The Annals, book IV;

erue e E.
MEE X EE

6147

; uii

Pitt. Press Series

IBEIBANNALS-OEB TAXAGELUS

BOOK IV

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
C. F. CLAY, MANAGER
31onjon: FETTER LANE, E.C.
$cminburgf: 100 PRINCES STREET

aae

FEY BE
fik

fije Dorhk: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
i$ombago anb (ralcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., Lrp.
Cotronto: J. M. DENT AND SONS, Lrr.
Cokpo: THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA

All rights reserved

E
Tus HE ANNALS OF

TACITUS
BOOK IV

Edited with Introduction and Notes

BY

GSMTTEDWARDS; MEA:

Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

VAS
Cambridge : MU
at the University Press

UD ES

(rambrtige :
PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

PREFACE

HE Fourth Beok of the Annals is an excellent
introduction to Silver Age Latin and to the
history of the early Principate; and altogether it
is a most stimulating subject, as I found from
reading it with Dr Butler in the Sixth Form at
Harrow in 1874. Little did I then think that
more than 'forty years on' I should receive from
the Syndies of the Press a request to edit this
book in their Series — There are many books of
various kinds to help the editor of Tacitus in his
work. 1 am especialy indebted to Nipperdey,

Halm, Furneaux, Boissier, and. Ramsay.

G. M. E.

CAMBRIDGE,
March, 1918.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

I. Life and writings of Tacitus
II. "Tacitus as a literary artist
III. *Tiberius the Tyrant'

IV. Germanicus and his family

V. Significance of the title Princeps

VI. The Senate under the early empire.

VII. The Provinces under Tiberius .
VIII. Maiestas

'TTExT

NOTES

APPENDIX ON VaRIOUS READINGS .

INDEX:

I. Proper names
IL Latin words

III. Grammar

PAGES

vi-x
Xx—-xiv
xv-xvi
xvili-xix
X1X-90]
xxi-xxlii
Xxili-xXv
XXV-XXvii

1-54
55-136
137-144

145-146
146-150
150-152

INTRODUCTION
L LIFE AND WRITINGS OF TACITUS

Cornelius Tacitus perhaps belonged to an equestrian
family of Interamna in Umbria. He was born about
54 A.p. His praenomen is uncertain; possibly it was
Publius. According to the elder Pliny, either his father or
uncle administered the revenues of Belgic Gaul.

The 2zalogus de oratoribus, generally ascribed to Tacitus,
was probably written in the early years of the reign of
Domitian, ie. 81 A4.p. or later! . The dramatie date is
74—15 A.D. ie. when Tacitus was about twenty, admodwum
iwuenis, as he describes himself. "The treatise is a. criticism
of the rhetorical curriculum of his boyhood, —an explanation
of the decline of oratory under the Empire. The interlo-
cutors are Julius Secundus and other celebrated rhetoricians.
Mareus Aper champions the school of Seneca. According to
Boissier?, Messalla, the man of action and student combined,
represents Tacitus himself.

In 78 a.p. Tacitus married the daughter of Julius Agricola,
already a prominent man at Rome, and consul in the previous
year. Agricola left Rome to be propraetor of Britain, as
successor to Frontinus. "Tacitus wrote his life (or historical
eulogy) probably in 98 A.D.

Tacitus sums up his public life in these words :—* I should
acknowledge that my political career was inaugurated by

1 See Cambridge Companion to Roman Studies, 8 1002.
? Tacitus and other Roman Studies, p. 5.

vii TACITUS, ANNALS IV

Vespasian, advanced by "litus, and carried still further by
Domitian? (st. i1). "This means that he was a candidatus
Caesaris in his magistracies!. He began his career as military
tribune under Vespasian. Under Titus he was quaestor.
Under Domitian he would have become either tribune or
aedile; for under the Empire the tribunate of the plebs
might be held as a substitute for the aedileship in the
career of Aonores. In 88 he became praetor. He was now
about 33. For a aowus homo, he had come to the front
rapidly. As a protégé of three Emperors, he was by necessity
à partisan of the imperial régime.

Till the year 88 A.D. we may suppose that Tacitus lived in
Rome, (1) engaged in his practice at the bar ; for the younger
Pliny speaks of his eminence there, and (ii) perhaps already
gathering materials for his historical works. From 89 A.D.,
ie. immediately after his praetorship, till 93 he probably
held a provincial command as legatus pro praetore. We may
conjecture that it was now that Tacitus gained the knowledge
necessary for the writing of his German?ia. 'lheonly imperial
province governed by an ex-praetor in the vicinity of Germany
was Belgie Gaul. Almostcertainly it was there that he spent
the four years of his absence from the City. During the last
three years of Domitian he was in Rome. The accession of
Nerva in 96 was a wonderful relief toall good men : he joined
together two elements previously hard to unite, principatus
and /ibertas.

In 97 Tacitus was consul suffectus (after the death of
Verginius Rufus) and colleague in the consulship with
Nerva himself. It was about this time that 'l'acitus wrote
the life of his father-in-law Agricola. In the same year (98)
he published the Germanie, in which he contrasts the native
simplicity of the Germans with the vices of imperial civili-

1 Doissier, p. 26.

INTRODUCTION Ix

sation. For literary history it is important to notice that
in his preparation for this book he was training himself as à
historian. !

In 100 A.p. Tacitus (along with the younger Pliny) prose-
euted in à famous case,—that of Marius Priscus, governor of
Africa, who was convicted of extortion and violence. Pliny
speaks of the dignity of Tacitus' eloquence.

Under Vespasian and Titus the position of Tacitus was
easy. During Domitian's reign of terror it was much more
difficult. He speaks of 'fifteen years—a large slice carved
out of human life—during which in silence and inaction
young men reached old age, and old men their full term of
life' (Agricola 3). 'lhis is an exaggeration ; for the reign of
terror, during which people hid themselves and held their
peace, lasted only four or five years ; but it made such an
impression on Tacitus as to colour his memory of the whole
of the reign of Domitian: (81-96).

Tacitus regards the Emperors as enemies of the Senate,
which to him is representative of the virtuesof old Rome. Heis
exceedingly jealous of imperial encroachments on the Senate's
functions. So keen is he about the old republican régime
that he represents his favourite Trajan as re-establishing the
old constitution. But, as to his own political conduct, Tacitus
walks cireumspectly. He does not court death like the Stoic
martyrs. His own point of view is excellently given by the
words he puts in the mouth of Marcellus (Zst. iv 8) :—se
meminisse quam, ciuitatis formam patres auque instituerint ;
ulteriora. mirari, praesentia, sequi; bonos wmperatores uoto
expetere, qualescumque tolerare; 1e. he is an opportunist.

It appears from an inscription found in Caria that towards
the end of Trajan's reign Tacitus was proconsul of Asia,
113-116 (about)—one of the most important posts in the
Empire. "lhere is no evidence as to the time of his death.
Since he did not write the life of Augustus, or the history of

x TACITUS, ANNALS IV

Nerva and Trajan, as he intended, he probably did mot
survive the completion of the Annals. "The Zfistories of
Tacitus, completed early in the reign of Trajan, would have
covered the period from the death of Nero to the accession of
Nerva,—about 14 books in all, of which r-1v and part of v
are extant. "The Anais were finished about 115 A.p. "The
title of the work in the Medicean ws. is Corneli; Taciti ab
excessu. diui Augusti. "Tacitus calls it annales, because it is
arranged according to years. t consisted originally of 16 or
more books. vir-x are entirely lost, also parts of v, vi,
xr xvi. Books r-v1 would have covered the reign of
Tiberius. vrr would have begun that of Gaius (37 A.D.).
XI begins with the sixth year of Claudius (47 A.D.) xir
carries us to the end of Claudius (54 A.p.). xirr-end would
have given us the whole of Nero. xvi, as we have it, ceases
at 68 A.p. Evidently the ambition of "Tacitus was to cover
the whole period from the beginning of Augustus to the end
of "Trajan.

IL. TACITUS AS A LITERARY ARTIST

* AII of them profess great affection for letters ; it is one
way of justifying and ennobling their fortune. Not only have
they studied eloquence in their youth ; to speak well is an
indispensable accomplishment for à Roman magistrate ; but
they take an interest in philosophy or even compose elegies
and epies. I do not believe that in any other period has
literature been so greatly loved. Seneca even considers that
it is loved too much, and that people carry their taste for it
to the point of mania: Jtterarum intemperantia, laboramus
(Epist. cvi 2). It was, in short, a very agreeable society,
which no longer had the distinction and high bearing of the
early days of the Empire, but in which were still to be found,
with a less spacious life and simpler manners, much charm
and wit.

INTRODUCTION xi

In these glowing words Boissier (p. 19) describes the society
in which the young Tacitus grew up. We must think of him
first as à student of oratory. He tells us in his Dialogue
(c. 20), how not only the juryman, but also the chance listener
in court demands a bright and beautiful style of oratory.
* Young students also, who follow orators with a view to their
own advancement, not only want to hear, but also to carry
home something brilliant and memorable. "They pass such
things round their own circle and often send them in letters
to their colonies and provinces, whether some smart and
concise epigram has flashed out or à whole passage remark-
able for elaborate poetical treatment. For nowadays even
from the orator some poetical ornament is expected, not
soiled by the rust of Accius or Pacuvius, but fresh from the
treasury of Horace, Virgil, and Lucan!

Tacitus must have finished his education early in the
reign of Vespasian. After the terrible times through which
Rome had passed, this was à happy epoch, most opportune
for youthful ambition. He tells us ( Dial. 3) how he devoted
himself with enthusiasm to the then most famous orators of
the Roman bar (celeberrima tum ingenia fori nostrz), not only
in the courts but also in private life. 'l'hese were Marcus
Aper and Julius Secundus. Of the style of the latter he

1 Professor Summers in his interesting paper on * Declamations
under the Empire" (Proceedings of the Classical Association, vol. x,
p. 100) aseribes to the declamation schools the encroachment of
Silver Latin prose on the domain of poetry. He mentions that
Seneca gives us several declamation passages which are merely
prose paraphrases of Virgil, and the declamation on the poor man's
bees makes much use of the fourth Georgie. Even the loss of the
Oiceronian and Livian period he ascribes to the same cause,
quoting the words of Quintilian: *Nowadays we expect something
effective at the end of every sentence, and look upon it as almost
& sin to take breath where we are not likely to get applause."

xi TACITUS, ANNALS IV

says :—purus et pressus et, im quantum satis erat, profluens
sermo non defuit, —probably not a bad description of Tacitus?
own oratory. 'The younger Pliny, who began his career a few
years later, tells us that Tacitus even then was *'in the prime
of renown. Unfortunately none of his own speeches have
been preserved; but those which he introduces into his
historical narratives enable us to form some idea of his
rhetorical style; for we may conjecture that they are com-
posed according to his own method. Moreover, Pliny gives
us this additional piece of evidence. In Zpist.ii ll, on his
return from a meeting of the Senate, he writes to one of his
friends :—*'Tacitus spoke with great eloquence and, what is
characteristic of his style, with dignity,—et, quod. eximium
orationi eius inest, cepvós.

The sixth chapter of the Dialogue, which deals with the
secret joys of the orator, reads like a piece of autobiography.
A. few words are well worth quoting :—quae 9n publico species /
quae in iudiciis ueneratio ! quod. gaudiwm consurgendà assis-
Lendique inter tacentes et in wnwm, conuersos!...... uulgata.
dicentium. gaudia et imperitorum quoque oculis exposita, per-
censeo : illa, secretiora et tomtwm, ipsis orantibus nota, matora
sunt. ...extemporalis audaciae atque ipsius temeritatis wel
praecipua, iucunditas est.

Not only the declamation schools! and the practice of
forensic oratory contributed to the formation of the style of
Tacitus. As Ramsay says very well, the rhetorical and
epigrammatic phrases with which Tacitus so often closes a
chapter or a topic are doubtless due to the practice of
recitation. *We cannot doubt (he continues) that it was in

! Many of the declaimers never intended to become orators at
all. To sueh men the course served rather as a literary and
critical education. When they left the schools, they became writers
of epies or history or philosophy, or else the readers to whom such
writers must appeal (Summers, /.c., p. 93).

INTRODUCTION xii

the form of recitation to sympathetic audiences that the
works of Tacitus were first given to the world" (vol. t, p. 337).
Those epigrams, called by Seneca sententiae, hold so much
sense in a few words. "They were then much in fashion.
Many of them are to be found in Seneca and other writers of
the Silver Age. "Those of Tacitus are not merely showy
conceits. They come direct from life We admire the
puugent flavour he has given them ; but we are still more
impressed by the profound knowledge they manifest of
character and life!.

Many instances of such epigrams might be quoted from
the Fourth Book of the 47»ne/s. "The following are some of
the most noteworthy :

cuius pari exitio uiguit ceciditque (1)
negotia pro solaciis accipiens (13)

huie negatus honor gloriam intendit (26)
nimis ex propinquo diuersa arguens (33)

sl irascare, adgnita uidentur (34)

punitis ingeniis gliscit auctoritas (35)

haec mihi in animis uestris templa (38)
contemptu famae contemni uirtutes (38)
inuidiam et preces orditur (53)

idque Augusta exprobrabat, reposcebat (57)
patuit breue confinium artis et falsi (58)
tristibus dictis atrocia facta coniungere (71)

It is a great mistake to regard the Tacitean prose of the
Annals and. Histories as *Silver Latin" and nothing more.
Tacitus has not the common fault of the Silver Age, —the
stilted declamatory manner, which the education of the time
encouraged. A Ciceronian in his youth, later on "Tacitus
developed a style of his own, of which the main features are

1 See Boissier, p. 23.

xiv TACITUS, ANNALS IV

dramatic power, terse epigram, stately dignity, and a stimu-
lating vigour natural in the first orator of the day. When he
found that the style he had created was effective and popular,
he adopted it permanently.

Tacitus is above all things an artist. Racine, quoted by
Boissier (p. 68), calls him the greatest painter of antiquity ;
and 'some of the pictures he has left are among the finest
surviving to us from ancient writers. ......Professional men
charge him with defective information as to topography,
number of combatants, distribution of troops, phases of the
struggle. But let some novel or curious episode intervene ;
and at once the narrative is again brisk, interesting, and full
of colour? (Boissier, p. 69).

Similarly Livy is fond of *pleasant little resting-places,' as
he says in ix. 17, ut...legentibus uelut deuerticula amoena et
requiem animo meo quaererem. 'lacitus' love of variety of
expression is very remarkable. ^ Note how in iv 5 (a mere
catalogue of provinces and legions) Tacitus constantly varies
the form of expression. His frequent variety of syntax is
well illustrated by iv 38:-—quod ali; modestiam, multi quia
diffideret, quidam wt degeneris animi interpretabantur. — His
vocabulary is largely made up of poetical words; and there
are many echoes of Virgilian expression: see these examples
from Book iv :

nobis in arto et inglorius labor (32)

in tenui Jabor; at tenuis non gloria (Georg. iv 6)
quibus infaustae amicitiae grauis exitus imminebat (74)
nune manet insontem grauis exitus (Aen. x 630)

ualido cum remige (5)

agit acri remige (Aer. v 116).

INTRODUCTION XV

HI.-*TIBERIUS THE TYRANT'

There is & very striking passage in Dio Cassius (liii 19)!
As he approaches the history of the Empire, this writer
regards himself as passing from light into darkness. '"lThough
he has before him Tacitus, Suetonius, and other authorities,
yet he writes :—' From henceforth state affairs were managed
privily. If anything was divulged, it was not sufficiently
attested to gain implicit belief. ^ Almost every incident is
distorted from the truth. "Then there is the vast extent of
the Empire...... Events took place in Rome, in the Provinces,
on the frontiers, of which none but the actors themselves
could ascertain the exact truth; and people generally knew
not that they had occurred at all) "Truth being so hard to
ascertain, Tacitus loved to indulge other literary excellences.
He is a stylist rather than a historian. Moreover, he has à
wonderfully subtle power of psychological analysis, of which we
shall see good examples in Book rv, especially in his portrait
of'lTiberius. He is often carried away by this faculty to the
detriment of truth. He has not the historical excellences
of a 'Thucydides,—no critical faculty, no anxious search for
facts. Neither is he an imaginative historian like Livy.
Rather he is à stern moralist of the old republican type.

Thus in his elaborate monograph, Z'berius the Tuyrant
(p. 357), Tarver writes :—' Tacitus interested himself only in
recording events which seemed to him striking illustrations
of good or bad behaviour,—history being to him merely a
primer of morals and a collection of examples! Compare
especially Aaza/5 ii 65, praecipuum munus annalium reor ne
uirtutes sileantur, utque prawis dictis factisque ex posteritate et
infamia metus sit.

In the book referred to, Tarver makes a valuable attempt

! See Furneaux, vol. i, p. 17.
52

xvi TACITUS, ANNALS IV

to defend the character and government of the Emperor,—a
£good example of historical white-washing. We cannot do
more here than indicate some important points in the dis-
cussion. "There seems to be no doubt that the attacks of
Tacitus on Tiberius are overdone.

In iv 6, Tacitus readily ascribes to Tiberius in his early
time a remarkable ideal of righteous government. Publie
business and most important private affairs are transacted in
the Senate. "The Emperor acts admirably as the fountain of
honour. His appointments are excellent: sua consulibus, sua
praetoribus species. ''he lesser magistrates also exercise their
proper functions.

It is in 23 4.p. that we come (according to Tacitus) to
the turning-point in the reign of Tiberius, — Tiberio mutati in
deterius principatus initium ille annus attulit (iv 1). — These
words qualify what has been said in the previous chapter.
The system there described was maintained till the murder
of the Emperors son Drusus by the arch-traitor Sejanus.
"Tiberius still preserves his dignity especially in the striking
scene of the introduction to the Senate of the boys Nero and
Drusus. He is determined (he says) to seek co:mfort e com-
plexu rei publicae (iv 8)... He still dwells on his alleged wish
to restore the old commonwealth. For Tiberius dignity and
eloquence compare a later speech (iv 38).

The following words form a lurid commentary on the
situation as conceived by Tacitus :—sed quia Seimnus faci-
norum omnium repertor habebatur, ex nimia, caritate in eum
Caesaris et ceterorum in utrunque odio quamuis fabulosa. et
immania credebantur, atrociore semper fama erga dominantium
exitus (iv 11).

Then, after Bury!, we may note a special excuse for the
unhappy Emperor :—* Tiberius was now surrounded by four
imperial widows, who made his court a scene of perpetual

l Student's Roman Empire (27 $.c.-100 a.p.), p. 197.

. INTRODUCTION xvii

jealousy and intrigue. There was his mother Livia and
his daughter-in-law Livilla, his sister-in-law Antonia, and
Agrippina. "The will of Augustus had left Livia a share in
the supreme power, and she desired to exert it.'

It is important to notice that even at Capri Tiberius gave
strict attention to the details of state business; and he was
in constant communication with the Senate. Bury suggests
that, by his retirement, *he may have wished to give Nero,
the eldest son of Germanicus, a chance of gradually taking an
active part in the government and of rendering the assistance
which he had himself given to Augustus.

In iv 67, Tacitus tells us that the Emperor objected so
strongly to town life,—indeed to tbe mainland as a whole,
that he buried himself in Capri; its solitude being its main
attraction for him. These words, as Ramsay remarks, imply
a morbid shrinking from the publie view, which would
account for the retirement to Capri without calling for the
grosser insinuations of iv 57, where it is alleged that the
island rocks were the screen of licentiousness. | Others, ac-
cording to Tacitus, said he wished to conceal the deformities
of old age. Others held that, as we have mentioned above,
he had been driven away by his mother's imperious temper.

This is Tiberius! last phase as conceived by Tacitus in à
later book :—postremo Zn scelera, simul ac dedecora prorupit,
postquam remoto pudore et metu suo tantum ingenio utebatur
(vi51) Compare vi 48 uz dominationis conuulsus et mutatus
sit. Ramsay is doubtless right when, following Tarver, he
says: 'Intellectually and morally he stood head and shoulders
above the evil emperors of the first century. Tacitus visited
upon him the sins of the worst of his successors.

xviii TACITUS, ANNALS IV

IV. GERMANICUS AND HIS FAMILY

For an adequate understanding of Book 1v of the Annals
it is necessary to know something of Germanicus and his
family.

The early days of the reign of Tiberius were disturbed by
mutinies in the armies of the Rhine and Danube. On the
Rhine there was a further danger, viz. the wonderful influence of
Germanicus with his soldiers, who had given him that familiar
title, his only name in history. Germanicus Caesar, governor
of Gaul and commander of the eight legions on the German
frontier, was marked out as the successor of Tiberius, his
uncle and adoptive father ; and *the troops of Lower Germany
conceived the design of hastening his reign!! But Germanicus
himself had no ambitious hopes of empire. Accordingly he
took the oath of allegiance to Tiberius, and distracted his
troops from thoughts of mutiny by a famous series of German
campaigns, 14-16 A.D.

The third and last campaign of Germanicus was planned
on à great scale. He placed his troops on board a fleet of
1000 vessels and sailed through the /ossg Drusiana (the
canal of his father Drusus), and the Zuyder Zee to the Ocean,
landing his forces at the mouth of the Ems. "The Germans
could no longer resist effectually ; and Germanicus only
wanted another year for the complete subjugation of the
whole country from the Rhine to the Elbe. But the Emperor,
maintaining the policy of Augustus that the Roman rule
could not be extended to that river, recalled Germanicus to
Rome. In May, 17 a.p., he celebrated a splendid triumph
over the conquered Germans.

He was then sent to the East with a far-reaching com-
mand ineluding all the provinces beyond the Hellespont.

l'Buryjd1-6:, 0p: 41067-

INTRODUCTION xix

He arranged the long-standing difficulty of the throne of
Armenia, and converted the client-kingdoms of Cappadocia
and Commagene into Roman provinces. "Then came a great
tragedy. Germanicus died at Antioch, the victim, it was
said, of foul play on the part of his rival Piso, governor of
Syria. He stands out as à charming popular hero,—*one of
the short-lived loves of the Roman people. "The death of his
son Drusus in 23 A.D. was a very grievous blow to Tiberius.
Nothing was left but to adopt the two eldest sons of German-
ieus, Nero and Drusus. But his widow Agrippina was not
satisfied even with this proceeding, which marked out these
two princes as successors of Tiberius.

Tt is interesting to observe what vigorous language Tacitus
habitually employs in writing of the family of Germanicus:
e.g. iv 12 domum Germanici reuirescere occulti laetabantur :
and in the same chapter, pudicitia Agrippinae inpenetrabili ;
and again, w£ superbam, fecunditate, subnivam popularibus
studiis ànhiare dominationi apud. Caesarem arguerent. —.Com-
pare also iv 15, referring to Nero, recenti memoria, Germanici
dllum aspicit, illum. audiri rebantur ; also iv 17, 18, 19; and
52 Agrippina semper atrox. Compare 53 peruicac irae, and
the rest of the chapter.

The turning-point in the history comes when Sejanus
proposes to marry the younger Livia (Livilla). Foiled in
this by Tiberius, he makes up his mind to destroy the house
of Germanicus.

xx TACITUS, ANNALS IV

V. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TITLE PRINCEPS

That the title princeps is merely princeps senatus written
short is the view taken by Merivale, Bekker, Marquardt, and
mostauthorities. Pelham! urges that, if princeps is an abbre-
viation of princeps senatus, the abbreviation must have taken
place remarkably early ; for no trace exists of the full title as
applied even to Augustus. So farasthe evidence of literature
and inscriptions goes, the title is, from the first, princeps and
nothing more. Ovid and Horace use prénceps, but with no
hint of an understood senatus.

It is extremely important (Pelham continues) to decide
whether Augustus posed before the Roman people as Father
of the Senate or as First Citizen,—in other words, as the
leader of the Roman nobility or as the elect of the Roman
people. "There is nothing in the inscriptions to suggest that
the title was ever anything but princeps. The employment
of the term by Republican writers is in favour of Pelham's view.
The use of princeps and principes applied to a citizen or citizens
holding a foremost place in the state is an almost literal
anticipation of the Augustan prinezpatus. Men had already
grasped the idea of placing at the head of the republican
system a constitutional primate. ^ Cicero introduced into his
sketch of an ideal polity (the de re publica) a novel figure,
that of a single moderator rei publicae, such no doubt as he
hoped Pompey might prove himself.

In his letter ad. fam. vi 6, Cicero says that Caesar might
have enjoyed the great position of First Citizen (not the
military despot he had since become)—esset A?e quidem clarus
in, toga. et princeps.

'The idea of simple primacy appears again in ad Att. viii 9

! [t will be seen that I have borrowed freely from his discussion
* Prineeps or Princeps Senatus?" in his Essays on Roman History.

INTRODUCTION XXi

(written 49 B.c.), where Caesar is said to wish for nothing
better than prénerzpe Pompeio sine metu wiuere.

Pelham infers from these and similar passages that the
notion of a First Citizen at the head of affairs, of a princeps
or prüinceps ciuitatis, was already familiar to the Roman
publie, when Augustus set to work to re-organise the state.
Pelham adds that by imperial writers the term prznctpatus
is carefully distinguished from domznatio, regnum, and dicta-
tura as a constitutional authority. Compare Aa». i 9 non
regno tamen neque dictatura, sed. principis nomine constitutam
rem publicam.

he Emperor was imperator, consul,etc. But to describe
his relation to the whole citizen body—as merely the first of
themselves—no term was so suitable as princeps.

VI. THE SENATE UNDER THE EARLY EMPIRE

Boissier! is justly surprised at modern historians, who,
(i) because Tiberius one day remarked that the Emperor
must be the servant of the Senate, and (ii) because Nero
invited the Senate to resume its ancient functions, imagine
that they really restored them. They have, he says, even
invented à new word—'dyarchy'—to designate this joint
government ?,

l Tacitus and other Roman Studies, p. 139.

? Compare Stobart, *The Senate under Augustus, Classical
Quarterly, vol. ii, p. 298:—'If we choose our term according to
the spirit, then undoubtedly Monarchy is the only appropriate
definition. Not only had the Princeps gathered into his hand all
the functions of the executive, but the deliberative was de facto
subordinate to him. — When the deliberative organ becomes an
advisory council selected by one man, and when the electing body
merely registers the choice of that single person, then it is Mon-
archy, however temperately conducted. In every sense Dyarchy
is an unsatisfaetory term."

xxll TACITUS, ANNALS IV

Tacitus, a champion of the Senate, writing of the early
part of the reign of Tiberius (iii 60), tells us how the Emperor,
while strengthening the powers of the Principate, yielded to the
Senate the semblance of its ancient authority, by referring to
its discussion petitions from the Provinces.

A fine sight it was (writes Tacitus)—7magna eius diei species
fuit—to see the Senate inquiring into these matters, free as
in olden days to cancel or confirm. But Tacitus knows that
this power is a mere phantom. "There was no joint govern-
ment. [t differed in no respect from monarchy,—2on alia re
Romana quam si wnus imperitet (1v 33).

"here remained (according to'Stobart!) another motive
for admitting the Senate to partnership, a motive so simple
and practical that it almost eludes the notice of the constitu-
tional historian. Until a. new machinery could be created,
until a competent civil service could be organised, the mere
burden of administration was more than one man could bear.
ipm By degrees a civil service is organised. "Tlhen, as there
is less need of the Senate, its importance steadily decreases.
This is the explanation of the paradox that the more Augustus
seems to retire from publie offices, the more business is
absorbed into the imperial chancellery.

In iv 22, 34, 42, and other passages we find "Tiberius pre-
siding at the senatorial high court of justice. The power of
pardon has passed entirely to the Emperor. It is proposed
in the Senate (iv 30) that Serenus should be scourged to death
more maiorum. 'The Emperor exercises his power of znter-
cessio? ; and. Serenus is banished.

151:c:,3p:2 303:

? Compare Stobart, l.c.:—* The tribunicia potestas was not
conferred in a lump by any such formula as tribuniciam. potes-
tatem habeto, but by a series of laws, —personal sacrosanctitas and
the right to sit on the Tribunes' Bench in 36 r.c., ius auzilii
in 30 s.c. and the rest in 23 s.c., when it first begins to be

INTRODUCTION xxi

But in iv 33 Tacitus laments the monotony of his task,—-
of prosecutions heaped on prosecutions, of the betrayal of
friends, and the ruin of the innocent, of trials all ending in
one way. Velleius, as usual, is fulsome in his praise of
Tiberius: *Confidence in the Courts of Law was restored';
and *With what dignity does he listen attentively to cases as
senator and juryman, not as Princeps and Caesar !?

VII. THE PROVINCES UNDER TIBERIUS

In iv 4 Tacitus speaks of "Tiberius pretended wish to
visit the provinces and study their defences, especially the
disposition of the fleets and of the twenty-five legions on the
frontiers of the Empire (iv 5). :

Italy (Tacitus tells us) was protected by two fleets, one on
either sea, —one stationed at Misenum, the other at Ravenna.
The near coast of Gaul was protected by war-ships captured
by Augustus at the battle of Actium and sent by him to Forum
Julii (Fréjus).

On the Rhine frontier lay eight legions, *à common defence
against Gaul and Germany. "They held the provinces of
Upper and Lower Germany,—the head-quarters of the one
being at Moguntiacum (Mainz) of the other at Colonia
Agrippinensis (Cologne).

The Danube frontier was held by six legions,—two
stationed in Pannonia, two in Moesia, and two in Dalmatia.
The frontier between the Upper Rhine and the Upper
Danube was marked by a /zmes or *causeway! built later.

Thrace was under Rhoemetalces and the sons of Cotys.

reckoned as complete. The ius relationis (the right of making a
motion) is merely a part of the remaining tribunician functions.
Stobart objeets to Stuart Jones! statement (Roman Empire,
p. 3) that Augustus received in 36 r.c. the whole tribunician
power, including intercessio.

xxiv TACITUS, ANNALS IV

See note on iv 5, 15. — Colchis, Iberia, and Albania formed a
belt from the Euxine to the Caspian, and were protected
(says Tacitus proudly) *by our name.

Four legions held *the vast sweep of country? from the
borders of Syria to the Euphrates.

Egypt was held by two legions stationed at Alexandria.

Mauretania had been handed over to King Juba : the rest
of Africa was held by two legions.

In Spain there were three legions. See note on iv 5, 7.

This list makes up a total of twenty-five legions for the
time of Tiberius.

The City of Rome had its own garrison,—three Urban
cohorts and ten cohorts of Praetorian guards.

Tacitus adds: *At suitable points in the provinces the
allied fleets were stationed, and the auxiliary horse and foot,
representing a total strength not much inferior to that of
our own forces? See last explanatory note on iv 5.

In iv 13 come words which strike the key-note of
Tiberius provincial government,—preces sociorum. tractabat.
Tacitus gives frequent examples of his wisdom in relieving
provinces which had suffered disasters. They enjoyed un-
wonted happiness in his time ; and it is important to notice
that the Imperial provinces were better treated than the
Senatorial. We read of frequent prosecutions of Imperial
governors and procurators; and the troops are subject to
strict discipline. It was regarded as good fortune for a pro-
vince to be transferred from the control of the Senate to that
of the Emperor. Several proconsuls and several procurators
were convicted during his reign, e.g. Granius Marcellus pro-
consul of Asia, and C. Silanus proconsul of the same province ;
Caesius Cordus procurator of Crete, and Vibius Serenus
proeurator of Further Spain. For other prosecutions see
iv 13 and 15. The Emperors general policy towards the
provinces is given in the words put into his mouth by

INTRODUCTION XXV

Suetonius: *It is the part of a good shepherd to shear his
sheep, not to flay them.

'The following chapters in Book 1v are also important for
the history of provincial management,—-23-26, 43, 44, 46-51,
72-14.

This passage from T'überzus the T'uyrant (p. 380) is useful :—
"Tiberius treated the Senate with formal respect, and did his
best to make it worthy of its opportunities. If he could
have avoided interfering with its administration of its own
provinces, he would have done so. Tiberius, like Augustus,
supplied himself with an inner Council of the Senate ; and it
is possible that on most occasions the inner Council repre-
sented the whole body.: But he did not restrict himself to
Senatorial counsellors ; and we are told that, in dealing with
provincial questions, he was always careful to provide himself
with the expert evidence of men who knew the localities
concerned. "The Senate was curiously indifferent to muni-
cipal matters. "The rank of senator eventually became little
more than an honourable distinction. 'lhe difference between
Senatorial and Imperial Provinces did not last long, the
Imperial administration proving better suited to the needs of
the Empire.

VIII. MAIESTAS

Maiestas populi IRtomani and madestatem minwuere or laedere
are phrases belonging to HRepubliean Rome. Cicero (de
inuentione i 53) gives this definition :—maedestatem. minuere
est de dignitate aut amplitudine aut potestate populi aut
eorum, quibus populus potestatem. dedit, aliquid derogare.
Compare Verres ii 88 erémen maiestatis, *charge of treason,
and pro Cluentio 97 legionem sollicitare res est quae lege
maiestatis tenetur. ''he scope of mazestas was strictly defined
by à law of Julius Caesar. It was extended by Augustus;
but he made little use of it.

XXxvi TACITUS, ANNALS IV

See Tarver, /. c., p. 304 :—*'The history of the lev maiestatis
is not absolutely clear; but it is certain that comparatively
early in the Republican period the laws provided for the
punishment of à Roman citizen who by his acts diminished
the majesty of the Republie. Cowardice in the field, prema-
ture surrender, dishonourable breaches of faith by which the
dignity of the State was impaired, were deeds punishable
under this law.

Under Tiberius maestas gained far-reaching importance.
He employed it for his own security. Any insult offered to
the Emperor in speech or writing was brought under the
statute. By its means he thwarted any latent opposition
among the senators, who were led to fear that any hostility
to the new régime might be looked upon as treason.

In iv 6 Tacitus says that the laws were well administered
except proceedings for treason (madestatis quaestio). In iy 19it
is stated that Silius and his wife could easily have been con-
demned on charges of repetundae (extortion) ; but the whole
business was managed zuazestatis quaestione ; and Silius antici-
pated conviction by suicide. In iv 21 Calpurnius Piso, accused
ofa private conversation aduersum maiestatem, escapes condem-
nation by opportune death.

'The scope of maZestas was extended by the patronage which
"Tiberius afforded to the de/atores. "The phrase 2omen deferre
is used several times in Cicero for *to accuse, 'to inform
against. Also he uses delatio several times as a general term
for *accusation, 'denunciation) In Silver Latin deferre is
used with accusative of person and genitive of charge; and
delator is often used for *informer, sometimes with genitive
of charge, as delator maiestatis (ii 50) and delator Papiae
legis (Suet. Nero 10). — A quarter of the property of the con-
victed person went by law to the de/atores (iv 20).

When Tiberius came to the throne, he regarded the system
of delatio as a useful engine for the enforcing of justice.

INTRODUCTION xxvii

Afterwards he saw its odious character and tried to check it
by instituting a special court of fifteen senators. "Then he
relapsed owing to the evil influence of Sejanus ; see Annals vi
throughout. There was no publie prosecutor at Rome.
Hence it was convenient to have these private de/atores,—
a term originally applied to those who gave information in
respect of debts due to the exchequer. In an economic crisis,
which took place in 33 a.p., delatores made an attack on
money-lending capitalists, who set aside two laws of Julius
Caesar. Tacitus (vi 16) describes them as magna wis accusa-
torum. Compare iv 36 wt quis destrictior accusator uelut
sacrosanctus erat.

In iv 30 we are told that it was proposed in the Senate
that rewards to delatores should be abolished in the case of
those found guilty of maestas. — "Tiberius contra morem suum
defends them as *guardians! of justice. "Tacitus! comment is :
sic delatores, genus hominum publico exitio repertum,...per
praemia eliciebantur. — 1n iv 34 we read of a further stretch
in the employment of the law of aestas. lt is made to
reach Cremutius Cordus for à passage in à book, where the
eulogy is awarded to Cassius, which had once been spoken over
him by Brutus. Wearetold about Cordus' trial, his eloquent
defence, and how he starved himself to death.

The following chapters are loc classie? on the subject of
delatio and maiestas :—iv 21, 42, 66.

THE ANNALS OF TACITUS:

BOOK IV.

CHAPTERS 1—16: EVENTS OF 23 A.D.

1. C. Asinio C. Antistio consulibus nonus Tiberio
annus erat compositae rei publicae, florentis domus
(nam Germanici mortem inter prospera ducebat),
cum repente turbare fortuna coepit, saeuire 1pse aut
saeuientibus uires praebere. initium et causa penes
Aelium Seianum cohortibus praetorns praefectum,
cuius de potentia supra memoraul: nunc originem,
mores, et quo facinore dommationem raptum lerit
expediam. genitus Vulsmus patre Seio Strabone
equite Romano, et prima 1uuenta Gaium Caesarem
diui Augusti nepotem sectatus, mox Tiberium uariis
artibus deuinxit, adeo ut obscurum aduersum alios
sibi uni incautum intectumque efficeret, non tam
sollertia (quippe isdem artibus uictus est) quam
deum ira in rem Romanam, cuius pari exitio uiguit
ceciditque. corpus illi laborum tolerans, animus
audax; sui obtegens, in alios criminator; iuxta
adulatio et superbia; palam compositus pudor, intus
summa apiscendi libido, eiusque causa modo largitio

ERUT. 1

IO

20

IO

I5

5

IO

2 CORNELII TACITI

et luxus, saepius industria ac uigilantia, haud minus
noxiae quotiens parando regno finguntur.

2. Vim praefecturae modicam antea intendit,
dispersas per urbem cohortes una in castra condu-
cendo, ut simul immperia acciperent, numeroque et
robore et uisu inter se fiducia ipsis, in ceteros metus
oreretur. praetendebat lasciuire militem diductum ;
si quid subitum ingruat, maiore auxilio pariter sub-
ueniri; et seuerius acturos, si uallum statuatur procul
urbis inlecebris. ut perfecta sunt castra, inrepere
paulatim militares animos adeundo, appellando;
simul centuriones ac tribunos ipse deligere. neque
senatorio ambitu abstinebat clientes suos honoribus
aut prouinciis ornandi, facili Tiberio atque ita prono
ut socium laborum non modo in sermonibus, sed apud
patres et populum celebraret colique per theatra et
fora effigies eius interque principia legionum sineret.

9. Ceterum plena Caesarum domus, iuuenis
filius, nepotes adulti moram cupitis adferebant; et
quia ui tot simul corripere mtutum, dolus interualla
scelerum poscebat. placuit tamen occultior uia et
a Druso incipere, in quem recenti ira ferebatur.
nam Drusus, inpatiens aemuli et animo commotior,
orto forte iurgio intenderat Seiano manus et contra
tendentis os uerberauerat. igitur cuncta temptanti
promptissimum uisum ad uxorem eius Liuiam con-
uertere, quae soror Germanici, formae initio aetatis
indecorae, mox pulchritudine praecellebat. hane
ut amore incensus adulterio pellexit, et postquam
primi flagitii potitus est (neque femina amissa pudi-
citia alia abnuerit), ad coniugi spem, consortium

E 9
2) o

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 1

regni et necem mariti impulit. atque illa, cui auun- 15
culus Augustus, socer Tiberius, ex Druso liberi, seque
ac maiores et posteros municipali adultero foedabat,
ut pro honestis et praesentibus flagitiosa et incer-
ta exspectaret. sumitur in conscientiam Eudemus,
amicus ae medicus Liuiae, specie artis frequens 20
secretis. pellit domo Seianus uxorem Apicatam, ex
qua tres liberos genuerat, ne paelici suspectaretur.
sed magnitudo facinoris metum, prolationes, diuersa
interdum consilia adferebat.

4. Interim anni principio Drusus ex Germanici
liberis togam uirilem. sumpsit, quaeque fratri eius
Neroni decreuerat senatus repetita. addidit ora-
tionem Caesar, multa cum laude filii sui, quod patria
beneuolentia im fratris liberos foret. nam Drusus, 5
quamquam arduum sit eodem loci potentiam et con-
cordiam esse, aequus adulescentibus aut certe non
aduersus habebatur. exin uetus et saepe simulatum
profieiscendi 1n. prouimmcias consilium refertur. mul-
titudinem ueteranorum praetexebat imperator et ro
dileetibus supplendos exercitus: nam uoluntarium
militem deesse, ac, s suppeditet, non eadem uirtute
ac modestia agere, quia plerumque inopes ace uagi
sponte miltiam sumant. percensuitque cursim
numerum legionum et quas prouincias tutarentur.
quod mihi quoque exsequendum reor, quae tunc
Romana copia in armis, qul soci] reges, quanto sit
angustius imperitatum.

5. Italiam utroque mari duae classes, Misenum
apud et Rauennam, proximumque Galhlae litus ros-
tratae naues praesidebant, quas Actiaca uictoria

1—2

m

5

5

IO

15

20

25

5

4 CORNELII TACITI

captas Augustus im oppidum Foroiuliense miserat
ualido cum remige. sed praecipuum robur Rhenum
iuxta, commune in Germanos Gallosque subsidium,
octo legiones erant. Hispaniae recens perdomitae
tribus habebantur. Mauros Iuba rex aeceperat
donum populi Romani. cetera Africae per duas
legiones parique numero Aegyptus, dehime initio ab
Suriae usque ad flumen Euphraten, quantum ingenti
terrarum sinu ambitur, quattuor legionibus coércita,
aecolis Hibero Albanoque et aliis regibus, qui mag-
nitudine nostra proteguntur aduersum externa im-
peria. et Thraeciam Rhoemetalces ac liberi Cotyis,
ripamque Danuuii legionum duae in Pannonia, duae
in Moesia attinebant,totidem apud Delmatiam locatis,
quae positu regionis a tergo illis, ac si repentinum
auxilium ltalia posceret, haud procul accirentur,
quamquam iusideret urbem proprius miles, tres ur-
banae, nouem praetoriae cohortes, Etruria ferme
Vmbriaque delectae aut uetere Latio et colonus
antiquitus Romanis. at apud idonea proumciarum
sociae triremes alaeque et auxilia cohortium, neque
multo secus in iis uirium; sed persequi imcertum fuerit,
cum ex usu temporis huc illuc mearent, ghlscerent
numero et aliquando minuerentur.

