for, but he had not dined there.

From thence they proceeded to the New Meeting
House (Dr. Priestley's), a large and ^handsome
building, the gates and doors of which were soon
burst open, the pews were demolished, the cush-<
ions and fragments carried but and burnt in front
of the building, and at length fire was carried

RIOTS IN 1791. 57

iii, which consumed it .to the outer walls. A very
valuable Library, belonging to the Congrega*

i tion, was likewise destroyed. Happily for the sur-

rounding neighbours the evening was remarkably
serene, or the violence of the flames would have
carried certain destruction to a considerable dis*
tance.

Soon afterwards the Old Meeting House was at-
tacked by another party, armed with iron crows^
bludgeons, &c. who tore down the pulpit, pews,
and galleries, and burnt them in the burying
ground ; they afterwards set fire to the body of the
Meeting, but permitted the engines to play upon
the adjoining buildings, which were saved. At the

. ' destruction of the above, as well as of the succeed-

ing places, the rioters were particularly active in
securing lead, iron, and various other articles,
which they seemed to think themselves fully en-
titled to for their zeal and assiduity.

From the Meetings detachments moved off to
Dr. Priestley's house, at Fair Hill, rather more than a
mile from Birmingham, which was attacked with
savage fury. They began by breaking down the
doors and windows, and throwing from every part
of the house the furniture, library, &c. but as some
of the Doctor's friends were in the house before the

1^ banditti, they employed themselves in packing up

and removing part of the library, and several va-
luable articles of furniture ; unfortunately the books
were afterwards discovered and destroyed. The

58 RIOTS IX 1791.

depredators expressed their disappointment at the
Doctor*s escape by the most violent words: and
could they have gained possession of his person,
the consequences must certainly have proved fatal
to him. Happily he was prevailed upon to leave
his house before the arrival of the mob, but he had
not time to secure any of his manuscripts, the de-
struction of which the Doctor greatly lamented, as
they were the result of the laborious study of many
years, and which he would never be able to te-com-
pose.

The shrubs, trees, &c. in the garden were torn
up or trampled upon; but there was reason for
some time to hope that the Elaboratory (a little dis-
tance from the house) would have been saved, nor
did it appear to have been noticed as long as the
liquors in the cellar lasted, of the spirituous part of
which some of the rioters had drank so immode-
rately, that they seemed no longer to have exist-
ence ; while others had been rendered so extremely
quarrelsome by the plentiful draughts they had
taken of wine and ale, that many battles among
themselves were being fought at one time in the
adjoining field. The battles collected the greater
part of the rioters round them, and the house (the
floors of which were now strewn over with torn
manuscripts, books, &c.) was, as long as these battles
lasted, almost cleared of intruders; when, however,
the combats ceased, the mob returned to the pre-
mises, the Elaboratory was then broken into, and the

RIOTt IK 1791. 59

Doctor's truly valuable and useful collection of
philosophical apparatus and instruments destroyed.
The whole building was soon after set on fire; a
man was killed by the falling of a cornice stone, and
notliing of the house, offices, &c. remained but the
bare walls.

On Friday morning, as they recovered from the
fatigue and intoxication of the preceding night,
different parties of the rioters entered the town, to
the great consternation of the inhabitants. Busi-
ness was at a stand, and the shops were closed*
The doors of every place of confinement were
thrown open, by which the rioters gained some ac-
cession of strength, and they paraded through the
streets, armed with bludgeons, loudly vociferating
Church and King, words which the inhabitants now
chalked upon their window shutters and doors, for
the security of their dwellings. In the course of
the morning, the Earl of Aylesford arrived at Dr.
Priestley's ; he harangued what remcdned of the
mob at Fair Hill, and brought them from this scene
of devastation into the town, where he again ad-
dressed them, and persuaded them to disperse, and
retire to their respective homes and occupations.
About the same time the magistrates of the place,
and many of the principal inhabitants, were, with
other parties, in St. Philip's church-yard, endea-
vouring by the most conciliating language to induce
them to separate and desist from further violence.

60 RIOTS IN 1791.

All attempts, however, to check their proceedings,
and restore peace and order, proved fruitless.

About two o'clock the elegant mansion of Mr.
John Ryland (late Mr. Baskerville's), at Easy-hill,
was attacked, and though the rioters were once or
twice repulsed, it was not long before they pos-
sessed themselves of the house, and set it on fire.
Here many of them were so insensible of their
danger, that the flames caught them in the upper
chambers, and others were in such a state of iu^
toxication, that they could not be drawn from, but
perished in, the cellars. Several of the rioters,
most terribly scorched and bruised, were conveyed
to the Hospital, some of whom there died ; seven
bodies, so much disfigured that they could hardly
be recognised, have been dug out of the ruins ;
and a man on the following Monday (who had been
immured in one of the vaults) worked his way out,
but soon afterwards expired upon the grass.

While the house of Mr. Ryland was burning, the
magistrates, anxious to preserve the town from fur-
ther outrage until the military (who were sent for)
could arrive, adopted the measure of swearing in
a number of the inhabitants a^ ad^it^on£|.l con-
stables. A party of them immediately proceeded
to Mr. Ryland's, but after a conflict of some con-
tinuance, they were driven off by the enraged mul-
titude, and obliged to retire without effecting any
useful purpose. Mr. Thoinas Ashyrin, one of the
constables, was killed.

RtDTS IN 1791. 61

Information being received about the same time
that the country residence of John Taylor, Esq. at
Bordesley (about half a mile from the town) was
attacked, another party of the gentlemen who had
been sworn constables, headed by Captain Carver,
repaired thither ; they found the rioters in the cel-
lars, and drove them from the premises, of which
they kept possession a sufficient length of time to
remove Mr. Taylor's title deeds, writings, &c. and
some small part of the furniture. Towards the
evening, however, by the junction of those from
Mr. Ry land's and other parts, the rioters had ac-
quired such an accession of strength, that all re-
sistance here was ineffectual, and many of the
gentlemen were much beaten. Under these cir-
cumstances Captain Carver made a last effort to
save the house. He offered the rioters 100 guineas
if they would not burn it. He was answered by
the cry of " No bribery," hustled immediately into
the midst of them, and narrowly escaped their
fury. When the night set in, the flames appeared
through the roof, and this beautiful and spacious
mansion, with most of its superb furniture, stables,
offices, and ricks, was reduced to its mere walls.

This night the house of Mr. Hutton (the histo-
rian of Birmingham), in the High-street, which had
been assaulted once or twice in the day, was en-
tered, and completely stripped of its contents ; his
large stock of paper, his son's very valuable li-
brary, and all his furniture, were destroyed or car*

62 moTS IK 1791.

ried away. A woman made an attempt to (ire the
house, but was prevented by the surrounding spec-
tators, out of regard to the neighbouring build-
ings.

From Mr. Hutton*s house in town, they proceeded
early on Saturday morning to his country house at
Washwood Heath, three miles from hence, which,
with its offices, they reduced to ashes. The occa-
sion of Mr. Hutton being so obnoxious to the riot-
ers did not arise from his religious principles, but
on account of his being a very active Commissioner
of the Court of Requests, in which department he
had rendered most essential service to the town.

This morning also, the large and elegant man-
sion of Mr. George Humphrys, at Spark-brook,
was attacked; and from the generosity of Mr.
Humphrys, and the remonstrances of his friends,
there was reason, for some time, to expect they
would have been diverted from their object; but,
at length, stupified by intoxication, deaf to remon-
strance, and divested of every sentiment of gratitude,
they forcibly entered the house (after a smart re^
sistance) and ransacked it of all its rich furniture;
after, destroyibg the inside woik, breaking all the
windows, and doing other mischief, they went off
without burning it.

They then proceeded to the house of William*
Russell, Esq. at Showell Green (the greater part of
the furniture of which had been previously re-
moved) and after ransacking it, they consumed it,
together with the out-offices.

RIOTS IK 1791. 63

Mr. T. Hawkes, of Moseley Wake Green, was
the next sufferer ; his house was stripped of its
windows, books, and furniture, which were either
destroyed or carried away.

The next object of the rioters was Moseley Hall,
the property of John Taylor, Esq. but occupied by
the Dowager Countess of Carhampton, to whom
they had given notice to remove her effects ; her
Ladyship complied with their request, and in the
evening this large and beautiful stone mansion, to-
gether with all the out-offices, hay ricks, &c. was
destroyed.

The house of Mr. Harwood, in the neighbourhood
of Moseley, was also burnt and destroyed ; as was
likewise the house of the Rev. Mr. Hobson, on the
Moseley road.

The terror and distress which pervaded thq whole
town on Saturday, while these dreadful scenes
were acting, will be better conceived than described.
The magistrates had tried every means of persua-
sion to no effect;, large bills were stuck up re-
questing all persons to retire to their respective
homes, to no purpose ; nothing certain was known
respecting the approach of the military ; and num*
bera of the rioters, joined by thieves and drunken
prostitutes from every quarter, were, with blue
cockades in their hats, in all parts of the town,
levying contributions on the inhabitants. There
was scarcely a housekeeper who dared refuse them
meaty drink, money, or whatever they demanded.

64 RIOTS ITt 1791.

The shops were mostly shut up, business nearly at
a stand, and the inhabitants employed in secreting
and removing their valuables. Very happily, how-
ever, the body of the rioters, overcome with liquor
and fatigue, lay all night in the fields, round their
conflagrations in the country, and did not come into
the town ; the first intelligence which was received of
them on Sunday morning was, that a party was
gone to Kingswood, about seven miles off, where
they burnt the Dissenting Meeting House and the
dwelling house for the minister ; also the premises
of Mr. Cox, a farmer, at Worstock.

In the afternoon another party had assembled at
Edgbaston Hall, the residence of Dr. Withering,
which place they visited the day before^ but left
uninjured, after being regaled with the Doctor's
liquor. They now, however, notwithstanding the
plentiful manner in which the liquor was dealt out
to them, appeared determined to plunder the Hall ;
some of the rooms were pillaged^ and they were
even preparing, as it was thought, to destroy the
place, when information was received that troops
were appto&ching Birmingham. No sooner had
the rioters notice of this, than the major part of
them sneaked off in difierent directions in small
bodies ; and the few that at last remained were
quickly driven oflF the premises by the neighbours.
Dr. Withering's books, philosophical apparatus, and
valuable collections in natural history, suffered much
by the hasty removal of them after the first alarm.

RIOTS IK 1791. 65

The reader will easily judge what a relief this
certain intelligence of the approach of the military
must have afforded the alarmed and agitated minds
of the inhabitants of the town* Thousands went
out to meet them; and about nine o'clock three
troops of the 1 5th regiment of dragoons^ attended
by the magistrates, entered this place^ amidst the
acclamations of the people and illuminations of the
streets through whi<:h they passed. They halted at
the Swan Inn, where the fatigued and fainting state
of both officers and men evinced the exertions they
had made for our relief. About seven o'clock that
morning the Minister's express had arrived with
orders for them to march hither ; at half past ten
o'clock they left Nottingham, and though the
greater part of their horses were hastily fetched
from grass, such was their zeal in the service, that
they arrived at Erdington, within four miles of the
town (after a journey of upwards of rfifty-three
miles) a little after seven o'clock. Ca^^n Polhill,
who commanded, brought the troops rae-first forty
miles without halting.

The arrival of the military not only dissipated
the apprehensions of the inhabitants, but immedi-
ately restored tranquillity to the town. On Mon-
day what few remained of the rioters took their
course towards King's Norton, Bromsgrove, and
Hales Owen, where, divided into small parties,
they levied contributions on the peasantry. On
Tuesday night a body of them. having assaulted

66 RIOTS IN 1791.

Mr. Male's house, at Belle Vue, near the Leasowes,
the Earl of Aylesford, with Justice Woodcock, and
a few of the light dragoons, hastened thither. The
people of the neighbourhood had, however, before
their arrival, overpowered the rioters, and secured
ten of them. Upon this his Lordship returned with
the troops, and the lawless banditti, which had the
two preceding days so much terrified the country,
it is believed, made their last appearance in any
numbers here.

Many houses in the town and neighbourhood
(besides those- already enumerated) partially suf-
fered, but were saved from destruction either by
persuasion, or by the gift of money or liquor ;
among these were the bouses of Mr.T. Russell;
near Meseley; of Mr. Harry Hunt, at Lady-wood ;
of the Rev. Mr. Coates, at the Five-ways; and Mr.
Smith's hottse^ Hay Hall. Mr« Jukest having inti-
mation thdt his house in the Green Lanes was to be
attacked, removed- all im furniture, liquors, &c.
took out his sashes and window frames, and con-
veyed whatever the rioters were likely to pull down
to a place of security. Owing to this judicious
conduct, and the reHH>n8trances and singular ex-
ertions of the Rev. Mr. Parw^U, the house was
saved from destruction.

Other troops arriving and continuing in the
town, peace and security, restored by the first arri-
val of the military, were effectually secured.

The magistrates of the town were as^sted by the

RIOTS IN 1781. 67

Ekrl of Aylesford, the Earl of Plytaouth, Captain
Finch, Sir Robert Lawley, Mr. Cecil, MnMoland,
Mr. Digby, Mr. Holbeche, Mr. Dixon, Mr. Lewis,
Mr. Woodcock, and others, to whom the town was
under great obligations for their exertions.

As an acknowledgment fgr the expedition and
good behaviour of the three troops of light horse
which first came to the relief of the town, the Dis-
senters presented them with one hundred jppuiids ;
and at a town'd meeting the like sum was voted to
the privates ; also a handsome sword to each officer,
and a piece of plate, value one hundred gaineas, to*
each of the magistrates.

On the restoration of tranquillity; the magis-
trates took active measures, in which they were
assisted by government, for bringing the delin-
quents to justice, and they cbmmitted fifteen of the
rioters to Warwick and Worcester county prisons,
for trial, and issued out warrants for the apprehen-
sion of many others, who had absconded.

The trials of the accused took place at the ensu-
ing Worcester and Warwick assies. Severd were
acquitited, either from defects in evidence or on
points of law ; and of those found guilty only two
were executed, viz. Francis Field, alias Rodney,
for setting fire to the dwelling house of John Tay-
lor, Esq. at Bordesley, and John Green, for pull-
ing down the dwelling house of Dr. Priestley.—
►They suffered at Warwick on the 8th of Seotember

E 2

68 INCREASE. — POPULATION.

Fisher, one of the convicts sentenced to death, zf"
terwards received a free pardon.

INCREASE OF THE TOWN.— POPULATION.

Previously ta the restoration of Charles the
Second in 1661, Bnrmingham had for many cen-
turies consisted chiefly of one long street, or conti-
nued line of streets, extending from Deritend to
Ball-streety in a direction from south-east to north,
with several side streets as outleto, seme of them
connected with the main street by narrow covered
gateways.

In the year 1600 the population must have been
very inconsiderable, tlic register-book at St. Mar-
tin's, then the only church, eontaining in that year
but 54 baptisms, 10 weddings, and 32 burials^;
yet a gradual increase was even then evinced in- the
excess of baptisms over burials.

According to the probable conjectures . of Mr.
Hutton, the town contained at the time of the Re-
storation about 15 streets, 907 houses, and 5,472
inhabitants ; and he carries back the same num^
bers to the year 1650.

In 1700 it contained 30 streets, 100 courts and
alleys, 2,504 houses, and 15,032 inhabitants; 1
church, St. Martin's; 1 chapel, St. John's, inDe-

INCREASE. — POPULATION. 69

ritend ; 2 dissenting meeting-houses ; and the
school founded by King Edward. the Sixth.*

From 1700 to 1731 (in which interval St. Phi-
lip's Church, the Blue Coat School, since enlar^d»
the Market Crosfs, called the Welch Cross, and two
additional Meeting-houses had been erected) th^
increase of the town was 25 streets^ 50 courts and
alleys, 1,215 houses, and 8,254 inhabitants.* The
number of streets, it will be observed, was, in that
period, nearly doubled, and the population ad-
vanced from 15,000 to upwards of 23,000.

From 1731 to 1778, a period of nearly half a
century, during which time two new Chapels (St.
Bartholomew's and St. Mary's) had been erected,
and a Canal formed from Birmingham to the col-
lieries, the number both of houses and inhabitants
had nearly doubled; the former being 7,200, and
the latter 42,550.t

It is supposed that the above numbers included
the adjoining hamlets of Deritend and Bordesley,
and, at the latter date, such part of the town also
as had then extended into the hamlet of Duddes-
ton ; but, in the authorities consulted, the fact does
not yery distinctly appear.

* W. Weatley's Plan of Binnuigfaam, 1731.

f HaoBon's Plan of Birmingham. 1778. Mr. Button, in his
History of Birmingham, states, with reference to the same year
(1778) that Birmingham, exdunve of the appendages^ contamed
8JD42 houjses, and 48,252 inhabitants. Both Mr. Hanson's and
Mr. Hutton's numbers may have been in some degree conjec-
iuzal. We cannot otherwise account for the disparity.

70 1KGREA8E. — POPULATION.

From 1778 to 1801, when the first census was
taken under the Population Act^ the. increase of
population wad upwards of 18,000; from 1801 to
1811, hemrly 10,000; and from 1811 to 1821, upr
wards of 15,000. ' These numbers apply to the
parish of Birmingham exclusively. The population
of that part of the adjoining parish of Aston which
forms d plart of the town was in 1801, 8^62; in
ISU, 11,046; and in 1821, 15,707; the latter
number being added to that for Birmingham in the
same year (85,416) makes the total population of
the whole town at that time (1821) to have been
101,123. ^

This number has since increased, and. is still in-
creasing ill a ratio probably equal, if not higher,
than that of the ten years preceding the last census
in 1821.

The present number of inhabitants may be fairly
estimated at 1 10,000, and of houses (which have
progressively increased in nnmber proportionably
•^ith the increase of population) at nearly 20,000
These numbers, after allowing for uninhabited
houses, give an average of a fraction more than
five persons to a house.

Among the chief public buildings erected or
finished between 1778 and 1801 are the General
Hospital, St: Paul's Chapel, the Theatre, and the
Barracks. Two new Canals, one to Warwick, the
other to Worcester, were also commenced, and the
old Company cut a new line to Fazeley during the
same period.

IKCREASE. — POPULATIOir.

Since 18D1 Christ Church has been erected, the
Dispensary, Public-office, and Prison^; and within
the last ten years, St. George's Church, iSt. Peter's
Church, and Trinity ChapeL Another Church, to
be dedidated to St. Thomas, ia now nearly com-
pleted. Other public buildings hftve ako been
erected, but, as the whole of them will be sepa-
rately described in the subsequent pages, particu-
lar mention of them is here unnecessary. .

Mr. Hutton, in his History of the Town, com-
prises in one view the state of Birmingham at ten
different periods, observing that though some are
imaginary, perhaps they are not far from real.

Streets.

In the time of the 7
Ancient Britons 3

A. D. 750 .

1066 .

1650 .

1700 .

. 28

1731 .

. 51

1741 .

• ^4

1778 .

1781 .

• 125

1791 •

. 203

Houses,

Souls,

80 ..

400

600 ..

3,000

700 • .

3,50Q

900 •.

5,472

2,504 . .

15,032

3,717 ..

23,286

4,114 ..

24,660

8,042 . .

48,252

8,382 ..

50,295

12,681 ..

73,653

To these we add the number of houses and inha-
bitants at three succeding periods, according to the
returns made under the Population Act.

180*1 15,650 .. 69,384

1811 16,096 ., 81,253

1821 ■••» ■••• •••• •# lUl ,1/6 J

72 CHARACTER AND CONDITION OF SOCIETY.

U appears from the above list that, between the
years 1791 and 1801, the population had cfecr^asecf
more than 4,000, while the. number of houses, dur-
ing the same period, increased nearly 3,000 (chiefly
of small size). The rage for building, which pro-
duced so many additional houses, was miserably
checked by the combined or consecutive effects of
war, stagnation of trade, scarcity, and the high
price of provisions. Numbers of workmen, thrown
out of employ, entered the army or navy — their
masters the Gazette-r-and their wives and families
the workhouse or the grave; hence, in 1801, the
number of hoiises returned as uninhabited reached
the enormous amount of 1850, a number more than
double that of the houses which constituted the
whole town in 1660.

The Riots, too, happening in the above period,
rendered it altogether the most disastrous in the
annals of Birmingham.

Since 1801 there have been occasional periods of
severe distress, notwithstanding which the popula-
tion has, from that time, regularly and rapidly in-
creased to its present great amount, which, com-
pared with that of 1650, is as 20 to 1.

CHARACTER AND CONDITION OF SOCll^TY.

In the character of the people of Birmingham
ye find mtchanical ingenuity, indefatigable indus-

CHARACTER AND CONDITION Of SOCIETY. 73

try, and habits of contentment, united to a free,
active, and generous spirit. Their conduct to-
wards strangers is marked with candour and civi-
lity ; they are social and kind towards each other ;
remarkably free from pride and prejudice ; and their
manners generally are perhaps superior to those of
many other large manufacturing communities.

The general harmony of the town is rarely dis-
turbed by religious or political differences, or any
kind of bigoted or party feeling. Becoming atten-
tion is shewn to the observance of religious duties,
and the different places of worship are generally
well attended. The number of Dissenters is con-
siderable, of almost every known persuasion. Of
Jews and Roman Catholics there are comparatively
but few, though more of the latter than of the for-
mer. Every man enjoys his own peculiar faith and
opinion without reproach or persecution from his
neighbour.

In genuine loyalty and patriotism no people can
stand higher than those of Birmingham. The late
wars pressed heavily on their resources, and carried
off thousands of their youth to supply the army and
navy. Three battalions of Volunteers (about 600
men each) were raised in the town to assist in the
general defence at the lime of the threatened inva-
sion of this countiy by Buonaparte; and many arc
the instances in which the public spirit and libera-
lity of the people 'have been warmly exerted.

74 CHARACTER AND CONDITION OF SOCIETY.

The behevoletit disposition of the wealthier por-
tion of the inhabitants towards their less fortunate
neighbours, appears in the great number of charit-
jBibie institutions existing in the town, and described
in ^nir subsequent pages.

A9 a consequence of the facilities which during
the last ten or fifteen years h^ve been afforded for
the ordinary instruction of youth, there now pre-
vails among the artizans of the town an increasing
desire for the attainment of useful and scientific
•knowledge; to promote which, the Mechanics* In-
stitution established here is admirably adapted.
The iine arts, too (so intimately connected with
many of the ornamental productions of the place),
are in a state of rapid improvement. The Society
in New-street, established a few years since for
their encouragement, afforded the first public sti-
mulus ; and now another similar Institutioa has
just been formed to render its co-operative aid.

Music is extensively cultivated and liberally pa-
tronised among us; but the t)rUma is much neg-
lected.

A taste for the highdr branches of literature,
though respectably supported in Birmingham, is
neccsrarily confined to a comparatively small por-
tion of the inhabitants. The ordinary productions
of the press are in pretty general request.

The principal classes of society are liberal m
their style of living and dress, and of friendly and

CHARACTEIi AND CONDITION. OF SOCIETY. 75

ho&pitabie dispofiition . Their neat aod .comfortable
villa reaidences oroament the -bord^a of the town
in almost every> direotion.

£xceptixig tho9e jengaged in ihe learned profeS"
^ions, nejEurly the :wbole of 4be inhabitants are io
someway connected with the trade of. >the places
There are. but few perspns pf ancient family or- in-
dependent fortune. Hence it is that none of those
marked distinctions of rank generated by family
pide and inordinate wealth are observable in- Bir*
9iingham.

The labouring classes, taken as a body, are pro"
vident and steady in their conduct, and maintain
themselves and families in a very creditable man-
ner. Their personal appearance and -apparel is ge<-
nerally decent and becoming. Feelings of inde-
pi^ndence are promoted, and much good is effected
among them by the many Clubs or Friendly So-
cieties established throughout the town for the mu-
tual relief of the v members- in sickness and old
age. Unfortunately most of these clubs are held
at public, houses, where something- must be spent
on every night of meeting for the benefit of the
host. This objection, however, would be in a
great degree removed by the adoption of the Gene-
ral Friendly Institution proposed to be established
here in connection with the Savings Bank now in
successful operation.

The number of poor requiring parochial relief is
at all times necessarily considerable; but wc are

76 MANUFACTURES, Ac.

happy to observe, that within the last ten years it

has much decreased. In 1818 the total amount of

poor's-rates collected in Birmingham exceeded

£61,000, whereas in the last year, 1827, the total 1

was but little more than £35,000, a most gratifying

diminution.

The people generally enjoy good health, and are
particularly free from epidemic and contagious dis-
eases. This may be owing not only to the dry soil,
good air, and general cleanliness of the place, but
to the circumstance of nearly every separate family
occupying a separate house, and that of modern
construction.

Crimes of an atrocious nature are but seldom
committed in Birmingham. Pilfering, and the
temptations to it, are unfortunately too prevalent,
as are also the usual immoralities incident to a large
population in a manufacturing town.

MANUFACTURES, TRADE, AND COMMERCE.

We now enter upon that field in which the ge-
nius of Birmingham has so long and so industri- '
ously laboured, and which has been the fertile
source of her increase, her improvement, and her
wealth. But for the advantages thus derived, and
the fr^ reception given to every one disposed to
settle in the place, Birmingham, instead of being

MANtJFACtURES, A(?. 77

celebrated, as she is tliroughout the whole civilized
world, for the various productions of her mechanical
skill, might have remained a poor insignificant
town, hardly known beyond her immediate pre-
cincts*

In early timed the manufacture of articles of iron
appears to have been the chief occupation of the in-
habitants, who then, as at the present time, pro-
cured their material and fuel from the contiguous
iron and coal mines of Staffordshire; those of
Wednesbury, now nearly exhausted, being distant
but about eight miles. Mr. Hutton*s opinion^ that
the Birmingham forge supplied the Ancient Britons
with their instruments of war, the sword, spear,
shield, and scythe, is strongly supported by circum-
ptantial evidence and probable conjecture.

Leland, who wrote in the reign of Henry the
Vlllth, in his remarks on this town, quoted at
length in page 21 of the present work, observes,
'^ There be many smithes in the towne that use to
'^ make knives and all mamiour of cuttinge tboles,
^* and many loriners that make bittes, and a great
** many naylors. Soe that a great parte of the
** towne is maintained by smithes whoe have theire
*' iron and sea cole out of Staffordshire."
- Camden, who wrote in the reign of Elizabeth,
and is also before quoted at page 23, speaks of the
place as '' swarming with inhabitants and echoing
" with the noise of anvils (for here are great num-
" bers of smiths);" to which Bishop Gibson, in his

78 MANUFACTURES, Ac.

edition of Camden's work, adds, ** and of other
'* artiflceni in iton and steel, whose performances
** in that way-are-greatly admired both at home aild
" abroad/'

Dugdale also, in his Antiquities of Warwickshire!
d^icribes the place as ^^ very eminent for most com-
'< modities made of iron/'

In short, all accounts of Birmingham, whether
ancient or modem, concur in fixing celebrity upon
the place from a very remote period, for the skill of
the inhabitants in the various productions of th6
forge.

The same spirit of ingenuity which crriginally et*
erted itself in works of iron, has been gradually
extended, in an improved degree, to metals of every
description, and many other materials, from all
which are fabricated an infinity of useful and orna-
mental articles, many of them displaying mu6h
taste and elegance. Inventioti is ever on foot lead-
ing industry to success. We are told by Mi. Hut^
tour that the toy trades first made their appearance
in Birmingham in the beginning of the reign of
Charles the Second, and brass-foundry, as he sup-
poses, about the reign of William the Third. .•»

The cotton^ the linen, the silk, and the woollen
trades^ in the manufacturing departments, are al-
most unknown among us (except in the iirticleof
thread, which has long been manufactured here, abd
the making of variouH kindsof webs, tapes, laces,
trimmings, fringe; &c. ' establishments for which

MAKUFACTURBS, Ac. 79

have been recently introdaced), but almost every
other description of inland mannfactttre, whether
of theforge, the furnace, the stamp, the press^ the
lathe, or the file, is extensively carried on in Bir-
mingham. A particular enumeration would ex-
ceed the limits of our worlc, and is - the less
needful as a Directory of the town is puUisbed,
containing a- classification of most of the tradesy and
may be met with at every inn.

We will, however, mention, in general terms,: a
few of the leading artieles of Birmingham manufac-^
ture, viz# swords and other military weapons and
accoutrements, fire-arms^ edge-tools, saddlery,'
plated goods, brass-foundry, buttons, medals, ja-
pannery, jewellery, gilt, silver, steel, ivory, bone^
and other toys, brushes, wood- turnery^ glass-ware,
&c. Cast iron articles in great variety, as well as
those of wrought iron, constitute an important
branch of our manufactures.

Bellows-making i^ considered to be one of the
oldest trades in Birmingham, and nail-making ano-
ther. Very few nail forges now remain in the
town, but they are plentifully scattered about some
parts of the surrounding country.

The leather trade, which fiourished here during
many centuries, has long fallen into decay; At the
east end of New-street stood a building called the
Leather Hall, for the reception of hides ; and of
the manorial officers annually appointed, we find
two called Leather Sealers, whose duty it foriherlv
was to mark those hides which were vendiblci

80 MANUFACTtJRES, Ac,

Among the Birminghain mechanics of die Bf-*
teenth century was one of the superior rank of an
organ-maker J as appears by the following extract
from the Hales Owen Churchwarden's book, com-
mencing in the reign of Edward the Third, quoted
by Nash in his Collections for Worcestershire, vol.
ii. Appendix, p. 29, viz. '* Paid for repeyling the
^* organs to the organ-maker at BromycAam, 10s.. —
" 1498."

During great part of^ the last century the manu-
facture of shoe-buckles and knee-buckles was car-
ried on here to an amazing extent ; but, owing to
the mutations of fashion, this branch of trade is
now extinct. The steel toy trade was also once of
great importance in the town, but, from the same
cause, has dwindled into insignificance.

