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BY YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, | |

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OF THE

NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

VOLUME IV.
| :
I.—A Review of the Chetodontide of North America. |
BY CARL H. EIGENMANN AND JENNIE E. HORNING.

Read January 321st,, 1887.

In the present paper is given the synonymy of the genera and
species of North American Chetodontide, together with analyti-
cal keys by which the species and genera may be recognized.

The specimens studied belong chiefly to the Museum of the
Indiana University, duplicates of all being also in the United
States National Museum.

We accept the family of Chetodontide as limited by Gill and
by Jordan & Gilbert, leaving the two genera Chetodipterus and
Parapsettus in a separate but closely related family, Hphippide
(= Drepanine, Klunzinger).

The American Chetodontide may be referred to three genera,
which may be defined as follows :

Review of the Chetodonlide

ANALYSIS OF GENEKA OF CH A®TODONTID2,

a. Preopercle unarmed ; dorsal spines not graduated, some of the median
spines Jonger than the last spines ; scales comparatively large ;
(young with the Tholichthys form. ). ; - ae
6. Snout (nasals, palatines, etc.) with premawxillaries articular and den-
tary bones much produced, beak-like ; cleft of mouth, with max-

illaries short ; lateral line ceasing under soft dorsal.

c. Dorsal spines 12 or 18 ; soft rays about 20 (19 to 28).

PROGNATHODES, 1.

bb. Snout little if at all produced ; dorsal spines usually 12 to 14; anal
spines 3.
CHETODON, 2.

aa. Preopercle armed with a very strong spine at its angle ; (young without
Tholichthys form ?).
d. Dorsal spines 8 to 14; vertical limb of preopercle above spine armed
or nnarmed. oa
POMACANTHUS, 3.

Genus I, PROGNATHODES.

PROGNATHODES Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 238 (pelta) (name
only.).
Type Chelmo pelta Ginther, (= Chelmo aculeatus Poey.).

This genus, containing two species, P. longirostris and P.
aculeatus, seems to be intermediate between Chelmon and Che-
todon, having the produced snout of the former and a fin-formula
more like that usually seen in the latter. Its value as a genus
is doubtful, its species differing less from those of Chelmon than
extreme forms of Chetodon differ from each other. Its two spe-

cies are, moreover, very distinct, the one (/ongirostris) having *

small scales and a very long beak, while the other (aculeatus),
has the scales large, and the beak not very much longer than in
some species properly referred to Chetodon.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF PROGNATHODES.

a. [Snout modcrately produced, about half length of head ; profile steep,
concave. Maxillary reaching to middle of snout. Angle of pre-
opercle rounded, minutely serrate. Dorsal spines long and very
strong ; 4th spine 2 in depth ; membrane between spines deeply
notched. Soft anal higher than soft dorsal ; their basal halves

7%
we

of North America.

alone scaled. Caudal truncate ; uniform reddish brown, with
shining longitudinal streaks, following the series of scales ; spi-
nous dorsal and its base blackish; soft dorsal bordered with
orange ; other fins yellowish or colorless; border of opercle
orange ; ocular band dark, narrower than eye, without paler
border, not extending below eye. D. XIII, 19; A. III, 15;
Scales 8-40-19. Depth 2 in length ; head 3.] (Giinther, Poey.)

ACULBATUS, 1.

1. PROGNATHODES ACULEATUS.

Chelmon aculeatus Poey, Memorias, II, 202 (July, 1860). (Havana.)

Prognathodes aculeatus Poey, Synopsis, 1868, 354 ; Poey, Enumeratio, 1875,
63 (Cuba).

Chelmo pelta Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., I, 88 (September, 1860). (Lo-
cality unknown.)

Habitat, West Indian Fauna.

This species is known to us only from the accounts of-Ginther
and Poey.

Genus 2. CH ETODON.

CuZTopoON Artedi, Genera, 1788, 51 ; Synonymia, 1738, 89 (numerous spe-
cies, many belonging to Pomacanthus, etc.).—

TETRAGONOPTRUS Klein, Historia Piscium, 1744, 37 (many species, stria-
tus, etc. ).
CH&ToODON Linneus, Systema Nature, X, 1758, 272 (includes the then
known Chetodontide, some Acanthuride, etc.).
CH4TODON Cuvier, Régne Animal, ed. II, 1827 (strzatus, capistratus, etc.).
RABDOPHORUS Swainson, Fish., Rept., and Amph., 1839, II, 21 (ephip-
pium).
C1IrHAR@Dvws Kaup, ‘‘ Wiegm. Arch., 1860 (meyerz).”’
ETEIRA Kaup, ‘‘l. c ((riangularis=strigangulus).”’
LrinopHora Kaup, ‘‘1. ¢ (awriga).”
SaRoTHRODUS Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 238 (‘‘ Chetodon Cuv.,
nec Artedi” substitute for Chetodon, transferred to Pomacanthus).
THOLICHTHYS Giinther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, 1868, 457 (osseus,
larval form).
TETRAGONOPTRUS Bleeker, Rev. Famille Chetodontoides, 1877, 52 (str7-
- atus).

Wa Review of the Chetodontide

CHA&TODONTOPS Bleeker, 1. c.. 53 (collaris).

HEMICHATODON Bleeker, |. c., 53 (capistratus).

LEPIDOCH2ZTODON Bleeker, 1. c., 54 (unimaculatus).

OxYCHA&TODON Bleeker, |. ¢., 54 (lineolatus). .

GONOCHZXTODON Bleeker, 1. ¢.. 54 (tréangulum).

CuatTopon Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis Fish. North America, 1883, 614
(capistratus).

ANISOCH#TODON Klunzinger, Fische des Rothen Meeres, 1884, 54 (auriga,
ele:):

Type, Chetodon capistratus.

As the first species enumerated under Chetodon by Artedi,
belongs to the modern genus Pomacanthus, Bleeker, Gill and
Poey have transferred the name Chetodon to the latter group.
The present genus is therefore called by Gill. Sarothrodus, and
by Bleeker, Tetragonoptrus, the latter name being taken from
Klein.

If, however, our generic nomenclature is to date from 1758,
this change is inadmissable. The Chetodon of Linneeus practi-
cally corresponded to the modern family of Chetodontide. It
was first restricted by Cuvier to species of the type of the Lin-
bean species, striatus. capistratus, etc., and with this group the
name must remain. The selection of capistratus as the actual
tvpe of the genus dates from the work of Jordan & Gilbert.

Very young forms of Chetodon, which are provided with
large flat, membranous, scale-lhke, expansions or shields devel-
oped from the bones about the head (preopercle, shoulder-girdle,
etc.), have been described under the generic name of Tholichthys.
The true character of Tholichthys as a \arval Chetodon, has been
shown by Dr. Liitken (Spolia Atlantica). :

The species of Chetodon are very numerous, and abound in
all tropical seas about the coral reefs.

ANALYSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CHAZ TODON.

«@. Scales of trunk all subequal, with their posterior margins regularly
rounded.

b. Series of scales below the axis of the body running obliquely upward

and backward. (Chetodontops Bleeker.)

of North America. 5

e, [Ocular band extending from dorsal only to eye, not across the cheek ;
snout little produced, its length less than diameter of eye ; body
deep, the height 12 in extreme length ; muzzle with a blackish
band ; a transverse band between eyes, much narrower than eye;
a band between dorsal fin and interorbital area, descending to
temples and bordered with whitish; another crosses dorsal fin, cau-
dal peduncle, and near margin of anal, the anterior margin of which
extends from the base of the anterior soft rays to axilla of anal
fin ; caudal, produced part of dorsal, margin of anal, and all of
pectoral and ventral fins pale. D. XII, 24. A. III, 20. Scales
44.] (Giil.) NIGRIROSTRIS, 2.

ec. Ocular band extending beyond the eye across the cheek and interopercle,;
no transverse band between the eyes.

d. A large black spot, not ocellated, on base of soft dorsal ; an indistinct
band extending vertically across from it to base of: anal ; a small
black spot on tip of soft dorsal, (obsolete in young) ; ocular band
narrower than eye, extending from in front of dorsal through eye
and over interopercle ; no humeral band ; a black spot on opercle
above ; body subrhomboidal ; the anterior profile concave ; snout
somewhat produced, longer than eye. Lateral line extending to
below posterior third of soft dorsal. Dorsal and anal fins angu-
lar behind ; depth 14 in length ; head 3. D. XIII (or XID), 20;
A. III, 16. Scales 6-34-15 ; (81 in a median series).

OCELLATUS, 3.

dd. No spot at base of soft dorsal ; dorsal and anal rounded behind.*
e. Humeral band wanting.

fF. Ocular band jet black, not white-edged, little narrower than eye,
extending from first and second dorsal spine through eye
and over cheek ; another band from fourth and fifth dorsal
spines to base of posterior half of anal, not extending on
anal ; a dark line from dorsal down the middle line of fore-
head ; rest of body yellowish without markings. Body deep,
strongly compressed ; snout somewhat produced, 24 in head,
forming an angle with the descending profile ; second dorsal
spine highest, as long as head; caudal rounded. Lateral
line extending to below first dorsal ray, depth 12 in length
‘2m total); ead 22-(8) ;. D: X11, 18;. A: IT], 17.. Scales
9-36-17. AYA, 4.

if. [Ocular band edged with whitish, narrower than eye, con.
tinued across interopercle ; a brown, white-edged vertical
band from extremity of dorsal across tail over posterior half

* This character has not been verified in Chaetodon aya.

Review of the Chetodontide

of soft anal; fins and body otherwise chifly pale. Body
deep, the back elevated ; snout subconical, somewhat pro-
duced. as long as eye. Depth 2 in total length ; head 4 D.
XIT, 28; A. ILI, 19; scales 7-88-17.] (Poey, Gunther.)
SEDENTARIUS, 5.

ce. Humeral band present, black, broader than eye, extending from front
of spinous dorsal to base of pectoral ; ocular band narrower
than eye, extending from in front of dorsal across eye and over
cheek and interopercle ; a broad band from last dorsal spines
to base of anal ; soft dorsal and anal with a dark band paral-
lel with the margin ; three dark bands across caudal fin and.
peduncle. Body deep, the back elevated, the profile steep
and concave ; snout very slightly produced, shorter than eye,
which is 3 in head ; scales on head small. Lateral line ex-
tending to below posterior end of soft dorsal. Head 3 in
length ; depth 14. D. XIII, 20; A. IIT, 17; seales 6-30-17.
HUMERALIS, 6.

bb. Series of scales below the axis of the body horizontal or very nearly so.
( Tetragonoptrus Bleeker.)

Jf. [Soft dorsal and anal rounded behind ; snout slightly produced,
very little longer than eye ; body with fine blackish cross-
bars, the first an ocular band, narrower than eye, from dor-
sal through eye and over interopercle ; second, a humeral
bar from front part of spinous dorsal to ventral region ;
third, from last five dorsal spines to front of soft anal, curved
forwards ; fourth curved backwards, from last dorsal spines
along whole base of soft dorsal to base of anal ; fifth, across
middle of caudal fin and extending as a marginal band on
soft dorsal and anal; this yellow-edged behind. Ventrals
black. Young with a black spot ocellated with white on
upper part of fourth band. D. XII (XD, 21> ASE 16;
scales 8-40-16.] (Génther, etc.) STRIATUS, 7.

bbb. Serves of scales below the avis of the body extending downward and back-
ward. (Chetodon=Hemichetodon Bleeker.)

g. Body not very deep, the back not greatly elevated, the ante-
rior profile concave ; snout somewhat produced, as long as
the eye ; soft dorsal and anal fins angulated behind. Dorsal
spines rather slender. Scales rather large, their arrangement
peculiar, those above the level of the upper part of the eye,
placed in straight series which run upward and backward,
those below this line running similarly downward and back-
ward ; each series of scales being sharply marked by a con-
tinuous blackish streak, underneath the scales. Ocular band
edged with pale, much narrower than eye, and extending

of North America.

across eye and cheek ; a very large jet-black spot, ocellated
with pale, below soft dorsal ; soft dorsal and caudal with
two narrow black bands, the margins abruptly pale. Head
3+; depth 14. D. XTII (X11), 19; A. III, 17. Scales 6-42-17.

CAPISTRATUS, 8.

2. CHZZTODON NIGRIROSTRIS.
Sarothrodus nigrirostris Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862, 248 (Cape San
Lucas).
Yhetodon nigrirostris Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, 365
(Cape San Lucas) ; Jordan, Cat. N. A. Fishes, 102, 1885 (name only).

Habitat, Cape San Lucas.

This species is known to us only through the descriptions of
Gill. The original types alone have been taken.

3. CHZETODON OCELLATUS.

C hetodon ocellatus Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 211, fig. 2, 1787; Walbaum,
Artedi, Genera, 414, 1792 (copied) ; Turton, Syst. Nat., I, 777, 1806
(India) ; Jordan, Cat. Fish. North America, 102, 1885 (name only).

Chetodon bimaculatus Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 219, fig. 1, 1790 ; Walbaum,
Artedi, Genera, 415, 1792 (copied); Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist.
Nat. Poiss., VII, 67, 1831 (Havana, Martinique, Porto Rico, San Do-
mingo); Storer, Syn. Fish. N. A., 338, 1845 (copied) ; Poey, Mem.
de Cuba, IJ, 871, 1860 (Cuba) ; Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 9,
1860 (Jamaica) ; Poey, Enum. Pisc. Cub., 62, 1875 (Cuba) ; Jordan
& Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A.; 940, 1882.

Sarothrodus bimaculatus Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1870, 474 (Santa
Cruz); Poey, Enum. Pisce. .Cub.: 62, 1875 (Cuba) : Goode, Bull. U.
S. Nat. Mus., V, 43, 1876 (Bermudas).

Sarothrodus maculoctnctus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 99, 1861 (New
port).