6. Congruens crediderim recensere ceteras quo-
que rei publicae partes, quibus modis ad eam diem
habitae sint, quoniam "liberio mutati in deterius
principatus initium ille annus attulit. iam primum
publica negotia et priuatorum maxima apud patres
tractabantur, dabaturque primoribus disserere, et in
adulationem lapsos cohibebat ipse; mandabatque

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 5—7 5

honores, nobilitatem maiorum, claritudinem militiae,
inlustres domi artes spectando, ut satis constaret non
alis potiores fuisse. sua consulibus, sua praetoribus
species; minorum quoque magistratuum exercita
potestas; legesque, s! maiestatis quaestio eximeretur,
bono in usu. at frumenta et pecuniae uectigales,
cetera publicorum fructuum societatibus equitum
Romanorum agitabantur. res suas Caesar specta-
tissimo cuique, quibusdam ignotis ex fama mandabat,
semelque adsumpti tenebantur prorsus sine modo,
cum plerique isdem negotnus imsenescerent. plebes
acri quidem annona fatigabatur, sed nulla m eo culpa
ex principe. quin infecunditati terrarum aut asperis
maris obuiam iií, quantum impendio diligentiaque
poterat. etne prouimciae nouis oneribus turbarentur
utque uetera sine auaritia aut crudelitate magistra-
tuum tolerarent prouidebat; corporum uerbera,
ademptiones bonorum aberant. rari per [Italiam
Caesaris agri, modesta seruitia, intra paucos libertos
domus; ac si quando cum priuatis disceptaret, forum
et 1us.

7. Quae cuncta non quidem comi uia, sed hor-
ridus ac plerumque formidatus, retinebat tamem,
donec morte Drusi uerterentur; nam, dum superfuit,
mansere, quia Seianus incipiente adhue potentia
bonis consiliis notescere uolebat, et ultor metuebatur
non occultus odn, sed crebro querens incolumi filio
adiutorem impern alium uocari. et quantum su-
peresse ut collega dicatur? primas dominandi spes
in arduo ; ubi sis ingressus, adesse studia et ministros.
exstructa iam sponte praefecti castra, datos in

IO

15

20

25

IO

6 CORNELII TACITI

manum milites; cerni effigiem eius in monimentis
Cn. Pompei; communes illi cum familia Drusorum
fore nepotes: precandam post haec modestiam, ut
contentus esset. neque raro neque apud paucos

15 talia 1aciebat, et secreta quoque eius corrupta uxore
prodebantur.

8. Igitur Seianus maturandum ratus deligit
uenenum, quo paulatim imrepente fortuitus morbus
adsimularetur. id Druso datum per Lygdum spa-
donem, ut octo post annos cognitum est. ceterum

5 liberius per omnes ualetudinis eius dies, nullo metu
an ut firmitudimem animi ostentaret, etiam defuncto
necdum sepulto, curiam ingressus est. consulesque
sede uulgari per speciem maestitiae sedentes honoris
locique admonuit, et effusum in lacrimas senatum

ro uicto gemitu simul oratione continua erexit; non
quidem sibi ignarum posse argui, quod tam recenti
dolore subierit oculos senatus; uix propinquorum
adloquia tolerari, uix diem aspici a plerisque lugen-
tium. neque illos ibecillitatis damnandos ; se tamen
15 fortiora solacia e complexu rei publicae petiuisse.
miseratusque Augustae extremam senectam, rudem
adhuc nepotum et uergentem aetatem suam, ut
Germanici liberi, unica praesentium malorum leua-
menta, mducerentur petiuit. egressi consules fir-
20 matos adloquio adulescentulos deductosque ante
Caesarem statuunt. quibus adprensis 'patres con-
scripti, hos? inquit *orbatos parente tradidi patruo
Ipsorum precatusque sum, quamquam esset illi propria
suboles, ne secus quam suum sanguinem foueret,
25 attolleret, sibique et posteris conformaret. erepto

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 7—10 7)

Druso preces ad uos conuerto disque et patria coram
obtestor: Augusti pronepotes, clarissimis maioribus
genitos, suscipite, regite, uestram meamque uicem
explete. hi uobis, Nero et Druse, parentum loco.
ita nati estis, ut bona malaque uestra ad rem publicam
pertineant.

9. Magno ea fletu et mox precationibus faustis
audita; ac, si modum orationi posuisset, misericordia
sui gloriaque animos audientium impleuerat: ad
uana et totiens inrisa reuolutus, de reddenda re
publica utque consules seu quis alius regimen susci-
perent, uero quoque et honesto fidem dempsit.
memoriae Drusi eadem quae in Germanicum decer-
nuntur, plerisque additis, ut ferme amat posterior
adulatio. funus mmagimum pompa maxime inlustre
fuit, cum origo luliae gentis Aeneas omnesque
Albanorum reges et conditor urbis Romulus, post
Sabina nobilitas, Attus Clausus ceteraeque Clau-
diorum effigies longo ordine spectarentur.

10. In tradenda morte Drusi quae plurimis
maximaeque fidei auctoribus memorata sunt rettuli ;
sed non omiserim eorundem temporum rumorem,
ualidum adeo, ut nondum exolescat. corrupta ad
scelus Liuià Seianum Lygdi quoque spadonis ani-
mum uinxisse, quod is aetate atque forma carus
domino interque primores ministros erat; demde
inter conscios ubi locus ueneficii tempusque composita
smt, eo audaciae prouectum, ut uerteret et occulto
imdieio Drusum ueneni mm patrem arguens moneret
Tiberium uitandam potionem, quae prima ei apud
filium epulanti offerretur. ea fraude captum senem,

30

IO

IO

8 CORNELII TACITI

postquam conuiuium inilerat, exceptum poculum
Druso tradidisse; atque illo ignaro et iuueniliter

15 hauriente auctam suspicionem, tamquam metu et
pudore sibimet mrogaret mortem quam patri struxe-
rat.

1l. Haec uulgo iactata super id quod nullo
auctore certo firmantur prompte refutaueris. quis
enim mediocri prudentia, nedum Tiberius tantis
rebus exercitus, inaudito filio exitium offerret, idque

5sua manu et nullo ad paenitendum regressu ? . quin
potius ministrum ueneni excruciaret, auctorem ex-
quireret, sita denique etiam in extraneos cuncta-
tione et mora aduersum unicum et nullius ante flagitii
conpertum uteretur? sed quia Seianus facinorum

10 omnium repertor habebatur, ex nimia caritate in eum
Caesaris et ceterorum in utrumque odio quamuis
fabulosa et immania credebantur, atrociore semper
fama erga dominantium exitus. ordo alioqui sceleris
per Apicatam Seiani proditus, tormentis Eudemi ac

15 Lygdi patefactus est. neque quisquam scriptor tam
infensus extitit ut 'lTiberio obiectaret, cum omnia
alia conquirerent intenderentque. mihi tradendi
arguendique rumoris causa fuit ut claro sub exemplo
falsas auditiones depellerem peteremque ab iis,

20 quorum 1n manus cura nostra uenerit, ne diuulgata
atque incredibiha auide accepta ueris neque in
miraculum corruptis antehabeant.

12. Ceterum, laudante filium pro rostris Tiberio,
senatus populusque habitum ac uoces dolentum
simulatione magis quam libens induebat, domumque
Germanici reuirescere occulti laetabantur. quod

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 10—13 9

prmceipium fauoris et mater Agrippina spem male
tegens perniciem adcelerauere. nam Seianus, ubi
uidet mortem Drusi inultam interfectoribus, sime
maerore publico esse, ferox scelerum, et quia prima
prouenerant, uolutare secum quonam modo Germanici
hlnberos peruerteret, quorum non dubia successio.
neque spargi uenenum 1n tres poterat, egregia
custodum fide et pudicitia Agrippinae inpenetrabih.
igitur contumaciam eius insectari, uetus Augustae
odium, recentem Liuiae conscientiam exagitare,
ut superbam fecunditate, subnixam popularibus
studiis imhiare dominationi apud Caesarem arguerent.
atque haec callidis criminatoribus, inter quos dele-
gerat [Iulium Postumum, per adulterium Mutiliae
Priscae inter intimos auiae et consilhis suis per-
idoneum (quia Prisca im animo Augustae ualida)
anum suapte natura potentiae anxiam insociabilem
nurui efficiebat. Agrippinae quoque proximi inl-
ciebantur prauis sermonibus tumidos spiritus per-
stimulare.

13. At Tiberius nihil intermissa rerum cura,
negotia pro solaciüs acciplens, ius ciuium, preces
sociorum tractabat; factaque auctore eo senatus
consulta, ut ciuitati Cibyraticae apud Asiam, Aegiensi
apud Achaiam, motu terrae labefactis, subueniretur
remissione tributi mm triennium. | et Vibius Serenus
pro consule ulterioris Hispaniae, de ui publica
damnatus, ob: atrocitatem morum in insulam Amor-
gum deportatur. Carsidius Sacerdos, reus tamquam
frumento hostem Tacfarmatem iuuisset, absoluitur,
eiusdemque criminis C. Gracchus. hunc comitem

5

IO

I5

20

IO

10 CORNELII TACITI

exili admodum infantem pater Sempronius 1n
imsulam Cercmam tulerat. ilhe adultus inter ex-
torres et liberalium artium nescios, mox per Africam
15 ac Siciliam mutando sordidas merces sustentabatur ;
neque tamen effugit magnae fortunae pericula. ac
ni Aelius Lamia et L. Apronius, qui Africam obtinu-
erant, msontem protexissent, claritudime mfausti
generis et paternis aduersis foret abstractus.

14. Is quoque annus legationes Graecarum
ciuitatium. habuit, Sami Iunonis, Cois Aesculapii
delubro uetustum asyli ius ut firmaretur petentibus.
Samn decreto Amphictyonum nitebantur, quis

5 praecipuum fuit rerum omnium iudicium, qua tem-
pestate Graeci conditis per Asiam urbibus ora maris
potiebantur. neque dispar apud Coos antiquitas, et
accedebat meritum ex loco; nam ciues Romanos
templo Aesculapu induxerant, cum iussu regis

ro Mithridatis apud. cunctas Asiae msulas et urbes
trueidarentur. uarns dehinc et saepius immritis prae-
torum questibus, postremo Caesar de mmodestia
histrionum rettulit: multa ab iis m publicum seditiose,
foeda per domos temptari; Oscum quondam ludicrum,

15 leuissimae apud uulgum oblectationis, eo flagitiorum
et uirium uenisse, ut auctoritate patrum coércendum
sit. pulsi tum histriones Italia.

15. Idem annus alio quoque luctu Caesarem
adfecit, alterum ex geminis Drusi lhberis extin-
guendo, neque minus morte amici. is fuit Lucilius
Longus, omnium ilh tristium laetorumque socius

; unusque e senatoribus Rhodmn secessus comes. ita
quamquam nouo homini censorium funus, effigiem

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 13—16 11

apud forum Augusti publica pecunia patres decreuere,
apud quos etiam tum cuncta tractabantur, adeo ut
procurator Asiae Lucilius Capito accusante proumcia
causam dixerit, magna cum adseueratione principis,
non se 1us nisi in seruitia et pecunias familiares
dedisse; quod si uim praetoris usurpasset manibusque
militum usus foret, spreta 1n eo mandata sua: audi-
rent socios. ita reus cognito negotio damnatur.
ob quam ultionem, et quia priore anno in C. Silanum
umdicatum erat, decreuere Asiae urbes templum
Tiberio matrique eius ac senatul. et permissum
statuere; egitque Nero grates ea causa patribus
atque auo, laetas mter audientium adfectiones, qui
recenti memoria Germanici illum aspici, illum audiri
rebantur. aderantque iuueni modestia ac forma
prmicipe uiro digna, notis im eum Selani odiis ob
periculum gratiora.

16. Sub idem tempus de flamine Dial in locum
Serui Maluginensis defuncti legendo, simul roganda
noua lege disseruit Caesar. nam patricios confarreatis
parentibus genitos tres simul nominari, ex quis unus
legeretur, uetusto more; neque adesse, ut olim, eam
copiam, omissa confarreandi adsuetudime aut inter
paucos retenta (pluresque eius rei causas adferebat,
potissimam penes mmcuriam uirorum feminarumque ;
accedere ipsius caerimmoniae difficultates, quae con-
sulto uitarentur) et quod exiret e jure patrio qui
id flamonium apisceretur quaeque 1n manum flaminis
conueniret. ita medendum senatus decreto aut lege,
sicut Augustus quaedam ex horrida illa antiquitate
ad praesentem usum flexisset. — 1igitur tractatis

IO

I5

20

IO

12 AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 16

15 religionibus placitum instituto flamimmum nihil demu-
tari; sed lata lex, qua flammica Dialis sacrorum causa
in potestate uirl, cetera promisco feminarum iure
ageret. etfilius Maluginensis patrisuffectus. utque
glisceret dignatio sacerdotum atque ipsis promptior

20 animus foret ad capessendas caerimonias, decretum
Corneliae uirgmi, quae im locum Scantiae capiebatur,
sestertium uiciens, et quotiens Augusta theatrum
introisset, ut sedes inter Vestalium consideret.

CHAPTERS 17—33: EVENTS OF 24 A.D.

17. Cornelio Cethego Visellio Varrone consul
bus pontifices eorumque exemplo ceteri sacerdotes,
cum pro incolumitate primcipis uota susciperent,
Neronem quoque et Drusum isdem dis commendauere,
non tam caritate iuuenum quam adulatione, quae 5
moribus corruptis permde anceps, si nulla et ubi
nimia est. nam "Tiberius haud. umquam domui
Germanici mutis, tum uero aequari adulescentes
senectae suae mmpatienter mmdoluit; accitosque ponti-
fices percontatus est, num 1d precibus Agrippinae to
aut minis tribuissent. et ilh quidem, quamquam
abnuerent, modice perstricti; etenim pars magna
e propmquis ipsius aut primores ciuitatis erant.
ceterum 1n senatu oratione monuit in posterum, ne
quis mobiles adulescentium | animos praematurls rs
honoribus ad superbiam extolleret. instabat quippe
Seianus imncusabatque diductam ciuitatem ut ciuili
bello; esse qui se partium Agrippinae uocent, ac, ni
resistatur, fore plures; neque aliud gliscentis dis-
cordiae remedium quam si unus alterue maxime zo
prompti subuerterentur.

14 CORNELII TACITI

18. Qua causa C. Sihum et Titium Sabinum
adgreditur. amicitia Germanici perniciosa utrique,
Silio et quod ingentis exercitus septem per annos
moderator partisque apud Germaniam triumphalibus

5Sacrouiriani bell uictor, quanto maiore mole pro-
cideret, plus formidinis in alos dispergebatur.
credebant plerique auctam offensionem ipsius in-
temperantia, immodice iactantis suum militem in
obsequio durauisse, cum aln ad seditiones prola-

10 berentur; neque mansurum "Tiberio mmperium, si iis
quoque legionibus cupido nouandi fuisset. destrui
per haec fortunam suam Caesar mparemque tanto
merito rebatur. nam beneficia eo usque laeta sunt,
dum uidentur exsolui posse ; ubi multum anteuenere,

15 pro gratia odium redditur.

19. Erat uxor Silio Sosia Galla, caritate Agrip-
pinae imnuisa principi. hos corripi dilato ad tempus
Sabino placitum, immüssusque Varro consul, qui
paternas imumicitias obtendens odis Seiani per de-

5decus suum gratificabatur. precante reo breuem
moram, dum accusator consulatu abiret, aduersatus
est Caesar; solitum quippe magistratibus diem
priuatis dicere; nec infringendum consulis 1us, cuius
uigiliis niteretur, ne quod res publica detrimentum
i0 caperet. proprium id "Tiberio fuit scelera nuper
reperta priscis uerbis obtegere. igitur multa ad-
seueratione, quasi aut legibus cum Silio ageretur aut
Varro consul aut iliud res publica esset, coguntur
patres. silente reo, uel, si defensionem coeptaret, non
r5 occultante cuius ira premeretur, conscientia bell
Saerouir diu dissimmulatus, uictoria per auaritiam

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 18—21 15

foedata et uxor Sosia arguebantur. nec dubie
repetundarum criminibus haerebant, sed cuncta
quaestione maiestatis exercita, et Silius 1mminentem
damnationem uoluntario fine praeuertit.

20. Saeuitum tamen in bona, non ut stipendiariis
pecuniae redderentur, quorum nemo repetebat, sed
hnberahtas Augusti auulsa, conputatis singillatim
quae fisco petebantur. ea prima "Tiberio erga
pecuniam alienam diligentia fuit. Sosia in exilium
pellitur Agsmii Galli sententia, qui partem bonorum
publicandam, pars ut liberis relinqueretur censuerat.
contra M'. Lepidus quartam accusatoribus secundum
necessitudinem legis, cetera liberis concessit. hunc
ego Lepidum temporibus illis grauem et sapientem
uirum fuisse comperior; nam pleraque ab saeuis
adulationibus aliorum in melius flexit. neque tamen
temperamenti egebat, cum aequabili auctoritate et
gratia apud Tiberium uiguerit. unde dubitare cogor,
fato et sorte nascendi, ut cetera, ita principum
inclhmatio 1 hos, offensio m 1llos, an sit aliquid in
nostris consilus liceatque inter abruptam contuma-
ciam et deforme obsequium pergere iter ambitione
ac periculis uacuum. at Messalmnus Cotta haud
minus claris maioribus, sed animo diuersus, censuit
cauendum senatus consulto ut quamquam insontes
magistratus et culpae aheenae nesci prouincialibus
uxorum criminibus permde quam suis plecterentur.

21. Actum dehinc de Calpurnio Pisone, nobili
ac feroci uiro. is namque, ut rettuli, cessurum se
urbe ob factiones accusatorum in senatu clamitauerat
et spreta potentia Augustae trahere m 1us Vrgulaniam

20

IO

I5

20

5

IO

I5

IO

16 CORNELII TACITI

domoque principis excire ausus erat. quae in prae-
sens Tiberius ciuiliter habuit; sed in animo reuoluente
iras, etiam s1 impetus offensionis languerat, memoria
ualebat. | Pisonem Q. Granius secreti sermonis
incusauit aduersum maiestatem habiti, adiecitque in
domo eius uenenum esse eumque gladio accinctum
introire curiam. quod ut atrocius uero tramissum;
ceterorum, quae multa cumulabantur, receptus est
reus, neque peractus ob mortem opportunam. re-
latum et de Cassio Seuero exule, qui sordidae originis,
maleficae uitae, sed orandi ualidus, per immodicas
inimicitias ut 1udicio 1urati senatus Cretam amoue-
retur effecerat; atque illic eadem actitando recentia
ueteraque odia aduertit, bonisque exutus, interdicto
igni atque aqua, saxo Seripho consenuit.

29. Per idem tempus Plautius Siluanus praetor
incertis causis À proniam coniugem 1n praeceps 1ecit ;
tractusque ad Caesarem ab L. Apronio socero turbata
mente respondit, tamquam 1pse somno grauis atque
eo ignarus, et uxor sponte mortem sumpsisset. non
cunctanter Tiberius pergit 1n domum, uisit cubiculum,
in quo reluctantis et impulsae uestigia cernebantur.
refert ad senatum, datisque iudicibus Vrgulania
Siluani auia pugionem nepoti misit. quod perinde
creditum, quasi principis monitu, ob amicitiam
Augustae cum Vrgulania. reus, frustra temptato
ferro, uenas praebuit exsoluendas. mox Numantima,
prior uxor eius, accusata iniecisse carminibus et
ueneficüis uaecordiam marito, insons iudicatur.

23. Is demum annus populum Romanum longo
aduersum Numidam "Tacfarmatem bello absolut.

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 21—24 17

nam priores duces, ubi mpetrando triumphalium
insigni sufficere res suas crediderant, hostem. omit-
tebant; iamque tres laureatae m urbe statuae, et
adhuc raptabat Africam Tacfarinas, auctus Mauro-
rum auxilis, qui, Ptolemaeo lIubae filio iuuenta
imcurioso, libertos regios et seruilia imperia bello
mutauerant. erat ilh praedarum receptor ac socius
populandi rex Garamantum, non ut cum exercitu
incederet, sed missis leuibus copiis, quae ex longin-
quo 1n maius audiebantur. ipsaque e prouincia, ut
quis fortunae imops, moribus turbidus, promptius
ruebant, quia Caesar post res a Blaeso gestas, quasi
nulhs iam in Africa hostibus, reportari nonam
legionem 1usserat, nec pro consule eius anni P.
Dolabella retinere ausus erat, jussa principis magis
quam incerta belli metuens.

24. Igitur 'lacfarimas, disperso rumore rem
Romanam alius quoque ab nationibus lacerari eoque
paulatim Africa decedere, ac posse reliquos circeum-
uenim, si cuncti, quibus libertas seruitio potior,
incubuissent, auget uires positisque castris Thubus-
cum oppidum cireumsidet. at Dolabella, contracto
quod erat militum, terrore nominis Romani et quia
Numidae peditum aciem ferre nequeunt, primo sui
incessu soluit obsidium locorumque opportuna per-
muniult. simul principes Musulamiorum defectionem
coeptantes securi percutit. dein, quia pluribus ad-
uersum 'Tacfarinatem expeditionibus cognitum, non
graul nec uno meursu consectandum hostem uagum,
excito cum popularibus rege Ptolemaeo quattuor

IO

I5

-

Oo

agmina parat, quae legatis aut tribunis data; et rs

E. T. 2

IO

IS

20

18 CORNELII TACITI

praedatorias manus delecti Maurorum duxere. ipse
consultor aderat omnibus.

25. Nec multo post adfertur Numidas apud
castellum semirutum, ab ipsis quondam incensum,
cui nomen Auzea, positis mapalibus consedisse, fisos
loco, quia uastis circum saltibus claudebatur. tum
expeditae cohortes alaeque, quam in partem duce-
rentur ignarae, cito agmine rapiuntur. simulque
coeptus dies et concentu tubarum ac truci clamore
aderant semisomnos 1n barbaros, praepeditis Numi-
darum equis aut diuersos pastus pererrantibus. ab
Romanis confertus pedes, dispositae turmae, cuncta
proelio prouisa. hostibus contra omnium nesciis non
arma, non ordo, non consilium, sed pecorum modo
trahi, occidi, capi. infensus miles memoria laborum
et aduersum eludentes optatae totiens pugnae, se
quisque ultione et sanguimme explebant. differtur per
manipulos, Tacfarimatem omnes, notum tot proeliis,
consectentur; non nisi duce interfecto requiem belli
fore. at ille deiectis circum stipatoribus uinctoque
iam filio et effusis undique. Romanis, ruendo in tela
captiuitatem haud inulta morte effugit. 1sque finis
armis impositus.

26. Dolabellae petenti abnuit triumphalia Ti-
berius, Seiano tribuens, ne Blaesi auunculi eius laus
obsolesceret. sed neque Blaesus ideo inlustrior, et
huie negatus honor gloriam intendit; quippe minore
exercitu insignes captiuos, caedem ducis bellique
confecti famam deportarat. sequebantur et Gara-
mantum legati, raro m urbe uisi, quos Tacfarinate
caeso pereulsa gens, sed culpae nescia ad satis

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 24—28 19

faciendum populo Romano miserat. cognitis dehime
Ptolemaei per 1d bellum studis, repetitus ex uetusto
more honos, missusque e senatoribus qui scipionem
eburnum, togam pictam, antiqua patrum munera,
daret regemque et socium atque amicum appellaret.

27. Eadem aestate mota per Itaham seruilis
belh semina fors oppressit. auctor tumultus T.
Curtisius, quondam praetoriae cohortis miles, primo
coetibus clandestinis apud Brundisium et eircumiecta
oppida, mox positis propalam libellis ad. libertatem
uocabat agrestia per longimquos saltus et ferocia
seruitia, cum uelut munere deum tres biremes ad-
pulere ad usus commeantium ill mari. et erat
isdem regionibus Cutius Lupus quaestor, cui prouincia
uetere ex more calles euenerant: is disposita class-
larlorum copia coeptantem cum maxime coniura-
tionem disiecit. missusque a Caesare propere Staius
tribunus cum ualida manu ducem ipsum et proximos
audacia in urbem traxit, iam trepidam ob multitu-
dinem familiarum, quae gliscebat inmensum, minore
in dies plebe ingenua.

28. Isdem consulibus miseriarum ac saeuitiae
exemplum atrox, reus pater, accusator filius (nomen
utrique Vibius Serenus) in senatum inducti sunt.
ab exilio retractus inluuieque ac squalore obsitus et

IO

IO

I5

tum catena uinctus pater oranti fiio comparatur. 5

adulescens multis munditiis, alacri uultu, structas
prmcipi insidias, missos in Galliam concitores belli
index idem et testis dicebat; adnectebatque Cae-
cilium Cornutum praetorium ministrauisse pecuniam ;

qui taedio curarum, et quia periculum pro exitio ro

2—2

15

5

20 CORNELII TACITI

habebatur, mortem in se festinaut. at contra reus,
nihil infracto animo, obuersus in filium quatere umela,
uocare ultores deos ut sibi quidem redderent exilium,
ubi procul tali more ageret, filum autem quandoque
supplicia sequerentur. adseuerabatque mnocentem
Cornutum et falsa exterritum ; idque facile mtellectu,
si proderentur alii; non enim se caedem principis et
res nouas uno socio cogitasse.

29. 'lTum accusator Cn. Lentulum et Seium
'l'uberonem nominat, magno pudore Caesaris, cum
prunores ciuitatis, intimi 1psius amici, Lentulus
senectutis extremae, 'l'ubero defecto corpore, tumul-
tus hostilis et turbandae rei publicae accerserentur.
sed hi quidem statim exempti: in patrem ex seruis
quaesitum, et quaestio aduersa accusatori fuit. qui
scelere uecors, simul uulgi rumore territus, robur et
saxum aut parriceidarum poenas minitantium, cessit

10 urbe. ace retractus Rauenna exsequi accusationem

15

adigitur, non occultante Tiberio uetus odium aduer-
sum exulem Serenum. nam post damnatum Libonem
missis ad Caesarem litteris exprobrauerat suum
tantum studium sime fructu fuisse, addideratque
quaedam contumacius quam tutum apud aures
superbas et offensioni proniores. ea Caesar octo
post annos rettulit, medium tempus uarie arguens,
etiam si tormenta jperuicacia seruorum contra
euenissent.

30. Dictis dein sententiüs ut Serenus more
maiorum puniretur, quo molliret mmuidiam, intercessit.
Gallus Asinius cum Gyaro aut Donusa claudendum
censeret, id quoque aspernatus est, egenam aquae

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 28—31 21

utramque insulam referens dandosque uitae usus cui
uita concederetur. ita Serenus Ámorgum repor-
tatur. et, quia Cornutus sua manu ceciderat, actum
de praemiis accusatorum abolendis, si quis maiestatis
postulatus ante perfectum iudicium se ipse uita
priuauisset. ibaturque in eam sententiam, ni durius
contraque morem suum palam pro accusatoribus
Caesar inritas leges, rem publicam m praecipiti
conquestus esset: subuerterent potius lura quam
custodes eorum amouerent. sic delatores, genus
hominum publico exitio repertum et ne poenis
quidem umquam satis coércitum, per praemia eli
ciebantur.

31. His tam adsiduis tamque maestis modica
laetitia intericitur, quod C. Cominium equitem
Romanum, probrosi in se carminis conuictum, Caesar
precibus fratris, qui senator erat, concessit. quo
magis mirum habebatur gnarum meliorum, et quae
fama clementiam sequeretur, tristiora malle. neque
enim socordia peccabat; nec occultum est, quando
ex ueritate, quando adumbrata laetitia facta impera-
torum celebrentur. quin ipse, compositus alias et
uelut eluctantium uerborum, solutius promptiusque
eloquebatur, quotiens subueniret. at P. Suillium,
quaestorem quondam Germanici, cum Italia arceretur
conuictus pecuniam ob rem 1udicandam cepisse,
amouendum 1n insulam censuit, tanta contentione
animi ut lure iurando obstringeret e re publica id
esse. quod aspere acceptum ad praesens mox in
laudem uertit regresso Suillio; quem uidit sequens
aetas praepotentem, uenalem et Claud principis

5

IO

I5

20

25

IO

IO

22 CORNELII TACITI

amicitia diu prospere, numquam bene usum. eadem
poena imm Catum Firmium senatorem statuitur, tam-
quam falsis maiestatis criminibus sororem petiuisset.
Catus, ut rettuli, Libonem inlexerat insidiis, deinde
indicio perculerat. eius operae memor "'iberius, sed
alia praetendens, exilium deprecatus est; quo minus
senatu pelleretur non obstitit.

32. Pleraque eorum quae rettuli quaeque referam
parua forsitan et leuia memoratu uideri non nescius
sum; sed nemo annales nostros cum scriptura eorum
contenderit, qui ueteres populi Romani res compos-
uere. ingentia ilh bella, expugnationes urbium,
fusos captosque reges, aut si quando ad interna
praeuerterent, discordias consulum aduersum tri-
bunos, agrarias frumentariasque leges, plebis et
optimatium certamina libero egressu memorabant.
nobis in arto et inglorius labor; immota quippe aut
modice lacessita pax, maestae urbis res et princeps
proferendi mmperi immcuriosus erat. non tamen sine
usu fuerit introspicere illa primo aspectu leuia, ex
quis magnarum saepe rerum motus oriuntur.

33. Nam cunctas nationes et urbes populus aut
primores aut singuli regunt: delecta ex 1s et
consociata rei publicae forma laudari facilius quam
euenire, uel si euenit, haud diuturna esse potest.
igitur ut olim plebe ualida, uel cum patres pollerent,
noscenda uulgi natura et quibus modis temperanter
haberetur, senatusque et optimatium ingenia qui
maxime perdidicerant, callidi temporum et sapientes
credebantur, sic conuerso statu neque alia re Romana
quam si unus immperitet, haec conquiri tradique in

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 31—33 28

rem fuerit, quia pauci prudentia honesta ab deteri-
oribus, utilia ab noxiis discernunt, plures aliorum
euentis docentur. ceterum ut profutura, 1ta minimum
oblectationis adferunt. nam situs gentium, uarietates
proeliorum, clari ducum exitus retinent ac redin- 15
tegrant legentium animum. nos saeua iussa, con-
tinuas accusationes, fallaces amicitias, perniciem
innocentium et easdem exitu causas coniungimus,
obuia rerum similitudine et satietate. tum quod
antiquis scriptoribus rarus obtrectator, neque refert 20
cuiusquam Punicas Romanasne acieslaetius extuleris;

at multorum, qui Tiberio regente poenam uel mfam-
las subiere, posteri manent. utque familiae ipsae
lam extinctae sint, reperias qui ob similitudinem
morum aliena malefacta sibi obiectari putent. etiam 25
gloria ac uirtus 1nfensos habet, ut nimis ex propinquo
diuersa arguens. sed ad mceptum redeo.

CHAPTERS 34—45: EVENTS OF 25 A.D.

34. Cornelio Cosso Asinio Agrippa consulibus
Cremutius Cordus postulatur, nouo ac tunc primum
audito crimine, quod editis annalibus laudatoque
M. Bruto C. Cassium. Romanorum ultimum dixisset.

5accusabant Satrius Secundus et Pinarius Natta,
Seiani clientes. 1d perniciabile reo, et Caesar truci
uultu defensionem accipiens, quam Cremutius, relin-
quendae uitae certus, in hunc modum exorsus est:
* Verba mea, patres conscripti, arguuntur; adeo
10 factorum innocens sum. sed neque haec in principem
aut principis parentem, quos lex maiestatis amplec-
titur: Brutum et Cassium laudauisse dicor, quorum
res gestas cum plurimi composuerimnt, nemo sine
honore memorauit. 'Titus Liuius, eloquentiae ac
15 fidei praeclarus in primis, Cn. Pompeium tantis
laudibus tulit ut Pompeianum eum Augustus appel-
laret; neque 1d amicitiae eorum offecit. Scipionem,
Afranimm, hune ipsum Cassium, hunc Brutum
nusquam latrones et parricidas, quae nunc uocabula
20 inponuntur, saepe ut insignes uiros nominat. Asini
Pollionis scripta egregiam eorundem memoriam
tradunt; Messalla Corumus mmperatorem suum
Cassium praedicabat; et uterque opibus atque
honoribus peruiguere. Marci Ciceronis libro, quo

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 34, 85. 25

Catonem caelo aequauit, quid. aliud. dictator Caesar
quam rescripta oratione, uelut apud 1udices, respon-
dit? Antonii epistulae, Bruti contiones falsa quidem
in Augustum probra, sed multa cum acerbitate
habent; carmina Bibacuh et Catulli referta con-
tumelis Caesarum leguntur; sed :pse diuus lulius,
ipse diuus Augustus et tulere 1sta et reliquere, haud
facile dixerim, moderatione magis an sapientia.
namque spreta exolescunt: si 1rascare, adgnita ui-
dentur.

395. 'Non attmgo Graecos, quorum non modo
libertas, etiam libido impunita ; aut $81 quis aduertit,
dictis dicta ultus est. sed maxime solutum et sime
obtrectatore fuit prodere de ns, quos mors odio aut

25

30

gratiae exemisset. num enim armatis Cassio et 5

Bruto ac Philippenses campos obtimentibus belh
ciuilis causa populum per contiones mcendo ? an illi
quidem septuagensimum ante annum perempti, quo
modo imaginibus suis noscuntur, quas ne uictor
quidem aboleuit, sic partem memoriae apud scriptores
retinent? suum cuique decus posteritas rependit;
nec deerunt, si damnatio ingruit, qui non modo
Cassii et Druti, sed etiam mei meminermt,! egressus
dem senatu uitam abstinentia finiuit. libros per
aediles cremandos censuere patres; sed manserunt
occultati et editi. quo magis socordiam eorum
inridere libet, qui praesenti potentia credunt extingui
posse etiam sequentis aeul memoriam. nam contra
punitis ingeniis gliscit auctoritas, neque aliud externi

IO

I5

reges aut qui eadem saeuitia usi sunt, nisi dedecus 20

sibi atque 1llis gloriam peperere.

IO

15

IO

I5

26 CORNELII TACTTI

36. Ceterum postulandis reis tam continuus
annus fuit ut feriarum Latinarum diebus praefectum
urbis Drusum, auspicandi gratia tribunal ingressum,
adierit Calpurnius Saluianus in Sextum Marium ;
quod a Caesare palam increpitum causa exili Sal-
uiano fuit. obiecta publice Cyzicenis incuria caeri-
moniarum diui Augusti, additis ujolentiae criminibus
aduersum ciues Romanos. et amisere libertatem
quam bello Mithridatis meruerant, circumsessi nec
minus sua constantia quam praesidio Luculh pulso
rege. at Fonteius Capito, qui pro consule Asiam
curauerat, absoluitur, conperto ficta 1n eum crimina
per Vibium Serenum. neque tamen 1d Sereno noxae
fuit, quem odium publicum tutiorem faciebat. nam,
ut quis destrictior accusàátor, uelut sacrosanctus erat :
leues, 1gnobiles poenis adficiebantur.

397. Peridem tempus Hispania ulterior missis ad
senatum legatis orauit ut exemplo Asiae delubrum
Tiberio matrique eius exstrueret. qua occasione
Caesar, ualidus alioqui spernendis honoribus et
respondendum ratus iis, quorum rumore arguebatur
im ambitionem flexisse, huiusce modi orationem
coepit: Scio, patres conscripti, constantiam meam
a plerisque desideratam, quod Asiae ciuitatibus nuper
idem istud petentibus non sim aduersatus. ergo et
prioris silentii defensionem, et quid in futurum
statuerim, simul aperiam. cum diuus Augustus sibi
atque urbi Romae templum apud Pergamum sisti
non prohibuisset, qui omnia facta dictaque eius uice
legis obseruem, placitum iam exemplum promptius
secutus sum, quia cultui meo ueneratio senatus

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 36—39 27
adiungebatur. ceterum, ut semel recepisse ueniam
habuerit, ita omnes per prouincias effigie numinum
sacrari ambitiosum, superbum ; et uanescet Augusti
honor, $i promiscis adulationibus uulgatur.

38. 'Ego me, patres conscripti, mortalem esse
et hominum officia fungi satisque habere, si locum
primcipem impleam, et uos testor et memmumnisse
posteros uolo; qui satis superque memoriae meae
tribuent, ut maioribus meis dignum, rerum uestrarum
prouidum, constantem 1n periculis, offensionum pro
utihtate publica non pauidum credant. haec mihi
in animis uestris templa, hae pulcherrimae effigies et
mansurae. nam quae saxo struuntur, si iudicium
posterorum in odium uertit, pro sepuleris spernuntur.
promde socios ciues et deos 1psos precor, hos ut mihi
ad finem usque uitae quietam et imtellegentem humani
diumique 1uris mentem duint, illos ut, quandoque
concessero, cum laude et bonis recordationibus facta
atque famam nominis mei prosequantur. perstititque
posthac secretis etiam. sermonibus aspernari talem
sui cultum. quod alii modestiam, multi,quia diffideret,
quidam ut degeneris animi imterpretabantur. opti-
mos quippe mortalium altissima cupere ; sic Herculem
et Liberum apud Graecos, Quirinum apud nos deum
numero additos; melius Augustum qui sperauerit.
cetera principibus statim adesse: unum insatiabiliter
parandum, prosperam sui memoriam; nam con-
temptu famae contemmi uirtutes.

39. At Seianus, nimia fortuna socors et muliebri
imsuper cupidine mcensus, promissum matrimonium
flagitante Liuia, componit ad Caesarem codicillos ;

IO

20

IO

I5

20

IO

28 CORNELII TACITI

moris quippe tum erat quamquam praesentem seripto
adire. eius talis forma fuit: beneuolentia patris
Augusti et mox plurimis Tiberi iudiciis ita insueuisse
ut spes uotaque sua non prius ad deos quam ad
principum aures conferret. nequefulgorem honorum
umquam precatum; excubias ac labores, ut unum e
militibus, pro incolumitate imperatoris malle. ac
tamen quod pulcherrimum adeptum, ut coniunctione
Caesaris dignus crederetur: hine mitium spei. et
quoniam audiuerit Augustum in conlocanda filia non
nihil etiam de equitibus Romanis consultauisse, ita;
s&; maritus Liuiae quaereretur, haberet im animo
amicum sola necessitudinis gloria usurum. non enim
exuere inposita munia ; satis aestimare firmari domum
aduersum iniquas Agrippinae offensiones, idque
liberorum causa; nam sibi multum superque uitae
fore, quod tali cum principe expleuisset.

40. Ad ea Tiberius, laudata pietate Seiani suis-
que in eum beneficiis modice percursis, cum tempus
tamquam ad integram consultationem petiuisset,
adiunxit ceteris mortalibus in eo stare consilia, quid
sibi conducere putent; principum diuersam esse
sortem, quibus praecipua rerum ad famam dirigenda.
ideo se non illuc decurrere, quod promptum reseriptu,
posse ipsam Liuiam statuere, nubendum post Drusum
an in penatibus isdem tolerandum haberet; esse illi
matrem et auiam, propiora consila. simplicius
acturum, de inimicitüus primum Agrippinae, quas
longe acrius arsuras, s; matrimonium Laiuiae uelut
in partes domum Caesarum distraxisset. sic quoque
erumpere aemulationem feminarum, eaque discordia

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 39—41 29

nepotes suos conuelh; quid si intendatur certamen
tali coniugio ? ! falleris enim, Seiane, si te mansurum
in eodem ordine putas, et Liuiam, quae Gaio Caesari,
mox Druso nupta fuerit, ea mente acturam ut cum
equite Romano senescat. ego ut smam, credisne
passuros qui fratrem eius, qui patrem maioresque
nostros in summis imperiis uidere? uis tu quidem
istum intra locum sistere: sed illi magistratus et
primores, qui te inuitum perrumpunt ommibusque
de rebus consulunt, excessisse 1am pridem equestre
fastigium longeque antisse patris mei amicitias non
occulti ferunt perque muidiam tui me quoque incu-
sant. at enim Augustus filiam suam equiti Romano
tradere meditatus est. murum hercule, s cum in
omnes curas distraheretur 1mmmensumque attolli
prouideret quem coniunctione tali super alios ex-
tulisset, C. Proculeium et quosdam in sermonibus
habuit insigni tranquilhtate uitae, nullis rei publicae
negotiüs permixtos. sed si dubitatione Augusti
mouemur, quanto uahidius est quod Marco Agrippae,
mox mihi conlocauit? atque ego haec pro amicitia
non occultaui; ceterum neque tuis neque Liuiae
destinatis aduersabor. 1pse quid intra animum
uolutauerim, quibus adhuc necessitudinibus inmiscere
te mihi parem, omittam ad praesens referre: id
tantum aperiam nihil esse tam excelsum quod non
uirtutes istae tuusque in me animus mereantur, da-
toque tempore uel m senatu uel in contione non
reticebo."

