October 2015, Volume 42, No. 10
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ACCREDITED
BUSINESS
293 ABOUT THE COVER
294 FROM THE PRESIDENT
296 COMING EVENTS
300 BOWLING FOR RHINOS
301 CALL FOR PAPERS
FEATURED ARTICLE
308-310
Hand-rearing White-crested Laughing Thrushes
(Garruiax ieucoiophus) as a Method of increasing
Captive Popuiation Sustainabiiity
Alex Zelazo-Kessler
TRAINING TALES
312-314
Using an Operant Conditioning Program to Target
Train a Yeliow Stingray (Urobatus jamaicensis)
Danielle Estes
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AMERICAN
ASSOCIATION
of ZOO KEEPERS
MISSION STATEMENT
American Association of Zoo Keepers, inc.
The American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. exists to
advance exceilence in the animal keeping profession,
foster effective communication beneficial to animal care,
support deserving conservation projects, and promote
the preservation of our natural resources and animal life.
About the Cover
This month's cover features a Roseate Spoonbill {Platalea ajaja) from the
Jacksonville Zoo. The photo was taken by Dane Jorgensen of the Birmingham
Zoo who received an Excellence in Photography award at the 2015 AAZK
Conference in St. Louis.
The Roseate Spoonbill, a large wading bird with pink plumage and a distinctive
spatulate bill, is one of the most striking birds found in North America. They
stand 85 cm tall and have a 1.3 m wingspan. Breeding in the United States
is restricted to coastal Texas, southwestern Louisiana, and southern Florida.
Their breeding range extends south from Florida through the Greater Antilles to
Argentina and Chile. They inhabit marshes, swamps, ponds, and rivers within
their range, feeding in both fresh and saltwater wetlands. Highly gregarious.
Roseate Spoonbills breed and travel in flocks.
ANIMAL KEEPERS^ FORUM
TO CONTACT THE AHF EDITOR:
Shane Good, Media Production Editor
P.O. Box 535, Valley City, OH 44280
330-483-1104
shane.good@aazk.org
AAZK Administrative Office
American Association of Zoo Keepers
8476 E. Speedway Blvd.
Suite 204
Tucson, AZ 85710-1728
520-298-9688 (Phone/Eax)
E-mail: Ed.Hansen@aazk.org
Chief Executive/Einancial Officer: Ed Hansen
EDITOR
Shane Good
GRAPHIC DESIGNER
Elizabeth Thibodeaux
ENRICHMENT OPTIONS COLUMN COORDINATORS
Julie Hartell-DeNardo, Saint Louis Zoo
Casey Plummer, Caldwell Zoo
TRAINING TALES COLUMN COORDINATORS
Kim Kezer, Zoo New England
Jay Pratte, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo
Beth Stark-Posta, Toledo Zoo
CONSERVATION STATION COORDINATORS
Amanda ista, Milwaukee County Zoo
Mary Ann Cisneros, Disney's Animal Kingdom
Animal Keepers' Forum is published monthly by AAZK, Inc.
Ten dollars of each membership fee goes toward the annual publication
costs of Animal Keepers’ Forum. Postage paid at Tucson, AZ.
Spoonbills consume a varied diet of small fish, amphibians, aquatic
invertebrates, and some plant material. They feed in the early morning
and evening hours by wading through shallow water with their bills partially
submerged. As a Roseate Spoonbill walks, it swings its head back and forth
in a sideways motion. When the bird feels a prey item it snaps its bill closed,
pulls the prey out of the water, and swallows it.
Articles sent to Animal Keepers’ Forum will be reviewed by the editorial staff for
publication. Articles of a research or technical nature will be submitted to one or more
of the zoo professionals who serve as referees for AKF. No commitment is made to the
author, but an effort will be made to publish articles as soon as possible. Lengthy articles
may be separated into monthly installments at the discretion of the Editor. The Editor
reserves the right to edit material without consultation unless approval is requested in
writing by the author. Materials submitted will not be returned unless accompanied
by a stamped, self-addressed, appropriately-sized envelope. Telephone, fax or e-mail
contributions of late-breaking news or last-minute insertions are accepted as space
allows. Phone (330) 483-1104; FAX (330) 483-1444; e-mail is shane.good@aazk.org. If
you have questions about submission guidelines, please contact the Editor. Submission
guidelines are also found at: aazk.org/akf-submission-guidelines/.
Deadline for each regular issue is the 3rd of the preceding month. Dedicated issues may
have separate deadline dates and will be noted by the Editor.
Articles printed do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the AKF staff or the American
Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc. Publication does not indicate endorsement by the Association.
Items in this publication may be reprinted providing credit to this publication is given
and a copy of the reprinted material is forwarded to the Editor. If an article is shown to
be separately copyrighted by the author(s), then permission must be sought from the
author(s). Reprints of material appearing in this Journal may be ordered from the Editor.
Regular back issues are available for $6.00 each. Special issues may cost more.
MiMBERSHIP SERVICES
Animal Data Transfer Forms available for download at aazk.org. AAZK Publications/
Logo Products/Apparel available at AAZK Administrative Office or at aazk.org.
FSC
MIX
Paper from
responsible sources
ESC* C1 12081
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
PRESIDENT: Penny Jolly, Disney's Animal Kingdom
Lake Buena Vista, EL
Bill Steele, Brookfield Zoo
Chicago, IL
Mary Ann Cisneros, Disney's Animal Kingdom
Lake Buena Vista, FL
Bethany Bingham, Utah's Hogle Zoo
Salt Lake City, UT
Wendy Lenhart, Philadelphia Zoo
Philadelphia, PA
COMMITTEES/COORDINATORS/
PROJECT MANAGERS
BY-LAWS
Vacant
GRANTS COMMITTEE
Chair: Jessica Munson, Milwaukee County Zoo
BEHAVIORAL HUSBANDRY COMMITTEE
Co-Chairs: Megan Wright, Blank Park Zoo
Amanda Ista, Milwaukee County Zoo
BOWLING FOR RHINOS, NATIONAL PROGRAM MANAGER
Patty Pearthree, Cary, NC
ETHICS
Chair: Penny Jolly, Disney's Animal Kingdom
CONSERVATION COMMITTEE
Co-Chairs: Christy Poelker, Saint Louis Zoo,
Janee Zakoren, Denver Zoo
AWARDS
Chair: Janet McCoy, The Oregon Zoo
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Co-Chairs: Melaina Wallace, Disney’s Animal Kingdom
Ellen Gallagher, John Ball Zoo
CONFERENCE PROGRAM MANAGER
Janee Zakoren, Denver Zoo
ICZ COORDINATORS
Norah Earnham, Woodland Park Zoo
Sara Wunder Steward, Busch Gardens Tampa
COMMUNICATION COMMITTEE
Chair: Rachel Rufino, Smithsonian's National Zoo
NATIONAL ZOO KEEPER WEEK, PROGRAM MANAGER
Robin Sutker, Baltimore Zoo
0
October 2015 Vol. 42, No. 10 293
FROM THE PRESIDENT
If you want to be
successful in a particular
field of endeavor, I think
perseverance is one of
the key qualities. It's very
important that you find
something that you care
about, that you have a
deep passion for, because
you're going to have to
devote a lot of your
life to it
- George Lucas
My eight-year term as a member of AAZK’s Board of Directors and my four-year term as your
National President has come to an end. It’s been an amazingjourney, being part of an incredibie
organization that has grown exponentially in its focus on animal care professional development,
conservation, and commitment towards effective communication. In short, our past efforts have
brought us closer to realizing our vision of being the leader in the zoo and aquarium industry,
fostering professional development and personal connections that advance animal care, animal
welfare and conservation.