Chetodon maculocinctus Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. N. A., 616, 1882.
Sarothrodus amplexicollis Poey, Enum. Pisc. Cub., 68, 1875 (Cuba).

Habitat, West Indian Fauna; India.

The numerous specimens examined by us are from Havana.
There is no doubt that Sarothrodus maculocinctus from the Gulf
Stream, is the young of this common tropical species.

oP Oe Pe ee
Pl Vyas

8 eeview of the Cheetodontide

4. CHE TODON AYA.

Chetodon aya Jordan, Proc. U. S§.. Nat. Mus., 1886, 225 (Snapper Banks
near Pensacola, Fla.).

Habitat, Northern Gulf Coast of Florida ; Pensacola.

We have examined the original type of this species, which
is now in the United States National Museum (No. 37747) ;
length 13 inches. ‘The description given here is that of the
young ; the adult will probably be found to vary somewhat from
the proportions given here. |

5. CHETODON SEDENTARIUS.

Chetodon sedentarius Poey, Mem. de Cuba, II, 208, 1858 (Cuba).

Sarothrodus sedentarius Poey, Syn. Pisc. Cub., 364, 1868 (Cuba) ;° Poey,
Enum. Pisc. Cub., 62, 1875 (Cuba).

Chetodon gracilis Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IJ, 20, 1860 (Caribbean
Sea ; West Indies).

Habitat, West Indian Fauna.

This species is known to us only through descriptions.

6. CHA TODON HUMERALIS.

Chetodon humeralis Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., II, 19, 1860 (Sand-
wich Islands); Giinther, Fishes Central America, 419, pl. 65, f. 3,
1866 (Pacific Coast Central America) ; Jordan, Cat. Fishes N. A., 102,
1885 (name only).

Habitat, Pacific Coast of Central America.

The specimens examined by us are from Colima, on the West
Coast of Mexico. The occurrence of this species at the Sand-
wich Islands is questionable.

7. CHETODON STRIATUS.
Chetodon No. 7, Artedi, Syn. 95; No. 10, Sueci Descr. Spec. Pisc., 80, _
1738.
Labrus rostro reflexo fasciis lateralibus tribus fuscis, Linneeus, Ameen, Ac.
I, 595, 1749.

of North America. g

Chatodon striatus Linnxus, Syst. Nat,, ed. X, 275, 1758 (India) ; ¢d. ed.

XI, 464, 1766: Bloch. Ichthyologia, plate 205, fig. 1, 1787; Gmelin,

Syst. Nat., I, 1249, 1788 (India); Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 222,

- 1801 (East Indies) ; Turton, Linneeus, Syst. Nat., I, 772, 1806 (India);

Cuvier & Valencicnnes, Hist. Nat. Poissons, VII, 10 (San Domingo,

Martinique, St. Thcmas) ; Storer, Syn. Fish. North Am., 888, 1845

(copied) ; Gronow, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 68, 1854 (Indian Sea) ; Poey,

Mem. de Cuba, I], 871, 1860 (Cuba) ; Castelnau, ‘‘ Anim. Amer. Sud.

Poiss., 19,” 1850, 61; Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 8, 1860
(Puerto Cabello, Venezuela, St. Domingo, Jamaica).

Sarothredus striatus Poey, Syn. Pise. Cub., €52, 1868 (Cuba) ; Poey, Enum.
Pisce. Cub.. 62, 1875 (Cuba).

Habitat. West Indian Fauna and Jndia.

Known to us through descriptions and plates only.

8. CHAETODON CAPISTRATUS.

Labrus rostrvo refexo ocello gurgureo ivide alta juata caudam, Linnaeus,
Ameen. Ac. I, 596, 1749.

Chetodon capistratus Linneeus, Syst. Nat.. ed. X, 275, 1758 (India) ; Lin-
neeus, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, 465, 1766 (India) ; Bloch, Ichthyologia,
tab. 205, fig. 2, 1787: Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1250, 1788 (Jamaica) ; Wal-
baum, Artedi, Syn., 414, 1792 (Jamaica) ; Bloch & €&chneider, Syst.
Ichth., 222, 1801 (Indian Sea); Turton, Linneeus, 772, 1806 (Jamai-
ca) ; Risso, ‘‘ Eur. Merid., III, 482,” 1827; Cuvier & Valenciennes,
Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 64, 1831 (Martinique, San Domingo, St. Tho-
mas, Cuba); Gronow, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 67, 1854 (American
Seas) ; Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., I], 12, 1860 (Jamaica, Puerto
Cabello, Demarara, Trinidad) ; Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. North
America, 940, 1883; Jordan, Cat. Fishes North America, 102, 1885
(name only).

Sarothrodus capistratus Poey, Enum. Pisc. Cub., 62, 1875 (Cuba).

Habitat, Indian and West Indian Fauna.
The specimens examined by us are from Havana. It is a com-
mon fish of the West Indian fauna.

Genus 3.- POMACANTHUS. ,

PoMACANTHUS Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 517, 1803 (gréson).

Houtacantuus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 525, 18038 (¢rzcolor, etc.).

GENICANTHUS Swainson, Fish. Amphib. & Rept., IT, 212, 1838 (amarckit
& tricolor).

pA | a thar.
* ‘a?

10 Review of the Chetodontide

CENTROPYGE Kaup, Wiegm. Arch., XXVI, 1, 1876, 138 (tzbicen).
POMACANTHODES Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 244 (conipectus).
ACANTHOCHATODON Bleeker, ‘‘ Arch. Néerl. Sc. Nat., Kit 5,” 1876 (lepi-
dolepis). — Nee
CH2TODON Bleeker, |. c. (transferred to species ot Pomacanthus, as the first
species of Chatodon mentioned by Artedi belongs to the latter group). —

Type, Pomacanthus grison.

Lacépede based his genera Pomacanthus and Holacanthus on
the armature of the preopercle. This character is not sufficient .
to separate the species of this group into two genera, because,
1st: The armature varies in the species of Holacanthus from
minute serre (passer and tricolor) to a number of strong spines
(ciliaris) ; 2nd: The upper limb of the preopercle, in the young
at least of some species otherwise resembling Pomacanthus (zont-
pectus), is armed with minute serre. We have therefore placed
those species having a spine at the preopercle and the dorsal
spines graduated, in the genus Pomacanthus, regardless of the
armature of the upper limb of the preopercle. ‘The degree of
the graduation of the dorsals might offer some distinctive char-
acters ; the species of Pomacanthus proper, having each succeed-
ing spine decidedly higher than the one preceding it. But here
again we find variation in the species of Holacanthus : the spines
of H. tricolor are all of about the same hight, with the excep-
tion of the Jast two or three, while in H. ciliaris the spines are
regularly graduated, though the last spine docs not attain the
hight that the spines in the species of Pomacanthus do. ‘The
subdivision adopted by Dr. Giinther, although natural enough,
does not seem very scientific,—the species with 8 to 10 spines
being placed in Pomacanthus, while those with 12 or more con-
stitute the genus Holacanthus. One species properly belonging
to the former group has 11 spines.

ANALYSIS OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF POMACANTHUS.

a. Dorsal spines 8 to 11; dorsal rays 23 to 32 ; scales of different size, the lon.
gitudinal and cross series not distinct.

b. Scales of the luteral line 50.to 55. Dorsal spines 9 (rarely 8), soft rays 30

to 32; anal rays III, 24. Color in the adult steel-gray. The

larger scales surrounded by smaller ones ; each scale with a

dark spot at base ; older specimens nearly plain yellowish,

of North America. 11

young with about 4 whitish cross-bands ; caudal truncate,
with a pale edge ; base of pectoral without. orange. Depth
14 in length, head 3%. Scales 8-53-27. First dorsal spine
about 5 in the length of the last, which is 1} to 1} in head.
AUREUS, 9.
bb. Scales of the lateral line 70 to 90.

¢. Dorsal spines usualiy 10; the soft rays 29 to 30. Anal rays IIL, 23 to
24. Oolor black ; scales of different sizes on the body, most
of them with yellow edge ; young witb’yellowish cross-bands ;
base of pectoral orange ; caudal rounded, its border not pale;
65 scales in a median series ; 85 to 90 in the series above the
lateral line. ARCUATUS, 10.

cc, | Dorsal spines 11, soft rays 23 ; anal rays IIT, 20 to 22. Protile very
steep, uneven ; vertical limb of preopercle with minute serre,
at least in young ; spine at angle of opercle about as long as
eye. Soft rays of anal lower than those of dorsal. Soft dor-
sal highest toward the front, the rays more rapidly shortened
posteriorly than those of anal. Caudal somewhat rounded ;
Ventrals elongate, reaching 3rd anal spine, the first ray fila-
mentous. Scales of body irregular in size, large and small
ones closely intermixed ; scales of head, breast, and front of
back very small. Color brownish, a broad dark band gird-
ing the breast and extending up to 5th dorsal spine. Young
pure black on dorsal and anal. Top of head with a median
line of bright yellow, dividing at the snout, extending along
each side of mouth and meeting on throat below. Sides with
five very distinct narrow bright yellow cross-bars, strongly con-
vex forward ; blue lines between bars. Depth 1} in length ;
head 84. Scales in lateral line 70.] (Jordan & Gilbert, Gill.)
ZONIPECTUS, 11.

aa. Dorsal spines 14, dorsal rays 17 to 20; scales all of about the same size,
the rows lengthwise and crosswise quite distinct.

d. Ascending limb of preopercle armed only with small serra, the largest
not more than +5 the length of the large spine at the angle,
which vs about 24 in head.

é. [Seales in lateral line 75 to 80 ; the angles of the caudal not pro-
duced into filaments ; preorbital with two or three blunt points.
Color brown, with a transverse white band from the sixth
dorsal spine ; caudal, ventral, pectoral, and margin of ana]
fins yellow. Head with two distinct bluish bands, one in
front of eyes, one from front of dorsal behind the eye.
Depth 23 in length ; head 4. D. XIV, 17 or 18; A. III,
16-18.] (Valenciennes, etc.) PAssER, 12.

Review of the Chetodontide

ec. Scales in lateral Vine 48 ; the angles of the caudal produced into

filaments ; preorbital with a distinct blunt spine. Color m

life: head, anterior part of trunk and caudal fin, golden yel-

low ; rest of body, snout and chin, black ; dorsal, analand _

opercle edged with scarlet ; orange on upper and lower ray
of caudal ; iris yellow, blue above and below. Depth 12 in.
length ; head 34. D. XIV, 19: A. III, 18. Scales 3-48-25.
First dorsal spine 14 in length of the last, which is 23 in head.
TRICOLOR, 13.

dd. Ascending limb of preopercle armed with 3 to 9 strong spines, the

largest about 4 the length of the large spine at the angle, which
is 3$ to 44 tn head , caudal obliquely rounded ; its angles not
produced ; angle of dorsal and anal very much produced,
their tips extending beyond caudal ; preorbital without a
distinct spine. Color in life: yellowish brown on sides, each
scale with a darker or orange spot ; back shaded with violet,
which grows brighter and merges into intense sky-blue along
the edges of the spinous dorsal and on the region before the
dorsal ; scales of dorsal region with brown spots like those
on sides ; head paler ; the upper lips yellowish, lower jaw
reddish ; spines of preopercle and edze of opercle very brigit
sky-blue ; iris yellow, marked above and below by blue: a
blue bar extending from in front of first dorsal spine half
way to eye; breast a sky-blue ; pectorals sky-blue at hase,
then broadly golden, its edge pale ; ventrals golden ; poste-
rior edge and produced lobe of dorsal and anal golden yel-
low ; caudal broadly edged with yellow. -Depth 14 to 12 in
length ; head 33 to 32. D. XIV, 20, A. TA 18) Seales
8-45-28. First dorsal spine about 23 in the length of the last,
which is .24 in head. Vertebre 104-14. CiuiaRis, 14.

9. POMACANTHUS AUREUS.

Chetodon aureus Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 193, fig. 1, 1787 ; Walbaum, Ar-
tedi Genera, 407, 1792 (copied) ; Bloch & Schneider. Syst. Ichth., 217,
1801 (Antilles) ; Turton, Linneeus Syst. Nat., I, 778, 1806 (copied) ;
Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cub., 350, 1868 (Cuba).

Pomacanthus aureus Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1802 (Brazil) ; Cuvier

; & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 202, 1831 (St. Thomas, San
Domingo): Storer, Syn. Fish. N. A., 840, 1845 (copied) : Poey, Mem.
de Cuba, IT, 371, 1860 (Cuba) ; Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884,
131 (Key West) ; Jordan, Cat. Fish. North America, 1885, 103 (name

only).

Chirivita Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cub., 10, plate 6, fig. 2, 1787

(Cuba).

—“~

of North America. 1E

Pomacanthus arcuatus Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 201, fig. 2, 1887; Bloch &
Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 218, 1801 ; Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV,
1802 (after Bloch).

Pomacanthus balteatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 208,
1831 (Porto Rico); Storcr. Syn. Fish. N. A., 1845, 340 (copied).

Pomacanthus parw Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 55, 1860 (in part),
(West Indies).

Chetodon arcuatus Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cub., 351, 1868 (Havana.

Pomacanthus arcuatus Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish. North America, 616,
1883 ; Baird, Bull. U. 8. Fish. Com., 1884, 178 (Barnegat City, N. J.).

FHlabitat, West Indian Fauna north to New Jersey.
The many specimens examined are from Havana.

There is considerable difficulty in distinguishing the synonymy
of this species from that of arcuwatus ; the differences between the
two species are those set forth in the Key ; but the deseriptions
and figures often contain elements from both species, on account
of the similarity of coloration in the young. Pomacanthus arcu-
atus Bloch, belongs here, having nine dorsal spines, the candal
white-edged but rounded. Chefodon arcuatus Poev, and Poma-
canthus arcuatus Jordan & Gilbert, are placed here on the au-
thority of those anthors.