41. HRursum Seianus, non iam de matrimonio,
sed altius metuens, tacita suspicionum, uulgi ru-

I5

20

25

30

35

40

5

IO

[5

IO

I5

30 CORNELII TACITI

morem, ingruentem inuidiam deprecatur. ac me
adsiduos in domum coetus arcendo infringeret
potentiam aut receptando facultatem criminantibus
praeberet, huc flexit, ut ''iberium ad uitam procul
Roma amoenis locis degendam impelleret. multa
quippe prouidebat: sua in manu aditus litterarumque
magna ex parte se arbitrum fore, cum per milites
commearent; mox Caesarem uergente iam senecta
secretoque loci mollitum munia imperii facilius
tramissurum; et minui sibi inuidiam adempta salu-
tantium turba, sublatisque 1nanibus ueram potentiam
augeri igitur paulatim negotia urbis, populi ad-
cursus, multitudinem adfluentium imerepat, extollens
laudibus quietem et solitudinem, quis abesse taedia
et offensiones ac praecipua rerum maxime agitari.
42. Ac forte habita per illos dies de Votieno
Montano, celebris ingenii uiro, cognitio cunctantem
iam "Tiberium perpulit ut uitandos crederet patrum
coetus. uocesque, quae plerumque uerae et graues
coram ingerebantur. nam postulato Votieno ob
contumelias in Caesarem dictas, testis Aemilius e
militaribus uiris dum studio probandi cuncta refert
et quamquam mter obstrepentes magna adseueratione
nititur, audiuit Tiberius probra, quis per occultum
lacerabatur, adeoque perculsus est ut se uel statim
uel in cognitione purgaturum clamitaret precibusque
proximorum, adulatione omnium aegre componeret
animum. et Votienus quidem maiestatis poenis
adfectus est: Caesar obiectam sibi aduersus reos
inclementiam eo peruicacius amplexus, Aquiliam
adulterii delatam cum Vario Ligure, quamquam

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 41—44 31

Lentulus Gaetulieus consul designatus lege Iulia
damnasset, exilio punimuit Apidiumque Merulam,
quod in acta diu Augusti non iurauerat, albo
senatorio erasit.

48. Auditae dehme Lacedaemoniorum et Mes-
seniorum legationes de iure templi Dianae Limna-
tidis, quod suis a maioribus suaque in terra dicatum
Lacedaemonn firmabant annalium memoria uatum-
que carminibus, sed. Macedonis Philippi, cum. quo
bellassent, armis ademptum ae post C. Caesaris et
M. Antonnu sententia redditum. contra Messenii
ueterem mter Herculis posteros diuisionem Pelopon-
nesi protulere, suoque regi Denthaliatem agrum, in
quo id delubrum, cessisse; monimentaque eius rei
sculpta saxis et aere prisco manere. quod si uatum
aut annahum ad testimonia uocentur, plures sibi
ac locupletiores esse; neque Philippum potentia,
sed ex uero statuisse: idem regis Antigoni, idem
imperatoris Mummii iudicium ; sc Milesios permisso
publice arbitrio, postremo Atidium Geminum prae-
torem Achaiae decreuisse. ita secundum Messenios
datum. et Segestani aedem Veneris montem apud
Erycum, uetustate dilapsam, restaurari postulauere,
nota memorantes de origme eius et laeta "Tiberio.
suscepit curam hlbens ut consanguineus. tunc trac-
tatae Massiliensium. preces probatumque P. Rutilii
exemplum; namque eum legibus pulsum ciuem sibi
Zmyrnaei addiderant. quo iure Vulcatius Moschus
exul in Massilienses receptus bona sua rei publicae
eorum ut patriae reliquerat.

44. Obiere eo anno uiri nobiles Cn. Lentulus et

20

5

IO

15

20

5

IO

I5

IO

32 CORNELII TACITI

L. Domitius. Lentulo super consulatum et trium-
phalia de Getis gloriae fuerat bene tolerata paupertas,
dem magnae opes innocenter partae et modeste
habitae. Domitium decorauit pater ciuili bello
maris potens, donec Antonn partibus, mox Caesaris
misceretur. auus Pharsalica acie pro optimatibus
ceciderat. 1pse delectus, cui mimmor Antonia, Octauia
genita, in matrimonium daretur, post exercitu flumen
Albim transcendit, longius penetrata Germania quam
quisquam priorum, easque ob res insignia triumphi
adeptus est. obmnt et L. Antonius, multa claritudine
generis, sed inprospera. nam patre eius Iulo Antonio
ob adulterium Iuliae morte punito hunc admodum
adulescentulum, sororis nepotem, seposuit Augustus
in ciuitatem Massiliensem, ubi specie studiorum
nomen exili] tegeretur. habitus tamen supremis
honor, ossaque tumulo Octauiorum mlata per de-
cretum senatus.

45. Isdem consulibus facinus atrox m citeriore
Hispania admissum a quodam agresti nationis 'ler-
mestimae. 1s praetorem prouinciae L. Pisonem, pace
incurlosum, ex inprouiso in itinere adortus uno
uulnere in mortem adfecit; ac pernicitate equi
profugus, postquam saltuosos locos attigerat, dimisso
equo per derupta et auia sequentes frustratus est.
neque diu fefellit; nam, prenso ductoque per proxi-
mos pagos equo, cuius foret cognitum. et repertus
cum tormentis edere conscios adigeretur, uoce magna
sermone patrio frustra se imterrogari clamitauit:
adsisterent soci ac spectarent; nullam uim tantam
doloris fore ut ueritatem eliceret. idemque cum

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 44, 45. 33

postero ad quaestionem retraheretur, eo nisu pro-
ripuit se custodibus saxoque caput adflixit ut statim r5
exanimaretur. sed Piso Termestimorum dolo caesus
habetur; «quippe pecunias e publico interceptas
acrius quam uf tolerarent barbari cogebat.

IO

I5

5

Chapters 46—61: Events of 26 A.D.

46. Lentulo Gaetulico C. Caluisio consulibus
decreta triumphi insignia Poppaeo Sabino contusis
Thraecum gentibus, qui montium editis incultu atque
eo ferocius agitabant. causa motus super hominum
ingenium, quod pati dilectus et ualidissimum quem-
que militiae nostrae dare aspernabantur, ne regibus
quidem parere nisi ex libidime soliti, aut, s1 mitterent
auxilia, suos ductores praeficere nec nisi aduersum
accolas belligerare. ac tum rumor incesserat fore
ut disiecti aliisque nationibus permixti diuersas in
terras traherentur. sed, antequam arma inciperent,
misere legatos amicitiam obsequiumque memoraturos,
et mansura haec s nullo nouo onere temptarentur ;
sin ut uictis seruitium indiceretur, esse sibi ferrum
et iuuentutem et promptum libertati aut ad mortem
animum. simul castella rupibus indita conlatosque
ilue parentes et coniuges ostentabant bellumque
impeditum arduum cruentum minitabantur.

47. At Sabinus, donec exercitus in unum con-
duceret, datis mitibus responsis, postquam Pomponius
Labeo e Moesia cum legione, rex Rhoemetalces cum
auxihlis popularium, qui fidem non mutauerant,
uenere, addita praesenti copia ad hostem pergit,

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 46—48 | 85

compositum iam per angustias saltuum. quidam
audentius apertis in collibus uisebantur, quos dux
Romanus acie suggressus haud aegre pepulit, san-
guine barbarorum modico ob propinqua suffugia.
mox castris in loco communitis ualida manu montem
oceupat, angustum et aequali dorso continuum usque
ad proximum castellum, quod magna uis armata aut
incondita tuebatur. simul m ferocissmmos, qui ante
uallum more gentis cum carminibus et tripudiis
persultabant, mittit delectos sagittariorum. ij, dum
eminus grassabantur, crebra et inulta uulnera fecere;
propius incedentes eruptione subita turbati sunt
receptique subsidio Sugambrae cohortis, quam Ro-
manus promptam ad pericula nec minus cantuum
et armorum tumultu trucem haud procul mstruxerat.

48. 'lranslata dehine castra hostem propter,
relictis apud. priora munimenta '"lThraecibus, quos
nobis adfuisse memoraui. iisque permissum uastare,
urere, trahere praedas, dum populatio lucem intra
sisteretur noctemque in castris tutam et uigilem
capesserent. id primo seruatum ; mox uersi in luxum
et raptis opulenti omittere stationes, lasciuia epularum
aut somno et uino procumbere. igitur hostes, incuria
eorum conperta, duo agmina parant, quorum altero
populatores immnuaderentur, ali castra Romana ad-
pugnarent, non spe capiendi, sed ut clamore, telis
suo quisque periculo intentus sonorem alterius proelii
non acciperet. tenebrae insuper delectae augendam
ad formidinem. sed qui uallum legionum temptabant,
facile pelluntur; "Tlhraecum auxilia repentino incursu
territa, cum pars munitionibus adiacerent, plures

3—23

-

IO

20

I5

5

IO

I5

IO

36 CORNELII TACITI

extra palarentur, tanto infensius caesi, quanto per-
fugae et proditores ferre arma ad suum patriaeque
seruitium incusabantur.

49. Postera die Sabinus exercitum aequo loco
ostendit, s; barbari successu noctis alacres proelium
auderent. et postquam castello aut coniunctis tumulis
non degrediebantur, obsidium coepit per praesidia
quae opportune iam muniebat; dei fossam loricam-
que contexens quattuor milia passuum ambitu am-
plexus est; tum paulatim, ut aquam pabulumque
eriperet, contrahere claustra artaque circumdare ; et
struebatur agger, unde saxa hastae ignes propmquum
iam in hostem iacerentur. sed nihil aeque quam
sitis fatigabat, cum ingens multitudo bellatorum
inbellium uno reliquo fonte uterentur; simul equi
armenta, ut mos barbaris, mixta clausa, egestate
pabuli exanimari; adiacere corpora hominum, quos
uulnera, quos sitis peremerat; pollui cuncta sanie,
odore, contactu.

50. Rebusque turbatis malum extremum dis-
cordia accessit, his deditionem, alis mortem et
mutuos inter se ictus parantibus; et erant qui non
inultum exitium, sed eruptionem suaderent. neque
ignobiles tantum his diuersi sententiis, uerum e
ducibus Dinis, prouectus senecta et longo usu uim
atque clementiam Romanam edoctus, ponenda arma,
unum adflictis 1d remedium disserebat, primusque
se cum coniuge et liberis uictorl permisit. secuti
aetate aut sexu inbecilh et quibus maior uitae quam
gloriae cupido. at iuuentus ''arsam inter et Turesim
distrahebatur. utrique destinatum cum libertate

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 48—51 37

occidere, sed "'arsa properum finem, abrumpendas
pariter spes ac metus clamitans, dedit exemplum
demisso in pectus ferro; nec defuere qui eodem
modo oppeterent. 'luresis suáà cum manu noctem
opperitur, haud nescio duce nostro; igitur firmatae
stationes densioribus globis. etingruebat nox nimbo
atrox, hostisque clamore turbido, modo per uastum
silentium, incertos obsessores effecerat, cum Sabimus
cireumire, hortari ne ad ambigua sonitus aut simmu-
lationem quietis casum 1insidiantibus aperirent, sed
sua quisque munia seruarent immoti telisque non in
falsum 1actis.

51. Interea barbari cateruis decurrentes nunc
in uallum manualia saxa, praeustas sudes, decisa
robora 1acere, nunc uirgultis et cratibus et corporibus
exanimis complere fossas, quidam pontes et scalas
ante fabricati inferre propugnaculis eaque prensare,
detrahere et aduersum resistentes comminus niti.
miles contra deturbare telis, pellere umbonibus,
muralia pila, congestas lapidum moles prouoluere.
his partae uictoriae spes et, si! cedant, insignitius
flagitium, illis extrema 1am salus et adsistentes ple-
risque matres et coniuges earumque lamenta addunt
animos. nox alus m audaciam, aliis ad formidinem
opportuna; incerti 1ctus, uulnera inprouisa; suorum
atque hostium ignoratio et montis anfractu reper-
cussae uelut a tergo uoces adeo cuncta miscuerant
ut quaedam munimenta Romani quasi perrupta
omiserit. neque tamen peruasere hostes nisi ad-
modum pauci. ceteros, deiecto promptissimo quoque
aut saucio, adpetente iam luce trusere in summa

I5

20

IO

I5

98 CORNELII TACITI

20 castelli, ubi tandem coacta deditio. et proxima

5

IO

I5

20

25

sponte incolarum recepta: reliquis, quo minus ui
aut obsidio subigerentur, praematura montis Haemi
et saeua hiemps subuenit.

52. At HRomae, commota principis domo, ut
serles futuri in. Agrippinam exitii inciperet, Claudia
Pulchra sobrina eius postulatur, accusante Domitio
Afro. is recens praetura, modicus dignationis et
quoquo facinore properus clarescere, crimen inpudi-
citiae, adulterum Furnium, ueneficia in principem
et deuotiones obiectabat. Agrippina semper atrox,
tum et periculo propimquae accensa, pergit ad "Ti-
berium ac forte sacrificantem patri repperit. quo
initio inuidiae non eiusdem ait mactare diuo Augusto
ulictimas et posteros eius insectari. non in effigies
mutas diumum spiritum transfusum; se imaginem
ueram, caelesti sanguime ortam, intellegere discrimen,
suscipere sordes. frustra Pulchram praescribi, cui
sola exitii causa sit, quod Agrippinam stulte prorsus
ad cultum delegerit, oblita Sosiae ob eadem adflictae.
audita haec raram occulti pectoris uocem elicuere,
correptamque Graeco uersu admonuit non ideo laedi,
quia non regnaret. Pulchra et Furnius damnantur.
Afer primoribus oratorum additus, diuulgato ingenio
et secuta adseueratione Caesaris, qua suo 1ure diser-
tum eum appellauit. mox capessendis accusationibus
autreos tutando prosperiore eloquentiae quam morum
fama fuit, nisi quod aetas extrema multum etiam
eloquentiae dempsit, dum fessa mente retinet silentii
inpatientiam.

58. AtAgrippina peruicax irae et morbo corporis

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 51—55 39

inplicata, cum uiseret eam Caesar, profusis diu
ac per silentium lacrimis, mox inuidiam et preces
orditur: subueniret solitudimi, daret maritum; ha-
bilem. adhue iuuentam sibi neque aliud probis quam
ex matrimonio solacium; esse in ciuitate qui diui
Augusti neptem, Germanici coniugem ac liberos
eius recipere dignarentur. sed Caesar non ignarus
quantum ex re publica peteretur, ne tamen offen-
sionis aut metus manifestus foret, sine responso
quamquam instantem reliquit. id ego, a scriptoribus
annalium non traditum, repperi im commentariis
Agrippinae filiae, quae Neronis principis mater uitam
suam et casus suorum posteris memorault.

54. Ceterum Seianus maerentem et inprouidam
altius perculit, immissis qui per speciem amicitiae
monerent paratum ei uenenum, uitandas soceri
epulas. atque illa simulationum nescia, cum propter
discumberet, non uultu aut sermone flecti, nullos
attmgere cibos, donec aduertit "liberius, forte an
quia audiuerat; idque quo acrius experiretur, poma,
ut erant adposita, laudans nurui sua manu tradidit.
aucta ex eo suspicio Agrippinae, et 1ntacta ore seruis
tramisit. nec tamen "Tiberu uox coram secuta, sed
obuersus ad matrem non mirum ait, si quid seuerius
1n eam statuisset, a qua ueneficii insimularetur. inde
rumor parari exitium, neque id imperatorem palam
audere, secretum ad perpetrandum quaeri.

55. Sed Caesar, quo famam auerteret, adesse
frequens senatui legatosque Asiae, ambigentes qua-
nam in ciuitate templum statueretur, plures per dies
audiuit. undecim urbes certabant, pari ambitione,

IO

IO

40 CORNELII TACITI

s uiribus diuersae. neque multum distantia inter se
memorabant de uetustate generis, studio im populum
Romanum per bella Persi et Aristonici aliorumque
regum. uerum Hypaepeni Tralhanique Laodicenis
ae Magnetibus simul tramissi ut parum ualidi; ne

ro Ilienses quidem, cum parentem urbis Romae Troiam
referrent, nisi antiquitatis gloria pollebant. paulum
addubitatum, quod Halicarnasn mille et ducentos
per annos nullo motu terrae nutauisse sedes suas
uiuoque in saxo fundamenta templ: adseuerauerant.

15 Pergamenos (eo 1pso nitebantur) aede Augusto ibi
sita satis adeptos creditum. Ephesnu Milesique, hi
A pollinis, illi Dianae caerimmonia occupauisse ciuitates
uisi. ita Sardianos inter Zmyrnaeosque deliberatum.
Sardiani decretum Etruriae recitauere ut consan-

20 guinei; nam "Tyrrhenum Lydumque Atye rege
genitos ob multitudinem diuisisse gentem; Lydum
patrius m terris resedisse, T'yrrheno datum nouas ut
conderet sedes; et ducum e nominibus indita uocabula
ilis per Asiam, his im Italia; auctamque adhuc

25 Lydorum opulentiam missis in. Graeciam populis,
cui mox a Pelope nomen. simul litteras imperatorum
et icta nobiscum foedera bello Macedonum uber-
tatemque fluminum suorum, temperiem caeli ac dites
circum terras memorabant. |

56. At Zmyrnaei repetita uetustate, seu Tantalus
Ioue ortus illos, siue "Theseus diuina et ipse stirpe,
siue una Amazonum condidisset, transcendere ad ea
quis maxime fidebant, in populum Romanum offieus,

5 missa nauali copia non modo externa ad bella, sed
quae in Italia tolerabantur; seque primos templum

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 55

5. 4

urbis Romae statuisse, M. Porcio consule, magnis
quidem 1am populi Romani rebus, nondum tamen ad
summum elatis, stante adhuc Punica urbe et ualidis
per Asiam regibus. simul L. Sullam testem adfere-
bant, grauissimo in discrimine exercitus ob asperi-
tatem hiemis et penuriam uestis, cum id. Zmyrnam
in contionem nuntiatum foret, omnes qui adstabant
detraxisse corpori tegmina nostrisque legionibus
misisse. ita rogati sententiam patres Zmyrnaeos
praetulere. censuitque Vibius Marsus, ut M'. Lepido,
cul ea prouincia obuenerat, super numerum legaretur
qui templi curam susciperet. et quia Lepidus ipse
deligere per modestiam abnuebat, Valerius Naso e
praetorns sorte muüussus est.

5'7. Inter quae, diu meditato prolatoque saepius
consilio, tandem Caesar in Campaniam, specie
dedicandi templa apud Capuam loui, apud. Nolam
Augusto, sed certus procul urbe degere. causam
abscessus quamquam secutus plurimos auctorum ad
Seiani artes rettuli, quia. tamen caede eius patrata
sex postea annos pari secreto coniunxit, plerumque
permoueor, num ad ipsum referri uerius sit, saeuitiam
ac libidinem cum factis promeret, locis occultantem.
erant qui crederent 1n senectute corporis quoque
habitum pudori fuisse; quippe illi praegracils et
incurua proceritas, nudus capillo uertex, ulcerosa
facies ac plerumque medicaminibus interstincta; et
Rhodi secreto uitare coetus, recondere uoluptates
insuerat. traditur etiam matris I1npotentia extrusum,
quam dominationis sociam aspernabatur neque de-
pellere poterat, cum dominationem ipsam donum

IG

I5

20

5

IO

I5

42 CORNELH TACITI

eius accepisset. nam dubitauerat Augustus Ger-
manicum, sororis nepotem et cunctis laudatum, rei

20 Romanae imponere; sed precibus uxoris euictus
Tiberio Germanicum, sibi Tiberium adsciuit. idque
Augusta exprobrabat, reposcebat.

98. Profectio arto comitatu fuit: unus senator
consulatu functus, Coeceius Nerua, cui legum peritia,
eques Romanus praeter Seianum ex inlustribus Cur-
tius Atticus, ceteri liberalibus studiis praediti, ferme

5 Graeci, quorum sermonibus leuaretur. ferebant
periti caelestium iis motibus siderum excessisse
Roma 'Tiberium, ut reditus ilii negaretur. unde
exitii causa multis fuit properum finem uitae con-
iectantibus uulgantibusque; neque enim tam 1n-

10 credibilem casum prouidebant, ut undecim per annos
libens patria careret. mox patuit breue confinium
artis et falsi, ueraque quam obscuris tegerentur.
nam i urbem non regressurum haud forte dictum:
ceterorum nesci egere, cum propinquo rure aut

i5 htore et saepe moenia urbis adsidens extremam
senectam compleuerit.

59. Ac forte ilis diebus oblatum | Caesari
anceps periculum auxit uana rumoris praebuitque
ipsi materiem cur amicitiae constantiaeque Seiani
magis fideret. uescebantur in uilla cui uocabulum

5 Speluncae, mare Amunclanum inter et Fundanos
montes, natiuo in specu. eius os lapsis repente saxis
obruit quosdam ministros; hinc metus in omnes et
fuga eorum qui conuiuium celebrabant. Seianus
genu uultuque et manibus super Caesarem suspensus

ro opposuit sese incidentibus, atque habitu tali repertus

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 57—60. 43

est a militibus qui subsidio uenerant. maior ex eo,
et quamquam exitiosa suaderet, ut non sul anxius,
cum fide audiebatur. adsimmulabatque 1udicis partes
aduersum Germanici stirpem, subditis qui accusato-
rum nomina sustinerent maximeque insectarentur
Neronem proximum successioni et, quamquam mo-
desta iuuenta, plerumque tamen quid in praesentia
conduceret oblitum, dum a libertis et clientibus,
apiscendae potentiae properis, exstimulatur ut erec-
tum et fidentem animi ostenderet: uelle id populum
Romanum, cupere exercitus, neque ausurum contra
Seianum, qui nunc patientiam senis et segnitiam
iuuenis iuxta insultet.

60. Haec atque talia audienti nihil quidem
prauae cogitationis, sed interdum uoces procedebant
contumaces et inconsultae, quas adpositi custodes
exceptas auctasque cum deferrent neque Neroni
defendere daretur, diuersae imsuper sollicitudinum
formae oriebantur. nam ahnus occursum eius uitare,
quidam salutatione reddita statim auerti, plerique
inceptum sermonem abrumpere, msistentibus contra
inridentibusque qui Seiano fautores aderant. enim-
uero Tiberius toruus aut falsum renidens uultu: seu
loqueretur seu taceret iuuenis, crimen ex silentio, ex
uoce. ne nox quidem secura, cum uxor uigilias
somnos suspiria matri Laiuiae, atque illa Seiano
patefaceret; qui fratrem quoque Neronis Drusum
traxit 1n partes, spe obiecta principis loci, si priorem
aetate et iam labefactum demouisset. atrox Drusi
ingenium super cupidinem potentiae et solita fratri-
bus odia accendebatur inuidia, quod mater Agrippina

20

5

IO

I5

44 AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 60, 61

.promptior Neroni erat. neque tamen Seianus ita

20 Drusum fouebat ut non in eum quoque semina futuri
exitii meditaretur, gnarus praeferocem et insidiis
magis opportunum.

61. Fine anni excessere insignes uiri Asinius
Agrippa, claris maioribus quam uetustis uitaque non
degener, et Q. Haterius, familia senatoria, eloquentiae
quoad uixit celebratae: monimenta ingeni eius haud :

; perinde retinentur. scilicet mnnpetu magis quam
cura uigebat; utque aliorum meditatio et labor in
posterum ualescit, sic Haterun canorum illud et pro-
fluens cum ipso simul extinctum est.

Chapters 62—67: Events of 2'7 A.D.

62. M. Licinio L. Calpurnio consulibus ingentium
bellorum cladem aequauit malum inprouisum ; eius
initium simul et finis exstitit. nam coepto apud
Fidenam amphitheatro Atihius quidam libertini
generis, quo spectaculum gladiatorum celebraret,
neque fundamenta per solidum subdidit, neque
firmis nexibus ligneam compagem superstruxit, ut
qui non abundantia pecuniae nec municipal am-
bitione, sed. in. sordidam mercedem id negotium
quaesiuisset. adfluxere auidi talium, imperitante
"Tiberio procul uoluptatibus habiti, uirile ac muliebre
secus, omnis aetas, ob propinquitatem loci effusius ;
unde grauior pestis fuit, conferta mole, dein con-
uulsa, dum ruit intus aut im exteriora effunditur
inmensamque uim mortalium, spectaculo intentos
aut qui circum adstabant, praeceps trahit atque
operit. et ilh quidem, quos principium stragis in
mortem adflixerat, ut tali sorte, cruciatum effugere ;
miserandi magis quos abrupta parte corporis nondum
ulta deseruerat; qui per diem uisu, per noctem
ululatibus et gemitu coniuges aut liberos noscebant.
iam ceteri fama exciti, hic fratrem, propinquum ille,
ahus parentes lamentari. etiam quorum diuersa de

IO

I5

20

25

5

IO

IO

46 CORNELII TACITI

causa amici aut necessari aberant, pauere tamen;
nequedum comperto, quos illa uis perculisset, latior
ex mncerto metus.

63. Vt coepere dimoueri obruta, concursus ad
exanimos complectentium, osculantium ; et saepe
certamen, si confusior facies, sed par forma aut
aetas errorem adgnoscentibus fecerat. quinquaginta
hominum milia eo casu debilitata uel obtrita sunt;
cautumque in posterum senatus consulto, ne quis
gladiatorium munus ederet, cui minor quadrimgen-
torum milium res, neue amphitheatrum imponeretur
nisi solo firmitatis spectatae. Atihusin exilium actus
est. ceterum sub recentem cladem patuere procerum
domus, fomenta et medici passim praebiti, fuitque
urbs per illos dies quamquam maesta facie ueterum
institutis similis, qui magna post proelia saucios
largitione et cura sustentabant.

64. Nondum ea clades exoleuerat, cum ignis
uiolentia urbem ultra solitum adfecit, deusto monte
Caelio; feralemque annum ferebant et ommibus
aduersis susceptum principi consilium absentiae, qui
mos uulgo, fortuita ad culpam trahentes, ni Caesar
obuiam isset tribuendo pecunias ex modo detrimenti.
actaeque ei grates apud senatum ab inlustribus
famaque apud populum, quia sine ambitione aut
proximorum precibus ignotos etiam et ultro accitos
munificentia iuuerat. adduntur sententiae, ut mons
Caelius in posterum Augustus appellaretur, quando
cunctis cireum flagrantibus sola 'Tibern effigies, sita
im domo Iunii senatoris, muiolata mansisset. eue-
nisse id olim Claudiae Quintae, eiusque statuam uim

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 62—67 47

ignium bis elapsam maiores apud aedem matris
deum consecrauisse. sanctos acceptosque numinibus
Claudios et augendam caerimmoniam loco, m quo
tantum in principem honorem di ostenderint.

65. Haud fuerit absurdum tradere montem eum
antiquitus Querquetulanum cognomento fuisse, quod
talis siluae frequens fecundusque erat, mox Caelium
appellitatum a Caele Vibenna, qui dux gentis Etrus-
cae cum auxilium portauisset, sedem eam acceperat
a 'l'arquinio Prisco, seu quis alius regum dedit; nam
scriptores in eo dissentiunt. cetera non ambigua
sunt, magnas eas copias per plana etiam ac foro
propinqua habitauisse, unde 'Tuscum uicum e uoca-
bulo aduenarum dictum.

66. Sed ut studia procerum et largitio principis
aduersum casus solacium tulerant, ita accusatorum
maior in dies et mfestior uis sine leuamento grassa-
batur; corripueratque Varum Quintilhium, diuitem
et Caesari propiquum, Domitius Afer, Claudiae
Pulchrae matris eius condemnator, nullo mirante
quod diu egens et parto nuper praemio male usus
plura ad flagitia accingeretur. | P. Dolabellam
socium delationis extitisse miraculo erat, quia claris
maioribus et Varo conexus suam 1pse nobilitatem,
suum sanguinem perditum ibat. restitit tamen se-
natus et opperiendum mnperatorem censuit, quod
unum urguentium malorum suffugium in tempus
erat.

64. At Caesar, dedicatis per Campaniam templis,
quamquam edicto monuisset, ne quis quietem eius
inrumperet, concursusque oppidanorum disposito

15

IO

IO

I5

20

48 AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 67

milite prohiberentur, perosus tamen municipia et
colonias omniaque in continenti sita, Capreas se in
insulam abdidit, trium milium freto ab extremis
Surrentini promunturii diiunctam. solitudinem eius
placuisse maxime crediderim, quoniam immportuosum
cirea mare et uix modicis nauigns pauca subsidia ;
neque adpulerit quisquam nisi gnaro custode. caeli
temperies hieme mitis obiectu montis, quo saeua
uentorum arcentur; aestas in Fauonium obuersa et
aperto circum pelago peramoena; prospectabatque
puleherrimum sinum, antequam Vesuuimss mons
ardescens faciem loci uerteret. Graecos ea tenuisse
Capreasque Telebois habitatas fama tradit. sed tum
Tiberius duodecim uillarum nominibus et molibus
insederat, quanto intentus olim publicas ad. curas,
tanto occultiores in luxus et malum otium resolutus.
manebat quippe suspicionum et credendi temeritas,
quam Seianus augere etiam in urbe suetus acrius
turbabat non iam occultis aduersum Agrippinam et
Neronem insidiis. quis additus miles nuntios, in-
troitus, aperta secreta uelut in annales referebat,
ultroque struebantur qui monerent perfugere ad
Germaniae exercitus uel celeberrimo fori effigiem
diui Augusti amplecti populumque ac senatum
auxilio uocare. eaque spreta ab 1llis, uelut pararent,
obiciebantur.

Chapters 68—75: Events of 28 A.D.

68. lunio Silano et Silo Nerua consulibus
foedum anni principium incessit tracto in carcerem
inlustrr equite Romano, Tito Sabimo, ob amicitiam
Germanici ; neque enim omiserat coniugem liberosque
eius percolere, sectator domi, comes in publico, post 5
tot clientes unus eoque apud bonos laudatus et
graulsiniquis. hunc Latinius Latiaris, Porcius Cato,
Petilius Rufus, M. Opsius praetura functi adgredi-
untur, cupidine consulatus, ad quem non nisi per
Seianum aditus; neque Seiani uoluntas nisi scelere ro
quaerebatur. compositum inter ipsos ut Latiaris,
qui modico usu Sabinum contingebat, strueret dolum,
ceteri testes adessent, deinde accusationem inciperent.
igitur Latiaris lacere fortuitos primum sermones, mox
laudare constantiam, quod non, ut ceteri, florentis 15
domus amicus adflictam deseruisset; simul honora
de Germanico, Agrippinam miserans, disserebat.
et postquam Sabmus, ut sunt molles in. calamitate
mortahum anum, effudit lacrimas, iunxit questus,
audentius iam onerat Seianum, saeuitiam, superbiam, 20
spes eius. nem Tiberium quidem conuicio abstinet ;
lique sermones, tamquam uetita miscuissent, speciem

E. T. d

25

lO

15

5

50 CORNELII TACITI

artae amicitiae fecere. ac iam ultro Sabimus quae-
rere Latiarem, uentitare domum, dolores suos quasi
ad fidissimum deferre.

69. Consultant quos memoraui, quonam modo
ea plurium auditu acciperentur. nam loco, in quem
coibatur, seruanda solitudinis facies; et si pone fores
adsisterent, metus uisus, sonitus aut forte ortae
suspicionis erat. tectum inter et laquearia tres
senatores, haud minus turpi latebra quam detestanda
fraude, sese abstrudunt, foraminibus et rimis aurem
admouent. interea Latiaris repertum in publico
Sabinum, uelut recens cognita narraturus, domum
et in cubiculum trahit; praeteritaque et instantia,
quorum adfatim copia, ac nouos terrores cumulat.
eadem ille et diutius, quanto maesta, ubi semel pro-
rupere, difficilius reticentur. properata mde accusa-
tio, missisque ad Caesarem litteris ordinem fraudis
suumque ipsi dedecus narrauere. non alias magis
anxia et pauens ciuitas, tegens aduersum proximos ;
congressus, conloquia, notae ignotaeque aures uitari
etiam muta atque inanima, tectum et parietes cir-
cumspectabantur.

10. Sed Caesar sollemnia incipientis anni kalen-
dis Ianuarnus epistula precatus, uertit in. Sabinum,
corruptos quosdam libertorum et petitum se arguens,
ultionemque haud obscure poscebat. nec mora quin
decerneretur; et trahebatur damnatus, quantum
obducta ueste et adstrictis faucibus miti poterat,
clamitans sic 1ncohari annum, has Seiano uictimas
cadere. quo intendisset oculos, quo uerba accide-
rent, fuga uastitas, deseri 1timera, fora. et quidam

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 68—71 51

regrediebantur ostentabantque se rursum, id 1psum
pauentes, quod timuissent. quem enim diem uacuum
poena, ubi inter sacra et uota, quo tempore uerbis
etiam profanis abstimeri mos esset, umcla et laqueus
inducantur? non inprudentem "Tiberium tantam
inuidiam adisse, sed. quaesitum | meditatumque ne
quid impedire credatur quo minus noui magistratus,
quo modo delubra et altaria, sic carcerem recludant.
secutae mmsuper litterae grates agentis quod hominem
infensum rei publicae puniuissent, adiecto trepidam
sibi uitam, suspectas inimicorum insidias, nullo
nominatim compellato; neque tamen dubitabatur
in Neronem et Agrippmam intendi.

T1. Ni mihi destinatum foret suum quaeque
in annum referre, auebat animus antire statimque
memorare exitus quos Latinus atque Opsius ceterique
flagitii eius repertores habuere, non modo postquam
Gaius Caesar rerum potitus est, sed imcolumi Tiberio,
qui scelerum ministros ut perverti ab alis nolebat,
ita plerumque satiatus et oblatis in eandem operam
recentibus ueteres et praegraues adflixit; uerum has
atque alis sontium poenas in tempore trademus.
tum censuit Asmius Gallus, cuius liberorum Agrip-
pina matertera erat, petendum a principe, ut metus
suos senatui fateretur amouerique sineret. nullam
aeque Tiberius, ut rebatur, ex uirtutibus suis quam
dissimulationem diligebat; eo aegrius accepit recludi
quae premeret. sed mitigauit Seianus, non Galli
amore, uerum ut cunctationes principis opperiretur,
gnarus lentum in meditando, ubi prorupisset, tristibus
dietis atrocia facta coniungere.

4—9

IO

15

20

IO

I5

52 CORNELII TACITI

Per idem tempus Iulia mortem obit, quam neptem

20 Augustus conuictam adulteri dammauerat, proiece-

ratque in insulam "Trimerum, haud procul Apulis

litoribus. illie uiginti annis exilium tolerauit Au-

gustae ope sustentata, quae florentes priuignos cum

per occultum subuertisset, misericordiam erga ad-
25 flictos palam ostentabat.

12. Eodem anno Frisii, transrhenanus populus,
pacem exuere, nostra magis auaritia quam obsequii
inpatientes. tributum iis Drusus iusserat modicum
pro angustia rerum, ut 1n usus militares coria boum

5 penderent, non intenta cuiusquam cura, quae firmi-
tudo, quae mensura, donec Olennius e primipilaribus
regendis Frisus inpositus terga urorum delegit quo-
rum ad formam acciperentur. id, alus quoque
nationibus arduum, apud Germanos difficilius tole-

10 rabatur, quis ingentium beluarum feraces saltus,
modica domi armenta sunt. ac primo boues ipsos,
mox agros, postremo corpora coniugum aut liberorum
seruitio tradebant. hinc ira et questus, et, postquam
non subueniebatur, remedium ex bello. rapti qui

15 tributo aderant milites et patibulo adfixi |. Olennius

- infensos fuga praeuenit, receptus castello cui nomen
Fleuum; et haud spernenda illic ciuium sociorumque
manus litora Oceani praesidebat.

193. Quod ubi L. Apronio inferioris Germaniae
pro praetore cognitum, uexilla legionum e superiore
proumcia peditumque et equitum auxiliarium delec-
tos acciuit ac simul utrumque exercitum Rheno de-

s uectum Frisuns immtulit, soluto 1am castelli obsidio et
ad sua tutanda degressis rebelhbus. igitur proxima

AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 71—74 53

aestuaria aggeribus et pontibus traducendo grauiori
agmini firmat. atque interim, repertis uadis, alam
Canninefatem et quod peditum Germanorum inter
nostros merebat circumgredi terga hostium iubet;
qui iam acie compositi pellunt turmas sociales equi-
tesque legionum subsidio missos. tum tres leues
cohortes ac rursum duae, dem tempore interiecto
alarius eques inmissus,—satis ualidi si simul incu-
buissent, per interuallum aduentantes neque con-
stantiam addiderant turbatis et pauore fugientium
auferebantur. |Cethego Labeoni legato quintae
legionis quod reliquum auxiliorum tradit. atque
ille dubia suorum re in anceps tractus missis nuntiis
uim legionum immplorabat. prorumpunt quintani ante
alios et, acri pugna hoste pulso, recipiunt cohortes
alasque fessas uulneribus. neque dux Romanus
ultum nt aut corpora humauit, quamquam multi
tribunorum praefectorumque et insignes centuriones
cecidissent. mox compertum a transfugis nongentos
Romanorum apud lucum, quem Baduhennae uocant,
pugna in posterum extracta confectos, et aliam quad-
rigentorum manum occupata Cruptorigis quondam
stipendiari uilla, postquam proditio metuebatur,
mutuis ictibus procubuisse.

74. Clarum inde mter Germanos Frisium nomen,
dissimulante Tiberio damna,ne cui bellum permitteret.
neque senatus in eo cura an imperii extrema de-
honestarentur. pauor internus occupauerat animos,
cui remedium adulatione quaerebatur. ita, quam-
quam diuersis super rebus consulerentur, aram Cle-
mentiae, aram Amicitiae effigiesque circum Caesaris

I9

I5

20

25

30

504 AB EXCESSV AVGVSTI IV. 74, 7/5

ac Seiani censuere, crebrisque precibus efflagitabant
uisendi sui copiam facerent. non illi tamen in urbem
aut propinqua urbi degressi sunt; satis uisum omit-
10 tere insulam et in proximo Campaniae aspici. eo
uenire patres, eques, magna pars plebis, anxii erga
Seianum, cuius durior congressus atque eo per am-
bitum et societate consilhorum parabatur. satis
constabat auctam ei adrogantiam foedum illud in
15 propatulo seruitium spectanti; quippe Romae sueti
discursus et magnitudme urbis immcertum quod quis-
que ad negotium pergat: 1bi campo aut litore iacentes
nullo discrimme noctem ac diem 1uxta gratiam aut
fastus ianitorum perpetiebantur, donec id quoque
20 uetitum; et reuenere in urbem trepidi, quos non
sermone, non uisu dignatus erat, quidam male alacres,
quibus infaustae amicitiae grauis exitus imminebat.
15. Ceterum Tiberius neptem Agrippinam Ger-
manico ortam cum coram Cn. Domitio tradidisset,
in urbe celebrari nuptias iussit. in Domutio super
uetustatem generis propinquum Caesaribus san-
s guinem delegerat; nam is auiam Octauiam et per
eam Augustum auunculum praeferebat.

NOTES

ABBREVIATIONS
N.— Nipperdey's Edition. F.— Furneaux's Edition.
P.F.— P. Frost's Edition, R.— Ramsay's Translation.

C. and B. — Church and. BrodribUs Translation.
Roby — Roby's Latin Syntaz.

I

1. consulibus. The full names of these consuls were Gaius
Asinius Pollio and Gaius Antistius Vetus.

nonus. He began the ninth year of his reign in the previous
August.

Tiberio, dat. of person. Of. vi 45 supremi Tiberio consules.

2. compositae rei publicae, *of a tranquil common wealth."
See note on line 18.

3. Germanici. See Introduction iv.

inter prospera ducebat, (he counted among his blessings."

4. turbare, absolute,—' run riot. Cf, iii 47 si una alteraue
ciuitas turbet; Cic. ad Att. xiii 96 metuo me turbem et irruam in
Drusum; ad fam. vii 8 M. Seruilius omnibus in rebus turbarat.

saeuire, *to be cruel,' as often in Tacitus.

5. eausa penes Seianum. Cf. c. 16.

6. Aelium. This name shows that he had been adopted by
one of the Aelian gens.

cohortibus praetoriis praefectum, lit. *set over the praetorian
guard.' Cf. praefectus urbi, the original title of the Prefect
of the City.

56 NOTES

7. potentia, undue influence; sometimes real power (c. 4, 41).

supra memoraui. N. refers to i 24, 69, iii 29, 35, 72.

8. quo facinore, i.e. the murder of Drusus.

raptum ierit, «set out to seize. (Of. c. 66 perditum ire, c. 13
ultum ire. Notice also the frequent Silver Age use of the perf.
subj. as an aorist.

9. Vulsiniis. The modern name of Vulsinii is Bolsena.
Juvenal ealls Sejanus Tuscus in x 74.

Seio Strabone equite Romano. Ramsay has a useful note :—
* Velleius calls Sejanus princeps equestris ordinis (i 127), and
ascribes to him eonsular brothers, cousins, and uncles. "Thus
Sejanus was by no means the upstart that Tacitus would make
him out to be. His position was not unlike that of Maecenas,
very different from that of freedmen favourites of later emperors.

10. Gaium Caesarem, adopted in 17 s.c., when he was two
years old.

1l. diui Augusti, often overdone in translation. * The
Emperor Augustus? is sufficient.

sectatus, ' having attached himself to.

mox, ' subsequently,' its usual meaning.

12. obscurum aduersum alios, ' reserved towards others.

14. isdem artibus, i.e. sollertia * cunning. 'Sejanus, how-
ever wily, was at last no match for the superior wiliness of
Tiberius. He was hoist with his own petard' [P.F.].