Musquets, pikes, swords,* and other military and
naval weapons were, during the late wars, manufac-
tured here in immense . quantities for government.
With the return of peace the extraordinary demand
for such articles ceased, and hundreds, we may
even say thousands, of workmen who had long been
engaged in the manufacture of them, were thrown
out of employ and subjected to great distress, until
by slow degrees they could turn their ability into
other channels. The Proof House established in
Birmingham by Act of Parliament, for proving all

* With respect to the manufacture of Swords in former times,
it may be remembered that, in one of the Tracts before quoted
respecting Prince Rupert*s attack on Birmingham in 1643, men-
tion is made of Mr. Porter*8 'blade mill in the town, which that
Prince caused to be pulled down, on account of sword blades
being made in it for the service of the Parliament only.

MAXUFACTURES> ftc. ^1

•

fire arms manufactured here, will be subsequently
noticed under a separate head.

The late John Taylor, Esq. (who died in 1775,
after acquiring a noble fortune) not only highly
promoted the trade of Birmingham himself, but ex-^
cited a spirit of emulation in others. -Mr. Hutton
observes, ** to this uncommon genius we owe the
^* gilt button, the japanned and gilt snuff-boxes^
'' with the numerous race of enamels. From the
'' same fountain issued the painted snuff-box, at
" which one servant earned £3 10s. per week by
'^ painting them at a farthing each. In his shops
'^ were weekly manufactured buttons to the amount
" of £800, exclusive of other valuable produc-
'' tions." Here another instance is presented of
the evanescent state of fancy and fashion, the kinds
of snuff-'box and articles of enamel formerly made
in such profusion at the manufactory of Mr. Taylor,
being now excluded from the list of Birmingham
manufactures.

With the trade of Birmingham we must not omit
to associate the celebrated manufactory at Soho,
near this town (described in a subsequent article),
and the honored names of the great founder of that
establishment, the late Matthew Boulton, and his
partner, the late James Watt, men of enlarged
views and transcendant genius, by whom the arts
were zealously and extensively encouraged and im^
proved, and to the latter of whom we owe the pr%-

81? MAMVFACTXTREg, Ac.

sent highly efficient state of that mighty auxiliary
of power the steam engine.

The merchants and factors in Birmingham are
numerous, and through^ them the products of our
labour are conTeyed to foreign markets and to all
parts of our own kingdom. The business of a fac-
tor in Birmingham is probably not of earlier date
than the middle of the last century. Before that
time distant shopkeepers journeyed hither and them-
selves purchased from the manufacturer the goods
which they required. This mode of transacting
business being both troublesome and expensive,
some purchasers, instead of coming personally, de-
puted persons in the town to act for them on beings
allowed a commission ; which species of agency,
in the course of time, became a distinct business,
that of the factor, who travels over the kingdom
with patterns, collects the orders of the shopkeep-
ers, and executes them on his own account. Small
articles are conveyed about and exhibited in kind,
on pattcm-eards, but heavy goods are shewn by
engraved representations.

At the manufactory and show-rooms of Mr. Tho-
mason, in Church-street, and those of Mr. Jones
(the Pantechnetheka), in New-street, may be seen
an extensive and interesting display of the more or-
namental and elegant varieties of Birmingham ma-
nufactures. Strangers of respectability, not con-
nected with trade, may also inspect the process of

MANOR. 83

some of the most curious of our manufactures, on
a proper application and introduction to the respec-
tive proprietors. Tliere are many, however, who
object to allow this privilege, on account of the in-
terruption it occasions to business, and of the
chance; of improper persons gaining admission, by
whom the privilege may be abused.

An Institution is established under the name of
the Chamber of Manufactures and Commerce, to
watch over and protect the great and general trad-
ing interests of the town. We have also a Public
News Room, and other Commercial Institutions;
but as all those of importance will be mentioned
under their several heads in our subsequent pages,
it is unnecessary to be more descriptive here.

MANOR.

^B have adverted in our chapter on the Ancient
History of Birmingham to the fact of the Manor,
after being infamously wrested by John Dudley,
Duke of Northumberland, from the family of Bir-
mingham, having passed into that of Marow, of
Berkswell, in this county, by grant from Queen
Mary, A, D. 1555. In this family it continued
nearly two centuries, but the male line failing on

F 2

84 MANOR.

the death of Sir Samuel MaroWy* the manor Be-
eame the property of his daughters and co-heiresses;
who, having disposed of their private estate in the
manor, sold the manor itself, in 1746, to Thomas
Archer y Esq, of an ancient family residing at Um-
berslade, in this county, from whom it descended
txi Andrew Lord Archer f on whose decease, about
1778, it came to his Lordship's daughters and co-
heiresses, and is now, by some family arrangement,
the property of Christopher Musgrave^ Esq, who
married one of those daughters. He, however,
possesses but the bare royalty, and this has been
much narrowed by the sale to the Town Commis-
sioners of the market rights and some other of the
manorial privileges.

Since the extinction of the house of Birminghamf
it does not appear that any of the Lords have been
resident here; the ancient castle or manor^housef
therefore, went to decay, but its moated barrier,
with a modem dwelling and manufactory erected in
the place of the old mansion, remained, under the
name of the Moat, until the year 1816, when every
vestige was destroyed to form the ground for Smith-
field marlet-place, which occupies the site.

* Mr. Hutton rscords that there is in the possession of the
High Bailiff a Busliel Measure cast in hrass, round which in
relief is, SmmuH Marftm^ Lord of the Manor of Birmintiham^
1664.

j- The descendants of a very early branch of this family exist
4n Ireland, of which the Barl of Lowth is said to be the head.
The familr of Bracebridge is descended from the BinBingham
family in the female Unc.

GOVERNMENT AND POLICE. ^

. Earl Dudley and Ward takes the title of Baron
of Birmingham from this place, being descended
i)y the female line from the great Norman Barons^
isuccessive Lords paramount. This title was first
conferred on Humble Ward, an ancestor of the pre-
sent peer, in the reign of Charles the First,
1643—4.

GOVERNMENT AND POIJCE.

Birmingham, not being subject to any corpo^
rate jurisdiction, is governed by officers chosen
annually in October, at the Court Leet of the Lord
of the Manor. They are

A High Bailiff,

A Low Bailiff,

Two Constables,

A Headborough, *

Two High Tasters, or Ale Conners,

Two Low Tasters^ or Flesh Conneis,

Two Affeerors,

Two Leather Sealers.
All of whom^ excepting the Constables and their
Assistant, the Headborough, are mere deputies or
servants of the Lord, to see to the preservation of
his manorial rights. It is customary to choose the

86 GOVERKMEKT AND POLICE.

High Bailiff from die Ghurchmfin, and the Low
Bailiff from the Dissenters.*

To the High Bailiff is conceded, by custom, the
duty, formerly exercised by the constables, of con-
vening and conducting the business of all public
meetings in the town. He is also inspector of the
market, to see that justice takes place between buy-
er and seller, and has the power of rectifying all
weights and dry measures used in the manor. He
proclaims tiie two fairs, one at Whitsuntide, the
other at Michaelmas, going in procession with the
other town officers, the jury of the court leet, and
a retinue of his personal friends, attended by a
band of music to enliven the scene ; and at ^he
Whitsun fair he provides a sumptuous dinner, ge-
nerally in the assembly-room at the Royal Hotel,
for a numerous party^ who are previously compli-
mented with cards of invitation.

At the court leet held at the Public-office, Oct.

26, 1827, it was resolved, ^< That a book be kept

by the High Bailiff for the time being, containing

copies of all proceedings upon public occasions

during the time he is in office ; such book to be

handed down from one High Bailiff to another as a

record of the public expression of the opinion of

the town of Birmingham."

* The principal Officen appointed in October, 1828, for the
year ensauig arc

Joeeph Walker, High Bailiff;
Thomas Osier, Low Bailiff;
William Walker Jenkins, \ r***.*.!*!-. .
Charies Fiddian, / Conatoblesj

John Cliff, Heaaborough.

MARKETS. OT

The Low Bailifi' summons a jury, by which the
sucqeeding officers are to be appointed ; and also
entertains his friends with a public dinner.

The High Taster examines the goodness and
saeiasureof beer; the Low Taster inspects the meat
exposed to sale, and causes that to be destroyed
which is unfit for use ; the Affeerors assess and ra«
ttfy amercements to the Lord ; and the Leather
Sealers put a public seal or mark upon the hides,
when Birmingham was a market for leather.

Mr. Hutton gives a list of Constables from 1680
to 1722; and another of High Bailiffs, Low Bai*
liffs, and Constables, from 1732.

The Police matters of the town are under the
management of the Constables and Headborcnigh^
and a bench of able and highly respectable County
Magistrates, resident in Birmingham and its vici-
nity, who sit twice every week, ou Monday and
Thursday, at the Public-office, in Moor-street, for
the dispatch of business, whieh is usually abun-
dant, but not more so than may reasonably be ex-
pected among upwards of 100,000 persons in a
manufacturing town.

MARKETS.

THURSDAY S MARKET.

The original and general market is held weekly
on Thursday, pursuant to the charter granted by

88 MARKETS.

Henry II. and confirmed by Richard I. (see page
15). It is a crowded and a busy scene. Horses,
cattle, sheep, and pigs, in considerable numbers,
are exposed for sale in Smithfield. Corn is sold by
sample dpposite the Nelson Hotel. The supplies
from the country of poultry, eggs, butter, and
cheese, at all times of the year, and of fruits, ve-
getables, and other things in their season, are
abundant. Fish is but indifferently supplied, ex-
cept at the established fish shops, where those of
superior kind and quality usually fetch a high price,
and are chiefly bought by innkeepers and the more
wealthy inhabitants of the town and neighbour-
hood. Manufactured articles in great variety are
also plentiful. Even our mental wants are not for-
gotten, several second-hand book stalls being scat-
tered about to attract the attention of the literatL

Many of the commodities are exhibited on tem-
porary stalls set up for the occasion ; others in bas-
kets ; and some are spread upon the pavement.
The space thus occupied is the High-street, facing
St. Martin's Church, and will be further described
under the head General Market-place.

An authorised officer attends with standard scales
and weights, by which those of the seller may be
tried, if required.

It would be difficult to name a town so utterly
destitute of proper market accommodation as Bir-
mingham, or in which there is so little classification
and arrangement of the articles brought for sale,

MARKETS. 89

or 60 scattered a distribution of them. No market-
hall or other erection exists to afford the least shel-
ter to the people, who are consequently exposed to
all the variations, severities; and inclemencies of
the seasons.

It is probable, however, that the evils just men-
tioned will not much longer continue, the Commis-
sioners of the Street Act having, in the last session
of Parliament, obtained an Act, under the powers
of which it is intended to erect a Town-hall, a
Market-hall, and Com Exchange, to enlarge and
improve the present Market-place, and to effect
many other improvements.

This Act also extends to the regulation of the
Market, and fixes the various Tolls to be teiken by
the Commissioners, who purchased a few years
since from the Lord of the Manor his market rights.

MONDAY AVfD SATURDAY'S MARKETS.

For public convenience two other markets are
held weekly, one on Monday, the other on Satur-
day. They are both well stocked with provisions
and numerously attended, especially that on Satur-
day, which in the evening is crowded to a late
hour, being much frequented by work-people, who,
receiving their wages at the close of the week, pro-
ceed thither to lay in part of their household sup-
plies for Sunday and the ensuing week. In the
winter evenings innumerable lights thickly studded

90 FAIRS*

over the area present a scene of some novelty, es<
pecially if viewed from the foot of the declivity.

THE HAT AKD STRAW MARKET,

Established in 1791, is held every Tuesday.—
(See title Smithfield).

FAIRS.

There are two general Fairs held here annually
under authority of the Grants to the Lord of the
Manor made 35th Henry III.* and before referred
to at page 15 ; but the times have been altered for
public convenience. The first-mentioned fair is
now held on Thursday in the Whitsun week ; the
other on the last Thursday in September. Each
continues three days. The Whitsun fair, happen-
ing at a season of general holiday, is the largest
and most important. The Michaelmas fair is re-
markable for an abundant supply of onions, and is
often called tlie onion fair.

* By some mistake Beveral of the modem published Acooants
of Birmingham date the Charters for these Fairs in the reum of
Edward the Thirds though Dugdale (see Antiquities of War-
wickshire, art. Birmingham]! ckarly expresses the date of both
Charters to be as we have given them^ viz. 96{h Henry IJI.~~
The error appears to have ori|;inated m Mr. Hutton*s History,
and to have been continued with others from that work without
further reference or investigation.

WAKES. 91

At these fairs horses are exposed for sale at the
northern end of Bristol-street^ hence denominated
the Horse-fair.

Neat cattle, sheep, and pigs are sold in Smith-
field.

Both fairs, being in high repute, are well at-
tended, and much business is transacted at them.
The holiday people are numerous, as are also the
usual exhibitions for their amusement ; and alto-
gether much bustle, gaiety, and hilarity prevail on
these occasions.

WAKES.

DERITEND WAKE — July.

In commemoration of the erection of the Chapel
there about the year 1381 ; chiefly held in the
High-street, Deritend.

CHAPEL vr AK^-^AugusU

Originated in 1750, on the erection of St. Bar-
tholomew's Chapel ; chiefly held m Coleshill-street.

BELL WAKE — AugUSL

Commenced in 1751, in consequence of ten bells
being hung in St. Philip's steeple ; chiefly held in
Navigation-street.

92 ^ GENERAL DESCRIPTIOK, *c.

The foregoing are the only Wakes in Birming-
ham ; and the celebration of these would be more
honored in the breach than the observance. They
afford attractions suited only to persons of the low-
est and most depraved habits, and are consequently
the scenes of drunkenness, dissipation, and up-
roar. They are generally continued several days.

Such festivities being of early ojrigin, in celebra-
tion of the founding of churches, it is remarkable
that there should have been no wake connected
with the mother church of St. Martin, which, till
the erection of St. Philip's, was for many centuries
the only church in the town.

G£N£RAL DESCRIPTION AND
IMPROVEMENTS.

Under the above head we shall introduce a few
remarks before proceeding to particularize the vari-
ous objects which the town presents to our notice.

The site of Birmingham is destitute of any na-
tural feature sufficiently strong to attract the notice
of the stranger ; and the inequality of the ground
both in and about the town is such as to preclude
any very good exterior view. The most striking
and comprehensive near prospects are those from
Bordesley and Highgate on the south-east and

OEKERAL DESCRIPTION, Ac. 93

south, the former being t^e entrance from London.
Some distant views of the town may occasionally
be seen on approaching it from various points,
chiefly from south, by west, to north.

The principal approaches and entrances are those
from Coventry, Warwick, and Stratford, on the
south-east ; from Wolverhampton, on the north ;
and from Worcester, on the south. The approach
from Lichfield, on the north-east, is flat and unin-
teresting. Much improvement, however, has of
late been made in most of them ; and still further
improvements are either intended or now in course
of execution. The approach from Hales Owen,
through the parish of Edgbaston, to the entrance
at the Five ways turnpike gate, and from Worces-
ter, through another part of the same parish, are
pleasing from the fipreat number and variety of con^
fortable villa residences which for a considerable
distance present themselves in succession on each
side of the road. Other approaches partake of the
same character, but in a less attractive degree.

Tlie town extends in length, from Bordesley, on
the south-east, to the extremity of Great Hampton-
street, on the north, rather more than two mfles ;
and the greatest width, from Vauxhall, on the east,
to the Five-ways, on the west, is very little short
of the same distance. A minute and faithful deli-
neation of the whole site appears in a large and
beautifully engraved Map of the Town, just pub-
lished from actual survey, by the proprietors of the
present work.

94 GENERAL DESCRIFTIQKi *c.

The ancient parts of the town are Digbeth (for-
merly Cock-street or Well-street, long celebrated
for its springs of the purest soft water, which still
afford abundant supplies), Edgbaston-streetf Park-
street, Moor-street (or Mole-street), the Bull-ring
(formerly Corn Cheaping), Spiceal-street (formerly
Mercer or Spicer-street), High-street, Bull-street
(or Chapel-street), and some other streets in imme-
diate connection with the above. Their situation
is on the side of a hill, with an aspect to the south-
east. Very few of the old buildings now remain.

The modern portion extends around over an un-
dulating surface in every direction, and the exten-
sion is rapidly increasing. The additions have been
most considerable on the north. Many steam en-
gines are erected, the tall and taper chimneys of
which form conspicuous objects. One chimney es-
pecially, of circular construction, situate near the
Crescent, far exceeds all the others in altitude*

The leading and principal streets in Birmingham
are mostly of good width, and contain the better
description of houses and retail shops, the latter
being most numerous in Bull-street, High-street,
Digbeth, Snow-hill, Dale-end, New-street, and
several adjoining streets. The greater part of the
best shops are situate in High- street, Bull-street,
and New-street ; the two former streets presenting
an almost unbroken range of them on both sides
from end to end. Worcester-street is occupied
chiefly by fdmiture brokers, and Dudley-street and

GENERAL DESCRIPTION, &e. 95

the immediate neighbourhood is the chosen seat of
the Jewish fraternity.

New-street is decidedly the best street in the
town, and in fine weather affords an agreeable pro-
menade. It contains many public buildings and
important establishments, among which is the Post-
office, at the corner of Bennet*s-hill, and opposite
to the Theatre. From the upper end of New-street
are several lines of approach to the fine Church and
spacious Church-yard of St. Philip, a visit to which
the stranger should, by no means omit.

Among the leading improvements effected in
Birmingham during the present century may be
mentioned the removal of the buildings round St.
Martin's Church, and those which stood upon the
present general Market-place ; the widening of the
western end of Moor-street, of both ends of Wor-
cester-street, and of the lower end of Bull-street ;
the re-building of Deritend Bridge, and the raising
of the road there ; the filling up of the Moat, and
the removal of the buildings to form the site of
Smithfield Market-place ; the forming and walling
round of the spacious burial ground in Park-street ;
and the erection of Christ Church and the three
other new Churches of St. George, St. Peter, and
St. Thomas, and Trinity Chapel, Bordesley.

The western part of Temple-row and of Colmore*
row, Ann-street, and the upper end of New-street,
have recently undergone great alteration. In the
place of mean and straggling erections^ a variety

96 GENERAL DESCRIPTION, &e.

of ornament^ buildings have arisen, and others are
in progress. Two new streets have also been laid
out over the adjoining space of ground which was
inclosed by the streets just mentioned, and previ-
ously unbuilt upon. One of these new streets
leading from the top of Newhall-street into New-
street, opposite the Theatre, is called Bennett' 8^
hilly the name which the site has long borne ; the
other, crossing this in a transverse direction, and
leading 'from Temple-row to the end of Christ
Church, and from thence into Ann-street, has re-
ceived the name of Waterloo-street, They are
both rapidly filling up with handsome buildings,
having stuccoed or plastered fronts.

The general pavement of the town consists of
round pebbles on the footpaths, and of very hard
stones of basalt on the carriage-ways ; but the
footpaths of many of the principal streets are now
laid with flag-stones, and the carriage-ways in se-
veral parts re-constructed on the Mx;Adam prinr
ciple.

Gas-lights are not only introduced for lighting
the streets at night, but are very generally used in
our public buildings and trading establishments;
-an ample supply being afforded from two gas estab-
lishments, one situate in the town, and the other
at West Bromwich, about five or six miles distant.

A nightly watch is provided, which, together
with the paving, lighting, and cleansing of the
streets, and the regulation of hackney coaches and

GENERAL DESCRIPTION, &•. 97

cars, is under the management of a body of Com-
missioners acting under the authority of a local
Act of Parliament.

Several attempts have been made to introduce
Water-works for supplying the town with soft
water by means of pipes, and in 1826 a conditional
Act of Parliament was obtained for the purpose, but
the scheme does not meet with encouragement from
the inhabitants, who seem disposed to remain con-
tent with the supply as at present derived from the
almost innumerable pumps and wells with which
the town abounds.

The inn, travelling, and carrying accommoda-
tions of the town are numerous and respectable ;
and the different Canals connected with Birming-
ham afford the great commercial advantage of water
conveyance ta and from all parts of the kingdom.

INTENDED IMPROVEMENTS.

An Act of Parliament, in lieu of the previous
Town Regulation Act, was obtained in the year
1828 for better paving, lighting, watching, cleans-
ing, and otherwise improving the town, and for re-
gulating the police and markets thereof. Under
the additional powers of this new Act the Commis-
sioners intend to widen and enlarge the Market-
place, to erect a Market-house, a Corn Exchange,
and Town Hall; the latter of which is to be for a
stated time, at the service and under the controul
and direction of the Committee of Governors of

98 THE PRIORT.

the General Hospital, when required for the Musi-
eal Festiyal triennially held for the benefit of that
institution. The Hospital Committee is also to be
allowed to place an organ in the said hall, and to
have access thereto at all suitable times for prac-
tice and rehearsals. The Commissioners are further
empowered to enlarge and render more commo-
dious the Public-office.

The removal of sundry projecting buildmgs and
the widening of several of the contracted streets
and passages in the town, are also contemplated by
this Act; and the Commissioners intend immedi-
ately to commence this portion of their labours by
widening and improving Stafford-street^ a great
thoroughfare between Aston-street and Dale-end^
IB immediate connection with the road to Sutton,
Tamworth, and Lichfield, but hitherto dangerously
narrow and incommodious.

DECAYED EELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENT.

The only one in Birmingham disconnected with
any existing public edifice or institution is

THE HOSPITAL OP SAINT THOMAS THE APOSTLE,*

OR PRIORY.

This edifice stood at that end of the town to-
wards Wolverhampton, on the spot which is now

• Mr. Hutton says in misUke that it was called the Hospital /
•f SaintThomas Bccket.^TYit dissolved Guild of the HolyOross

THE PRIORT, 99

The Square, near the upper end of Bull-street,
and, according to probable conjecture, was sur-
rounded by about fourteen acres of land. .

Dugdale observes, that touching the original
foundation, he had not seen any further testimony
than the Certificate made by the Commissioners
upon the survey in 37th Henry VIII. where it is
said they were informed that the ancestors of the
Birminghamsy Lords of Birmingham, erected it
for one priest to sing mass daily therein, for the
souls of the founders for ever ; as also that the then
late Lord of Birmingham (viz. Edw, Birmingham,
Esq.) did, inter alia, grant the patronage of it to
one John Prettye for 99 years, which said John
passed away his title therein to Mr. Clem. Throk*
morton,' Gentleman. And the first mention of it
that he (Dugdale) found, was in 13 Edw. I. where
it appeared that Thomas de Maidenhache (Lord of
the Manor of Aston), gave unto it 10 acres of
heath in Aston, Will, de Birmingham 10 acres
likewise, and Ranulph de Rokehy 3 acres of land
in Saltley. About that time were divers cottages
and lands lying also in and about Birmingham,
given to it by sundry otliers, viz. 22 acres of land
and half an acre of meadow, by the same Will, de
Birmingham, and the rest by a number of ordinary
persons ; for all which the Prior and brethren there-
of obtained the king's special pardon in 4 Edw. IL

is mentioned in the description of the Free School, and Glod«
shale's Chantry in the account of St. Martin's Church.

G 2

!i?^Ol54f

.100 THE PRIORY.

in regard they had been given thereto after ths
publication of the statute of mortmain, made in
7 Edw. I.

Tn 24 Edw. III. Fouk de Birmingham and Ric.
Spenser gave thereunto two messuages and a hun-
dred acres of land lying in Aston and Birming-
ham^ to find a priest to celebrate divine service
daily at the altar of our Blessed Lady in the
Church of the same Hospital, for the souls of
Will, le Mercer and Margery his wife, and of cer-
tain others.

The clear yearly value of all which lands and
tenements belonging thereto, was in 26 Hen. VIII.
certified to be £8 5s. 3d. at which time Sir Edw.
Tofte was Chantrie Priest there ; but in 37 Hen.
VIII. the value, above reprizes, was rated at
£8 8s. 9d.*

Dugdale gives a list, imperfectly copied into Mr.
Button's History, of the Patrons and Masters, or
Wardens of this Hospital, from 1326 till the time of
the general dissolution of Monasteries, in the reig^ of
Henry VIII. when this institution was extinguished,
and its possessions fell a prey to the rapacity of
that monarch.

Mr. Hutton states that some small remains of the
old foundations of the Priory are yet visible in the
cellars, chiefly on the south-east of the Square,
He supposes the Church (or Chapel) to have stood

* Dngdale*! Antiquitiei of Warwickshire.

T«E PRIORY. IGl

vpon the spot No. 27, in Bull-street, and says that
in the garden belonging to the Red BuU^ No. 83,
nearly opposite, human bones had been discovered,
which caused some to suppose it the place of inter-
ment for the religious belonging to the Priory, Mr.
Hutton, however, doubted the accuracy of this
supposition, and thought that the cemetery must
have extended north to the Minories, leading to the
Square, for that in the premises of No. 33, Bull-
street, many bushels of human bones were dug up
in 1786, in great perfection, the polish of the teeth
remaining. The sign of the Bull existed in the
time of Dugdale (whence probably the name of the
street), but the premises have long been converted
from an inn into a shop or private residence. The
numbers mentioned by Mr. Hutton are those which
the houses bore at the time he wrote, and it is be-
lieved were comprised between the Minories and
the Saracen's Head Inn, but the houses throughout
the town having since been re-numbered^ thenumbers
as given by him may vary from those which the
same houses now bear.

We are further told by Mr. Hutton, that in 1775
he took down an old house of wood and plaster,
which had stood 208 years, having been erected in
1567, thirty-one years after the dissolution of the
abbeys ; that the foundation of this' old house
seemed to have been. built chiefly with stones from
the Priory, perhaps more than 20 waggon loads ;
that these appeared in a variety of Torms and sizes,

102 THE TRIORT.

highly finished in the gothic taste, and complete as
on the first day they were left by the chisel ; that
the greatest part of them were destroyed by the
workmen, but that he used some of them again in
ihejire'place of an under-kitchen. He further re-
marks that perhaps they were the only fragments
remaining of that venerable edifice which once
stood the monument of ancient piety, the ornament
of the town, and the envy of the priest out of
place.*

Considering the antiquarian zeal of Mr. Hutton,
it appears extraordinary that he should havebe^n
80 careless of the Priory fragments referred to as
to suffer the sweeping destruction of them just re-
corded ; and that the few which did escape should
have been consigned to a situation so humble, and
80 unfitted for their future preservation, as the fire-
place of an under-kitchen.

Some memorial of the Priory is preserved in the
names of several of the streets which now cover
the site, viz. the Minories, the Upper Priory, the
Lower Priory, and St. Thomas'-street. Bull-street,
according to Westley's Plan of the Town, was
once called Chapel-street, doubtless from the
Chapel of the Priory.

Though at the present day the denomination of
Priory only is applied to the institution we have
been describing, and no other name would now

* HuttoQ^s Histoiy of Binmngham.

ST. MART1N*9 CHUltCH. 103

tiring it to the recollection of the inhabitants/ yet
it does not appear to have been a Priory in the
strict acceptation of the term, and though Dagdale
in one- instance speaks of the Prtor and brethren,
he does not, in his list of the principals of this
house, style them Priors, but Wardens ; nor does
he any where speak of the brethren belonging to
any particular religious order, or of their being
subject to monastic rule.

PLACES OF WORSHIP.

There are in Birmingham, comprehending the
parts extending into the parish of Aston, six
Churches and as many Chapels of the Establish-
ment: in addition to which is a very considerable
number of other Chapels and Meeting-houses.

SAINT martin's CHURCH,

Commonly called the Old Church, is a large
building situate on the slope at the top of Digbeth.
The interior, which is in good condition, comprises
a chancel, a nave and two side aisles, and wide
galleries on each side and at the western end. The
Church is well pewed and contains a good organ.
The roof is supported by two rows of pillars, ter-
minating in gothic archer. At the western end is

104 ST. MARTINIS CHURCH.

a tall and handsome, but plain spire, rising from

a strong and massive tower, wherein is an excellent

ring of twelve bells, with a clock and set of chimes^ |

which play every third hour, at three, six, nine,

and twelve, changing the tune every day of the

week. The height of the spire from the ground is

about 70 yards.

The Church is of great antiquity, but when or by
whom founded cannot now be ascertained. It was
built with soft red sandy stone, which becoming
much decayed, the outside of the church and the
tower was, about the year 1 692, substantially cased
with brick. The spire remains in its original state,
except as it may have been occasionally altered by
necessary repairs. Mr. Hutton tells us that it has
been several times injured by lightning, and that 40
feet of it, in a decayed state, was taken down and
rebuilt in 1781, with Attleborough stone, the spire
being at the same time strengthened by a spindle of
iron running up its centre, 105 feet long, secured
to the side walls every ten feet by braces.

In 1786 this church underwent a thorough altera-
tion and repair, especially in the interior; by
which, and the casing of the exterior, the ancient
character of the edifice has been destroyed. The
windows were formerly stored witli coats of arms
of the distinguished families connected with Bir-
mingham, but not a vestige of these heraldic me-
morials is now to be found. A few of the ancient
monuments remain, especially four of very early

ST. martin's church. 105

date, destitute of inscription, but supposed to have
been erected to the memory of some of the ancient
Lords of the place. They consisted of table tombs
upon which lay sculptured figures of marble of the
natural size. Two of these figures lay abreast, one
of them is supposed by Mr. Hutton to have been
of a date as early as the Conquest; the other
(cross-legged, habited in a short mantle, with a
sword, and bearing a shield with the bend lozenge,
the ancient arms of the Birminghams) he took to
be William de Biy^mingham, who was made pri-
soner by the French at the siege of Bellegarde,
25th Edw. I. 1297. These two figures are in a de-
plorable state of mutilation, and lie neglected in a
hole beneath the gallery staircase. Mr. Hutton ob-
serves of them, that even Westminster Abbey, fa-
mous for departed glory, cannot produce a monu-
ment of equal antiquity. The other two, injured,
but in a much less degree, are deposited in the
window recesses on the southern side of the church.
One is intended for a Lord of the house of Bir-
mingham, as is evident from the arms sculptured

on the vest, partly per pale indented , the

modern bearing of that house. The other, habited
as a monk, is supposed to represent one of the
Marowsy Lords of Birmingham.