I will confess, it hasn’t been the easiest of road trips; long hours, lost weekends, and countless
hours of worry and stress over the success or failure of proposed projects. And yet, the pathway
was my own “road not taken,” my own personal refusal to accept status quo as a means of
strategic planning. And, at the end of my term, I walk away knowing that our Association has
made such a positive impact on our membership, profession, and conservation. Presidents
before me have done the same.
As I step away from the role of President, I would like to share with you a number of small but
valuable lessons which I have learned these past eight years.
Challenge your current assumptions
Much of what we know are based on assumptions. Your world will open up to great possibilities
when you challenge your current knowledge base. Too often we hear the phrase “we have always
done it that way.” Challenge that assumption and "seethingsthat never were, and say ‘why not?”’.
Commit to being a iifelong learner
Our profession is not static. In the multi-faceted world of animal care, innovative concepts abound.
Those of you who have attended AAZK National Conferences can attest to this. Being a lifelong
learner is what defines you as a professional. Feed your boundless curiosity, seek solutions,
and strive to expand your knowledge base.
Be Safe
When working with animals, safety is not an option, it’s a requirement. There are no shortcuts
when it comes to safety: too many injuries and deaths have occurred in our profession as a result
of some shortfall with regards to safety.
Be a dreamer
Innovation and change are not Just phenomena which occur spontaneously in nature. They result
from a dream of a better place. In your lifetime, there have been innumerable innovations and
they probably all started with the thoughts: "What if?,” “Wouidn’t it be better if..? “ “If we only
had more... “ The most productive part of dreaming is the conditional word “if” which is always
followed by “then.” Develop a plan, approximate towards completion and shape your vision into
reality, Just as you might shape a behavior with one of your animals.
Dare to break some molds
Life was not meant to be a constant state of status quo. It is a constant state of conflict and
resolution. Many innovations in technology and culture have resulted from mold-breaking. Be
aware that innovation requires change, and change requires that one challenges the status quo
(and assumptions) of an organization or philosophy. Be an effective leader of change. If you
are seeking change, develop a solid plan, communicate effectively to all affected, establish both
buy-in and value to all affected, and exhibit patience.
?94 I ANIMAL KEEPERS’ FORUM
American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc.
Appreciate the complex nature of relationships
It’s ironic that as a college student, I first learned about the complex
nature of relationships during organic chemistry. The strengths of bonds,
groups, and individuals can create amazing structures and complex
organisms. It’s amazing when we watch our animals interact with each
other, their surroundings, and with us. Some remarkable enrichment
concepts have emanated from understanding the relationship between
an animal and its environment.
Foster the wonder
Take time in your day to look around you and soak up the amazing
fact that you work with incredible animals. V\/e also work with some
pretty incredible people, too. However, we sometimes let the rust of
disappointment work its way into the framework of our engagement.
Focusing on the positive enables us to see possibilities and seek
solutions.
Live a great story
We ail have individual pathways in our professions and each pathway
is unique. Remarkably, we are offered choices along the way regarding
doors and pathways. Which door we open (or shut) and which pathway
we choose to explore is our own personal choice and comes with both
rewards and consequences. Consider this, what great story ever had
a protagonist who didn’t experience some drama?
Dare to lead
Maybe this should say “dare to have darts thrown at you” or “dare to be
criticized”. No one said leading was easy and it certainly is not without
criticism. However, if you challenge your current assumptions, engage
in a good dream, dare to break some molds, appreciate the complex
nature of relationships, and foster the wonder, you will be on your way
to being a very effective leader of change.
Every problem has a solution
There is a very simple dichotomy here. You are either part of the problem
or part of the solution. However, do not confuse criticism as belonging
to the problem. Effective criticism identifies problems and offers up
solutions asa resolution to an identified problem. At the risk of sounding
harsh, criticism without solutions is merely complaining. Which goes
further with your institution, criticism with solutions or complaining?
It’s amazing how far the former will get you.
Bob’s Golden Rule- Do unto others as
you would do unto your animals
We go to great lengths to ensure that we provide a high level of quality
of life and welfare for our animals. Our current Animal Welfare Zeitgeist
suggests that we approach animal care utilizing the five freedoms as a
foundation for assessing how we manage animals. Agreed. Wouldn’t
it be nice if we applied those five freedoms when interacting with each
other? 1 am not asking for a kumbaya moment here but I hope that
you will indulge me here when I say that operant conditioning, positive
reinforcement, and enrichment are all concepts that are equally
applicable to staff management. Sometimes, I think we just forget and
focus on the task at hand. As future leaders in our industry, I hope you
can dare to break some molds here.
Honestly, it’s been a great journey. I have learned much during my
eight years and every moment as your Association President has been
an honor. As an Association, you taught me that collective direction is
what coined the phrase “it takes a village to raise a child.” When I look
back at all the things that this Association has accomplished in the last
eight years, I feel an overwhelming sense of pride.
I leave you in the very capable handsof Penny Jolly, who will be replacing
me as President of AAZK. Her tenacity for details will help keep our
programs in line with each individual destination, in addition to Penny’s
leadership, you Vi/ill be supported by Wendy Lenhart, Bethany Bingham,
and two new members of the Board of Directors, Bill Steeie and Mary
Ann Cisneros.
And finally, I leave you with the last stanza of one of my favorite poems
by Robert Frost (The Road Not Taken, 1920)
1 shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
I remain dedicated to the goals and ideals of AAZK and look forward to
continuing to serve the Association at the end of my term.
As always, I extend the invitation to e-mail me at bob.cisneros@aazk.org
I would love to hear from you.
Respectfully,
%
AAZK.ORG
October 2015 | Vol. 42. No. 10 | 2^95
COMING EVENTS
Post upcoming events here!
e-mail shane.good@aazk.org
November 6-8, 2015
Southeast Regional
Gorilla Workshop
Tampa, FL
Flosted by Busch Gardens
Tampa.
For more information contact:
keri.bauer@buschgardens.com
November 7-10, 2015
Zoological Association of
America National Conference
Las Vegas, NV
For more information go to:
zaa.org
November 18-22, 2015
New World Primate TAG
Husbandry Workshop
San Diego, CA
Flosted by San Diego Zoo
For more information go to:
https://www.bpzoo.org/nwptag-
conference-registration/
November 19-22, 2015
5™ TREE KANGAROO SPECIES
SURVIVAL PROGRAM
WORKSHOP
Milwaukee, Wl
Hosted by Milwaukee County
Zoo
For more information contact
Jacque Blessington at:
Jacsprat65@aol.com
March 19-24, 2016
AZA Mid-Year Conference
Omaha, NE
Hosted by Omaha's Henry
Doorly Zoo and Aquarium
For more information go to:
aza.org/midyearmeeting/
April 17-22, 2016
ABMA National Conference
Tampa, FL
Hosted by Lowry Park Zoo and
Busch Gardens Tampa
For more information go to:
theabma.org/abma-annual-
conference/
May 12-17, 2016
Best Practices in Animal
Keeping Course
Buffalo, NY
Hosted by AZA and Buffalo Zoo
For more information go to:
https://www.aza.org/BPAK.aspx
June 12-16, 2016
ZA*** International Conference
on Bear Research &
Management
Anchorage, AK
International Association
for Bear Research and
Management
For more information go to:
www.iba2016.com
June 22-25, 2016
International Herpetological
Symposium
St. Louis, MO
Hosted by Saint Louis Zoo
For more information go to the
International Herpetological
Symposium website.