15. cuius...uiguit ceciditque, *on which he brought disaster
alike in his power and in his fall.

pari exitio, sociative,—lit. *with equal ruin to which....' Cf.
c. 30 publico exitio repertum.

16. laborum tolerans...sui obtegens. Many present par-
tieiples take the genitive, especially in Tacitus. In this passage
he is evidently thinking of Sallust Catiline 5 corpus patiens inediae
uigiliae algoris, supra quam cuiquam credibile est ; animus audaz....

17. iuxta, 'side by side."

18. compositus, either (1) 'quiet' (as in line 2); or (2)
* assumed, the common Tacitean meaning of the word. Perhaps
N. is right in thinking that the sense of artificiality is sufficiently
given by the contrast between palam and intus.

ON CHAPTERS 1, ? 57

19. summa apiscendi libido. summa must be neut. plur ,—
*the highest position. Of. parando regno (below); also xi 26
summa adeptus.

2

1l. praefecturae, (the praetorian command."

intendit, lit. *stretch tight," i.e. *increase,' *enhance,'—very
favourite word with Tacitus in this sense.

9. dispersas. N. quotes Suetonius Augustus 49 neque tamen
umquam. plures quam tres cohortes in urbe passus est easque sine
castris; reliquas im hiberna et aestiua circa finitima oppida
dimittere assuerat.

una castra, between the Porta Collina and Viminalis, outside
the Agger of Servius.

3. mnumeroque...oreretur. "The sense is well brought out
by R.,—' while the sight of their own strength and numbers
would give confidence to the soldiers, and overawe the rest of
the citizens." "

6. si quid subitum...pariter subueniri, (if any emergency
befell, greater support was given by joint action. For this
use of pariter cf. i. 32 pariter ardescerent pariter silerent, *as
one man.

". seuerius acturos, «they would live stricter lives.?

uallum, i.e. the praetorian camp.

procul must not be pressed; it frequently denotes *at some
distance" The camp was just outside the walls. And, as
F. says, to live in camp at all was a separation.

8. inrepere, ' began to insinuate himself.

9. adeundo, appellando, *by mixing with them and calling
them by name. "The modal use of the abl. gerund is very
frequent in Tacitus; also in Livy. It is often best translated
by the English pres. partic. Cf. conducendo (line 9).

10. centuriones ac tribunos, previously appointed by the
Emperor himself.

neque senatorio ambitu...ornandi, (nor did he refrain from
courting senators in the way of securing for his creatures public
distinetions or provincial offices. Sejanus wished to make it felt

58 NOTES

that he was the fountain of honour. For ornandi, gen. of
definition, ef. iii 63 cultus wuenerandi * worship consisting in
honouring.'

12. facili...prono, ' compliant and indulgent.'

13. socium laborum. Dio Cassius says that Tiberius called
Sejanus 'sharer in his thoughts" and *my Sejanus.'

apud patres et populum, explained by c. 40 uel in senatu uel
in contione.

15. fora, * publie squares."

inter principia legionum, 'at the head-quarters of the legions.'
Of. i 61 castra lato ambitu et dimensis principiis trium legionum.
For the sanctity of the principia cf. 139 signa et aquilam amplexus
religione sese tutabatur, and Hist. iii 10 conuersus ad signa et
bellorum deos.

3

1. ceterum, *however, often after a digression, like the
Greek 8' ov.

plena Caesarum domus, i.e. there was no lack of heirs in the
Caesarean house. "There was Drusus the son of Tiberius (iuuenis
fllius), and the sons of Germanicus (adopted son of Tiberius),
Nero, Drusus, Caligula (nepotes adulti), and Tiberius and
Germanicus, sons of Drusus (the son of Tiberius), ii 84; vi 46
[P.F.].

6. inpatiens aemuli, ! not brooking a rival.

animo commotior, more hot-tempered. Cf. vi. 45 commotus
ingenio.

1. intenderat, (had raised his hand against Sejanus,'——
another frequent use of this verb in Tacitus. The meaning
of the rest of the sentence is: * when Sejanus resisted Drusus
had struck him in the face.'

9. promptissimum, 'the most practicable course. Cf. Cic.
Or. i 237 facilis et prompta defensio.

uxorem eius Liuiam, often called Livilla.

13. primi flagitii potitus est, 'he succeeded in the first
shameful act.

neque..alia abnuerit, (can refuse nothing else. For this

ON CHAPTERS 2—4 59

eonstruetion cf. c. 5, 6, 10, 11. "The aoristie perf. subj. is used
very frequently in modest assertions and in negations of possibility
[F.]. See Roby 1540.

15. regnum, sometimes loosely used by Tacitus for imperium
or principatus.

cui auunculus Augustus. She was really great-niece of
Augustus.

l7. municipali adultero, abl. instr. municipalis *from a
petty town,' *' provincial? (not in the Roman sense), i.e. from
Vulsinii.

18. ut pro honestis...exspectaret, 'preferring a guilty and
uncertain future to a safe and honourable present."

19. sumitur in conscientiam, :is taken into their guilty
secret. Cf. xiii 12 assumptis im conscientiam.

20. specie artis, *under guise of his profession.' Note the
various meanings of ars and artes in Tacitus.

frequens secretis, often present at their private interviews."
Cf. Hist. iv 69 frequens contionibus, and Cie. Rosc. 16 erat ille
Romae frequens.

23. diuersa consilia, : conflicting plans.

i

2. quae, ie. the honours which... XN. quotes the following
inscription : Druso Caesari, Germanici Caesaris filio, Ti. Augusti
nepoti, diui Augusti pronepoti, pontifici d. d.

3. repetita, *revived.' Of. refertur (line 9).

addidit orationem Caesar. Caesar added a speech" would be
& stiff rendering. Say rather, 'the Emperor threw in some
remarks of his own. .

4. patria beneuolentia, abl. of description.

6. quamquam sit, the ordinary construction in Silver Latin.

eodem, loeatival abl. loci, partitive gen. Cf. Cie. ad Att. i13
res eodem est loci. For potentiam *real power! cf. c. 41.

7. aequus adulescentibus, dat. of person concerned,— kindly
towards the boys."

10. multitudinem...sumant, ' he gave as his reasons the large
number of time-expired veterans, and the necessity of filling

60 NOTES

the vacancies by fresh levies. Volunteers, he said, were not
suffieiently numerous, and any who came forward were not of
the same quality and readiness to obey, being generally men
without money or settled home.

ll. dilectibus, i.e. among provincials who were Roman
citizens.

uoluntarium. Voluntary enlistment was generally sufficient,
especially as the area of Roman citizenship was being continually
extended.

l7. quanto sit angustius imperitatum, *how much narrower
than now were the bounds of the empire. Tacitus is compliment-
ing Trajan, who by his campaigns from 114 4.r. had enlarged the
boundaries of the Roman empire. He made Dacia a Roman
province; and in the East pushed forward the limits of the
empire to the Mare Rubrum [P.F.].

5

1l. utroque mari, i.e. mare superum and inferum.

2. Misenum apud et Rauennam. For the position of the
prep. called anastrophe, cf. c. 5. "These two fleets were called
classis praetoria Misenensis and Rauennas or Rauennatium.

proximum litus praesidebant. For the syntax, cf. c. 72 and
lii 39 proximum exercitum praesidebat. "omni

3. Actiaca uictoria, 31 p.c.

4. oppidum .Foroiuliense, the modern Fréjus. Cf. ii 63
Forum Iulium, Narbonensis Galliae. coloniam.

5. ualido cum remige, a Virgilian touch, as so often in
Tacitus. Of. Aen. v 116 agit acri remige.

sed praecipuum robur. The army under the empire was à
standing one (erpar(rac à&ávarow) quartered in fixed districts and
provinces, each legion or group of legions having definite garrison
or poliee duties to perform. (Camb. Companion to Latin Studies,
$ 721).

7. Hispaniae. The two Spains here meant are Hispania
Tarraconensis and Lusitania.

recens perdomitae. Of. Livy xxxviii l7 beluae recens captae

ON CHAPTERS 4, 5 61

and Virg. Georgic iii 156 sole. recens orto. Note the emphatic
perdomitae. Spain was the first transmarine province entered
by the Romans; the last to be thoroughly subdued, as Livy
points out in xxviii 12. The Cantabri were finally conquered by
Agrippa in 19 s.c.

8. Mauros, i.e. the kingdom of Mauretania.

Iuba rex, son of the Juba who was defeated at Thapsus,
46 p.c.

9. donum populi Romani, from Augustus in 25 n.c.

10. initio ab Suriae. Cf. line 2 (above) and iii 72 ornatum ad
urbis. ;

1l. quantum ingenti sinu...ambitur, :all the vast sweep of
couniry, ie. the whole eastern frontier of the empire. The
word sinus does not necessarily refer to sea-coast; cf. Germ. 29
sinus imperii [F.].

13. Hibero. The Hiberians were south of the Caucasus and
north of Armenia.

Albano. "The Albanians bordered west on the Hiberians.

aliis regibus, e.g. of Cilicia and Armenia Minor.

15. Rhoemetalces. This prince must not be confused with
the.son of Cotys mentioned in the next note.

liberi Cotyis. The sons of Cotys were named Rhoemetalces,
Cotys, and Polemo. "They were kept Rome till the death of
Tiberius.

16. Pannonia, bounded on the east and north by the Danube,
included the eastern states of Austria and nearly the whole of
Hungary. :

l7. Moesia, extending from Pannonia to the Black Sea,
included modern Bulgaria and Servia.

Delmatia, maritima pars Illyrici (Vell. ii 125), including
modern Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenezro.

18. quae positu...accirentur, : which on aecount of their
position could act in support of the latter army, and also, in
ease of a sudden call for help coming from Italy, were within
easy reach of that country."

20. quamquam insideret. See note on c. 4 quamquam
arduum sit.

62 NOTES

21. Etruria Vmbriaque, abl. of place whence,— * recruited
from Etruria and Umbria.

22. wuetere Latio, i.e. the communities which had Latin
rights before 90 ».c., when the Lex Iulia gave them full citizen
rights.

coloniis antiquitus Romanis, 'original Roman colonies,' as
opposed to the later transmarine colonies [F.].

23. idonea prouinciarum, 'suitable points in the provinces.
The neut. pl. adj. with genitive is a very favourite Tacitean
usage.

24. sociae triremes, i.e. on the Rhine, Danube, and Black
Bea.

alae et auxilia cohortium, i.e. cohortes alaeque sociae, *the
infantry and cavalry of the allies.'

neque multo secus uirium, 'whose strength was not far
inferior to our own.

25. persequi incertum fuerit, 'no certain details can be.
given. For fuerit cf. c. 39 and xv 41.

26. ex usu temporis, *in accordance with temporary require-
ments. Cf. xi 8 ex usu praesenti.

gliscerent numero, 'increased in number.' For the abl. ef.
saepe mumero. glisco is a favourite Tacitean word.

Frost gives a useful summary: * The legions here mentioned
are 25 in number. Supposing them to be at their full complement,
to contain 6100 foot soldiers, with a cavalry force of 776 attached
to them, the total amount would be in round numbers, 170,000
men. Besides these there were auxiliary troops stationed in the
provinees, about equal in strength to the legionaries (neque multo
secus in iis uirium); so that the forces of the Roman empire
would be about 340,000 men.

6

l. congruens crediderim, *I should think it appropriate."
Cf. Hist. v 2 congruens uidetur. For the tense cf, c. 3 meque...
abnuerit.

2. rei publicae partes, * departments of government."

quibus modis habitae sint, * how they were conducted.

ON CHAPTERS 5, 6 63

5. apud patres tractabantur. See Introduction vi.

7. mandabatque honores...spectando. This requires care in
translation: * and in the bestowal of offices of state he paid regard
to à candidate's ancestry, military distinction, and high qualities
in civillife.' For artes *accomplishments,' cf. Horace Odes iv 1
centum puer artium.

9. potiores fuisse, * had more influence (with the Emperor).

10. sua...species, «kept their old prestige. Cf. Cic. Piso 24
magna species, magna dignitas, magna maiestas consulis.

ll. exercita potestas, (the authority was maintained."

12, si...eximeretur, 'excepting the process for high treason.*
See Introduction viii.

18. bono in usu, ' well enforced,' i.e. neither too strict nor
too lax.

frumenta, supplies of grain collected from the Provinces in
return for military protection and the maintenance of state
officials. i

pecuniae uectigales, including portoria, decumae, scriptura,
ete.

14. cetera...fructuum, i.e. woods and forests, mines, salt-
works, etc. For the neut. plur., cf. c. 5.

societatibus...agitabantur, *were managed by companies of
Roman capitalists, i.e. publicani. "Their business was under the
control of presidents (magistri)in Rome, and vice-presidents (pro
magistris) in the provinces. Cf. xiii 50 uectigalium societates.

15. res suas, probably not the fiscus or *privy purse of
which the Emperor was only the trustee; but the private
property alluded to in e. 15 nom se ius nisi in seruitia et pecunias
familiares dedisse. Such agents were called procuratores patri-
monii [F.].

16. ex fama, ' according to their reputation."

18. plerique, here * most, *Many' is the more usual signi-
fication of the word in Tacitus.

19. acri annona, *by the high price of food. "Tacitus uses
with annona metaphors from winteror storms. Cf. ii 87 saeuitiam
annonae,

20. quin, *on the contrary.

64. NOTES

21. asperis maris. Cf. ii 26 aduersa maris.

25. aberant, were unknown,'—an exaggeration.

rari per Italiam. He had larger estates in the Provinces.

26. modesta seruitia, (his slaves were well-behaved. Some
editors take modesta as * moderate in number. — With seruitia (res
pro persona) ef. c. 40 propiora consilia.

intra paucos libertos domus, 'his household staff was limited
to à few freedmen,'—in contrast to the enormous influence of the
imperial freedmen under Claudius.

27. disceptaret, *he had a dispute" i.e. on a fiscal question.

forum et ius, 'there were the courts of justice to settle it.'
Cf. Acts xix 38 (R.V.). forum et ius is hendiadys.

71

1. quae cuncta, 'all this system" (of government).

comi uia. Cf.154 morum uia.

horridus, (rough.' Cf. c. 16 horrida antiquitas.

2. plerumque, often" here, not * generally.

3. donec morte Drusi uerterentur. This was the turning-
point in the reign of Tiberius.

5. ultor, i.e. Drusus.

6. non occultus odii, *who made no secret of his hatred,
lit. *not hidden in respect of hatred. Cf. vi 36 occultos consilii,
and notice the frequency of the genitive of respect in Tacitus
after adjectives and participles.

7. quantum superesse ut collega dicatur? *how small the
further step that Sejanus should be called a colleague (of the
Emperor)?"

9. ubi sis ingressus. XN. understands dominandi spes, and
compares Cic. ad Fam. xii 25 im spem libertatis ingressus sum.

studia, * party spirit, *party support."

10. sponte praefecti, *at the Prefect/s bidding alone."

11. in monimentis Cn. Pompei, explained by iii 72 censuere
patres effigiem Seiano quae apud theatrum Pompei locaretur. "The
theatre of Pompey was now being rebuilt.

19. communes nepotes, referring to the project of marriage of
his daughter with the son of Claudius. See iii 29.

ON CHAPTERS 6—8 65

13. precandam...modestiam, ut contentus esset, (we must
pray for moderation on his part, that he may be satisfied."
Cf. xii 65 robur aetatis precari. Others (comparing xv 17 sic
quoque optimam fortunam orandam, ut pedes alacerem equitem
adsequeretur) translate, * Moderation (as a kind of goddess) must
be prayed for. But this seems fanciful [P.F.]. N. quotes another
parallel,— Seneca contr. xxv 2 ut salua prouincia sit, optemus
meretrici bonam mentem.

15. talia iaciebat. Drusus is the subject.

8

quo...adsimularetur, final.
octo post annos. See c. ll.
nullo metu, * either because he felt no fear."

8. sede uulgari, (the ordinary benches? of the senators,
instead of their eurule chairs on a platform. Cf. Lucan v 16
Lentulus e celsa sublimis sede profatur.

honoris locique, ' their office and rank."

10. non quidem...senatus, he was well aware, he said, that
he might be criticised for meeting the gaze of the Senate, while
his bereavement was so fresh."

15. e complexu rei publicae, :by throwing himself into
affairs of state. Cf. xv 9 dum amplectitur rem publicam aud
xii l megotia pro solaciis accipiens.

16. Augustae extremam senectam. She was now 80. She
lived to be 86.

rudem, 'inexperienced. Cf. c. 3 mepotes adulti. But the
two referred to were only 18 and 15 years old.

l7. uergentem. Tiberius was now 65.

18. Germanici liberi. Only two are meant, viz. Nero and
Drusus. See line 29.

20. deductos, ' led in," * escorted.'

24. mne secus quam...conformaret, to cherish them as his
own flesh and blood, to exalt them in the state, and to fashion
them for himself and for posterity.

25. attolleret. Cf. iii 72 attollere triumphi insignibus.

$a

E

E. T. D)

66 NOTES

26. disque et patria coram. For the anastrophe ct. c. 5.

29. hi,'these Senators."

30. bona malaque uestra, *any good or evil in you, referring
to character rather than fortune. "This harmonises better with
the context.

9

3. gloria, 'pride' in the minds of the Senators at the picture
drawn by the Emperor.

impleuerat, after si posuisset. "This rhetorical use of the
indic. for subj. in the apodosis of conditional sentences is frequent
in Tacitus. Of. vi 9 contremuerant patres, ni Celsus Appium
discrimini exemisset.

4. de reddenda re publica. See Introduction v.

utque consules. Tacitus delights in changes of construction.
We have another in line 7, memoriae Drusi...in Germanicum.

6. uero dempsit, *he robbed of their credit even true and
honourable feelings.

8. plerisque must mean ' many things" here.

amat. Cf. the similar use of $uMéc.

10. origo, 'founder. Of. Virgil, Aen. xii 166 hinc pater
Aeneas Romani stirpis origo.

12. Attus Clausus. According to the generally received
tradition, the Claudii were descended from the Sabine noble Attus
Clausus, who migrated to Rome. Cf. Suet. Tib. l patricia gens
Claudia orta est ex Regillis, oppido Sabinorum.

10

l. plurimis...auctoribus, (most numerous and most írust-
worthy authorities.'

3. non omiserim, (I must not omit. See note on ec. 3
neque abnuerit.

5. scelus, used often of murder, especially by poison. For
corrupta ad scelus cf. ii 62 corruptis ad societatem.

6. uinxisse, *bound down to his service. Of. vi 45 pacto
matrimonii uincire. deuincio is commonly used in this sense.

ON CHAPTERS 8—11 67

9. eo audaciae prouectum. Of. ii 55 eo usque corruptionis
prouectus.

uerteret, *he quite shifted the look of things,' *turned the
matter quite round; so that Drusus, instead of being the victim,
was made to appear a schemer against the life of another [P.F.].

occulto indicio, * by a covert hint."

13. postquam...inierat. The interposition, in the midst of
oratio obliqua, of a subordinate clause in the indic. is not
uneommon in Tacitus. Cf. quam...strurerat (below). "There are
several instances with dum (with present).

15. auctam suspicionem tamquam...inrogaret, a thoroughly
Tacitean form of speech. "Translate, *and thus enhanced his
father's suspicion that he was inflieting on himself... Cf. c. 13.

11

l. super id quod...firmantur, ' apart from the fact that they
are supported by no trustworthy authority.

2. prompte refutaueris, 'the reader may readily reject.'
Cf. note on c. 3.

3. nedum...exercitus, *much less one trained in high affairs
of state like Tiberius.

4. exitium offerret, * would offer a deadly poison' [R.]. Cic.
has mortem alicui offerre in &wo passages.

5. nullo ad paenitendum regressu, 'leaving himself no
means of retreat to a change of purpose! [F.]. Cf. Livy xxiv 26
meque locus paenitendi aut regressus ab ira relictus and xlii 13
unde receptum ad paenitendum mom haberent.

6. ministrum ueneni, i.e. the attendant who handed the cup.

auctorem, * who had prompted him.'

8. aduersum unicum, 'towards an only son.

flagitii conpertum, * found guilty of misconduct," also used by
Livy; by Tacitus again in i 3.

ll. ceterorum...odio, :the hatred of the rest of the world
towards them both.'

quamuis fabulosa, 'ever so fabulous. For this use of
quamuis see Roby 1627.

5—3

68 NOTES

12. atrociore...exitus, (rumour being always inclined to the
horrible when dealing with the deaths of princes. For erga...
exitus cf. c. 20 and 74.

13. ordo...sceleris, *all the details of the crime." Of. Livy
iii 50 ordine cuncta exposuit and xl 55 ordinem omnem facinoris
eaposuit.

alioqui, besides.' The word usually means *in other respects?
or 'in general."

14. Apicatam Seiani. For uror understood cf. Virgil's
Hectoris Andromache (Aen. iii 319); Cic. ad Att. xii 20 Seruiliae
Claudii. "Tacitus (in xii. l) has Lolliam Paulinam M. Lollii
consularis, where we must understand filiam.

17. conquirerent, (raked up.

intenderent, *exaggerated.' See note on c. 2.

19. auditiones, abstract for concrete. Cf. Cie. pro Plancio
56 fictae auditiones.

20. cura nostra uenerit, my work may fall. «cura is again
used for *literary work' in iii 24; and N. quotes Ovid ex Ponto
ii 4, 16 hoc pretium curae dulce recentis erat.

22. in miraculum corruptis. Cf. Thuc. i 21 £zi ró uv6óóes

éKveviknkóra.

12

2. habitum, ' bearing,' * demeanour.'

dolentum. So also in c. 41, according to the Medicean. N.
eompares xi 22 salutantum and vi 50 gratantum.

3. libens, 'voluntarily, *from the heart. Cf. c. 58 and
xiv 61 libens quam coactus.

induebat, *put on, *assumed,'—a very frequent metaphor in
Tacitus. So too is eruo.

4. quod principium...adcelerauere, 'but this beginning of
popularity and the ill-concealed hopes of their mother Acrippina
only hastened their ruin.'

5. mater spem male tegens. This idiomatie use is very
common with the past participle, but rare with the present.
Of. c. 34 id perniciabile reo et Caesar truci uultu defensionem
accipiens.

ON:.CHAPTERS 11, 12 69

7. inultam interfectoribus, * was unavenged on the murderers,'
* broughé no punishment on the murderers.'

8. ferox scelerum, bold in crime. (Cf. c. 53 peruicaz irae,
c. 7 occultus odii, i. 39 amimi ferox, where perhaps animi is
locative. In Hist. i 35 we have linguae ferox.

prima prouenerant would be in Greek rà mpra zpovxoópuaev.

9. uolutare, historie infin. Of. insectari...exagitare (below).
With uolutare secum cf. Virg. Ecl. ix 37 mecum ipse uoluto.

ll. spargi uenenum, perhaps borrowed from Cic. Cat. ii 23
sicas uibrare et spargere uenena didicerant. "This verb often has
the meaning * distribute."

12. fide et pudicitia, abl. of cause.

14. recentem Liuiae conscientiam, 'Livia's new and guilty
knowledge. Augusta had always hated Agrippina and her family;
whilst Livia's consciousness of her recent guilt made it impossible
for her to shrink from any suggestion that might be made for
realising the fruits of her crime [R.].

exagitare, * work upon.

15. ut...apud Caesarem arguerent, * bidding them attack her
before the Emperor as....

superbam fecunditate, *pluming herself on the number of her
children. On this Merivale writes brilliantly (Romans under the
Empire, c. 45): *Likea true Roman she exercised without fear
or shame the national licence of the tongue—illa lingua Romana
(Tertullian) —and in a eourt where no whisper was not repeated
proclaimed aloud to every listener the wrongs of which she
deemed herself the victim. The fertility with which her marriage
had been blest had been long a source of jealousy to the morbid
self-love of the empress-mother, which even in extreme age was
piqued by the maternal taunts of this Niobe of the Palace."

16. inhiare dominationi, ' was setting her heart on sovereignty."
Cf. Hor. Sat. i l71 congestis undique saccis inhians.

l7. atque haec, and Livia (i.e. Livilla)...; So Ritter rightly
without doubt, taking haec as feminine sing. Cf.c. 3 atque illa....

callidis criminatoribus, a 'acitean extension of the abl. of
instr. to à personal agent,—'by means of cunning slanderers.
Of. ii 79 corruptoribus temptare.

70 NOTES

19. consiliis suis, i.e. Livia's plans.

20. in animo...ualida, *was strong in Augusta's affections.
Cf. xiv 51 ualidior Tigellinus in animo principis. For the omission
of the verb sum, which is very common in Tacitus, cf. line 10.

21. potentiae anxiam, objective gen.,—'solicitous for undue
power. (Of. ii 75 incerta ultionis, anzia sui and Ov. Met. i 623
anzia furti.

insociabilem nurui efficiebat, 'she (i.e. Livia) was bringing
about a thorough estrangement between Augusta and her grand-
daughter-in-law (i.e. Agrippina). For murui the editors quote
from the Digest murus appellatione mon tantum filii uxor, sed
et nepotis et pronepotis continetur, licet quidem has pronurus
appellent.

93. prauis sermonibus...perstimulare, 'to incite her rising
ambition by wrong-headed suggestions.

13

l. nihil, acc. of extent used adverbially.

rerum cura, ' attention to publie business.'

2. ius ciuium...tractabat, * he dealt with the trials of citizens
and petitions from allied communities. Examples of both follow.
See Introduction iii.

4. ciuitati Cibyraticae. Cibyra was & town in the south-
western corner of Phrygia. (Cf. Hor. 1l Epist. vi 33.

Aegiensi. Aegium on the gulf of Corinth was the chief city
of Achaia. It was the meeting place of the Achaean League
(Livy xxxviii 30).

7. ulterioris Hispaniae, i.e. Baetica at this time. Its seat of
government was at Corduba.

ui publica, ' violence in a publie capacity,' i.e. the execution,
scourging, etc., of a Roman citizen who had appealed to the
Emperor. This was regulated by the lex Iulia de ui publica.

8. atrocitatem morum. ' his savage temper."

Amorgum. Amorgus is one of the Cyclades, south.-east of
Naxos.

9. reus tamquam...iuuisset, 'accused on the ground of

ON CHAPTERS 12—14 yh:

having helped,'—a thoroughly Tacitean usage. Cf. c. 10 and 13 ;
also i 12 inuisus tamquam...agitaret. Note that tamquam in such
passages does not imply the falseness of the allegation.

13. insulam Cercinam, in the lesser Syrtes off the north
coast of Africa.

14. artium, 'accomplishments.' Cf. c. 6.

mox, subsequently, not * soon.'

15. mutando sordidas merces, (by engaging in petty trade.
Cf. Cic. de off. i 150 inliberales et sordidi quaestus. Livy (xxi 63)
says that all trade (quaestus) was looked upon as indecorus for
senators.

16. magnae fortunae, *of high rank,'—the ordinary meaning
of fortuna in Tacitus.

l7. Aelius Lamia, addressed by Horace (Odes i 26, iii 17).

L. Apronius had served under Germanicus in Germany (i 56).

qui Africam obtinuerant, /who had held Africa,—i.e. as
governors. The verb is very frequent in this sense.

18. claritudine infausti generis, * on account of his illustrious
and ill-starred name" [R.]—alluding to the celebrated Gracchi.

19. foret abstractus, *would have been ruined,'—lit. * would
have been hurried off, Supply ad perniciem. Cf. Hist. iv 2 nec
perinde prosperis socius quam aduersis abstractus.

14

1l. quoque, i.e. like the previous year.

2. habuit. We say 'saw. Of. xii 33 idem amnus plures
reos habuit.

Samiis...petentibus, *the Samians petitioning that the old
rights of sanctuary should be confirmed to the temple of Juno,
the people of Cos making the same request for their temple of
Aesculapius."

Iunonis. For the famous Heraeum of Samos see Herodotus
ii 148, iii 60.

Aesculapii. Cos was the great centre of this cult. "The *sons
of Aesculapius' had a famous medical school there; and the great
doctor Hippocrates was born and lived there.

42 NOTES

3. firmaretur would be confirmaretur in the best Latin.

4. Amphictyonum, the Amphietyonie Council, of which we
read so much in Demosthenes, meeting in the spring at Delphi
and in the autumn at Thermopylae.

quis..iudicium, *who had the supreme decision in all such
matters."

5. qua tempestate, * at the time when...,^—found also in this
sense in Cicero, Sallust, and Livy ; also in poetry.

8. accedebat meritum ex loco, 'besides there was a special
service connected with the place.'

9. templo induxerant. For íhe dative cf. v 1 penatibus suis
induzerit.

iussu Mithridatis, in 88 ».c., when 80,000 Roman citizens
were massacred. Many sanctuaries were violated on this
Occasion.

ll. uariis...questibus, after various complaints.

praetorum, who had the ius ludorum, i.e. charge of publie
games.

12. inmodestia, *' misconduct."

13. rettulit, i.e. drew attention to the subject in the Senate.

14. Oscum ludicrum. By the *Oscan Drama is meant the
performance of the Fabulae Atellamae, comedies originally
performed by amateurs, but now taken up by the professional
pantomimi. See Livy vii 2.

15. leuissimae...oblectationis, gen. of quality,—*charac-
terised by the most frivolous amusement.'

16. uirium, ' violence,' not * influence,' as some take it.

l7. pulsi histriones Italia. "lhey were restored by Caligula.
Aecording to Suetonius, the punishment was not so universal.
He says (Tib. 37): caede im theatro per discordiam admissa,
capita factionum et histriones, propter quos dissidebatur, relegauit.
But Dio Cassius makes it more general.

15

2. alterum ex geminis, about four years old.
extinguendo. See note on c. 2.

ON CHAPTERS 14, 15 13

5. Rhodii secessus comes. "Two knights also accompanied
him (vi 10).

6. censorium funus, a synonym for fumus publicum * state
funeral) Though eensors were no longer appointed, this technical
term was retained. Under the republie they had the control of
state funerals. Cf. xiii 2 decretum Claudio censorium fumus et
mox consecratio.

7. forum Augusti, north-east of the Forum proper, between
the Capitol and the Quirinal.

8. apud quos etiam tum, in contrast to the later practice
of a private trial before the Emperor. Here we have his own
procurator (or fiscal officer) put on his trial before the Senate.

9. accusante prouincia. Tacitus often speaks of the victim-
ised province as prosecutor. Cf. xiii 33 accusante prouincia Asia;
xiv 17 accusantibus Cyrenensibus.

10. ut...causam dixerit, i.e. before the Senate, supplied from
apud quos above. For the use of perf. subj. as an aorist cf. c. 1
ierit, c. 20 uiguerit.

11. mon se ius...dedisse, * he had given no authority to Capito
except over his own slaves and revenues,—called by Dio rà
abrokparopwkàü xpfüjuara *the imperial property. The epithet
familiares also covers seruitia.

12. uim praetoris, 'the authority of a governor, ' a general
term. The Proconsul of Asia was always of consular rank.

usurpasset, not * usurped,' but * employed."

13. audirent socios, !let the Senate hear the evidence of the
allies,' i.e. the provincials.

14. damnatur, i.e. to banishment.

15. in C. Silanum uindicatum erat, a construction found also
in Cicero and Caesar.

17. permissum statuere, (leave was given to build it. Cf.
c. 48 iisque permissum uastare, urere, trahere praedas.

18. Nero. Young princes of the imperial house often acted
as patroni of the Provinces.

19. 1laetas...adfectiones, *amid the delighted feelings of his
audience."

20. recenti..rebantur, ' with still fresh memories of Ger-

74 NO'TTES

manieus, they thought it was his form they saw... recenti
memoria is sociative abl.

22. principe uiro. Cf. iii 6 non eadem decora principibus
uiris et imperatori populo.

16

l. flamine Diali. Some extracts from Warde Fowler's Re-
ligious Experience of the Roman People wil form a useful
commentary on some points in this chapter. He gives a long
list of taboos or disabilities to whieb the Priest of Jupiter was
even in historieal times subject. He was forbidden to touch a
dog, a goat, raw meat, etc. etc. He might not walk under
a vine (p. 34). The Flamen was a survival of those magician-
kings who make rain and do other useful things, but would lose
their power if they were exposed to certain contingencies, The
number of possible contingeneies increases till the unfortunate
owner of the powers becomes powerless by virtue of the care so
painfully taken of him (p. 108).

Warde Fowler illustrates this by a * most extraordinary story?
from Livy (xxvii 8). In 209 s.c. C. Valerius Flaccus, the black
sheep of a great family, was inaugurated against his will as
Flamen Dialis by the Pontifex Maximus, P. Licinius. Livy
expressly tells us that it was ob adulescentiam neglegentem
luxuriosamque ; and it is pretty plain that the step was sug-
gested by the relations to keep him out of mischief. For
the disabilities on this ancient priesthood were, as we have seen,
numerous and strict; and among the restrictions laid on its
holder was one which forbade him to leave his house for a single
night (p. 342). The strange thing in the case of Flaccus is that
this office had such a wholesome disciplinary effect that the
libertine became a model youth, the admiration of his own and
other families (p. 343). See however note on line 13 (below).

2. roganda noua lege, a proposal of a change in the law."
Tacitus not unfrequently speaks of the passing of leges. Cf.
lines 12 and 16. Their enactment by the comitia must have been
purely formal.

3. confarreatis parentibus, i.e. married according to the

ON CHAPTERS 15, 16 75

solemn sacramental rite. ^Warde Fowler says (p. 130): *As
farreus, Jupiter gave his sanction to the solemn contract entered
into in the ancient form of marriage by confarreatio, where his
flamen had to be present, and where in all probability the cake
of far was eaten as a kind of sacrament by the parties to the
covenant...The bride must enter the family in such à way as to
share in its sacra.

4. ex quis unus legeretur. The final ehoice lay with the
Pontifex maximus, who had a 'compelling? power. Cf. Livy
xxvii 8 flamen captus, i.e. * taken" for the office against his will.

.. pluresque...uitarentur. :'The parenthetical sentence gives
two explanations of the first cause, namely, natural negligence of
a cumbrous ceremony and deliberate avoidance of its accompanying
impediments" [F. ].

8. potissimam penes incuriam, ' the chief one concerned with
indifference to the rite; Cf. Horace A. P. 71 quem penes arbitrium
est. 'The preposition is generally restricted to persons.

9. accedere, * were added."

difficultates, especially the complieated process of diffareatio,
the only means of dissolving such a marriage.

10. exiret e iure patrio...conueniret, i.e. when a man became
flamen, both he and his wife passed out of the patria potestas, the
woman coming under that of her husband.

1l. flamonium, office of flamen or jlaminica, the correct
spelling, supported both by inscriptions and manuscripts.

19. ita medendum...lege, (accordingly he held that some
remedy should be applied either by law or deeree of the Senate."

13.. sicut...flexisset, ^as Augustus had accommodated certain
relies of a rude antiquity to the modern spirit? [C. and D.].
Especially, we learn from iii 71 that he had relaxed the rule
forbidding the lamen to be absent from home for a single
night. I

14. tractatis religionibus, 'after a discussion of religious
difficulties."

16. sed lata lex. Part of. Frost's useful note may be
quoted :—: The matter was settled by a compromise; that is to
say, she was to be so far in manu uiri as to enable her to perform

76 NOTES

all rites whieh could only be performed by one who was so
cireumstanced ; but in other matters she was to be on the same
footing as other women, i.e., I suppose, there was not, as a matter
of necessity, to be in manum conuentio, as there had been up to
this period, by reason of her marriage per confarreationem.

flaminica Dialis was not priestess of Juno as is commonly
supposed; but assisted her husband in the cult of Jupiter. She
also was subject to certain taboos or disabilities ; e.g. on three
Óceasions in the religious year she might not appear in publie
with her hair *done up'; and she might only wear shoes made
from the skin of a sacrificial victim [Warde Fowler, pp. 35, 36].

17. cetera, acc. of respect with ageret, *should live in all
other respects. This use of ago is very common in Tacitus.

promisco...iure, * with the ordinary rights of women.

18. patri suffectus. Cf. in locum defuncti (line 1) and the
phrase consul suffectus.

19. glisceret, *be increased. Cf. c. 5. :

20. ad capessendas caerimonias, 'to undertake religious
duties.

21. capiebatur. See note on line 4, and cf. ii 86 capiendam
uirginem in locum Occiae.

22. sestertium uiciens, 'two million sesterces, i.e. about
£17,000 in our money.

23. sedes inter Vestalium. For the anastrophe cf. c. 8.

17

l. Visellio Varrone. He was one of the * conservators' of the
Tiber,—curator riparum et aluei Tiberis, as we learn from an
inscription quoted by N.

3. pro incolumitate principis, offered regularly on Jan. 3rd,
to be distinguished from those offered for the State on Jan. 1st.
See c. 70.

5. caritate...adulatione, abl. of cause.

quae moribus...nimia est, *and in a corrupt age flattery is
equally perilous, whether it is non-existent or excessive.) For
si,..ubi cf. i 44.

ON CHAPTERS 16—18 ud

8. tum uero, (now especially.

aequari..indoluit. He complained that to join them with
himself in this prayer for the imperial family was to make as
much of their health, young and vigorous as they were, as of the
grave infirmity of years under which he felt himself to labour
[Merivale].

10. num id...tribuissent, * whether this was a compliment
paid.»

12. quamquam abnuerent, «though they denied the imputa-
tion) For the syntax cf. c. 4.

etenim...erant. This sentence explains the gentleness of the
rebuke.

pars magna, i.e. pontificum. "The young Drusus was himself
8 pontifex.

13. ipsius, i.e. of the Emperor.

15. mobiles, : gidd y."

16. instabat...ciuitatem, *for Sejanus was urgently in-
sinuating that the State was torn asunder.'

19. neque aliud...subuerterentur, (the only remedy for the
growing schism was to put away one or two of the most active
Spirits."

18

3. Silio et quod, 'to Silius it. was also ruinous that... t is
in 14 4.p. that we first find him in command of the army of
Upper Germany. He remained in the same post till he conquered
Sacrovir in 21 4.p.

ingentis exercitus, i.e. the four legions on the Upper Rhine.

4.. triumphalibus. He gained the triumphalia insignia for
his services in Germany in 15 4.p. The insignia consisted of the
triumphal dress and ornaments ; they could be displayed at the
publie games. The triumph proper could only be celebrated by a
member of the imperial house.

5. quanto maiore...dispergebatur, (the greater his fall, the
greater the panic it would spread to others.

7. plerique, z0AÀXoí, not oi z0AXot.

9. cum alii..prolaberentur, : when others were prone to
mutiny.'

48 NOTES

10. mansurum, sc. fuisse.

si iis...fuisset, 'if disaffection had spread to his own legions.

ll. destrui...Caesar, the Emperor felt that by such pre-
tensions his own position was lowered.' fortuna often denotes
*position,' *rank' in Tacitus, especially imperial rank.

13. beneficia...posse, ' benefits are only welcome so long as it
seems possible to discharge them.

14. ubi multum anteuenere, : when they have far exceeded
that limit. ' Notice how fond Tacitus is of ending a chapter with
& pungent epigram like this. "The word amnteuenio is not found
elsewhere.

15. pro gratia odium redditur. Ritter quotes Seneca Epist.
19 quidam quo plus debent magis oderunt; leue aes alienum
debitorem facit, graue inimicum.

19

1l. caritate Agrippinae. The gen. is objective.

2. principi. See Introduction v.

hos corripi...placitum, it was determined to attack both Silius
and Sabinus.

3. Sabino, i.e. the trial of Sabinus. See c. 68-70.

inmissus, «let loose,' set on,'i.e. to prosecute, The metaphor
is from letting loose animals. Cf. Suet. Nero 43 urbem incendere,
feris in populum immissis.

qui paternas...gratificabatur, *who on pretence of having
some quarrel of his father's to avenge was ready to sacrifice
his own honour to abet the animosities of Sejanus' [R.]. See
iii 43.

6. dum...abiret, final,—'to give time for the prosecutor
(Varro) to vacate his office"

7. solitum quippe, 'for it was customary, he urged...

8. cuius uigiliis niteretur, (on whose vigilance he de-
pended....'

10. proprium id Tiberio, *it was & peculiarity of Tiberius.

11. priscis uerbis. He had alluded to the old term senatus
consultum ultimum : i.e. darent operam consules ne quid res publica

ON CHAPTERS 18, 19 79

detrimenti caperet—, establishing a kind of martial law. Also,
F. suggests that uigiliis may be a reference to an old phrase
wigilia consularis. | See Cic. Phil. i 1; and, generally, for
Tiberius! preference for old constitutional formalities, see i 7
Tiberius per consules cuncta incipiebat tamquam uetere re publica.

multa adseueratione...coguntur patres, *with this profound
solemnity he convened the Senate'; *with repeated protestations"'
of the urgency of the case, etc. [P.F.]. Of. ii 31 accusatio apud
patres adseueratione eadem peracta.

quasi...ageretur, (as if Silius were being dealt with according
tolaw.' lege agere is a commoner phrase.

aut Varro consul, ior Varro were really consul,'—seeing that
the various departments of government were being gradually
handed over to the Emperor. See Introduction v.

13. aut illud res publica esset, * or that state of things were
really à common wealth.' For the syntax cf. i 49 non medicinam
illud appellans. | For res publica in the sense of *ordered
commonvwealth? cf, i 43 quotus quisque reliquus qui rem publicam
uidisset? also xiii 28 manebat quaedam imago rei publicae. In
these passages it does not mean a republican form of government
a8 opposed to a monarchy.