10. POMACANTHUS ARCUATUS.

Paru Brasiliensibus Marcgrave, Hist. Pisc., Lib. I, 144, 1648 (Brazil).
Guaperna Brasiliensibus Marcgrave, Hist. Pisc., Lib. I. 178, 1648 (Brazil).
Chetodon No. 3, Artedi, Syn. 91, 1788.

Chetodon No. 4, Brown, ‘‘ Jamaica, 454,” 1756 (Jamaica).

Chetodon arcuatus Linneeus, Syst. Nat., ed. X. 273, 1758 (Indies) ; same,
ed. XII, 462. 1766 (Indies) ; Turton, Linneus Syst. Nat., I, 769, 1806
(copied) ; Bleeker, Arch. Néerl. Sci. et Nat., XI, 181, 1876 (Surinam,
Hayti, Santa Cruz).

Chetodon lutescens Bonnaterre, ‘‘Planche de l’Encyclopédie Methodique,
182,” 1782:

Pomacanthus lutesceens Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss, IV, 518, 1802 (after
Brown),

Chetodon paru Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 197, fig 1, 1787; Bloch & Schnei-
der, Syst. Ichth., 217, 1801 ; Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1256, 1788 (copied);
Turton, Linneus Syst. Nat., I, 774, 1806 (South America); Poey,
Syn. Pisce. Cub., 351, 1868 (Havana).

14 feview of the Chetodontide

Pomacgnthus paru Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 205, 1831
(Martinique) ; Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1], 55, 1860 (Bahia,
Puerto Cabello, Jamaica), [in part].

Chirivita Parra, Descr. Dif. Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 9, plate 6, fig. 1, 1787
(Cuba). ea
Pomacanthus cingulatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Vil, 209,
1831 ; Castelnau, ‘‘ Anim nouv. ou rares de l’Amer. du Sud, Poiss.,

20,” 1855.

Pomacanthus quinquecinctus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII,
210, 1831 (locality 7); Castelnau, ‘‘ Anim nouv. ou rares de |’ Amer.
du Sud, Poiss., 20,” 1855.

Chetodon quinquecinctus Poey, Syn. Pisc. Cub., 851,.1868 (Cuba).

Pomacanthus arcuatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. VII. 211,
1831 (locality ?); Liitken, Spolia Atlantica, 61, 1880; Castelnau.
‘* Anim. nouv. ou rares de l’Amer. du Sud, Poiss., 20,” 1855.

Chetodon littoricola Poey, Syn. Pisc. Cub., 351, 1868 (Cuba) ; Poey, Enum.
Pisc. Cub., 60, 1875 (Cuba).

Habitat, West Indian Fauna south to Bahia.

Known to us only through descriptions and figures.

11. POMACANTHUS ZONIPECTUS.

Pomacanthodes zonipectus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862, 244 (San Sal-
vador) ; the same, 1863, 162 (W. coast Central America).

Pomacanthus zonipectus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 376
(Nicaragua, San Salvador) ; Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 386
(Mazatlan, Panama); Jordan, Cat. Fishes N. A., 1885, 103 (name
only).

Pomacanthus crescentalis Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 358
(Mazatlan Harbor and Panama). (Young of zonipectus.)

Hathitat, West coast of tropical America.

This species is known to us only through descriptions. ‘The
young, quite unlike the adult in color, were at first taken by
Jordan & Gilbert for a distinct species.

12. POMACANTHUS PASSER.

Holacanthus passer Valenciennes. Voyage Venus, 327, pl. 6, 18381 (Gala-
pagos Archipelago); Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., II, 46, 186
(copied).

of North America. li

Hotacanthus strigatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1862, 248 (Cape San
" Lueas) ; Jordan, Cat. Fishes North America, 103, 1885 (name only) ;
Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1885, 885 (Cape San Lucas, Colim).
Pomacanthus strigatus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1882, 353
~ (Cape San Lucas) ; Jordan & Gilbert, the same, 1884, 365 (Cape San
Lucas) ; Jordan & Gilbert, the same, 1884, 372 (Colima).

Habitat, West coast Central America and Galapagos Islands.

We have not seen this species.
There seems to be little doubt that Holacanthus strigatus is
the young of folacanthus passer.

13. POMACANTHUS TRICOLOR.

Cataténeta. Parra, Descr. Dif: Piez. Hist. Nat. Cuba, -12, lam. VII, f. 2,
787 (Cuba).

Acarauna Edwards, ** plate 285, fig. 4.”

Chetoden tricolor Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 426, 1795 ; Bloch and Schneider,
Ichth., 219, 1801 (Brazil and Havana).

Holacanthus tricolor Lacepéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 10, 525, 1803 (Brazil, Gua-
daloupe, Cuba) ; Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 162,
1831 (St. Thomas) ; Storer, Syn. Fishes North America, 340, 1845
(copied) ; Poey, Mem. Cuba, IJ, 371, 1860 (Cuba) ; Giinther, Cat.

- Fishes Brit. Mus., II, 49, 1860 (Bahia, West Indies, Jamaica, Trini-

dad) ; Poey, Enumeratio, 61, 1875; Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
V, 44, 1876 (Bermudas).

Genicanthus tricolor Swainson, Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles, II, 212,
1839 (name only).

Pomacanthus tricolor Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fishes North America, 941,
1882.

Habitat, West Indian fauna south to Bahia.

The single specimen of this species examined is from Havana.
Its synonymy offers no difficulty.

14. POMACANTHUS CILIARIS.

-Acarauna major pinnis cornutis, an Paru Brasiliensibus (the Angel-fish,)
Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car., Fla., and Bahama Is., 1731, plate 31.

Chetodon ciliaris Linnus, Syst. Nat., ed. X, 276, 1758 (Indies) (in part) ;
Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. XII, 1766; Bloch, Ichthyologia, taf. 214,
1787; Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1252, 1788 (copied) ; Bloch & Schneider,

16 | Review of the Chatodontide

Syst. Ichth., 218, 1801; Turton, Linneus Syst. Nat., I, 778, 1806
(copied) ; Walbaum, Artedi Pisc., 419, 1806 (copied). unis

Holacanthus ciliaris Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 527, 1802 (Indies) ;
Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII. 154, 1831 (Gulf of:
Mexico) ; Storer, Syn. Fishes N. A., 339, 1845 (copied) ; Poey, Mem.
de Cuba, II, 371, 1860 (Cuba) ; Giinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., II;
46, 1860 (Bahia, West Indies, Jamaica) ; Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast
N. A., 34, 1861 (mame only); Poey, Syn. Pisce. Cubs, )3aip ieee
(Cuba) ; Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. A.. 24, 1873 ; Goode, Bull. U.
S. Nat. Mus., V, 43, 1876 (Bermudas); Liitken, Spolia Atlantica,

200, 1880 (Antilles) ; Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1884, 131 (Key
West) ; Jordan, Cat. Fishes North America, 108, 1885 (name only .

Pomacanthus ciliaris Jordan and Gilbert. Syn. Fishes North America, 615,
1882 (West Indies, South Atlantic coast).

Isabelita ‘“ Parra, Deser.. Dif. Piez.’ Hist. Nat. Cuba, ply 77a ly een
(Cuba). . f

Chetodon parre Bloch and Schneider, 235, 1801 (after Parra).
Holacanthus parre Poey, Enum. Pisce. Cub., 61, 1875 (Cuba).

Chetodon squamulosus Shaw, ‘* Naturalists’ Miscellany,” 1807, 275 (after
Catesby).

Holacanthus cornutus Demarest, Decade Ichthyologique, 44, pl. 3, f. 3, 1823
(Cuba). °

Chetodon aculeatus Gronow, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus., 73, 1854.

Holacanthus formosus Castelnau, ‘‘ Anim. nouv. ou rares de ?PAmer. du
Sud, Poiss., 19, pl. 11, f. 2,” 1855 (fide Litken); Gtnther, Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mus., II, 47, 1860 (Sea of Bahia).

Habitat, West Indies. .
Our specimens of this species are from Key West, Florida. It
is a common member of the West Indian fauna.

A List oF THE NoMINAIL SPECIES OF

of North America,

AMERICAN CHATODONTID.A IN

CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER, WITH IDENTIFICATIONS.

(Tenable specific names in italies.)

NOMINAL SPECIES.

Cheetodon arevatus -
Cheetodon striatus -
Cheetodon capistratus
Chieetodon ciliarus — -
Cheetodon lutescens -
Cheetodon paru -
~Cheetodon aureus — -
Cheetodon ocellatus -
Cheetodon bimacula-
tus - - -
Cheetodon tricolor -
Cheetodon parree -
Cheetodon squamulo-
sus - : =
Holacanthus cornutus
Pomacanthus baltea-
tus - - -
Pomacanthus cingu-
latus - : -
Pomacanthus quin-
quecinctus” -
Holacanthus passer -
Cheetodon aculeatus
Holacanthus formo-
sus - - :
Cheetodon sedentarius
Chelmon aculeatus — -
Chetodon humeralis
Cheetodon gracilis — -
Cheetodon pelta — -
Sarothrodus maculo-
cinctus Y= .
Sarothrodus nigriros-
tris - - =
Holacanthus strigatus
Pomacanthus zonipec-
tus - - -

Cheetodon littoricola

AUTHOR.

Linnezeus.
Linneeus.
Linneus.
Linneeus.
-Bonaterre.
Bloch.
Bloch.
Bloch.

Bloch.
Bloch.
Bloch & Schneider.

Shaw.
Demarest.

Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Valenciennes.
Gronow.

Castelnau.
Poey.
Poey.

Giinther.
Giinther.
Giinther.

Gill.

Gill.
Gill.

Gill.

Poey.

DATE.

1758

798
1758
1758
1782
1784

787

1787

1790
1795
1801

180?
1823

1831
1831
1831
1831
1854
1855

1858
1860

1860

1860
1860

1861

1862
1862

1862

1868

IDENTIFICATION.

Pomacanthus arcuatus.
Cheetodon striatus.
Cheetodon capistratus.
Pomacanthus ciliaris.
Pomacanthus arcuatus.
Pomacanthus arcuatus.
Pomacanthus aureus.
Cheetodon ocellatus.

Cheetodon ocellatus.
Cheetodon tricolor.
Pomacanthus ciliaris.

Pomacanthus ciliaris.
Pomacanthus ciliaris.
¢

Pomacanthus aureus.
Pomacanthus arcuatus.

Pomacanthus arcuatus,
Pomacanthus passer.
Pomacanthus ciliaris.

Pomacanthus ciliaris,
Cheetodon sedentarius.
Prognathodesaculeatus
Cheetodon humeralis.
Chetodon sedentarius.
Prognathodes aculeatus

Cheetodon ocellatus.

Cheetodon nigrirostris.
Pomacanthus passer.

Pomacanthus zonipec-
tus.
Pomacanthus arcuatus.

18 Review of the Chetodontide

NOMINAL SPECIES. AUTHOR. DATE. IDENTIFICATION.

Sarothrodus amplec-

ticollis - : - Poey. ; 1868 Cheetodon ocellatus.
Pomacanthus cres- % ue
centalis : . Jordan & Gilbert. 1881 Pomacanthus zonipec-
tus.
Cheetodon aya : Jordan. 1886 Cheetodon aya. |

We have in this paper admitted 3 genera and 14 species of
North American Chetodontide. The list of the genera and
species is here repeated, and the general distribution indicated
by the letters— |

W. West Indian fauna.
P. Tropical fauna of the Pacific coast.
S. Atlantic coast of South America.

Genus I. PROGNATHODES Gill.
1. PROGNATHODES ACULEATUS Poey. (W.)

Genus If. CH TODON Linn.
§ CH ETODONTOPS Bleeker.

CH4&TODON NIGRIROSTRIS Gill (Cape San Lucas).
CHAZTODON OCELLATUS Bloch (W. Indies).
CH2TODON AYA Jordan (Pensacola).

CHZTODON SEDENTARIUS Poey (W.).

6. CHATODON HUMERALIS Giinther (P.).

or HR Ce

§ TETRAGONOPTRUS Bleeker.
. CH2TODON striatus Linneus (W.).
§ HEMICH ETODON Bleeker.

8. CHATODON CAPISTRATUS Linnzus (W.).

Genus Lil. POMACANTHUS Lac.

9. POMACANTHUS AUREUS Bloch (W.).
10. PoMACANTHUS ARCUATUS Linnezus (P. 8.).
11. PoMACANTHUS ZONIPECTUs Gill (P.).
12. PoMACANTHUS PASSER Valenciennes (P.).
13. PoMACANTHUS TRICOLOR Bloch (W. §8.).
14. PoMACANTHUS CILIARIS Linnzus (W.).

Catalogue of Chemical Periodicals. Lg

II.—Supplement to a Catalogue of Chemical Periodicals.*

BY H. CARRINGTON BOLTON.

Read February 21, 1887.

i. ADDENDA TO TITLES.

AGENDA DU CHIMISTE. (KHstablished in 1877.)

. [b.] Sachregister zu den drei Jahrgingen 1823, 1824, und
1825 oder Band vii—xv des JAHRBUCHES DER CHEMIE
UND PuHysIk. Halle, 1826, 8vo.

13. [c.] Justus Lizsie’s ANNALEN DER CHEMIE UND PHAR-
MACIE. From Vol. 173 (1874) the words ‘‘ und Phar-
macie” are dropped.

14. Tables de la cinquiéme série des ANNALES DE CHIMIE
(1874-1883) dressées par Gayon. 1 vol. 8vo. Paris, 1885.

92. |b.] ANNALI DI cHIMICA [etc.]. 80 vols. (I-LXXX),
8vo. Milano, 1845-84.
United with Rivista di chimica medica e farmaceutica
and continued under the title :

[c.] Annali di chimica medico-farmaceutica e di farma-
cologia. Direttori, P. Albertoni, I. Guareschi ;
‘Condirettori, A. Pavesi, G. Colombo. Milano,
1885+

99. JAHRESBERICHT * * * * DER REINEN CHEMIE. 1873-81.
9 vols., roy. 8vo. Ttbingen, 1874-83. |

* Annals N. Y. Academy of Sciences, Vol. III, p. 159 (1885).