The church-yard is small, and, by the gradual
accumulations of mortality during the progress of
many centuries, has been considerably raised from
its natural level. This accounts for the present low

106 ST. martin's church.

appearance of the church, and for the entrance
being now by descent, which there is no doubt was
originally the reverse.

About twenty years ago, the surrounding build-
ings, by which the church was much obscured^
were, under the powers of an Act of Parliament
passed in 1807, taken down, and the site of them
added to the church-yard, which is now encom*
passed by a substantial wall, surmounted with iron
palisades. Under the same Act an additional
Burial Ground was provided, consisting of two
acres and a half of land at the upper extremity of
Park-street^ separated only by the road from' St.
Bartholomew's Chapel -yard. This ground is di-
vided into two parts by a continuation of Fazeley-
street, which passes through the middle, and each
division is inclosed with substantial walls and iron
palisades, and planted round with trees. The im-
provements round the church, and the purchase
and preparation of the additional burial ground,
cost between £7000 and £8000, for which an an-
nual levy is made on the inhabitants.

The earliest Register Book preserved in this
church commences in 1554.

In the vestry is a table of benefactions, and
another and older one is placed within the church
at the north-western entrance; affording several
curious instances of the testamentary charity of
former times.

The Presentation of St. Martin's was vested in

ST. martin's church. 107

thtf Birmingham family till 1537, since which it has
• passed through the Dudleys, the Crown, the Ma-
rows, the Smiths, and the Tennants; and the Ad-
^ vowison is now jpossessed by the Trustees of the
late Thomas H^Wkes, fisq.

• The church is a Refctbry of considerable income.
The repairs of the chancel are understood to be-
long to the rector.

Present Rector, Rev. Thomas Moseley, A. M.
' inducted 1829.'* ,

Cursrte & Lecturer, Rev. 3. S. Byers, \A. B.

Assistant CuVate, Rev. S. F. Morgan, A. M.

Since the accession of the new rector, St. Mar-
tin's chiifch has been fitted up with gas-lights for
evening service, which Is now performed there every
Sunday in addition to the customary morning and
aftetnxyoir services. ' '

'Chdshale^s Chantry,— Walter de Clodshaie^ of
Saltleyi'-iir'Ah Edw. Ml'. (r331) by licence of the
%fh^ Htid the chief lord of the fee, founded a
'CHukfrjf'it the altar in this church for one priest
ta cirf^briate divine service ther6 for the souls of him
'^h6 sdid' Walier, ati A kg nes'hh wife, their ances-
toris, aiid all the faithful deceased ; aiid endowed it
with houses and lands in Birmingham : which en-
dowtoeiTt hiksoti Hichard, in 2 1st Edw. III. (1348)
increased for the support of another priest to cele-
'bratie divifie service at the same altar for the good
^^ate of him the said Richard, and Alice his wife,
during their lives, and for theii- souls after their de-
cease ; as also for the souls of his father and mo-
ther, and likewise of Fouk de Birmingham and

108 ST. Martin's church.

Joan his wife, and all the faithful deceased. These
Chantries continued more than 200 years till the
general dissolution of such institutions by Henry
VIII. when the estates belonging to them were va-
lued together at £1 1 16s. 3d. In 26 Henry VIII. Sir
Thomas Allen and Sir John Grene, Priests, were
Wardens of these Chantries, and probably the
last.*.

St. Martinis Parsonage, — ^The ParsonageHouse,
an ancient, half-timbered edifice, coated with plas-
ter, coeval perhaps in its original structure with the
church, stood about a furlong distant from it, in a
flat situation, at the south-western extremity of
Edgbaston-street, opposite to Dudley-street, on a
spot which for many ages after the first erection of
the building was open to the country on the south
and west sides, but the extension of the town in this
quarter had for some years past exposed the place
to a variety of nuisances. The entrance was
through a wicket in the large doors of a long range
of low building next the street, once the Tithe
Barn, which totally shut out from the passenger on
that side all view of this residence, doubtless the
most ancient one in Birmingham. The house was
formerly encircled by a Moat, part of which, in a
dry state, remained till the recent destruction of
the building, with some willow trees, of rugged and
venerable appearance, growing on its banks.

In 1825 an Act of Parliament was obtained,
under the authority of which the parsonage house

• Dugdale's Warwickshire.

ST. FHIEIP'S CHURCH. 109^

and buildings attached, with the surrounding land,
containing 7345 square yards, were, in March,
1826, sold by auction altogether for £5550. In a
few months afterwards the whole of the buildings
were taken down, and the land laid bare, it being
intended that a new line of street and new buildings
shall cover the venerable site of St. Martin's Par-
sonage. Another Parsonage House, situate in
Bath-row, has been provided in lieu of the original
one.

SAINT Philip's church.

The increased and increasing population of Bir-
mingham having rendered necessary an additional
Church and Church-yard, an Act ot Parliament was
obtained, 7th Anne, for building a Parish CAwrcA
and Parsonage House , and making a new Church-
yard and new Parish in Birmingham, to be called
the Parish of Saint Philip, Hence arose this noble
edifice, which was begun in 1711, consecrated on
the 4th of October, 1715, but not completely fi-
nished for several years afterwards. The execu-
tion of the Act was entrusted to the direction of
twenty Commissioners appointed from the neigh-
bouring gentry by the Bishop of the Diocese ; and
the necessary funds were raised by voluntary con-
tribution, aided by the gift from George the First,
in 1725, of £600 towards finishing this church.
The actual cost of the building does not appear to
have been well ascertained.

110 ST. Philip's church.

The Church is of stone, in the Italian style of
architecture, about 140 feet in extreme length, and
75 feet in extreme breadth, haying at the west end
a dome steeple, surmounted with a cupola ; and
was designed by Thom(is Archer, Esq. a gentleman
of the neighbourhood, who was one of the Com-
missioners appointed to superintend its erection.
The building deservedly ranks high as a specimen
of architectural excellence and beauty ; but unfor-
tunately the stone used in its erection, being of a
flaky nature, is so rapidly yielding to the combined
operations of time and weather, as to threaten the
speedy defacement, if not destruction, of every
jutting angle or ornament of the exterior. By way
of experiment, the surbase all round the church has
been restored with cement, which has now stood
seyeral years, and seems to possess a high degree
of durability. Unfortunately too for the appear^
ance of the church, it does not range with the ce-
metry, or any of the adjoining streets ; a rigid ob-
servance of the cardinal points having placed it in
a diagonal position.

There is a vaulted burial-place beneath the
church, which has been the means of preserving
the floor from injury. The interior consists of a
nave and two side aisles, formed by two rows of
fluted pillars supporting the roof. In the commu-
nion recess, at the east end, is a very handsome
altar-piece, and at the west end is a fine organ,
with a gallery for the choir. There is also a capa-

ST. Philip's church. Ill

cious gallery over each of the side aisles. The
church is well pewed, and fitted up throughout ia
a style of appropriate elegance ; and is capable of
accommodating upwards of 2000 persons. It con-
tains many handsome monuments, among which is^
one to the memory of the celebrated painter Moses
Haughton.

The urns upon the parapet were not set up till
about the year 1756.

The tower contains a ring of ten bells, with
chimes which play every third hour, at one, four,,
seven, and ten, and change the tune daily.

The communion plate in this church was the gift,
by will, of Mawley Bakewell, an apothecary of Bir-
mingham, and was delivered to the churchwardens,
by his executor in 1743.

The Church-yard is spacious, occupying in the
whole about four acres of ground, bordered with a.
double row of trees, and having walks through and
around it. It is encompassed with handsome build-
ings, the principal of which is the Blue Coat School
HousCy on the north- east, on which side also stands
the Parsonage House^ a neat and convenient brick
building, erected at the same time as the churchr
Adjoining the parsonage house is an appropriate
building erected for the Theological Library be-
queathed by the first Rector, William Higgs, for
the use of the clergy in Birmingham and its neigh*
bourhood.

The right of Presentation to this church is vested

112 CHRIST CHURCH.

in the Bishop. The Prebend of Sawley, in the Ca-
thedral Church of Lichfield, is annexed to this Rec-
tory, for its better maintenance.

Present Rector, the Rev. Laurence Gardner,

D.D. inducted 1821.

Curate, Rev. Charles Eckersall, A.M.

Lecturer,

CHRIST CHURCH.

In the year 1803, when from the great increase
of the town, church accommodation was much
wanted, Isaac Hawkins Browne, Esq. and the Rev.
Thomas Gisborne, Executors of Isaac Hawkins,
Esq. deceased, kindly ofiered a donation of £500
(which they afterwards increased to £1000) out of
funds placed by the deceased at their discretionary
disposal, towards the building of a Free Church in
Birmingham. The offer was cheerfully accepted^
and the proposed church resolved upon at a public
meeting of the inhabitants ; a subscription being
immediately entered into and a committee appointed
to carry the objects of the meeting into effect. The
then Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry also pro-
posed to annex a Prebend of the Cathedral Church
of Lichfield to the income of the intended church ;
and William Philips Inge, Esq. (whose ancestor
gave the site of St. Philip's) generously presented
a piece of land upon which to erect it. In July,
1803, an Act of Parliament was obtained for the
erection of the intended church; to be called Christ

CHRIST CHURCH. 113

Church, and for providing a maintenance and resi«^
dence for the minister or perpetual curate thereof^
the appointment of whom is vested in the Bishop of
the Diocese. By this Act the Prebend of Taeh-
hrooke, whenever it should become. void, was con-
ferred on the minister for the time being, in aug-
mentation of his living. '

The site fixed upon was the point of land between
the top of New-street and Ann* street, facing Para-
dise-street, an elevated and commanding situation
at the junction of six streets diverging from that
spot,

. The first stone was laid in due form on the 22d
of July, 1805, by the late J^arZ of Dartmouth, as
the representative of his late Majesty George the
Third, who intended personally to have performed
the ceremony, but was prevented by indisposition >
and who munificently gave £1000 towards the ex-
pences of the undertaking. The Bishop of the
Diocese, the Trustees appointed under the Act of
Parliament, many of the neighbouring nobility and
gentry, and a great concourse of the inhabitants
were present on the occasion, which, from its no-
velty and importance, excited an extraordinary de-
gree of interest.

A premature exhaustion of the funds caused a
suspension of the work for several years, and the
Trustees found it needful to obtain additional pow-
ers under another Act of Parliament procured in
1810. *^^G church was not sufficiently finished for

114 CHBIST CHURCH.

cofuecra/tom till the 6th of July, 1813, when that
ceiemony was performed by the late Bishop of the
Diocese, and an appropriate sermon preached by
the Rev, Edmund Outram, D.D. the then Rector of
St. Philip's. After the consecration diyine service
was first performed in the church on Sunday the
rSth of the same month, by the Rev. John Hume
Spryf whom the Bishop had appointed to the liv-
ing, and to whom his Lordship generously gave
£100 to be applied in the purchase of bibles and
prayer-books for the use of Uie poor members of his
congregation.

The spire and portico were added in 1815. The
spire was a deviation from the original design, ac-
cording to which the steeple was to have terminated
in a dome and cupola, in humble imitation of that
of St. PhUtp's.

The tower contains one bell only, with a clock
and four dials, put up in December, 1816.

The church is strongly built of stone, in a plain
but neat style, with a projecting roof. The lofty
and massive portico in front (at the western end) is
supported by four Roman Doric columns. Be-
neath it are the three doors of entrance, to which
there is an accent of many steps from the street.
The centre ^oor leads to the galleries by a double
flight of «tone steps, of geometrical construction,
with balustrades of elegant appearance, which, as
also the railing at the altar, are formed of tubes of
iron, coated, with brass. The side doors lead to
the area or ground floor of the church.

CHRIST CHURCH. 1 15

The whole length of the building is about 140
i^eety and the width about 71 feet.

Underneath the church are Catacombs, which
the Trustees were empowered to sell in aid of the
building fund, and many of them have been used
for interment. The ground attached to the church
is of very contracted space.

The ground floor is fitted up with benches haying
backs and kneeling-boards, the whole of whibhare
free. The pews in the galleries are let, and from
them arises the ordinary income of the minister.
The western gallery contains a fine-toned and pow«
erful organ, by Elliott. In the communion recess
is an altar-piece of carved mahogany, presented
by Mr. Stock, of Bristol. Above it is painted a
cross appearing in the clouds, by Barber. The
galleries are fronted with mahogany, of which ma-
terial the pews are constructed ; and the wliole in*
terior presents a handsome and pleasing appear-
ance.

This church will accommodate upwards of 1500
hearers, and is well attended. Service — M6miog
and Evening on Sunday ; and on Thursday Evening
also.

The Rev. Mr. Spry, who resigned in 1824, was
succeeded by the present Minister, thel^^v. George
Hodson, Chaplain to the Bishop of the Diocese.

Assistant Minister, the Rev. Thomas Burrow.

H 2

116 ST. georok's chuech.

flAiiTT George's church.

Situate in an airy and pleasant spot on the
northern side of the town, is a new parish Church
in the goihic style, from the designs of Mr. Thomas
Rickman, Architect. It stands in a cemetery of
considerable size, neatly walled round, with
handsome entra,pce gates and piers of cast iron ;
and the principal walks are planted on each side
with trees.

The first stone was laid with the accustomed ce-
remonies on the 19ih of April, 1820, in the name
of the Bishop of the Diocese, by the Local Com-
missioners appointed under the Acts of Parliament
(5Sth and 59th Geo. III.) for building new
Churches.

On the 30th of July, 1822, the church and
church-yard were consecrated by the Lord Bishop
of Chester, and on Sunday the 15th of September
following, the church was opened for diving service.

The site of the church and cemetery was partiy
given by the joint munificence of Miss Colmore and
the Marquis of Hertford, and partly purchased of
the Governors of King Edwaiird's Free Grammar
School in Birmingham, out of a fund raised for the
purpose by private subscription, the purchase being
made under the authority of the Acts of Parliament
above-mentioned.

The entire expence of the building, including
the boundary wall and gates, amounting to £12,735

ST. oeorgb's church. 117

2s. lOd. and being upwards of £1100 less than the
estimated a^lounty was defrayed out of the Parlia-
mentary Grant of one Million, by the Commission-
ers appointed under the Act for Uie building of ad-
ditional Churches.

The newly, formed parish of St. George, attached
to this church, takes an extensive range and com-
prises Summer-hill, Camden-street, Camden-hiU,
Warstone-lane, Key-hill, Hockley; part of Nelson,
Frederick, Regent, Vittoria, Kenipn, Livery, and
Water-streets; Great Hampton,' Branston, Hall,
Hockley, Harford, and Barr-streets ; Constitution-
hill, Great Hampton-row, Henrietta, Bond^ Little
Hampton, Hospital, Tower, and Brearley -streets;
Summer-lane, Colmore-terrace, New-town-row,
Ormond, Manchester, Blews, and Brewery-streets ;
part of New John and Pritchit-streets ; the General
Hospital, Asylum, &c. .

The affairs of this parish are intended to be ad-
ministered by a Select Vestry appointed in perpe-
tuity from the pew-holders and principal inhabi-
tants of the parish, with power afterwards to fill up
all vacancies in their own body^ to elect one of the
wardens, and assess the church levies. The parish
will have a separate ecclesiastical rate, being only
bound to contribute to the repairs of St. Martin's
church for twenty years ; and the church will be ef.
fectual for marriages and all other religious rites.

The Church consists of a western tower sur-
mounted by an open battlement and pinnacles;

118 *^. osorgb's chuecb.

north and soutK porches, a nave, aisles, and chan-
cel, and vestry eastward ; the nave is divided from
the aisles by richly moulded stone piers and arches,
upon which rises a lofty clerestory, finished with a
battlement and pinnacles. At the east end is a
large window of rich flowing tracery, filled with
stained glass, and underneath a highly decorated
altar-piece. The galleries are supported by light
iron shafts, with arches of open tracery, and the
front being at some distance behind the piers,
leaves the piers and arches insulated, and thus
greatly enhances the beauty of the interior effect.
Below the gallery, at the south-west angle, is a
stone font of appropriate design.

At the western gallery, in a recess formed by the
arch of the tower, stands an excellent organ, built
by Elliott, the exterior designed by the architect of
the church in the style of the edifice, which style is
that of the gothic architecture of the reign of Ed-
ward the Third.

The interior length of the building is 98 feet, and
its width 60 feet ; the width of the nave being 26
feet and its height 45 feet ; the height of Ihe tower
to the top of the pinnacles is 114 feet. The total
number of sittings provided is 1959, of which up-
wards of 1400 are free and appropriated to the
poor.

In the church-yard is an enriched gothic tomb,
designed by Mr. Rickman, to the memory of Mr.
Benjamin Nowell, of Dewsbury, in Yorkshire, one

ST. peteb's church. 119

of the contractors for executing the mason's work
of this churchy who survived but a few months the
•ompletion of his undertaking.

First and present Minister, the Rev. John
Garbetty A.M.* Assistant Minister, the Rev. T» P.
Wright, A.B.

SAINT PETEE's CHUaCR

Is one of the three new Churches erected in this
town by his Majesty's Commissioners for building
New Churches, and stands in Dale-end, iii the pa«
rish of St. Philip, on a spot which, till appropriat-
ed for the presedt purpose, was closely covered with
houses and other buildings, filling up the line of
the street. It is in the Grecian style of architec-
ture, from the designs of Messrs. Rickman and
Hutchinson, under whose superintendence it has
been erected.

At the west end is a massive Doric portico of four
columns, the order of which has been carefully
worked from the example of the Temple of Minerva
at Athens, or, as more generally designated, die
Pairthenon. The principal door of entrance is un-
der the portico, with entrances on th/^ no{0i and
south sides to the galleries.

The turret for the bell rises above the roof at the
west end, and is octagonal, encircled by a colon-

* By the Acts o£ ParliAitient referred to for building addition-
a). Churches and Chapels, the right of Presentation to those
Churches and Chapels is providea for and regulated according
to drcumstances.

120 ST. Peter's church.

nade, the columns of which are similar to those of
the Tower of the Winds at Athens. .

The interior length, exclusive of the chancel and
porches, is 100 feet 6 inches, the width 60 feet. —
It provides sittings for 1903 persons, of which
1381 are free and set apart for the use of the poor.
It may be worthy of remark, that the masonry
of the portico to this building, being executed si-
milarly to the ancient example from which the order
is taken, required stones of unusual magnitude;
the lower pieces of the columns weighing upwards
of seven tons, and the centre piece of architrave
being upwards of 13 feet in length. These large
stones were obtained with difficulty from the quar-
ries at Guiting, in Gloucestershire.

The first stone was laid on the 26th of July,
1825, and the church was consecrated by the Lord
Bishop of the Diocese, and opened for divine ser-
vice, on the rOth of August, 1827,^ a. discourse
being then delivered by the Bishop, and a collec-
tion made towards the erection of an organ, • which
has since been placed in the church.

The expence of the site and structure amoimted
to nearly £19,000, of which the total cost, of the
church was £13,087 12s. 3d. being upwards of £800
less than the estimated amount.

The Hev Anthony James Clarke, A.M. is the Mi-
nister of this church, presented by the Rector of
Bt. Philip's.

ST. Thomas's church. 121

SAINT Thomas's church.
The third new Church erected in Birmingham by
his Majesty's Commissioners, out of the Parlia*
1 mentary Grant, is situate at Holloway-headp a

pleasant eminence on the south-western extreiirity^
of the town, in that division which, for ecclesias-
tical purposes, is denominated the parish of Saint
Martin.

The first stone was laid by the Lord Bishop of
the Diocese on the 2d of October, 1 826, and the
edifice was consecrated by his Lordship on the 22d
of October, 1829, and opened for divine service on
the succeeding Sunday, Oct. 25. Messrs. Rick-
man and Hutchinson were the architects of this
church, which is a large and handsome structure
of the Grecian style, with two noble Ionic circular
porticoes at the western end, between which rises a
lofty steeple, sustained by massive piers, the arches
of which are open. The doors of entrance are
under the tower and porticoes.

The interior dimensions are 1 30 feet in length
and 60 feet in width. The ceiling, 38 feet high, is
coved and panneled, and . enriched with flowers.
The total height of the tower is 130 feet.

The number of sittings provided in this church is
2125, of which 625 are in pews; the remaining
1500 are free. The total cost of the structure was
£14,222. The Church-yard (which it is hoped may
yet be enlarged by an addition of some of the ad-
joining land) is, on account of its dry and elevated
situation, peculiarly eligible for the purpose of a

122 ST. Bartholomew's chapel.

cemetery. It is well inclosed with a wall and iron
palisades.

The formation of a district round this church into
a distinct and separate parish, is sadd to haye been
decided upon by the Commissioners.

The key. William Marsh, A,M. late of St. Peter's
Church, Colchester, is appointed Minister.

SAIVT BA&TH^LOMJLW'S CHAPEL.

This Chapel stands on the eastern side of the
town, near the upper end of Park-street, within a
spacious area for interment, separated from the New
Burial Ground only by the high road. It was built
in the year 1749. The land was the gift of John
Jennens, Esq. possessor of a considerable estate in
and near Birmingham. Mrs. Jennens gaye£lO0O,
and the remainder was raised by contribution. It
is a neat brick building, handsomely fitted up with-
in, haying a naye and two side aisles, with gal-
leries, and a good organ. The altar-piece, orna-
mented with excellent caryings of fruit and flowers,
was the gift of Basil Earl of Denbigh; and the
communion-plate, consisting of 182 ounces, that
of Mary Carless. At the western end is a turret,
with a clock and one bell. It is remarkable that
the chancel of this chapel inclines towards the
northy the position of the building being thereby
accommodated to the line of the street. The late
Mr. Hiome, of Warwick, is said to have been the ar-
chitect. The chapel is in the parish of St. Martin,
and the Rector appoints the Minister, who is the
Key. John Cooke, A. M.

ST. mart's chapel. 123

SAINT mart's chapel.

Ak Act having, in 1772, been obtained for two
additional Chapels in Birihinghamy this Chapel was
erected in 1774, on the north-eastern extremity of
the town, in Saint. Martin's parish, upon land given
by Dorothy and Mai-y Weaman, the latter of whom
contributed largely towards the subscription for de-
\ ^ fraying the expences of the erection, and was al-

[ lowed the right of Presentation.

I The structure has a light and pleasing appear-

^ ance, with the exception of the roof, which is too

( much exposed to view. It is built of brick ; is :of

\ an octagon form, having a diminutive stone steeple

i on the western side, containing one bell and a

clock ; and stands in a very spacious cemetery, re-
cently planted round with trees. The surrounding
square contains some good houses, particularly in
the upper part

The chapel is neatly fitted up within ; has a spa-
\ cious gallery, with an organ ; and is well attended.

• Present Minister, the Rev. Edward Burn, A.M. who

succeeded the first Minister, the Rev. John Riland,
for whom he had long officiated,
i In addition to the ordinary Sunday duty, Morn-

f ing and Afternoon, there is Service at this chapel

t every Sunday and Wednesday Evening.

f Assistant Minister, the Rev. Thomas Nunns, A.B.

124 ST. Paul's cha?el.

SAINT PAITL's CHAPELy

Situate on a sandy declivity, on the north side
of the town, in the parish of Saint Martin, was
erected in 1779, by voluntary subscription, upon
land given by Charles Colmore, Esq. and is the
other (St. Mary's being one) of the two provided
for by the Act of 1772. It is most substantially
built of stone, in a plain, yet handsome style of
architecture ; and has a steeple of great lightness
and elegance, which, owing to a deficiency of funds,
though part of the original design, was not added
till 1823, when a subscription was raised to defray
the expence it. The tower supporting the steeple
contains, a clock and one bell . The building is now
highly ornamental to this part of the town, and
stands in a cemetery of considerable size, planted
round with trees, and surrounded by a square of
respectable houses.

In 179! a beautiful window of stained glass was
placed over the communion-table. The subject is
the Conversion of St Paul. It is the work of tha^
celebrated artist the late Francis Eginton, and cost
400 guineas, which was sub&cribed for defraying
the expence of it.

In the interior, this chapel, like all the others in
Birmingham^ is well fitted up. It has galleries and
an organ. ,

The right of Presentation was vested in the Col-
more family ; the donor of the- land (Charles Col-

ST. John's chapel. 125

more, Esq.) having also liberally aided the sub-
scription fund, tlie first Chaplain was the Rer.
William Toy Young, who, dying in 1817, was
succeeded by the present Minister, the Rev. Rann
Kennedy, A.M. Assistant Minister, the Rev. W.
M. Lawson, A.B.

SAINT JOHK^S CHAPEL, DERITEND.

This is a Chapel of £ase to Aston, two miles
distant, and is situate in that parish. It was found-
ed about the 4th of Richard the Second, 1381 ;
and by an agreement in writing, dated the 1 dth of
June, in that year, between the Prior and Monks of
Tikford Priory, near Newport Pagnell, in right of
their Rectory of Aston, the then Vicar of Aston, and
Sir John Botetort, Knight, Founder of the said
Priory, of the one part ; and Sir John de Birming-
ham, Knight, Lord of the village or hamlet of De-
ritend, and several inhabitants by name, and all
other the inhabitants of Deritend and Bordesley, of
the other part ; it was agreed, with the consent of
the Bishop of the Diocese, partly in respect of the
danger by floods, especially in winter time, and the
distance from the Mother Church, and partly that
the children of the inhabitants of the two hamlets
might not want baptism in case of necessity, that
the inhabitants of the said hamlets should have and
find perpetually, at their own proper charges, one
fit chaplain to perform divine service in a certain
chapel in honour of St. John the Baptist there,
within the Lordship of Deritend and Bordesley,

126 ST. John's chapel.

then lately built ; also that the said inhabitants
should have a font in the said chapel for baptism^
and that the said chaplain should officiate in the
churching of women in the said hamlets, provided
that the same inhabitants should repair to the mo-
ther church of Aston on the several . days therein
specified to pay tithes and oblations, as had anti-
ently been used : which Chaplain, in case the Vicar
of Aston could not attend to it, was to visit the sick
in the hamlets of Deritend and Bordesley, and con-
fess and absolve them, and administer the sacra-
ment, so as the said inhabitants should make con-
fession once a year to the said Vicar of Aston or his
parochial Chaplain.

In the 6th year of Richard the Second, William
Gefien and others obtained the king's licence to give
lands in the said parish of Aston, of the annual
value of 10 marks, for finding a priest to celebrate
divine worship daily in this chapel ; but Henry the
Eighth, in the year 1537, seized the estates as
Chantry Lands, then valued at £13 Is. 7d. per
annum, out of which two priests officiating in the
said parish church of Aston had £1 per annum
betwixt them.

It appears that John Mote and Edward Keye,
Incumbents of St. John's Chantry, in Deritend
Chapel, had a pension of £5 paid to each of them
in 1553, but we have no further account respecting
the chapel till 1677.

The windows contained a whole-length kneeling
figure of Walter Arden, Esq. with a Latin motto

ST. John's chapel. 127

and inscription, and the arms of Lord Dudley, and
of Dudley empaling Berkley of Beverston ; which,
as well as the original fabric, have been long since
destroyed. The figure, inscriptions, and arms are
engraved in Dugdale, and, according to a state-
ment in the Gentleman's Magazine, a sketch of the
building has been preserved as it is said to haV^
stood about the year 1590.

In the year 1677, Humphry Lowe, of the city of
Coventry, Esq. conveyed a messuage, called the
Brick House, and lands, in the parish of Rowley
Regis, county of Stafford, containing about 66
acres, and then of the annual value of £35, to va-
rious inhabitants of Deritend and Bordesley, their
heirs and assigns, upon trust, out of the rents and
profits thereof to provide and maintain a Chaplain
for the said chapel, and when necessity should re-
quire, and no other means be had for repairing the
said chapel, then to lay out and expend so much of
the rent of the said estate as would be necessary for
repairing thereof, and upon further trusts for dis-
posal of the rents in case of the said chapel being
vacant, and for the appointment of new trustees
when the number should be reduced to three. Of
the last appointment of trustees there are fifteen
now living.

In 1707 the Chapel was returned to the Gover-
nors of Queen Anne's Bounty at £38 per annum.

The value of the above estate and of the other pro-
perty belonging to this chapel is said to have been
during the Incumbency of the Rev. Thomas Cox>

128 ST. John's chapel.

the last incumbent but one, and who died in 1791,
but little more than £100 per annum ; but by the
expiration of leases, and the great increase in the
value of the property, the annual income, including
the Rowley estate, is understood to have amounted
ten years ago to about £400 : since which time,
namely, in 1821, an Act of Parliament was obtain-
ed to enable the trustees to demise the mines under
the Rowley estate, and to lay out the money arising
therefrom in lands, and to apply the rents in man-
ner therein mentioned.

The present Minister, the Rev. Edward Palmer,
succeeded the late Rev. John Darwall, who died in
the year 1828, after having held this benefice thirty-
seven years. The right of Presentation sjtill conti-
nues in the inhabitants of the hamlets.

The present chapel was erected in the year 1735,
and, in consequence of the prevailing taste for
placing the chancel towards the east, presents a
very irregular appearance in the street, its corner
projecting beyond the line of the other buildings.
In the year 1762 a neat square tower was added,
which, in 1777, received eight very musical bells,
and a clock for the accommodation of the neigh-
bourhood.

The chapel is of brick, with stone casings to the
doors and windows. There is no ground attached
to it.

In 1824 it was advertised that this chapel requir-
ed repairs, which could not be completed for less

ST. JAMES'S CHAPtL. 139

than £600, and that the trustees and inhabitants
had therefore opened a subscription for the purpose
of effecting those repairs, the chapel, as a donative,
having no claim upon the levies.

The chief authorities from which this article has
been prepared are Dr. Thomas's edition of Dugdale,
Hutton*s History of Birmingham, and the Gentle-
man's Magazine for June, 1818.

SAINT James's chapel, ashsted.