15. non occultante...premeretur, 'making it clear whose
displeasure was bearing him down.'

conscientia belli...arguebantur, 'he was charged with having
connived at the movement of Sacrovir, and with sullying his
victory by rapacity. The conduct of his wife Sosia was also
brought up against him' [R.]. For the syntax cf. Livy xl 54
stimulabat animum et alter filius haud dubie rex comuersique in
eum omnium oculi et destituta senectus; and xl 24 fuga per
Paeoniam praeparata arguebatur et corrupti quidam.

16. Sacrouir diu dissimulatus, lit. *the fact that he had long
ignored the proceedings of Sacrovir.' Of. xv 71 Acilia...dis-
simulata. For conscientia belli, * through privity to his rebellion,
ef. xii 31 conscientia rebellionis. Sacrovir and Florus, two
Romanised provincials in Gaul, engaged in a conspiracy to throw
off the Roman yoke. Florus undertook to gain over the Belgae
and 'Treviri; Sacrovir intrigued among the Aedui and other

80 NOTES

tribes; the Aedui had seized Autun. But the rising was pre-
mature; and both leaders died by their own hands. The name
Sacrovir points to his holding some religious office.

per auaritiam, apparently by extortions from those who had
not joined the rebellion [F.].

17. uxor Sosia, i.e. not kept in proper order, and receiving
bribes. : j
nec dubie...haerebant, *and clearly they (Silius and Sosia)
eould not free themselves from the charges of extortion.'

18. cuncta...exercita, «the whole trial was conducted as if on
the charge of treason.'

19. maiestatis. See Introduction viii.

20. praeuertit, *anticipated.' Cf. Lucan vii 30 praeuertit
tristia leto.

20

l. saeuitum in bona, *a cruel raid was made on his property.
Cf. c. 1.

tamen, i.e. although he had anticipated condemnation by
suicide. See Introduction vi.

stipendiariis, tribute-payers in the province of Silius.

2. repetebat, : made claim for restitution,'—a technical term.
Hence the phrase in c. 19 (rerum) repetundarum crimina * charges
of extortion.*

3. liberalitas Augusti auulsa, grants made to Silius by
Augustus were abstraeted from his estate." Tacitus uses liberalitas
specially in this sense.

4. conputatis..petebantur, 'the claims of the imperial
treasury being reckoned up in detail singillatim would refer
to various special grants.

6. sententia, often of a motion in the Senate.

partem bonorum, 'half of Sosia's property.

7. publicandam...ut relinqueretur. Tacitus is fond of such
changes of construction.

8. M. Lepidus, i.e. Manius Lepidus.

9. legis. This is the ler Iulia de maiestate, which was
passed by Augustus, and stated the minimum to be allowed to
informers.

ON CHAPTERS 19—21 8l

ll. pleraque...flexit, «he modified many sentences in an
opposite direetion to the cruel servility of others" [F.].

19. neque tamen...egebat, ^and yet (though so independent)
he was not wanting in discretion.

183. aequabili, *uniform,' i.e. without a break.

14. uiguerit. "The use of the perf. subj. in an aoristic sense
is very common in Silver Latin. Of. c. 1 and 15.

unde dubitare..uacuum. Merivale (Romans under the Empire,
e. 45) has some useful comments on this passage :—. Tacitus, as
& disciple of the school of the fatalists, is constrained on this
oecasion to enquire whether the favour or hostility of princes is a
matter of mere chance and destiny, or whether there may not
still be room for prudent counsel and good sense in the conduct
of human affairs ; whether a secure path of life, however hard to
irace, might not still be discovered amidst the perils of the times,
between the extremes of rude independence and base servility.
The great defect of the Romans of this period lay in their want of
the true self-respect which is engendered by the consciousness of
sober consistency. Bred in the speculative maxims of Greek and
Roman republieanism, they passed their manhood either in un-
learning the lessons of the schools, or in exaggerating them in à
spirit of senseless defiance.'

20. animo diuersus, (different in character.

21. quamquam insontes. Cf. note on c. 1l quamuis
fabulosa.

29. alienae, explained by uxorum.

23. perinde quam suis, ' just as if they had been committed
by themselves."

21

2. feroci, 'high.spirited,—the meaning which it usually
bears in the best writers. Thus in Livy the Roman army is
ealled ferocissimus. Cf. c. 12.

utrettuli. Seeii 34. "This was eight years previously.

3. factiones accusatorum, 'the intrigues of informers.'

4. potentia, as usual, of real power, undue influence. Cf. c.41.

Vrgulaniam, grandmother of Plautius Silvanus. See c. 22
and ii 34.

ELT. 6

82 NOTES

6. ciuiliter habuit, 'took as a citizen should,' i.e. in à
popular spirit, not as an emperor (nom ui principis, iii 12).
Cf. iii 76 quod ciuiliter acceptum ; Hist. ài 21 comitia ciuiliter
celebrans; also Juvenal v 112 poscimus ut cenes ciuiliter. Later
writers are fond of the antithesis, e.g. Capitolinus, adepti imperium
ita ciuiliter se ambo egerunt.

habuit. XN. quotes xii 48 cum laetitia habendum; xv 28 cum
hostili odio habebatur.

7. impetus..languerat, 'the first access of ill-feeling had
faded away.

8. secreti sermonis aduersum maiestatem. Note the ex-
tension of maiestas to spoken words. See Introduction viii,

10. gladio accinctum. It was forbidden by law to wear a
sword in the city.

ll. atrocius uero, (too outrageous to be true. For the idiom
N. quotes Hor. Epist. i 10, 43 calceus pede maior; Livy ii 27
curatio altior fastigio suo.

12. ceterorum...reus, he was indicted on the remaining
counts heaped up in large numbers."

13. neque peractus, but his trial was not brought to a
conclusion.

ob mortem opportunam. Cf. Agric. 45 feliz opportunitate mortis.

relatum, * a motion was made in the Senate.

14. Cassio Seuero. Cassius was an able and elegant rhe-
torieian| of whom Quintilian writes, plus bilis habet quam
sanguinis (x 1, 117).

15. orandi ualidus, 'a forcible speaker at the bar; lit. *strong
in pleading. For the Tacitean genitive of the thing im point of
which cf. the genitives with occultus (c. 7), peruicacz (e. 53),
praeclarus (e. 34).

16. iudicio iurati senatus. For voting on oath cf. c. 3l
ut iure iurando obstringeret e re publica id esse; and Livy xxx 40
patres iurati censuerunt. It was to give greater solemnity.

18. aduertit, *drew on himself. Cf. Pliny Epist. ix 26
omnes aduertit quod eminet et exstat.

bonis exutus, a frequent Tacitean metaphor,—-* stripped of his

property.

ON CHAPTERS 21—23 83

interdicto igni atque aqua, impers. abl. abs., lit. *fire and
water having been forbidden him.'

19. saxo Seripho, contemptuous. It was a small island, one
of the Cyelades (now Serpho), a frequent place of banishment.
Cf. Juv. x 170 ut Gyari clausus scopulis paruaque Seripho.

22

1l. praetor. He was praetor urbanus.

2. in praeceps, either from the window or down the stairs.
Of. vi 49 iacto in praeceps corpore. In vi l7 we have praeceps
dare.

3. tractus ad Caesarem, in the first instance. Afterwards
Tiberius remits the case to the Senate.

4. tamquam ipse, sc. fuisset. "Translate: *alleging that he
had been fast asleep.' P.F. quotes Germ. 39 superstitio respicit
tamquam inde initia gentis.

7. reluctantis et impulsae uestigia, lit. *traces of one
struggling and thrown by violence.'

8. refert ad senatum, ':he remitted the case to the Senate,
after some investigations of his own.

datis iudicibus, *the case having been sent for trial,' i.e.
before a commission (quaestio). The full phrase is dare actionem
et iudices.

10. quasi principis monitu, sc. factum. Translate: *this
was taken as a hint from the Emperor himself."

12. wuenas praebuit exsoluendas, a very common method of
suicide at this time.

13. Numantina accusata iniecisse. For this use of the nom.
and infin. ef. xiii 23 deferuntur consensisse Pallas ac Burrus.

a3

l. longo...bello. The war with Tacfarinas began in 17 a.p.
See ii 52. He was a Numidian who had served among the
auxiliaries of the Roman army, and, having gained a knowledge
of military seience, deserted, and collected a body of freebooters.
He was chosen as leader of the Musulamii, a powerful people in
the interior of Numidia, on the southern side of Mount Aurasius.

6—29

84 NOTES

The Musulamian war gave much trouble. "Tacfarinas defied the
Roman arms for some years. The insurreetion spread westward
into Mauretania, and eastward to the country of the Garamantes.
The Roman commanders sent out for some years proved incom-
petent, till in 24 4.pn. Blaesus was appointed on the Emperor's
intervention.

3. ubi...crediderant, ' when they thought that their achieve-
ments were sufficient for the winning of triumphal honours.'
For triumphalium insigni, cf. c. 18.

5. tres...statuae, won by Furius Camillus 17 4.p., L. Apronius
90 4.p., and Junius Blaesus 22 à p. Of. Agricola 40 inlustris
statuae honorem.

.6. Africam, the Roman Province of Africa.

7. iuuenta, causal,—. negligent owing to youth.'

8. libertos regios et seruilia imperia, hendiadys. Translate:
*had chosen war rather than submit to be ordered about like
slaves by the king's freedmen"' [R.]. :

10. rex Garamantum. The Garamantes are generally placed
in Fezzan.

non ut...incederet, ' not so far as to take the field" [F.].

ll. quae..in maius audiebantur, ' the strength of which was
exaggerated by distance. This sense of audio (*hear of") is
requent in Tacitus, e.g. ii 68 audita regis fuga; Germ. 31 cum
primum Cimbrorum arma audita. sunt.

13. moribus turbidus, (turbulent in character.

14. ruebant, ' were flocking to his standard.?

res à Blaeso gestas. See iii 73, 74.

quasi nullis...hostibus. Cf. the more frequent Tacitean use
of tamquam.

15. nonam legionem. See v 4.

24
9. lacerari, 'was being worried.
5. incubuissent, (made an effort; Cf. c. 73 si simul in-
cubuissent.
Thubuscum, or Thubursieum, a town lying a little to the
north of Mount Aurasius.

ON CHAPTERS 29—25 85

8. primo sui incessu. sui (for suo) is emphatic, —* when he
advanced in person. Cf. ii 13 fruitur fama sui.

9. soluit obsidium. We say ' raised the siege."

locorum opportuna permuniuit. Cf. Kitchener's *blockhouses'
in the last stage of the South African war.

12. non graui nec uno incursu, ' with a single attack in
heavy marching order.'.

14. cum popularibus, * and his people.

15. agmina, 'columns.'

16. ipse consultor aderat omnibus, 'he himself directed the
operations as a whole" [R. ].

25

3. positis mapalibus. Cf. iii 74 mutantem mapalia Tacfari-
natem. "These moveable huts are mentioned by Livy xxix 31 cum
mapalibus pecoribusque suis persecuti sunt regem.

4. saltibus, 'forests.

5. expeditae cohortes alaeque, 'infantry and cavalry of the
allies in light order.'

6. simulque...et. Cf.i65 simul haec, et scindit agmen.

8. aderant in barbaros, just as we say vividly *they were
upon them.

praepeditis, *hobbled.' The equivalent Greek word is rero-
Ó.c uévos.

9. diuersos, 'far off.

ab Romanis, *on the Roman side. Cf. the phrases a tergo,
a fronte.

10. dispositae turmae, 'their cavalry were posted at proper
intervals" [R.].

19. consilium, ' plan of battle."

13. trahi, occidi, capi, i.e. those who were dragged away were
slain or made prisoners [F.].

infensus, 'infuriated.*

14. et aduersum eludentes...pugnae depends on memoria.
Translate: *and of battle so often longed for against an enemy
foiling them." For the absolute use of eludere cf, iii 74.

86 NOTES

15. differtur...consectentur, * word is passed along the lines,
let all make for Tacfarinas.

18. deiectis circum stipatoribus, * when his guards had been
struck down around him.'

19. effusis, * pouring in from every side," * closing in.'

26

2. Seiano tribuens ne...obsolesceret, 'paying thereby a
compliment to Sejanus, to prevent the glory of his uncle Blaesus
being dimmed. Cf. vi 50 quasi honori abeuntis amici tribueret.

3. neque...et. For the antithesis pointed by this construc-
tion cf. i1 34 neque Piso inglorius et Caesar maiore fama fuit.

4. huic negatus honor... intendit, 'the refusal of the distine-
tion enhanced the credit of Dolabella."

negatus honor. For the construction cf. c. 12, 34, 44.

intendit. Cf. c. 2 uim praefecturae intendit.

minore exercitu. He had one legion only, the third, the
ninth having been withdrawn. See c. 23.

6. caedem...famam deportarat. Note the zeugma.

10. studiis, i.e. loyalty to Rome.

repetitus, ' revived.'

12. togam pictam, worn in triumphs. Livy (xxx 15) gives a
longer list of presents made to à king,—JMasinissam aurea corona,
aurea. patera, sella curuli eburnea et scipione eburneo, toga picta,
et palmari tunica donat.

27

1. mota, ' scattered."

2. oppressit, à strong word, *crushed. The metaphors are
mixed.

tumultus, írising,' as usual.

5. libellis, ' proclamations,' * placards."

6. perlonginquos saltus, (in distant forest districts, i.e. in
the Appennine country.

ferocia seruitia, 'savage slaves" probably. But possibly ferox
may here have its strietly classieal sense of * high-spirited. See
note on c. 12.

7. ires biremes, ie. Liburnian galleys, as distinct from

ON CHAPTERS 25—27 87

triremes, from the Ravenna Fleet (see c. 5), told off to protect
trade in the Adriatic.

adpulere, *put into harbour, i.e, at Brundisium. Cf. ii 24
triremis terram adpulit.

8. ad usus commeantium, ' for the requirements of traders.

9. quaestor. From early times there appear to have been
four quaestors with spheres of duty (prouinciae) in Italy, chiefly
concerned with trade. One of these had the prouincia Ostiensis
charged with important duties with regard to the corn-supply.
Ashby in Recent Discoveries at Ostia, J. R. S. vol. ii, p. 155,
writes:—*It seems probable, as Vaglieri and Carcopino have
conjectured independently, that the foundation of Ostia on its
present site may be connected with the institution of the four
quaestores classici in 2677 p.c. and the assignment of one of them
to Ostia."

Another had the prouincia Gallica (i.e. Cisalpine Gaul). A
third was stationed in South Italy ; but we do not know the name
of his prouincia. Lipsius would read Cales euenerat here, and
thinks that this is the name of this prouincia. More probably
Brundisium was the station of this quaestor; and, if calles is the
right reading, Ramsay thinks he may have had charge of '*the
rough pasture-land of the interior' as well. Suetonius (Iulius 19)
Speaks of prouinciae minimi negotii, hoc est siluae callesque. But
this passage has no reference to the prouinciae of the quaestors.

10. classiariorum, ' marines, i.e. from the biremes,

ll. coeptantem cum maxime, 'at the very beginning, *just
as it was breaking out.' Of. iii 59 lacus cum maxime peragrantem
*traversing at the very time.' The full expression would be
munc ut cum mazime [F.]. We have nunc cum mazime *at this
moment! in Cicero and Livy, and tum cum mazime-*at that
moment! in Livy. See Roby 1641.

13. tribunus, i.e. an officer of the praetorian guard.

15. familiarum, *households,' often, as here, in the sense of
* slave establishments.' Cf. iii 53 familiarum numerum et nationes.

gliscebat immensum, ' was increasing enormously.' Of. c. 5.
For the adverbial immenswm (really a cognate acc.) cf. iii 30 domus
illa immensum uiguit.

E]

88 NOTES

28

3. Vibius Serenus. The father had been banished to the
island of Amorgus ob atrocitatem morum (e. 13).

in senatum inducti sunt. 5See Introduction vi.

4. jinluuie ac squalore obsitus. Cf. vi 43 (where we have
inluuie obsitus again) and Livy xxix 16 obsiti squalore et
sordibus.

et tum, «and now' in our idiom.

5. oranti filio comparatur, (is matched with the oratory of
the son. The metaphor is from matching pairs of gladiators.

6. multis munditiis, abl. of manner—- with much eleganee '
(of dress and manner), in strong antithesis to inluuie ac squalore.
Cf. iii 30 per cultum et munditias.

7. missos in Galliam concitores belli. Serenus the elder was
governor of Baetica about the time of Sacrovir's rebellion three
years previously.

8. adnectebat, used absolutely, so also in ii 26.

9. praetorium, 'an ex-praetor.'

10. taedio, abl. of cause.

14. ubi...ageret, * where he might live far from fashions like
these."

quandoque, :sooneror later. (Cf. vi 20 et tu, Galba, quandoque
degustabis imperium.

16. falsa exterritum, 'that his alarm was groundless,' Greek
oUk Ovra ékmemMwyuévov. P.F. quotes Cie. ad Att. ix 2 ingrati
animi crimen horreo. Somewhat similar is arguitur pleraque
(vi 5). See Appendix.

l7. si proderentur alii. Probably proderentur is ironieal.
If the names of others were divulged, they would clear themselves
and thus diseredit the whole charge" [F.].

29

1. Cn.Lentulum. See c. 44.

Seium Tuberonem. See ii 20, where he is legatus under
Germanicus.

2. magno pudore, abl. of circumstance.

ON CHAPTERS 28, 29 89

4. senectutis extremae...defecto corpore. Note how fond
Tacitus is of linking together dissimilar constructions.

5. turbandae rei publicae accerserentur, íaecused of dis-
turbing the common wealth."

6. exempti, *released from the charge."

in patrem ex seruis quaesitum, ' the slaves were examined (by
torture) for evidence against the father."

7. quaestio. Cicero (pro Sulla 76) uses quaestiones et tormenta
for *examination by torture.

8. rumore, 'murmurs. (Cf. xiv 1l aduerso rumore, ii 29
secundo rumore.

uulgi...minitantium, a sense construction.

robur, i.e. the Carcer or Tullianum at the foot of the Capitol,
in which criminals were strangled. See iii 50 neque carcer meque
laqueus ; Hor. Odes ii 13 catenas et Italum robur ; Lucr. iii 1017
uerbera carnifices robur; Livy xxxvii 59 in robore et tenebris
exspiret ; and the description in Sallust Cat. 55. The following
explanation of the term is quoted from Paullus: robus in carcere
dicitur is locus, quo praecipitatur maleficorum genus, quod ante
arcis robusteis includebatur.

9. saxum, the Tarpeian rock, on the west side of the Capitol.
Cf. ii 32 saxo deiectus. "The full expression sarum. Tarpeium is
given in vi 19.

parricidarum poenas. A good locus classicus on this subject
is Cicero pro Rosc. Amer. 10—73. Of. Digest 48-9, parricida uirgis
sanguineis uerberatus, deinde culleo insuatur cum cane, gallo
gallinaceo et wipera et simia. deinde in mare profundum culleus
iactetur. If there is no sea near, then, according to Hadrian's
ordinance, he is to be thrown to wild beasts. Note that par-
ricidium includes the murder of any near relation. Nero is the
arch-parrieide in Roman literature. He deserved not once, but
many times to die the parricide's death, as Juvenal says (viii
213, 4):

cuius supplicio nom debuit una parari
simia mec serpens umus mec culleus unus.

À bag was hung round the neck of one of Nero's statues with
the inscription : ego quid potui? sed tu culleum meruisti (Suet.).

90 NOTES

Seneea de Clementia 23 (addressed to Nero!) writes: pessimo loco
pietas fuit, postquam saepius culleos uidimus quam cruces [Mayor];
who (on Juvenal L.c.) adds these particulars from other writers:
*Sewn up in a sack with impious animals, the impious man
is carried down to the sea on a wagon drawn by black oxen.
Exeluded from the air of heaven and from burial in earth, the
eriminal is shut up, like with like, with the parricide viper, the
ape that squeezes its young to death, and impious creatures that
fight with their parents.

10. exsequi accusationem adigitur, a poetical and Tacitean
use. Of. c. 45.

13. exprobrauerat, 'had thrown in his teeth.

l7. medium tempus uarie arguens, ' bringing various charges
with regard to the interval."

18. etiam si tormenta...euenissent, *even though, owing to
the obstinacy of the slaves, the examination by torture disproved
his guilt."

30

l. dictis sententiis, i.e. in the Senate.

2. more maiorum, i.e. by scourging to death. Cf. ii 32
more prisco aduertere.

quo molliret inuidiam, *in order to mitigate the odium.

intercessit. "The Emperor had the power of veto by virtue of
his potestas tribunicia. See Introduction v.

3. Gyaro, one of the Cyclades, a common place of exile.

Donusa, à small island near Naxos, either the modern Stenosa
or Heraclia.

4. aspernatus est, *rejected.'

5. uitae usus, * means of living,' *necessaries of life."

8. de praemiis accusatorum abolendis. See c. 20, and
Introduction vi.

maiestatis postulatus. Cf. c. 31.

10. ibatur in eam sententiam, *the motion was being carried;
i.e. * on the point of being carried."

ll. contra...palam, * with unusual openness."

12. inritas leges, sc. fore.

in praecipiti, *on the brink of a precipice.'

ON CHAPTERS 29—31 91

14. custodes eorum, a high compliment to a wretched class.

delatores. See Introduction vi.

genus...repertum, 'aà tribe of miscreants called into being to
the public ruin' [R.].

publico exitio, abl. of cireumstance.

16. eliciebantur, * were stimulated."

3l:

l. his tam adsiduis...intericitur, *this succession of gloomy
events was broken by a ray of pleasure.

3. carminis conuictum. Cf. c. 30 maiestatis postulatus.

50. gnarum meliorum et quae fama...sequeretur. Mark the
thoroughly Tacitean change of structure.

6. tristiora, *a harsher policy."

7. meque socordia peccabat. The abl. is causal,—:he did
not err from dulness.'

8. adumbrata, ' fictitious."

9. compositus alias, 'at other times artificial, i.e. in look
and address. See note on c. l. Cf. also Thuc. vi 58 zAacdjevos
T] Oye. Tpós Tijv £vuopáv.

10. uelut eluctantium uerborum, a curious gen. of quality,—
* with words seeming to struggle for utterance."

solutius promptiusque, 'with greater ease and fluency.' Cf.
xiv 18 dicta solutiora.

1l. quotiens subueniret, ' whenever he stepped in to help.'
The subjunctive of frequency occurs often in $Silver Latin,
sometimes in Livy, hardly ever in Caesar or Cicero. Of. c. 60
and 70.

12. cum arceretur. Mark the tense,—: when it was proposed
to banish him from Italy. Cf. c. 20.

13. conuictus cepisse. For the * nom. and infin.' see c. 22,

pecuniam...cepisse, the ordinary expression for receiving a
bribe.

ob rem iudicandam, 'ío influence a judicial decision,'—
technieal term used also in Cicero.

15. iure iurando. For the custom of voting on oath ef.
cT.

92 NOTES

obstringeret, *bound himself? Cf. i 14 iure iurando ob-
strinzit.

e re publica id esse. See Pliny Epist. v 13, whence it appears
that one senator could make another swear e re publica esse quod
censuisset.

16. aspere, ' with indignation.'

mox in laudem uertit, «subsequently redounded to his credit.'

20. eadem poena...statuitur tamquam petiuisset. For the
force of tamquam *on the ground that, see c. 13.

22. ut rettuli. Cf. ii 27.

23. indicio, by turning informer? or *king's evidence' as
we Say.

25. senatu pelleretur. See Introduction vi.

32

l. pleraque, (much, not * most.

2. leuia memoratu. Our idiom is *too trifling to be recorded.
Cf. Hist. à 78 uix credibile memoratu.

3. annales nostros. See iii 65.

4. contenderit, (can compare. Of. xiii 3 uetera ac praesentia
contendere. Cicero too uses the word in this sense. For the
syntax cf. e. 3 crediderim.

6. si quando...praeuerterent, * whenever they turned by
preference to home affairs. "The deponent is more usual in
this sense. Of. Hor. Sat. i 3, 38 illuc praeuertamur [P.F.].

9. libero egressu, ' with free scope, i.e. ranging at large
over a theme of stirring events and making ample room for
stylistic art [N.]. The meaning seems fixed by im arto which
follows [P.F.].

10. nobis in arto et inglorius labor, :my work lies in a
narrow field and lacks distinction,'—one of Tacitus's many echoes
of Virgil. Of. Georgic iv 6 im tenui labor; at tenuis non gloria.
In Hist. ii 13 he has im arto commeatum.

19. proferendi imperi incuriosus, ' without interest in the
expansion of the empire" [R.].

non sine usu fuerit, *it may serve some good purpose. Cf.
c. 5 incertum fuerit.

ON CHAPTERS 31—33 95

14. magnarum saepe rerum motus oriuntur, 'great events
often take their rise. Cf. Aristotle's famous words, »yi&yvovra ai
cTácew ob mepi jukpQv àXN ék jukpüv (Politics v 4. 1); also
Livy xxvii 9 ex paruis rebus saepe magnarum momenta. pendent.

Ramsay has some useful remarks on this chapter :—* Tacitus
does not appeal here to a high conception of history. He takes
the popular view that it reaches its highest interest in telling of
wars and conquests. Even the interest of such subjects as the
conflict between the Orders, and the battles over Agrarian and
other laws, does not consist in the fact that they raise great
constitutional questions, but that they give scope for pieturesque
and stirring narrative. His own task is inglorious, because he
has no wars to tell of; and the climax in its dulness is that
Tiberius was what we should now call a Little Englander.'

33

l. mationes, here *'countries In the best Latin matio
generally denotes * tribe,' and it is very often used contemptuously
in metaphor.

2. delecta ex iis...forma, ' à constitution framed by selection
from these three elements. Cf. Cie. de Rep. i 45 ex his quae
prima diri moderatum et permixtum tribus; and 54 recte quaeris
quod mazime e tribus, quoniam eorum mullum ipsum per se
separatum. probo, anteponoque singulis illud quod conflatum fuerit
ex ommibus. Cicero considers such a constitution to be the best
possible. Of. also Polybius (vi 11) who holds. that the Roman
constitution of his time is the best realisation of this ideal.

6.. noscenda uulgi natura, sc. erat.

quibus modis. Before these words we must supply mos-
cendum.

temperanter haberetur, :might be wisely controlled. Tacitus
makes but a poor contribution to political philosophy. His one
idea is that we must study the nature and doings of the dominant
power in a state.

8. callidi temporum, lit. * eunning in the times; i.e. * shrewd
observers. The gen. is on the analogy of that with peritus.

9. neque alia..unus imperitet, 'the Roman state being

94 NOTES

nothing else than a monarchy,— though it was not so in form.
Formally things went on tamquam uetere re publica (i 7),—the
names of the old magistrates being preserved. Cf. e. 20 quasi
Varro consul aut illud res publica esset.

10. haec conquiri tradique, referring to the first words of
c. 32. He attaches the chief importance to insignificant doings
of Emperor and Senate, especially the record of prosecutions.
He cares nothing for the grand operations of imperial government.

in rem fuerit, :may prove useful. Cf. c. 5 incertum fuerit ;
c. 32 nom sine usu fuerit.

ll. prudentia, *by their own wisdom:

13. aliorum euentis docentur. euenta means *experiences.*
Cicero has euenta nostra in ad fam. i 7. *' The idea seems to be
that itis the business of the historian to select proper instances
as examples or as warnings....He has so to marshal his facts that
his readers may draw the proper conclusions from them [R.].

ceterum...adferunt, *however, such enquiries, although sure
to be profitable, yet bring very little entertainment. "This is
the force of ut...ita....For the thought cf. Thuc. i 22 xai és uev
dkpóagiww lacs TÓ Qu) jvÜQO0es abrQv drepméoTepov $aveirat.

14. uarietates, * vicissitudes.

15. exitus, ' deaths, as often in Tacitus.

16. continuas accusationes, 'an unbroken record of pro-
secutions.

18. coniungimus, * we string together.

easdem exitu...satietate, ' trials all ending in one way, with a
uniformity as monotonous as it is revolting" [R.].

22. "Tiberio regente. ego is rarely used of an Emperor.

28. ut,'though.? Cf.c. 40.

25. aliena...sibi obiectari, «that the record of the misdeeds
of others is aimed at themselves."

26. ut nimis...arguens, 'as criticising from too close a point
of view the opposite qualities" [F.]. * How admirable is Tacitus
when he sums up in a perfect phrase some painful human
characteristie !? [R.].

27. ad inceptum redeo. We should say, *I must return to
my subject. Cf. xv 36 deseruit inceptum.

ON OHAPTERS 33, 3 95

34

2. postulatur. (Cf. ec. 30 maiestatis postulatus.

tunc primum, «now for the first time. Afterwards Domitian
encouraged similar prosecutions.

3. editis annalibus. As Seneca tells us, Cordus wrote the
history of his own time only,—unius saeculi facta. Probably it
was limited to the reign of Augustus.

4 Romanorum ultimum. No doubt Cordus would have
quoted the words of Brutus himself on the death of Cassius.

6. id perniciabile et Caesar...accipiens, *this was fatal to the
accused, as well as the fact that the Emperor listened to the
defence with a forbidding look.' For the construction cf. c. 12,
26, 44.

7. relinquendae uitae certus, 'resolved to die. Cf. xii 66
sceleris olim certa; Virg. Aen. iv 54 iam certus eundi. Contrast
e. 51 certus procul urbe degere.

14. eloquentiae ac fidei praeclarus. fides means *' candour,'
*impartiality. Seneca calls Livy candidissimus omnium magnorum
ingeniorum aestimator. For the genitive construction cf. c. 21,

16. Pompeianum. Cf. i 10 Pompeianae partes and contrast
i 2 Iulianae partes. Pompeianus denotes a champion of the
legitimate republie, and an enemy of imperialism.

17. Scipionem. He is referring to Metellus Scipio, father-
indaw of Pompey and his colleague as consul in 52 r.c.

18. Afranium, consul in 60 s.c. and legatus of Pompey in
Spain.

19. parricidas. Cf. Val. Max. vi 4, 5 M. Brutus suarum
prius uirtutum quam patriae parentis parricida,

20. wutinsignes uiros, (as one would speak of distinguished
men.

Asinii Pollionis scripta, i.e. his history in 17 books beginning
with 60 s.c., alluded to by Horace, motum ex Metello consule
ciuicum (Odes ii 1l). Cf. also Virg. Ecl. iii 84.

22. Messalla Coruinus, the orator, wrote the history of the
wars after the death of Julius Caesar. He fought under Brutus
at Philippi.

96 NOTES

24. peruiguere, 'flourished to the end. The word occurs
nowhere else. Cf. c. 1 uiguit ceciditque.

Ciceronis libro, called Cato, not extant; answered by Caesar
in two books called Anticato.

25. dictator Caesar, a frequent description of Julius Caesar
in Tacitus.

quid aliud quam...respondit? For the ellipse N. compares
xii 40 nec amplius quam decurio audentius progressus ceteros ad
obsequium firmauerat; Suet. Claudius 16 nihil amplius quam monuit.

27. Antonii epistulae. Suetonius quotes from them in his
life of Augustus.

29. carmina Bibaculi He was M. Furius Bibaeulus of
Cremona, a contemporary of Catullus. His poems were noted
for their rancour and turgidity.

referta contumeliis Caesarum. See Suet. Iulius 73 Valerium
Catullum, a quo sibi uersiculis...perpetua stigmata imposita non
dissimulauerat, satisfacientem eadem die adhibuit caenae; hospitio-
que patris eius, sicut consueuerat, uti perseuerauit. For Catullus
attacks see especially poem xxix, e.g. 24, 25

eone nomine, imperator unice,
socer generque perdidistis omnia?
also liv — irascere iterum meis iambis
immerentibus, unice imperator?
also xcii mil nimium studeo, Caesar, tibi uelle placere
nec scire utrum sis albus an ater homo.

30. Caesarum, i.e. Julius and Augustus. Catullus, of course,
attacked Julius only. Bibaculus may have libelled Augustus also.

31. reliquere, : left them alone."

haud facile dixerim. Cf. c. 10 non omiserim.

33. si irascare. For the general use of the second person
cf. c. 1l refutaueris.

adgnita, * recognised as true.

35
1. non attingo, :I do not mention.
2. etiam. For the omission of sed cf. i 77 non modo e plebe,
etiam militibus.

ON CHAPTERS 34—36 97

aduertit, for animaduertit,—* noticed, * punished. Cf. ii 32
more prisco aduertere.

3. dicta, in its ordinary sense of * jokes," * satire.

solutum, ' free from punishment."

4. prodere, 'to speak freely.

5. num enim...incendo, :am I, forsooth, in arms with Cassius
and Brutus on the plains of Philippi, or inflaming the people to
civil war by my harangues ?' [R.].

6. obtinentibus. This verb is here used in its strictly
classical sense of * hold.

7. anilli quidem...perempti. We must begin the translation
of this sentence thus : * is it not the case that, though slain more
than seventy years ago...2' (Cf. Cie. de leg. ài 2 numquid duas
habetis patrias, an est una illa patria communis ?

8. septuagensimum, round number for sixty-sixth.

9. nmoscuntur, ' are recognised, —a Virgilian use.

ne uictor quidem aboleuit. A bronze statue of Brutus at
Milan was preserved by order of Augustus.

12. nec deerunt qui.., a frequent form of expression in
Tacitus.

ingruit, ' presses on me,' * hangs before me.'

16. occultati, *concealed for a time and then published.'
This was done by his daughter Marcia, as Seneca tells us in the
Consolatio ad Marciam.

19. punitis ingeniis gliscit auctoritas, 'the punishment of
genius heightens its influence. Cf. c. 5.

36

l. postulandis reis continuus, lit. *unbroken in prosecu-
tions,'—abl. of respect. Of. xi 5 continuus et saeuus accusandis reis.

praefectum urbis, an honorary office (merely a survival) held
during the absence of the consuls at the Latin Festival. It
had no connexion with the Prefecture of the City established
by Augustus.

3. auspicandi. It was usual for a magistrate on the first
day of office to discharge some function of the post he held by

M
í

E. T.

98 NOTES

way of inaugurating it. Some trifling matter was generally
selected for this purpose [P.F.].

4. adierit..in Sextum Marium, 'approached him with an
accusation against Sextus Marius. For the syntax of adierit
CEWG:IS815:420;

5. palam increpitum, i.e. because the introduction of a
criminal charge on this religious occasion was a bad omen.

causa exilii fuit, '*prompted a decree of the Senate to banish
him ' [F.].

6. obiecta publice Cyzicenis, ' was preferred against the
people of Cyzieus as a community, i.e. rg xowg rà» Kvjwmvàr.
Cf. Suet. Tib. 37 Cyzicemis publice libertatem ademit.

incuria caerimoniarum. They had íailed to complete the
temple of Augustus which they had begun.

9. circumsessi, 74, 73 B.c.

10. sua constantia. The reflexive pronoun is used, because
mentally the Cyziceni are regarded as still the subject of the
whole sentence, although grammatically they have ceased to
be so [P.F.].

11. Fonteius Capito, consul in 12 4.». with Germanicus.

12. ficta, sc. esse.

13. Vibium Serenum, i.e, ihe son. See c. 28.

15. ut quis destrictior...sacrosanctus erat, the more men-
acing informers were, in a way, inviolable.' ;

destrictior, *keener,' more ready to strike. The metaphor
is from a drawn sword. Cf. Horace Odes iii l destrictus ensis;
also Pliny, Epist. ix 21 destricte minatus. Valerius Max. is fond
of the word, e.g. destricta censura (ii 9), reum destricto testimonio
insecutus est (v 2).

sacrosanctus, strictly two words,—' eonsecrated with a curse,
ie. inviolable, especially of the persons of the Tribunes.

37

1l. Hispania ulterior. See c.13. This request from Spain was
probably in gratitude for the condemnation of the elder Serenus.

2. exemplo Asiae. See c. 15.

3. qua occasione, causal abl.,—: taking this opportunity.

ON CHAPTERS 36—38 99

4. wualidus...spernendis honoribus, *strong in his contempt
for honours.' Cf. postulandis reis continuus (last chapter).

alioqui, * besides, *generally. Cf. Hist. iii 32 ditem alioqui
coloniam maiore opum specie complebat.

6. inambitionem flexisse, * that he had vain-glorious leanings.'

7. constantiam...desideratam, 'that many missed my usual
firmness.'

ll. sibi atque urbi Romae. P.F. quotes from an inscription,
Romae et Augusto Caesari.

12. templum apud Pergamum. 5ee c. 55.

13. qui..obseruem, 'I who keep as a law to myself....'
Strabo (vi 4) tells us that Tiberius made Augustus his standard
(k«avóv) of government.

14. placitum, 'thus approved."

16. ut semel..habuerit,—'though to have aecepted this
honour once may be excused.'

19. si promiscis...uulgatur, 'if it is vulgarised by indis-
criminate flatteries.) For promiscus see c. 16.

38

This chapter gives us a very fine example of Latin Rhetoric.
*If this speech or anything like it was indeed delivered by
Tiberius, it must rank as one of the noblest and most dignified
utterances ever made by a great sovereign" [R.].

2. officia fungi. Cf. iii 2 munia fungerentur. "This construc-
tion is frequent in the comie poets. In these two places it is
perhaps preserved as an archaie purism of Tiberius? [F.].

5. ut...credant, (supposing that they believe.'

6. offensionum...non pauidum, 'not fearful of animosities.'
Of. Hist. v 14 nandi pauidus.

10. pro sepulcris spernuntur, iie. have no more sanctity
than neglected tombs. "They are not shrines of the immortal.
Cf. Ovid heroides iii 98 at mea pro nullo pondere uerba cadunt.

12. intellegentem...iuris, with clear vision of the rights of
gods and men."

13. duint, an archaism suitable to the language of prayer.

quandoque concessero, * whenever I pass away."

7—2

100 NOTES

15. perstitit aspernari, * persisted in rejecting,'—a construc-
tion found also in Cic. de fin. ii 107.

17. quod alii..interpretabantur, 'some explained this as
modesty, many as due to self-distrust, some as the sign of a poor
spirit. The changes of construction are thoroughly Tacitean.
(fto. 29:

19. Herculem...Liberum...Quirinum...Augustum. The allu-
sions are taken almost literally from Horace, Odes iii 3. €f.
Suet. Aug. 71 where we are told that Augustus wrote to Tiberius,
benignitas mea me ad caelestem gloriam efferet.

21. melius, sc. egisse. Of. i 43 melius et amantius ille qui
gladium offerebat.

29. cetera principibus statim adesse, :all else Emperors
have as a matter of course, i.e. on assuming the principate.

23. contemptu, sociative,—' with contempt of fame comes
contempt of merit.

39

1l. mimia fortuna socors, : dazed by excessive prosperity."

2. promissum matrimonium. See c. 3.

4. moris tum erat. moris is possessive gen.

praesentem, i.e.in Rome,

5. eius, scripti understood, which takes the place of codi-
cillorum.

6. iudiciis, :favourable opinions, *marks of favour.' Of.
Hist. i ló iudicii mei documentum.

1l. quod pulcherrimum...crederetur, (he had attained the
fairest prize of all,——to be thought worthy of alliance with the
Emperor. Cf. iii 29 filio Claudii socer Seianus destinaretur.

13. quoniam audiuerit. Cicero or Caesar would have written
audiuisset.

14. ita, i.e. following the example of Augustus.

15. Rhaberet...usurum, 'let him think of a friend who would
gain nothing but glory from the alliance,—i.e. Sejanus would
seek no political advancement. He was content with the command
ofthe Praetorians. He had no wish to give it up and become a
Senator. Cf. equitibus Romanis (above).

ON CHAPTERS 38—40 101

17. exuere, se understood. ezuo is & favourite metaphor
with Tacitus. Cf. c. 21.

satis aestimare. This is not the same thing as satis existi-
mare; at least, I can find no undoubted instance of the use of
aestimare in the sense of *thinking. Tacitus always, I think,
uses the word in the sense of * valuing,! 'rating,' *appraising '....
'The sense here therefore is that Sejanus valued at its full worth
the security obtained for his family by the proposed arrangement.
He gave the proper value to it, and, so to say, did not want more
for his money! [P.F.]. He refers to these and other passages:
Agric. 40 magnos uiros per ambitionem aestimare; Germ. 6 in
uniuersum aestimanti; xii 42 an grauius aestimandum ?

19. multum superque, the only instance of this expression.
satis superque (c. 38) is à common phrase.

20. quod...expleuisset, 'completed while such an Emperor
still reigned.*

40

l. adea, in answer to this.

3. tamquam ad integram consultationem, :as though it was
still an open question. integer often has the sense of *open,
*unprejudiced.' Cf.iii 8 integrum iudicium; iii 12 integris animis.
So in Cicero's Letters *I have not committed myself' is expressed
several times in slightly varying phrase: omnia sunt integra—in
integro res nobis est —mihi integrum est facere aut non facere. Cf. ad
Att. ix 2 ii quibus integrum est, qui nondum ad honores accesserunt.

adiunxit, i.e. in a second letter.

4. in eo stare consilia, 'their deliberations depended on the
question....

6. praecipua rerum, (important business. See c. 5.

ad famam dirigenda, :must be guided with a view to public
opinion. Cf. Tac. de or. 5 ad utilitatem dirigenda.

". promptum rescriptu, 'the obvious answer. Cf. Hist.
ii 76 promptum effectu.

8. nubendum...tolerandum haberet, *whether she should
marry again, now that Drusus was gone, or live on in the same
home. Cf. xiv 44 si nunc primum statuendum haberemus.

102 NOTES

9. esse illi..consilia, :Livia had a mother and grand-
mother—Antonia and Augusta—more intimate counsellors than
himself."

10. consilia, res pro persona. | Cf. c. 6 seruitia.

simplicius acturum, :he would use greater frankness. First
then, there was the hostility of Agrippina to be considered. "The
marriage of Livia would but add fresh fuel to that hostility; it
would, so to say, rend in two the family of the Caesars.