20 Supplement to a Catalogue

149. [4.] REPERTOIRE DE CHIMIE PURE ET APPLIQUEE, [etc.].
4 vols., 8v0. o. Parisaleas—o2: eae

And simultaneously : .
[C.] Bulletin des séances de la Société chimique de Paris.

pubhé par Adolphe Wurtz et Felix. Le. Blane. -

1858-62. 3 vols.,.8vo: Paris, 1861—62:

[C] united with [A] in 1863 and with [B] in 1864
forming [a] as given in the Catalogue.

|D.| Table analytique des matiéres contenues dans le
Bulletin de Ja Société chimique 1 et 2¢ Séries,
1858 4 1874, et dans les Répertoires de chimie pure
et de chimie appliquée ; suivie de Ja Table alpha-
bétique des auteurs dressés par Ed. Willm. 1 vol.,
Syvo. = Paris: 1376;

159. RIviIsTA DI CHIMICA, MEDICA E FARMACEUTICA. |
United in 1885 with Annali di chimica applicata fete...
See 92 (bj. i

180. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIOLOGISCHE CHEMIE. Sach-und
Namen-Register zu Band I-IV, Strassburg. 1882.

li. NEW TITLES.

183. BULLETIN DE L’ ASSOCIATION DES CHIMISTES DE SUCRERIE
ET DE DISTILLERIE DE FRANCE ET DES COLONIES. 8vVvO.
Paris, 1885-+

184. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON.
2 nos., January *84 to January 87. Washington [D. C.,]
1886-87.

185. CHEMIKER (Der) uND Drogist. Haupt-Organ fiir Chemi-
ker, Drogisten, Gewerbtreibende, etc. Herausgegeben von
H. Kritzer. 4to. Leipzig, 1885+

186. CHEMISCH-TECHNISCHER CENTRAL-ANZEIGER, Fach- und
Handelsblatt fiir Chemiker, Techniker, Drogisten, Apothe-
ker, Fabrikanten. Central-Insertions-Organ ftir die ge-

of Chemical Periodicals. 21

sammten chemischen Industriezweige und deren Hilfsin-
dustrieen. Verantwortlcher Redacteur, Karl Barthel
[/ater Otto Prinz]. Sm. fol. Leipzig, 1883-86-++.

187. DreurscHe CHEMIKER-ZEITUNG. Centralblatt fiir die che
mische Praxis und offentliche Gesundheitspflege. Unter
Mitwirkung bewahrter Fachgelehrten herausgegeben und
redigirt von Breslauer, 4to. Berlin, 1886+

188. JoUuRNAL (THE) oF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY. Edited by
Edward Hart. Associate editors, P. W. Shimer [and]
John Everman. With the assistance of the following spe-
Gauists: oF. C. Blake, F. W. Glarke, Isaac Ott, V. C.
Vaughan, H. W. Wiley. 8vo. Haston, Pa., 1887.

189. MEDDELELSER FRA CARLSBERG LABORATORIET. Udgifvet
ved laboratoriets bestyrelse. 2 vols., 8vo. Christiania,
1885-86-+

190. New YorK ANaAtyst (The). Devoted to the interests of
sanitary science, food, medicine and the suppression of
adulteration. Edited by Henry Lassing. 18 nos. 4to.
New York, 1885

[This is successor to an American reprint of the ANALYST pub-
lished in London ; hence the above is styled: ‘‘ New Series.’’]
From No. 19, Oct. 1st, 1885, continued under the title :

[a.] American Analyst. A popular semi-monthly review
devoted to industrial progress, sanitation and the
chemistry of commercial products. H. Lassing,
editor and publisher. 4to. New York, 1885-+-

191. SKANDINAYIENS KEMISK-TEKNISKE CENTRALBLAD for
Danmark, Sverige, Norge og Finland. Redigeret af G.
A. Schmidt. 4 vols., 8vo. Kjgbenhavn, 1882-85-++

192. SUPPLEMENTO ANNUALE ALLA ENCICLOPEDIA DI CHIMICA
SCIENTIFICA ED INDUSTRIALE, diretto dal Icilio Guareschi.
3 nos. Torino, 1884—86-+

yr. Chemical Periodicals.

193. Tokyo KaGAKKAI Karsnr. [Editor] J. Sakurai. 6 vols.,
8vo. Tokyo. June 1880-86-+ [Tokyo Chemical So-
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194. VIERTELJAHRESSCHRIFT UBER DIE FORTSCHRITTE AUF
DEM GEBIETE DER CHEMIE DER NAHRUNGS-UND GENUSS-
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hérenden Industriezweige. Unter Mitwirkung von Dege-
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E. Sell. 8vo. Berlin, 1886+

195. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE CHEMISCHE INDUSTRIE, mit beson-
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suchungsverfahren. Herausgegeben von Ferdinand Fi-
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196. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIKALISCHE CHEMIE, Stéchiometrie
und Verwandschaftslehre. Herausgegeben von Wilh.
Ostwald. Riga und Leipzig, 1887+

New West Indian Thrush. 233

Ill.—Description of a New Species of Thrush from the Island
of Grenada, West Indies.

BY GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.
Read February 28, 1887.

Two specimens, male and female, of the bird now described,
were received quite recently from Mr. John G. Wells. He writes
about them under date of January 21st, as follows: “I send you
per book post, skins of two birds shot in the Parish of St. An-
drew afew days ago. I remember shooting one of these birds
eight or nine years since, from a flock of six, and at the time I[
thought them to be migratory, but I am now convinced that they
are resident, though not numerous. ;

‘“From time to time a ‘Spotted Grieve’ has been reported to
me as being seen, but I could never obtain a specimen until now.
I hope the skins will reach you safely, and I shall anxiously
await your remarks upon them.”

This is a fine new species, and its having escaped discovery so
long is remarkable. It is the fourth new species obtained by
Mr. Wells, since he commenced sending me birds for identifti-
cation.

The two sexes are precisely alike in colors and dimensions, and
us the female is in much the best condition, I have chosen that
as the Type.

Margarops albiventris.
“Thrush ? Spe 7
The Park, St. Andrews, Grenada, Jan. 19, 1887.”

Female.—Kntire upper plumage of a dark hair-brown, with a dull reddish
cast on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; tail-feathers blackish-brown, with
a patch of white on their inner webs at the end ; quills blackish-brown, the
outer webs of the secondaries washed with light dull rufous; the ends of
the tertials are edged with white ; the- inner margins of the quills are of a
pale salmon color ; the greater wing-coverts are margined with pale rufous-

24 New West Indian Thrush.

white ; the feathers of the throat and fore-neck are whitish, with sub-termi-

nal bands and spots of brown ; breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts white,

having a few feathers edged with brown; sides dull white, the feathers

with strongly marked subterminal bands of brown; bill black ; tarsi and

toes reddish-brown.
Length (fresh) 9$ inches ; wing, 44; tail, 33 ; tarsus, 14.

Habitat, Island of Grenada, West Indies.
‘Type in National Museum, Washington.

Remarks.—This species, in distribution of colors and charac-.-
ter of markings on its under plumage, somewhat resembles @.
montanus, found in several of the more northerly islands. It is,
however, smaller in all its dimensions, and is of a much darker
brown above, montanus being of a warm brown, much lighter in
color ; the breast and abdomen are white, sparsely marked with
brown spots, whereas in montanus a small space cnly on the
middle of the abdomen is of a dull white, and the feathers of the
neck in front, the breast, the upper part of the abdomen and
the sidvs are closely marked with subterminal brown bands,
giving a general squamiform appearance to the under surface,
and making the under plumage of the two species strikingly dif-
ferent.

North. American Julide. 25

1V.— Notes on North American Julide.

BY CHARLES H. BOLLMAN.
Read February 28th, 1887.

The following paper is based upon the material of this family
embraced in the entomological collection in the Museum of the
Indiana University.

In connection with the description of the new species, it has
also been decmed best to introduce descriptions of those already
known to science.

The types of the new genera and species are deposited in the
above museum.

Family A. JULIDE Leach.

Genus i. JULUS Linn.

JuLus Linnzus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, I, 639, 1758.

This genus differs from Parajulus in the mandibulary combs
being four; the first segment of an equal size in both sexes ; the
second pair of feet not stunted; and the first pair of the male
small, three-jointed, the last joint large and uncinate.

As the subgenera of this genus are very much confused, I have
not attempted to give a key to those to which the following spe-
cies belong.

1. JULUS OWENITI, sp. nov.

Pale brown, a lateral series of dark brown spots, first dorsal plate with
a brown band along the anterior border ; a brown band between the
eyes ; a pale oval spot at the base of antenne ; feet and antenne pale.
Moderately slender, not smooth, not pilose. Vertex rough ; a faint
median sulcus ; setigerous foveole absent. Antenne subclavate,
equal to the width of body. Eyes indistinct, subcircular ; ocelli net
always filled out, about 28, arranged in 6 or 7 series. Segments 38-

26 North American Fulide.

40. First segment unusually thin, advanced forward to the eyes ;
sides striate. Other segments moderately striate both above and be-
Jow. Last segn ent rounded ; anal valves not marginate, not pilose ;
anal scale triangular. Repugnatorial pore moderately large, longitu-
dinally oval. touching the transverse suture, which is excised. Pairs
of feet 54-66, rather stout, equaling the width of body. Male: man- —
dibulary stipes not much produced beneath. First pair of legs small,
strongly uncinate. Genitalia concealed. Length of body 11.4-13.5
mim. ; width, .7-.8 mm.

Habitat, New Harmony, Indiana.

‘

I have examined two males of this species, collected by Dr.
Richard Owen, of New Harmony, Ind., after whom the species
is named. }

This species belongs to the sub-genus Allajulus as defined by

Latzel.

2. JULUS VIRGATUS Wood.

Julus virgatus Wood, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 14, 1864. :

Fulvous-brown, a black median and two lateral bands, a dark band be-
tween eyes ; joints of antenne tipped with black, feet pale. Slender,
nearly smooth; a row of hairs along the posterior border of each
segment. Vertex smooth ; a faint median sulcus ; setigerous foveole
present. Antenne moderate, subclavate, equaling width of body.
Eyes distinct, triangular or trapezoidal ; ocelli 25-40, arranged in 6-7
series. Segments 80-85. Sides of first segment marginate ; other seg- |
ments striate both above and below, but more so in the latter; last |
segment rather sharply rounded, sparsely pilose ; anal valves scarcely
marginate, smooth, pilose ; anal scale triangular, rather large, pilose. |
Repugnatorial pore small, partly concealed by the transverse suture, |
which is moderately excised. Pairs of feet, 50-65, not equaling width
of body, rather stout, sparsely pilose. Male: mandibulary stipes
moderately produced beneath. First pair of feet short, scarcely
thickened, strongly uncinate. Genitalia half concealed ; anterior
plate entirely concealed, except the end ; large, flat, the ends turning
outwards, rounded ; posterior plate composed apparently of three
pieces, strongly twisted together at base, anterior part expanded at the
end, ending in an inward curving spine, middle part not expanded,
end pointed, posterior blade-like, pointing inwards and projecting out
on the inner side of the others, the tip rounded. Flagellum not de-
tected. Length of body, 8-12 mm. ; width, .7-1 mm.

North American Julide. Pay

Habitat, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, and Indiana.

I have examined numerous specimens of this species from
Bloomington, Indiana, where it seems to be common in orchards
and pastures having a thick growth of grass.

The females are considerably more robust than the males.

3. JULUS MINUTUS Brandt.

Julus pusillus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 106, 1821 (pre-occupied).
Julus minutus Brandt, Recueil, 89, 1840.

Brown, a lateral row of ovate, black spots; feet pale; antenne black
and white ; a dark band and three white spots, forming a /\ between
the eyes. Slender, finely wrinkled above, not pilose. Vertex witha
very faint median sulcus ; setigerous foveole absent. Antenne mo.
derate, equaling the width of body. Eyes distinct ; ocelli, 8 or 9, ar-
ranged in a single, longitudinal, curved series behind the antenne.
Segments, 35-45 ; sides of the first segment striate ; other segments
moderately striate beneath ; last segment rounded, pilose ; anal valves
not marginate, pilose ; anal scale small, rounded, pilose. Repugna-
torial pore placed in the posterior division, small, not touching the
transverse suture, which is straight. Pairs of feet, 55-70 ; slender,
not extending beyond the sides of body, sparsely pilose. Length of
body, 9-12 mm. ; width, .5-.8 mm.

Habitat, Virginia, Florida and Indiana.

I’ have cxamined a number of females of this species from
Bloomington, Indiana, and also the types of Julus lineatus
McNeill, Mss. (Pensacola, Fla.), but I cannot find any difference
between them and my other specimens, which I have identified
with minutus. Specimens not in full color have the lateral row
of spots bronze red, and with a backward pointing branch, at
the upper posterior side.

Young individuals differ as follows :

Pairs
Length. Width. Eyes (ocelli). Segments. of Legs.
6.2 mm. 4mm. 5 52 46

6.3 mm. -) mm. 5 30 48

28 North American Julide.

4. JULUS STIGMATOSUS Brandt.

Julus punctatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat, Sci. Paila., 108 , 1821 (pre-occupied).
Julus stigmatosus Brandt, Recueil. 88, 1840.