Was originally a dwelling house, the seat of the
celebrated physician Dr. Ash (mentioned in our ac-
count of the Hospital), who built it, about 50 years
ago, on a tract of land of which he took a lease
from the late Sir Lister Holte, and which received
from the Doctor and his residence the name of Ash-
sted, The Doctor leaving Birmingham, his pro«-
perty here was, about 1789, purchased by Mr. John
Brooke, an attorney, who let the surrounding
grounds for building upon, and converted the man-
sion into a chapel, a light turret being added to
give a more befitting appearance to the exterior. In
1810a piece of land for burial was attached, which,
with the chapel, was consecrated on the 7th or
September in that year, by the Lord Bishop of the
Diocese, the Trustees of the chapel having acquir-
ed a permanent interest in the land by virtue of an
exchange with Heneage Leggc, Esq* to whom the
freehold belonged.

The edifice is dedicated to Saint James, and is a

130 TBIiriTT CHAPBI^

chapel of ease to the church of Aston, in which
parish it is utnate^ on. a pleasant spot between the
Barracks and VauhaU.' It is elegantly fitted up,
possesses an organ, and is. well attended,

Minist^ — the Qjei(. l^wjard Burn, A.M. who sue-
.ceeded the Ute Rev.' George Croft, D.D. the pre-
vious QiiQister hepe.

TRIHITT CHAPEL, BORDESLEY.

This edifice,, much admired for its simplicity,
chasteness, and beauty^ is situated in the hamlet
of Bordedey, in. the parish iorf Aston, on an emi-
nence by the aide pf the roajd leading into th^ town
from, Oxford and Warwick, ^and ^opposite to Brad-
fordr^treel, : It is of brick,, faced, with Bath stone.
The d^fdgn is by Mr. Francis Goodwin, Architect,
of l<ondon^ and exhibits throughout, but especially
at the front (HT western end, a rich display of the
beaiHies of the early style of pointed architecture.
In its general character it has been assimilated to
King'H Ccdlege Chapel, Cambridge. There is no.
td^eri but turrets are carried up at each angle, ter-
minated, by dw^ spires. The buttresses are fi-
nished with decorated :pinnacles. The east end, in
which the yeiitty add a; bea,utiful Catherine- wheel
window are piiominent features, is chaste and nq-
ble. . At the west end is one grand entrance to the
middle aisle, and at the north-west and south-west
corners two other doors leading to the galleries and

TRINITY CHAPEL. 131

to the body of the chapel. The frame- work and
tracery of the windows are of cast iron.

A chapel yard is attached for interment, and be-
low the eastern end of the chapel is a crypt for
vaults.

On entering the interior the visitor is struck with
the beauty of the large circular window, glazed
with painted glass ; the altar-piece, by Foggo, re-
presenting Christ healing at the Pool of Bethesda ;
the height of the ceiling ; and the chaste yet mag-
nificent appearance of the etched glass with which
the windows are glazed. The pulpit and desk are
placed just without the altar, one on each side ;
they are of similar form, and, as well as the pews,
are of deal, painted and grained to resemble oak.
There is a broad middle aisle, and two others on the
north and south sides, of less space. The ceiling
is in character with the exterior, judiciously orna-
mented with groined ribs, bosses, &c. and from its
height gives an idea of air and ventilation, which
the flat ceilings of the Grecian style seem to deny.
Galleries, supported by cast iron pillars, represent-
ing small clustered columns, occupy the west end
and north and south sides, in the first of which is
a beautiful gothic organ designed by the same ar-
chitect.

The body of the chapel contains pews let to the
inhabitants. The galleries are entirely free. At
the upper end of the middle aisle stands a richly
ornamented gothic font, of imitation stone. The

I 2

132 TRINITY CHAPEL.

other part of the aisle contains seats for the infirn».
The total number of sittings provided for, including
1 52 for children, is 1 82 1 . The length of the build-
ing externally i» 135 feet 7 inches, its breadth 75
feet 10 inches ; internally, 90 feet long by 60 wide.
The height of the ceiling 45 feet, of the corner
turrets 83 feet 8 inches. The depth of the north
and south galleries 15 feet.

The expences of -erection were defrayed by his
Majesty's Commissioners for building New Churches
to the amount of £14,235. The site of the chapel,
the chapel-yard, and a respectable residence for
the clergyman adjoining, were purchased by the
voluntary subscriptions of persons in the neigh-
bourhood, aided by the liberal assistance of seve-
ral of the nobility and gentry applied to on the oc-
casion. The amount of subscription raised and
paid exceeded £3000, but it proved insufficient to
defray the whole of the expenditure incurred by the
local committee in the above purchases, and in the
extra works necessary to the completion of their
undertaking.

The ceremonial stone was laid by the Right Ho-
nourable Other Earl of Plymouth, accompanied by
the Earls of Dartmouth and Aylesford, on the 29th
day of September, 1820; and the chapel was con-
secrated by the Lord Bishop of Chester (officiating
for the Lord Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry), on
the 23d day of January, 1823. It is dedicated to
the Holy Trinity.

JEWS* SYKAOOOiJE. 133

The chapel is well attended under the ministry of
the Rev. Samuel Crane, B.A. wl)o was preseated to
the perpetual curacy on the nomination of the late
Dr. Spencer, Vicar of Aston, and is the first in-
cumbent.

For this article we are chiefly indebted to an au-
thentic account of the chapel published, with a
north-west view of it, in the Gentleman's Maga-
zine for September, 1827. A good south view has
been also engraved. .

The Churches and Chapels of the Establishment
being described, we next proceed to notice the se-
veral other places of worship in the town.

THE JEWS* STMAOOOUE

Is situate in Severn- street^ near to the Lancas-
terian School, and was re-built on an enlarged scale
in 1827. The original building in Severn-street,
erected about twenty years ago, superseded a small,
er synagogue in the Froggery.

The number of Jews resident in Birmingham is
perhaps not more than 250; but many itinerant
traders of this race occasionally visit us.

They have two places of burial at the edge of
the town. The original one, near the basin of the
Worcester Canal ; now disused. The -other near to

¥'

134 QUAKERS* IIEETINU.

Islington, appropriated to the purpose about ftve
years ago, with a suitable building attached.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHAPELS.

The number of individuals of this persuasion
now in Birmingham is inconsiderable, compared
with the whole population of the town. Formerly
this class of persons had a place of public worship
on a spot near Saint Bartholomew's Chapel, still
called Masshouse-lane. This, it is understood,
was destroyed at the Revolution of 1688, and there
was no public chapel for their accommodation nearer
than Edgbaston, about two miles distant, till 1 789,
when a very neat one was erected at Easy-hill^ near
to Broad'Btreet^ and dedicated to Saint Peter.
This has been since considerably improved, and con-
tains a handsome painted altar-piece, and an organ.

A smaller Chapel has been erected in Shadwell-'
streetf near Bath-street^ dedicated to Saint Chad,
and was opened in 1813, by the late Rev. Dr. Mil-
ner. This also contains an organ, built by Mr.
Mott, late of this town.

Priest of St. Peter's, Rev. T. M. McDonnell.

Priest of St. Chad's, Rev. E. Peach.

TH£ MEETING HOUSE OF THE QUAKERS, OR
SOCIETY OF FRIENDS,

Is a plain and substantial building, of respect-
able appearance, in the upper part of Bull-street^

. OLD MElTINa H<jtr$ft. 135

neatly and appropriately fitted up within for the ac-
commodation of its very worthy and unassuming
congregation.

At the back tr a; spacious cemei^ry:^ qiiil^ ob-
scured by surrounding buildings froia^u|;>Uo view;
and there is another smaller one in Monmouth-
street. . . . •'./.:'; :.' ■;'

The number of Quakers in Birmingham is not
very considerable ; nor does it appear to incr^^ase.

OLD &r£STl2ia HOUffB.

Unitarian$, .

Thi« handsome and substantial tH^ick buUdingi
•situate in and -^ving name to QldiM0^8Hng-^$treet^
TOse^'On an enlarged, scaler upon ^the ^ite.4>f the
previous meeting house erected thief«' in-therre^
of William the Third, and burnt dowttat die riote
in 1791. It will accommodate a Urge Oongrega-
tion, is well fitted* up, and contains an^ organ.

The originaLplace of worship of tbe;Pissentei!6
was at the bottom of Digbeth, on. a, spot which yet
bears the name of Meeting House Yard. It went
into disuse about the year 1730, on the erection of
another meeting house, called, and which still re-
tains the name of the New Meeting:.

A commodious range of School Rooms is attached,
-for the use of the children belonging to Uie society.

At the back is a Cemetery , quite obscured from
public view.

Minister, tb« Rev. Hugh Hutton.

136 CARR*S LANE MEETING.

THE NEW MEETING HOUSE.

UnitarianSn

Is a stone-fronted edifice, possessing consider-
able architectural beauty, situate at the bottom of
New Meeting-street, and fronting to Moor-street,
from whence it is seen to advantage, there being a
considerable area in front of the building, which is
elevated above the natural level of the ground, and
approached by a bold flight of steps. The interior
is neat and commodious, and provided with an
organ.

The present edifice stands on the site of a former
one, erected in 1730 (when that in Digbeth went
into disuse), and' which, like die Old Meeting
House, was destroyed at the riots in 1791, at which
time the celebrated Dr. Priestley was pastor of the
New Meeting Society.

Adjoining the meeting house is a lofty pile of
. building built and used by this society for Sunday
Schools, in which a great number of children, both
girls and boys, receive instruction.

Minister, the Rev. John Kentish.

CARR's LANE MEETING HOUSE.

Independents.

This edifice belongs to the congregation of In-
dependent Dissenters under the ministry of the
Rev» John Angell James. It is the third place of
worship erected by this denomination of dissenters,

p j

tlVERT STREET MEETIVO. 137

originally a scion of the Old Meeting Society, on
partly the same site, within the space of seventy*
two years. The first was finished in the year 1748,
and contained 450 persons. The second was open-
ed in the year 1802, and contained 800 hearers.
The third and present building, designed by Mr.
Whitwell, Architect, was commenced in July,

1819, and opened for divine service in August,

1820. It is capable of containing a congregation
of 2100 persons, and there are about 350 free
seats. The interior is fitted up in a very superior
manner, but externally the edifice appears too plain
and massive for so confined a situation.

LIVERY-STREET MEETING HOUSE.

Independents,

This was formerly an amphitheatre, or circus for
equestrian performances, and became appropriated
to devotional purposes on the destruction of the
Old and New Meeting Houses in the riots of 1791,
the societies from which occupied this building un-
• der the denomination of the Union Meeting, till
their own meeting houses were re-erected, since
which time it has been occupied by a branch from
the society in Carr*s-Iane, and was for many years
under the very successful ministry of the late Rev.
Jehoiada Brewer, who died in 1817, while a larger
meeting house, called Ebenezer Chapel, was being
erected for him and his congregation, in Steelhouse-
lane.

138 BAPTIST MBETINOS.

A portion of Mr, Brewer's Congregatfon still re-
main in Livery-street.

This meeting hoase was repaired and improved
in 1825.

EBENEZBR MEETING fiOUSE.

Independents.

Situate in Steelfaouse-lane, was opened for
pnblic worship December the 9th, 1818, the first
stone having been laid on the 4th of Jtme, 1816,
by the Rev. JehoiadaBrewer^ of Livery-street Meet-
ing House, who died before the completion of the
work, and was buried here, and to whose memory
a monument is set up in the front area. This edi-
fice is large and substantial, has a handsome front,
and possesses the tinusual advantage of being
placed sufficiently back from the line of the street
It contains upwards of 1200 sittings, of whkh 150
are free; besides accommodation for between 300
and 400 children belonging to its Sunday Schools.

Minister, the Rev. Timothy East.

The commodious School-room attached to this
faceting house is also used by the Mechanics' Insti-
tution for their lectures and meeting^.

baptist mbbtino houses.

Particular Baptists.

Cannon-street, — ^The principal Meeting House of
this Society is in Cannon-street, and was founded

SAPTIST M£BTINOB. 139

in 1738. It was enlarged in 1780, and in 1806
re-built and further enlarged. The present erection
is commodious, handsome, and substantial, and
adapted for a large congregation.

Minister, the Rev. T. Swan.

At the back is a School-room for the youth of this
society.

A branch of the Baptist flock formerly had a
meeting house in Freeman-street, which was aban^
doned in 1752, when the congregation from thence
united itself to that in Cannon-street.

Bond'Street, — A smaller Meeting House. — Mi-
nister, Rey. T. Morgan.

Newhall'Street. — A third Meeting House, of good
appearance, situate near to Lionel-street, and fall-
ing back from the line of the street. — Minister,
Rev. J, Poole.

Mount Zion. — A fourth, but not the least impor-'
tant of the Baptist Meeting Houses, is that called
Mount Zion^ which was built in 1823, and stands
on Newkall-kiliy also called Harper*S'hill, It is a
handsome octagon structure, with lofty Doric por^
tico. The interior is commodiously arranged, and
elegantly fitted up, capable of containing a congre-
gation of upwards of 2,500 persons. There is a
powerful organ, and attached to the building are
extensive vaults, a burial ground, vestries, school-
rooms for 500 children (one of which is adapted for
a lecture*room) a dwelling house for the sexton, and
all convenient offices.

140 METHODIST MEETINGS.

The whole was the undertaking of a private in-
dividnaly who ruined himself by the speculation.

Being first taken for the members of the Scotch
Churchy this edifice, under the denomination of
Mount Zion Chapel, was opened for public wor-
ship with great eclat on the 24th of March, 1824,
when an inaugural discourse was delivered by the
Rev. Edward Irving, then in the zenith of his fame
and popularity. , .

Owing to some disagreement with the proprietor,
the original congregation did not long continue in
the occupation of the building, but removed to
another edifice since erected for them at the lower
end of Newhall-street.

After lying void for a considerable time, the whole
premises were purchased for the Baptist congrega-
tion by which they are now occupied.

Minister, the Rev. T. Thonger.

GENERAL BAPTISTS.

Lombard- Street. — ^This portion of the Baptist
Society has a Meeting House in Lombard-street,
Deritend.

Minister, the Rev. G. Cheatle.

METHODIST MEETING HOUSES.

Of these the town contains a considerable num-
ber. The principal one, situate in Cherry-street,
was erected in 1782, and opened by the celebrated

.1'

LADY HUITTINODON's CONNEXION. 141

John Wesley. This was taken down in 1823, when
the present enlarged edifice was erected on its site.
According to Mr. Hutton, after the institution of
this sect by George Whitfield, in 1738, the me-
thodists of Birmingham were first covered by the
heavens ; afterwards they occupied for many years
a place in Steelhouse-lane, from whence they re -
moved to a cast-o£f theatre in Moor-street, where
the^ontinued till the meeting house in Cherry-
street was provided for their reception.

The principal other Meeting Houses of the Wes-
leyan Methodists in Birmingham, are as under : — »
Belmont- row.
Bradford- street.
Islington.

Constitution-hill, a large newly erected
building, opened July, 1828.
There is another Chapel in Oxford-street belong-
ing to the Nexo Connexion of Methodists.

LADY Huntingdon's connexion.

. This Society has a Meeting House in King-street
a narrow street leading out of New-street on the
south. The building, originally erected for a thea-
tre about the year 1752, was appropriated to the
purposes of the drama till about the year 1786,
when* in consequence of the erection of the supe-
rior Theatre in New-street, the old one was con-
verted into, and has ever since continued to be, a
place of worship.

I4d efiNERAL HOSPITAL.

Caltintsts.

Tliis persuasion of dissenters have a Meeting
House in Bartholomew-street y which they denomi-
nate the Cave of Adullam; and they have or lately
had another in Newhall-street^ called Rehohoth
Chapel,

SWEDENBORGIAKS.

This Society, followers of the religious tei^s of
the Hon. Emanuel Swedenborg, have for many years
had a small place of worship opposite to the Coal
Wharf, in Newhall-slreet, called the New Jerusa-
lem Temple.

SCOTTISH CHURCH,

The members of this community, on quitting
Mount Zion Chapel in 1825, procured the erection
of another place of worship (dedicated to St. An-
drew), which they now occupy. It is a handsome
building, situate at the northern extremity of New-
hall-street, on a corner piece of land, which, till
applied for the present purpose, was a rubbish-hole,
many feet below the level of the adjoining streets.
A range of arches support the floor of the edifice,
and a£ford useful vaults beneath.

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

GENERAL HOSPITAL

For the Relief of Sick and Lame Poor.
This excellent Institution was founded and is
supported by the donations and subscriptions of

GENSRAL H08FITAI.. 143'

the benevolent The noble brick edifice which it
occupies was commenced in 1766, but th^ under-
taking lay dormant for want of funds till 1778^
when a successful canyass was made for further do-
nations, and in the next year the Hospital was fi*
nished and opened for the reception of patients*
The two wings were added in 1791, since which
time some further additions have been made. The
building is situate on the northern side of the town,
on a spot now unfortunately subject to consider-
able annoyance from the steam engines and manu-
factories erected in the neighbourhood.

The institution is under the management of a ge-
neral quarterly and a chosen weekly Board of Go«
vemors, the former of which has the power of re-
gulating the laws, and of electing and removing
the officers and servants of the establishment.
There are four physicians . and four surgeons ap-
pointed, who render theit services gratuitously, and
twelve visitors, two of whom visit the house every
week, and make a report of its state to the board.
A clergyman of the established church also attends
as chaplain. A house surgeon and apothecary, a
matron and steward are resident at the Hospital.

In the last year, from Midsummer, 1827, to
Midsummer, 1828, the numbers of patients were, —

In-patients .. .. •• •• 1571

Out-patientB (including children vaccinated) 2721

4292

Remaining at Midsummer, 1827, 100 In*pa<.\ .^a

tients and 328 Out-patients ... .. J ^^^

4720

}

144 GENERAL HOSPITAL.

of these 2845 were cured, 478 relieved, 60 died/
and 608 were children inoculated for the cow^
pock.

The subscriptions for the same year amounted to
£1971, a sum which, without further aid, is quite
inadequate to the annual expenditure of the es-
tablishment, owing to the great number of cases of
accident, which are admitted without a subscriber's
recommendation ; and this great deficiency has
been provided by the Musical Festivals, legacies,
and donations.

Sick patients are received, on the recommenda-
tion of subscribers, at the weekly board every Fri-
day ; but cases of accident are admissible at all
times without any recommendation.

In its origin this institution was much indebted
to an eminent physician of the town, Dr, John
Ash, whose portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds, is
placed in the board-room of the Hospital, which
also contains another portrait, by T. Phillips, R.A.
of the late Mr* George Freer, one of the surgeons
of the institution, and a man of great professional
eminence.

The Hospital also contains a bust of our worthy
townsman William Rolfe, Esq, a most liberal con-
tributor to its funds.

To these works of art it is intended to add a bust
of the late Charles Lloyd, Esq, as a memento of
gratitude for the invaluable services rendered to the
Hospital by this worthy character, first, in the in-

GENERAL HOSPITAtt 145

stitation and establishment of the Charity, and,
secondly, in his constant support and patronage of
it until his death, in January, 1828.

The late Lord Dudley and Ward for many years,
till his death, gave to this Hospital his mine right
in the coal there consumed; which generous act is
continued by hi& son and successor, the present
Earl.

The Humane Society established in the town for
the recovery of persons apparently drowned, or
otherwise in a state of suspended animation, has
been for many years attached to the General Hospi-
tal, where printed directions to be observed in such
cases may be had gratis.

The principal Officers of this Institution in the
present year (1829) are —

Physicians. Surgeons*

Dr. John .Jo}instone, Mr. Rjchard Wood,

Dr, G^o. Edwwi]VIale, Mr. Bpwyer Vaux,

Dr. John K. Bopth, , >, Mr. Jps^ph, Hodgson,

Dr. G. De Lys.^ Mr. Alfred Jukes,

House Surgeon and'Api>tkecary — Mr. Frederick

Jukes.
Afaf9!on<-^MrB< CarolinevHsMJ^B. ,

Cluvpldin — theiRevj &»F. Morgan.

Secretary^ House Steward^ 4itid CollectoV'^MT.'
John Underbill.

Treasurers — Messrs. Taylors and Lloyds, Bank-
ers, Birmingham.

146 MUSICAL FESTIVALS.

GRAND MUSICAL FESTIVALS,

For the Benefit of the General Hospital.

In September, 1778, a Musical Festival, the
performances consisting of selections of sacred
music, was held at St. Philip's Church, and conti-
nued three days, in aid of St. Paul's Chapel and
the Hospital jointly, and which produced to the
funds of the latter institution £127. Since that
time, except in 1793, when the national distress
and the burning of the Theatre prevented it, a like
Festival has been held trienniallyj in aid of the
funds of the Hospital, with such increased attrac-
tion and success as to produce for that Charity, in
the year 1823, a clear surplus of £5806 12s. 6d. the
gross receipts being £11,115 9s. 9d. On the last
occasion, in 1826, the gross receipts were reduced to
£10,104 2s. lid. and the net profits to £4,592 38.
lld.^ a circumstance attributable in some degree
to accidental causes, but chiefly to the severe finan-
cial embarrassments and distress which the nation
experienced in that year, and which more or less
affected all classes of the community.

A rare and splendid combination of the first mu-
sical talent in the kingdom is provided at these Fes-
tivals, which have, since the year 1796, beeh
principally arranged and directed by our townsman,
Mr. Joseph Moore, whose able and judicious ma-
nagement has raised them from the state of respect-

MUSICAL FESTIVALS. 147

able county meetiDgs to an almost unrivalled de*
gree of national grandeur and celebrity.

In April, 1812, a number of subscribers and
friends to the Hospital, in testimony of the high
sense which they entertained of the valuable and
disinterested services then rendered by Mr. Moore
to that excellent institution in the management of
the Festivals, presented him with a splendid silver
Vase and Stand, and four silver Dishes, with Co-
vers, bearing a suitable incription.

Subjoined will be found a statement of the pro-
fits of each celebration since the original perfor-
mance in 1778 : —

1778

• • • •

Profit

£127

1781

• • • •

-. _

140

1784

• • • •

703

1787

• • • •

964

1790

• • • •

958

1793

(no Meeting).

1796

••• • •

.—

897

1799

* • • •

.—

1470

1802

• • • •

.1.

2380

1806

. • t •

«M.

2202

1808

. • • •

....

3257

1811

• a • •

3629

1814

• • • •

—

3131

1817

• • • •

...

4296

1820

• • • •

5001

1823

• • • •

...

5806

1826

• • • •

—

4592

£39553

■ The most ample accommodations of every kind
are provided fo% visitors who honour these Festi-
vals with their presence.

K 2

148 TXE DISPEKSART.

THE DISPENSARY.

Another iDStitution which does honour to huma-
nity, and is supported by donations and annual
subscriptions, with the aid of occasional bequests,
was established in 1794, for the purpose of admi-
nistering medical relief to sick and midwifery pa-
tients of the poorer class, at their respective homes.
Such patients, however, whose disorders do not
confine them at home, are required to attend at the>
Dispensary, which is a handsome stone-fronted
building, in Union-street, completed in 1808.
Over the principal entrance is a sculptured emble-
matic design, in relief, executed by W. Hollins,
inscribed, " Of the Most High cometk healing,^'
It is necessary for persons seeking relief to obtain
a letter of recommendation from a subscriber.

The institution is under the management of a
committee of governors, and receives the gratui-
tous aid of three physicians and six surgeons.
There are also two .resident surgeons, a dispensing
apothecary, and midwife.

In the year ending September 29, 1828, the
number of patients who received medical relief was
4343, of which number 3545 were sick, and 798
midwifery patients . In the same period 1614 under-
went vaccine inoculation.

The expenditure of the same year was £1651.

Another instance of the kindn€ds of the Earl of
Dudley appears in the gift to this Charity of his
mine right in the coal used at the Dispensary.

SELF-SUPFOBTINO DISPENSARY. 149

Physicians, Surgeons •

Dr. John Eccles, Mr. J. S. Blount,

Dr. John Darwall, Mr. J. T. Ingleby,

Dr. J. Birt Davies. Mr. J. M. Baynham,

Mr. W. S. Cox,
Mr. M. N. Shipton,
Mr. Charles Covey.
Resident Surgeons — Mr. Thomas Taylor and Mr.

John Heath.
Dispensing Apothecary — Mr. R. H. Tompson.
Midwife — Mrs. Elizabeth Maurice.

SELP-SUPPORTINO DISPENSARY.

A leading feature of this institution, which com-
menced in the spring of 1828, is to supply the
provident and industrious of the labouring classes,
who may be usable to pay a surgeon adequately for
his services, and yet tinwilling to resort to gratui-
tous assistance, with medical and surgical relief,
for the payment of a small subscription ; thereby
encouragrog the spirit of independence, and in
some degree removing the necessity for reliance on
charitable or parochial aid.

Another, and perhaps not less important object,
is the extension of gratuitous aid, by the subscrip-
tions of the opulent and benevolent, to such neces-
sitous poor as are unable to contribute any sum,
however small, for themselves, and are excluded
by distance from the benefits of other charitiea.

150 FEVER HOSPITAL.

Patients are allowed to choose any of the sur-
geons of the institution ; and the surgeons supply
their respective patients with medicines, whereby
the ezpence of an establishment is avoided.
The Surgeons of the institution are —
Mr. Sanders, Islington-row;
Mr. Covey, New- street ;
Mr. Freer, Old-square ;
Mr. Green, Newhall-street.

HOUSE OF EECOVEBT, OR FEVER HOSPITAL.

This institution was established in 1828, at a
meeting of subscribers whose attention had been
drawn to a consideration of the subject chiefly by
the zealous exertions of Dr. Birt Davies, who is ap-
pointed physician to the establishment, which, we
doubt not, will receive the support of the humane
and charitable in a degree equal to its importance
and utility.

The committee has taken a house for the recep-
tion of patients, situate at the corner of Bishop-
g^te-street, and fronting to HoUoway-head, which,
from its being entirely detached from other habita-
tions, erected in a spacious garden, in a complete
state of repair, and possessing many local advan-
tages, is considered to be particularly well adapted
for the purposes of the institution.

THE FRES SCHOOL. 151

GENERAL INSTITUTION FOR THE RELIEF OF

PERSONS LABOURING UNDER BODILY

DEFORMITY.

This charitable institution, for the relief of those
unfortunate persons suffering under infirmities pro-
duced by various distortions of the limbs, and by
herniary complaints, was commenced in 1817, and
is supported by the donations and annual subscrip-
tions of its friends.

The rooms of the institution are in New-street,
where, on application to Mr. Shipton, Surgeon,
proper medical and surgical attention is given to
patients recommended by the subscribers.

INFIRMARY FOR DISEASES OF THE EYE.

This institution was established at No. 35, Can-
non-street, in the beginning of 1824, by voluntary
subscription, and has proved extensively useful to
that class of sufferers who are the peculiar objects
of its benevolent aid.

According to advertisement, patients are received
as above on Tuesdays and Saturdays, at one
o'clock.

THE GUILD OF THE HOLY CROSS, NOW THE FREE
SCHOOL, IN NEW-STREET.

This was another religious establishment which,
like that called the Priory, was dissolved, its reve-

152 THB r&EB 8CHOOI..

noes being also iequestered, on the genenl disso-
fartionof idig;iiNtt bosses by Henry ibe Eighth.

Tbeorigm of this gaSid^ a^idated bj Dagdale,
was as follows :— In the 6th of Richard 11. (1383),
TkomoM de Sheldon and three others, hafing ob-
taiiied Uoence to grant lands of the anneal Tsdne
of twenty marks lying in Birmmgkam ZBAEdghtu-
Am, for the maintenance of two priests to cele-
brate divine service daily, to the honoor cf God,
onr blessed Lady his Mother, the Holy Cross, St.
Thomas the Martyr, and St. Catherine, in the
CImrek of St. Martin here at BtrmiMgham, within
ten years after, the inhabitants of this town, by the
name of the Bailifis and Commonalty of Birming-
ham, procured a patent firom the same king to found
a Ouildt or perpetual firatemity among themselves,
to the honour of the Holy CrosSf consisting not
only of men and women of Birmingham, but of
other adjacent places ; and to constitute a master^
with certain wardens thereof; as also to erect a
Chantry of Priests to celebrate divine service in the
said church for the souls of the founders and all the
fraternity, for whose support, and all other charges
incumbent, there were eighteen messuages, three
tofts, six acres of land, and forty shillings rent,
lying in Birmingham and Edgbaston, then given
theretOk The possessions of this guild were in 37
Henry VIII. (1546) valued at £31 2s. lOd. out of
which three priests that sung mass in the church
here had £5 6s. 8d, apiece, an organist £3 13s.

THE FREE* SCHOOL. 153

4d., the Gommon midwife 4s. per annum, and the
bellman 6s. 8d., besides other reprizes.

These possessions, or the greater part tfiereof, at
the humble petition of the inhabitants of the town
and neighbourhood, were by letters patent dated
2d of January, 5 Edw. VI. (1552) granted by that
king unto William Symons, gentleman, Richard
Smalbroke, then Bailiff of the town, and eighteen
others, inhabitants of Birmingham, and to their
successors to be chosen from time to time by the
Aurviving or continuing members upon the death or
departure out of the town, parish, and manor of
any of the body, for the support and maintenance
of a Free Grammar School in Birmingham, to be
called the Free Orammar School of King Edward
ike Sixth, for the education of Boys and Youths in
Grammar for ever ; with one head-master, and one
under-master or usher. The same possessions (then
stated to be of the clear yearly value of £21) to
continue unto the said grantees and their succes-*
sors for ever, to be held of the said king, his heirs
and successors, as of his Castle of Kenilworth, by
fealty only, in free socage, paying thereout twenty
shillings yearly into the Court of Augmentations, at
Michaelmas, for all rents, services, and demands
whatsoever.*

By these letters patent the grantees and their
successors were created a body corporate and poli-

* The School Estates are now free from this annual payment,
which was purchased by the Governors in 1810.