13. sic quoque, * even as it was.

15. conuelli, * were being torn asunder.'

quid si...coniugio, *what would happen if the rivalry were
aggravated by the proposed marriage?' For this sense of inten-
datur see c. 2.

16. falleris enim. Tacitus likes the sudden change into
or. recta.

17. in eodem ordine, i.e. the Order of Knights.

19. ego ut sinam, (though I were to permit it....'

20. fratrem ..patrem...maiores, i.e. Germanicus, the elder
Drusus, and the Claudii and Drusi of old days.

21. quidem...sed, ucv...óé. "Translate: 'though...yet...."

22. sistere, poetical for stare.

93. teinuitum perrumpunt, * break in upon you against your
wil. Cf.c. 67 quietem inrumpere.

24. excessisse...non occulti ferunt, 'openly allege that you
have long ago soared above a knight's position.

25. fastigium, often used of imperial power, a metaphor
derived from the meaning of *gable-end,' *pediment.' Cf. xiii 17
familia summum. ad fastigium genita.

patris mei amicitias, alluding to Augustus' friends of eques-
irian rank, Maecenas, Proculeius, etc.

26. per inuidiam tui, * out of ill-will to you."

27. at enim, àAAà v; Aía, anticipating an objection. See
e. 39 Augustum de equitibus Romanis consultauisse.

29. immensum. See c. 27.

31. C. Proculeium. See Horace Odes ii 2 wuiuet ertento
Proculeius aeuo notus im fratres animi paterni.

quosdam, i.e. * others.

ON CHAPTERS 40, 41 108

34. quanto ualidius...conlocauit? '*how much more weighty
is the fact that he gave his daughter first to Marcus Agrippa, and
then to me?" [R.], i.e. his ultimate decision is far more important
than his previous thought [F.].

37. destinatis, * purposes.'

38. quibus adhuc.. parem, * by what further ties I purpose to
unite you to myself.'

42. in contione, i.e. by an edict.

41

2. altius metuens. Cf. xvi 29 altior pauor.

tacita suspicionum. See c. 5.

3. ingruentem inuidiam, the gathering odium." Cf. c. 35.

deprecatur, *beseeches him to disregard."

4. adsiduos in domum, i.e. the stream of visitors pouring
into his house. (Of. xiv 56 prohibet coetus salutantium,

5. receptando. Tacitus is very fond of frequentatives. He
uses despecto, aduecto, appellito, emptito, mansito, queritor, recurso,
redempto [P.F.].

7. amoenis, ' pleasant?! generally (not pleasant to the eye,—
the strietly correct use of this adjective). Cf. xiii 3 ingenium
amoenum. (of Seneca's literary gifts).

8. aditus, 'audiences' by the Emperor.

litterarum...arbitrum fore, *he would have the control of
dispatches.'

10. commearent, : were coming and going,' ie. * were con-
veyed. Subject litterae. Of. ii 28 sermones commeare.

11. secreto loci. Cf. Hist. i 10 secretum Asiae. t is
originally a Virgilian use, e.g. Georg. iv 403.

13. sublatis inanibus, 'by the sacrifice of its empty show.
Cf. xiii 8 specie inanium ualidus * strong in the show of qualities
really valueless. | With ueram potentiam cf. c. 4.

16. abesse...agitari. "The correct oratio obliqua here would
be abessent...agitarentur.

17. praecipua rerum. Cf, c. 40.

104 NOTES

42

2. celebris ingenii. He was a well-known orator.

cognitio, «investigation, trial."

cunctantem iam, 'already hesitating, i.e. he was already
considering the matter.

4. coetus uocesque, hendiadys,—' meetings where remarks
were made.

quae..ingerebantur, ' which often offensive as well as true
were flung in his face.'

5. postulato. The verb postulo as a legal term refers strictly
to the preliminary procedings,—the àvakpi:s of Attic law—as
distinguished from cognitio (the actual trial) used twice in this
chapter. Of. c. 21.

7. cuncta refert, 'repeats every detail.

8. inter obstrepentes.. nititur, 'amid angry clamour struggles
on with strong assertion.

adseueratione. Cf. c. 19.

9. per occultum, behind his back. For the modal use of
per cf. the frequent phrases per ludum, per otium, per uinum.

ll. purgaturum. We must supply probra. Of. ii 13 si
recentia purgaret.

15. inclementiam...amplexus, 'clinging with all the more
determination to the harshness....'

16. adulterii delatam, ' accused by informers of an intrigue.
The gen. with defero is Tacitean.

quamquam...damnasset. Cf. c. 4 quamquam sit. We have
the correct syntax in this chapter, quamquam nititur.

19. in acta...non iurauerat. According to Dio Cassius,
Tiberius enforced an annual repetition of the oath to respect the
acts of Augustus [P.F.].

albo senatorio erasit. "This register was first posted up by
Augustus in 9 s.c.

43

l. auditae, i.e. by the Senate.
2. deiure templi, *about their claims to the temple.
Limnatidis, * of the Marshes. The temple took its name

ON CHAPTERS 42, 43 105

from the place called Aí(uvav. on the confines of Laconia and
Messenia. 'The site of the temple is on the western slope of
Mount Taygetuüs.

4. firmabant...carminibus, ' asserted on the authority of
historical records and the hymns of poets.

5. Macedonis Philippi, referring to his invasion of the
Peloponnese after Chaeronea.

6. C. Caesaris, i.e. Iulii.

8. Herculis posteros, i.e. Temenus, Cresphontes, and the
sons of Aristodemus.

9. Denthaliatem agrum, on the bank of the river Nedon,
opposite to Limnae.

10. cessisse. Supply dicebant out of protulere.

12. plures...locupletiores esse, (they had authorities more
numerous and more trustworthy.' Cicero often uses locuples in
this sense, e.g. de off. iii 2 testis locuples Posidonius.

14. Antigoni Antigonus, king of Macedon, played a leading
part in the war of Cleomenes, and occupied Sparta after the battle
of Sellasia iu 222 p.c.

15. Mummii, in his arrangement of the affairs of Achaia in
146 ».c.

Milesios permisso publice arbitrio. *' This reference to a
publie arbitration entrusted to the city of Miletus has been most
happily confirmed by the discovery of an inscription on the base
of the famous statue of Victory by Paeonius at Olympia, which
records the whole transaction. The case was decided by a body
of 600 jurors, who voted in favour of the Messenian claim by a
majority of 586 to 14. [RE., after Hieks, Greek Inscriptions,
No. 200.]

16. praetorem, 'governor.'

l7. ita...datum, 'aecordingly judgment was given in favour
of the Messenians.'

18. montem apud Erycum, *on Mount Eryx,' as it is usually
called, near Drepanum, on the extreme western point of Sicily.
Cf. Virgil Aen. v 759:

tum uicina astris Erycino in uertice sedes
fundatur Veneri Idaliae.

106 NOTES

The Segestans, in whose territory it stood, claimed a Trojan
origin. Hence Tiberius ealls himself consanguineus. Of. also
Thuc. vi 46 oi 0€ 'Eyeerato. és ró £v "Epvkc lepüv Tíjs 'Aópobirns
d/ya-yóvres abroUs éméOeitav rà áva05uara, and Strabo xiv 2 4v 0€
kai 7j àvaüvouévo Adpoütrq, 7) vüv üvakeira. T 0e Kalsap. év Pp.

21. suscepit curam, ' undertook the work, i.e. of restoration.

22. preces, *a petition" with regard to the will of Vuleatius
Moschus (mentioned below).

probatum...exemplum, ' the precedent of Rutilius was allowed.
See iii 66.

23. legibus pulsum, :banished according to law, ie. by &
judieial decision.

24. quo iure...receptus, *with the same privilege admitted a
citizen of Marseilles.'

26. ut patriae, *as being now his native country.

44

l. Cn. Lentulus. See c. 29.

2. L. Domitius, belonging to the third generation of the
distinguished family of Domitii Ahenobarbi.

super, *over and above."

3. de Getis. The same people were known as Getae and
Daci. In the reign of Augustus there were several small wars
against them on the Danube. "Their king was Cotiso. Cf. Hor.
Odes iii 8 occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen.

bene tolerata paupertas. For the syntax of these and the
following words cf. c. 12, 26, 34.

5. Domitium...maris potens, * Domitius derived lustre from a
father who was master of the sea."

7. auus, consul 54 p.c., a very energetic opponent of Caesar.

8. minor Antonia, a mistake. Tacitus should have written
maior here and in xii 64.

10. Albim transcendit, 'crossed the Elbe. This must be the
upper Elbe in Bohemia.

quam quisquam priorum. Supply penetrauerat. NN. quotes
Cic. ad Att. ix ll eandem me salutem a te accepisse putaui
quam ille.

46 107

ON CHAPTERS 43

15. seposuit Augustus. This verb is often used by Tacitus
of & mild type of exile. Merivale writes (c. 45): * The treatment
of exiles seems generally to have been sufficiently mild. They
were allowed to a great extent the choice of locality; and when
Augustus forbade them to settle at any spot within 50 miles of
the continent, he excepted the pleasant retreats of Cos, Rhodes,
and Lesbos. He also confined them to a single ship of 1000
amphorae and two pinnaces for the voyage and conveyance of
their families, which further were limited to 20 slaves or freedmen.'

16. specie studiorum. Marseilles was a noted home of Greek
culture. Agricola studied there. Cf. Strabo iv 1, 5 (writing of
Augustus) év 8e rQ mapóvr. kal ToUs ^yvepuorá&rovs Puualov mémewev
ávri Tíjs els' A0jvas dmroóqulas ékeiee ovrüv $NouaBets óvras.

l7. habitus supremis honor, 'honour was paid to his
remains.

45

l. citeriore Hispania, i.e. Hispania Tarraconensis.

2. nationis, 'tribe, the ordinary meaning of the word. See
note on c. 33.

3. praetorem, 'governor,' often as here in a general sense.
His proper title would be legatus Augusti pro praetore.

pace incuriosum, ' travelling carelessly in time of peace."

5. in mortem adfecit. See c. 62.

6. saltuosos, *hilly.^ Cf. c. 95, 97.

dimisso equo, * having turned his horse loose."

10. edere adigeretur. For the construction cf. c. 29.

14. postero, sc. die. (Cf. c. 73 in posterum.

16. caesus habetur. habeor is seldom used with inf. or part.
in this sense. N. quotes xv 15 Bosporum inuasurus habebatur.

l7. e publico, i.e. Termestinorum,—ftrauds of its citizens or
magistrates on their own community [F.].

46
l. Lentulo. CÍ.c. 42.
2. Poppaeo Sabino, governor of important provinces for
24 years, and grandfather of Nero's wife Poppaea.
contusis, 'crushed.' (Cf. xii 31 proeliis contusi.

108 NOTES

3. montium editis. Seec.51. And for the syntax cf. c. 41
tacita suspicionum.

incultu, ' without refinement. Cf.iniussu; and Sallust Iug. 19
incultius agitare. See also Roby 1239.

6. militiae nostrae dare, i.e. to the auxiliary forces. * This
passage shows that the dependent kingdoms had to furnish troops
to the Roman armies, but that the obligation had been hitherto
enforced in a modified form" [F.].

10. disiecti, *broken up.' The auxiliaries might be called on
to serve in any part of the empire.

12. misere legatos...memoraturos, *sent envoys to call to
mind."

15. inuentutem, ' warriors."

promptum libertati aut ad mortem. For the juxtaposition of
dissimilar constructions cf. ii 6 accipiendis copiis et transmütten-
dum ad bellum opportuna. |

18. impeditum, lit. * entangled,' * involved, i.e. * dangerous.'

4'"7

l. donec...conduceret, ' to give himself time to concentrate... .'

3. Labeo, governor of Moesia for eight years after his praetor-
ship.

cum legione, ' with a legion. "We learn from c. 5 that Moesia
had two legions.

rex Rhoemetalces. See c. 5.

4. popularium, * of his own people.'

5. praesenti copia, ' the force on the spot, i.e. in the province
of Macedonia.

6. perangustias saltuum, 'in narrow mountain passes. (Of.
Caes. B. C. i 37 Pyrenaeos saltus occupari iubet ; Liv. xlii 53 saltu
angusto superatis montibus; xxvii 1l angustiae saltibus crebris
inclusae ; xxxvi 15 saltus Thermopylarum.

7. audentius...uisebantur, some with greater boldness showed
themselves."

8. sanguine...modico. Cf. Hist. iii 16 modica caede.

9. suffugia, ' places of retreat."

ON CHAPTERS 46—48 109

. 10. in loco, ' where he was,' xarà xópav.

ll. angustum...continuum, ' a narrow summit extending in an
unbroken ridge" [F.]. Cf. Horace's continui montes (1 Epist. xvi 5).

12. uis armata aut incondita. F. points out that an intelli-
gible contrast can be drawn between forces organised after their
own fashion and a mere rabble, who could only throw stones, ete.

13. ferocissimos, 'the most high-spirited. Cf. c. 12.

16. dum eminus grassabantur, *as long as they moved at a
distance. "The verb grassor is often used, as here, of threatening
motion. Cf. c. 66.

18. recepti, 'enabled to fall back.' Cf. c. 43.

Sugambrae cohortis. The Sugambri were a tribe on the Sieg
opposite Cologne. "They were conquered by Tiberius in 8 B.c.,
and transplanted to the west bank of the Rhine. The Romans
found them excellent soldiers. * As in other mixed empires it
would be a part of Roman policy to garrison one country with
troops raised in another' [R.]. XN. refers to inscriptions, one of
which shows that a Sugambrian cohort was stationed in Moesia as
late as 134 A.D.

48

l. hostem propter, 'near the enemy.' For the anastrophe cf.
lucem infra. (below), and c. 50 Tarsam inter et Turesim.

2. munimenta, i.e. the camp mentioned in c. 47.

Thraecibus, i.e. Rhoemetalces and his men.

3. memoraui, in c. 47.

4. trahere praedas, 'to plunder.'

dum populatio...capesserent, ' provided that their ravaging
should be limited to daylight, and that they should keep careful
watch over the camp through the night."

7. raptis...stationes, *enriched by plunder they neglected
their outposts."

lasciuia...somno...uino, abl. of manner.

9. altero...alii. Frost can find no other instance of this
sequence. He supposes that the second band (alii) is regarded
simply as different from the first (altero), without taking into
account that there were but two bands in all.

110 NOTES

10. adpugnarent, a Tacitean word, used of a feint, as here.

11. clamore, telis, abl. of cause, with non acciperet [N.].

12. suo periculo, dat. depending on intentus.

16. munitionibus adiacerent, i.e. they were lying listlessly
along the ramparts, instead of standing on gua:d.

17. tanto infensius..incusabantur, :they were cut down
without mercy; the enemy taunting them with being renegades
and deserters, who had taken up arms for their own and their
country's enslavement ' [R.].

quanto, often used without a comparative in the second

member.
18. ferre..incusabantur. For the nom. and infin. cf. e. 92,

49

9. si, 'if perchance,' * hoping that, et -ws. Cf. xv 183 propius
incedens si hostem in proelium eliceret.

3. castello...coniunctis tumulis...praesidia, 'fort...adjoining
heights...fortified posts."

5. opportune, 'in suitable places."

muniebat, * had begun to establish."

fossam loricamque contexens. Notice the zeugma. "Translate:
* connecting these by a diteh and breast-work (or stockade).?

6. passuum. The Roman passus was two gradus, i.e. five

English feet.

ambitu, ' circuit."

8. contrahere...circumdare, drawing his lines closer and
closer in? [R.].

10. aeque quam, a Silver age construction, occurs again in
ii 52. Of. Suet. Claudius 35 nihil aeque quam timidus ac diffidens
fuit.

ll. bellatorum inbellium. Drüger takes this as an orymoron.
It is surely better to explain it as asyndeton (with N.). Cf. the
previous sentence and equi armenta (immediately following).

13. ut mos barbaris. Lanciani (quoted by R.) shows how in
early Italian towns, such as Antemnae, and the first settlement on
the Palatine, space was included inside the walls for the cattle,

ON CHAPTERS 48—50 111

which were driven in from their pastures at night. Each family
was provided with an agellus and a sheeptold.

16. contactu, *contagion. (Cf. vi 7 infecti quasi ualetudine
et contactu.

50

l. rebusque turbatis...discordia, *and to their troublous state
was added the crowning misery of dissension.' discordia is of
course nominative.

3. et erant qui..suaderent. "The meaning is well brought
out by R.: *others again proposed that they should make a dash
for it and sell their lives dearly.'

4. meque ignobiles...sententiis, (it was not the common herd
only who dissented from these views."

5. his sententiis, the two opinions held by the party of resist-
ance [F.].

6. uim atque clementiam...edoctus. Cf. Livy vi 32 Latinae
legiones longa societate militiam Romanam edoctae; and see
Roby 1122.

8. disserebat, ' maintained that...."

10. aetate aut sexu inbecilli, neatly rendered by C. and B.
* whom age or sex unfitted for war."

12. utrique destinatum...occidere. In English we should
say: * both had determined not to outlive their freedom.?

183. properum finem...clamitans. The sentence is designedly
exclamatory, to express the agitation of the speaker; and, as F.
says, the sense of such a verb as suadens can easily be supplied from
the gerundive and clamitans. R.'s translation is very vigorous:
* Tarsa wished to make short work of it, and, crying out that they
should have done with hope and fear alike, showed the way by
plunging a sword into his own breast."

16. oppeterent. "The use of this verb without mortem is
Virgilian.

17. firmatae stationes...globis, *he strengthened his outposts
with denser masses of men.'

18. ingruebat nox...atrox, 'night was falling with ugly storm.
clouds."

112 NOTES

19. modo. N.refers to the similar omission of modo in the
first clause in vi 32 Artabanus tardari metu, modo cupidine uin-
dictae inardescere.

per uastum silentium, * amid an awful silence. For the modal
use of per cf. c. 42; and for the change of construction c. 46.

20. cum circumire, à Tacitean structure. Cf. ii 31 cum Libo
uocare percussorem, prensare seruorum. dextras, inserere gladium.
See Roby 1733.

21. ad ambigua sonitus, 'in the face of a babel of noise.
Cf. i 44 supplices ad haec and. Hist. iii 56 ad omnes nuntios.

29. casum...aperirent. Notice this Tacitean use of casus,
*ehance' or *opportunity. Translate: *lay open an opportunity
for surprise.

23. in falsum, ' on a false alarm,' * aimlessly.^

51

1l. barbari. We should say *' natives."

cateruis. Notice how frequently the ablative of manner is
used in describing military formations. N. quotes ii 80 weterani
ordinibus ac subsidiis instructi ; Hist. ài 49 comminus eminus
cateruis et cuneis concurrebant ; v 16 Ciuilis haud porrecto agmine
sed cuneis adstitit.

2. uallum, i.e. the lorica of c. 49.

manualia saxa, the xeuomrNy6ets M0ov of Xen. Anab. iii 3 17.

4. pontes, ' gangways.'

5. propugnaculis, * turrets."

7. miles, i.e. the Roman soldiers.

8. muralia pila, ! siege javelins,' longer than the ordinary pila
used in line of battle.

pila...lapidum moles prouoluere, an instance of zeugma.

9. insignitius flagitium, * more flagrant disgrace.' Cf. iii 70
insignitior infamia. "This comparative form seems to be more
often used in a bad sense than insignior.

10. extrema iam salus, 'the forlorn hope.

13. incerti ictus, * random shots."

suorum..ignoratio, they could not distinguish friend from

3

foe.

ON CHAPTERS 50—32 113

14. montis anfractu, : from the winding valleys.

15. uelut a tergo uoces, to be taken closely together,—' the
sound of voices seeming to come from behind."

miscuerant ut...omiserint. For the syntax see c. 15.

16. ut...omiserint, *that the Romans abandoned part of their
fortifications, thinking that they had been broken through.

17. peruasere, 'found their way in.

19. adpetente luce. Cf. Livy's iam uer adpetebat.

20. castelli. See c. 49.

coacta, *enforced.' "The verb cogo is not often used of things,
as here. Cf. xiii 43 nullam accusationem ab eo coactam ; xvi 19
coacta mors.

proxima...recepta, *the neighbouring districts were taken over
with the consent of the inhabitants."

21. sponte incolarum. For this construction cf. ii 59 sponte
principis. ltis à Silver age usage.

22. montis Haemi...hiemps, 'the early and severe Balkan
winter."

52

l. commota, shaken, i.e. by the death of Drusus and the
intrigues against the family of Germanicus.

3. Pulchra sobrina eius. She was Agrippina's second cousin.

4. recens praetura. praetura is pure abl.,—. fresh from the
praetorship. Cf. i 41 recens dolore et ira ; Hist. ii 7 recens
uictoria ; Virg. Aen. vi 450 recens a uulnere Dido. He had just
laid down the praetorship, and was hoping for the consulship,
which he gained in 39 4.p.

modicus dignationis, lit. ' moderate in respect of esteem." Cf.
ii 73 modicus uoluptatum.

5. quoquo facinore, ' by any crime whatsoever.

properus clarescere, the only instance of this construction of
properus.

7. deuotiones, ' incantations,' : imprecations.

atrox, 'rigorous.'

8. tum et, * and now also.

105 fni 8

114 NOTES

9. quo initio inuidiae, sociative abl.,—* with this as the text
of her bitter attack.' Cf. i 16 eo principio lasciuire miles. For this
sense of inuidia cf. iii 67 inuidiam et preces miscuerat.

12. imaginem, 'representative.'

13. intellegere discrimen, suscipere sordes, 'saw that the
danger was her own, took to herself the suppliant/s garb* [F.];
* accepted her humiliation? [P.F.].

14. praescribi, 'is offered as a pretext.' Cf. Hist. iii 13 prae-
scriptum Vespasiani nomen.

15. stulte prorsus, 'all too foolishly.'

16. ad cultum delegerit, * chose as the object of her worship.

oblita Sosiae. Cf. c. 19.

17. audita haec...elicuere, * these words had the rare effect of
drawing a retort from that close-locked breast [R.].

18. correptam, 'interrupted.'

Graeco uersu, ' by a Greek quotation,' thus given by Suetonius
Tib. 53, si non dominaris, filiola, iniuriam te accipere existimas.

20. Afer primoribus...additus. Cf. Quintilian x 1 118 eorum
quos uiderim Domitius Afer et Iulius Africanus longe praestantissimi.
arte ille et toto genere dicendi praeferendus, et quem in mumero
ueterum locare non timeas.

291. adseueratione...qua...appellauit. Cf. Hist. iii 39 audita
est Vitellii vor, qua iactauit.

suo iure disertum, *an orator in his own right. * His claim
to eloquenee was beyond cavil; he had as much right to it as &
man has to his own estate, as it were? [P.F.]. So Cicero
(Archias 18) appears to quote Ennius as calling poets iure suo
sancti [F.].

23. prosperiore fama fuit, abl. of description.

24. misi quod...dempsit, & Ciceronian use. It is found in
several other passages in Tacitus.

95. dum fessa aetate..inpatientiam, very well rendered by
R.—- for, though his powers failed him, he was unable to resign
himself to silence. Quintilian (xii 12 3) describes how he now
saw Aferasa very old man aliquid ex ea quam meruerat auctoritate.
He had once been undisputed princeps fori * Leader of the Bar.'
Now people said malle eum deficere quam desinere.

ON CHAPTERS 52—54 115

53

1l. peruicax irae, 'persisting in her resentment.' Of. Hist.
iv 5 recti peruicax. The genitive is on the analogy of propositi
tenax and similar expressions.

3. mox inuidiam et preces orditur, 'then beginning in a tone
of mixed entreaty and reproach [R.].

4. habilem, i.e.for marriage. Cf. Hor. odes iii 19 non habilis
Lyco. She was now about 40.

6. esse in ciuitate, i.e. there were plenty of nobles ready to
espouse her cause.

8. non ignarus...peteretur, 'seeing the importance of her
request politically. F. points out that to give a new husband to
the grand-daughter of Augustus and mother of the natural heirs
to the principate was a very grave matter.

9. offensionis,..manifestus, 'clearly convicted of resentment
or alarm,'—on the analogy of reus. Of. ii 85 delicti manifesta.

ll. quamquam instantem, however pressing. quamuis is
commoner in this sense. Cf. c. 11, 20.

12. commentariis Agrippinae filiae, *the memoirs of Agrip-
pina the younger. Merivale states (c. 45) that *it is natural to
surmise that the revelations of the palace, which our historians
relate, are derived in a great measure from these family memoirs ;
and it is impossible to overlook the probability that the conduct
both of Tiberius and Sejanus would be seriously misrepresented by
an hereditary enemy to both.

54

l. maerentem...perculit, well rendered by R.,—- taking ad-
vantage of Agrippina's distress and her unsuspecting nature,
Sejanus now dealt her a more deadly blow.*

2. immissis. Cf. c. 19.

per speciem. For the modal use of per cf. c. 53 per silentium,
e. 56 per modestiam.

3. soceri, since Tiberius was the adoptive father of her
husband.

4. cum propter discumberet, ' reclining next to the Emperor.

8—2

116 NOTES

5. uultu. *'' There is some little ambiguity as to whose looks
&re intended; most probably those of Agrippina. She could not be
induced to alter her gloomy aspect or change the style of her
conversation? [P.F.]. "There can be no doubt that uultu and
sermone are ablatives of respect.

6. aduertit, noticed. Cf. vi 40 ut atrox aduertebatur.

7. quo acrius experiretur, to make a more searching ex-
periment."'

8. ut erant adposita, *as soon as they had been put on the
table."

10. tramisit, * passed them on.'

coram, 'personally' or *openly? addressed to her. Cf. vi 8
spectamus porro quae coram habentur.

ll. matrem, who was reclining on the other side of the
Emperor.

non mirum, sc. fore.

si quid seuerius...statuisset, *if he took stronger measures."

l4. secretum, ' a secret method.

55

1l. quo famam auerteret, to divert the gossip' (mentioned at
the end of the last chapter).

3. templum. Cf.c. 15.

4. pari...diuersae, * with equal eagerness, but differing in the
strength (of their claim).

7. Persi. The usual form of the gen. is Persei. 'The war
with Perseus was the Third Macedonian war, 171—168 n.c.

Aristonici. 'lhis war lasted from 131 to 129 s.c. He claimed
the kingdom of Pergamus after the death of Attalus.

8. Hypaepeni, etc. "The people of Hypaepa lived in Lydia on
the southern slope of Tmolus. Tralles is in Caria on a tributary
of the Maeander. "The Laodicea here referred to was on the
borders of Phrygia and Caria, on the river Lycus. Magnesia is
probably the one on the Maeander. "The Ilienses were the people
of New Ilium, an Aetolian settlement at Hissarlikh. Halicarnassus
(in Caria), destroyed by Alexander, was chiefly famous in later

ON CHAPTERS 54—56 117

times for the Mausoleum, of which there are considerable remains
in the British Museum.

14. uiuo in saxo, from Virg. Aen. i 167.

fundamenta templi, sc. fore. Concrete foundations would not
be required.

15. Pergamenos. Cf. c.937.

eo ipso nitebantur, that was the very thing on which they
rested their claim.' But it told against them; for it was not
thought good to have temples to two Emperors in the same city.

Augusto, *in honour of Augustus.

17. caerimonia occupauisse...uisi, ' were thought to have
engrossed the interests of their cities in the worship of Apollo and
Diana. "They had no interest to spare for a new temple.

19. Etruriae, i.e. of the old Etruscan league.

20. Tyrrhenum Lydumque. This account of the oriental
origin of the Etruscans is found first in Herodotus i 94. It is
supported by some arguments philological and ethnological, and
also by the remains of Etruscan art.

Atye, abl. of Atys.

26. Pelope. Pelops is a Lydian in Pindar Ol. i 37.

litteras imperatorum, : documents given them by our generals.?

27. bello Macedonum, i.e. the war with Perseus mentioned
above.

28. ubertatem fluminum, i.e. the Pactolus and the Hermus.

56

1l. Zmyrnaei, i.e. the envoys of Smyrna at Rome.

repetita, * having retraced ' or * recounted."

2. illos should strictly be se, —* had founded them (the people
of Smyrna).

3. una Amazonum, named * Smyrna, according to the legend.

condidisset. The subj. is oblique.

transcendere, historic infin., —' they passed on.'

ad ea quis fidebant...officiis, *what they most relied on, namely
their services? [F.]. For this curious attraction N. quotes Cic.
ad Q. F. ii 8 de iis, quae in. Sestium apparabantur crimina; Livy

118 NOTES

xl 20 de iis, quorum Perseus Demetrium insimulasset. sermonum ;
and other parallels.

5. externa ad bella, i.e. the war with Antiochus, 191—188 s.c.
Their help in this war is mentioned several times by Livy.

6. in Italia, i.e. the Social war, 90-87 s.c. R. has an
interesting note:—' Among the preparations made by Rome to
resist the Italians was the collecting of a fleet from cities in
Greece and Asia Minor. A decree of the Senate of 78 s.c. is still
extant bestowing rewards on sea-captains from Asia Minor for
services in this war."

7. M. Porcio consule. Cato the censor became consul in
195 5.c.

ll. grauissimo in discrimine, i.e. in the First Mithridatic
war, 84 p.c.

0b asperitatem hiemis, when Sulla had gone over to Asia after
the battle of Orehomenus.

13. omnes qui adstabant. F. points out that * Tacitus carries
much further the usage, very rare before Livy, of interposing, in
the midst of oratio obliqua, a parenthetical or explanatory relative
clause in the indicative. "The parenthetical clauses are found
chiefly with dum. Therelative clauses are generally very brief ones.

15. Zmyrnaeos praetulere. XN. mentions a coin of Smyrna
bearing a figure of Tiberius inside a temple, with the legend
ZeBaerós TiBépvos, and on the reverse Xefiacr? (i.e. the mother of
Tiberius) and ZóvkNgros (Senate).

16. W'. stands for Manio.

l7. ea prouincia, i.e. the province of Asia, in which Smyrna
was.

super numerum legaretur, :a supernumerary legate should be
granted."

19. deligere, * to appoint" a legatus.

per modestiam. In the best Latin modestia means *law-
abidingness,' *good conduct'; in Tacitus sometimes * modesty '
as here.

Valerius Naso would be sent out as praefectus fabrum or * master
of works" to Lepidus [R.].

e praetoriis, *an ex-praetor.| Of. c. 58 praetura functus.

ON CHAPTERS 50, 57 119

5'7

l. meditato, passive.

2. Caesar in Campaniam may possibly be right. XN. quotes
xiv 8 anvia Agrippina, quod nemo a filio; Livy xli 8 tum demum
nuntius ad tertiam legionem reuocandam ; and other passages.
But his examples are mostly from rapid, vigorous narratives. So
perhaps Halm and others are right in introducing abscessit or some
other verb of motion here.

3. apud Nolam, on the site of the house where Augustus died.

4. certus...degere, a poetical construction. Of. Virg. Aen.
iv 564 certa mori.

causam...rettuli. Cf. vi 49 causa ad matrem referebatur.

7. sex...coniunxit, ' he spent the next six years (31-37 A.D.)
in similar seclusion.! Tacitus is fond of coniungo in this sense.

plerumque, * often. Cf. c. 6, 9, 18.

permoueor num, 'I am disturbed by doubts whether....'
N. quotes an exactly similar use of perturbor from Caes. B. G.iv 14.
The words which follow are well rendered by C. and B. :—' whether
it is not more truly to be ascribed to himself, and his wish to hide
by the place of his retreat the cruelty and licentiousness which he
betrayed by his actions.'

ll. praegracilis...proceritas, :his figure, though tall, was
stooping and very slender.'

13. medicaminibus interstincta, 'patched here and there with
plasters. Cf. Suet. Tib. 68 facie honesta, in qua tamen crebri et
subiti tumores. RR. points out that *the well-known statue of
Tiberius in the Vatican has every mark of personal beauty and
dignity about it; and it would appear to have been a faithful
likeness. But there is an unmistakeable look of evil temper in
the bust of Tiberius in the British Museum.

15. inpotentia, *headstrong temper. Cf. Vell. ii. 11 Marius
immodicus gloriae, insatiabilis, impotens.

18. dubitauerat, 'had thought about? [F.]. NN. quotes Cic.
ad. Att. xii 49 cum dubitet Curtius consulatum petere.

21. Tiberio...adsciuit, 'headopted Tiberius himself, and made
Tiberius adopt Germanicus.?

120 NOTES

22. exprobrabat, used to throw the gift in his teeth," *used
to taunt him with it.' Of. xiii 21 exprobrare beneficium.

58

l. arto comitatu, sociative abl., * with a scanty retinue.'

2. QCocceius Nerua, grandfather of the Emperor Nerva.

4. ferme Graeci. Cf. Suet. Tib. 56 comites Graeculos, quibus
uel maxime acquiescebat; id. 0 mazime tamen curauit notitiam
historiae fabularis, usque ad ineptias atque derisum. He asked
such questions as * who was Hecuba's mother?" * what song used
the Sirens to sing ?

6. periti caelestium, :the astrologers. Tacitus sometimes
calls them Chaldaei.

iis motibus siderum, abl. of cireumstance,—: under such plane-
tary conjunctions ' [F.].

ll. Hbens patria careret. Merivale (c. 45) writes: * Harsh,
indeed, and unreal the historian's phrase may appear to our notions,
to abandon one's country, thus applied to a citizen quitting the
walls of Rome to reside in a suburban retreat on the coast of
Campania. Doubtless we may trace in it something of an affecta-
tion of antique sentiment, from which Tacitus is by no means
always exempt.

breue confinium artis et falsi, ' the narrow line of demareation
between science and imposture.' (Cf. Tac. dial. 30 angustis et
breuibus terminis clauditur.

14. egere, :lived on,'—a very frequent use of ago in Tacitus.

15. moenia...adsidens, a construction chiefly poetical. Sallust
(fragm.) has Amisum adsideri audiebat. Cf. Virg. Aen. xi 304
muros adsidet hostis.

16. compleuerit, aorist use of the perf. subj. Cf. c. 15, 20.

59

2. uana rumoris, a very frequent form of expression in Tacitus.
Cf. e. 67 saeua uentorum.

5. Speluneae, probably dative, attracted into the case of cui.
P.F. is inclined to take it as genitive, comparing Hist. iv 18

ON CHAPTERS 57—00 121

castra quibus ueterum nomen est. 'The name is preserved in the
modern Sperlonga.

mare Amunclanum, ' the bay of Amyclae? between Caieta and
Terracina. This place was deserted in Pliny's time.

Fundanos, ' of Fundi," now Fondi.

9. genu...suspensus, i.e. protecting Tiberius with his body,
on his hands and knees, and with his face to his [F.].

10. Rnabitu, 'attitude.'

12. quamquam...suaderet. See c. 4.

non sui anxius. Cf. ii 75, where we have the same expression.
It is gen. of object.

13. adsimulabat...partes, *he assumed a judicial attitude."
F. compares xv 65 speciem iudicis induere.

16. modesta, here in its correct sense of * well-behaved."

17. plerumque, often" (evidently here).

in praesentia, (at the present juncture. See Appendix.

19. apiscendae potentiae properis, * hurrying to obtain power."
The gen. is on the analogy of that after words of desiring. Cf.
xiv 7 properus uindictae ; xii 66 oblatae occasionis propera.

erectum...ostenderet. 'lhe omission of se is awkward, but not
impossible in Tacitus. Cf. ii 71.

20. animi, 'in mind,'—a true locative. Cf. Virg. Aen. ii 61
fidens animi.

21. neque ausurum contra, 'Sejanus would not venture to
move a hand against him.' For this use of audeo (absolute) with
adverb N. quotes Hist. ii 25 unde rursus ausi ; v 11 longius ausuri.

22. qui nune patientiam...insultet, ' though he could now
play alike on the long-suffering of the old man and the supineness
of the young one" [R.].

60

l. audienti, i.e. Neroni.

nihil...cogitationis, 'no treasonable designs.?

4. exceptas auctasque, ' caught up and exaggerated." ezrcipio
is frequent in the sense of * catch,' e.g. Horace's ezcipere aprum.

5. diuersae...formae, * various types of annoyance.?

7. plerique, ' many' (again).

122 NOTES

8. insistentibus, * would stand their ground' [C. and B.].
So also F., who takes the word in contrast to witare and auerti,
i.e. *they scornfully called his attention to the behaviour of his
friends."

9. enimuero, ' indeed.

10. toruus, * would look grimly on [R. ].

falsum renidens. Horace has dulce ridentem and perfidum
ridens.

seu loqueretur seu taceret. The subj. of frequency, not un-
common in Livy, occurs often in Silver Latin.

12. uxor, i.e. Julia, daughter of Drusus and Livia.

15. traxit in partes, *drew to his side. Cf. xiii 2 habebat
in partibus Pallantem.

16. atrox...ingenium, ' savage temper."

l7. solita fratribus odia, a favourite thought with Tacitus.
Cf. xiii 17 antiquas fratrum discordias ; xv 2 uetera fratrum odia.

19. promptior, : more inclined to."

neque tamen...meditaretur. The meaning is well brought out
by R.—: yet even in encouraging Drusus, Sejanus plotted how to
sow the seeds of his future ruin."

21. praeferocem, ' very impetuous."'

22. opportunum, 'exposed to."

61

1l. Asinius Agrippa. See c. 34. His grandfathers, Asinius
Pollio and M. Agrippa, were noui homünes [N.]. F. notes the use
of two positives, due to the desire to avoid the juxtaposition of
magis, or a comparative, with maioribus.

3. familia senatoria, eloquentiae celebratae. The linking
together of dissimilar constructions is thoroughly Tacitean.

4. monimenta, ' memorials,' * specimens."

haud perinde retinentur, 'are not commensurately sustained
in admiration" [F.].

5. scilicet, the truth is."

impetu magis quam cura. Cf. Seneca exc. contr. B. iv pr. 7
solus omnium Romanorum, quos modo ipse cognoui, in Latinam
linguam transtulit. Graecam facilitatem. | tanta. erat illi uelocitas

ON CHAPTERS 600—602 123

orationis, ut uitium fieret. itaque diuus Augustus optime dixit:
Haterius noster sufflaminandus est, * requires the brake."

7. Haterii..extinctum est, *the sonorous and fluent style of
Haterius perished with him,'— borrowed from Cie. de or. iii 28
profluens quiddam habuit Carbo et canorum.

62

1l. M. Licinio L. Calpurnio. "They were M. Licinius Crassus
and L. Calpurnius Piso.

3. initium...exstitit, *it began and ended in a moment" [F.].

coepto...amphitheatro, dative depending on subdidit below.

4. Fidenam. The singular is found in Virg. Aen. vi 773 and
a few other passages.

6. persolidum, 'on firm ground,'—modal use of per. Cf.e.54.

8. abundantia...ambitione, ablatives of manner.

municipali ambitione, to gain favour with his fellow-towns-
men.

1l. procul uoluptatibus habiti. * liberius hated games of
all kinds; so did Cicero, who speaks of the necessity of having to
attend such shows, for popularity's sake, as one of the greatest
bores of life" [R.].

uirile ac muliebre secus, adverbial accus. of description.
Cf. Hist. v 13; Livy xxvi 47 liberorum capitum uirile secus ad
decem millia capta. See Roby 1104.

12. ob propinquitatem, five miles from Rome, now Castel
Giubileo.

13. grauior pestis fuit, 'the calamity was all the more
serious."

conferta mole, * when the huge building was packed."

conuulsa, ' collapsed."

14. in exteriora effunditur, * bulges outwards.'

16. praeceps, adverbial. Cf. vi 17 famam praeceps dabat.
But in praeceps is more common.

18. ut tali sorte, 'considering the terrible cireumstances.?
Cf. Tacitus Germ. 30 multum, ut inter Germanos, rationis.

21. mnoscebant, * were recognising.'

124 NOTES

25. nequedum...quos, *and as it had not been discovered
wo

uis, of fire. Cf. c. 64 uim ignium.

latior, :more widespread,'—used again of fear in xii 43 dum
latius metuitur ; Hist. iv 33 latiorem terrorem faciunt.

63

l. obruta, 'the ruins" or * débris.'

3. si confusior facies...fecerat, (if, in spite of a face which
baffled recognition, likeness of shape or age had deceived those who
sought to identify them [F.].

4. quinquaginta milia, an absurd exaggeration [R. ].

5. debilitata, :maimed.' Cf. xiii 14 debilis Burrus * erippled
Burrus?; Cic. pro Flacco 72 membra quae debilitauit lapidibus
fustibus ferro. [

7. gladiatorium munus ederet, 'should give a gladiatorial
show.

cui minor...res, *whose means fell below 400,000 sesterces,'
i.e. the equestrian rating. For the syntax cf. Suet. Aug. 38 maiores
annorum quinque et triginta.

9. solo firmitatis spectatae, *on a foundation of approved
solidity.'

10. sub recentem cladem, ' just after the recent disaster. See
Roby 2129.

64

3. feralem...absentiae, 'men began to say it was an ill-
starred year, and that the Emperor's design of leaving Rome had
been entered on against the auspices."

ferebant...ni obuiam isset. Cf. c. 9 and Roby 1574.

5. fortuita ad culpam trahentes, * interpreting misfortune as
guilt,—a frequent use of traho in Tacitus.

— mi Caesar...detrimenti, «had not the Emperor checked them
by making grants according to the amount of each man's loss."

8. fama apud populum, :he was applauded by the populace.'

sine ambitione, * without respect of persons ' [F.].

ON CHAPTERS 62—605 125

9. ignotos...ultro accitos, 'even inviting applications from
persons unknown to himself."

10. sententiae, i.e. decrees of the senate.