Pale brown ; posterior border of segments dark ; a lateral row of brown
spots ; antenne dark, feet pale. Slender, smooth, shining, not pilose.
Vertex without a median sulcus. setigerous foveole present. Anten-
ne subclavate, excceding the width of body. Eyes distinct, triangu-
lar or sub-rotund ; ocelli 20-40, arranged in 5-7 series. Segments,
35-45. Sides of first segment striate. Other segments moderately
striate beneath ; last segment smooth, obtusely rounded, pilose ; anal
valves not marginate, pilose ; anal scale small, rounded, pilose. Re-
pugnatorial pore small, placed in the posterior division, not touching
the suture, which is straight. Pairs of feet, 50-75, slender, extending
beyond the sides of body. sparsely pilose. Male: mandibulary stipes
not much produced beneath. First pair of legs short and thick, un-
cinate, sparsely pilose. Genitalia exposed. Length of body, 8-13
mm. ; width, .5-.8 mm.

Habitat, Virginia and Indiana.

I have examined about a dozen specimens of this species. It
varies somewhat in the shades of color, some being almost black.
Only having one full grown male, I have not attempted to give a
description of the genitalia.

One young specimen differs from the adult as follows:

Length. Width. Hyes (ocelli). Segments. Feet.
7 mm. 4mm. 19-5 33 a9

Genus Il. SPIROBOLUS Brandt.

SPIROBOLUS Brandt, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mos., 202, 1838.
The sub-genera are defined as follows :

a. Basal part of the dorsal plates without scobina. SPIROBOLUS Karsch.
ad. Basal part of the dorsal plates with scobina. Rurocrinvs Karsch.

Subgenus Rhinocrinus.

5. SPIROBOLUS MARGINATUS (Say).

Julus marginatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 105, 1821.
Spirobolus marginatus Wood, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 207, 1865.
Dark brown ; segments edged with brownish fuscous ; first and last seg-
ments green or brown ; feet and antennz brownish red. Robust, not

OO a a

North American Julide. 29

attenuated anteriorly, the anterior four or five segments somewhat de-
pressed, not smooth. Vertex smooth, with faint reticulating lines,
sparsely punctate, most numerous between and behind eyes ; median
sulcus interrupted ; clypeal foveole 8-10. Antenne short, not reach-
ing the posterior border of first segment. Eyes indistinct, sub-trian-
gular ; ocelli, 30-40, arranged in 6 series. Segments, 47-52. First
segment with the sides sub-acute, marginate, the anterior border
nearly straight, densely punctate ; second segment produced forward
into a moderately large sub-quadrate plate. Other segments equally
punctate on both divisions, striae moderate, decurved beneath. Last
segment pointed, but not extending beyond the anal valves, finely
punctate ; anal valves marginate, punctate ; anal scale obtusely an-
gled, punctate. Repugnatorial pore placed on the anterior division,
large, transverse suture bent. Pairs of feet, 88-100, extending beyond
the sides of body. Male: the two anterior pairs of feet more robust
than the rest; coxe of the 3-4 pairs most produced. Ventral plate
produced into a short, rounded lobe. Genitalia: internal part of
the anterior plate not higher than the ventral plate, external part
with the tip somewhat rounded, produced backwards and outwards ;
posterior plate divided at the base. the outer grooved, through
which runs the inner, ends of both rounded and more or less rough-
ened. Length of body, 45-100 mm. ; width, 5-10 mm.

._ Habitat. Eastern United States.

I have examined numerous specimens of this species from
Bloomington, Indiana, and one large female from Brooksville,
Indiana, collected by Mr. Amos Butler. Specimens 50 mm.
long differ in color from the full grown examples, by being dark
green.

Young individuals differ from adults as follows :

Pairs of
Length. Width. Segments. Feet. Hyes.
18 mm. 2mm. 42 76 18-5
16.5 mm. 2mm. 41 65 21-5
16 mm. 2 mm. 39 62 19-5
8 mm: 1mm. 27 D2 6-5

6. SPIROBOLUS PENSACOLA, sp. nov.

Dark green above, segments margined with reddish brown ; face, ante-
rior and posterior segment bright green ; feet and antenne lighter
than in marginatus. Moderately robust, attenuated before, the twelve
‘anterior segments somewhat flattened or crassate beneath, not smooth.
Vertex smooth, sparsely punctate ; punctations not more numerous

30 North American Julide.

between the eyes, median sulcus interrupted ; clypeal foveole 8. An-
tenn short, not quite reaching the posterior margin of anterior seg.
ment. Eyes distinct, trapezoidal ; ocelli, 45, arranged in 7 series.

Segments, 49. First segment with the sides sub-acute, marginate..

anterior border sinuate ; second segment with the lobe less broad
and more triangular than in marginatus. Other segments moderately

rough, punctations most numcrous on the posterior division ; striz

decurved, strong and rib-like on the posterior division of the segments.
Last segment pointed, not passing the anal valves, densely punctate;
anal valves marginate, rough ; anal scale rounded. Repugnatorial
pore Jarge, placed on the antcricr division ; suture moderately bent.

Pairs of feet, 92, moderately extending beyond the sides of body. °

Length of body, 80 mm. ; width, 9 mm.

Habitat, Pensacola, Florida.

‘I have had one female of this species for examination. It is
more related to marginatus than any other of our North Ameri-
can species. From marginatus this species is easily separated by
the distinct attenuated body, clypeal foveole, form of second
segment, arrangement of the ocelli, and color.

7. SPIROBOLUS UNCIGERUS Wood.

Spirobolus uncigerus Wood, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 15, 1864 (Cali-
fornia).

Dark brown, edge of segments lighter, an indistinct light median line ;
feet chestnut. Moderately robust, a little crassate, not attenuated,
only a few anterior segments flattened beneath, not smooth. Vertex
moderately smooth, distinct reticulating lines, sparsely punctate, me-
dian sulcus interrupted ; clypeal foveole 8. Antenne short, not
reaching the posterior border of anterior segment. Eyes indistinct,
sub-triangular ; ocelli, 32, arranged in 7 series. Segments, 49. First
segment. with the sides acute, marginate, anterior margin excised,
rough, densely punctate ; second segment moderately produced be-
neath, rounded in front. Other segments rough, densely punctate ;
numerous short lines, striz strong, not much decurved. Last seg-
ment aoutely rounded, not passing the anal valves, densely punctate ;

anal valves marginate ; anal scale rounded. Repugnatorial pore mo-_

derately large, placed in the anterior part, sulcus extending back-
wards, deep, transverse suture bent. Pairs of feet, 86, equaling the
width of body. Male: coxe of the third pair of feet produced from
beneath into a long, spatulate appendage. Ventral plate moderately
produced in the middle into a sharp point. Genitalia : inner part of
the anterior plate twice as high as ventral plate, inner angle somewhat

North American Julide. 31

pointed, rough, external part somewhat curved, the tip a little pro-
duced, rough ; posterior plate sickle-shaped, the end slender and
sharp, serrated beneath at about the middle. Length of body, 46
mm.; width, 5 mm.

Habitat, Ukiah, California.

I have examined one male of this species from the above lo-
eality, which was collected by Mr. James K. Burke.

3. SPIROBOLUS HEBES, sp. nov.

Dark ochreous brown, segments not edged with a different color ; a lat-
eral row of small black spots ; feet lighter. Robust, not attenuated ;
the anterior 2-5 segments somewhat crassate, not smooth. Vertex
smooth, sparsely punctate, median sulcus interrupted ; clypeal fove-
ole 8. Antenne short, about reaching the posterior margin of ante-
rior segment. Eyes distinct, sub-triangular, sides rounded ; ocelli
29-88, arranged 1n 6 series. Segments 39-41. First segment acute,
more so in male than female, marginate, rather smooth ; second seg-
ment strongly produced beneath. triangular and rounded. Other seg-
ments not smooth, sparsely punctate, also numerous mmpressed lines,
striz moderate, strongly decurved beneath. Last segment obtusely
rounded. moderately smooth ; anal valves not marginate ; anal scale
rounded. Repugnatorial pore small, placed in the anterior division,
suture angularly bent. Pairs of feet, 76-79, not extending beyond
the sides of body. Male: cox of the 3-6 pairs of feet produced
more than the others ; trochanter of the first and second pairs large,
as well as the two anterior pairs of legs are stouter than the rest. Ven-
tral plate smooth, triangular, somewhat swollen near the outer edge.
Genitalia: inner part of the anterior plate twice as high as the ventral
plate, end rounded, numerous short tubercles on the anterior surface,
outer part finger-like, moderately wide, end rounded and not turned
outwards, smooth ; posterior plate thick and somewhat curved, a
short blunt lobe at base on the inner side, above this a sharp and thin
one. the end small, thick and rounded, beneath produced i to two
serrated plates. Length of body, 45-50 mm.: width, 7-8 mm.

Habitat, San Diego, California.
This species is described from a male and a female, collected by
Miss Rosa Smith.

9. SPIROBOLUS CALIFORNICUS (Humbert & Saussure).

Spirostreptus californicus Humb. & Sauss., Revue et Mag. Zool., 177, 1870
(California).

32 North American Julide.
eee

Black, segments not cdged with rufous, feet and antennee not or scarcely
paler. Robust, not attenuated before, a few of the anterior segments
crassate, not smooth. Vertex rough between the eyes, smooth else-
where, a few wrinkles in front, median sulcus interrupted ; clypeal -
foveole 8. Antenne moderate, rcaching the posterior border of an-
terior segment. Eyes indistinct, sub-circular ; ocelli 45, arranged in-
8 series. Segments, 48. Sides of first segment acute, marginate, an-
terior border sinuate, moderately smooth ; second segment strongly
produced and turned forwards, the lobe quadrate. Other segments
densely punctate, and with numerous short lines ; striz moderate,
concentric. Last segment rounded, smooth ; anal valves not margi-
nate ; anal scale transverse. Repugnatorial pore small, placed in the
anterior division, suture bent. Pairs of feet, 90, about equaling the
width of body. Length of body, 75 mm.; width, 10 mm.

Habitat. St. Vincent, Lower California.

I have one broken example of this species from the above lo-
cality, collected by Mr. Charles R. Orcutt, of San Diego, Cal.
The specimen before me agrees with the short description given
in the journal cited above.

10. SPIROBOLUS SPINIGERUS Wood.

Spirobolus spinigerus Wood, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 15, 1864 (Florida
and South Carolina).

Dark greenish brown or black, segments edged with brownish red, feet
and antenne red. Moderately robust, anterior segments somewhat
attenuate, barely crassate, only the anterior and posterior segments
punctate, rest smooth. Vertex smooth, very finely and sparsely punc-
tate, punctations not numerous between eyes, sulcus barely continu-
ous ; clypeal foveolx 10-12. Antenne moderate, usually reaching
the middle of second ig age Eyes indistinct, sub-triangular ;
ocelli, 35-45, arranged in 6 or 7 series. Segments, 45-52. First seg-
ment with the sides sub-acute, marginate, anterior margin sinuate,
smooth, finely punctate ; second segment not much produced beneath.
Other segments smooth, not punctate, strive of the anterior segments
weak, not much decurved, more so posteriorly. Last segment smooth,
finely punctate, pointed, but not passing the anal valves ; anal valves
moderately smooth, marginate ; anal scale rounded. Repugnatorial
pore large, placed on the anterior part, suture bent. Pairs of feet,
84-98, not extending much beyond sides of body, Male: coxe of
the third and fourth pairs of feet produced into long appendages.
Ventral plate produced into a lobe, as in marginatus, but longer and
more slender. Genitalia: inner part of anterior plate higher than

North American Julide. BO

the ventral lobe, rough, sinuate on the upper edge near the outer side,
external part with the end curved sharply backwards and outwards ;
posterior plate divided as in marginatus, upper lobe or part grooved,
the end rounded, a sharp, robust spine on the inner side, the lower or
inner lobe thin, the end angular. Length of body, 60-80 mm.;
width, 5-9 mm.

Habitat, Florida and South Carolina.

I have examined numerous specimens of this species from Pen-
sucola, Florida.
Young examples differ from the adults as follows:
ro)

Pairs of

Length. Width. Segments. Feet. Ocella.
25 mm. 2.5 mm. 50 80 24-6
27 mm. Oo.) mane 49 81 20-6
24 mm. 2.5 mm. 44 65 15-5
22 mm. 2.0 mm. 43 70 19-6

Genus lil. PARAJULUS Humbert & Saussure.
PARAJULUS Humbert & Saussure, Revue et Mag. Zool., 155, 1869 (olmecus).

Eyes triangular, elliptical or trapezoidal ; occlli numerous, not arranged
in more than ten series. Antenne subfiliform, scarcely subclavate,
second joint longest. Mandibulary combs, 9-10. Gnathochilarium
scarcely sub-spatulate ; stipes not separated ; mentum bi-partite, al-
most hidden; lingual plate separated ; lingual lobes denticulated.
Number of segments uncertain, 40-70 ; sides striate. Last segment
more or less produced into a spine ; anal scale triangular or somewhat
rounded. Repugnatorial pore beginning on the sixth segment, placed
in the posterior part. Third segment apodous. Feet equaling the
width of kody, seventh joint longer than third ; second pair of feet
very strongly stunted or dwarfed. Male. First pair of legs enlarged,
six-jointed, the fourth largest.

To this genus have been referred our larger species of so-called
Julus ; from the latter genus it is easily separated by the num-
ber of mandibulary combs, by the second pair of legs, and the
first pair of the male. |

This genus is divisible into the following sub-genera :

* Male : Promentum very large, ovate, narrowing the lingual plates ;
first segment enlarged, sides very broad, almost sub-quadrate ; first

34 North American Julide.

pair of feet very large, crassate, curving inwards and crossing each
other, armed with numerous tubercles on the inner side, moderately
pilose. PaRasuuus I.

** Promentum and first segment same size in both sexes ; first pair. of
feet of male small, stumpy, crassate and straight, tubercles absent,
sparsely pilose. PSEUDOJULUS, subgen. noy. IL.