154 THE FREE SCHOOL.

tic of themselves, in perpetuity, by the name of
the Governors of the Possessions, Revenues, and
Goods of the Free Grammar School of King Ed-
ward the Sixth, in Birmingham, in the county of
Warwick ; such Governors to have a Common Seal,
and by their corporate name to plead and be im-
pleaded in all actions and suits touching the pre-
mises, also to have the appointment from time to
time of the head-master and under-master of the
school, and power, with the advice of the Bishop
of the Diocese for the time being, to make fit and
wholesome statutes and ordinances, in writing, con-
cerning the government of the school, the stipend
of the masters, and the preservation and disposi-
tion of the revenues. The number of Governors is
by the above charter fixed at twenty, who, in the
words of that document, are to be men of the more
discreet and more trusty inhabitants of the town
and parish of Birmingham aforesaid, or of the ma-
nor of Birmingham, to the same town adjoining.

Several statutes and orders have at different
times been made by the governors, and confirmed
by the bishop, for the government of the school,
and the appropriation of its increasing funds, which^
in addition to the original establishment, devoted
chiefly to classical instruction, lately supported se-
veral subsidiary English schools in different parts of
the town for the gratuitous instruction of poor
children in reading and writing, of which that in
Shut-lane (probably the oldest) is the only one now

THE FREE SCHOOL. 155

remaining. There are ten exhibitions from this
School of £35 per annum each, tenable for seven
years, at any college in either of the Universities.*
The ancient Hall of the Guild became the School
Room. An engraving in Dugdale shews that in the
glass of the windows was painted the figure of JEd-
mund Lord FerrerSy with his arms, empaling Belk"
nap; also those of Stafford of Orafton^ of Bir-
fninghaniy and of Perrot empaling Brian^ all pro-
bably benefactors to the guild. The above Edmund
Lord Ferrers (of Chartley) more than 400 years
ago (2 Henry VI.) married Elena de Rockcy a grand-
daughter of Sir Thomas de Birmingham, an event
to which we may attribute his connection with the
guild.

' The first erection, of wood and plaster, which
had stood about 320 years, and was originally on
the outside of the town, was taken down in 1 707,
when the present building arose on the site. It is
in NeW'Streety at the lower end, nearly adjoining
to the Hen and Chickens Hotel, and occupies three
sides of a quadrangle, of which the line of street
forms the fourth. The style is heavy, and the area
wears a gloomy aspect. In the centre of the build-
ing is a tower, which was ornamented with a sta-^

* John Milward^ Gentleman, of Haverfordwest, a native of
i^irmingham, by his will, dated in 1654, founded a Scholarship
at Brazennose College, Oxford, to be held alternately by a Scho-
lar from this School at Birmingham, and from that at Haver-
fordwest. He also made a further brquest in aid of the income
«f the said Schools.

156 THE FREE SCHOOL.

tue of King Edward tbe Sixth, dressed in a royal
mantle, with the ensigns of the garter, and hold-
ing a bible and sceptre, having beneath it this in-
scription, now remaining : — *^ Edvardus sextus
" Scholam banc fundavit anno Regni quinto."
This tower contains a clock and bell.

In 1824 it was found necessary to take down the
statue of the royal founder from the niche of the
tower, a portion of it having, from decay, fallen
into the front area. The vases on the balustrades
(set up in 1756) being also in a very perished state,
were, for the prevention of accidents, at the same
time removed. Very recently the cupola and vane
with which the tower was surmounted have also been
taken down.

Besides the school rooms, this edifice contains
within its walls the residences of the head-mastet
and under-master; but the whole fabric is now so
much decayed, that it is considered necessary either
to rebuild it, or to erect other suitable buildings in
lieu of it in another and more eligible situation.

The annual value of the School Estates, estimat-
ed in the charter at £21, is now, it is believed, in-
creased to more than £3,000, with a prospect of
still further improvement on the termination of ex-
isting leases. The whole of these estates lie in the
parish of Birmingham, and are exonerated from
land-tax, which the governors purchased in the
year 1800.

From the dilapidated state of the school building
and houses, and also from the increasing state of

THE FREE SCHOOL. 157

the funds, the governors, a few years ago, made
some progrsss in an application to parliament for
power to erect new buildings, and further to ex*
tend the utility of the institution. It was proposed
to accomplish the building purposes by borrowing
money on mortgage of the school estates, and it was
understood to be the intention of the governors to
erect the new school on some spot without the li-
mits of the town. The creation of a large debt,
and the projected removal of the school ftrom its
present central to a suburban situation, were parts
of the scheme which met with much opposition
from the inhabitants, and it was rumoured that the
Bishop of the Diocese, and a considerable minority
of the governors, were opposed to the principle of
the bill, which was eventually abandoned. Some
doubt also arose whether an act of parliament could
be obtained for all the intended purposes without
the previous approbation of the Court of Chancery.

The Parliamentary Commissioners for investiga-
ting the Public Charities throughout the country
have already commenced their duties with respect
to this School; and we sincerely hope that from
their visitation and report some satisfactory scheme
may result for its improvement.

This School being of royal foundation, the Lord
Chancellor^ in right of his Majesty, is the ordinary
visitor thereof.

Towards the close of the reign of King Charles
the Second, some 'of the governors, in opposition

158 THE TELLE SCHOOL.

to their brethren, surrendered the charter of the
school into the hands of the king ; and a new char-
ter was soon after granted by King James the Se-
cond, his successor, dated the 20th of February,
1685, The ejected governors, however, immedi-
ately commenced a suit in Chancery for the reco-
very of the original charter ; and six years after
obtained a decree re-instating them in their func-
tions, annulling the charter of James the Second,
and restoring and confirming that of King Edward
the Sixth.

In 1723 a Commission issued under the Great
Seal to inspect the conduct of the governors, who
disputing its validity, the matter was heard in
Hilary Term, 1725, when the governors objected to
this commission that the king, having appointed
governors^ had by implication made them visitors
dlsOf and that consequently the crown could not
issue out a commission to visit or inspect the con-
duct of these governors. The court however re-
solved that the commission under the great seal was '
well issued in this case.

During these intemperate proceedings, the on^t-
nal seal of the governors was discarded, and a new
one adopted, which is still used. In the beginning
of the present century, the old seal, being acciden-
tally discovered in the possession of a gentleman of
Leicester, was restored to the governors, and is now
in their custody. Both seals are engraved in the
valuable work of Mr. Carlisle on Endowed Gramr-

THE FREE SCUOOIr* 159

mar Schools^ vol. 2, which contains a full and au-
thentic history of this school at Birmingham.

The following Gentlemen are the present Gover-
nors : —

Elected 1797.

George Simcox, Esq.
James Woolley, Esq.
Theodore Price, Esq.
Mr. William Anderton.

Elected 1813, and subsequentfy.

William Hamper, Esq.

Isaac Spooner, Esq.

John Booth, M.D.

Mr. Isaac Anderton,

Rev. Laurence Gardner, D.D.

George Freer, B.M.

Charles Cope, Esq.

Mr. Richard Wood,

Mr. George Barker,

James Taylor, Esq.

Mr. John Cope,

Rev. Anthony James Clarke^

Mr. Oliver Mason,

Mr. W. C. Alston.

At the chief School in New-street, besides the
Head-master and Under-master, there is now an
Assistant Master to each (all of whom are of the

160 BLUE COAT SCHOOI..

deigyX also a WrUimg Master awl tLDrawimg Man
ter.

Head-master, ReT. John Cooke, M.A.

Assistant, ReT. Frands Freer Clay, M.A.

Under-master, Re?. Rann Kennedy, M.A.

Assistant, Frederick Darwall, B.A.
No age is specified at which boys are to be ad-
mitted, or at which they are to be snpenuuraated^
The namber admitted upon the foundation at the
School in New-street is, or lately was, limited to
130.

The institution possesses a good Lihrary ; and
in the governor's parlour is a beautiful marble Bust
of the Founder^ executed by the celebrated sculp-
tor Sckeemaker,

THE BLUE COAT CHARITY SCHOOL

Was instituted in the year 1724, and is supported
by voluntary contributions, in aid of which sennons
are preached and collections made twice a year at
the several Churches and Chapels of the Establish-
ment in Birmingham. The design of this very ex-
cellent Charity is to place poor children under the
immediate protection of the subscribers as their
parents, that they may be clothed, maintained,
educated, and bound apprentices to persons of such
useful employments as shall be thought proper for
them. Formerly children were received at the age
of seven years, but by the present regulatiouii-they.
are not admissible uqder the age of nine. AU^the

BLUE COAT SCHOOL 161

children are taught to read, write, and cast ac-
compts; and the girls to sew, knit, and do house-
hold business.

The School House, an extensive stone-fronted
building, situate on the north-eastern side of Saint
Philip's Church-yard, was originally erected in the
above-mentioned year, but greatly enlarged and
improved in the year 1794, when the present stone
front was added. Tlie northern angle, however,
did not receive its stone facing till within a few years
past. This edifice forms a pleasing object from the
church-yai'd, and is remarkable for chasteness of
style and propriety of arrangement. Within the
inclosure is a suitable area for play-ground.

In the year 1770, by voluntary subscription for
that purpose, two statues, of stone, representing a
boy and girl habited in the costume of the school,
were executed in a very masterly and much admir-
ed manner by Mr. Edward Grubb, then of Birming-
ham. They are placed over the front door, with
the following inscriptions : —

Under the Girl,

" We cannot recompence you, but ye shall be
^* recompenced at the Resurrection of the Just.'*

Under the Boy,

** Train up a child in the way he should go, and
'* when he is old he will not depart from it."

In January, 1829, there were in the school 181
boys and 74 girls — total, 255; of these, 17 boys

162 DISSENTING CHARITY SCHOOXi.

and 2 girls belonged to and were paid for by Fenf-
ham* 8 Charity; and 9 boys and 2 girls belonged to-
and were paid for by the Saint David's Society.

The total expenditure of the establishment for the-
year 1828, was £2535 8s. 7d.

The children are clothed uniformly in Blue; ex^
cept those belonging to Fentham's Trust, who are
distinguished by green clothing. They are gene-
rally in a most healthy state, and in appearance and
demeanour are particularly clean and orderly.

The Governor and Governess of this well con-
ducted institution are, according to the rules of it,
required to be both unmarried, that the cares of a^
family may not interfere with their official duties.

The choir of St. Philip's Church is composed of
the children of this school.

An annual ballot takes place at Easter for the
admission of 50 children in the room of those who
go out.

PROTESTANT DISSENTING CHARITY SCHOOL.

This School, supported by donations and annual
subscriptions, is designed for the maintenance and
education of poor Female Children^ who are taught
reading, writing, and common arithmetic, and
otherwise instructed so as to qualify them for some
reputable and beneficial service. The age at which
children are admitted is from 9 to 12,

The School House is situate in Park-street, where

DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM. 163

the children are lodged under the care of a Matron
appointed to superintend them.

The nomination of the children is in the suhscri-
bers, who exercise the right by turns, for which
they ballot.

GENERAL INSTITUTION
FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF DEAF AND DUMB

CHILDREN.

In the autumn of 1812, a Lecture was delivered
in the Rooms of the Birmingham Philosophical In-
stitution, by Dr. De Lys, a physician resident in
the town, on the instruction of the Deaf and Dumb.
To illustrate some of the principles of this art, and,
at the same time, to afford an example of their ef-
ficacy in practice, the Lecturer introduced a girl of
the age of eight years, who had been deaf and
dumb from her birth, and to whose instruction his
friend, Mr. Alexander Blair, and himself, had
given considerable attention. The audience at the
lecture were much interested by this child. Her
appearance was remarkably engaging; her coun-
tenance full of intelligence, . and all her actions and
attitudes in the highest degree animated and ex-
pressive; while the eagerness with which she
watched the countenances of her .instructors, and
the delight with which she sprang forward to exe-
cute, or rather to anticipate their wishes, afforded
a most affecting spectacle. The lecture, and espe-

L 2

164 DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM.

cially the living exhibition, excited a very general
and earnest desire that some means should be
found of completing what had been so ably begun,
and of extending similar advantages, by a still more
masterly process, to numberless other children in
the same unfortunate situation. After a prelimi-
nary private meeting, another more general meet-
ing was held on the 4th of December, 1812, at
which the present Institution was established under
the most auspicious patronage. It is supported by
annual subscriptions and occasional donations.

The committee appointed to carry into effect the
objects of the above meeting, commenced its ope-
rations by engaging a proper master and opening a
day school in the town, which was continued until
Lord Calthorpe, an early and zealous promoter of
the undertaking, erected on his estate, in the ad-
joining parish of Edgbaston, a suitable and conve-
nient building, which he granted, with a proper
appendage of land, on terms exceedingly liberal,
as an Asylum for the purposes of the Institution..
The building stands singly on a very pleasant spot
of ground, quite spacious enough for the amuse-
ments and exercises of the children, and at such a
distance from the town as both for the advantage
of air and in other respects makes it very desirable
for their abode.

This Asylum was opened January 4, 1815, when
20 children were admitted. It is adapted to the
accommodation of 40, to which number the aver-
age complement of pupils nearly amounts.

DEAF AND DUMB ASYLUM. 165

Increased accommodation being requisite for en-
abling the head-master to reside upon the spot (an
object considered to be highly essential to the well-
being of the Institution), a sum of £1000 has been
recently raised by subscription to defray the ex-
pences of erecting the necessary additional build-
ings. This subscription derived its chief aid from
a Bazaar i which, under the kind, liberal, and ju-
dicious management of several Ladies of the neigh-
bourhood, was held in the month of October, 1828,
at the Royal Hotel, and produced, with the re-
ceipts of a Ball on that occasion, a sum amounting
to nearly £650.

Children of both sexes, from all parts of the
kingdom, who have the misfortune to be both deaf
anxl dumb, are eligible to this Institution, from the
age of eight to that of thirteen. The parents or
friends of those children received into the Asylum
contribute to a certain extent fixed by the commit-
tee, towards their maintenance, and also provide
them with necessary clothing.

The able instructor originally appointed to this
Institution was Mr. Thomas Braidwood, now de-
ceased, grandson of the celebrated master of the
same name, who, by the establishment of his school
in Edinburgh, founded in this country the art of
instructing the deaf and dumb.

The present head-master is Mr. Louis DuPuget,
whose plan of instruction, and whose general qua-
lifications and fitness for the duties of his situation,
have been highly approved by the committee.

166 LANCASTERIAN SCHOOL.

A matron is appointed to superintend the domes-
tic department of the establishment ; and a com-
mittee of ladies undertakes to superintend the ma-
nagement and employment of the girls.

In the month of October annually a general
meeting of the subscribers is held in Birmingham,
to receive the annual report of the committee, to
pass the accounts, to appoint the officers and com-
mittee for the ensuing year, and to transact the
other business of the Institution. At this meeting
a public examination takes place of the children in
the various branches of their education, and there
is also a ballot among the subscribers for the nomi-
nation of the children (of late years ten in number)
who are to be received into the Asylum in the place
of those who leave it. ^

The Asylum is open to the inspection of visitors
every day, between the hours of twelve and one.

His Grace the Duke of Devonshire has been I^re-
sident, and a liberal patron of this Institution from
its commencement.

LANCASTERIAN SCHOOL.

This Institution, supported by annual subscrip-
tions and other donations, was established Sep-
tember 11, 1809, for the instruction, according to
the Lancasterian system, of 400 boys of the la-
bouring class in reading, writing, and common
arithmetic. One master directs the whole school,
through the medium of monitors selected from the
boys. The School Room is situate in Stvern-streety

NATIONAL SCHOOLS. 167

and is open to visitors every day during the usual
school hours.

The average number of children on the books
during the last year (1828) reached 300, of which
the average number in attendance was 256.

The trifling payment of a penny a week is re-
quired from the parents of each child.

The committee has lately appealed to the public
for an increase of annual subscriptions, which is
deemed essential to the maintefiance x)f the -esta-
blishment in a state of efficiency.

There is also a Female Lanca«terian School in
Park-tlreet,

NATIONAL, Oa MADRAS SCHOOL.

Another School, bearing this denomination,
was established in the year 1813, for the gratuitous
education of the children of the poor according to
the system introduced by Dr. Bell. The School
House, a lofty and spacious brick building, is situ-
ate in Pinfold- street. The ground floor is used for
the boys, over which is a room for the girls. A
master and mistress are appointed to instruct the
children. The mistress resides in a house erected
for her residence within the school yard. A ladies'
committee visits the girls* schook

On the 5th of June, 1827, the number of chil-
dren in the school was — boys, 305; girls, 180.
The average attendance in the boys' school is 265;
in the girls', 140.

By a regulation of the committee, a penny a

168 INFANT SCHOOLS.

week is now required of each child towards its edu-
cation.

Plain needle-work of all kinds is executed at the
girls' school upon very moderate terms ; and the
committee considers that those who send it render
very important services to the Institution.

The children assemble at the school on Sundays,
and proceed to church, both morning and after-
noon.

This Establishment is indebted to the bounty of
the public for its support.

A School on this system was opened at Ashsted
on the 7th of July, 1828.

BIRMINGHAM ST. DAVID's SOCIRTYy

(or welsh charity)

Was formed on the anniversary of St. David's
Day, March 1st, 1824, by several gentlemen con-
nected with the Principality of Wales, its object
being to assist in educating and clothing Children
of Welsh parentage, not having parochial settle-
ment in Warwickshire or the adjoining counties.

This Society supports ten boys in the Blue Coat
School.

infant schools.

The institution of Infant Schools in Birming-
ham commenced in 1 825, and has been successfully
continued. The undertaking is supported by the
donations and annual subscriptions of its patrons,
whose benevolent object is to afford protection, as

INFANT SCHOOLS.

169

well as suitable instruction, to poor children of
tender years, not old enough to be admitted into
other schools, hundreds of which class are exposed
to much personal danger, as well as to the conta-
mination of bad example, by being neglected or
left without proper protection while their parents
are engaged in household duties, or in earning that
income on which the subsistence of the family
either wholly or partially depends.

A spacious and convenient building is erected in
Ann- street, as the central, or principal School. It
has continued almost uniformly full during the
whole of the past year (1828), the average number
of children upon the books having been upwards of
200, and of those in attendance during the winter
months, 140; and during the summer months, 180.

A second School, opened at Islington, is also
satisfactorily attended; another, in connection with
St, George*s Church, has been since opened in
Brearley-street ; and the Society contemplates the
establishment of others in different parts of the
town, as soon as adequate resources for the pur-
pose can be obtained.

The parents of the children are required to pay
a trifling weekly contribution in aid of the funds of
the Institution.

A committee of ladies assist in superintending
the management of the above Schools, wherein the
system of instruction pursued, through the medium
of well qualified teachers, presents enough of no-
velty to interest the attention of visitors.

170 Crowley's trust.

SUNDAY SCHOOLS

Are attached to most of the places of worship
in the town, and supported by the respective con-
legations or friends of the different establishments.
In connexion with St, PhUip's is a School of Indus-
try for Oirls^ in Little Cherry-street.

The children of most of these Schools are pro-
vided with comfortable and uniform clothing, in
which to appear at their respective schools and
places of worship.

fentham's trust.

In 1712, George Fentham, of Birmingham, by
his will devised lands in Erdington and Handsworth,
then of the annual value of about £20, which is
now greatly improved, vesting the same in a suc-
cession of trustees, for the purpose of teaching
children to read, and for clothing ten poor widows
of Birtningham.

Those children in the Blue Coat School who are
clothed in green are supported there by this Trust.
Their number now averages from 15 to 20.

crowleyV truet.

Ann Crowley y in 1733, by her will devised six
houses in Steelhouse-lane, then producing about
£18 per annum, in Trust, to support a School for
ten children; appointing that a female teacher
should preside over them.

LBNCB's trust, Ac. 171

Scott's trust.

This Trast was created by the late Joseph Scott,
Esq. in 1779. It is of some importance as to fu-
ture income, on the termination of existing leases ;
but the funds, though ' partially, and at a remote
period, intended for the institution of a School^ are
chiefly applicable at the discretion of the trustees
to the use of the religious Society attached to Carrs-
lane Chapel.

piddock's trust.

William Piddochf in 172S, devised his farm at
Winson Green, about nine acres, in Trust, after the
death of his wife, for educating and putting out
poor boys of Birmingham, or other discretional cha-
rities in the same parish. This charity remained in
oblivion, and the heirs of the devisor kept posses-
sion of the property, without performing the trusts,
till 1782, when it was recovered from them by a
suit in Chancery, and vested in a body of Trustees,
for the charitable purposes intended by the testator.

lsnch's trust and alms houses.

William Lench^ a native of Birmingham, the
founder of this excellent and well appropriated cha-
rity, died in the reign of Henry the Eighth, having
by deed settled a small property, then producing
probably not more than £15 per annum, for repair-

172 LKiicB't Tftim, *«•

iog the ruinous ways and bridges in and about the
town, and for the benefit of the poor inhabitants,
aecerding to the discretion •£ tiieTmstaes. Hie
pfcseAt iftcoHie, bow«ver, which is upwards, of £600
per attBumi, does not all aiise from his beqnesi, for
sevend beneroleBt iadividaals siaca his time have
bequeadied property, now vested in the same Trus-
tees, to be applied by them for the benefit of the
poor of this place at their own discretion. The lale
Mrs. Ann Scotty of New-street, in the year 180ft,
appropriated upwards of £600 in an endowment
for the benefit of the alms-people ; and more re-
cently, the late Misses Mansellt of Temple-row,
made a gift in aid of this Trust.

The origineU existing alms-houses of this Trust
are those in Sieelhouse-lane (erected in 1764), con-
taining 42 rooms ; next those in Dudley-streetf con-
taining 38 rooms; afterwards those in Park-street,
containing 32 rooms ; and lastly, those in Hospital-
street (erected in 1828), containing 34 rooms;
making a total of 146 rooms, which are occupied
by as many poor persons, principally widows, who
receive quarterly five shillings each; but at the
Christmas quarter this allowance is doubled and
paid them on St. Thomas's day.

The applications for adn^ission being yery nu-
meromSy ii ha9 been the custom of late years, to
render the charity beneficial to the most needy, not
to admit any much under 70 years of age.

The complement of Triistees, when full, consists

FEMALE PENITENTIARY. 173

of twenty of the most respectable inhabiXants of
Birmingham.

Mr. Button, in his History of Birmingham, re-
marks that there is an excellent clause in the devi-
sor's will, ordering his bailiff to pay half a crown to
any two persons who, having quarrelled and en-
tered into law, should stop judicial proceedings,
and make peace by agreement.

SOCIETY FOR THE RELIEF OF POOR AGED AND

INFIRM WOMEN.

This was established in January, 1825, and has
been submitted to public patronage. The objects
of relief are widows and single women of good
character, infirm, and upwards of 65 years of age,
and not ha'fring an income of 4s. per week. The
affahrs of the institution are under the superintend-
ance of a committee of ladies, chosen from the
subscribers, who visit the parties recommended to
their care, and dispense relief according to the exi-
gency of the case.

FEMALE PENITENTIARY.

In November, 1828, a body of gentlemen formed
themselves into a provisional committee for the pur-
pose of establishing by subscription an institution
which, by affording a suitable asylum, and the means
of religious instruction, may reclaim from a life of sin
unhappy females professingthemselves penitent; and

174 FEMALE PEVITENTIART.

restore them to the paths of virtue and happiness.
The object is considered to be attainable from the
example afforded by the Magdalen Hospital, Lock
Asylum, London Female Penitentiary, and Guar-
dian Soeiety, in the Metropolis ; the Dablin Female
Penitentiary; the Edinburgh Magdalen Asylum;
and the Penitentiaries of Bath, Bristol, Exeter, and
Gloucester.

At a recent meeting of the friends of the pro-
posed establishment, the commencement of it was
finally resolved upon, and a committee appointed
to provide a suitable building and make the neces-
sary arrangements.

Besides several other Charitable Endowments by
individuals, of minor consideration to those of
Lench, Fentham. and others, before noticed , there are
many private Benevolent Societies throughout the
town for visiting, clothing, and otherwise relieving
the necessities of the sick, infirm, and destitute
poor, and. of the friendless stranger; among which
are several for the assistance and comfort of poor
lying-in women and their infants.

Performances of Sacred Music take place annu-
ally, about Christmas, at St. Paul's Chapel, for the
benefit of aged and distressed housekeepers.

The benevolence of the inhabitants is further
brought into operation through the medium of
Branch Societies, which are formed here in aid of
several of the National Institutions for religious and

SAVINGS BANK. 175"

itroral instrnction, both at home and abroad, sMth.
as the Bible Society , the Church and other Mission^
ary Societies', the Society for Promoting Christixt"
nity among the Jews, and some others.

In a previous article, p. 75, we adverted'to the
Private Clubs-, or Friendly Societies, which, being
numerously established among the labouring classes
for the mutual assistance of the members in sick-
ness and old age, operate most usefully in forming
and encouraging provident habits, and in stemming
the progress of pauperism and dependance.

A more public institution for similar objects lately
existed under the denomination of the General
Provident Society. This, after nearly thirty years'
duration, was found to be established on erroneous
data, and the funds proving inadequate to meet
the increasing claims upon them, a dissolution of
the society took place at Christmas, 1828.

SAVINGS BANK AND FRIENDLY INSTITUTION.

In 1816 an attempt was made to establish a
Bank for the small Savings of the Labouring Class,
but the time was unpropitious, and the attempt
failed.

In 1827 the propriety of such an institution
was again taken into consideration by some of the
leading inhabitants, and arrangements were then

176 SAVINGS BANK.

made for the establishment of a Savings Banky and
for the formation of a Friendly Institution for the
benefit of the industrious classes, and for making
a safe provision in cases of sickness and old age,
in conformity with the Acts of Parliament for the
encouragement and protection of such institutions.

The Savings Bank is in a highly prosperous state,
and sums to a very considerable amount in the
whole have been deposited, the return of which is
secured to the depositors, together with interest;
but, in consequence of the Report of the Select
Committee of the House of Commons on the Laws
respecting Friendly Societies, it has been deter-
mined to suspend all proceedings in the Friendly
Institution until the investigations which have been
commenced for more accurately determining the
probabilities of life be brought to a conclusion, and
the expected alterations in the laws affecting bene-
fit Societies be determined , upon by the legislature.

The Savings Bank is open every Monday and
Thursday, from twelve to two o'clock, at the office,
No. 6, Cannon-street. ^

According to the monthly report of June 20,
1829, the total amount invested in the Bank of
England was £38,172 Os. 7d. and the total
number of accounts then open was 2247.

The two Parochial Institutions for the relief of the
Poor (the Workhouse and the Asylum) will next be
noticed, in conclusion of this portion of our Work.

THE WORKHOUSE.

177

THE WORKHOUSE*

This extensive, and in part lofty, pile of building
for the accommodation of the poor, 19 situate in the
lower part of Lichfield-street^ extending backwards
to Steelhouse-lane. The original portion was erect^
ed in 1733, since which time considerable addi-
tions have been made. The left wing is used as the
Town In6rmary<

The afiairs of the parish are under the manage-
of twelve Overseers and of a numerous body of
Guardians, according to the regulations of a local
Act of Parliament, obtained in the 23d of Geo.
the 3d.

The Guardians, to the number of 108, are elecl*
ed every third year by the rate-payers, and they are
invested with the same powers as overseers, except
as to making and collecting rates. The overseers
remain in office one year, but half of them are ap-^
pointed at Lady-day, and the other half at Michael-
mas, so as to avoid the inconvenience of their
all going out of office at once. The churchwar-
dens and overseers for the time being are consti-
tuted guardians by virtue of their office.

Under the powers of a subsequent Act, twelve
Assistant Overseers, at salaries, are appointed by
the rate-payers, for the better collection of the
poor-rates, from which scpirce the disbursements

178 TUB AftT LVM.

in the parish s^Gun for the year 1828 amounted t»
£47,245.

Mr. Hutton in his History of Krmingham gives
a list of the annual disbursements in the parish for
the relief of the poor from the year 1676; from
which list, wherein some years are omitted, we se^
lect the Mlowing periods oS eenparison : —

£. r. d.
1676 •• 338 14 7

1700 .. 664 2 4|

1750 .. 1167 16 6

1775 .. 6509 10 10

1795 .. 20732 9 2}
1815 .. 55674 17 7^
In the year 1818^ a period of severe distress^
the poor-rates exceeded the enormous sum of
£61,000.

The number of persons dependent on parish re-
lief in Birmingham was, at the under-mentioned
periods of isummer and winter, as follows, exclu-
sive of the children in the Asylum : —

JdIj 5, 1888. Jan. 9, 18881

In the house •• 382 460

Out-poor •• 3197 3255

THl^ ASYLUBI.

To obviate the evils necessarily attendant on tho
practtoe formerly pursued of placing out poor chil-
dren to be nursed, the overseem and guardians^ ia

THEATBE. 179

tlie year 1797 provided suitable premtseei attb^
bottom of SuiQiner-lane, on the oulai^e of fbe
town, as an Asyltun'for the Infant Poor of thep^i-
rish, who here receive aU needful care and attepr
tion. A committee of overseers and guf^rdiai^ 99
appointed to direct and superintead the nia^ager
ment.

The manufaetor^ c^pins, straw plat, and laqe i^
introduced for the employment of th^ children;
from the produce of whose labour the premises
have been purchased, enlarged^ and improved) aiid
now form a valuable property belojugipg to the pa.T
rish. There is. a b^th attached to ^e insti.t^tiQiiy
with garden and play-rground ; and among the rer*
cent additions is a chapel, in which the children
attend divine worship.

On the 3d of Jaatiary, 1329, the nilneiber of
children maintained, clothe4> and eductited here
was 237.

AMUSEMENTS.

THEA]rRE.

Tbe Theair^y situate in Newsstreet, nearly op*
posite to the PostrC^&ce, is distinguishable by the
handsome ^tone facade in front, presenting a piazza
and colonnade over it, with wings, on the lace of

M 2

180 THCATRC.

which, in the upper compartments, are two medaf-^
Hon busts, of excellent workmanship, representing
the two great dramatic luminaries, Shakspeare and
Garrick. This facade is said to bare been designed
by Harrison^ of Chester, and has been generally
admired for its elegance and unity of style. It
comprises a large assembly room, and a tavern, for
many years occupied as the Shakspeare Tavern^ but
now disused as such for want of adequate support.
The room on the ground floor of the eastern wing
has been long occupied as a billiard-room. The
other rooms, including the assembly-room, no
longer applied to its original purpose, are let, as op-
portunity offers, for auctions, and for public exhibi-
tions and lectures. The name of the tarem is still
attached to the building, * The Shakspeare' conti-
nuing to be its local designation.