AMERICAN
ASSOCIATION
of ZOO KEEPERS
September 19-23, 2016
AAZK National Conference
Memphis, TN
Hosted by Memphis Zoo AAZK
Chapter and Memphis Zoo.
More details coming soon!
September 7-11, 2016
AZA National Conference
San Diego, CA
Hosted by San Diego Zoo
Global and SeaWorld San
Diego
For more information go to:
www.aza.org/
annualconference/
296 ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM
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ASSOCIATION
of ZOO KEEPERS
rai
^(ilc3) made up
ested persons
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Membership
Has Its Benefits
Membership with the American Association
of Zoo Keepers inciudes a subscription
to the Animal Keepers’ Forum and free or
discounted admission to many zoos and
aquariums in the U.S. and Canada.
^ To downioad an appiication
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Thank You!
The AAZK Board of Directors and Staff thanks the Topeka Chapter of AAZK for sponsoring this
issue of the Animal Keepers’ Forum. Your support is sincerely appreciated!
October 2015 | Vol. 42, No. 10 | 2'
Congratulations 2015 Bowling For Rhinos Trip Winners!
The Top 2 money raisers each year are offered their choice of a
2-week trip to visit Lewa in Kenya or the Indonesian Parks with IRF.
Each year, AAZK and Lewa reward an outstanding individual
who has gone above and beyond in their extraordinary effort
to organize BFR events. Often times, these behind-the-scenes
efforts go unnoticed. It takes a great deal of effort to hold
#3 & 4 are awarded the 2 remaining trips.
successful BFR events year after year.
#1 Kris Willis from LA AAZK raised $55,000 (a record amount)
Mollie Coym is the “2015 Honorary Bowling For Rhinos winner”.
Mollie and a companion will be hosted by Lewa for one week
#2 Angie Snowie from Toronto AAZK raised $22,507
#3 Ann Knutson from San Diego AAZK raised $22,433
in October 2016. She has been recognized for her years of
#4 Allycia Darstfrom Lincoln Park raised $17,262
dedication and perseverance organizing the Houston Bowling
For Rhinos events.
---------- — - -
Trip winners have won trips with as iittie as $850 (1995) to
as much as $55,000 in 2015. Trip winners have been from
18 DiFFERENT zoos, if we inciude the honorary trip, that
number wouid be 24 DiFFERENT zoos!
Thank you to everyone who participates in Bowling For Rhinos,
aii those who help spread the word of the plight of the rhino
AND to all those who help organize the amazing variety of BFR
events each year! Together we CAN make a difference in the
world! Woohoo!
The 2015 Bowling For Rhinos
Chapter Award goes to Jacksonviile.
They are being recognized for their significant dedication and
perseverance having Bowled EVERY YEAR since 1990 and having
raised over $92,000 for conservation worldwide.
The 2015 Top Ten individuai money raisers were:
1. Kris Willis - Los Angeles wins 2 week
trip to Lewa-AII time record!
$55,000
2. Angie Snowie- Toronto wins 2 week
trip to Lewa
$22,507
3. Ann Knutson-San Diego wins 2 week
trip to Indonesia
$22,433
4. Allycia Darst-Lincoln Park wins 2
week trip to Indonesia
$17,262
5. Renaldo Curtis Woodson -
Oklahoma City
$13,665
6. Joe Hauser - Buffalo
$10,000
7. Hilary Colton - National Capital
$9,765
8. Russel Pharr - Dallas
$9,225
9. Lindsay Ireland - Detroit
$9,000
10. Amber Berndt - Indianapolis
$4,500
Top 10 money raising Chapters since Bowiing
For Rhinos started in 1990 as of end of 2014:
1.
Portland $292,842
2.
Oklahoma City $288,939
3.
Dallas $222,909
4.
San Diego $217,066
5.
Los Angeles $216,708
6.
Detroit $202,622
7.
Utah $197,413
8.
Lincoln Park $153,305
9.
Greater Philadelphia $149,166
10.
North Carolina $145,979
The 2014 Top 3 money raising AAZK Chapters were:
#1. Los Angeles-$50,010 (afl time record!)
#2. Portland-$47,284
#3. Utah~$27,471
300 I ANIMAL KEEPERS’ FORUM
Coming
Soon!
Prosimians
The dedicated issue on Prosimians is
scheduied to appear as a doubie-issue
in November/December of 2015. There
wiii be no November issue, but rather
a doubie-sized issue in December with
everything you need to know about
Prosimians. Consider it our holiday gift
to the Prosimlan-lovers among us!
October 2015 Vol. 42, No. 10 ‘u
i AAZK AWAR DS
CM recognizing excellence in the field of animal care
Lifetime Achievement Award
Oisela Wiggins, North Carolina Zoological Park.
This award is in recognition of her outstanding commitment
to professionalism in her thirty-year distinguished career.
Specifically noted is her participation in the training and
completion of successful voluntary cardiac ultrasounds on
gorillas and chimps and pregnancy ultrasounds on gorillas,
assisting with veterinary camps, teaching interns, helping with
the veterinary residence program and volunteering with various
rehab facilities in North Carolina. She is a founding member of
the NC AAZK Chapter and held officer positions. On the national
level, she served on the Board of Directors, Bylaws Chair and
was Co-Chair of the 2013 National Conference.
Lutz Ruhe Meritorious Achievement - Professionai of the Year Award
Erin Tully, Saint Louis Zoo
This award is in recognition of her outstanding commitment to professionalism during her
distinguished career as a zoo keeper. Specially noted is her professionalism, innovation, active
participation and extensive achievements in animal care and conservation and commitment
to the St. Louis AAZK Chapter. Also noted is her work with the Endangered Wolf Center, Polar
Bears International, keeper chats, the Zoo’s Enrichment Committee and launching the St. Louis
AAZK Travel Grant Program for keepers. Erin embodies the AAZK mission to advance animal
care, promote public awareness, enhance professional development and contribute to local
and global conservation.
302 I ANIMAL KEEPERS’ FORUM
American Association of Zoo Iteepers, Imc
Jean M. Hromadka Excellence in Animal Care Award
The Giraffe Team, Jason Bredahl, Amy Schilz, Andrea Bryant, Diana Cartier, Cheyenne
Mountain Zoo.
This award is based on the Giraffe Team of four keepers for developing an operant conditioning
program to safely provide hoof care and maintenance with non-sedated giraffe. Training
techniques were tailored to each of the reticulated giraffes’ personalities and learning styles. They
created a “Giraffe Training and Enrichment” Facebook page, gave presentations on the giraffe
herd, and hosted the first Giraffe Care Workshop. Also noted was their work in conservation,
volunteer work and field research.
Lee Houts Excellence in Enrichment Award
Yvette Kemp, San Diego Zoo
for organizing and facilitating the Zoo’s Keeper Enrichment Group and developing a Rating and
Categories form. Daily Log, and adding an area Enrichment Section to the Zoo’s Husbandry/
Guidelines form and Enrichment binders. As Veterinary Services Enrichment Coordinator she
works to obtain items for the hospital and enrichment shed, leads monthly enrichment workshops
for special guest groups and spearheads "Keepers Teaching Keepers" to share best husbandry
practices, training and enrichment with Mexican zoological institutions.
Primate House Team, Joe Knobbe, Mylisa Whipple, Peggy Hoppe, Ethan RiepI,
Shannon Farrell, James Kelton, Alicia Marty, Brooke Thoele, Saint Louis Zoo
for conducting enrichment research and evaluation projects to generate data to use, share, and
have as a tool to refine enrichment efforts, keeping a comprehensive enrichment handbook and
developing an enrichment emergency protocol and incident form to help people prepare, respond
and document enrichment incidents. Their enrichment building workshop has facilitated the
design and building of creative items while saving costs.