1l. Augustus, Mount Augustus. But there is no evidence to
show that the proposed name was used.

14. Claudiae Quintae. In 204 r.c. the ship conveying the
image of Cybele from Phrygia ran aground in the Tiber. Claudia
proved her high character by hauling it off; and her statue was
set up in the temple of the Mother of the Gods.

uim ignium...elapsam. Tacitus has the accus. after elabor
again in i 61; after erumpo in xii 63; after exeo in vi 49. Cf.
Virgil's erumpere nubem. | See Roby 1121.

16. acceptos, : acceptable."

l7. caerimoniam, 'sanctity.'

loco, dat. of possessor.

18. ostenderint. See note on c. 58.

65

l. haud fuerit absurdum, 'it will not be out of place. "The
perf. subj. is often used by Tacitus, as here, in negations of
possibility. Of. c. 3 neque alia abnuerit ; c. 32 nemo contenderit.

2. Querquetulanum, : Oak hill.

cognomento, a synonym for nomine ; so also uocabulo (line 9).

3. talis siluae frequens fecundusque. This construction of
frequens (found nowhere else) is assimilated to that of fecundus.

4. appellitatum. See note on c. 41.

Caele Vibenna. The account here followed agrees with that
given in the speech of the Emperor Claudius on the Adlection of
Gallie Senators (see E. G. Hardy in Journal of Philology, vol. xxxii,
p. 79) :—* According to 'Tuscan writers, Servius Tullius was once
the loyal and devoted retainer of Caelius Vivenna, whose every
fortune he shared, and when by changing fortune he was driven
to leave Etruria with all that was left of the army of Caelius, he
occupied the Caelian Mount, giving it this name from his leader
Caelius, and changing his own name from the Tuscan form
Mastarna, assumed that by which we know him.'

8. magnas eas copias, i.e. of Etruscans.

9. Tuscum uicum, extending from the Forum to the Velabrum.

126 NOTES

66

l. ut..ita, *though...yet.' Cf. e. 71.

studia...procerum. Cf. c. 63.

9. accusatorum...infestior uis, a more menacing host of
informers."'

3. sineleuamento grassabatur, ' relentlessly pursued its way '
[R.]. The verb is frequently used for *to go about, or go to work,
with some evil design. Cf. iii 39 ueneno grassari; Hist. iv 16
dolo grassari. It is especially used of highwaymen. 5o Nero
plays the highwayman in xiii 25 Caesarem esse qui grassaretur
pernotuit. Cf. Juv. iii 305 ferro subitus grassator agit rem; xiv 174
ferro grassatur. For the metaphorical use cf. xiii 4 paucorum
potentia grassaretur. Bee also c. 47.

5. Domitius Afer. See c. 52.

6. condemnator, 'successful prosecutor? [C. and B.]. Ct.
iii. 36.

8. plura ad flagitia accingeretur, ' was girding himself for
fresh iniquities."'

9. claris maioribus, sociative abl.

ll. suum sanguinem. We say ' his flesh and blood."

perditum ibat. Tacitus has also raptum eo (c. 1) and ultum eo
(e. 73).

19. opperiendum, i.e. wait for his return to Rome.

67

l. dedicatis..templis. See c. 57.

2. me quis quietem eius inrumperet. Ordinary syntax would
demand quietem suam. N. compares Hist. ii 9 ut eum in Syria
aut Aegypto sisterent, orabat. * Of course eius is the more strictly
correct of the two; but usage is in favour of suam? [P.F.].

5. QCapreas se in insulam abdidit. Cf. xiii 51 Hiberos ad
patrium regnum.

7". Surrentini, i.e. of Sorrento.

9. subsidia, 'places of refuge. *'Two small coves exist on
the north and south, on either side of the modern town of Capri,

ON CHAPTERS 606, 67 127

which lies in the depression between the eastern and western
precipices [F.].

10. neque adpulerit quisquam. For this use of the perfect
subj. cf. c. 65.

ll. obiectu montis. (Cf. Virg. Aen. 1 160 obiectu laterum.

saeua uentorum. Cf. c. 59 uana rumoris.

19. aestas...peramoena, 'its summer climate, as it faces the
west and has open sea around, is very lovely ' [F.].

14. pulcherrimum sinum. Cf. Hist. iii 56 beatos Campaniae
sinus.

16. Telebois. See Virg. Aen. vii 735 T'eleboum Capreas cum
regna teneret (Telon).

l7. duodecim...insederat, *had taken up his position on the
names and ruins of twelve villas,' i.e. those of former owners, now
absorbed into his own grounds. So F. is inclined to take this
diffieult passage (after Bótticher). R. points out that Tiberius
had no taste for extravagant buildings (vi 45); and that the
meaning probably is that he united in some way and adapted to
his use twelve previously existing villas. One of his villas was
called Villa Iouis (Suet. Tib. 65).

P.F. writes:—'It is not very clear what case nominibus is.
In ii 16 Tacitus has the accus. after the verb, soli Cherusci iuga
insedere. Perhaps the accus. is understood, and nominibus and
molibus are instr. abl.;— Tiberius had occupied (the whole island)
with the names and vast structures of his villas. "These villas,
I suppose, from the way in which Tacitus speaks of them, had
demesnes attached to them, and so entirely filled up the island.
Wherever you went, you were in the grounds of some villa or
other."

18. quanto intentus. Of. i68 quanto inopina, tanto maiora.

20. manebat quippe. See Introduction iii.

23. introitus, ' visits paid to them ' [F.].

24. uelut in annales referebat, 'drew up formal reports as it
were.

25. ultro struebantur, *people were actually set on.' Cf.
xi 12 quo minus strueret crimina et accusatores.

26. celeberrimo fori. Probably tempore is to be understood, —

128 NOTES

*at the most erowded hour of the day.' For the syntax cf. xiv 2

medio diei. P.F. says: '*in the most crowded part of the Forum."
28. eaque...obiciebantur, 'these schemes, though scorned by

them, were laid to their charge, as if they were concocting them.?

68

2. incessit. Cf. xv 37 tenebrae incedebant.

tracto, an aorist participle, —' by the dragging of a knight into
prison."

5. sectator domi, 'their visitor at home.

7. grauis iniquis, : a terror to wrong-doers.'

8. praetura functi, *ex-praetors. Cf. c. 56 e praetoriis.

9. cupidine consulatus. h. has a useful note : —' The motive
here assigned gives the key to many of the prosecutions of this
time. Apart from any special desire to curry favour with Sejanus,
every ex-praetor was burning to gain the consulship. As in days
of yore, the necessary distinction could only be gained by oratory ;
and the only field for oratory, as well as the only avenue to
imperial favour, lay through conducting prosecutions in the
law-courts.?

12. modico usu, ' slight acquaintance."

strueret dolum, : hatch the plot. Contrast the use of the
verb at the end of c. 67.

14. iacere..sermones, ' was letting fall some casual ex-
pressions."

15. florentis...adflictàm. We have the same antithesis in
eit

16. honora...disserebat, :he made some complimentary
remarks.

18. molles, ' impressionable.'

20. onerat, a strange absolute use of the verb,—* he loads
(with abuse).'

22. tamquam uetita miscuissent, 'uniting them as it were in
an unlawful secret? [C. and B.].

93. ultro, here in a strong sense,—'returning the compli-
ment.' Sometimes ultro means as much as * turning the tables on."

ON CHAPTERS 67—70 129
69

1l. quonam modo...acciperentur, 'how these conversations
could be brought within the hearing of several people."

3. seruanda solitudinis facies, 'they must preserve the
appearance of secrecy.'

4. metus uisus...erat, (there was the fear of being seen or
being heard or of some chance suspicion." í

5. tectum inter et laquearia, ' between the roof and ceiling."
Cf. Appian B. C. iv 44 eri óurMs ópoofjs uera£v.

tres senatores. This heightens the disgrace.

6. turpi latebra...fraude, abl. of manner.

!. foraminibus et rimis, i.e. the open work of the ceiling [F.].

8. in publico, ' in the street."

9. recens cognita. For the adverbial use of recens cf. c. 5
recens perdomitae.

10. praeterita et instantia. Cf. Hist. iii 36 praeterita in-
stantia futura ; Cic. Tusc. iv ll quae uenientia imetuuntur, eadem
afficiunt aegritudine instantia.

ll. quorum adfatim copia, :of which there was ample
abundance."

12. eadem ille et diutius, ' he spoke on the same topies and
at greater length.' Of. vi 27 neque nobilitas diutius demonstranda
est; Hist. 116 monere diutius.

quanto, in as much as.'

14. ordinem fraudis, * the details of the plot.'

15. non alias...proximos, 'never was home so agitated, so
terror-stricken ; men kept their counsel even from their nearest"
[R.]. For tegens see Appendix.

18. cireumspectabantur, ' were jealously regarded.' N. quotes
Hist. iv 8 uultus ac sermones omnium circumspectans.

70

l. sollemnia, the usual prayers pro incolumitate rei publicae.

2. epistula precatus. He sent his good wishes in a letter to
the senate.

3. libertorum, i.e. of the Emperor.
ides 9

150 NOTES

4. nec mora quin decerneretur, 'he was condemned im-
mediately.?

5. trahebatur, i.e. to execution. Cf. Juv. x 66 Seianus
ducitur unco ; 99 huius qui trahitur.

quantum...poterat. "These words must be taken closely with
clamitans. "Translate ;—*as far as he could make effort with his
íace muffled in his cloak and his throat in tight grip.' Cf.
Juv. x 88 ceruice obstricta dominum trahat.

7. sic incohari annum, ' see how the New Year begins !

uictimas cadere, alluding to the New Year sacrifices. Sejanus
is the god.

8. quo intendisset...quo uerba acciderent. For the subj. of
frequency see c. 60.

9. fuga uastitas...fora, ' there was flight and desolation ; the
streets and squares were forsaken.'

10. id ipsum...timuissent, (afraid of the very fact of their
fear."

1l. quem enim diem. The oratio obliqua begins here (in
the mouth of the people), introducing the reason for the general
panic.

12. uerbis etiam. Cf. the formula fauete linguis.

13. wuincla et laqueus inducantur, :chains and halter were
brought on the scene. "The verb is frequent in Cicero in this
sense. "The metaphor is from bringing on the stage.

14. mon inprudentem...adisse, not with his eyes shut had
"liberius courted such odium.'

15. quaesitum meditatumque...recludant, *he had done it
deliberately and of set purpose, to let people understand that
nothing was to prevent newly elected magistrates from opening
the doors of the prisons as freely as those of shrines and altars
[R.]. Cf. Suet. Tib. 61 nullus a poena hominum cessauit dies, ne
religiosus quidem et sacer.

19. adiecto...uitam. * adding that he trembled for his life."

29. intendi, 'that these remarks were aimed.

ON CHAPTERS 7*0, 71 131

71

l. mi destinatum foret...auebat animus, * had it not been my
fixed resolve—I should (and do) feel a strong desire to anticipate
events. F. notes that * what is spoken of was not merely on the
point of occurring, but did and still does occur to the mind. He
quotes (after Dràger) Cie. de off. ii 67 admonebat me res ut de-
plorarem, nà uererer.

3. exitus, 'ends, 'deaths,—a favourite use of the word
with Tacitus.

5. Gaius Caesar, i.e. Caligula.

rerum potitus est, à common expression in Tacitus for ascend-
ing the throne.

6. ut..ita. Cf. c. 66.

7. plerumque...adflixit, *often, when sick of them, on new
agents offering themselves for the same services, he threw over
the old, now a mere incubus.'

9. in tempore, ' in due course.

13. ut rebatur, to be taken closely with uoluptatibus.

14. eo aegrius...premeret, 'he was therefore all the more
put out at the disclosure of what he was trying to conceal."

15. mitigauit, :smoothed him down.'

16. cunctationes...opperiretur, : he might wait for the tardy
vengeance of the Emperor.?

l7. gnarus...coniungere, ' well aware that he was slow in
making up his mind, but when once he broke through his reserve
he made the cruel deed follow hard on the ominous word."

19. Iulia, the younger Julia, daughter of the elder Julia and
Agrippa, and therefore grand-daughter of Augustus. Itis generally
supposed that she involved the poet Ovid in her ruin.

21. Trimerum. Trimerus is one of the Diomedian Islands,
north of Garganus. The modern name of the group is Isole di
Tremiti.

22. uiginti annis. The abl. of time throughout which is
almost entirely post-Augustan. See Roby 1184, 1185.

23. priuignos, ' step-children here.

24. adflictos, *the stricken survivors.*

132 NOTES

72

1l. eodem anno Frisii. Bury's paraphrase (Student's Roman
Empire, p. 185) is a good commentary on this chapter :—* Against
a revolt of tributaries on the northern boundary of the Empire,
the arms of Rome were not so successful. "The Frisians, who had
been subdued by Drusus in 12 ms.c., had for forty years paid the
tribute which he had imposed on them. This tribute consisted
in ox-hides, which were required for military purposes; and the
officers who levied it never examined too curiously the size or
thiekness of the skins, until in 28 a.p. Olennius, a primipilar
centurion, who was appointed to exact the tribute, chose the
hides of wild bulls as the standard. As the domestic cattle of
the Germans were of small size, the Frisians found the innova-
tion hard. In order to meet the demands of Olennius, they were
forced to give up, first their capital, then their lands, finally to
surrender their wives and children as pledges. As their complaints
led to no redress, they rose in revolt. "The soldiers, who were
collecting the tribute, were impaled on gibbets; and Olennius
himself was obliged to escape to the fortress of Flevum— probably
in the island of the same name, now Vlieland, near the Texel—
which was a Roman coastguard station."

Frisii, occupying the low lands between the mouth of the
Rhine and the Ems, surrounding the Zuyder Zee.

2. pacem exuere, a very frequent metaphor in Tacitus.
Cf. iii 129 obsequium exuit.

nostra auaritia, causal abl.

3. tributum iis iusserat...ut penderent. For tbe construc-
tion N. quotes xiii 15 Britannico iussit exsurgeret ; xiii 40 quibus
iusserat ut...resisterent.

4. angustia rerum. "The singular is rare; but it is found in
Cie. N. D. ii 20.

6. e primipilaribus, i.e. centurio primi pili. He would be
a praefectus under the legatus pro praetore of Germania inferior.
R. remarks that to such a governor the epigram of Tacitus (i 20)
would apply, eo immitior quia tolerauerat. After their successful

ON CHAPTERS 72, 73 1953

revolt the Frisii remained independent until overcome by Corbulo
in 47 a.p.

7. terga, hides. tergora is more usual in this sense. But
cf. xv 44; Virg. 4en. i 368 taurino circumdare tergo; Ovid
Met. xii 97 terga nouena. boum.

urorum. (Cf. Caes. B.G. vi 28 hi (uri) sunt magnitudine paulo
infra elephantos, specie et colore et figura tauri. magna uis eorum
est et magna uelocitas...hos studiose foueis captos interficiunt.
They were probably the aurochs, the wild oxen of Germany now
extinet [R.]. Cf. Pliny N. H. viii 15 excellenti ui et uelocitate
uros. EF. compares the Italian buffaloes of Virg. Georg. ii 374 ;
iii 532.

10. beluarum feraces saltus...modica domi armenta, a good
instance of parataris. 'The antithesis would have been brought
out in Greek by uév and àé. "Translate: *for though their forests
abound in wild animals of great size, their domestie cattle are
small.

13. seruitio. Cf. Livy vii 28 ut pecuniae creditae Loma
ereditoris, nom corpus obnoxium esset...ita mexi soluti. He is
referring to the ler Poetelia of 326 m.c.

15. tributo, dat. of purpose, not depending on aderat.
F. compares xii 69 cohortem quae excubiis adest.

16. infensos...praeuenit. We say, *escaped their indigna-
tion.

18. litora Oceani praesidebat, sense construction,—: was
protecting the northern sea-board' [R.]. Cf. iii 39; xii 14.

73

.9. pro praetore, i.e. legato Augusti pro praetore.

uexilla, :detachments' [F.]. R.says ' veteran detachments,'
i.e. ueterani sub uexillo (1 17); so also Bury. But, as P.F. points
out on i 17, * all vexilla were not uexilla ueteranorum. The word
wexilla denotes bodies of troops, detached from their own legions,
and serving apart when occasion required. See Caes. B.G. vi 36.
Cf. such phrases as uwexillum tironum (Amm. ii 78); weczillum
delectorum (xv 26); uexillum equitum (Hist. ii 11). If Tacitus

194 NOTES

does not refer to uecxillarii or uecxilla ueteranorum, he adds &
phrase such as tiromum or the like, to show that he means only
separate bodies detached under a flag on service. Cf. Camb.
Companion to Latin Studies $8 722:—'the terms werillum and
uerillarii were applied to any detachment from the main body
despatehed under a centurion or higher officer to perform some
special service."

3. peditum et equitum auxiliarium. They are often called
cohortes alaeque, e.g. line 21 (below).

4. utrumque exercitum, i.e. his own troops from Lower
Germany and those from the Upper province.

5. castelli, i.e. of Flevum mentioned in c. 72.

6. degressis. degredior has often much the same meaning
as digredior, and often the reading is doubtful.

7. aestuaria, 'the tidal marshes' of the Zuyder Zee.

aggeribus, ^causeways.' limes is often found in this sense.

grauiori agmini, i.e. the legionaries.

9. alam Canninefatem. They lived in the * island" of the
Rhine adjoining the Batavi. They are often mentioned by Tacitus
in the Histories.

1l. turmas sociales, i.e. the ala just mentioned.

equites legionum, apparently those of the four legions of the
lower army, who would be in all 16 turmae or 480 men [F.].

19. subsidio missos. Cf. c. 72 tributo aderant.

14. alarius eques, the main body of auxiliary horse, as
distinet from the single ala mentioned above [F.]. *Soon all the
auxiliary forces were engaged " [Bury].

23. ultum iit, a favourite expression with Tacitus. Cf. vi 36
tota mole regni ultum iit.

24. praefectorum, commanders of auxiliaries.

25. mox compertum. The mention of two minor disasters
follows.

26. Baduhennae, probably the name of a goddess.

27. in posterum extracta, 'after prolonging the fight to the
next day."

29. quondam stipendiarii, 'formerly a soldier in our pay"'
[R.]. Of. Livy viii 8 (Romani) postquam stipendiarii facti sunt,

ON CHAPTERS 73, 74 135

scuta pro clipeis fecere. Contrast the ordinary meaning of the
term, which we find in c. 20. :* These events probably confirmed
Tiberius in his determination to regard the Rhine as the limit
of the Roman Empire; and he thought it à good opportunity to
abandon the last relie of the conquests of his brother beyond that
river ' [Bury, p. 186].

74

l. inde, 'from these operations.' "Tacitus notices these two
things,—(1) the silence of Tiberius about the campaign; (2) the
indifference of the Senate. "The meaning is well brought out by
R.:—' Tiberius made no mention of the disaster, not wishing to
entrust any one with the prosecution of the war. As for the
Senate, they cared nothing for loss of honour upon distant
frontiers.'

4. internus, :at home.'

6. Clementiae is gen. probably. Cf. i 14 aram adoptionis
[P.F.] F. quotes the legend on a medal of Tiberius struck about
18 a.p. bearing on the reverse Clementiae S.C.

7. circum, : on either side. Cf. xiv 34 leuis circum armatura.

8. illi Tiberius and Sejanus.

9. degressi, i.e. from Capreae. Cf. c. 73 degressis rebellibus.

omittere insulam. Cf. vi 36 omissa Armenia.

10. in proximo Campaniae, ' on the adjacent shore of Cam-
pania. Cf. i153 in prominenti litoris.

ll. eques, 'body of knights.' Cf. miles * soldiery.

anxii erga Seianum, * with nervous glances towards Sejanus."'

19. durior, ' more difficult, sc. erat.

atque eo...parabatur, :and an audience could only be obtained
by intrigue (i.e. by undue influence over officials) and partnership
in his designs."

15. sueti discursus, * hurrying crowds are a usual sight."

l7. campo autlitore. Cf. such Tacitean uses of the ablative
as medio, uicino, plano, toro.

18. iuxta, with noctem ac diem,—* by night and day alike."

21. male alacres, 'foolishly eager, or 'disastrously trium-
phant.' The meaning of the epigram is explained by the following

136 NOTES

words. Merivale, in his paraphrase, takes male alacres as * de-
jected, i.e. he gives male its negative force (Roby 2234). But this
cannotbe. P. F. has a good note, comparing Ovid Ars Am. iii 699:
coniugis ad. timidas aliquis male sedulus aures
auditos nemoris detulit ore sonos.

75

l. Agrippinam Germanico ortam. See Introduction iv.

2. coram, 'in person' (i.e. in Campania). Cf. c. 54.

Cn. Domitio. This was Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul
32 4.D. According to Suet. Nero 5, he was omni parte uitae de-
testabilis. He died during Nero's infancy.

tradidisset, ' had betrothed.'

6. auunculum, 'great-uncle? here and in several other places
in Tacitus, ii 44, 53, iv 3, xii 64; just as amita is used for great-
aunt in ii 27 [P.F.].

praeferebat, *he could show" or '*boast. NN. quotes xiv 53
nobiles et longa decora praeferentes ; xvi 32 auctoritatem. Stoicae
sectae praeferebat.

APPENDIX ON SELECT VARIOUS
READINGS.

The textual criticism of the Annals of Tacitus, Books I— VI, is
a comparatively simple matter. "These books are found in one
manuscript only, and that a good one—the Mediceus primus, now
in the Laurentian Library at Florence. It was probably written in
about the middle of the ninth century (see C. D. Fisher's edition
in Bibliotheca Oxoniensis). It is generally considered to be the
best as well as the oldest manuscript of any part of Tacitus.
Lost for a very long time, it was found at the beginning of the
sixteenth century in the Abbey of Córvey in Germany, and it was
brought to Rome in 1509 by Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici, after-
wards Pope Leo X, who added it to the Medicean collection, when
it was still in Rome.

In 1515, in obedience to a brief from the Pope, the * newly
found books ? were published by Beroaldus of Bologna (1472-1518),
nephew and pupil of the far more prolific editor of the same name
(see Sir John Sandys' History of Classical Seholarship, vol. ii
pp. 86, 108). Beroaldus! editio princeps purged the text of many
obvious blemishes. Leo, in his brief, forbade the publication of
rival editions for a period of ten years. Yet we find editions pub-
lished at Milan in 1517 and at Basel in 1519. Before the end of
the sixteenth century much excellent work had been done on the
text by Beatus Rhenanus, Muretus, Lipsius, Ursinus, and others.
Lipsius was much helped by the valuable notes of Pichena, which,
published separately at first, were incorporated in a Variorum
edition of 1607.

138 APPENDIX

To the seventeenth century belongs the work of Vertranius,
N. Heinsius, and Freinsheim. I. F. Gronovius died in 1671,
before the publication of his edition, which was completed by
his son, Iae. Gronovius, also editor of the Variorum edition of
1721. In 1687 came Theodorus de Ryeke. Ernesti's useful
Variorum edition was published in 1752. "The nineteenth cen-
tury editors of the Annals include Walther, Ruperti, Heraeus,
Orelli, Baiter, Ritter, Halm, Nipperdey, Haase, Dóderlein, Drüger.
Furneaux died in the last year of the century.

In the textual notes which follow, Med. denotes the Mediceus
primus; Med. 1 and 2 denote corrections by the first and second
hands respectively.

1l. raptum ierit Pichena and edd.: raptum perit Med. |
Vulsiniis Beroaldus: wulgus sinis Med.,—buried proper name.
Cf. Thuc. i 61 érécerpeyav codd. for éri Erpéyav.

2. oreretur Oreli and Halm after Faérnus: credetur Med.
(note common confusion between or and cr) : erederetur Beroaldus :
cresceret Muretus | diductum Beroaldus: deductum Med. For the
same corruption see c. 17.

3. et quia: Nipperdey omits et.

5. constratae, *decked,' Nipperdey. | Suriae Muretus: suria
Med. | fuerit Lipsius, followed by Orelli, cf. xv 41: fuit Med. and
most edd.

6. plebis agri Med.: plebes Beroaldus: acri Rhenanus. See
explanatory note.

7. odii set Dóderlein : odiis et Med.,— wrong division and con-
fusion due to set (—sed) as often.

8. ac tolleret Beroaldus: attolleret*Med.

10. macimaeque fidei Ritter: macimaeque fideis Med. : mazi-
meque fidis Beroaldus. | prima ei Rhenanus : prima et Med.,—a
frequent source of corruption. | captum Muretus: cum Med, : tum
Beroaldus : deceptum Heinsius.

ll. ne ins. Rhenanus before diuulgata. | incredibili Med. :
neque incredibilia Haase: diwulgata incredibilia atque a. acc.
Oncken: Nipperdey brackets incredibilia: but the word is wanted
[Furneaux].

12. multam Med., inultam Beroaldus,—a frequent confusion ;

ON SELECT VARIOUS READINGS 139

* ductus litterarum " very similar. | atque haec Med. and edd.:
alitque haec Madvig.

13. morum Lipsius and edd. : temporum Med.,—due to repeti-
tion of last syllable of preceding word, called * dittography.'

14. uetustum Beroaldus: uetustus tum Med.,—-: dittography
again. | qua. Lipsius: ea qua Med. (er qua Weissenborn, ea
tempestate qua Rhenanus) | incluserant. Madvig | ut om. Med. :
ins. Med. 1 before auctoritate.

15. adfecit Ritter, adficit Med.

16. accedere Med. 2: accederet Med.: accedere et ac.
Gronovius. | After witarentur Lipsius suspects a lacuna; but
see Madvig adu. crit. ii 546. | et quod Rhenanus: et quó Med.:
et quoniam is accepted by Nipperdey as right reading of Med. |
flamonium Med. (giving correct spelling); cf. xiii 2. This spelling
is supported by inscriptions.

17. perinde Rhenanus: proinde Med.,—trequent confusion;
cf. c. 20. | diductam Beroaldus: deductam Med.,—substitution of
commoner word.

18. Others punctuate uictor. quanto. | more procideret Rhena-
nus: procederet Med. | imparemque se tanto Pichena.

19. Others punctuate patres. silente reo—premeretur. con-
scientia. | socia Med., which gives sosia before and after [Ritter].

20. M Lipsius: M. Med. See explanatory note. | ut tem-
poribus illis, C. F. W. Müller. | comperior Med.: comperio
Beroaldus ; but see Sallust Iug. 45. | perinde Beroaldus followed
by most edd.: proinde Med. defended by Nipperdey.

21. Pisonem Q. Granius Lipsius: pisonemque grauius Med.:
Pisonemque Granius Ritter,——good example of buried proper
name. | Seriphio Beroaldus wrongly.

23. ubi impetrando Lipsius: sub Med. Before Lipsius the
reading was sibi. | fortune Med.: hence fortunae most edd.:
fortuna Halm without comment, followed by Furneaux.

24. Thubursicum Nipperdey. | sui Med. : statim Acidalius. |
rege Ptolemaeo Beroaldus : recepto leameo Med.,—buried proper
name and wrong division. | aut tribunis Med. not ac the reading
before Iac. Gronovius.

25. deiectis I. F. Gronovius : deletis Pfitzner : delectis Med. —

,

140 APPENDIX

a frequent confusion. | offusis Lipsius: circumfusis Haase. | multa.
Med. for inulta. See c. 12.

26. set culpae nescia Halm: et c. nescia Med. supported by
Orelli: ut c. nescia Haase :. et c. non nescia Iae. Gronovius: et c.
socia Nipperdey. See Halm's note.| more honos missusque
Dóderlein followed by Orelli and Halm (Heraeus comparing c. 16):
more omissusque Med.: mos missusque Lipsius.

27. mota: moti Pluygers. | calles Med. supported by Orelli:
Cales Lipsius and many edd. See explanatory note. | euenerant
Haase and many edd.: euenerat Med. supported by Orelli.

28. utrique Lipsius: wirique Med.,—another example of
confusion of i and t.|pater oranti filio comparatur Halm:
peroranti filio praeparatur Med.: peroranti filio pater comparatur
Madvig: pater orante filio ; praeparatus Orelli. | falsa Med. sup-
ported by Nipperdey and Drüger: falso Ursinus followed by Orelli,
Halm and Furneaux. See explanatory note.

30. cum, not in Med., must be inserted before Gallus, or
somewhere in this clause. | 4morgum Rhenanus : amor cum Med.,—
buried proper name again. | ne poenis: ne, not in Med., is inserted
by Bekker. | umquam: nunquam in margin of Med.

31. iureiurando Ritter followed by Orelli and Halm: eiurando
Med. ,—' haplography,! i.e. syllable written once instead of twice. |
indicio Vertranius and most edd.: iudicio Med.,— a frequent
confusion.

32. ueteris, Freinsheim ; cf. i l. | cóposiuere Med. appears
to show trace of an archaie form [Furneaux] | praeuerterentur
preferred by Nipperdey.

33. consciata Med.: consociata Ernesti, before whom the
reading was constituta. | re Romana Lipsius : rerum. Med.,—a
corruption from the abbreviation re Rom. | exitu Med. retained
by Halm: exitii Pichena, followed by Ritter and Orelli. No
reason for change. See explanatory note. | Romanasne Halm
after Nipperdey: .Romanasue Med. | reperies Med. and edd.:
reperias Halm after Madvig. Cf. vi 22. | nimis Muretus:
animis Med. | ad inceptum Halm and Orelli: ad incepta
Beroaldus: ancepto Med. See explanatory note.

34. wuocabula imponuntur Beroaldus: wocabulum ponuntur

ON SELECT VARIOUS READINGS 141

Med. | insignis Beroaldus: insigni Med. | opibus Acidalius :
opibusque Med. supported by Nipperdey. | relinquere Med.

35. mum enim Halm: mum eum Med. | ne—quidem I. F.
Gronovius: nec—quidem Med. | rependit nec deerunt Beroaldus:
rependunt nec derunt Med.,—an error due to assimilation. | sedet
etiam mei Med. It appears possible that the true reading is sed
et and etiam a gloss [Furneaux]. | set (sed) manserunt Lipsius: et
Med.,—a very common confusion.

36. destrictior Med. : districtior Beroaldus. But Halm and
Furneaux retain the spelling of Med.

37. facta Beroaldus: ficta Med. from dicta which follows. |
per ommes per prouincias Med.—a *dittography.' One per must
be omitted.

38. deos ipsos Pichena supposing a ' dittography ! : deos et deos
ipsos Med. 1: deos et deas ipsas Med. 2.

40. inuitum Heinsius: inuite Med. by assimilation after
preceding te: inuito Beroaldus, old edd. and Nipperdey.

41. non iam Muretus: non tam Med. We have had several
examples of this confusion. | ueram potentiam augeri Halm
and Orelli after Marcilius: wera potentia augere Med.: uera
potentiae augere Ryck and Heinsius: Fisher would prefer
uera potentiae augeri. wera potentiae means realities of
power.

43. Lümnatidis Lipsius (see explanatory note): Liminatidis
Med. Cf. Xuevockóros in Callimachus. | regi Denthaliatem Nipper-
dey: recident heliatem (haliatem Med. 2),—showing the faithful-
ness of the Medicean scribe. | impotentia Madvig. But potentia
*arbitrarily ' is quite satisfactory. | delapsam | Med.: dilapsam
Ernesti: cf. Livy iv 20. | vulgatius, buried proper name Vuleacius.
See xvi 8.

44. degetes Med.: de Getis edd. | partae Lipsius followed by
Halm and Orelli : paratae Med. | delectus Pichena : deiectus Med.,—
à frequent error. | Julo Lipsius: Iulio Med.: Iullo Andresen.

45. frustra se Med. 2: frustra si Med.: Fisher suggests
frustra sic. | quaestionem — Ritter: quaesitionem | Med. | quippe
Bezzenberger: qui Med.: quia Pichena.

46. incultu Med. defended by Nipperdey: inculti Beroaldus :

142 APPENDIX

sine cultu Bezzenberger, followed by Halm, Orelli, Furneaux.
incultius Georges. See explanatory note.

47. conduceretur Pichena. | postquam—uenere Iac. Gronovius:
quam-——uenire Med.

49. degrediebantur Pichena: degrediebatur | Med. | simulque
Ursinus followed by Nipperdey: simuleque Med.: simul equi
Lipsius and most edd.

50. tantum his Madvig (adu. crit. ii 548) followed by Halm and
Nipperdey : quamuis Med. followed by Ritter and Orelli, who
however bracket it. | properandum Ricklefs; properum per Haase.
No alteration is needed. See explanatory note.

5l. deiecto Halm after Orelli: delecto Med.: deleto Beroaldus
and Nipperdey,—írequent errors. | incolarum Beroaldus : incorum
Med, ,—error due to abbreviation. Cf. xiii 39.

52. reperit Ernesti,——to harmonise with pergit. | se imaginem
Muretus: sed maginem Med., arising from set maginem in the
change of i and t, which is very frequent.

53. probis Med. and edd.: probris Petersen. | After ciuitate
there is a lacuna in Med. Haase supplies it by the words qui
diuo Augusto ortam. | ex re p. Med., usually read as ex re publica :
er se Wurm followed by Dráger and Halm. ea re, *on that
account," Madvig.

54. sua manu Rhenanus: suae manu Med.

55. hypae penitrali tanique Med., corrected by Beroaldus. |
aedem— sitam Med. | in Graeciam Med. and 'edd., perhaps a
marginal gloss [Furneaux]|: in insulam Urlichs | icta Rhenanus :
dicta Med.

56. Marsus Rhenanus: Marcus Med.

57. After in Campaniam Halm inserts abscessit : concessit
Ottoand Haase: recessit Ritter. See explanatory note. | num : ut
Probst. | occultantem Rhenanus: occultantis Med.,—error due to
similarity of termination.

59. genu: simu Probst. | in praesentia. See explanatory note.
Med. has in praesentia rum (thus divided). Ritter thinks rum due
to plerumque above. Most editors read ín praesentiarum here and
in Agricola 39. It seems to be a barbarous form, unlikely to have
been used by Tacitus. It occurs as early as Cato, and is found

ON SELECT VARIOUS READINGS 143

once in Cornelius Nepos. It is most frequent in Appuleius. |
animi Med. See explanatory note. Halm reads animum after
Pichena: animi se Ritter.

60. proeedebant Med.: procidebant Haase. | promptior :
Ernesti preferred pronior.

61. et Q. Med. has et quae (atque in margin). | quoad.
Med. has qua ad (also in vi 51). So Orelli gives quaad as a possible
spelling.

62. in sordidam mercedem Pichena followed by Orelli, Halm,
and Nipperdey, cf. xi 6: in sordida mercede Med. | uirilis et
muliebris sexus Beroaldus. | effusius Lipsius: effusus Med. | moles
Ritter. | aut qui Pluygers. | perculisset Beroaldus: periculis sed
Med.,—error due to wrong division and to set (— sed).

63. et par Beroaldus. | munus : manus Med.

64. ominibus Beroaldus: omnibus Med.,—error due to pre-
ference for a commoner word.
Med.

65. tulisset Lipsius: appellatum tauisset Med. (appellatum
a mere repetition of appellitatum above): portauisset Dóderlein
(cf. Sallust Cat. 6, 5), followed by Halm and others.

66. casus N. Heinsius: casum Med.

67. abdidit — Beroaldus: addidit Med. | gnaro Beroaldus:
grano Med. (showing the scribe's limited range). | occultiores
Halm after Weissenborn: occultior Med.: occultos (with common
ellipse of magis) I. F. Gronovius.

68. Petilius Lipsius: petitius Med. | fecere Faérnus: facere
Med.

69. metu (i.e. metui)—suspiciones erant Ernesti. | erat. Rhe-
nanus: erant Med. | suumque ipsi Beroaldus : swwmque ipse
Med. | tegens Lipsius: egens Med. : reticens Weissenborn, followed
by Halm. se tegens Vetranius. Some suppose a lacuna. "We
have spem male tegens in c. 12.

70. acciderent Rhenanus: acciperent Med. | imprudentem
Rhenanus and edd.: prudentem Med. | adisse, | quaesitum
Beroaldus: adisset quaesitum | Med. : adisse, set quaesitum
Wurm.

71. opperiretur Muretus followed by Orelli and nearly all

ostenderint Lipsius: ostenderent

144 APPENDIX ON VARIOUS READINGS

edd.: aperirentur Med., supported by Halm. | Tremetum
Freinsheim.

72. urorum Med. and edd.: taurorum Nipperdey without
sufficient cause. | subueniebatur Rhenanus: subueniebat Med. |

73. castelli Rhenanus: castello Med.,—corruption due to
assimilated termination. degressis Med. supported by Nipperdey :
digressis Beroaldus and most edd. sua tutanda. Hence Ptolemy
probably introduced the bogus Ziarovrávóa as the name of à town
in North Germany (Hall, Companion to Classical Texts, p. 182). |
alarius Freinsheim: acrius Med.

74. internus Rhenanus : internos Med. | degressi Med. generally
retained: digressi Beroaldus. | id quoque Muretus and most edd.:
idque Med.

INDEX.

I. PROPER NAMES.

Actium, 5 Cordus, 34
Aegium, 13 Cos, 14
Aesculapius, 14 Cotys, 5
Afer, 52 Cyzieus, 36

Afranius, 13
Agrippina, 12, 17, 19, 39, 52, Dalmatia, 5
etc.: (the younger), 53, 60 Dictator Caesar, 34

Albanians, 5 Dolabella, 23, 24, 26

Albis, 44 Domitius, 44, 75

Amphictyons, 14 Drusus, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15: (the

Amyclae, 59 younger), 3, 4, 17, 36

Antigonus, 43

Apicata, 11 Eryx, 43

Asinius Pollio, 34 Etruscans, 55, 65

Attus Clausus, 9

Augusta, 8, 12, 16, 22, etc. Fidenae, 62

Augustus, passim Forum Augusti, 15
Forum Iulii, 5

Bibaculus, 34 Frisii, 72

Blaesus, 23, 26 :

Brundisium, 27 Gaius Caesar, 1, 40, 71

Brutus, 34, 35 Garamantes, 23
Germanieus, 1, 3, 8, 12, 15, etc.