Returning, however, to the Theatre itself,^ to
which the building just described is only an appen-
dage, we find that the original erection on this spot
for dramatic purposes arose about the year 1774,
the above facade or portico being added in 1780.
In August, 1792, this theatre was destroyed by
fire, supposed to have been occasioned by incen-
diaries, who were never discovered. Within three
years afterwards, the proprietors, who purchased
several of the adjacent houses to enable them to
improve their former plan, rebuilt the theatre in a
more commodious manner and on an enlarged scale.
This second erection experienced the fate of the

TnEATax. IBl

former one, ^nd was destroyed by an accidental
fire on the night of the 6th of January, 1820. On
each occasion the front remained uninjured. The
present elegant and commodious Theatre, on a still
more enlarged and improved plan, was soon after-
wards commenced on the same spot, and so rapid
was the progress of erection, that it was opened to
the public on the 14th of August in the -same year,
great exertions haying been made that it should be
in readiness for the Oratorios which immediately
followed. . It will contain an audience of more Ihaa
2,000 persons, and is brilliantly lighted with g^^ —
The box-ofEce and entrance are beneath the piazza,
in New-street ; the pit is approached- through a pas-
sage out of Lower Temple-street ; and the gallery
door is at the back, in Queen-street.
' The usual theatrical season is from about Whit-
suntide to -November, in which period many of
the leading metropolitan performers appear on the
Birmingham stage. We apprehend however that
the manager's career is seldom a gainful one, owing
to the extraordinary apathy prevailing among the
inhabitants with respect to theatrical amusements.

In 1807 an Act of Parliament was passed, by
virtue of which the royal licence was obtained for
this theatre, thence denominated the Theatr$
Royal.

Theatrical exhibition is not of ancient date in
Birmingham. First the Fields, now Temple- street,
and afterwards the Inkleys, were the seats of the

162 DAKCIHG AHO GAAD AMBMBLlEt.

p^rforinen' booth. Abost 1730 the amusementi of
dke 8tA^ entered into something like a staUe^ in
Coitie-tireet. Aboat 1740, a theatre was erected
in Moifr^itr^i. Aboat 1761 a Loudon eompony
appeared, which brought crowded hdnses, and so
much increased the taste for theatricals^ thatintlie
following year a larger theUre was erected in King*'
street. Both theatres being inore than the town
could support, that in Moor*street (now ti^en down)
was let for a methodist meeting-house. In 1774»
when the theatre in New-street was built, that ill
King-street wiw enlarged, beautified, and made
more convenient; but in 1786, the spirit of the
stage drooping, the vacant theatre in Ring-street,
like its {MsdecesBor in Moor-street, was converted
into a dissenting meeting-house, which it still con-
tinues to be. — This outline of the history of the
stage in ffirmingham is traced from the more de*
tailed account given in Mr. Hutton's history of the
tovm.

DANCIKO AND CARD ASSIMBtlES

Have been for tAany years held by subscription
at the Royal Hotel, in Tetnple-tow, where is a very
capacious and handsome assembly-room, built ex-
pressly for the purpose, and subsequently enlarged.
Of these assemblies, possessing die highest cha-
racter for respectability, there are generally eight
in the season, which is froin October to March.

t^HATORIO CHORAL »<)0(ETT. t83

According to Mr* Huttoiiy there were, in 1750,
two assetably-roomfi; one in the Square, the oth^
itt Bttll«8lr6et« The la^t was not much in Use after
tint time. That in the Square crontinued in repute
till 1765^ when its former emineiice begati to de^
dine in eonse^uenoe of a remark made by Edward
Duke of York, who, in October of that yesur, ho^
noured the town by leading down the dance at this
room, that superior Accommodation ought td be af-
forded. In 1772 the Hotel was erected, tod the
&ew adsefnbly-rOOni there entirely superseded theit
in the Square.

PRIVATE CONCERTS.

The original tSubscriplion Con^rts, held at die
Royal Hdtel, have been established thirty years,
«nd are warmly supported by the leading families im
the town. There are usually three or four concerts
in the y^ar, at which much talent is geKtvaUy die*-

fiAftllOtltC SOCtfiTT*

The Concerts of this Society are of more recent
introduction. They also are held at the Royal
Hotel, and sustain a respectable character.

As an appendage to our account of the General
Hospital, we have already noticed the celebrated
Triennial Musical Festivals held in Birmingham

184

▼AUXBALL GABDENt.

in connecdoD with which is a Society called the
Oratorio Choral Society. There are also many
private Societies for the caltiva^on and practice of
the science of Mnsic, whose ** mag^c numbers and
persuasire sound" experience more farour in Bir-
mingham than any other descripUon of amuse-
ment

At Vauxhall Gardens, on the edge of the town,
beyond Ashsted, are occasional public Concerts
during the summer months, with exhibitions of
Fire -works.

Field Sports are but little sought after by the

people of Birmingham, being unsuited to their ha-
bits; and rery few athletic sports or exercises now
remain in practice among diem. The game of
cricket was a few years Bgo revived by one or two
clubs in the suburbs. That of bowls, being driven
from the town by the increase of building, has taken
refuge on the borders, where are several excellent
howling greens, most of them attended by private
parties of subscribers. The one at Edgbaston, with
the buildings and grounds attached, is particularly
tasteful and commodious.

The principal SilUard Rooms are that at the
Shakspeare and another in Needless-alley.

THIXOSOPHICAL IIJSTITUTTON. 185

SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY
ESTABLISHMENTS.

PIIILOSOPHICAI. INSTITUTION.

From a small beginning about the year 1800, this
'Society, established to promote the acquisition and
.diffusion of useful knowledge, has now attained an
•important station, and is supported by a numerous
list of subscribers from the leading inhabitants of
ithetown and neighbourhood. In 1812 commodi-
x)us premises in Cannon-street were purchased, and
£tted up in a convenient manner, for the purposes
jof the Society. They contain ^ good Lecture
Room (since enlarged bylhe addition of a gallery)
in which during the winter season, evening lectures
on scientific subjects, chiefly in natural and expe-
rimental philosophy, are delivered once and some-
times oftener in each week; occasionally in ele-
mentary courses, by professional lecturers engaged
by the managers, and at other times on detached
subjects by some of the Fellows of the Institution.
The subject chosen is generally one which allows
the introduction of specimens, drawings, or prac-
tical experiments for its better illustration, and does
aot exclude the presence of ladies, whio, on most

1S6 MtCHANIOS* INSTITUTtON.

occasions^ fonn a considerable portion of tke highly
respectable and numerous auditory by which these
lectures are attended. There is also a Reading
Room, which is proVided n^ith tnany of the most
able scientific periodicals, and sereial of the prin-
cipal London daily and other newspapers. Apart-
ments are also comprised for the museum, exten-
sive apparatus, laboratories, and experimental prac-
tice of the institution ; together with a residence for
the house-steward.

There are four classes of Subscribers, two of
which are distinguished as Fellows and Associates.
Three of the classes have transferable tickets to all
the lectures. The management is entrusted to a
Committee of Fellows and Associates, elected at
the annual general meeting. Tlie Rev. John Cor-
rie has long been the President, and to his high
talents and zealous patronage and exertions the so«-
ciety is much indebted.

MfilCfiAKlCs' IKSTITtJTION.

The object proposed by this Institution (com-
menced in 1825) is, as stated in the printed rules
and regulations, the cheap instruction of the mem«-
bers in the principles of the arts they practise, and
in vfeurious branches of Science, by the following^
means, viz.

Elementary Schools for teaching Arithmetic, Al-

MECHANICS* INSTITUTION. 187

gebra, Geonietry, Trigondmetryy &c* With their va-
rioQft applicatioht.

Lectures on Natural and Exp^nmental Philosd-
phy. Practical Mechanics, &c*

A Library of Reference, a Cirbulalinf Libnary,
Reading Rx>oiii, Laboratory, &c.

1*0 thfese 16 proposed to b^ lidded) a6 soon as eil>
iBumBtJEinceB will permit^ a MuseUm of Machines,
Models, Minerals, Natural Histbry, &€.

These nleaiis to be derired from the voluntliry
association of Mechanics and others, atid the pay-
ment of a small annual or quarterly sum by each,
donations of money, books, specimens, imple-
ments, models, apparatus, Sec,

Oil the 21st of March, 1826, the theti Viee-Pre-
«ldent^ Mri Benjamin Cook, d^litered an E?enin|^
Addr^s to a numerous auditory at Mount Zion
Chapel) as a fbnbal opting of the InstitutioBy
Which has been continued with acknowledged utility
abd succesil, and with erery prospect of permanent
Support.

To increase the utility of the lectui'es of the in<»
Stitutioti, they are occasiOQaliy delivered by profes-
sional lecturers.

The original plan of Elementary Schools has
been extended to Classes in the higher branches of
MathetnaticB and in Drawing, of which architec-
tural and mechanical drawing Ibrms a distinct class.
A Writing Class has also been formed, for the in-
strucUoh principally of the junior members.

1B8 SOCIETY OF ARTS.

Considerable progress has likewise been made in
the formation of a Library, already amounting to
nearly a thousand volumes, which are in constant
circulation among the members.

The Society has the use. of the Old Meeting
School Rooms for their Classes and Library, and of
the School Room at Ebenezer Chapel for their Lec-
tures ; but it is the intention of the Committee, as
soon as their funds will permit, to provide more
suitable building accommodations for the several
purposes of the institution.

SOCIETY or ARTS.

This Society (in the words of whose printed Re-
port great part of this article is given) was esta-
blished in the year 1821, ^in order to promote ex-
tensively and efficiently the study of the Fine ArtSf
by providing ready means of acquiring a correct
taste, and affording to the artists of Birmingham
the opportunity of making their talents known to
the public. On its formation. Sir Robert Lawley,
Bart, presented a very valuable collection of those
perfect Casts from Grecian Sculpture which were
moulded in Paris when that capital possessed the
original marbles. This liberal donation was fol-
lowed by subscriptions from noblemen and gentle-
men in the neighbourhood, amounting to about
£1500. A part of this sum has been expended in
adding to the collection of works of art by pur-

SOCIETY OF A UTS. 189

chases in Italy and elsewhere. The: remainder,
with subsequent resources, has been employed in
the erection of new Exhibition Rooms. The Earl
of Dudley has presented to the Society a splendid
copy of the Works of Piranesi, in 12 vols, folio,
to which several other gifts of books and works of
art have been added.

The Society is conducted by a Committee consist-
ing of Gentlemen not in the profession, assisted by
a Committee of resident Artists. The Presidency
has been successively held by Sir Robert Lawley,
Bart. Lord Calthorpe, Francis Lawley, Esq. M.P.
and the Earl of Dudley; and last year (1828) by
Sir Robert Lawley again.

In the autumn of 1 827 the Society, acceding to
the wishes of the Artists, appropriated their build-
ing to the purpose of an exhibition of modern works
of art, which was honoured by a contribution from
the highly gifted President of the Royal Academy,
and otherwise very ably supported. The success
of the exhibition was particularly gratifying ; it
comprised many works of art of distinguished me-
rit, and gave to the public a very favourable impres-
sion of the skill of the artists, justifying the ex-
pectation that such exhibitions would not only be .
acceptable to the public, but prove extremely in-
strumental in encouraging the genius and industry'
of the artists.

The Exhibition in the year 1828 consisted exclu-
sively of the works of Ancient Masters, with the

I
^

190 SOCIETY OF ART9.

view of eitendiHg tbe utility of the institution by
procuring for aludents the means of becoming £&^
miliar with works of acknowledged merit. In the
promoticHi of so desimble an object the committee
experienced this liberal co-operation of the nobility
aikl gentry of the neighbourhood, who with the
utmost readiness entrusted to the society on thia
occasion some of their most valuable pictures.

A second exhibition pf Modern Works is intended
to t^ke place in the present year, 18^.

The circular building situate at the upper end of
New-street^ originally built for and used as a Pa*
narama, and hitherto occupied by the Society for
their exhibition rooms, was, at the close of tbe
exhibition in 1828, taken down, and in the place
of it more suitable and commodious rooms for
study and for exhibitions have been erected, ac-
cording to the plans and designs of the architects,
Af essrs. Rickman and Hutchinson. The front is of
stone> in tbe OrcfQian style of architecture, with
blank windows, and presents a chaste and beautiT
ful elevation, in which the principal feature is a
noble portico, extending over the footpath, aad
supported by four 0uted columns, which, with the
pilasters on the fai^e of the building* have highly
enriched capitals*

The principal exhibition ro^ is a cisde, 5i feet
diameter in the clear. This room, when not en-
gaged for exhibition, to be used for the study of
antique seulpjUure. Tbe other aparUnents consist

BIRMIMOHABC IVSTITUTIOK. 191

of an additional exhibition room, a library, whieh
may be occasionally used as an exhibition room for
works of art connected with mannfactures, a sculp*
ture room, a room for water-colour drawings, a
print room, n closet for books and prints, and a
store room for casts, to be closed during an exhibi-
tion. Tliere is a yard or passage entered from the
street, at the extremity of which is an entrance for
large packages into the exhibition room.

The collection of books and prints (to which
students will, under proper regulations, be admit-
ted) is intended not merely to embrace the higher
objects in art, but to include that particular depart-
ment which is applicable to the purposes of this
large commercial town in its various manufactures
of ornaments and bronses.

It is the intention of the Committee to open their
rooms for the exhibition of modern works of art as
frequently as such exhibitions can be properly sup-
ported by the artists and the public.

Honorary Secretary, Jdin Wilkes *Unett, Esq.

BIRMINGHAM INSTITUTION JOll PROMOTING

THB PINE ARTS.

The ComiQittee of the Society of Arts being op-
posed to a pumb^ of th^ Artists ip th^ir wish f^r
an annml exhibition of Modern Works of Arty the
disAppoipted $^8t^ withdrew their i^ypport from the
original mUmion, and d^t^rmined to estabU#h

192 SCHOOL OP VBDICINE AND SURGERV.

another, which should be entirely under their owtf
management, and exclusively for their benefit.
Hence arose this second institution, which com-'
menced early in the year 1828. It is under the
direction of artists only, and any artist permanently
resident in or being a native of Birmingham, or any
place within thirty miles, is eligible as a member.

A handsome building has been erected in Temple-^
row for this new establishment, in which an exhi-
bition of orig^al modern work» of art took place
in the autumn of the aame year, and proved highly
successful.

SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

This Institution was commenced only in the year
1828. The following account of the plan on which
it has been formed, and of the advantages held
forth, is taken from the prospectus issued by the
professional gentlemen who have exerted them-
selves in its formation.

The plan i^ that of communicating medical and
surgical information in a course of lectures by dif-
ferent physicians and surgeons, to professional pu-*
pils, on Anatomy and Physiology, the theory and
practice of Physic, Materia Medica and Pharmacy,
the principles and operations of Surgery, Mid-
wifery and the Diseases of Women and Children,
and Chemistry, and occasionally on other subjects
intimately connected with the profession ; thus
embracing all that is most important in the ground-

SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND SUROBItT. 193

work of medical education, and as often as pos-
sible reference will be made to cases in the Hospi-
tal, at the Dispensary, and Town Infirmary, in il-
lustration of the History, Pathology, and Treatment
of Diseases.

The advantages to be derived from this Institu-
tion are obviously of the first importance. Besides
those of an early systematic initiation in their
studies, and the local means thus afforded of ac*
complishing that object, the different pupils will
find these lectures to be of great use to them in
relation to the future and finishing part of their
education in the metropolis. They will, by having
attended them, be so much the better prepared for
their examinations at the College of Surgeons, the
Army Medical Board, and the Hall of Apothecaries
in London ; and it is announced on the authority of
official documents from these public bodies respec-
tively, that the certificates of the Lecturers in this
School will be received by them. Thus eventually
much time and expence will be spared to the pupils.

It is intended to erect an appropriate building, in
a convenient part of the town, for the purpose of
Lecture Rooms, and for the formation of an Ana^
tomical Museum and Library, to be open to the
students at all times, and to the profession gene-
rally at stated times, under proper regulations.

At present the Society occupies a portion of the
building in Temple-row erected for the Birmingham
Institution^ where the first Session was opened on

194 BimvnroHAH libkabt.

the 20dB oC October, 192S, br aa iatrodaolorr
difcovne firoai Dr. Pearson.

Itappeantliat insiitauofis oa a amOar pbii have
prored gBCCCtrfol at liYerpool, Mandiestcr, aad
other laige towns.

Hr. Williaai Sands Cox, Sargeon, 24, Temple-
rotr, Honomy Secretaiy.

GeneraDj caDed tl^ Old Library j to distu^;nish
it from a similar institntion of more recent formatiatt.
This public Circulating Library or^;inated in 1779,
on a small scale, and so much has the establish-
ment improved and flonrished, that there are now
upwards of 500 snbfcnbers, and the nnmber of
▼olomes is rapidly approaching to 20,000, among
which are many costly and Taloable works. The
admission ticket, originally one guinea, is now £10,
and the aanaal sobscription, whidi at first was six
shiHings, is increased to £1.

In 1798 a handsome and capacious stone-fironted
edifice was erected in Uman-itreet, by subscription,
on the Tontine principle, for the reception of the
books and the accommodation of the subscribers.
On the cunred part of the front of the building,
oyer the portico, is this inscription —

^* Ad mercaturam bonamm artinm profectus, et
tibi et omnibus ditesces."

NEWS ROOM* 195

Which is thus rendered in English —

'^ Resorting to the Mart of the Sciences, you will
grow rich both for yourself and others."

In this Library are deposited copies of such of
the Public Records as have been printed by autho-
rity of Parliament.

THE NEW LIBRARY

Was commenced in 1 796, on a plan similar to
that of the Old Library, A few years ago the in-
stitution was removed from the rooms which it ori-
ginally occupied at the lower end of Cannon-street,
to a neat and commodious building in Temple-row
Westf erected, by Tontine subscription, purposely
for its reception.

THEOLOGICAL LIBRARY.

The low building adjoining to the Parsonage
House, at the comer of St. Philip's Church-yard,
erected by the Rev. Spencer Madan, in 1792, con-
tains the Library bequeathed by the first Rector, the
Rev. William Higgs, for the use of the clergy of
the town and neighbourhood.

NEWS ROOM,

A large and commodious building, erected by a
company of proprietors (from the designs of Messrs.
Rickman and Hutchinson) expressly for the pur-
pose of a News Room, and suitably fitted up, was

N 2

196 PUBLIC 0F7ICS AND PRISOIT.

opened to the iubscriben on tlie first of Jvly,
1825. It i» placed on the new line of istreet at
Bennef^hUly near the Post-office, a central and
most convenient situation.

There is a liberal supply of London, Provincial,
and Foreign NewBpi^>er8, with Shipping, Commer-
cial, and Law Intelligence; and the London Ga-
zette and some other papers are filed and preserved
for reference.

Strangers are admissible into the News Room on
the personal introduction of an annual subscriber.

Advertisements and Notices may be placed in the
Room through the medium of the keeper, on pay-
ment according to the rate fixed by the Committee
of Management.

The institution is kept open from nine o'clock in
the morning until nine in die evening, except on
Sundays, when it is open from half past twelve
o'clock until three only.

MISC£LLAN£OUS PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND
ESTABLISHMENTS.

PUBLIC OFFIC£ AND PRISON.

These buildings are placed in a confined situation
in MooV'Street, on land leased from the Governors
of the Free School. They were erected at a heavy

8 a
El

PUBLIC OFFICE AND PRISON. 197

€«peiice in the year 1806, and are subst^tially
built, with an ornamental front elevation of stone.

The first division of the buildiag contains the
Piihlic'offieey the upper floor of which is occupied
by the magistrates , who hold their meetings here
every Monday and Thursday morning. The ground
floor is appropriated chiefly to the Commissioners
of the Street Act Occasionally the apartments
are used for other public business.

Behind the Public-ofiicey but separated by a court
yard, is the Prison-keeper's House, with the Prison
in the rear. The latter is well adapted to its pur-
pose, clean, and as airy as the situation will allow ;
and subdivided, so that the male and female pri-
soners are kept quite apart. The present prison-
keeper is Mr. George Redfem.

The Public-office being found much too small
and incommodious for the increased and increasing
population and public business oi the town,^ it is
intended to alter, enlarge, and improve the present
erection, for which purpose the recent town im-
provement Act empowers the Commissioners to
purchase certain of the houses and premises adjoin-
ing.

In former times criminal justice was administered
by the Lords of Manors, even to the extent of ca-
pital punishment. Mr. Hutton informs us, that
«arly perhaps in the sixteenth century, when (he
House of Birmingham, whose Lords had been
«hief gaolers, was extinguished, a building was

196

aveled whiA eovend the east ead of Nev-stieet,
caBed the Mteatker HmU, the upper pait consistiii^
oC aitMMivfcere the poUic bosiiiess of the manor
waa tramaeted, the aoder pait being dirided iato
iefcraly one of which waa used for a priaom ; that
aboat 172^9 the Leather Hall and Dungeon weie
taken down, and thice hovaes boQt on the spot,
which weie pmdiased by die town commJHMoneia
in 1776 to open the way; diatanairowpaasa^oa
the sooth was caDed the Dm^rermfk/ry; anddiat
a dfj cellar c^iposite the deoMdished hall, ^Iterwaids
part of Mr. Hntton's piemiseSy was then appropii-
ated to a piison, till the town provided another at
die bottom of Peckrlamef dark, nairow, and on-
wholesome within, crowded with dwellings, filth,
and distress withoot, and the drcolation <^ air [ve-
Tented. TUs latter oontinoed to be the town pri-
son, under the nameof the Hhmgeon^ till the erec-
tion of the presrat one in Moor-street; and the
boose at the back of High-street, now occopiedfor
the Court of Requests, was used as the Public-
office*

FBISOV, BOBDESLET.

This Prison, which appertains to the parish of
Aston, is situate in the High-street, Bordesley, and
kept by Mr. W. D. Brownell.

COURT OF REQUESTS. 199

THE COURT OF REQUESTS

Was instituted by Act of Parliament in the year
4752y for the more easy and speedy recovery of
small debts within the town of Birmingkamy and
the adjoining hamlet of Deritend. Originally its
cognizance was limited to debts not exceeding forty
shillings, but in 1807 another Act was obtained,
by which the powers of the Court were extended to
the recovery of debts not exceeding five pounds.
There are debts of a certain description to which
the acts do not apply, but all debts recoverable in
this Court are not to be sued for elsewhere. There
is a proviso saving the Jurisdiction of the ancient
Court Baron held by the Lord of the Manor of Bir-
mingham within that town, and also the Jurisdic-
tion of an ancient Court held for the Hundred of
Hemlingford, in this county. The Court Baron
has fallen into disuetude as to matters of debt, but
the powers of the Hundred Court are occasionally
resorted to.

A number of Commissioners are appointed, by
three or more of whom the Court is to be held every
Friday, or oftener if needful. There are two clerks
(attorneys), who attend all the sittings of the Com-
missioners, and register the proceedings, and issue
the process of the Court ; and a beadle, whose
duty it is to execute such process.

Provision is made for the appointment from time

200 COURT OF REQUESTS.

to time of new Commissioners, and no person is
qualified to act as Commissioner without taking an
appointed oath, nor unless he shall, at the time of
acting, be a householder,^ or shall carry on trade
within the jurisdiction of the Court, and be pos-
sessed of a real estate of the clear annual value of
£50, or of a personal estate of the clear value of
£1000.

Vacancies in the office of Clerk are supplied al-
ternately by the Lord of the Manor and by the Com-
missioners; but the Lord of the Manor has the sole
appointment of the Beadle*

The fees of the clerks and beadle are regulated
by the Acts, which direct a table of them to be
hung up conspicuously in the Court-house.

The judgment of the Commissioners is final. —
The time of imprisonment of defendants in execu-
tion is limited in proportion to the amount of debt,
the greatest time being one hundred days; but in
case of any fraudulent concealment of property,
the Commissioners have power to inflict an addi-
tional imprisonment not exceeding three months.

The Court was originally held in the building
called the Old Cross^ long since demolished. It is
now held in an old house, formerly ManseWs Tea
Warehouse, situate in a recess at the back of High-
street, nearly opposite to the end of New-street,
but much too small and incommodious for the pur-
poses to which it is applied. In this building,
which also comprises the prison of the Court, the

EXCISE OFFICE 201

Magistrates of the town ha4 used to hold their sit-
tings before the erection of the Public-office in
Moor-street.

Two sets of Commissioners sit at the same time,
for the dispatch of business, the cases coming before
them being very numerous.

Considerable amendment is said to be requisite
in the constitution and practice of this Court, and
the state of its prison, subjects which have lately
fallen under much public animadversion.

The recent Town Improvement Act empowers the
Commissioners of that Act to purchase all the
rights of the Lord of the Manor in or appertaining
to the Court of Requests.

POST OFFICE.

On the opening a few years since of Bennett's-
hUly opposite^ the Theatre, in New-street, the pre-
sent commodious Post Office was erected at the
foot of it, in lieu of the former one, which was
nearly on the same spot, but fronted to New- street.

There are several authorised receiving houses for
letters in the outer parts of the town.

EXCISE OFFICE.

The office for the business of the Excise depart-
ment in Birmingham is at present situate in New-
street f at the comer of Lower Tempte-streeti a very
short distance from the Post Office.

202 OUN BARRBL PROOF HOUSE.

ASSAY OFFICE.

By an Act of Parliament passed in 1824 (which
repealed a former Act of 13th Geo. III. so far as
related to Birmingham) all gold and silver plate
wrought or made within the town of Birmingham,
and within thirty miles thereof, is (for the preven-
tion of fraud in the working of those metals, and
under penalties provided for securing the object of
the Act) to be assayed and marked by the Wardens
and Assayers appointed for assaying wrought plate
in Birmingham, who have an office in Little Cannon-
street, where they attend at stated timss for the
performance of their duties.

The Act appoints a number of Guardians, whom
it incorporates by the name of *^ the Guardians of
the Standard of Wrought Plate in Birmingham,''
and invests with all necessary powers; providing
also for the supply of vacancies in the body by
death or otherwise.

OUN BARREL PROOF HOUSE.

In 1813 an Act of Parliament was passed ^' to
^' insure the proper and careful manufacturing of
** Fire Arms in England ; and for making provision
^' for proving the Barrels of such Fire Arms.*'

By this Act, the Lords Lieutenant of the coun-
ties of Warwick, Worcester, and Stafford, and the
Members in Parliament for Jthose counties for the

OtJN BARREL PROOF HOUSE. 203

time being, with fifteen persons resident in Birming-
ham, and their saccessors, to be chosen as therein
directed, are created a body politic and corporate
by the name of *' the Guardians, Trustees, and
^' Wardens of the Gun Barrel Proof House of the
'^ town of Birmingham," and invested with the
necessary powers, for proving in the manner di-
rected by the Act all Barrels for Fire Arms which
shall be brought to the Proof House at Birmingham
for that purpose. The Act contains an exception as
to fire arms for the use of his Majesty's forces, or
for ihe East India Company (which Government
and the East India Company prove under their own
direction), but all others are to be duly proved at
the Proof House in Birmingham, as above autho**
rised, or some other authorised Proof House, under
a penalty not exceeding £20 for every default.
Each barrel on being proved receives a certain
proof mark, to forge which subjects the offending
party to a similar penalty. Not more than one
shilling is to be charged for proving each barrel ;
and the receipts are to be regulated by, and em-
ployed in defraying, the necessary expences of the
establishment, including the liquidation, with in-
terest, of the subscriptions raised for providing the
ground and buildings required.

The handsome hall and very commodious pre-
mises of the Company are situate in Banbury-street,
by the side of the canal there. A flag is hoisted
from the building on the days of proving.

204 BARRACKS FOR CAVALRY.

The above Act in its origin contemplated the
proof of all fire arms in London. This would have
been a serious grievance to the gun-makers in Bir-
mingham, who manufacture so large a proportion
o£ English fire arms. They consequently interfered
in the progress of the bill, and ultimately succeed-
ed in obtaining the establishment of a Proof House
in this town, where the bulk of the articles to be
proved are made.

BARRACKS VOR CAVALRY.

Soon after the riots of 1791, when the town suf-
fered SO severely for want of the immediate aid of
cavalry, Government took a lease of five acres of
land in a dry and airy situation at Duddeston, in
the adjoining parish of Aston, on the north-east
side of the town (formerly the property of the
Holtes, but then belonging to Heneage Legge, Esq.)
upon which, in 1793, commodious Barracks were
erected sufficient for 162 men with their horses, the
whole inclosed with a wall.

The approach is frQm Great Brooke-street, on the
road to Vauxhall, and near to Ashsted Chapel.

The cent^ building shewn in our view contains
the officers' apartments.

A troop of horse is constantly stationed here.

THE OLD CROSS. 205

THE GENERAL MARKET PLACE,

In its most limited extent, comprises the descend-
ing and rather spacious area of High-street and the
Bull-ring, from the yard of the Swan Hotel to the
walls of St. Martin's Church yard, where the
breadth, which gpradually increases from the sum-
mit, is considerable ; but the market straggles far
beyond these bounds, and is continued along the
upper part of High-street to the entrance of Dale-
end, where is a space allotted for stalls, formerly
used as the beast market. Nearly all the buildings
forming the line of street, are occupied as retail
shops, and some are lofty and of bold appearance.
From the brow of the descent is a view looking
over Deritend to the elevated fields at Highgate.

On a spot nearly opposite to Philip-street, for-
merly stood

THE OLD CROSS,

a covered building erected in the year 1702, and
called simply The Cross till the Welsh Cross arose,
when it became distinguished as the Old Cross.
The under part was a useful shelter to the market
people. The room over it was designed for the
Court Leet, and other public business. This build-
ing was taken down in 1784.