Ethan RiepI, Saint Louis Zoo
for using innovative techniques and implementation of enrichment to encourage particular
behaviors in animals. Ethan has worked with keepers to create a digital documentation and
evaluation system to visualize if the enrichment is encouraging the goal behavior. As the Primate
House Workshop Coordinator, he has participated and led enrichment workshops for keepers,
docents, volunteers and corporate partners.
Certificate of Merit for Zoo Keeper Education Award
Enrichment & Training Committee, Stacey Tabellario, Chelsea Grubb, Hilary Colton, Kirstin
Schoeninger, JudyTasse, Smithsonian’s National Zoo
for initiating and creating Enrichment 101 and Training 101. Both courses are required for new
Animal Care employees, but are open to all staff. In addition to familiarizing attendees with
current standards in zoos, these courses also include National Zoo’s institutional policies on
the two topics. Eighty-five employees attended the classes in 2014.
Brian Williams and William Freeman, Disney’s Animal Kingdom
for creating and implementing the Animal Care Continuing Education Series for Success
(ACCESS). This monthly professional growth lecture series focuses on skills and knowledge
used in the day-to-day routines of a professional in the zoological field. Each lecture is offered
twice monthly to allow all employees the opportunity to attend.
Brian Williams and William Freeman. DAK
Smithsonian's National Zoo Enrichment Committee
Cheyenne Mountain Zoo Giraffe Team
St. Louis Zoo Primate House Team
:<-■
October 2015 | Vol. 42, No. 10 | 103
AAZK AWARDS continued
Lauren Augustine
Beth Foster
Mike Henley
Daniel Koch
Christy Mazrimas-Ott
Woodland Park Zoo Raptor Ecology Team
Mazuri® Animal Nutrition Award
Lauren Augustine, Smithsonian’s National Zoo
for conducting two scientific studies to improve the nutrition of captive animals.
Nutritional analysis of wild prey options was conducted and compared to captive diets to
determine the most efficient and naturalistic diet for hellbenders in captivity. The effects
of macro and micro nutrients on Spindly Leg Syndrome (SLS) in Golden Mantella frogs are
being investigated.
Certificate of Merit in Conservation Award
Beth Foster, Oregon Zoo
for spearheading and organizing the Portland Chapter of AAZK fundraiser, “Comedy Night
at the Zoo.” In the past two years, this event has raised over $40,000 for African Painted
Dog conservation. Beth also raises money for Painted Dogs through the Chapter by selling
Painted Dog merchandise at various events.
IVlike Henley, Smithsonian’s National Zoo
for his integral role in research for both in-situ and ex-situ conservation of endangered
corals. In particular, Mike is seeking to establish captive populations of threatened Elkhorn
and Staghorn coral of the Caribbean by capturing the corals’ gametes during their annual
mass spawn and rearing the juvenile corals in captivity, in addition, he is helping research
cryopreserving coral gametes and stem cells to establish a genetic cryopreserved bank of
endangered coral.
Daniel Koch, Saint Louis Zoo
for his work in developing and teaching American Burying Beetle husbandry protocol as
a vital part of the WildCare Institute’s Center for American Burying Beetle conservation
project. An insect keeper for almost twelve years at the Zoo’s Monsanto Insectarium, Dan
has been involved with the project since its infancy when the first wild-caught beetles were
brought to the Zoo. Through his help with propagation efforts, there have been over 9,000
beetles produced to date.
Christy Mazrimas-Ott, Brookfield Zoo
for her commitment to connecting sustainability with forest stewardship in an effort to
reduce carbon dioxide through the program “Trees for You and Me.” Planting trees reduces
carbon dioxide which has a direct effect on preserving Arctic sea ice, slowing down rapid
climate change. The program has raised over $80,000 since 2009.
Raptor Ecology Team, Gretchen Albrecht, Ros Bass-Fournier, Susan Burchardt, Joanna
Bojarski, Jeannie Ragland, Regina Smith, Woodland Park Zoo
for joining forces with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) to aid in the
protection of Washington’s native raptor species and their habitats. From nesting surveys,
to helping to capture wild birds for blood draws, to years of documenting raptor interaction
with wind turbines, the team has logged over 265 volunteer hours with the WDFW. In
addition, the Zoo has assisted the WDFW with Bald Eagle rehabilitation.
Certificate of Appreciation
Endangered Wolf Center
2015 AAZK National Conference
Flost Institution.
Endangered Wolf Center
Saint Louis Zoo
2015 AAZK National Conference
Host Institution.
c J
Saint Louis Zoo
Animals Always®
I c: '00 '.eepers, hic
304 ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM
Certificate of Recognition
Bob Cisneros — Big Bear Alpine Zoo, for
serving on the AAZK Board of Directors and
as President for four years.
Kelly Wilson — Detroit Zoological Society, for
serving on the AAZK Board of Directors.
Deana Walz = The Living Planet Aquarium, for
serving on the AAZK Board of Directors.
Julie Felton — Graphic Designer, for her
contribution to the Association for making
the Grants and Awards logos.
Leslie Wiener — Western North Carolina
Nature Center, for her contribution to the
Association for making the Communication
Committee logo.
Christy Conk — Disney’s Animal Kingdom,
for her contribution to the Association for
making the Conservation Committee logo.
Richard Kotarsky — Tulsa Zoo, for serving
eight years as the AKF Co-Coordinator of the
Enrichment Options Column.
Richard Kotarsky -■ Tulsa Zoo, for serving as
the Bylaws Manager.
Julie Hartell-DeNardo — Saint Louis Zoo, for
serving as the Behavioral Husbandry Chair
and Co-Coordinator of the Enrichment Options
Column (not pictured).
Norah Farnham — Woodland Park Zoo, for
serving as the AAZK Representative on ICZ's
Steering Committee. Her ten years of service
includes participation in the planning and
organization of four successful international
conferences; ICZ Gold Coast 2006, ICZ
Seattle 2009, ICZ Singapore 2012, and ICZ
Leipzig 2015. Notably, she was the 2009
Conference Co-Chair for the joint AAZK-ICZ
2009 Conference in Seattle.
ErinTully — Saint Louis Zoo, 2015 National
AAZK Conference Co-Chair.
Bob Cisneros
Kelly Wilson
Leslie Wiener
Norah Farnham
Richard Kotarsky
Erin Tully
Julie Felton
Deana Walz
Christy Poelker
Christy Conk
Christy Poelker — Saint Louis Zoo, 2015
National AAZK Conference Chair.
Barbara Manspeaker
Chapter of the Year Award
Pittsburgh AAZK Chapter
Pittsburgh Zoo
Distinguished Service Award
St. Louis AAZK Chapter
2015 AAZK National Conference
Host Chapter.
Julie Hartell-DeNardo
AA/;;.0RG
October 2015 | Vol. 42, No. 10 | 305
AKF AWARDS
Celebrating excellence in journalism and photography
Susan D. Chan
Author of the Year
Sarah Kirkman
Akron Zoo
Training a Snow Leopard for Voluntary Radiographs as a
Pregnancy Management Toot Using Positive Reinforcement.
Robert M. Mendyk
Smithsonian’s Nationai Zooiogical Park
Is Limited Space the Final Frontier?