Subgenus Parajulus.
11. PARAJULUS IMPRESSUS (Say).

Julus tmpressus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 108, 1821.

Chestnut-brown, the median line and a lateral row of spots black, also
an indistinct row of large dark spots partly covered by the feet ; seg-
ments above with two short light lines, and pale spots on each side of
the lateral line; feet pale; line between the eyes not very dark.
Mcderately slender, not pilose or smooth. Vertex with a median
sulcus, seligercus foveole present. Antenne long and slender, equal
to the width of the body, moderately pilose. Eyes distinct, triangu-
Jar, the sides somewhat rounded ; ocelli, 40-60, arranged in 7-10 se-
ries. Segments, 45-55. First segment with the sides striate. Other
segments not deeply striate, numerous indistinct wavy strise above.
Last segment with a moderate short spine, not projecting beyond the
anal valves, sparsely pilose; anal valves smooth, sparsely pilose,
scarcely marginate ; anal scale triangular, sparsely pilose. Repugna-
torial pore moderate. oval or round, partly hidden by the transverse
suture, which is sharply emarginate. Pairs of feet, 70-90, equaling
width of body, rather stout, sparsely pilose. Male: Mandibulary
stipes rather strongly produced beneath. First pair of feet large,
long, not much curved, the inner surface with numerous tubercles, a
few spinous ones near the base, sparsely pilose. Coxe of the second
pair of feet produced into along, parallel appendage, the tip rounded,
very sparsely pilose. Genitalia fully exposed, composed of three
pieces ; anterior plate moderately long, round, slightly twisted, the
end scarcely clavate, turning outwards, densely pilose ; middle plate
large and thin, forming a tube ; posterior plate sickle-shaped, the end
bifid, inner or under edge strongly serrated, a thin lanceolate spine
springing from the base. Flagellum not detected. Length of body,
18-32 mm.; width, 1.8-2 mm.

Habitat, Georgia, [linois, Indiana, Michigan and Minnesota.

I have examined specimens of this species from Ludington,
Michigan, and Chauncey, Indiana; those from the latter place
are larger and darker in color.

North American Julide. 35

Wood’s plate of the genitalia does not show the serrations, etc.,
of the posterior plate, nor the true form of the middle plates.

Specimens not adult vary as follows:

Pairs
Length. Width. Segments. of Heet. Ocelli.
10.4 mm. A beacavase 48 73 30-6
9.6 mm. .8d mm. 4G 70 26-6
11.2 mm. .92 mn. 46 70 27-6
11.8 mm. .9 mm. 45 65 38-7
8.3 mm. 75 mm. 40 54 22-5

12%, PARAJULUS ELLIPTICUS, sp. nov.

Color almost similar to that of J. ¢mpressus, but darker, feet pale.
Moderately robust, not smooth or pilose, shining, somewhat attenu-
ated before. Vertex smooth, a median sulcus, setigerous foveolee
present. Antenne not equaling width of body. densely pilose. Eyes
distinct, almost elliptical, ocelli somewhat crowded, 40-48, arranged
in 6-8 series. Segments, 47. First segment moderately large, sides
striate. Other segments rather deeply striate, rough, with numerous
short wavy striz. Last segment produced into a moderately large,
robust spine, projecting beyond the anal valves, sparsely pilose ; anal
valves smooth, not marginate, sparsely pilose ; anal scale obtusely
triangular, rather large. Repugnatorial pore small, not touching
transverse suture, which is scarcely emarginate. Pairs of feet, 71, ex-
tending beyond sides of body, moderately stout, sparsely pilose.
Length of body, 28-30 mm.; width, 2.38-2.5 mm.

Habitat, Fort Snelling, Minnesota.

I have examined two female specimens, collected by Mr. Wal-
ter PD. Howe.

From castaneus it is distinguished’ by the eyes, repugnatorial
pore and anal scale; it is also more robust, and differs somewhat
in color.

13. PARAJULUS CASTANEUS, sp. nov.

Color much as in J. ¢mpressus, but the lateral line of spots larger and
confluent posteriorly, a very dark line between the eyes, feet dark.
Moderately slender, rough, not pilose. Vertex very finely wrinkled,
a faint median sulcus, setigerous foveole present. Antenne mode-
rate, equaling width of body. Eyes distinct, triangular ; ocelli, 54,

North American Julide.

arranged in 8 series. Segments, 42-51. Sides of first segment striate.
Other segments deeply striate ; above numerous fine strie, which
have a number of short branches. Last segment produced into a
moderate spine, which projects beyond the anal valves, not pilose ;
anal valves not marginate, very sparsely pilose ; anal scale obtusely
rounded, rather small, pilose. Repugnatorial pore moderate, touch--
ing the transverse suture, which is sharply sinuate. Pairs of feet, 66,
equaling width of body, rather slender, sparsely pilose. Male: Man.-
dibulary stipes strongly produced beneath. First pair of feet large,
uncinate, numcrous tubercles on the inner surface, pilose. Coxe of
the second pair as in J. impressus. Genitalia about half concealed,
composed of three parts ; anterior plate round, the end strongly cla-
vate, pilose ; the middle plate rounded, curving up in front of ante-
rior and then backwards between it, where it expands into an elon-
gate, wavy plate ; on the inner side it is divided into three lobes or ;
spines, the anterior large and placed at the beginning of the expan-
sion, the second small and placed near the end, which is somewhat
serrated, a lanceolate spine springing from the base ; posterior plate
whip-like, curving upwards and inwards until they meet, and then
outwards. Flagellum not detected. Length of body, 30 mm., width,
2mm.

Habitat, Fort Snelling, Minn.

I have examined one male and one female, in a broken condi-

tion, collected by Mr. George Howe.

14. PARAJULUS PENNSYLVANICUS (Brandt).

Jilus penneyleanicus Brandt, Recueil, 85, 1841.

Dark brown, a black median line and a lateral row of spots, feet pale.

Moderately robust. rough, pilose. each segment except the first hav-
ing two rows of setigerous foveole placed on the posterior division,
the first row on the anterior third and the other along the posterior
border. Vertex with a faint median sulcus, setigerous foveole pre-
sent. Antenne long, equal to the width of body. Eyes distinct, tri-
angular ; ocelli more or less prominent, 40-70, arranged in 8-9 series.
Segments, 55-65. First segment with four rows of setigerous fove-
ole, sides striate. Other segments moderately striate beneath, poste-
rior division of each segment marked with fine strie. Last segment
produced into a short spine, not projecting beyond the anal valves ;
not smooth, densely pilose : anal valves not marginate, rough, densely
pilose ; anal scale small, rounded, pilose. Repugnatorial pore mode-
rate, partly hidden by the transverse suture. which is rather sharply
emarginate. Pairs of feet 100-112, not extending much beyond the

North American Julide. ou

width of body, densely pilose. Male: Mandibulary stipes strongly
produced beneath. First pair of legs large, uncinate, the inner sur-
face with numerous tubercles, pilose. Ventral margin of the seventh
segment not much produced. Genitalia exposed ; anterior plate thick,
rounded, the end somewhat clavate and scooped out, very pilose ;
posterior plate strongly twisted and rolled, the apex divided into three
plates, the anterior lanceolate, not serrated, the others broad and thin,
with the edges strongly toothed. Flagellum not detected. Length
of body, 20-38 mm.; width, 1.5-2 mm.

Habitat, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Indiana.

I have examined numerous specimens of this species from
~Bloomingten, Indiana. Julus montanus Cope, is identical with
this species.
Specimens not adult range as follows :

Pairs
Length. Width. Segments. of feet. Ocelle.
24 mm. 1.6 mm. 60 100 40-7
19 mm. 1, mm: Ai 93 30-7
12 mm. .8 mm. 49 83 27-6

15. PARAJULUS CANADENSIS (Newport).

Julus canadensis Newport, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 267, 1844.

Dark brown, almost black, sides with a series of yellow, conglomerated
spots ; feet very pale, antenne scarcely paler. Rather slender, not
smooth, shining, nor pilose. Vertex rough, a slight median sulcus,
setigerous foveole present. Antenne short, about equaling width of
body. Hyes distinct, triangular ; ocelli rather flat, 48-50, arranged
in 6-8 series. Segments, 56-57. First segment with sides striate.

. Other segments moderately striate, numerous tailed-like punctations
above. Last segment produced into a large, strong, round. decurved
spine, sparsely pilose ; anal valves scarcely marginate, pilose ; anal
scale triangular, pilose. Repugnatorial pore large, not touching the
transverse suture, which is broadly but not deeply emarginate. Pairs
of feet, 86-93, stout, not equaling the width of body, sparsely pilose.
Length of body, 18-25 mm.; width, 1.3-1.5 mm.

Habitat, Canada and Northeastern United States.

I have examined two females of this species from Ludington,
Michigan, collected by Mr. N. B. Pierce. |

38 North American Julide.

Subgenus Pseudojulus, subgen. nov.

16. PARAJULUS OBTECTUS, sp. nov...

Julus tmpressus McNeill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1886.

Color as in J. tmpressus, but more bright and not so dark. Robust,
attenuated before, not smooth, nor pilose. Vertex with a short me-
dian sulcus, setigerous foveole present. Antennee long, somewhat
exceeding the width of body. Eyes distinct, triangular or trapezoidal
in the larger specimens ; ocelli numerous, 40-55, arranged in 7-9 se-
rics. Segments, 50-55. Sides of first segment striate. Other seg-
ments deeply striate. upper surface as in ¢mpressus, but the striations
not so deep. Last sezment produced into a rather large, stout spine,
which projects beyond the anal valves ; anal valves smooth, scarcely
marginate ; anal scale moderate, obtusely triangular. Repugnatorial
pore large. not touching the transverse suture, which is deeply emar-
ginate. Pairs of feet. 80-95, extending beyond sides of body, mode-
rately slender, sparsely pilose Afale - Mandibulary stipes not much
produced beneath. First pair of legs small, cone-like, not uncinate,
sparsely pilose. Coxse of the second pair of feet not produced into
peculiar appendages. Margin of the seventh ventral segment not
much preduced. Genitalia concealed. Length of body, 18-35 mm. ;
width, 1.8-2.5 mm.

Habitat, Bloomington, Indiana, and Pensacola, Florida.

I have examined numerous females of this species, but only a
few males, and I have deemed it best not to give a description
of the genitalia.

This species is the type of the subgenus Psewdojulus.

17. PARAJULUS VARIUS, sp. nov.

Light chestnut, a median and a lateral row of spots; segments dark above,
with yellow lines ; a dark band between the eyes, also two large pale
spots, with two smaller ones behind them ; vertex or occiput with
long, irregular pale spots; feet pale. Slender, not smooth or pilose.
Vertex finely wrinkled, a median sulcus, setigerous foveolee absent.
Antennee moderate, exceeding the width of body. Eyes distinct, tri-
angular ; ocelli numerous, 40-75, arranged in 7-9 series. Segments,
50-55. Sides of first segment striate. Other segments not deeply
striate beneath, finely wrinkled and striate above. Last segment pro-
duced into a moderate, robust spine, barely passing the anal valves ;
anal valves not marginate ; anal scale triangular, large, sparsely pi-
lose. Repugnatorial pore moderate, not touching the transverse
suture, which is straight or nearly so. Pairs of feet, 75-90, scarcely

North American JSulide. 39

extending beyond the sides of body, sparsely pilose. Male: Mandibu-
lary stipes not much produced beneath ; first pair of feet slightly bent
inwards ; genitalia concealed, Length of body, 25-80 mm.; width,
1.5-2 mm.

Habitat, San Diego, Cal. (Miss Rosa Smith); Ukiah, Cal.
(Mr. James K. Burke) ; Rosario Mission, 8S. Cal. (Mr. Charles
R. Orcutt).

I have examined two specimens from San Diego, three from
Ukiah, and numerous specimeus, mostly bruken, from Rosario
Mission. ‘Those from the latter are almost black in coloration,
and Jack the median and lateral rows of spots, but otherwise
there is no difference.

Genus IV. NANNOLENE, gen. nov.

Eyes triangular ; ocelli arranged in several series. Antenne short, sub-
clavate, joints longer than wide, second and sixth subequal, the latter
enlarged as in Cambala. Mandibulary combs six (5). Gnathochila-
rium barely spatulate ; stipes separated, attenuated towards the base ;
mentum entire, exposed ; promentum almost as in Julomorpha, poste-
rior plate trapezoidal, anterior lanceolate-triangular ; lingual plates
separated ; lingual lobes denticulated. Segments constricted in the
middle ; the anterior ten segments striate from the feet to the repug-
natorial pore, the strise diminishing on the other segments ; at the
junction of the anterior and posterior parts are round impressions,
larger than the pore, extending around all, except the first 6 or 8 ;
first segment nearly as wide as the next two. Repugnatorial pore
beginning on the sixth segment, placed in the posterior part. Fourth
segment apodous. Feet long and slender, seventh joint longer than
the third. Male: First pair of legs about half as long as other,
scarcely thickened, same number of joints, unarmed; sixth and
seventh pairs of legs with the penultimate joint swollen and produced
on the inner side.

This genus seems to be more related to Cambala than any
other genus, but nevertheless it also approaches Julomorpha,
especially in the construction of the gnathochilarium. It is dis-
tinguished from all the known genera by the first pair of feet
of the male.