From this point down to the Church-yard, much
of the present space was thickly covered with shops

206 WELSH CR0S8.

and dwellings until the commencement of the pre-
sent century, when they were all removed. Among
these buildings, and next below the Cross, was a
range called the Shandies, occupied by butchers,
for the sale of meat.

Subsequent improvements have cleared away the
houses which stood on the east side of Spiceal-
street and round the Church-yard, and measures
are now in progress for the further enlargement, con-
centration, and increased commodiousness of the
Market-place, and for the erection of a Market
Hall and other suitable buildings, the want of
which has been long severely felt.

In connection with the subject of the present
head, we shall here observe, that at the foot of
Bull-street, where Dale-end branches off, stood
another Cross, called the

WELSH CROSS,

which afforded considerable market accommoda-
tion, being surrounded by steps, and the lower part
open. This was built not many years after the Old
Cross, and stood till 1803, when it was removed, to
widen the street * The upper room was used for
public purposes. A turret and clock surmounted
this building, in front of which was fixed the pil-
lory and stocks.

* Formerly this spot bore the, name of the Welsh.endj per-
haps from the number of Welch in its neighbourhood, or rather
from its being the great road to that Principality.-'Hf^ton^

.»

NELSON S STATUE. 207

nelson's statue.

In the centre of the Market-place, facing the
Church, and nearly in a line with the Nelson Hotel
and Coach-office, stands the Statue erected by the
inhabitants in honour of the great Naval Hero of
England, the late Admiral Lord Nelson. It is ex-
ceedingly well executed in bronze, by that eminent
statuary, Westmacott ; and with the pedestal, pali-
sades, and lamp3, cost about ^£3000, which was
raised by voluntary subscription. The work was
opened to the public on the 25th of October, 1809
the day on which was celebrated the Jubilee of his
late Majesty King George the Third, when the fol-

lowing authorised description of it was published :

" In this work, intended to perpetuate the greatest ex-

" ample of Naval Genius, simplicity has been the chief

" object in the arrangement The Hero is represented in

" a reposed and dignified attitude, his left arm reclined

" upon an anchor: he appears in the costume of his coun«

'' try, invested with the insignia of those honours by which

*' his Sovereign and distant Piinces distinguished him.

" To the right of the statue is introduced the grand sjrm-

« bol of the naval profession ; Victory,, the constant lead-

" er of her favourite hero, embellishes the prow. To the

" left is disposed a sail, which, passing behind the statue,

gires breadth to that view of the composition. Above

the ship is the fac-simile of the Flag Stafi^ Truck of

•« L'Orient, fished up by Sir Samuel Hood the day follow-

« ing the Battle of the NUe, presented by him to Lord

« Nelson, and now deposited at Milford, as a trophy of

" that ever-memorable action. This group is surmounted

208 SMITHFIELD.

*^ upon a pedestal of statuary marble. A circular form has
** been selected, as best adapted to the situation. •

^ To personify that affectionate regard which caused the
** present patriotic tribute to be raised, the Town of Bir-
** mingham, muraUj crowned, in a d^ected attitude, is
" reiiresented mourning her loss ; she is accompanied by
^ groups of Genii, or Children, in allusion" to the rising
** race, who offer her consolation by bringing her the Tri-
^ dent and Rudder. To the front of the pedestal is the
*^ following inscription :—

** This Statue in honour of Abmisal Lord Nelson-,
** was erected by the Inhabitants of Birmingham,

*' A. I>. MDCCCIX.

^ The whole is inclosed by iron palisades in the form of
^' boarding pikes, connected by a twisted cable. At each
*^ of the four comers is placed a cannon, from which issues
'' a lamp post representing a cluster of pikes, supporting a
<' ship lantern.**

THE MARKET FtTHP.

At the foot of the Market-place, nearly close to
the'Chnrch-yard wall, is a public Pump, erected,
about the year 1807, from a design by Mr. Rollins,
who styled the performance an Egyptian Conduit.

It is a cumbrous and anomalous erection of stone,,
of a pyramidal shape, and in every respect pecu-
liarly unfitted for the purpose to which it is ap--*
plied.

SMITHFIELD.

This spacious and commodious Market-place oc-
cupies the site of the ancient manor house and

Dl&RlTENt» BRIDGE. 209

in6at, at a short distance south of St. Martin's
Church; and was opened on Whitsun fair day,
Thursday the 29th of May, 1817, having beencon--
fttructed by the Commissioners of the Street Acts, at
an expence, including the purchase of the land and
premises, of between £5000 and £6000. Here the
beast market, and hay and straw market are held ;
the beast market on Thursday, and the other on
Tuesday, in each week. Previously the ca^e mar-
ket was held in the wide part qf Dale-end; the
horse, sheep, and pig market at the lower end of
New-street ; and the hay and straw market in Ann-»
street.

For every head of cattle, or load of hay or straw
exposed to sale elsewhere in the town, there is a
penalty of 20s., except horses sold at the fairs,
which will be as usual.

Adjoining to Smithfield is the Common Pounds
which a century ago was situate in the street called
Pinfold-street, exactly opposite to Peck-lane.

DERITBND BRIDOE*

The principal bridge over the small river Rea is
that at the foot of Digbeth, the leading entrance
into the town from the London road. As now re-
built and improved, it is a commodious and sub-
stantiai structure. Formerly the lower part of Dig-
beth was, in times of flood, impassable ; and it
became absolutely necessary to take down and re-
build the bridge, to widen and improve the ap«

210 DERITEND BRIDGE.

proaches to it, and to widen, deepen, and vary the
bed and course of the rirer. Accordingly an Act
of Parliament was obtained in 1788 for the accom-
plishment of these objects by means of a toll and
rate ; but this Act expired before the undertaking
could be completed, and the tolls having produced
less, and the works cost much more, than had been
originally estimated, -the Trustees found themselyes
on the termination of their powers, many thousand
pounds in debt. An application to Parliament to
renew the Act for a further term, and to increase
the tolls, met with such a powerful opposition that
it was unsuccessful, and the works remained in an
incomplete state till 1813, when the Trustees suc-
ceeded in obtaining another Act to enable them to
finish the improvements contemplated by the first
Act, and to reimburse the sums borrowed on secu-
rity of the tolls, the parties having agreed to sacri-
fice the interest. This Act continued in force till
1822, when another Act was obtained for the pur-
pose of widening the lower part of Digbeth, and
widening and repairing the two other bridges in
Bradford-street and Cheapside. For this purpose
power was given to continue the tolls till the 1st of
January, 1830. The trustees, however, were en-
abled to accomplish all the objects of this last Act
in a shorter period than was given by it, and the
tolls were discontinued on the 27th of August,
1828.

OTHER BUILDINGS AND ESTABLISHMENTS,
AND OBJECTS OF PUBLIC NOTICE.

LADY WELL AND BATHS.

> Near the site of St. Martin's Parsonage -house,
recently demolished^ is an ancient and public Well,
called Lady Well^ from its having, in all probabi-
lity, been formerly dedicated to the Virgin Mary.
It is a bounteous and never-failing source of the
purest soft water^ which (like the Digbeth water,
plentifully arising from an extension of the same
spring or bed) is pleasant to drink, and in great
request for various domestic purposes. An attempt
made in July,' 1818, wholly to inclose this well
was successfully resisted by the interference of the
Town Commissioners, and it now remains open to
-the public as before. Attached to it is a Bathing-
house and Establishment, where hot, cold, shower,
vapour, and various .m^edicated baths, and all re-
quisite accommodations for the use of them, are
provided* Here is also a good Swimming, or
Pleasure Bath^ 52 feet wide, 110 feet long, of
gradual depth from three to six feet, and receiving
a continual supply of fresh water, situate in the
centre of a garden, inclosed by a high wall and
trees, and furnished with separate dressing-boxes
and bowers. A passage leading to the above well
and baths, out of Smallbroke-street, is called Lady
Well Walk.

1^12 BIRMIVOHAM CANAL.

FUDDING-BROOK,

No more than a ditcb in dimensions, deriving ito
name from the muddy water of a common sewer
which it conveys in a southerly direction /romth^
town, has attracted some notice owing to the curi-
ous circumstance of an equal sized rivulet of clear
water, separated only by a narrow footpath, and
running parallel to the foul stream for a consider-
able distance, having proceeded in an opposite^ or
northerly direction into the town, where 'it dis-
charged itself in the Moat, which having been filled
up to form Smithfield Market-place, the stream is
now diverted, though a considerable portion of its
channel still remains without much alteration in
appearance. Mr. Hutton, who mentions the cu-
riosity in his History, observes that it surprised

Brindley, the famous engineer.

BXRMINOHAM CANAL.

Under the authority of an Act of Parliament, ob-
t^ned in 1767, a Canal was cut from Birmingham
to Bilston, and from thence to Autherleyy near
Wolverhampton^ where it joins the Staffordshire
and Worcestershire Canal, which connects the Ri-
vers Trent and Severn. This Canal (of which there
is a branch extending to Walsall^ besides several
other branches and collateral cuts) runs dirough
the heart of the Staffordshire nnning district, from
whence Birmingham derives nearly the whole of her

BIRMINGHAM CANAL* 218

immense supplies of coal, and many of the heavy
materials used in her manufactures and buildings.
The principal line, about 22 miles in length, was
finished in 1772, but some of the branches axe of
more recent formation.

In 1783 another Act was obtained, under which
an extension of the Canal was made from Birming-
ham to join the Coventry Canal at or near Fazeleyy
va the parish of Tamworth. The length of this line
16 about 15 mil€s.

By another Act, passed in 1784, the two concerns
were united, and the shares consolidated, the pro-
prietors being thereby incorporated as one body,
whose legal denomination is ^' the Company of
*^ Proprietors of the Birmingham Csmal Naviga-
'* tions."

The original and principal Wharf of the Com-
pany is at E<uif'hillf and occupies a large spaceof
ground, inclosed by a wall, and faced at the en-
trance next to ParadiscrStreet with a range of sub-
tantial buildings which comprise the offices for
transacting the business of the Canal. This is
commonly known as the Old Wharf and Naviga^
Hon Office. There is another Wharf situate in
NewhcUl'Streetf nearly on the site of the demo-
lished mansion of the Colmore family, called New
HaU.

Such has been the flouriBhing state of this con-
icem, and so great its increased value to the pro-
prietors, that for convenience of disposal each ori-

214 WORCESTER AND BIRMINGHAM CANAL.

ginal share has been divided into eight parts, one
of which eighths has sold for more than the sum
(£270) originally paid on a single consolidated
share.

To afford increased facility to the trade between
Birmingham and the Collieries, the proprietors
have recently, at an immense expence, greatly improve
ed that portion of their canal ; and to secure an abun-
dant supply of water have constructed at Rotton
Park a large and deep Reservoir , occupying more
than 50 acres of land, including the pool called Roach
Pool, and forming the largest sheet of water in the
neighbourhood of Birmingham.

WORCESTER AND BIRMINGHAM CANAL.

This Canal communicates with the Birmingham
Canal at the Old Wharf, and extends about thirty
miles till it joins the River Severn at Diglis, near
Worcester. There are several tunnels on the line,
that at King's Norton being a mile and a half in
length. The original Act was obtained in 1791 , but
so erroneous was the first estimate of expence, and
such were the delays and embarrassments occasion-
ed by a deficiency of funds, that more than twenty
years elapsed before the completion of the work,
during which the proprietors were on several occa-
sions under the necessity of applying to the Legis-
lature for additional powers.

This concern is gradually recovering from the
depression under which it has so long suffered ; a

WARWICK AND BIRMIMOHAM CANAL. 215

dividend is now annually made ; and the sharea,
which some years ago were considered almost
worthless, and in respect of which the original pro-
prietors suffered considerable loss, in 1829 pro-
duced in the market nearly £70.

The Company has an Offiet and extensive Wharf
(recently much improved) situate between the Old
Wharf and Upper Gough-street, to which the prin-
cipal entrances are from the top of Wharf-street^
and the top of Severn-street,

WARWICK AND BIRMINGHAM CANAL.

An Act of Parliament was obtained in 1793, and
another in 1796, for making this Canal, which ex-
tends from Warwick to Birmingham^ where it com-
municates with the Digbeth branch of the Birming-
ham and Fazeley Canal. It is about 22 miles in
length, and was completed in 1800. The Warwick
and Napton Canal unites with this near to War-
wick, and at Lapworth is a branch connecting it
with the Stratford Canal.

The shares, originally £100, sold in 1829 for
£270.

These Canals^ connected as they are with others,
confer on Birmingham the advantage of water con-
veyance to and from the principal sea-ports and
trading towns and districts of the kingdom.

216 WATER WORKS.

WATER-WORKS.

After some previous unsuccessful attempts to es-
tablish Water-Works in Birmingham, a Company
of Subscribers, in May, 1826, obtained an Act of
Parliament (briefly noticed at p. 97) for the pur-
pose of affording a regular supply of good soft
water, through pipes, for the use of the inhabi-
tants of Birmingham, and the adjoining parishes of
Aston and Edgbaston. The authorised capital is
£120,000, in shares of £25 each, wiih power to
borrow to the extent of £30,000 more, if needful ;
but the act providing that £116,925, the estimated
amount of expence, should be subscribed for before
it was put in force, and the subscription list being
for a long time deficient of the requisite number
of shares, the Directors have been restrained
from making contracts or prosecuting the under-
taking. It has, however, been recently advertised
that the subscription is at length filled, and that
the works will now be commenced immediately.

The act requires that the purchases of land for
reservoirs be made within five years, and that all
the works be completed within seven years from the
passing of it, otherwise the powers of the act will
cease.

The water is intended to be obtained from the
River Tame^ and from a brook iie2ix Salford Brtdgcy
in the parish of Aston, called Hawthorn Brook,
One Reservoir will be formed near to that bridge,

GAS WORKS. 217

and another at or near to a place in Edgbaston,
called Parrott*8 Folly , or the Monument.

BIRMINGHAM FIRE OFFICE.

This institution was established in March, 1805,
and is empowered by Act of Parliament. The ca-
pital subscribed for is £300,000, to which extent
the Company, in case of need, is liable. Of this
capital £100,000 is understood to have been actu-
ally raised by calls and accumulations, and invested
as an invariable and permanent fund. The origi-
nal 300 shares of £1000, on each of which £220
has been paid, have, for convenience in the dispo-
sal of them, been since subdivided into quarterly
parts.

The office of the Company is situate in Union-
street, It is a handsome stone-fronted building,
and was erected in 1808, at an expence of nearly
£4000, including the engine-house, firemen's-
houses, and stable. A proper establishment of
engines, horses, and men is always kept in rea-
diness to proceed to any part of the town or neigh-
bourhood, in case of fire, which happily seldom com-
mits any serious ravages in Birmingham.

GAS WORKS.

These extensive premises are situate in a street,
which has received from them the name of Ocu-
street, lying at the back of the Old Wharf, between

218 THB CRE8CEHT.

Broad-Street and the Worcester asd Birmingham
Canal. They belong to a Company, called the
Birmingham Oas-light Company^ incorporated by
Act of Parliament in 1819, for the purpose of sup-
plying the town with the brilliant light of gas,
which has almost superseded the more feeble light
of oil and candles for streets and shops, and nearly
all public and many private purposes.

In 1825 another Act of Parliament was obtained,
under which an additional Company, called the
Birmingham and Staffordshire Oas-light Company,
became established for more effectually lighting
with gas the town of Birmingham and other places
in the counties of Warwick and Stafford. The
Works of this Company are situate at West Brom-
wichf from whence gas is conducted by pipes to
Birmingham, a distance of more than six miles.
The Company has an office in the Old Square.

THE CRESCENT,

Situate near to Easy Hill, noticed in the next
article as the residence of Baskerville, was com-
menced about the year 1792, and if finished ac-
cording to the original design, would comprise a
beautiful range of stone- fronted houses, of uniform
architectural character, elevated on a commanding
terrace above the Old CanaL The wings only were
completed, when the decay of trade occasioned by
the French war put a stop to the progress of the
work ; and now the situation has lost much of its

BASKRRVILLE PLACE. 2]9

former eligibility by the introduction of wharfs and
manufactories in the immediate vicinity.

The houses in the curve were erected many years
subsequently to those at the extremities, and with-
out any regard to conformity of style and arrange-
ment.

BASKEEVILLE-PLACE.

In 1745 John Baskerville (afterwards the cele-
brated Typographer) took a building lease of seve-
ral acres of land in a pleasant situation on the
north-west side of the town, to which he gave the
name of Easy-hill^ and in the centre erected a
handsome house for his own residence, planting
and ornamenting the grounds, and erecting therein
a mausoleum, within which, pursuant to his own
desire, his remains were deposited on his death,
(without issue), in 1775, at the age of 69. His
aversion to Christianity is said to have induced him
to object to the usual mode of burial in consecrated
ground. After his death these premises became
the property of the late John Ryland, Esq. who re-
sided in them at the time of the riots in 1791, when
the house was reduced by fire to a mere shell, and
in that state remained for about 25 years, at the
end of which time the whole of the ground was by
the §ucceeding proprietor, Samuel Ryland, Esq.
let for wharfs and trading erections, with which it
is now covered. The external walls of the house
are still distinguishable, having been incorporated

220 BASKERVXLLE PLACE.

with additional buildings for the purpose of a ma-
nufactory.

On excavating the ground in 1821, the remains
of Baskerville, inclosed in a coffin of lead, were
discovered, and necessarily disinterred and re-
moved.

This extraordinary man was bom at Wolverley,
in Worcestershire, in 1706. After being trained a
stone-cutter, he became first a writing-master, and
then a japanner in Birmingham. He continued his
trade of a japanner after his removal to Easy-hill,
where, in 1750, he turned his attention to the arts
of letter-founding and printing, which he practised
during the remainder of his life, and in which the
many beautiful productions of his press will shew
how greatly he excelled. Among these interesting
records of his fame may be mentioned the quarto
edition of Virgil^ with which he opened his press
jn 1756 ; a folio edition of The Bible ; quarto and oc-
tavo editions of the Book of Common Prayer y and of
Milton* sPoeticalWorks; a quarto edition of Addison's
Works ; and editions otAriosto, and of several other
Roman and English Classics. At his death, no pur^
chaser could be found in this kingdom for his types,
which were at length sold in 1779 to a Literary So-
ciety in Paris, for £3700, and used in printing an
edition of the Works of Voltaire, extending to 70
octavo volumes.

SOHO MANUFACTORY, ftc. 221

seardsworth's repository and carriage

MART,

Situate in BalsalUstreety near to Smithfield Mar-
ket place, and readily distinguished by the large
figure of a white horse placed over the gateway, is
an extensive, commodious, and well conducted es-
tablishment for the disposal of horses and carriages,
either by public or private sale. A weekly auction
is held on Thursday.

The whole has been erected and formed by the
enterprising and liberal proprietor, Mr. Beards-
worth ; and it is probable that no establishment of
the kind exists of equal magnitude and complete-
ness.

The interior comprises a covered, well-lighted,
and -airy space, or ride, of large dimensions, sur-
rounded by galleries stored with carriages of vari-
ous sorts, and stabling^ beneath for a great number
of horses, with all requisite accommodations.

By the ready permission of the proprietor, these
premises have been frequently used for public
meetings of the inhabitants, no other building in
Birmingham being so well adapted to the accom-
modation of the public on such occasions.

SOHO MANUFACTORY, fto.

At the northern extremity of the parish of Bir-
mingham, but in the adjoining parish of Hand&-

222 80H0 MANUFACTORY, &r.

worth, and county of Stafford, is a hill called
Soho, at the foot of which stands the far-famed
Manufactory of that name, adjacent to the mansion
and grounds, which occupy the summit and decli-
vities.

lu the year 1757, John Wyrley, of Hamstead,
Esq. Lord of the Manor of Hands worth, granted a
lease for 99 years of certain tracts of common land
here, and certain inclosed lands, with liberty to
make a cut for turning Hockley brook and forming
a pool, in order to the erection of a water mill. A
small house and feeble mill for rolling metal, were
consequently erected. In 1762, the late Matthew
Boulton, who thei. carried on a steel toy manufac-
tory in Birmingham (the place of his nativity), pur-
chased this lease, with all the premises and appur-
tenances, for the purposes of his trade, and soon
afterwards, having enlarged and increased the
buildings, and rebuilt the mill, transplanted the
whole of his manufactory from Birmingham to
Soho ; but still further accommodation being requi*
site for the advancement of his great designs, Mr.
Boulton therefore, in 1764, laid the foundation of
the present noble manufactory, which was finished
in the following year, at the expence of £9000.
From that period he turned his attention to a greater
variety of branches of manufacture ; and in con-
junction with Mr. Fothergill, then his partner, es-
tablished a mercantile correspondence throughout
Europe. Impelled by an ardent attachment to the

SOHO MANUFACTORY, Ac. 223

lurts, and by the patriotic ambition of bringing bis
favourite Soho to tbe highest degree of perfection,
the ingenious proprietor soon established a semi-
nary of artists for drawing and modelling; and
men of genius were sought for and liberally patro-
nised, whose exertions produced a successful imi-
tation of the or-molu, in a variety of metallic orna-
ments, consisting of vases, tripods, candelabras,
&c. manufactured with superior skill and taste.
From this elegant branch of the business the artists
were led, by a natural and easy transition, to that
of wrought silver; and other useful and ornamental
arts gradually followed.

Mr. Boulton finding from experience that the
water power at Soho was insufficient for his pur-
poses, though aided by the pdwer of horses, in
1767 put up a steam engine, on Savery*s plan, with
the intention of returning and raising his water
about 24 feet high ; but this proving unsatisfactory
to him, he soon after formed an acquaintance with
his subsequent partner and friend, James Watt, of
Glasgow, who, in 1765, had invented several valu-
able improvements upon the steam engine, which,
in fact, made it a new machine. For these im-
provements Mr. Watt had obtained a patent in Ja-
nuary, 1769, and afterwards came to settle at
Soho, where in that year he erected one of his im-
proved engines, and after full proof of its utility,
obtained, in 1775, a prolongation of the term of his
patent for twenty-five years from that date. He

224 SOHO MANtJFACTORT, «e.

then entered into partnership with Mr. Boulton^
and they established at Soho a very extensive manu-
factory of these engines, which are now adapted to
almost every mechanical purpose where great power
is requisite.

The application of this improved steam engine at
Soho to raise and return the water, extended the
powers of the water mill, which Mr. Boulton there-
fore a second time rebuilt, upon a much larger
scale, and several engines were afterwards erected
here for other purposes, whereby the manufactory
was gpreatly extended, the source of mechanical
power being thus unlimited.

In order to obtain the desired degree of perfection
in the manufacture of their steam engines, Messrs^
Boulton and Watt established a large and complete
iron-foundry at Smethwick, a convenient distance
westward from Soho, and having the advantage of
communication with the Birmingham Canal.

The applicability of the steam engine to the pur*
pose and various processes of coining, led to the
erection here, in 1788, of q, coining mill^ which was
afterwards much improved, and acquired great ce-
lebrity for efficiency and dispatch.

Previous to Mr. Boulton's engagement to supply
Government with copper coin, in order to bring his
apparatus to the greatest perfection, he exercised
it in coining silver money for Sierra Leone and the
African Company, and copper for the East India
Company and Bermudas. Various beautiful medals

lOno MANUFACTORY, Ao. 225

were likewise struck here from time to time, for the
purpose of employing ingenious artists, and encou-
raging the revival of that branch of art, which in this
kingdom had long been on the decline.

The penny and two-penny pieces of 1797, the
halfpence and farthings of 1799, the pence, half-
pence, and farthings of 1806 and 1807 (all of ex-
cellent pattern and workmanship), and we believe
the whole of the copper coinage of George the
Third, which forms the principal part of that now
in circulation, issued from the Soho Mint; at which
the five shilling bank tokens issued in 1804 were
also struck, and a coinage for the Russian govern-
ment.

In a national view Mr. Boulton's undertakings
were highly valuable and important. By collecting
round him artists of various descriptions, rival ta-
lents were called forth, and by successive competi-
tion have been multiplied to an extent highly bene-
ficial to the public. A barren heath has been co-
vered with plenty and population, and these works^
which in their infancy were little known pr attended
to, now cover several acres, give employment to
some hundreds of persons, and are said to be the
first of their kind in Europe. Mr. Boulton ulti-
mately purchased the fee-simple of Soho and much
of the adjoining land.

The liberal spirit and taste of the worthy proprie-
tor was further exercised not only in the mansion,
wherein he resided, but in the adjoining gardens,

326 tOHO M AKUf ACTOaTy *a.

groTet, and pleasure grotmds, whicb, at tbe saaie
time that they form an agreeable separation from
the residence^ render Soho, with its fine pool of
water, a much-admired scene of picturesque
beauty, where the sweets of solitude and retire-
ment may be enjoyed, as if far distant from the
busy hum of men.

Two fine engravings, by Eginton, one of the
manufactory, and the other of the mansion, at So-
ho, are contained in the second volume of Shaw's
History of Staffordshire, from which work much of
the foregoing account is abridged.

The elder Messrs. Boulton and Watt are now
both deceased,* but the various manufactories are
continued under several firms by the son of each,
Matthew Robinton Boulton and James Watt,

Besides the iron-foundry, the making of steam
engines, copying machines, and fire-irons, tbe roll-
ing of metals, &c. the principal heads of manufac-
ture at this distinguished place are buttons, steel
goods, plated and silver wares, toys, medals, &c»
of which a splendid assortment may be inspected in
the shew-rooms ; but it is understood that tbe ma-
nufactory is not, as hereiof(»e, open to the gratifi-
cation of the curious.

* The late Mr. Boulton died in August, 1809, in bi« 81si
year, and the late Mr. Watt in August, 1819, at the age of 83.
Tliev were both interred in the neigobouring Church (» Bands-
worth, wherein monuments are placed to their memory. That
of Mr. Watt is a fine piece of sculpture by Chantrey, being a full-
length statue and likeness of the deceased, in a sitting position|
elevated on a pedestal, and placed in an elegant gothic chapel
erected for its reception.

FAHTECHWITIIEKA. . 227

MANUFACTORY AWB SHEW-ROOMS OF MR. THOMA-

SOK, CHURCH-STREET.

The Shew-rooms of this celebrated Establish-
ment are very extensive, and contain, in a finished
state, for exhibition and sale, a large and interest-
ing assemblage of articles here manufactured,
chiefly of the finer and more ornamental classes of
metallic productions, in gold,'silver, brass, bronze,
&c. including a great variety of beautiful medals.

Persons of distinction are permitted to inspect
the manufactory, and to observe the process of
various operations in the metallic arts.

Among the many objects of attraction here pre-
sented to view is an excellent copy in metal (exe-
cuted under the direction of Mr. Thomason) of the
famous antique Bacchanalian Vase, of colossal di-
mensions, belonging to the Earl of Warwick and
deposited in the Conservatory at Warwick castle.

PANTECHNETHEKA, NEW-STREET.

Thb sttmptooos building was erected in 1823,
from the designs of Mr. Stedman Whitwell, Archi-
tect, for exhibiting under one roof spedmens of the
various elegant manufactures of the town . The
Greek inscription, IIANTEXNHeHKA (General
Repository of Art), appearing on the front, was
chosen to convey concisely an idea of the purpose
to which the erection is applied ; but the adoption

p 2

228 MANUFACTORIES, Sec.

of the word gave rise to a critical controversy in
some of the public priots as to the accuracy of its
composition, and the propriety of its application.

Mr. Charles Jones is the proprietor of this estab-
lishment, in the elegant shew-rooms of which
may be inspected and purchased an almost infinite
variety of articles in gold, silver, steel, &c. com-
prising gold and silver plate, gems, bronzes, jewels,
medals, plated wares, cutlery, guns and pistols,
swords, cut glass and japan wares, and a long list
of other things.

FURTHER VOTICE OF MANUFACTORIES, &c.

Having in a preceding article taken a general
view of the manufactures, trade, and commerce of
the town, and as it falls not within the design or
limits of this work to give an account in detail of
the various manufacturing establishments, suffice
it, therefore, that the stranger's attention be further
directed to the following extended list of general
heads under which most of those establishments
may be classed, viz. anvil-makers, awl-blade-
makers, bellows-makers, brace and web-makers,
brass-founders, bell-founders, braziers and tin-plate-
workers, britannia metal-workers, brush-makers,
button-makers, cabinet-makers, cutlers, candlestick-
makers, clock dial-makers, clock and watch-ma-
kers, cock-founderSy comb-makers, curry-comb-
makers, coffin furniture-makers, edge-tool-makers,
fender-makers, file-makers, frying-pan-makers, fire-

JOINT STOCK ESTABLISHMBNT^. %29

iron-makers, gilt toy-makers, gimlet, brace, and bit-
makers, glass-manufacturers, glass-cutters, glass
toy -makers, giin-naakers, gun implement-makers,
hinge-makers, iron-founders, ivory and bone-tur-
ners, japanners, jewellers, lamp and lantern- makers,
Jocksmiths, malt-mill-makers, mathematical instru-
ment-makers, military ornament-makers, nail-
makers, opticians, platers, pocket-book and ladies'
work-box-makers, rule-makers, saddlers'-ironmon-
gers and coach furniture-makers, saw-makers,
scale-beam and steelyard-makers, silvarsmiths,
snuffer-makers, spoon-makers, steel toy-makers,
sword-makers, tea-urn-makers, thimble-makers,
tortoiseshell and ivory- workers, trunk-makers, um-
brella and parasol-makers, whip-makers, wire-
drawers and workers, wood-sere w-makers, wood-
turners, writing desk and cabinet-casermakers,
vertical and other jack-makers, besides many others
which an amplification of this list might include.

JOINT STOCK ESTABLISHMENTS.

The following Joint Stock Establishments exist in
the town, in fiddition to ihose before noticed under
their respective heads. There are others, but we
confine our attention to those only which come
most under public notice.

Brass WorkSf in Broad-street, on the banks of
the canal ; established about 1781. The large and
handsome warehouse and broad chimneys of these
works are conspicuous objects from the road.