Caele Vibenna, 65 Getae, 44

Caesares, 3 Gracchus, 13

Capreae, 59, 67, 74 Gyarus, 30

Cassius, 34, 35

Cassius Seuerus, 21 Haemus, 51

Catullus, 34 Halicarnassus, 55

Cicero, 34 Herculis posteri, 43

Claudius, 31 Hiberians, 5

E. T. 10

146
Hispania, 5, 13, 37, 45

Ilienses, 55
Iuba, 5
Iulia, 71

Laodicea, 55

Latium uetus, 5

Limmnatis, 43

Liuia (i) see Augusta: (ii) often
called Liuilla, 3, 12, 39, 40

Marcia, 35

Massilia, 43, 44
Mauri, 35

Messala Coruinus, 34
Miletus, 43
Misenum, 5
Mithridates, 14
Moesia, 5, 47
Mummius, 43
Musulamii, 23

Nero, 17, 60
Nola, 57

Olennius, 72
Oscan drama, 45

Pannonia, 5
Perseus, 55
Pharsalia, 40
Philip, 43

TU BBDAVISENN

absurdus, 65

accingor, 66

accusante prouincia, 15

accusator, 66: accusaterum
factiones, 21

acris annona, 6

adfatim, 69

adfectiones, 15

INDEX

Philippi, 35
Piso, 45
Pompeianus, 34
Proculeius, 40

Rauenna, 5
Rhodes, 15
Rhoemetalces, 5, 47

Sabinus, 18
Sacrouir, 18, 19
Samos, 14
Scipio, 34
Seius Strabo, 1
Seianus, passim
Serenus, 28, 30, 36
Seriphus, 21
Silius, 18, 19
Siluanus, 22
Smyrna, 56
Social war, 56
Sosia, 19, 20
Sugambri, 47
Suillius, 31

Tacfarinas, 23, 24, 25

'T'hracians, 47, 48
Thubusceum, 24
Tiberius, passim

Vrgulania, 21
Varro, 19
Vulsinii, l

WORDS.

adflietus, 68, 71
adpello, 27, 67
adpeto, 51
adpugno, 48
adseisco, 57
adseueratio, 42, 52
adumbratus, 31
aequabilis, 20

INDEX 147

aestimo, 39

aestuaria, 73

agger, 73

agito, 6

ago, 2, 16, 58

ala, 5, 25, 73

alarius eques, 73

album senatorium, 42
alioqui, 11, 37

ambitio, 35, 55, 64
ambitus, 2, 49
amoenus, 41

anfractus, 51

angustia, 72: angustiae, 47
annalium memoria, 43
anxius, 12, 74

appellito, 65

ars, artes, 1, 3, 6, 13, 58
artus, 58: in arto, 32: arte, 49
atrox, 11, 50, 52, 60
auctor, 10, 11

audeo, 59

auditio, 11

auuneulus, 75

auxilia cohortium, 5

biremes, 27

caerimonia, 64

caplo, 16

castellum, 49

casus, 50

censorium funus, 15

ciuiliter habeo, 21

classiarii, 27

claustra, 49

coactus, 51

codicilli, 39

cognitio, 52

cohortes, 25 : cohortes alaeque,
73

colloeo, 40
commentarii, 53
commeo, 27, 41
commotus, 3, 52
communes nepotes, 7

comparo, 28
comperior, 20
complexus rei publicae, 7
compositus, 1, 31, 73
condemnator, 66
confarreati, 17
confertus, 52
confinium, 58
congruens, 7
coniungo, 33, 57
conscientia, 3, 12, 19
consilia, 40
contactus, 49
contendo, 32
continuus, 36, 47
contione, in, 40
contundo, 46
conuulsus, 62
coram, 54, 75
corripio, 19, 52

eura, 11, 43

debilito, 63
deduco, 8
defero, 49
degredior, 49, 73
delator, 30
destinatus, 40, 70
destrietus, 36
deuotio, 52
differtur, 25
dilectus, 4, 46
discumbo, 54
dispergo, 18, 24
dissero, 50
dissimulo, 19
diuersus, 3, 25
duint, 38

effundo, 62
egressus, 32
eluetor, 30
euenta, 34
exagito, 12
excipio, 60
exitus, 11, 33, 71

148 INDEX

expeditus, 25 inmitto, 19, 73
exprobro, 57 inmodestia, 14
exuo, 21, 72 inpotentia, 57
inrepo, 10
facies, 67, 69 insignitius, 51
familia, 27 insisto, 60
fastigium, 40 instantia, 69
feralis, 64 integer, 40
ferax, 72 intendo, 2, 3, 11, 26, 40, 70, 72
ferox, 12, 21, 27 intercedo, 30
fiscus, 20 interdico, 21
flamen dialis, 16 intericio, 31
flaminica dialis, 16 iudices do, 22
flamonium, 16 iudicia, 39
fora, 2, 70 iuratus senatus, 21
foramen, 69 ius do, 15
fortuna, 13, 18 ius patrium, 16
forum et ius, 6 iuuentus, 46, 50
frequens, 3, 55, 65 iuxta, 1, 74
glisco, 5, 16, 27 lacero, 24
gnarus, 71 laqueus, 70
grassor, 47, 66 legibus pulsus, 43
legor super numerum, 56
habeo, 14, 21, 33, 45 leuamentum, 66
habilis, 53 libellus, 27
habitus, 12 locuples, 43
haereo, 19 loriea, 49
histriones, 14
honorus, 68 maiestas, 6, 19, 30, 31
horridus, 7, 16 male alacres, 74
manualia saxa, 61
iacio, 68 mapalia, 25
impeditus, 46 medeor, 16
inceptum, 33 medicamen, 57
incoho, 70 meditatus, 70
incolumitas, 17 mobilis, 17
ineultu, 47 modestia, 7
indicium, 10, 31 moles, 62, 67
induco, 70 munditiae, 28
induo, 12 municipalis, 3
infensus, 25, 72 munus edo, 63
ingenia, 33, 35 muralia pila, 51
ingruo, 2, 35, 41, 50
inhio, 12 natio, 24, 45, 46

in manum, 16 noseo, 35, 62

INDEX 149

nurus, 12 praetorius, 28, 56
praeuerto, 19, 32
ob rem iudicandam, 31 prauus, 12
obruta, 63 premo, 71
obstringo, 31 primipilaris, 72
obtineo, 13, 35 principia, 2
oppeto, 50 priuignus, 71
opportunus, 60 proceritas, 57
ordo, 11, 69 prodo, 35
origo, 9 promiscus, 16
promptus, 3

parrieidarum poenae, 29 pronus, 2
pars bonorum, 20: partes, 40, ^ propatulo, in, 74

44 propugnaculum, 51
patibulum, 72 prouenio, 12
patria careo, 58 publice, 36, 43
peraetus, 21
peramoenus, 67 quaesitus, 70
perinde, 20, 22 quaestio, 29
peritus caelestium, 58 quaestor, 27
permoueor, 57
perrumpo, 140 raptum eo, 1
peruigeo, 32 recens, 5, 52, 69
plerique, 6, 8, 9, 18, 20 refero, 14, 21, 67
plerumque, 7, 57, 59 regnum, 3
pons, 59 religiones, 16
populares, 24 reluctor, 22
postulo, 30, 34, 42 remige, cum ualido, 5
potentia, 1, 4, 7, 21: uera repeto, 4, 19, 20

potentia, 41 rerum potitus, 71
praeceps, 62 res publica, 19
praeceps, in, 22 robur, 29
praecipiti, in, 30 rogo legem, 16
praefectura, 2 ruo, 23
praefectus, 1, 7; praefectus

urbis, 36 sacrosanctus, 36
praefero, 75 saeuio, 1, 20
praeferox, 60 saltuosus, 45
praegracilis, 57 saltus, 25, 27, 47, 13
praepeditus, 25 saxum, 29
praescribo, 52 scelus, 10
praesentia, in, 59 secretum, 3, 41, 57
praesidium, 59 sector, 1l
praetor, 43, 45 secus (i), 5, 8
praetore, pro, 73 secus (ii), 62
praetoriae cohortes, 1, 5 senatu pello, 31

150 INDEX

sententia, 64
sententiam, eo in, 30
sepono, 44

seruitia, 27
sestertium uiciens, 16
seuere, 2

simplicius, 40
singillatim, 20
sinus, 5

societates equitum, 6
socors, 39

sordes, 52

spargo, 12

species, 6

spectatus, 63

statio, 50

stipatores, 25
stipendiarii, 20, 73
subsidia, 67
suffectus, 16
suffugia, 47

suo iure, 52

tegens, 12, 69

TIRES
CasES :
Accusative :
Cognate (including — ad-

verbial acc.) , 13, 427,

40, 60
Description, 62
Respect, 16
With adsideo, 58

, abor, 64

» fungor, 38

, Qgraesideo, 5, 12

tempestas, 14
tempore, in, 71
toga picta, 26
tormenta, 25
traho, 64, 70
tribunus, 27
tristis, 31, 71
triumphalia, 18, 23, 26, 44:
triumphi insignia, 45
tumulus, 49
turbo, 1
turmae sociales, 73

uastitas, 70

uallum, 2

uastum silentium, 50
uectigales pecuniae, 6
uexillum, 73

uigeo, 1, 20

uis, 66 : uis publica, 13
ultro, 64, 67, 68

urus, 72

usus uitae, 30

GRAMMAR.

CaszEs: :
Genitive (cont.) :

After neuter sing. adjec-
tives, 71

Definition, 2

Objective, 12, 19, 34, 59

Partitive, 4, 10, 60

Possessor, 11, 29

Quality, 14, 31

Thing in point of which,
1,215 94959553

With passive verbs, 28, 50
Genitive ;
After adjectives, 3, 12, 21,
33, 34, 38, 65, 72
After participles, 1, 7, 38
,, neuter pl. adjectives,
5, 6, 50, 59, 67

Words denoting accusation,
11, 21, 29, 30, 31, 40, 42,
53
Dative :
Depending on praefectus, 1
» induco, 14
2 —dntentus, 48

INDEX

CaszEs:

Dative (cont.) :
Person concerned, 4
Possessor, 1, 54
Purpose, 72, 13

Ablative :
Absolute (impersonal), 21,

70

(Unusex1251 17, 93:28:31;
JI MAST T2

Circumstance, 29, 30, 58

Description, 4, 52

Instrument, 3: (extended
use), 12

Manner, 28, 48, 51, 62, 69

Place, 4, 74

Place whence, 5

Pure ablative, 52

hespect, 5, 36

Soeciative, 1, 15, 38, 52, 58,

Time, 14, 45, 67: (within
which), 71
Locative :
animi, 59
domi, 68
VERBS:
Conditional sentences :
Noteworthy, 9, 30, 64, 71
Imperfect :
Force of, 30, 31, 49
In conditional sentences,
30, 64, 71
Infinitive :
After adjective, 52
Historie, 12, 56: with
cum, 50
Nominative and infinitive,
22, 31, 48
Poetical construction, 29,
51
Middle use :
Accingor, 66
Gerund :
Ablative, 2, 15
Genitive, 2

Vznrs (cont.) :
Gerundive :
Accusative, 40
Genitive, 32, 34, 59
Supine :
In -um, 1, 66, 73
In -u, 32, 40
Participle :
Future (in final sense), 46
Idiomatic use, 19, 26, 34,

Subjunctive :
Concessive, 33, 37, 40
Final, 8, 19, 47
Frequentative, 31, 60, 70
Oblique, 56
Optative, 38
Perfect subjunctive (mainly
Silver Latin usages), 3, 5,
653105515: 207:99 939 0945
36, 37, 39, 51,54, 58, 61
Second person (general
use), 34
With quamquam, 4, 5, 17
» quasi, 19
» 8i (in final sense), 49
5 tamquam, 10, 13, 21
, ut after iubeo, 72
Onarro OnrLIQUA :
Noteworthy, 7, 10, 15, 50,
56, 70
PnEPosrrTIONS (idiomatic uses) :
a, ab, 95
ad, 40, 50, 64
aduersum, 11
apud, 64
enero» 91
in (with acc.), 33
penes, 1, 16
per, 42, 50, 51, 54, 62
sub (with acc.), 63
super, ll, 44
ADVERBS AND ÜONJUNCTIONS :
aeque quam, 49
alioqui, 11, 37
at enim, 40

152

AÀDVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS

(cont.) :
ceterum, 3, 33
coram, 54, '(5
cum mazime, 9]
enimuero, 60
intra, 6
iuxta, l, 74
male, '(4
moz, Ll, l8
pariter, 2
perinde, 20, 61
plerumque (Silver Age use), 7,
5115,09, 7T
procul, 2
quamquam (with subj.), 4, 5,
17, 59: with adj., 53
quamuis (with adj.), 11
quandoque, 28, 39
quasi, 23
quid aliud. quam..., 34
quin, 6
recens, 5, 69
scilicet, 61
secus, 8
sponte (with gen.), 7, 51
tamquam, 10, 13, 31, 40
ultro, 64, 67, 68

INDEX

ADVEREBS AND CONJUNCTIONS

(cont.) :
Ut. V0 OOPOD
ut (idiomatic), 62

FicvnES or SPEECH :

Abstract for concrete, 11

Anaphora (rhetorical repeti-
tion), 15, 49

Anastrophe (with preposi-
tion), 5, 8, 16, 48, 50

Asyndeton, 49

Attraction, 56, 59

Ellipse of sum, 12, 22, 33, 54

other verbs, 57
3 pursjac. 20 OT

(9 TFI

Ellipse of pronoun after
propter, c. 54

Hendiadys, 6, 23, 42

Parataxis, 72

Parenthesis, 55

Res pro persona, 40

Sense-construetion, 29

Variation of expression in
corresponding clauses, 9,
20, 98, 31, 46, 61

Zeugma, 26, 49, 51

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PREsS3.

Books on Greek and
Roman Literature, Philology,

History and Antiquities
published by the

Cambridge University Press

GREEK
TEXTS AND COMMENTARIES

Aeschylus. Agamemnon. With Verse Translation,
Introduction and Notes by W. HEADLAM, Litt.D. Edited by
A. C. PEARSON, M.A. 1o;. net.

Aeschylus. Choephori. With Critical Notes, Com-
mentary, Translation and a Recension of the Scholia by T. G.
TUCKER, Litt.D. 9s. net.

Aeschylus. The Seven against Thebes. With
Introduction, Critical Notes, Commentary, Translation and a
Recension of the Medicean Scholia by T. G. TUCKER. 9s. net.

Onomasticon Aristophanevm sive Index Nominvm

qvae apvd Aristophanem legvntvr. Cvravit H. A. HOLDEN,
LL.D. Zazzo a/fera. 5s. 6d.

Aristophanes. 'The Knights. Edited by R. A. Nri,
MPAT Ups net:

Aristotle. On some Passages in the Seventh
Book of the Eudemian Ethics attributed to Aristotle. By H.
J^cksow, Litt.D. 2s.

Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI. With

Essays, Notes and Translations by L. H. G. GREENWOOD, M. A.
6s. net.

Aristotle. De Anima. With Translation, Introduction
and Notes by R. D. Hicks, M.A. 185. net.

Aristotle. De Sensu and De Memoria. "Text and

Translation, with Introduction and Commentary. By G. R. T.
Ross, D.Phil. 9s. net.

2 Cambridge Unzversity Press

The Rhetoric of Aristotle. A Translation by the late
Sir R. C. JEBB, O.M., Litt.D. Edited, with an Introduction and
with Supplementary Notes, by Sir J. E. SANDvs, Litt.D. 6s. net.

Outlines of the Philosophy of Aristotle. Compiled
by E. WALLACE, M.A. ZAird edition enlarged. — 4s. 6d.

Bacchylides. The Poems and Fragments. Edited
with Introduction, Notes and Prose Translation, by Sir R. C. JEBB,
Litt.D. rass.net. Text separately, 15. 64.

Demetrius on Style. "The Greek Text. Edited after
the Paris Manuscript with Introduction, Translation, Facsimiles,
etc. By W. R. RoBERTS, Litt.D. 9s. net.

Demosthenes against /Androtion and against
'Timocrates. With Introductions and English Notes by W. WAYTE,
M.A. .Wew edztnm. 7s. 6d.

Demosthenes. On the Crown. With Critical and
Explanatory Notes, an Historical Sketch and Essays. By W. W.
(SOODWIN;Lion- 1217-195, 41) :(5217; 0125-1027

Also edited for Colleges and Schools. 6s.

Demosthenes against Midas. With Crtical and
Explanatory Notes and an Appendix by W. W. GOODWIN. 9s.

Demosthenes. Select Private Orations.

Part I, containing Contra Phormionem, Lacritum, Pantaenetum,
Boeotum de Nomine, Boeotum de Dote, Dionysodorum. With
Introductions and English Commentary by F. A. PALEY, M.A.,
LL.D., with Supplementary Notes by Sir J. E. SANDvs, Litt.D.,
F.B.A. ZAzrd editzon, revzsed. — 6s.

Part II, containing Pro Phormione, Contra Stephanum, I, II,
Contra Nicostratum, Cononem, Calliclem. Edited by Sir J. E.
SaNDYs, with Supplementary Notes by F. A. PALEY. ow
edition, revised. 75. 6d.

The Speech of Demosthenes against the Law of
Leptines. AA Revised Text, with an Introduction, Critical and
Explanatory Notes and Aatotype Facsimile from the Paris MS. by
Sir J. E. Saupvs, Litt.D. 9s.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus: the Three Literary
Letters (Ep. ad Ammaeum I, Ep. ad Pompeium, Ep. ad
Ammaeum ÍI) The Greek Text edited, with English Trans-
lation, Facsimile, Notes, Glossary of Rhetorical and Grammatical
Terms, Bibliography and Introductory Essay on Dionysius as a
Literary Critic, by W. R. ROBERTS, Litt.D. 9s.

Greek 3

Euripides. Bacchae. With Critical and Explanatory
Notes, and. with numerous illustrations from works of ancient art,
by Sir J. E. SaNDvs, Litt.D. — FourzA edifion. 125. Od.

Euripides. Ion. With a Translation into English Verse
and an Introduction and Notes by A. W. VERRALL, Litt.D.
15. 6d.

Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Edited by A. Prarr,
M.A. Cloth, 4s. 627. each. Strongly half-bound, 6s. each.

Isaeus. The Speeches. With Critical and Explanatory
Notes by W. WysE, M.A. 185. net.

Longinus on the Sublime. The Greek text edited after
the Paris Manuscript, with Introduction, Translation, Facsimiles,
and Appendixes, by W. R. ROBERTS, Litt.D. .Secozd edifiom. 9s.

Pindar. Nemean and Isthmian Odes. With Notes
Explanatory and Critical, Introductions and Introductory Essays.
Edited by C. A. M. FENNELL, Litt.D. — /JVezu edzioz. — 9s.

Pindar. Olympian and Pythian Odes. With Notes,
Explanatory and Critical, Introductions and Introductory Essays
by the same editor. Vez edztiom. — 9s.

Plato. The Republic. Edited, with Critical Notes,
Commentary and Appendixes, by J. ApAM, Litt.D. 2 Volumes.
Vol. I, Books I—V. ir5s.net. Vol. II, Books VI—X and
Indexes. 185. net.

The text, with critical notes. Edited from a new collation or
Parisinus A by the same editor. 4s. 64.

Plato. 'Theaetetus. With Translation and Notes by
B. H. KENNEDY, D.D. 7;. 64.

The Nuptial Number of Plato: its solution. and
significance, by J. ApAM, Litt.D. 2s. 64. net.

Sophocles. The Seven Plays with Critical Notes, Com-
mentary and Translation in English Prose, by Sir R. C. JEBB,
Litt.D.

Part I. Oedipus Tyrannus. Fowrh impression. 12s. 6d.
Part II. Oedipus Coloneus. ZZzrd editog. 12s. 6d. Part III.
Antigone. ZAzrd edition. 12s. 6d. Part IV. Philoctetes,
Second edition. 12s. 6d. Part V. "Trachiniae. 12s. 67. Part
MI. Electra: 125-64. . Part VII. Ajax. -.r2s. 64.

[——2

4 Camóridge University Press

Sophocles. The Seven Plays. With Commentaries
abridged from the larger editions of Sir R. C. JEBE.

Oedipus Tyrannus. By Sir R. C. JEBB. 4s. Oedipus
Coloneus. By E. S. SHuckBURGH, Litt.D. 4s. Antigone.
By E. S. SHucKBumGH, Litt.D. 4s. Philoctetes. By E. S.
SHUCKBURGH, Litt.D. 4s. "Trachiniae. By G. A. DaVIES,
M.A. 4s. Electra. By G. A. DaviEs, M. A. 4s. Ajax. By
A. C. PEARSON, M.A. 4s.

Sophocles. The Textofthe Seven Plays. Edited,

with an Introduction, by Sir R. C. JEBB. ss.

Sophocles. The Tragedies translated into English Prose
by Sir R. C. JEBB. 55. net.

Theocritus, Bion and Moschus. Translated into
English Verse by A. S. Way, D.Lit. 55. net.

PITT PRESS SERIES, &c.

Author Wor£ Editor Price
Aeschylus Prometheus Vinctus Rackham 2/6
Aristophanes | Aves—Plutus— Ranae Green 3/6 eacA

35 Nubes, Vespae Graves 3/6 eac&

S5 Acharnians 55 3l-

55 Peace » 3/6
Demosthenes Olynthiacs Glover 2/6
M Philippics I, 11, III Davies 2/6
Euripides Alcestis Hadley 2/6
x Hecuba a 2[6

A Helena Pearson 3/6

s Heraclidae 35 3/6

ES Hercules Furens Gray & Hutchinson 2/-

3 Hippolytus Hadley 2j-

35 Iphigeneia in Aulis Headlam 2/6

^s Medea S 2/6

2 Orestes Wedd 4/6

2 Phoenissae Pearson 4J-
Herodotus Book 1 Sleeman 4l-
28 M Shuckburgh 3l-

2s 321 VIVSSVIISBVIDEIS BIS: Bs A4|- each

" » IX 1—89 3 2/6
Homer Odyssey IX, X Edwards 2/6 each
JE 2» XXI 2[-

ul
2 3 XI Nairn 2[-

Greek 5

Author Wor& Editor Price

Homer Iliad vr, xxii, Xxi1ii, XXIV Edwards 2|- eacA

35 Iliad rx and x Lawson 2/6

Lucian Somnium, Charon, etc. Heitland 3/6

» Menippus and Timon Mackie 3/6

Plato Apologia Socratis Adam 3/6

35 Crito, Euthyphro 25 2/6 eac&

2 Protagoras J. & A. M. Adam 4/6

? Ion Macgregor 2[-

Plutarch Demosthenes Holden 4/6

^ Gracchi 57 6I-

" Nicias $3 a[-

» Sulla 2 6/-

s. Timoleon E. 6/-

Thucydides Book 111 Spratt s[-

55 Book 1v 5 6/[-

2s Book v1 & 6J[-

A: Book vit Holden g[-

Xenophon Agesilaus Hailstone 2/6

n Anabasis I-1I Pretor A[-

" 25 I; TET; DV. V. x 2[- eacA

A 3 TIS WIS VIL 3 2/6 each

2. m I, II, III, IV, V, VI Edwards 1/6 eack
(WztÀ complete vocabularzes)

2 Hellenica 1-11 » 3/6

$5 Cyropaedeia I Shuckburgh 2/6

P 5 IH M aJ-

23 ITI) LV, V. Holden 5/[-

^ js VI, VII, VIII ^ a[-

35 Memorabilia I, 11 Edwards 2/6 eacA

CAMBRIDGE ELEMENTARY CLASSICS

A series of editions intended for use in preparatory schools and the
junior forms of secondary schools.

In accordance with the recommendations of the Classical Association
and other bodies the volumes contain the following special features :
(1) Vocabularies in all cases.
(2) Illustrations, where possible, drawn from authentic sources.
(3) Simplification of the text, where necessary.
(4) The marking of long vowels in several of the Latin texts.

Herodotus. Salamis in Easy Attic Greek. Edited
by G. M. EDWARDS, M.A. rs. 6d.

6 Camóridge University Press

Homer. Odyssey, Books VI and VII. Edited by
G. M. EDWARDS, M.A. 2;.

Plato. The Apology of Socrates. Edited by Mrs J.
ADAM. 25. 6d.

For Latin books in this series see p. 9.

LATIN
TEXTS AND COMMENTARIES

Catullus. 'The Poems, with an English Translation. By
F. W. ConNisH, M.A. White buckram, gilt top. 75s. 62. net.

Cicero. Ad M. Brutum Orator. A Revised Text, with
Introductory Essays and Critical and Explanatory Notes, by Sir
J. E. SaNDYs, Litt.D. 165.

Cicero. De Natura Deorum Libri Tres. With
Introduction and Commentary by J. B. Mavon, M.A., together
with a new collation of several of the English MSS. by J. H.
SWAINSON, M.A.

Vol I^ 1052162. Vols EES 25:162: 98M OL DEI SEOS:
Cicero. De Officiis Libri Tres. With marginal

Analysis, an English Commentary and copious Indexes, by H. A.
HoLDEN, LL.D. ZzgAzA editzom, revised and enlarged. — 9s.

Cicero. Pro Rabirio [Perdvellionis Reo] Oratio
ad Qvirites. With Notes, Introduction and Appendixes by W. E.
HEITLAND, M.A. 7:5. 64.

M. Tvlli Ciceronis Tvscvlanarvm Dispvtationvm
Libri Qvinqve. A Revised Text, with Introduction and Com-
mentary and a Collation of numerous MSS. By T. W. DoUuGAN,
M.A. Volume I. Containing Books I and Il. ros. met.
Volume II in preparation. ;

C. Suetoni Tranquilli Divus Augustus. Edited, with
Historical Introduction, Commentary, Appendixes and Indexes, by
E. S.. SHUCKBURGH, Litt.D. 1os.

Plautus. Asinaria. From the text of Goetz and
Schoell. With Introduction and Notes by J. H. GRav, M.A.
3s. 6d.

Plautus.

Pseudolus.

Latin

Notes by H. W. AUDEN, M.A. 3;

Publilii Syri Sententiae.

SMITH, M.A. 5;

Vergil.

Critico.

7

Edited with Introduction and
Edited. by. RAS EL. B:

Opera cvm Prolegomenis et Commentario

By B. H. KENNEDY, D.D. 3:5. 64.

PETT PRESS SERIES, &c.

Editions marked with an asterisk contain vocabularies.

Author

Bede
Caesar

Work
Eccl. History 111, Iv
De Bello Gallico
(Com EIL, VID VAEI

» I-II, and VII

, I-II

SS DT VEM

SRDISUPTIS AD. VT
De Bello Gallico. Bk 1

( Wzth vocabulary only: mno notes)

De Bello Gallico.
( Zext only)
De Bello Civili. Com. I
Com. II
5 23 Com. III
Actio Prima in C. Verrem
Div. in Q.'Caec. et Actio
Prima in C. Verrem

De Amicitia, De Senectute
De Officiis. Bk ri
Pro Lege Manilia
Ep. ad Atticum. — Lib. r1
Orations against Catiline
In Catilinam I
Philippica Secunda
Pro Archia Poeta

,, Balbo

» Milone

; Murena

» Plancio

,. Roscio Àmerino

Bk viI

,* ,5

Editor Price
Mayor & Lumby 7/6
Peskett 1/6 eacA
P 2[- eacA

2 al-
1/6
Shuckburgh ^ 1/6 eacA
LE -/9

» -/8
Peskett al-
» 2/6
» 2/6
Cowie 1/6
Heitland & Cowie 3/-
Reid 3/6 eacA
Holden 2[-
Nicol 1/6
Pretor al/-
Nicol 2/6
Flather 1/6
Peskett 3/6
Reid 2[-
» 1/6
» 2/6
Heitland al-
Holden 4/6

Nicol 2/6

8 Cambridge Unzversity Press
Author Wor& Editor Price
Cicero Pro Sulla Reid 3/6
x Somnium Scipionis Pearman 2[-
Eat An easy selection from
Cicero's correspondence — Duff 1/6
*Cornelius Nepos Four parts Shuckburgh 1/6 eacA
*Erasmus Colloquia Latina G. M. Edwards — 1/6
25 Colloquia Latina 2 -[9
( IW2tÀh vocabulàry only: no notes)
V Altera Colloquia Latina 2 1/6
Horace Epistles. Bk 1 Shuckburgh 2/6
2) Odes and Epodes Gow s[-
33 Odes. Books rt, i11 35 2/- eacA
n 5 Books 11, 1v »5 1/6 each
ie M Epodes 55 1/6
5 Satires. Book I 33 2[-
DEI » 1» I LEI 2/[-
Juvenal Satires Duff 5/-
Livy Book 1 H. J. Edwards 3/6
5 359911 Conway 2/6
A DUSTVI Stephenson 2/6
TAS Whibley 2/6
2 TORVT Marshall 2/6
x M IMELX: Anderson 2/6
A M ES Nes Dimsdale 2/6 eacA
2; PS RREXSNSUIDI Campbell al-
* ,, (adapted from) Story of the Kings of Rome .G. M. Edwards — -/8
(With vocabulary only: no notes)
iE 3» Horatius and other Stories 5 1/6
( Wzth vocabulary only : no notes) /9
Exercises on Edwards's The
Story of the Kingsof Rome | Caldecott -/6 net
» (adaptedfrom) Camillus and Other Stories G. M. Edwards — 1/6

Lucan Pharsalia. Bk Heitland & Haskins 1/6
2: De Bello Civili. Bk viti Postgate 2[-
Lucretius Books 111 and v Duff 2/- eacA
Ovid Fasti. Book vi Sidgwick 1/6
$5; Metamorphoses, Bk vri Summers 1/6
dy Phaethon and other stories G. M. Edwards — r/6
Yo Selections from the Tristia Simpson 1/6
*Phaedrus Fables. Bks 1 and r1 Flather 1/6
Plautus Epidicus Gray a/-
» Stichus Fennell 2/6

- 'Trinummus Gray 3/6
Pliny Letters. Book vr Duff 2/6
Quintus Curtius Alexander in India Heitland & Raven | 3/6

Greek aud Latin. Philology 9

Author Wor&t Editor Price

Sallust Catiline Summers 2[-

33 Jugurtha 35 2/6

Seneca Dialogues X, XI, XII Duff net 4[-

Tacitus Agricola and Germania Stephenson a[-

3 Histories. Bkr Davies 2/6

"n R^ Bk i11 Summers 2/6

Terence Hautontimorumenos Gray 3/-

es Phormio J. Sargeaunt al-

Vergil Aeneid 1 to XII Sidgwick 1,6 eack

T5 IBEQISITA DEI SV; VIS EX, NG3GD T5; 1/6 eacA
(wztÀ complete vocabularies.)

55 Bucolics » 1/6

2 Georgics I, 1I, and III, IV 1 2|- eack

» Complete Works, Vol. i, Text . ,, 3/6

35 35 2 VOLSIIDEUNOLOSOS,, 4/6

CAMBRIDGE ELEMENTARY CLASSICS

Caesar in Britain and Belgium. Simplified text, with
Introduction, Notes, Exercises and Vocabulary, by J. H. SLEEMAN,
M.A. Introduction 30 pp., Text45 pp., Notes28 pp. Exercises
25 pp. With illustrations and maps. rs. 67.

Caesar. Gallic War, Books I, III, IV, V and VI.
Edited, with Introduction, Notes, and Vocabularies, by E. S.
SuucknBURGH, Litt.D. New and fully illustrated edition, with
long vowels marked in the text. rs. 67. each.

[The present editions of Books II and VII are being revised
and made uniform with the above.]

Livy. The Revolt and Fall of Capua. (Selections
from Books XXIII—XXVI.) Edited, with Introduction, Notes,
and Vocabulary, by T. C. WEATHERHEAD, M.A. 2;.

Livy. The Story ofthe Kings of Rome, adapted
from Livy. Edited with notes and vocabulary by G. M. EDWARDS.
Ls. 6g.

For further particulars of the series see p. 5.

GREEK AND LATIN PHILOLOGY

The Restored Pronunciation of Latin. Syllabus
approved by tbe Philological Societies of Oxford and Cambridge
and recommended by the Classical Association for adoption by
Classical Teachers. 4 pp. 17. For 20 copies, rs.

IO Cambridge University Press

Pronunciation of Latin in the Augustan Period. 34.

The Restored Pronunciation of Greek and Latin,
with Tables and Practical Explanations. By E. V. ARNOLD,
Litt.D., and R. S. Coxwav, Litt.D. — Zou7& and revised edition
(embodying the schemes approved for Latin and Greek by the
Classical Association). Paper covers. rs.

Quantity and Accent in the Pronunciation of
Latin. By F. W. WESTAWAY. 3;. net.

An English-Greek Lexicon. By G. M. EDWARDS,
MCA; 7s62.- met.

A Greek Vocabulary for the use of Schools. By
T. NICKLIN, M.A. 2:. 64. net.

Pronunciation of Ancient Greek. Translated from
the Third German edition of Dr Brass with the Author's sanction
by W. J. PunTON, B.A. Ó;.

A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek
according to the Septuagint. By H. Sr JouN THACKERAY, M.A.
Vol. I. Introduction, Orthography, and Accidence. $8». net.

A Short Syntax of New Testament Greek. By
Rev. H. P. V. NUNN, M.A. .Second editzom. 2s. 6d. net.

The Elements of New "Testament Greek. By
Rev. JE P. VSUNUNNS MEAS aszeriets

An Introduction to Comparative Philology for
Classical Students. By J. M. EDMOoNDs, M.A. 4s. net.

Selections from the Greek Papyri. Edited with
Translations and Notes by G. MiLLIGAN, D.D. 55. net.

Silva Maniliana. Congessit I. P. PosrGATE. 25. net.

A First Year Latin Book. With Introduction and
Vocabulary. By J. THOMPSON, M.A. 25. .

Prima Legenda. First Year Latin Lessons. By Miss J.
WHYTE, M.ÁA. rs. 4d.

A Grammar of Classical Latin. For use in Schools
and Colleges. By À. SLOMAN, M.A. Ó;s.

An Elementary Latin Grammar. By the same
author. 25. 64.

A Latin Note-Book. Arranged by C. E. Hopnczs,
MA os

Greek and Latin Composition 11

GREEK AND LATIN COMPOSITION

Graduated Passages from Greek and Latin
Authors for First-Sight Translation. Selected and supplied
with short Notes for Beginners by H. BENDALL, M.A. and C. E.
LAURENCE, M.A. Partl. Easv. rs. 67. Part II. MODERATELY
Easy. 2s. Part III. MODERATELY DIFFICULT. 2s. PartIV.
DIFFICULT. 25.

Graduated Passages from Latin Authors separately.
In four parts as above. Each part rs.

Silva Latina. A Latin Reading Book, chosen and
arranged by J. D. Durr, M.A. 25.

Latin and Greek Verse. By Rev. T. S. Evaws, M.A.,
D.D. Edited with Memoir by the Rev. J. WAITE, M.A., TID
15. 6d.

A Book of Greek Verse. By W. HrapnLaM, Litt.D.

6s. net.

Cambridge Compositions, Greek and Latin. Edited
by R. D. ARCHER-HIND, M.A. and R. D. Hicks, M.A. Cloth
extra, gilt top. ros.

Translations into Greek Verse and Prose. By
R. D. ARCHER-HIND, M.A. Ó;. net.

Translations into Greek and Latin Verse. By Sir
R. C. JEBB, Litt. D., O.M. Second edition. 7s. 6d. net.

Compositions and Translations by the late H. C. F.
Mason. With Prefatory Memoir by R. C. GitLsow. Edited by
EPSEH WEST. 3s. 60. net.

Latin and English Idiom. An object lesson from
Livy's preface. By H. D. NAYLOR, M.A. 2:5.

Demonstrations in Greek Iambic Verse. By
IWASLISDESROUSE; Litt.D.- 65.

Greek and Latin Compositións. By R. SHILLETO,
M.A. 75. 6d. net.

I2 Cambridge University Press

ANTIQUITIES, HISTORY AND LETTERS

Outlines of Ancient History from the earliest times
to 476 A.D. By H. MarriNGLY, M.A. With 35 plates and r2
maps. ros. 64. net.

The Roman Republic. By W. E. HErrLAND, M.A.
In three volumes. With rg maps. 30». net.

A Short History of the Roman Republic. By W.E.
HEITLAND, M.A. With 6 plates and 18 maps. 65. net.

The Municipalities of the Roman Empire. By J. S.
REID, Litt. D., Hon. LL.D. r2s. net.

The Constitution of the Later Roman Empire.
Creighton Memorial Lecture delivered at University College,
London, r2 November, igog. By Professor J. B. BURY. rs. 6d.

net.

A Short History of Rome for Schools. By E. E.
BRYANT, M.A. With 24 illustrations and 24 maps. 35. 6d. net.

Greek History for Schools. By C. D. EpMoNps, M.A.
With 42 illustrations and r4 maps. zs. net.

Scythians and Greeks. By E. H. Miwws, M.A.
Royal 4to. "With 9 maps and plans, 9 coin plates and 355 illustra-
tions in the text. 635. net.

Zeus: a Study in Ancient Religion. Vol I. By
A. B. Cook, M.A. With 42 plates and 569 figures. 455. net.

A History of Classical Scholarship. By Sir J. E.
SaNDvYs, Litt. D. Vol. I. Second eaztzom revised. With 24 illus-

trations. ros. 6g. net. Vol. II. With 4o illustrations. 8s. 64.
net. Vol. III. "With 22 illustrations. 8s. 62. net.

A Short History of Classical Scholarship. From
the Sixth Century B.C. to the present day. By the same author.
Crown 8vo. With 26 illustrations. 75. 64. net.

Harvard Lectures on the Revival of Learning.
By Sir J. E. SawDvs, Litt.D. 4s. 62. net.

Essays and Addresses. By Sir R. C. Jzzs, Litt.D.,
O.M. ros. 64. net.

Clio Enthroned. A Study in Prose-form in Thucydides.
By W. R. M. LAMB, M.A. ros. net.

Antiquities, History and Letters 13

Collected Literary Essays. Classical and Modern.
By A. W. VERRALL, Litt.D. Edited, with a memoir and portrait,
by M. A. BAYFIELD, M.A., and J. D. DurFF, M.A. ros. 64. net.

Collected Studies in Greek and Latin Scholarship.
By A. W. VERRALL, Litt.D. Edited by M. A. BAYFIELD and
J. D. DurF. ros. 64. net.

The Bacchants of Euripides and otheressays. By
A. W. VERRALL, Litt.D. ros. net.

Essays on Four Plays of Euripides. Andromache,
Helen, Heracles, Orestes. By A. W. VERRALL, Litt.D. 75. 64.
net.

Euripides the Rationalist. By A. W. VERRALL, Litt. D.
Reprinted, 1913. 7s. 6Z. net.

Praelections delivered before the Senate of the
University of Cambridge, 25. 26, 27 January, 1906 (Dr H.
jJ^cksoN, Dr J. ApAM, Dr A. W. VERRALL, Dr W. HEADLAM,
Professor W. RiDGEWAY). 5s;. net.

Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion. By
JANE ELLEN HaRRISON, Hon. D.Litt. (Durham), Hon. LL.D.
(Aberdeen). With 179 figures. .Secozd edition. 155. net.

Themis. A Study of the Social Origins of Greek
Religion. By J. E. HARRISON. With an Excursus on the Ritual
Forms preserved in Greek Tragedy. By Professor GILBERT
MUuRRAY. And a chapter on the origin of the Olympic Games.
By Mr F. M. CoRNFORD. With 152 illustrations. rss. net.

The Origin of Tragedy, with special reference to the
Greek tragedians. By W. RipGEWAY, Sc.D., F.B.A. With r5
ilustrations. 6s. 64. net.

The Early Age of Greece. By W. RipcEWAY, Sc.D.,
F.B.A. With numerous illustrations. In two vols.: Vol. I. 2rs.
[New edition. Zz ZAe gress

[Vol. II Zz ZAe press

Greek Tragedy. By J. T. SHEPPARD, M.A. Cloth, rs.

net; leather, 2s. 64. net. Caméridge Manuals of Science and
Literature.

Plato. Moral and Political Ideals. By Mrs J.
ADAM, M.A. Cloth, rs. net; leather, 2s. 64. net. Cambridge
Manuals of Science and. Literature.

[4 Cambridge University Press

A COMPANION TO GREEK STUDIES
Edited by LeoNARD WnuriBLEY, M.A.

Second edition. Royal8vo. pp. xxx 672. With 5 maps,
141 illustrations and 4 indexes. 185. net.

Press INotices

**'This work is a kind of encyclopaedia zz zz. ...'l'he amount of
information gathered into seven hundred pages is a marvel....And,
strange to say, the book is quite pleasant to read in spite of its in-
numerable facts. 'The printing is admirable and the volume is well
illustrated....Mr Whibley is to be congratulated on his book. The
country can produce a body of scholars as careful as the Germans...and
their judgment is notably sane."—Gzar2/az

*'The scheme of the book is good. It is not a mere collection of
interesting miscellanea, but a clear and connected account of Greek life
and thought, written by scholars who are intimately acquainted with all
the latest developments of the subject....The mass of erudition that is
packed between its covers is astonishing....It is thorough in the sense
that, in the majority of the articles, at least, the substance of our know-
ledge is given, the essential points are touched upon, and the theories of
first-rate importance are concisely stated."—.Sazurzday Aeozew

**Tt is a handbook that no one will be ashamed to own and consult,

a handbook that will be sure to fill a place not only in libraries designed

for the young, but also on the desk of the teacher, and on the shelves
of the scholar....It is a good book worthy of English scholarship."

Journal of Education

**'The completeness of the scope is obvious. The excellence of the
work is guaranteed by the names of the contributors. The volume
should be on the Greek library shelves of every school where Greek is
seriously taught. Not for reference merely ; it will be read with avidity,
apart from task-work, by any boy that bas the root of the matter in him.
"The book is beautifully printed and produced."— Zdzcatzozal Z1mes

*'This is an admirable book, in design and execution alike....'The
choice of writers is above reproach....Secondly, the choice of matters is
good. ...Thirdly, the book is readable: it is not merely a work of refer-
ence.... The pages are full of illustrations from art, Aea/7ez, inscriptions,
manuscripts; the printing is worthy of the Press; and the whole book
is good to look upon."— Camóridge Aeview

Antiquities, History and Letters I5

A COMPANION TO LATIN STUDIES
Edited by Sir Jouv Epwiw SaNwpvs, Litt.D., F.B.A.

Second edition. Royal8vo. pp. xxxv --89r. With 2 maps,
141 illustrations and 4 indexes. 185. net.

Press dJVotices

** Dr Sandys and his collaborators have produced a notable book of
reference, within a manageable compass....The work appears to have
been done extremely well, and the immense amount of information ;
presented tersely and intelligibly....The illustrations are good and
adequate." — Journal of Hellenic Studies

** A useful and erudite work, which represents the best results ot
Latin scholarship, and whose bibliographies will be found invaluable to
students. The scope of the book is wide. There is no side of in-
tellectual, political or administrative life upon which it does not touch.
Ethnology, public antiquities, private antiquities, the army, the art$
and literature all have their place in this classical encyclopzedia, whose
full indexes make it an admirable work of reference.... We cannot repay
the debt we owe to the Romans otherwise than by a loyal understanding
of their history and their literature, and to those who ask a guide we
can commend no surer one than this widely planned, well executed
Companion of Dr Sandys." — Observer

**In the single volume before us it is really possible for the first time
to obtain a conspectus of almost all that 1s definitely known about
Roman environment, life, and thought....The Book is a thesaurus of
sane learning in a readable form. Varro or Pliny or St Isidore of
Seville would have studied it with a growing wonder and enlighten-
ment; for not Rome only, but the history of all knowledge about Rome,
is here recalled to its first beginnings."— 7Z»ies

**'This volume is a complete cyclopzedia or Roman studies; and in
nearly goo pages and half a million words contains the carefully adjusted
result of recent inquiries into every department of Latin lore. It is, in
a very remarkable degree, accurate, complete and abreast of modern
discovery; and we congratulate the University, the contributors, and
the editor on the signal success of an ambitious project."'

Saturday Review

**This book gives us a masterly brief survey of the antiquities and
literature of Rome....Fortunate is the student with 4 Compamion to
Latim Studies on his shelves."— DazZy Jews

16 Cambridge University Press

Copies of the following will be sent regularly to any
address on application :—

I. The Complete Catalogue, issued annually
(about May).

2. The Educational Catalogue, issued annually
(about May).

3. ADescriptive List of books for schools selected
from the Complete Catalogue, issued annu-
ally.

4. The Illustrated Bulletin, issued terminally,
giving full particulars of new publications.

Cambridge University | Press
C. B. Cra, Mana&Ber
London: Fetter Lane, E.C.

Edinburgh: 100, Princes Street

MA bL NM
ADORA
u n Nr

|

|

|
eu,

ornelius. Annales

The Annals, book IV;

| LL
| T1186anP

Iacitus,

ed. by Edwards.

——

University of Toronto

Library

DO NOT
REMOVE
THE

CARD
FROM
THIS
POCKET

Acme Library Card Pocket

|| LOWE-MARTIN CO. LIMITED

|
|

:
l

m