The following species is the type of the genus:

40 North American Julide.

18. NANNOLENE BURKEI, sp. nov.

Light brown, a lateral row of large spots almost encircling the segments,
feet and antenne pale, a brown band between eyes. Slender, not
smooth or pilose. Vertex smooth, a faint median sulcus, setigerous
fovecle absent. Antenne equaling width of body, pilose. Eyes dis-
tinct, triangular ; ocelli 26, arranged in 5 series, not quite all filled
-out. Segments, 50 or 51. Sides of the first segment with four striz.
Other segments moderately striate beneath, posterior part of the seg-

ments with fine strix. Last segment rounded ; anal valves not mar-.

ginate, pilose ; anal scale cbtusely rounded, pilose. Repugnatorial
pore small, placed on the anterior third of the posterior part of the
segment. Pairs of feet about 87, slender, extending beyond the sides
of body. Male: Mandibulary stipes slightly produced in the middle;
ventral margin of the seventh segment not produced ; genitalia con-
cealed. Length of body, 25 mm.; width, 1 mm.

Halitat, Ukiah, California.

I have examined two young males and two adult females of
this species. They were collected by Mr. James K. Burke, after
whom the species is named. On account of the females being
curled in a spiral shape, the number of segments and pairs of legs
were counted with uncertainty.

The two young males differ as follows:

Pairs of

Length. Width. Segments. Feet. Ocelli.
14 min. S1nm. ~: 44 vel 20-4
13 mm. 7 mm, 43 68 17-3

Genus V. CAMBALA Cray.
Camtala Gray, Grifith. Animal King., IJ, pl. 185. 1882 (annulata).

Ocelli arranged in a single serics behind the antenne, and parailel with
the first segment. Antenne short, subclavate, the joints longer than
wide, the second longest, the sixth stout and nearly aslong. Man-
dibulary combs 6-7. Gnatbochilarium somewhat spatulate ; stipes
attenuated at the base, separated by the promentum ; mentum entire,
rectangular, nearly concealed by the hypostoma ; promentum very
large, divided as in Julomorpha, posterior division converging more
anteriorly. anterior division elongate-triangular ; lingual plates sepa-
rated ; lingual lobes denticulated. Segments with sharp, elevated
ridges, first and ]astsmcoth. Repugnatorial pore very small, placed on
an enlarged ridge. Fourth segment footless. Feet moderately elon-

North American JSutide. All

gate, the seventh and third joints subequal. Wale: First pair of legs
six-jointed, the third as long as the fourth and fifth together, the last
short, very blunt, unarmed ; genitalia about half covered.

From any of our North American genera this may be separated
by the dorsal carina, the ocelli, and the first pair of legs of the
male. ;

The only species belonging to this genus besides the one here
described, is Cambala nodulosa Butler, from the Island of Rod-
riguez.

i9. CAMBALA ANNULAT: (Say).

Julus annulatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 108, 1821.
“Cambala annulata Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 181, 1869.

Light yellowish brown, a lateral row of dark brown spots, carinre brown,
a dark line between eyes, feet and antenne pale. Slender, cylindrical,
not tapering, carinated, not pilose. Vertex without a median sulcus
and setigerous foveole. Antenne short, subclavate, about equal to
width of body, densely pilose. Eyes distinct ; ocelli 4-6, arranged
in one line. Segments, 50-65. First segment large, sides marginate,
posterior border with an indistinct row of carine, Other segments
deeply sulcate, carine acute, anterior part of the segments with fine
elevated lines. Last segment rounded. smooth, not pilose; anal
valves scarcely marginate, smooth, pilose; anal scale moderate,
rounded, pilose. Pairs of feet, 70-112, rather stout, equaling the
‘width of body, sparsely pilose. Male: First pair of feet short, last
joint blunt, unarmed, a little curved ; second pair somewhat longer,
armed. Genitalia nearly covered ; anterior plate with the edge turned
backward, the inner especially, around which curves the flagellum,
end of plate divided into two lobes, pilose ; posterior plate contorted,
divided into two short, thickened lobes, the anterior short and bent at
a right angle to the plate, posterior moderately long, a little falciform,
pilose. Flagellum very long, curving around in front of the anterior
plate. Length of body, 26-38 mm.; width, 1.5-2 mm.

Habitat, Indiana, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and North
Carolina.
Specimens not adult vary as follows :
Pairs of

Lengéh. Width. Segments, Feet.
17.5 mm: 1.2 mm. 45 oii
13.5 mm. 1 mm: 43 67

16. mm. 1 mm. 34 50

North American Julide.

The following is a catalogue of the species of this family de-
scribed from North America. I have used the following letters
for the different zoo-geographical regions :

tt pe

13.

Oreos emanrna a Pr &

#.—Boreal or Canadian.

/.—Eastern Province.

En.—-Eastern Province, northern part.
Hs.—Hastern Province, southern part.
W.—West Indian, ete.

C.—Central Province.

P.—Pacific Province.

CO. A.—Central American.

Family A. JULIDZ Leach.
Genus |. JULUS Linnzus.

. Julus canaliculatus Wood. En.
. Julus cinerefrons Wood. P.

. Julus coeruleocinctus Wood. ?
. Julus exiguus Brandt. En.

Julus filicornis Saussure. C. A.

. Julus hortensis Wood. En.

Julus laqueatus Wood. En.

. Julus milesi Wood. En.

. Julus minutus Brandt. E.

. Julus owenii Bollman. En.

. Julus stigmatosus Brandt. E.
. Julus virgatus Wood. En.

Genus il. STEMMIULUS Cervais.

Stemmiulus compressus Karsch. N.

Genus Ill. SPIROSTREPTUS Brandt.

. Spirostreptus abstemius Karsch. W ?
5. Spirostreptus ampussis Karsch. C. A.
. Spirostreptus clavipes Koch. En.

. Spirostreptus confragosus Karsch. W.

Spirostreptus flavicornis Karsch. W.

. Spirostreptus fraternus (Sauss.). C. A.

. Spirostreptus montezumee (Sauss.). C. A.

. Spirostreptus multiannulatus (McNiell). En.

. Spirostreptus nutans Koch. En.

. Spirostreptus otomitus (Sauss.). C. A. :

North American Julide.

24. Spirostreptus sculpturatus Karsch. W ?
25. Spirostreptus surinamensis Brandt. W.
26. Spirostreptus ventralis Porath. W.

Cenus IV. SPIROBOLUS Brandt.

27. Spirobolus acutus (Humb. & Sauss.). W.
28. Spirobolus ? agilis Cope. Es.

29. Spirobolus angusticeps Wood. P.

30. Spirobolus angusticollis Karsch. C. A.

31. Spirobolus arboreus (Saussure). W.

31b. Spirobolus arboreus gundlachi Karsch. W.
dle. Spirobolus arboreus krugii Karsch. W.

32. Spirobolus atratus (Girard). E. s.

33. Spirobolus aztecus (Saussure). C. A.

34. Spirobolus beauvoisi (Gervais). W.

395. Spirobolus brevicollis Voges. C. A.

36. Spirobolus californicus (Humb. & Sauss.). P.
37. Spirobolus caudatus Newport. N.

38. Spirobolus chichemecus (Saussure). C. A.

39. Spirobolus crassicornis (Humb. & Sauss.). W.
4). Spirobolus domingensis (Humb. & Sauss.). W.
41. Spirobolus duvernayi Karsch. W.

42. Spirobolus excisus Karsch. W.

43. Spirobolus facatus Karsch. W.

44. Spirobolus flavocinctus Karsch. W.

45. Spirobolus fundipudeus Karsch. W.

46. Spirobotus gracilipes Karsch. W.

47. Spirobolus haitensis (Gervais). W.

48. Spirobolus hebes Bollman. P.

49. Spirobolus heteropygus (Humb. & Sauss.). C. A.
50. Spirobolus ignobilis (Humb. & Sauss.). En.
51. Spirobolus marginatus (Say). E.

52. Spirobolus mexicanus (Saussure). C. A.

538. Spirobolus miniatipus Karsch. W.

54. Spirobolus multifrons Karsch. W.

55. Spirobolus mysticus (Saussure). C. A.

56. Spirobolus nahuus (Humb. & Sauss.). C. A.
57. Spirobolus nietanus (Saussure). C. A.

58. Spirobolus olivaceus Newport. C. A.

59. Spirobolus ornatus (Girard). Es.

60. Spirobolus parcus Karsch. W.

61. Spirobolus pensacole Bollman. Es.

62. Spirobolus spinigerus Wood. Es.

63. Spirobolus striolatus (Gervais). C. A.

64. Spirobolus tepanecus (Saussure). C. A.

91.

North American Julide.

Spirobolus toltecus (Saussure). C. A.
Spirobolus totonacus (Saussure). C. A.

. Spirobolus tzendalus (Saussure). :C. A.
. Spirobolus uncigerus Wood. P.
. Spirobolus vulvanus Karseh. C. A.

Spirobolus woodi (Humb. & Sauss.). En.

. Spirobolus zapoteus (Saussure). C. A.

Cenus V. PAEROMOPUS Karsch.

. Paeromopus lysiopetalinus Karsch. P.

Genus Vi. PARAJULUS Humb. & Sauss.

. Parajulus ceesar (Karsch). W.

. Parajulus ceesius (Wood). Es.

. Parajulus canadensis (Newport). En.

. Parajulus castaneus Bollman. En.

, Parajulus curiosus (Karsch).. W.

. Parajulus diversifrons (Wood). En.

. Parajulus ellipticus Bollman. En.

. Parajulus furcifer (Harger). P.

. Parajulus immaculatus(Wood). En.

2. Parajulus impressus (Say). En.

. Parajulus obtectus Bollman. E.

. Parajulus olmecus Humb. & Sauss. C. A.
. Parajulus oregonensis (Wood). P.

. Parajulus pennsylvanicus (Brandt). En.

. Parajulus pilosiscutus (Wood). En.

. Parajulus rasilis (Karsch). N.

. Parajulus tarascus (Humb. & Sauss.). C. A. 8S.
. Parajulus varius Bollman. PP.

Genus VIl. NANNOLENE Bollman.

Nannolene burkei Bollman. P.

Genus VIII. CAMBALA Cray.

2. Cambala annulata (Say). E.

INDIANA UNIVERSITY,

ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY,

HEB. cL Ss 7,

On the Lron Meteorite from Mazapil, Mexico. 45

V.—On the lron Meteorite which fell near Mazapil, Mexico,
during the star-shower of November 27th, 1886,

BY WILLIAM EARL HIDDEN.
Read January 17, 1887.

Of meteoric irons which have been seen to fall, only eight are
recorded, namely: that of Agram, Croatia, May 26, 1751; of
Charlotte, Dickson Co., Tennessce, Aug. 1, 18385; of Braunan,
Bohemia, July 14, 1847; of Tabarz, Saxony, Oct. 18, 1854; of
Victoria-west, South Africa, in 1862 ; Nejed, Arabia, spring of
1865 ; of Nedagolla, India, Jan. 23, 1870, and of Rowton, Shrop-
shire, England, April 20, 1876.

It has become my privilege to be able to add a ninth fall to
this short list, and one, as its history proves, which is of more
than ordinary scientific importance.

It seems probable that at last we are to know something posi-
tive of the composition of comets, which bodies have, up to this
time, given us nothing tangible whereupon we could base our
conclusions. Astronomers now generally believe that comets,
shooting-stars, meteors, and meteorites, all have a common ori-
gin; and the history of this iron meteorite of Mazapil will help
us very materially to agree with this belief.

‘The only objection,” states Prof. Hubert A. Newton, ‘that
has been urged against the relationship of meteorites to the star-
shower meteors, and the only objection which has apparent
force, is the fact that no meteorites have been secured’”’—as yet
—‘‘ that are known to have come from the star-showers.” ‘‘ But,”
he further states, ‘‘since star-showers are surely related to
comets, it is reasonable to look for some relation of meteorites to
the bodies and systems, of which the comets form a part ;’ and
‘if at any time,” (Nature, Vol. 19, p. 315, 1879,) ‘‘a real connec-
tion can be traced between meteorites and shooting stars, we
may begin to hope for a solution of this interesting but difficult
problem.”

46 On the Iron Meteorite

On the 27th of August last, I received from my personal friend,

Prof. Bonilla, of Zacatecas, Mexico, the meteorite hereinafter

described. It came to me as a most generous gift, and with it
came the very surprising information, that 7¢ had been seen to fall,
at about nine P. M. of the twenty-seventh of Nova’ 1888,
during the periodical star-shower of the ‘‘ Bielids.” .
Such was the remarkable importance of this fall, as shown by
its history, and the possibility of its relation to Biela’s comet,
that I hesitated to announce it publicly, preferring to delay,
until the full evidence could be substantiated in all its particn-
lars. This has now been accomplished ; and I fecl free to present

to science what seems to be, beyond doubt, a fragment of a

comet.

The general appearance of this-meteorite gives ready credence
to the account of its fall. Its freshness of surface, which shows
in a beautiful manner the flow of the melted crust, as the mass
rotated in its rapid flight through the atmosphere ; the presence
of. unusually large nodules of an amorphous graphite; the very
shght superficial oxidation, and the general dissimilarity to other
meteorites of the region ;—all point to a confirmation of the data
of its fall.

When received, it weighed about 3950 grammes. Its present
weight is 3864 grammes, or ten pounds, four and one quarter
ounces troy. ‘This discrepancy is included in the pieces detached
for the purposes of chemical analysis and in obtaining a large
surface for the development of the crystalline structure—the
so-called figures of Widmanstatten.

Very naturally, the fall of this mass of iron might be viewed
as merely a co-incident phenomenon with the November ‘‘ Bie-
lids” of 185 ; but, to arrive at a thorough understanding of its
true relation, let us consider the evidence of its fall and the his-
tory of Biela’s comet, as set forth in the communication of Prof.
José A. y Bonilla, who is Director of the Astronomical Observa-
tory at Zacatecas, Mexico.

(Translation.) ‘It is with great pleasure that I send to you
the Uranolite (skystone) which fell near Mazapil, during the
night cf the 27th of November, 1885. That you may the better
appreciate the great scientific interest which this Uranolite pos-

trom Mazapil, Mexico. 47

sesses, I would state that everything points to the belief that it
belongs to a fragment of the comet of Biela-Gambart, lost since
1852.