Maximizing Surface Area in Reptile
Enclosures
Sara Travis
Palm Beach Zoo
The Tail of Pekwa. Stereotypic behavior
in a brown-nosed coati {Nasua nasua)
Elena Hoeliein Less, PhD, Michael Selig,
DVM, Pam Dennis, DVM, Julie Good,
Rose Sharp, Terri Rhyner, Joan Cramer,
Tad Schoffner
Cleveland Metroparks Zoo
Identification and Treatment of a
Cardiac Arrhythmia in a Western
Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
\
i
I
ipe ANIMAL KEEPERS’ FORUM
American Association of Zoo Keepers, Inc.
Photographer of the Year
Jennifer Fair Greenville Zoo, “Ocelot”
COVER PHOTOGRAPHY
AWARDS
Excellence in Photography
Dane Jorgensen Birmingham Zoo, “Sun Bear”
C Animal KeepersVForum
Erin Tully and Carrie Felsher
Saint Louis Zoo
A Progressively Challenging
Enrichment Project for a Sloth Bear
at the St. Louis Zoo
Susie Ellis, PhD
International Rhino Foundation
How BFR is Saving Indonesian Rhinos
AmySarno
Denver Downtown Aquarium
Training Urination on Cue in Sumatran
Tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae)
Hand-rearing White-crested Laughing
Thrushes (Garrulax leucolophus)
as a Method of Increasing Captive Population Sustainability
Alex Zelazo-Kessler, Lead Bird Keeper, Virginia Zoo, Norfolk, VA, USA
A recent survey of 110 avian AZA Breeding and Transfer Plans found
that 43 populations averaged an overall decline in population in the
last five years (Faust et al., 2011). In Robert Webster’s 2012 report of
the 100 most numerous passerines in North American institutions, 44
populations number less than 50 individuals (Webster, 2012). In EAZA
facilities, only 20% of population increases are a result of institutional
breeding, indicating that 80% of European populations are increasing
in number because of importation from the private sector.
The solution of importing birds from the wild is no longer a viable option
due to cost, availability of quarantine space, lack of in-country contacts,
and a lack of permitting knowledge. Many countries are limiting imports
and exports of wild-caught birds due to the risk of disease transmission.
We must look at all available rearing options and doaway with the belief
that only parent-reared birds will beget future breeding success. Proper
hand-rearing of birds with clutch mates is an easy, though somewhat
time-consuming, way to increase passerine populations. Published data
is limited but there are several species currently being hand-reared in
captive settings, such as Asian Fairy-blue Birds (Bockheim, 2013) and
Red-crested Turacos (Peat, 2007), that go on to be successful breeders.
There are also reports that some hand-reared bird species, such as the
white-crested laughing thrush, will at least partially rear offspring. Pairing
these birds with parent-reared birds has resulted in fully parent-reared
offspring (Balance, 2014).
308 I ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM
White-crested laughing thrushes are very active, gregarious birds found
in Southeast Asia. They measure 30 cm tall and typically weigh 120g.
As the name suggests, they make frequent vocalizations that resemble
raucous laughter. Atypical diet in the wild consists of fruit, seeds, and
insects from the forest canopy as well as the ground. White-crested
laughing thrushes are extremely territorial and live in extended family
groups. Both the male and female share incubation and rearing duties.
Some instances of cooperative breeding have been observed (Round,
2006).
In the spring of 2012, the Virginia Zoo’s pair of White-crested Laughing
Thrushes successfully incubated a clutch of four chicks on exhibit. The
exhibit is approximately 10 feet wide, 15 feet tall, and 20 feet long. Zoo
Mesh (Aviary Mesh) is used on the four sides of the aviary. The top of the
back section is covered with green shade cloth. The wooden roof has
mesh skylights on one side. A flexible PVC hose with three mister heads
runs through the exhibit. The exhibit is moderately planted with small
trees and bushes. In addition to 1.1 white-crested laughing thrushes,
the exhibit is also home to 1.1 Victoria crowned pigeons and 1.1 pied
imperial pigeons (the pied pigeons were removed in 2013 after it was
determined that the thrushes were interfering with their incubation).
The laughing thrushes are on exhibit year-round while exhibit mates are
on exhibit from May-October. The diet of the adult birds, Vi cup softbill
mix (70% Mazuri® Lo-lron Softbill Pellet, 30% produce) and eight bugs,
car: .Tssoci.
remains the same throughout the year unless chicks are present. The
thrush pair used leaves and coco fiber to build a nest cup inside a woven
basket that was placed in a bush in the middle of the exhibit. The nest
was approximately one meter above the ground. This nest was also
used in 2013. Nests in the wild are typically wide, shallow cups made
of bamboo leaves.
These chicks were found to be missing from the nestthe day after hatch.
Nest predation by pest species was thought to be responsible. In spring
of 2013, the pair again incubated and hatched a clutch of four. These
chicks were pulled for hand-rearing. The following details the protocol
used at the Virginia Zoo in Norfolk, VA, USA to hand-rear the four chicks.
Hand-rearing Protocol for White-crested Laughing Thrushes
at the Virginia Zoo, Norfolk, VA, USA
At Hatch
The clutch of four was incubated by the parents on exhibit in an artificial
wicker basket they lined with leaves and coconut fiber. The chicks were
moved to an Avey cooler brooder after the last chick had externally
pipped. Each chick was placed in its own small cup lined with tissue
paper and small pieces of coconut fiber. The initial brooder temperature
was 94° F and relative humidity was 78%. Pedialyte® was offered via
syringe two hours after hatch and every two hours thereafter until
feedings began at approximately five hours after hatch. Weight at hatch
ranged from 6.5 to 1.1 g.
Hand-feeding
Initial feedings consisted of pieces of pinkie mice with the head and
appendages removed, finely diced papaya, and pieces of Mazuri Lo-iron
Softbill pellet soaked in Pedialyte® (see Table 1 for complete diet history).
Each food item was initially offered in equal proportion at each whole
feeding. The diet was changed over time so that at fledge the chicks
could be transitioned to a typical non-breeding adult diet after fledging.
Chicks received one (1) drop (.005ml) of diluted Vitamin B complex
(see Products Mentioned) and a small amount of calcium powder on
a piece of pellet once a day. Food items were warmed by being placed
in a bowl that was floated in a mug of warm water until just warm to
the touch. Food was offered via forceps. Feeding between 7 and 10%
of body weight resulted in a proper growth weight and satiated chicks.
The birds produced intact fecal sacs at almost every feeding. There was
no need to stimulate the birds to defecate.
Developmental Notes
At day 3, some of the chicks were trying to stand up at feedings. The first
sign of feather growth on the head, back, and abdomen was observed
on day 4; small twigs were added to the bottom of each nest cup to
prevent splayed legs (Mace, 1991). At day 9, the chicks became more
mobile and tried to leave their nest cups; the birds were placed together
in a large bowl lined with coconut fiber and twigs. Leg bands were used
to ensure identification. On day 10, the chicks were completely covered
with feathers. On day 12, the birds and their nest bowl were moved to
a fledge cage 3ft long by 2ft wide by 2ft high. A heat lamp was used to
create a heat gradient ranging from 77°F to room temperature (72 °F).
Temperature in the cooler brooder had been decreased after day three
at a rate of approximately 1.5 degrees F per day until the birds were
moved to a fledge cage (Owens and Edmans, 2007). By day 13, all of
the birds fledged. A food bowl and a shallow water bowl with paper
towels in it to prevent drowning was left in the fledge cage with the birds
at day 14. Food was now presented by using tweezers to move food
items around in a bowl in front of the chicks. On day 16, chick ‘A’ was
Pictorial Progression of the Development of Four White-crested Laughing
Thrushes (Garrulax leucolophus) at the Virginia Zoo, Norfolk, VA, USA;
Pictures Taken (top to bottom) at Hatch, Day 1, Day 5, and Day 9.