230 CHAMBIR or MAKUFACTURXS, Iec.

Birmingham Mining and Copper Company^
fanned in 1790. Warehouse, Temple-row West —
Works in Cornwall and South Wales.

Crown Copper Company, of later date. Ware-
house» Cannon-street— Works in South Wales.

Old Union Mill (Flour and Bread Company),
HolCe-street, adjoining the Canal ; established
1796.

New Union Mill (Flour and Bread Company),
Sheepcote-lane, near the Five-ways, and adjoining
the Canal; established 1813.

Warstone and Deritend Breweriety Warstone-
lane, and Moseley-street, Deritend. These were
originally separate concerns, established by indivi-
duals, the latter in 1782, the former in 1784. They
were united a few years since by the present pro-
prietary.

Birmingham Brewery ^ at the back of the Cres-
centy adjoining the Canal. A very complete estab-
lishment; commenced in 1814.

Union Rolling Mill, Cambridge, street, near the
Crescent; a recent erection, distinguished by its
tall circular chimney, the highest in Birmingham,
a nd visible at a great distance from the town in se-
veral directions^

CHAMBER OF MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE.

At a public meeting held in July, 1813, the above
Commercial Society (alluded to at p. 83) was es-
tablished in the town by a body of subscribers, for

BOTANICAL AKD HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT. 231

the piirpose of coUectiDg and comparing; the opi'
nioDS of its merchants and manufacturers^ of acting
as a medium of communication with ministers and
the legislature on the subject of trade, and of co-
operating with other parts of the united kingdom,
on occasions afifecting the general prosperity of the
manufactures and commerce of the British empire.
The utility of this Society has been manifested on
many important occasions,

A Society also exists for the Protection of Trade
against fraudulent Bankrupts, Swindle's, ^c. and
another /or the Prosecution ^ Felons*

BOTANICAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tliis Society was formed in the •ummcrof 18^9,
the Earl of Dartmouth being appointed PiesJdent.
The laws and regulations necessary for its govern-
ment have been prepared and adopted at a general
meeting, and a committee is appointed to fix upon
the site of a garden, to enter into the necessary
contracts, to appoint servants, and to adopt every
measure necessary to carry into effect the objects of
the Society.

232 INN8.

The chief Inns in Birmingham are the

Royal Hotel, Temple-row, near St. Philip's
Church.

/"Hen and Chickens, New-street.
. I Swan, ^

•g \ George, J
o I Saracen's Head, Bull-street.
^ f Nelson (formerly the Dog), opposite Nelson's
V. Statue, in the Market-place.
Stork, Square*

White Hart, ) i^- u ♦!.
George, } ^igbeth.

Union, Union-street.

Woolpack, Moor-street.

Rose, Edgbaston-street.
Those best adapted to the accommodation of
families are the Royal Hotel, the Hen and Chick-
ens, the Stork, the Swan, and the Albion.

The Royal Hotel (to which is attached the large
Assembly and Concert Room) was erected in 1772,
by Tontine subscription, and denominated the
Hotel. The distinctive appellation Royal was pre-
fixed in consequence of one of the Royal family
having some years* since, on his visit to Birming-
ham, taken up his abode at this house. It has fre-
quently been honoured with the presence of persons
of high distinction.

Posting is provided at the Royal Hotel, the Hen
and Chickens, the Swan, the Albion, the Castle,
and Nelson.

HACKNEY COACHES. 233

BANKS.

Taylors and Lloyds, Dale-end, draw on Han-
burys and Co. London.

Attwoods, Spooner, and Co. New-street, draw
on Spooner and Co. London.

Galtons and James, Steelhouse-lane, draw on
Barclay and Co. London.

Moilliet, Smith, and Pearson, Cherry-street,
draw on Sir J. W. Lubbock and Co. London.

Rottons, Smith, and Scholefield, Bull-street,
draw on Hanburys and Co. London.

Branch Bank of England, Union-street, George
NichoUs, Esq. Agent.

Joint Stock Bank, New-street, Mr. Joseph Gib-
bins, Agent; draws on Sir James Esdaile and Co.
London.

Lovell, Goode, and Stubbs, Church-street,
draw on Sir R. C. Glyn and Co. London.

TABLE OF nACKNEY COACH FARES AND STANDS,

As fixed by the Town Commissioners on the 10 th

of November, 1828.

Distance, Drawn hy one horte. Two horses,

s, d, s. d.

Not exceeding { a mile 1

1 mile 10 16

1 mile and a half 1 6 2

2miles 2 2 6

234 HACKNEY COACUBfi.

DUlance, Drawn hy one horscM Two horses.

t, d, s. d.

Not exceeding 2 miles and a half 2 6

Smiles 3 3 6

• 3 miles and ahalf 3 6

4mile8 4 5

Back fares one half of the above.

For

Waiting between nine in the morning and twelve at

night,

Above 15 minutes and not exceeding 20 6
Above 20 minutes and not exceeding 40 10

And Sixpence additional for every perioci of time
not exceeding 20 minutes from the expiration of the
first 40 minutes.

Night Fares*

From twelve till six between the 1st of April and
the 1st of October, and from twelve till seven be-
tween the 1st of October and the 1st of April,
double the above.

Stands*

New-street, Paradise-street, Ann-street, Temple-
row West, Colmore-row, Bristol-street, bottom of
Great Charles-street, and Easy-row.

ENVIROHS OF BIRMIUQHAM. 235

MEIT-SPAPERS.

Arts* s Birmingham Gazette f commenced 1741,
printed and published weekly on Monday morning
by Thomas Knott, jun. at 95, High-street.

Birmingham Journal^ commenced 1825> printed
and published weekly on Saturday morning by
William Hodgetts, 16, Spicealsstreet.

ENVIRONS OF BIRMINGHAM.

ASTON.

The extensive parish of Aston, which bounds the
parish of Birmingham on the east, comprises {be-
9ides the village and lordship of Aston) the ham-
lets of Deritend and Bordesley, and of Duddeston
and Nechellsy all in immediate connection with the
town of Birmingham, and into which a consider-
able portion of the town extends ; also the villages
or hamlets of Saltley, Ward End, Castle Brom*
wich, Water Orton, Erdington, and WittoUy and
some others of less note.

Of the Chapels of Deritend and Bordesley de-
scriptions have already been given.

Bordesley Hall, an elegant mansion erected by
the first John Taylor, Esq. was burnt in the riots of

236 ENVIRONS OF BIUMINOHAM.

1791. The shell remained for many years, but is
now taken down, the surrounding grounds having
been appropriated to building purposes.

The ancient Manor-house of Duddeston, which,
from the 38th of Edward III. until the erection of
Aston Hall in the reign of James the First, was the
principal seat of the Holte family, of whose posses-
sions it formed a part, is now converted into a Ta^
vern, with beautiful gardens attached, as a public
resort of pleasure, under the denomination of
Vauxkall; near to which is the elegant residence
of Samuel Galton, Esq.

At Saltley, about a mile eastward from Duddes-
ton, was formerly a castle or mansion, the seat of
its lords, the memory whereof is preserved in the
present residence called Saltley Hall.

At Bennefs Hill, Saltley, by the side of the
turnpike road, stands the house of the late vener-
able Historian of Birmingham, William Hutton,
Esq, now occupied by Miss Hutton, his daughter.
This is one of the houses which suffered in the
riots of 1791, when the interior was destroyed by
fire.

At Ward End, anciently Little Bromwich, about
three miles from Birmingham, was another castle
or mansion, now demolished, the moats, mounds,
and trenches of which, of considerable extent,
still remain, contiguous to a comparatively modern
erection substituted for the ancient edifice. This

ENVIRONS OF BIRMINGHAM. 237

hamlet was the property of John Bondy who, in the
6th of Henry VIII. made a small park here, and
stored it with deer ; he also, with consent of the
bishop of the diocese, as also of the prior and con-
vent of Tikford, and the vicar of Aston, built a
small Chapel for the accommodation of the inha-
bitants of the hamlet, by reason of its distance
from the parish church, and the occasional obstruc-
tion of floods. This chapel has long been dese-
crated. The skeleton of it, in the form of a.cross,
now remains, and is used as a stable or outhouse
appurtenant to the adjoining farm.

Castle Bromwich, anciently possessed by Lord
Ferrers of Charttey, afterwards came to the family
of DevereuXy one of whom, about the latter end of
the reign of Queen Elizabeth, or beginning of that
of James the First, erected the present mansion of
brick, called Castle Bromwich Hall, now the resi-
dence and part of the possessions of the Earl of
Bradford. This house is delightfully situated by
the side of the turnpike road leading from Birming-
ham towards Coleshill, about five miles from the
former place. At the back is a Chapel of Ease to
the mother church of Aston. It is built of brick,
with a tower, and appears to be a more recent
erection than the Hall.

About two miles further east is the village and
chapel of Water Orton.

Near to Castle Bromwich, on the banks of the
River Tame, id the site of Park Hall, once the

238 INTIROVS OF BIHMINOHAM.

chief seat, and for many years part of the vast es-
tates of the ancient and unfortunate family of
Arden; and not far distant once stood Berwood
Holly also belonging to the same family.

Between thb place and Erdington is Pipe Halh
an ancient mansion, the seat of the Rev. Egertan
Arden Baget,

The increasing village of Erdington is situate
about four miles from Birmingham, on the tumptke
road between that place and the town of Sutton
Coldfield. A neat Chapel of stoxie, in the Gothic
style of architecture, was erected here a few years
since, by his Majesty's Commissioners, out of the
Parliamentary Grant for building additional
Churchea.

The Manor of Erdington wsis formerly possessed
by a family of that name, who erected here a moated
mansi<ni, called Erdington HaUy at which they re-
sided during many centuries. It afterwards passed
into the Helte family. The pesent mansion^ not
of very ancient character in the exterior, is now
used as a farm house. At a short distance from, it
is a mill called Bromford Forge.

Adjoining to Erdington is the manor of Witton,
now or lately possessed by the family of Birchm
Witton Hall is the residence of Isaac Spooner, Esq.
an acting magistrate in Birmingham.

Between Witton and Birmingham is the lordship
and picturesque village of Aston^ for more than
four centuries possessed by the family of Hdte, till

SWIRONS OF BIRMIK6HAM. 239

the year 1782, wben, on the death of Sir Charles
Holte (the last male descendant of the family) ihey
came, by will, to the late Heneage Legge, Esq.
and remained entire till the year 1818, when the
whole of the Aston estate was publicly offered for
sale in lots, and is now possessed by various pur-
chasers. Sir Thomas Holte^ Bart, formed the park
here (now dismantled), and erected, for the resi-
dence of himself and his successors, that beautiful
and stately fabric, Astim Holly which was begun in
April, 1618 (I6th of James L), and finished in
April, 1636 (11th of Charies I.) In the time of
the Rebellion against the latter monarch, Sir Tho-^
mas favoured the cause of royalty, and was visited
by the King at this house, where his Majesty staid
two nights, about six days before the Battle of
Edge-hill. The rebels inflicted their vengeance on
Sir Thomas by firing at and plundering his house,
and forcing contributions from him to a great
amount. The effects of several cannon-shot which
entered the house are still visible in the interior,
paHicularly in the shattered balustrades of the great
staircase. The hall is now the residence of Jame»
Watt, Esq. Sheriff (1829) of the County of Wadrwtek.
It is seen from the Lichfield tmmpike road, at the
extremity of a noble avenue of large elm and other
trees, neariy half a mile in length. The original
Manor-house, of which nothing now remains, wask^
situate nearer to the river than the present one.

240 EHVIR0H8 OF BIRMIKORAH.

The fine Church of Aston, dedicated to Saints
Peter and Paul, is ornamented with a tall spire, and
contains many ancient monuments of the Holies,
the ArdenSf Devereux, and others; and two win-
dows of painted glass, by Eginton, in one of which,
being monumental, is represented the resurrection
ot the lady to whose memory it was erected ; the
figures nearly the size of life.

In the village, and near to the vicarage house, is
a range of Altfu-hauses for five men and five wo-
men, built in 1655 and 1656, pursuant to the di-
rections of the above-named Sir Thomas Holte, who,
dying in 1654, at the age of 83, by his will provi-
ded for their erection, and appointed an annual
rent charge of £84, out of his manor of Erdington,
for their support

HANDSWORTH.

Adjoining to the parishes of Aston and Birming-
ham on the north, is that of Handsworth, within
the verge of the county of Stafford.

The manor, after being long possessed by the
family of Wyrley, passed, with considerable estates
here and in the neighbourhood, to that of Birch^
from which we believe it has been purchased by the
Earl of Dartmouth.

On the north-west side of this parish, and ad-
joining to that of Sutton Coldfield, is the ancient
manor of Perry y which has been possessed by the

fiigVIRONS OF BIRMINGHAM. 241

family of Gougk from the year 1669. The old
moated mansion, situated in a small and beautiful
park, is now undergoing extensive renovation and
improvement by the present liberal proprietor, John
Gough, Esq. under the superintendance of Mr.
Wyatt.

Hamstead, situate on the opposite border of the
parish, was the seat of the Wyrleys for many genera-
tions. The old house, now entirely destroyed, stood
about aquarter of a mile west of the present mansion,
which is delightfully situated on a fine eminence,
commanding a rich prospect over the adjacent
country. It was some years since the residence of
he proprietor, George Birch, Esq. but has been
sold to the Earl of Dartmouth, and is at present
occupied by /. L, Moilliet, Esq. a merchant and
banker of Birmingham.

The celebrated Manufactory and Mansion of Soho
have been noticed at some length in a preceding
article, p. 22 K

At Prospect-kill, nearly opposite to Soho, resided
the late Mr. Francis Egintouy the celebrated glass-
stainer.

Heathfieldf in this parish, was the residence of
the late James Watt, Esq. and is now occupied by
his widow.

The Church, an ancient Gothic structure, dedi-
cated to St. Mary, has been recently enlarged, and
contains several ancient monuments of the Wyrleys
and others. Among the modern monuments are

243 XNTiROMi or Birmingham.

those to tbo memory of the kite Messrs. B^uliam
and Wati^ the latter being a ntatue of the deceased
from the chisel of that eminent sculptor, Chanirey.

From the contiguity of Handsworth to Birming*
ham it has become very populous, and contains
many respectable residences. The great road to
the collieries and the north passes through this
parish.

Adjoining to the plantations of Soho, just within
the parish of Birmingham, is a residence called
Hockley Abbey, but of no antiquity.

HARBOURH.

This parish, which bounds that of Birmingham
on the north*west, is also in the county of Stafford,
and includes the manor and chapelry of Smethwick.
The manors of Harboum and Smethwick form^erly
belonged to the Barony of Dudley, and after a long
continuance in that family, passed to the family of
Cornwallis in the 17th century. They afterwards
passed to Philip Foley, Esq. who sold them to
Oeorge Birch, Esq. and Mr. Henry Hinckley, about
1710; the former taking Harboum, and the latter
Smeihwick.

Harboum was afterwards the property and resi*
dence of Judge Birch, whose son and heir, George
Birch, of Hamstead, Esq. sold this manor to the
late Mr. Thomas Oreen, of Birmingham, who built
a large house here for his principal residence, now.

ENVIRONS OF BIRMINGHAM. 249

with the manor, possessed by the family of his
grandson, the late Thomas Green^Simcox, Esq. The
old mansion house of the. Birches still remains,
but is now in a decayed state, and tenanted by a
farmer. There is also a house called Welsh House,
one called the Ravenhurst, and another called TVn-
nal Hall, Among the principal residents of Har-
bourn are OeorgeSimcox, Esq. and Theodore Price,
Esq. two of the oldest tradesmen and magistrates
connected with the town of Birmingham.

The Church, an old tower structure, dedicated to
St. Peter, has been within a few years, by the ex-
ertions of the Vicar, the Rev, J. T. Law, Chancel-
lor of the Diocese of Lichfield and Coventry, partly
rebuilt and enlarged, with accommodation of free
seats for the poor.

In the village is a Charity School, founded about
a century ago by the then lords of the above ma-
nors and others, for the instruction of the poor
children of the parish in reading and writing.

The manor of Smethwick having been disposed of
by Mr Hinckley, was, at the commencement of the
present century, the joint property of Mv, John
Reynolds, of Shireland Hall, and Mr. John Bad-
dely, of Albrighton, Salop, the celebrated clock-
maker and optician.

Shireland Hall was rebuilt by Mr. Reynolds, now
deceased, whose ton, John Reynolds, Esq. resides
at the Coppice, not far distant.

Another house, called the Beaks, was the residence
of the Hinckleys, and by them sold to Mr. Hanson.

Q 2

244 ENTIRONS or BIRMINGHAM.

Near to Warley Hall^ the property of Samuel
Gal ton, Esq. who has there made great improve-
ments, is a small tract of woodland called the
Lightwoods, with a residence of the same name.

The canal from Birmingham, and the turnpike
roads to Dudley and Hales Owen, pass through
this hamlet, in which is situate the great iron-foun-
dry belonging to Soho, and other works ; also a re-
sidence called Smetkwick Grove, and an obscure
house called Smetkwick Hall,

Smetkwick Ckapet, a small neat brick building,
with a tower, was founded about a century ago by
Mrs. Dorotky Parkes, of Birmingham, who settled
ai)d devised lands here for the erection and support
thereof, and for the support of a chaplain to offici-
ate therein. The chapel stands within a small ce-
metery, and near to it is a house for the residence
of the minister.

The same pious and benevolent lady also found-
ed and endowed a small Charity School here, which
is conducted by a female^

•

ED6BAST0K*

Adjoining to Birmingham on the west and south-
west is the parish of Edghaston^ which adjoins also
to Harbourn and King's Norton. In the reign of
Henry the Second, Edgbaston was possessed by
Henry sumamed de Edgbaston, and in the reign of
Henry the Fourth was carried by the heiress of that
family into the family of Middlemore, in which it
continued till the year 1717, when Sir Richard

ENVIRONS OF BIRMINOHA:

Gough, Knight, an ancestor of Lord Calthorpe,
the present possessor, purchased the Lordship of
Edgbaston, and nearly the whole of the parish,
from the Lord Viscount Faulconbridge and Lady
Bridget his wife, who was one of the grand daugh-
ters and co-heiresses of Robert MiddlemoreyEsq. and
became solely entitled to Edgbaston by a deed of
partition with her sister Mary, who was afterwardi
married to Sir John Shelley y Bart.

The Manor-house of Edgbaston was garrisoned
by a party of the Parliament army in the civil wars
of Charles the First, and afterwards, when the ge-
neral alarm was given in this kingdom preceding the
revolution, the populace of Birmingham, fearing it
might be made a place of refuge for Papists, set
fire to it and burnt it to the ground, in which con-
dition it lay till after the above purchase by Sir R.
Gough, when the hall was rebuilt as it now appears.'
It stands in a small but beautifully situated park,
which is well wooded, and contains a large sheet
of water. Edgbaston Hall ceased to be the family
residence of the proprietors in the latter quarter of
the last century. Dr, Withering resided here in
1791, when the Hall was plundered by the rioters.
For more than twenty years past it has been occu-
pied by that well-known and highly respected phy-
sician, Dr. Edward Johnstone.

Near to Edgbaston Hall and adjoining to the park
on the east, is a house called the Priory, now the
residence of George Attwood, Esq.

246 ENVIRONS or BIRMINGHAM.

Formerly there were two other parks in Edgbas-
toiiy the nameB whereof are still preserved in the
districts which they once inclosed, viz. MitchUy
Park, on the verge of the parish next to HarbourOy
and Rotton Park, on the opposite extremity, near
to Birmingham Heath, and partly in the parish of
Birmingham. There was a lodge to each. In the
former were the remains, now nearly obliterated, of
an extensive fortification, which Mr. Button sup-
posed to have been a Danish Camp, thinking it on
too large a scale for the Romans, though situate
very near to the line of the Jkeneild^streetf which
passed through the parish in a direction from north-
east to south-west. A building at Mitchley Park,
now a farm-house, still retains the name of the
McuS'house, having formerly been used as a place
of worship for persons of the Roman Catholic per-
suasion, until St. Peter*s Chapel, in Birmingham,
was erected for their accommodation.

A conspicuous object at Edgbaston is the tall
brick tower, se? en stories high, called the Monu-
ment^ erected about the year 1758, by the late
John Parrott, Esq. as an Observatory, and not un-
frequently designated Parrott' s Folly. Attached
to it is a house, now the residence of another emi-
nent physician, Dr, John Johnstone,

In this parish is the Asylum of the Deaf and
Dumb Institution, described in a previous article^
p. 163; also the School of Messrs. Hill, called
ffazelwood School, an establishment of consider-

EN r IRONS or BIRMINGHAM. 347

able celebrity, situate on the Hagley road. A twy
complete Bowling Oreen has been formed near the
Harbourn road, with a house and ornamentid
grounds attached for the accommodation of the
subscribers.

Since Lord Calthorpe about twenty years ago be-
gan to grant out his estate here on building leases,
new lines of road have been laid open, and a great
number of elegant villa residences erected, occupy-
ing about one-half of the parish on the side nearest
to Birmingham.

By the dryness of the soil, the salubrity of the
air, the pleasantness of the situation, its easy dis-
tance south-west of Birmingham, and the exclusion
of manufactories and small houses, Edgbaston is
rendered a favourite place of domestic retreat.

Of the new roads opened over Lord CJalthorpe's
estate the two principal ones are Calthorpestreet^
leading from the Five-ways turnpike to Edgbaston
Church ; and Wellington-road, leading out of tlie
Bromsgrove-road to the same point.

The Worcester and Birmingham Canal passes
through the parish, as do the turnpike roads to
Bromsgrove and Hagley, and the road to Harbourn*
The most ancient roads through the psurish are tiow
of subordinate character, and some parts of them
considerably altered.

Edgbaston Church, dedicated to St. Bartholo-
mew, after being demolished by the Parliament
forces in the civil wars, when they garrisoned Edf>

348 INVIRONS OF BIRMINGHAM.

baston House, was soon after the restoration re-
built, and in 1717 was repaired and beautified,
chiefly at the expence of Sir Richard Gough. The
tower and'a portion of the east end are nearly all
that now remain of the old edifice, the body having
been taken down and rebuilt in the year 1810.
Among the monumental records within the church
are several of the Gough family, and one to the
memory of the late Dr. Withering. The old mo-
numents of the Middlemores are all destroyed.
The Church is of stone, situate within an inclosed
cemetery, on an elevated spot near to the park en-
trance, from whence is a fine prospect over the
valley towards Birmingham and Moseley.

The Parsonage House is distant about half a
mile from the church.

king's NORTON AND MOSELET.

King's Norton, generally reputed to be a parish
of itself, is in truth but a hamlet or chapelry be-
longing to Bromsgrove, an ancient demesne of the
Crown; and Moseley is the same. They are both
in the county of Worcester, The former hamlet
touches upon the southern extremity of Birming-
ham, at or near the River Rea, and adjoins to the
parish of Aston at Bordesley.

The village of King's Norton, situate about five
miles south of Birmingham, formerly ranked as a
town, in which the business of woolstapling ap-

BNTIRONS OF BIKMINOHAM. !249

5>ears to have once flourished. A market on Satur-
day, and two fairs in a year, were granted by
James the First ; but the market is quite disused.
The lofty spire of its ancient Chapel, dedicated to
St. Nicholas (generally known as King's. Norton
Church) is a principal object on proceeding from
Birmingham along the Bromsgrove turnpike road.
The edifice contains several monuments of the fa-
milies of Greves, Middlemore, Greswold, Littelton,
and others. In the Church-yard is a Free School,
founded by King Edward the Sixth, wherein are the
remains of a Parochial Library established by the
Rev. Thomas Hall, Minister and Schoolmaster
here, an author of some note, who was ejected
from his jpreferments for non-conformity, and died
in 1665.

Moselet/y through which runs the turnpike road
from Birmingham to Alcester, is delightfully situ-
ated for the most part on rising ground, command-
ing fine prospects over Birmingham and Edgbaston.
The crest of the hill extending from the top of De-
ritend towards Moseley village, is called Highgate,
a ^ry and pleasant situation, in high esteem for its
salubrity.

The Chapel of Moseley, dedicated to the Blessed
Virg;in, was a few years since rebuilt of brick and
enlarged. The old stone tower remains, with the
battlements repaired.

Moieley Hall, the seat of Mrs. Taylor, is a
beautiful mansion of stone, situate in finely wooded

26Q XJNTIKOHS or BIRMINOHAM.

groimdsy OTerlooking the country towards Birming^-
ham. It was rebuilt on the site of a former man-
sionbere, which was burnt in the riots of 1791.

A short distance from Moseley Hall is Cannon
HMy now the residence of William Palmer, Esq. ;
and many other seats of the gentry are studded
about the hamlet and Tillage.

The Middlemores, a younger brand) of the fa-
mily which formerly possessed Edgbaston, had a
house at King's Norton, situate between that village
and Bromsgrove, called Hawksley Houscy which,
having been garrisoned and fortified by the rebels >
was besieged and taken by Prince Rupert for the
King, in May, 1645 ; and after being pillaged was
set on fire.

The Worcester and Birmingham Canal passes
through King's Norton, where it is joined by the
Stratford Vanal> The Roman Ikeneild-street also
passes through from Edgbaston to Beoley.

The Manor of Bromsgrove is now possessed by
the Earl of Plymouth, and that of King*$ Norton
by James Taylor^ Esq.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

Paos 5;^IT id understood that Mr. Hamper'f list of
changes in the name of Birmingham amounts to one
hvndred andjbffy.

Pages 7, 8, and 11. — Mr. Hamper has subsequently dis-
covered that the name Bremenium^ in Iter. 10 of
Richard of Cirencester, was actually JbiHed by Dr.
Stukelev into his edition of that writer.

Page 17* — In Lodge's Portraits of Illustrious Personages
of Great Britain is a Portrait, engraved by Dean
(with a memoir), of John Dudley^ Duke of Norikumherm
land^ ob. 1663, from the original of Holbein, in the
possession of Sir John Shelley Sidney, Bart.

Tage 25.^.The same work also contains a Portrait (with a
memoir) of Prince Rupert (Nephew of Charles the
First), ob. 1682, engraved from the oi^giual by Van-
dyke, in the possession of the Earl of Craven, at
Combe Abbey.

Page 76 Line 4 from top, dele «' last.*'

Page 86 — The Officers there named were succeeded in Oc-
tober, 1829, by

William Chance, High Bailiff;
Edward Com, Low Bailiff;

WUliam Harley, 1 Constables;
Charles Fairfax, ^

Walter Brinton, Headborough.

252 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 89.^-The Town Improvement Act here referred to was
passed in the Session of 1828. It is more particularlj
mentioned in p. 97*

Page 113 — The Lecturer of St. PhUipU Church is the Rer.
Charles Craven^ who succeeded the Rev. Walter Far-
quhar Hook.

Page 116 The Rev. 6. Hodson, IMinister of Chrut

Churchy has been recently appointed Archdeacon of
Stafford.

Page 1 25. — The Rev. John Greensall has succeeded the
Rev. W. M. Lawson, as Assistant Minister at Sf,
PauTs Chapel.

Page 130. — The Rev. Josiah Allport, Perpetual Curate of
Atherstone, has been appointed M'lnhter of St. James*s
Chapel, Ashsted, on the resignation of the Rev. Ed-
ward Burn.

This Chapel has lately undergone extensive repairs
and some alteration, the whole expences of which
must be defrayed by private contribution, the chapel
having no claim on parochial assistance.

Page 147. — The gross receipts of the Musical Festival held
in October, 1829, amounted, with donations, to up-
wards of £10,000, which it is expected will leave a
profit for the Hospital of about £4,000.

Page 149. — Mf. Shipton having resigned his office as one
of the Surgeons of the Dispensary^ was succeeded in
Sept. 1829, by Mr. Frederick Ryland.

Page 161 — The Establishment for the Relief of Bodily De-
formity is continued at the late residence of Mr. Ship-
ton, in New-street, but that gentleman having recently
left the town, reference is now made to Mr. Freer,
Surgeon, Old Square.

Page 167. — A very full Report of the Commissioners of
Charities respecting the Free School and other Cbari-

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 253

ties in Birmingham, has been recently published. It
is comprised in their Twentieth General Report, dated
the 12th of July, 1828, and printed pursuant to an
order of the House of Commons dated the 18th of
February, 1829.

Page 170 — The will of Geo. Fentham is dated April 24,
1690, to which he added a codicil, dated December 2,
1697* The year 1712 is believed to have been the
year of his death.

Page 174. — ^A suitable building in Broad-street has been
engaged by the Committee for a Magdalen Asylum^ and .
was opened for the reception of inmates in October,
1829.

Pages 190, 191, and 192 Society of Arts^ and Birmingham

Institution, — An exhibition of Modern Paintings, &c.
took place at each of these establishments in the au-
tumn of 1829. That of the former society was emi-
nently attractive and successful.

An amicable adjustment of the differences between
these Establishments having been effected, an union
of the two 'Societies is resolved upon, by which the
latter will merge in the former, from which it origi-
nally sprang.

Page 194. — School of Medicine and Surgery. — A Theatre for
the purposes of this Institution has been erected in
Snow-hill,- at the corner of Brittle-street, and was
opened on the 18th of October, 1829, with an intro-
ductory Lecture by Mr. W. S. Cox.

Page 197* — The works for the « enlargement and improve-
ment of the Public Office have been commenced.

A Medical Benevolent Society was established in Birming-
ham a few years ago, the fund of which, as declared at the
annual meeting in August, 1829, amounted to £1635
lOs. Id. including subscriptions then due.

254 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

In Arif*8 Birmin^am Guette of Sept. 1, 1828, was
publifhed a curiouf and interestinif paper, bj Mr. James
Luckcock, giving, in a graduated scale, an Eatimate of the
suppooed WeaWk of the InhahUantt of Birminghttm^ with
some elucidatory remarks. The aggregate amoont if stated
at jtlO,000,000.

THE ENEK

THOMAS KKOTT, JUK. PKIKTEX.

'i;

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