A“^ t.ORii
observed playing with food items, though not consuming them. By day
19, it was clear that at least one of the chicks had begun self-feeding as
food items left in the bowl were disappearing between feedings. Vitamin
supplements and the heating of food Items were discontinued on day
21. By day 22, all of the chicks showed little interest in food presented
at feedings though their weights continued to increase. Day 24 was the
last day of hand feeding for all the chicks.
The adult thrushes were allowed to rear their next clutch of eggs on
exhibit. Three eggs were incubated and hatched. All three chicks
survived to fledge. At that time, one chick died of a fungal infection.
Shortly after, one of the other chicks exhibited signs of lethargy and was
taken off exhibit and the weaning process was completed by keeper
staff in an off-exhibit holding area. The last chick was able to remain
with his parents until the weaning process was complete.
There is no discernible behavioral difference between the hand-reared
and parent-reared birds. Hand-rearing the first clutch of offspring
enabled us to significantly increase our population. Movingforward with
this and other passerine species, the zoo community should track the
future reproductive success of hand-reared birds in order to determine
which populations can benefit from hand-rearing.
Table 1. Diet, Average Amounts Fed, Number of Feedings, and Average
Weights of Four Hand-reared White-crested Laughing Thrushes (Garrulax
leucolophus) at the Virginia Zoo, Norfolk, VA, USA.
Bay
Diet (items shown in % of diet)
Average Amount
Eaten Per Feed-
ing (g)
Average
Amount Eaten
Per Day (g)
# Feeds
Per Day
Average
Weight
(g)
0
33 pinkie mouse
33 papaya
33 pellet (soaked in Pedialyte®)
6.8
1
5.5
5.5
11
8.3
2
1.21
10.9
9
11.5
3
1.26
11.37
9
15.65
4
33 pinkie mouse
33 papaya
33 pellet (soaked in bottled water)
1.49
10.43
7
22
5
2.05
14.32
7
24.78
6
2.27
15.89
7
29.98
7
3.3
19.79
6
34.08
8
30 pinkie mouse, 33 fruit,
33 pellet (soaked in bottled
water), 3 cricket abdomens
4.07
24.4
6
41.93
9
30 pinkie or fuzzy mouse (with
head and appendages), 33 fruit,
33 pellet (soaked in bottied
water), 3 cricket abdomens
4.68
28.08
6
46.15
10
28 pinkie or fuzzy mouse
33 fruit
33 pellet (soaked in bottled water)
3 bugs (meal worms and cricket
abdomens)
4.27
25.6
6
50.1
11
3.7
14.83
4
53.9
12
3.95
19.73
5
49.08
13
3.53
17.65
5
49.95
14
23 pinkie or fuzzy mouse
20 fruit and veg
47 pellet (soaked in bottled water)
10 bugs (meal worms)
4.53
22.63
5
49.92
15
4.73
18.93
4
52.13
16
3.93
15.7
4
53.88
17
5.38
21.5
4
55.13 1
18
5.13
20.53
4
57.95
19
5.28
21.13
4
59.05
20
5.56
22.25
4
61.03
21
20 pinkie or fuzzy mouse
25 fruit and veg
50 pellet (soaked in bottled water)
10 bugs (meal worms and super
worms)
5.86
17.63
3
61.73
22
5.26
15.77
3
63.25
23
4.76
4.76
1
67.03
24
1
68.15
25
0
73.57 i
References
Balance, J. 2014. Personal Conversation.
Bockheim, G. 2013. Personal Conversation.
Coles, D. 2007. Management of Laughing Thrushes in Captivity.
Avian Rearing Resource. Web. 15 October 2013.
Faust, L., Theis, M., Long, S., and S. Shell. 2011. PMC Track: a
website for monitoring breeding and transfer recommendations for
zoo programs. PMC Track. Web. 10 September 2013.
Mace, M. 1991. Breeding and hand-rearing Tickell’s Laughing Thrush
at San Diego Wild Animal Park. International Zoo Yearbook 30:187-
191.
Owen, A. and I. Edmans. 2006. Blue-crowned Laughing thrush
Dryonastes courtoisi Artificial Incubation and Hand Rearing Protocol
at Waddesdon Manor, Buckinghamshire, UK. Avian Rearing
Resource. Web. 5 June 2013.
Peat, L. 2007. Husbandry Guidelines Red-crested Turaco Tauraco
erythrolophus. Avian Rearing Resource. Web. 15 October, 2013.
Round, P.D. 2006. Cooperative Provisioning of Nestlings in the
White-Crested Laughing thrush (Garrulax leucolophus). Forktail 22:
138-139.
Walter, 0., Ellis, J., and L. Lackey. 2009. Will the EU Ban on Bird
Imports Mean the Demise of Bird Populations in EAZA Collections?
International Zoo Yearbook 43:19-28.
Webster, R. 2012. Most Numerous Passerines in North American ISIS
Institutions December 31, 2012 and a Comparison of Populations
From One and Five Years Past.
Products Mentioned
Avey Cooler Brooder: http://www.precisionincubators.com/
brooders-for-parrot/the-original-cooler-brooder/
Pedialyte®: Unflavored, http://pedialyte.com/products/liters
Vitamin B complex HP (high potency). A 1:9 dilution.
Each 1 ml (undiluted) contains:
Thiamine Hydrochloride (Bl)
100 mg
Riboflavin 5’Phosphate Sodium (B2)
5 mg
Niacinamide
100 mg
Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (B6)
10 mg
d-Panthenol
10 mg
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
100 meg
with Citric acid and benzyl alcohol
1.5% v/v (preservative)
Zoo Mesh, Aviary Mesh http://www.zoomesh.net
310 ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM
Y
Wa-'
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TRAINING TALES
EDITORS: Jay Pratte, Henry Doorly Zoo • Kim Kezer, Zoo New England • Beth Stark-Posta, Toledo Zoo
Using an Operant Conditioning Program to Target
Train a Yellow Stingray (Urobatus jamaicensis)
Danielle Estes •Cameron Park Zoo, Waco, TX
Information
Yellow stingrays {Urobatus jamaicensis) live in most areas of the Gulf of
Mexico and have a high concentration in the Florida Keys and all along
the Florida coast. They have a lifespan of 15 to 25 years. Small and
docile, the yellow stingray adapts readily to captivity and has reproduced
in the aquarium; it requires a large amount of space (at least 180 gal or
684 L) and a fine, deep substrate with minimal ornamentation (Michael,
2001). They can be found up to 80 feet deep in the wild. In order to
attract potential prey, the yellow stingray lifts the front of its disc and
remains motionless, forming a “pseudo-cave.” Prey animals that seek
shelter in this space may be eaten (Mulvany, 2009).
Knowing about an animal’s natural history, sensory biology, and
behavior of species is important before proceeding to train them. We
chose a visual target for our Yellow Stingray, “Avalon”. Studies show
that elasmobranchs have good vision and smell, although whether
they can see color is unknown (Gruber and Cohen, 1978). Our target
was a circle shape with a bold red “X” on it to account for both color
and shape. Avalon was very skittish to loud noises, which told us not to
use an auditory target (i.e.- tapping) like we do with animals that don’t
have good sight.
Behavior modification is the process by which a subject’s responses to
a stimulus are altered or changed by successively reinforcing certain
aspects of a targeted behavior (Scardina-Ludwig and Messinger,
2001). Operant conditioning is a form of behavior modification in which
behaviors are altered primarily by regulating the consequences that
follow them. So our goal was to have her response to the target stimulus
be to move towards it, and when she accomplished this goal she was
rewarded. Many benefits can be achieved through the implementation
of animal training programs, including: (1) enrichment, or the physical
and mental stimulation of trained animals; (2) better control and
monitoring of animals during feeding sessions, particuiarly when many
animals are involved; (3) reduced stress to animals while handling
during transports, veterinary examinations, and in-house research; (4)
the implementation of advanced husbandry techniques; (5) enhanced
educational presentations; and (6) the development of a positive
association between animals and caretakers, facilitating acclimatization
to new environments (Baker, 1991).
Method
Avalon was kept in a 220 gallon tank at a salinity of 30 ppt with carefully
monitored water quality. This training was conducted in the salt water
quarantine area of the Cameron Park Zoo, Waco, TX. The training began
4/16/2014 and ended 6/24/2014.
By using the recognized training method of S.P.I.D.E.R. (Set Goals, Plan,
Implement, Document Results, Evaluate, Re-adJust Program) we began
our target training. Our goal was to Increase the behavior of eating
food from the target using shaping. The plan was to use successive
approximations by starting slowly, and then make eating off the target
;:i2 1 ANIMAL KtnPERS' FORUM
increasingly different and difficult. Our first step was to leave the target
in the water with her for a few days. This way she would be habituated
to the presence of the target and would not see it as a threat. Then
we began to counter-condition (desensitize) her by putting food on the
target and nowhere else in her tank. Each time food, usually capelin
or mackerel, was put in her tank on the target we would time her on
how long it took her to get to the target to eat her food. Whenever she
came to the target she was rewarded with food. No bridging stimulus
was necessary because she would be instantly rewarded on the target
when she came to it. We left the target in the same spot in her tank
while feeding her on it for about a week each time or until her times
improved, and then we would move it to a new stationary location. The
target was never removed from her tank for these trials, only moved to
new locations within the tank. Once it was taking her about 30 seconds
to get to the stationary target we began only putting the target in the tank
when it was feeding time and removing it when it wasn’t. This helped to
affirm that this target means “it’s feeding time”. In this phase we would
put the target in with food on it in the same spot every day for about a
week or until her times improved. Then we would take it out and put it
right back in the same spot with more food on it.
The next step after her times began improving with this spot was to move
that target to a new spot for another week, only putting the target in
when there was food on it. We used a total of three different spots until
we moved on to the final step. In the last phase we would put the target
In with food on it in random spots around the tank each time. We tried
not to use the same spot twice. That way she knows the location of the
target isn’t important; it’s that target itself that holds the importance.
An ANOVA (test for significant differences between means) was run on
the feeding times in each trial to test for a significant difference in the
times. The slopes for each trial’s feeding times were also graphed to
produce a learning curve.
Data
On average there were a total of six separate trials per day. The trial
categories are as follows: Target Stationary Location 1, Target Stationary
Location 2, Target Field by Fiand Location 1, Target Field by Fland Location
2, Target Field by Fland Location 3, and Target Field by Fland in Random
Locations. The stingray’s overall learning curve is shown by the slope
in Graph 1. The individual trials have negative slopes indicating a
learning curve at the rate of the slope. These slopes for the individual
categories are listed in Table 1. This shows her speed of learning each
of the individual phases. The average times of the phases were graphed
(Graph 1) to show which phases she was able to complete the quickest
and the slowest.
Discussion
Avalon’s learning curve is not steep or quick in the first phases but it
Phase Number
Graph 1: Average times in each phase. Phases labeled by number in graph.
Target Stationary Location 1(1), Target Stationary Location 2(2), Target Held by
Hand Location 1(3), Target Held by Hand Location 2(4), Target Held by Hand
Location 3(5), and Target Held by Hand in Random Locations(6)
Slope of learning curve for overall training:
Phase
Slope of Learning Curve
1
Target Stationary Location 1
19.185
2
Target Stationary Location 2
-2.17
3
Target Held by Hand Location 1
-18.88
4
Target Held by Hand Location 2
-10.49
5
Target Held by Hand Location 3
-1.54
6
Target Held by Hand in Random Locations
-0.205
Table 1: List of learning curves for individual phases. Taken from slope
equations of times graphed in each phase.
October 2015 | Vol. 42, No. 10 | 3i3
The target was a circle shape with a bold red “X” on it to
account for both color and shape.
begins to get steeper in the middle phases. Then as she learned the
behavior it leveled off in the end phases. Sometimes it would take her
Immense amounts of time, up to 20 minutes to discover, or be brave
enough to take food from the target. Her times always continued to get
quicker, even near the end of the training, Rays and skates may learn
faster than most bony fishes, at a rate comparable to white rats and
pigeons (Alston et al., 1987). Our training was effective and the results
were clear to see while we gathered the data. While evaluating her results
we concluded that our methods were working and needed very little re-
adjustment. One adjustment that was made was to make sure lots of
different people were holding the pole attached to the target because,
at first, she would react differently to different people. This is most likely
due to a ray’s ability to detect bio-electrical fields emanating from living
organisms with voltage gradients as low as 0.01 Vcm-1 (Kalmijn,1981).
It was important to our facility to implement an elasmobranch training
and husbandry program so that we could reduce stress in stingray during
handling, improve basic husbandry, enable more advanced husbandry
techniques, and enhance public presentations. As of now, formal
elasmobranch trainingand husbandry is rare in public aquariums. Since
this training, we have implemented Avalon’s target trainingto encourage
her to enter a feeding box to receive food. She will eventually be in a
large 30,000 gallon exhibit with many other species offish. We needed
to design a way for her to eat without the other fish stealing her food,
and the feeding box seemed like the best option.
References
Alston, A., Close, I., Pepperell, J., Gilbert, P., Pullan, R., Ruhen, 0., Taylor, V.,
Taylor, R., Goadby, P., Turner, S., Johnson, S., Kemp, N., and N. Otway. 1987.
Sharks, Silent Hunters of the Deep. Reader’s Digest Services, Sydney,
Australia. 207 p.
Gruber, S.R. and J.L Cohen. 1978. Visual system of the elasmobranchs - State
of the art: 1960-1975. In: Sensory Biology of Sharks, Skates, and Rays, p.
11-106. E.S. Hodgson and R.F. Mathewson (eds.). Office of Naval Research,
Department of the Navy, Arlington, Virginia, USA
Kalmijn, A.J. 1981. Biophysics of geomagnetic field detection. International
Society of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Transactions of Magnetics
17:1113-1124
McComb, D.M. and S.M. Kajiura. 2008. Visual fields of four batoid fishes: a
comparative study. Journal of Experimental Biology 211(4):482-490.
Michael, S.W. 2001. Aquarium Sharks & Rays. T.F.H. Publications, pp. 151-
152, 235. ISBN 1-890087-57-2.
Mulvany, S.L. and P.J. Motta. 2009. Feeding kinematics of the Atlantic stingray
{Dasyatis sabina) and yellow stingray (Urobatis jamalcensis). Integrative
and Comparative Biology 49:E279
Scardina-Ludwig, J. and C. Messinger. 2001. Training and Behavioral Terms
Glossary. International Marine Trainers Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
21 p.
BHC comments by Jay Pratte:
It’s tremendously exciting to see a Tale come In about a species
that is not often known for being trained. There are a few facilities
(the aquarium at our zoo included) that do some targeting and
station work with elasmobranchs, but having the data to pair with
the description is a terrific boon! The author has documented how
quickly the animal learned, and very obviously considered several
of the variables that could impact/skew the training and results.
The best take away message in theTale that applies to ALL species
is about variation oftimeand location of training. If you always train
an animal at the same time, in the same location, then when you
want or need to use the training outside of those parameters the
animal is often confused or frustrated. It is easy for us to think that
the animal lies down on cue, but unless the cue is tested in differing
circumstances, the animal could actually be learning superstitious
ideas about the behavior that we do not catch until it’s too late.
We may *think* the animal is trained to lie down on cue, when in
fact the animal has learned to anticipate when we shift them into
a specific holding area and then just complies. By offering the cue
and ensuring the correct response is given whenever, wherever,
then we know we have true stimulus control!
This is great work, and like the author describes, now this station
behavior can evolve into the animal "crating” itself into her box,
where she could be moved, observed or treated by vets, weighed,
etc. Stingrays will learn to tolerate many things when taught
with patience and a consistent reward system. We train ours for
stationing, exhibit transfers, tactile desensitization, and have even
performed ultrasounds on two species of ray. This Tale embodies
the spirit that "anything can be trained”, and gives us the science
to back it up! Thank you, and amazing stuff.
We want to hear your Training Tales -
the good, the bad and the fabulous!
Please submit your “Training Tales” and experiences in operant
conditioning to share with Animal Keepers' Forum readers. This
opportunity provides a convenient outlet for you to exhibit your
training challenges, methods and milestones with the AAZK member
network. Please submit entries based on the following guidelines:
► Submit a brief description of a training project at your facility.
These can be 500 words or less, in text or bullet points - it
can be longer (up to 1000 words); however, short and simple
descriptions with a few images are just as perfect. Details
should include the following:
1. Define the training goal (what did you try to do and for
what purpose?)
2. List important steps (How did you do it - include plans that
changed along the way/what worked & what didn’t work)
3. Timeline used (how long did it take)
4. Tips you learned along the way
► Include 3-5 digital photos that clearly depict the animal in the
learning process or performing the desired goal (provide photo
caption and photographer of each image). Photos need to be
300 dpi and at least 1200 x 1800 pixels.
Please send entries or questions to:
Kim Kezer at kkezer@zoonewengiand.com or
Shane Good at shane.good@aazk.org
(use Training Tales Submission as the subject)
314 ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM
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Chapter 10 - The Wonderful Cassowaries
from The Honolulu Zoo by Paul Breese & lean DeMercer-Breese
My Fascination with These Birds Began Early
"Hurry! Hurry! Hurry! Right this way!" the carnival barker shouted. "See the Mermaid from Fiji! Watch Princess Fatima
charm her Giant Serpents! See Texas Tommy, the World’s Biggest Turkey! They’re all alive! Only one thin dime! Step right
up, folks!”
It was 1936 and I was thirteen years old. My Boy Scout troop from our village of Alta Loma was at the midway of the Los
Angeles County Fair in the city of Pomona. All of us scouts went into the sideshow.
Seeing my first cassowary that day began my lifelong fascination with these magnificent birds. I can still visualize the
canvas sign on the midway that showed the brilliant colors of the bizarre creature that was billed as "Texas Tommy, the
World's Biggest Turkey." That live sideshow cassowary proved to be even more remarkable than the gaudy one painted on
the carnival banner.
San Diego Zoo’s Cassowaries
I next encountered cassowaries while attending college and working at the San Diego Zoo as a sightseeing bus driver-guide.
I told iny bus passengers about these large, flightless birds over the loudspeaker. I recall that my script said that cassowaries
were native to New Guinea, and were the world’s second heaviest birds, with only ostriches weighing more.
Cassowaries at Waikiki
A few years later, I remember seeing cassowaries at the Waikiki Bird Park during World War II. When my navy ship
was in Hawaii, my former co-worker at the San Diego Zoo, Charles Shaw, then a Marine stationed at Pearl Harbor, and I
arranged to take a day off to explore nature in Hawaii. We visited the Waikiki Bird Park for the first time and observed several
exceptionally large cassowaries.
Seeking Cassowaries in New Guinea
My navy ship stopped at several locations in New Guinea during the war. Although I took many hikes ashore on my off duty
time, I only found a few cassowary footprints in muddy areas and admired their feathers worn as ornaments by the natives.
Revisiting New Guinea in 1960 for Zoo Birds
While in New Guinea at the Wildlife Sanctuary in 1960 to obtain birds of paradise, I observed captive cassowaries and
sought wild ones. The sanctuary ornithologist Fred Shaw-Mayer told me a few lived in the vicinity, but were very wary.
Unfortunately, seeing them in nature eluded me again.
The Complexities of Raising Cassowaries
When 1 began as director of the Honolulu Zoo in 1947, there were still four cassowaries remaining from the Waikiki Bird
Park era, all kept separately. These were the same birds that Chuck Shaw and I had seen there three years earlier. [The Waikiki
Bird Park soon became part of the Honolulu Zoo.)
As my interest in cassowaries increased, I learned that no zoo anywhere had raised these giant birds. They were almost
always kept apart since they were usually viciously hostile toward each other, which made breeding them exceedingly
challenging. Propagating these impressive birds became one of my goals.
Getting Our Cassowaries Together
In 1951, we had recently built new pens to exhibit all of the world’s four
types of large, flightless birds: ostriches, emus, rheas, and cassowaries. Veteran
Supervising Keeper Tom Steward and I were talking near these pens. "Well, Tom,
I know it’s risky but we need to put the cassowaries in with each other if we’re
going to raise them." Tom cautioned, "Paul, these big brutes are nasty! We never
go in with them and always treat them the same as lions or leopards.’’ He told
me of a time when two of them accidentally got together and kicked and sliced
each other with their knifelike toenails. "They fought like big fighting chickens,"
he said. "But since you want to put them together, I’ll make some special sticks to
protect us.” We knew the largest bird was a female because she had laid eggs in
the past, and we suspected that the one in the next pen was likely a male because
it hadn’t laid during its many years at the park. "Let’s plan on putting them in the
same pen and hope they mate before they hurt each other. So, Tom, what do you
think is the best way for us to get them together?" I asked.
316 I ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM
“1 believe we should leave the female where she is and
move the other one in with her” said Tom. "All right. Let's
plan on doing that as soon as she lays her first egg this year"
1 replied.
First Egg of the Year
In early spring, the female laid her first egg of the season.
Since she had started to lay, it was now time to put them
together to give them a chance to mate so the female’s next
eggs might be fertile.
The Challenge of Kicking Cassowaries
The next morning Tom and !, along with two strong animal
keepers, met at the birds’ pens. Keeper Norimasa "Masa"
Takushi held a hose so he could divert the birds with a hard
stream ofwater if they fought. Keeper Fred Jesus and 1 waited
just outside the female’s pen. Each of us held a T-stick, a six
foot long wooden pole that Tom had made with a cross stick on
the end. These poles were designed for us to use in separating
the cassowaries when they fought and for our protection to
fend off the birds if they rushed us...
To read more from this chapter and
order this book, see the ad beiow.
"The authors, Honolulu Zoo
Director Emeritus Paul Breese and his
wife Jean, have an incredible richness
of experiences. I have read many
books on zoos, none more absorbing
than this keepsake book - a most
significant story told with depth and
feeling, and oh, so readable!"
Gary Clarke, Topeka Zoo
Director Emeritus & President
of Cowabunga Safaris
To order this book, go to
www.honoluluzoobooks.com
$34.95
f r- - — T-
October 2015 | Vol. 42, No. 10
"I would say the Shroom Room was a big hit for both the ringtail and
mongoose. As a keeper I appreciate there being a standard size for the door
hole but also having the ability to order it with different dimensions if need be
remarks Sara Morgan a Marine Life Keeper at the Oregon Zoo.
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