‘*T will first give the history of this celestial wanderer, and
then my reasons, as an astronomer, for beleving that it belongs to
the comet of Biela.

**As Director of the Zacatecas Observatory, I am naturally at-
tentive to all celestial phenomena; and remembering that in
Nov., 1885,. when our planet should pass through the node of
the orbit of the disintegrated comet of Biela, there should hap-
pen the rain of fall’ng-stars, which occurs periodically from the
26th to the 29th, I requested my pupils and various other peo-
ple in different towns of the State of Zacatecas to note the fall
of stars on those dates—especially on the evening of the 27th—
and endeavor to count them, apprising me of their observations.

“<7, myself, in the observatory. prepared for observations
as follows :—Firstly, to locate with exactness the position of
the radial pomt of the falling starse—determining their co-ordi-
nates of mght ascension and declination ;—secondly, to obtain
instantaneous photographs of them by means of dry-plates ;—
thirdly, to study the meteors by means of the spectroscope ;—
fourthly, to count the number of falling stars and note the hour
of their maximum number in Zacatecas time ;—fifthly, to fix
among the constellations the paths of some of them, at least

those most noteworthy.

“The sun having set at 5.20 P. M. (local time), I eagerly
looked to the place in the heavens where the constellation Andro-
meda should be. Hardly had twilight vanished, at 5.47, when
I could already distinguisi: the three principal stars of this group.
At 6.20, I noticed near Alpha of the triangle the first falling
star, and little by little the number increased. At midnight—
two hours and a half after Gamma-Andromedez had passed the
meridian—the phenomenon had attained its greatest intensity,
as I counted in thirty minutes two hundred and forty meteors
shooting in all directions and not at all from the same point.

‘With a six-inch equatorial I took the position of the radial
point, from which mos¢ of the stars came, and its co-ordinates I
made out as follows :

‘*Right ascension Lh. 54m. Declination + 438°.

48 On the lron Meteorite

‘I took several photographs, but in truth they did not prove
satisfactory. Either from the difficulty in focussing, or because
I did not expose them for the proper length of time, the nega-
tives did not seem worthy of mention after I had examined them

on the day following. After an exposure, I could not develop -

the negatives at once, for fear of losing my observations ; and to
develop them was the only test which would have given me an
index as to the proper time necessary.

‘* With the spectroscope I was more successful. ‘To my equa-

torial, of six inches aperture, I connected « direct-vision Secchi
spectroscope with five prisms and cylindrical Jens. The spectra
which I noted of the falling stars were all identical. They pre-
sented a continuous spectrum with the characteristic lines of
Sodium, Carbon, [ron, Nickel and Magnesium. I had never
seen the atmospheric lines of nitrogen so marked and character-
istic, even when observing the sun near the horizon. ‘The ex-
istence of these vitrogen (azote) lines I explain by the extremely
high temperature acquired by the air from the contact of the me-
teors. It is estimated by some that, on coming into the terres-
trial atmosphere, these bodies possess a speed of from 30 to 60
kilometers per second (Wiess estimates 14.9), and that the air
so violently compressed instantly acquires a temperature of 3000
to 4000 degrees.

‘Tt was impossible for me to determine the trajectory of this

maze of stars, as they were flying in all directions like firework-
bombs; nevertheless, the greater number started from a radial
point in the direction € Persei and Algol.

‘*As to the number of stars which fell into the atmosphere
from 6.20 P. M. until three in the morning—when a thick mist
from the northeast prevented further observation—it was impos-
sible to fix accnrately, from the multiplicity of duties which en-
grossed me. However, my assistant, who was charged with this
duty, pencil in hand, and marking from time to time the num-
ber counted, noted twenty-seven hundred and twenty meteors,
or a little over five per minute.

‘*Other persons, to whom I had recommended the study of
the phenomenon, living at various points in the State of Zacate-
cas, have probably over-estimated the number seen, since one in
particular assured me he had counted nearly 6000. Most of

a — ——

Srom Mazapil, Mexico. £0

these amateur star-gazers saw the meteors however, but rendered
me no other report.

“On the second day of December I received, to my great de-
light, from Eulogio Mijares; living on the Conception Ranch
(thirteen kilometers to the east of Mazapil), a stone which he
saw fall from the heavens, at nine o’clock on the evening of the
27th of November, 1885. The fall, simply related, he tells as
follows, in his own words :

‘<<Tt was about nine in the evening, when I went to feed cer-
tain horses in the corral, when suddenly I heard a loud hissing
noise—exactly as though something red-hot had been suddenly
plunged into cold water,—and almost instantly there followed a
somewhat loud thud. At once I saw the corral covered with a
phosphorescent light, and suspended in the-air small luminous
sparks as though from a rocket. I had not recovered from my
surprise, when I saw this luminous air disappear, and there re-
mained on the ground only a faint phosphorescence such as when
a match is rubbed. I saw a number of people from neighboring
houses running towards me, and they assisted me to quiet the
horses, which had become very much excited. We all asked
each other what could be the matter, and we were afraid to walk
in the corral for fear of being burned. When in a few moments
we had recovered from our surprise, we saw the phosphorescent :
hight disappear little by little, and when we had brought lamps
to look for the cause, we found a hole in the ground and in it a
ball of light. We retired to a distance, fearing it would explode
and harm us. Looking up at the sky we saw from time to time
exhalations or stars, which soon went out, but without noise.
We returned after a little and found in the hole a hot stone,
which we could barely handle; on the next day we saw that it
looked like a piece of iron. All night it rained stars, but we
saw none fall to the ground, as they were extinguished while
still very high up.’

“This is the simple recital of the ranchman; and the Urano-
lite which fell is the one I send to you.”

‘* From the numerous questions I have asked Sr. Mijares, I am
convinced there was no explosion or breaking-up on falling.

‘‘Others who saw the phosphorescence, ete., were: Luz Sifuen-

50 On the Iron Meteorite

tes, Pascual Saenz, Miguel Martinez, Justo Lopez, and some
whose names | have not obtained. , .
** Upon visiting the place of the fall,—(see map.)
Pie."

LONG. WEST OF CITY OF MEXICO. _ ‘7
; i? *. ° : sé~ 72
~ 40 ‘7,30
ac ake yy ai go" OO Ren’ .

i Sy} WW
ge ee dco eke G
. CEDROS -/ - ; MAZAPIL_
NS SSO ponies A x a teks 2% N\ 4, re
Ra\s Lor meTeoR!
ITS s0SE. NOv. 27, 1885
i eae
- ak
: = ee
(ii Sz S NG pin
ele CZ SABANA’ GRANDE
ETEYRAS =M4
i : ZS ono
ZE
N = Woe RES As
ZN “ap wie Se
SIE

a \

a yy,

50°YjnS 40° J LAT.24°5'No.

CITY OF MEXICO 99°C 4g? J. GREEN W/CH.

Map of Mazapil and vicinity.

I was careful to examine the earth in and around the hole, and
by careful washing I obtained a few small bits of iron which
must have become detached from the Uranolite when it pene-
trated the earth. The hole was 30 centimeters deep (one foot).

‘¢ Probably the light which was noted came from the volatili-
zation of the surface of the celestial body, due to the high tem-
perature acquired by friction with the atmosphere and from the
volatilized matter falling to the earth as an incandescent impal-
pable powder.”

It is now proper to state the history of the meteors of Nov.
27th, 1885, which had their epem in the disintegration of Biela’s
comet.

As is well known, the comet of 1826 was discovered by the
Austrian Captain Biela, at Johannisberg, on the 27th of Febru-

From Mazapil, Mexico. 5]
ary. Its orbit was calculated by Gambart, of Marsella, who also
discovered that this comet was seen in 1772 and 1805, from the
identity of its orbital data. Gambart and Clausen undertook
the calculation of the elements of its orbit, and found that its
complete revolution around the sun would be effected in seven
years approximately. Damoiseau studied minutely the time at
which it would again reach its perihelion, taking into account
planetary disturbing influences. From these studies it was de-
duced that the comet would collide with the earth on the 29th
of October, 1832, and all Europe was in concern as that period
approached.

But on again examining the question, it was found that,
although the comet would touch the earth’s orbit on the 29th
of October, the earth itself would not arrive at the same
point until the 30th of November, that is to say, a month later—
the distance between the two bodies being twenty millions of
leagues.

Later observations, in 1832, corrected the elements of its orbit,
and data were obtained as follows :

Reached perihelion in 1832 on Nov. 26th.

Inclination of plane of its orbit, - = : : - tse. te
Longitude of ascending node, _~- - - : - 110°

Perihelion distance, = - : - - - - 0.88
Motion, ss at - direct.
Duration of revolution, - - - : : - 6.62 years.

In 1839 it could not be seen, owing to the unfavorable position
of its orbit at the time of its perihelion, in the first days of July,
and since it was computably near the sun and lost in its rays.

In 1846 it should have passed through its perihelion on Feb.
12th. From Dee. 21st, 1845, M. Encke, in Berlin, had already
observed the comet of Biela, and on the 13th of January, 1846,
to the great surprise of the observers, the comet appeared separ-
ated into two portions (having been seen the day before without
alteration), and on subsequent days the parts separated more and
more until, on the 12th of February, the day of its perihelion,
the distance between the two fragments was already 310,000 kilo-
meters.

In 1852, it should have passed through its perihelion on Sep-

“52 On the Iron Meteorite

tember 23d ; and since the latter part of August it had been ob-

served by Secchi, still separated into two portions, but much.

smaller and at a distance of 500,000 leagues. Since then it has
never been scen:: so that Biela’s comet, broken in twain since
1846 to 1852, has been considered as lost. : :

Aecording to calculation, it should have been seen in 1859,
1866, 1872, 1879, and 1885; but though astronomers have eager-
ly scanned the heavens, 7¢ has never again appeared.

On Nov. 27th, 1872, there occurred, over all Europe, a shower

of meteors such as never before had happened within the memory
of man; and it is remarkable to note that calculation shows the
orbit of Brela’s comet and that of this innumerable host of fulling
stars to be the same. 3

Before 1870, astronomers considered meteors as having a plane-
tary origin and as forming rings around the sun, with nearly
circular or elliptical orbits and with velocities analogous to that
of the earth.

In 1870, Professor Schiaparelli, of Milan, surprised at the ve-
locity of these bodies, which presupposes a parabolic orbit, sus-
pected that they might have, like comets, an origin foreign to
our system, and proposed the following theory :

Let us suppose a nebulous mass, or one formed of any kind of
widely separated molecules, situated at the limit of the sphere
of attraction of our sun, and that being animated with a relative
motion, it begins to feel the solar influence. Its volume being
very great, its points are situated at greatly varying distances.
From this it results, that when such bodies commence to fall
toward the sun, the unequally distant points gain unequal veloci-
ties. Notwithstanding these differences, calculation proves that,
the periheliac distances of the different molecules are soon modi-
fied, and the orbits are so nearly alike that the molecules will
follow each other, forming a species of chain, or current, which
will take some time to pass around the sun. A mass whose di-
ameter is equal to that of the sun, would take many centuries to
complete this motion. This current represents physically and
visibly the orbit of meteoric bodies, in the same way that a stream
of water represents the parabolic trajectory of each molecule as
a separate projectile. If, in its course, the earth should encounter
such a procession of bodies, it would pass through them and many

.
ee a ay af

From Mazapil, Mexico. 53

would strike it, combining their own velocity with that of the
terrestrial globe. Were the chain a long one, the earth would
thus pass through ‘it each year at the same point, encountering
in each passage different bodies from those met with before. It
is therefore easy to calculate the position of this current. Schi-
aparelli has made the calculations for the currents of August
and November, and by a fortunate circumstance found that two
well known comets have orbits which coincide in every particu-
lar with two chains of meteors.

This theory was fully confirmed by the falling of meteors on
Nov. 27th, 1872. I have already stated that on that day the
earth should pass, as in 1832, very close to Biela’s comet, and
that for some days all Europe was alarmed for the consequences
of such an encounter.

The carth did, indeed, cross the orbit of Biela’s comet, on
Noy. 27th, 1872, and on the same date in 1885; but it then met
with a disintegrated body, broken into mvllions of fragments.
We have already spoken of the fact that, in 1846, astronomers
were witnesses of the initial breaking, and that up to 1852 those
twin comets still travelled side by side, and that from that time
they have not been seen except in countless fragments.

Let us compare the meteoric showers of 1872 and of 1885.

On Noy. 27th, 1872. all Europe saw this magnificent spectacle.
It could not be seen in America, as at the time of greatest inten-
sity of the phenomenon the sun was above the horizon.

Let us listen to what Abbé Secchi says in a letter to the then
perpetual Secretary of the Academy of Sciences of Paris (Lec-
tures on Astronomy, Vol. 5, Flammarion): ‘‘We have had a
brilliant appearance of meteors on the 27th of November. [I
was not notified of the phenomenon until 7.30 P. M., when it had
been in full activity for an hour. We observed it thenceforward
with the closest attention. From that time until 1-A. M., we
counted 13,892 meteors, but a great number could not be counted.
The entire sky was ablaze ; it was literallyarain. The majority
of the stars were small ; nearly ten per cent. were of the second
magnitude, nearly two per cent. of the first. There were
many spherical ones. ‘The radial point was, at 8 P. M., in
that space comprehended by the constellations of Aries, the
Triangle and the Fly; it passed at once to the base of the

54 On the Tron Meteorite

Triangle, and finally, at midnight, had reached a point equidis-
tant from the Triangle and the head of Medusa. The maximum
was at 8.30 P. M.,and the greatest number 93 perminute. After
11 P. M. the number diminished greatly, and by midnight there
were intervals of quiet. Between 12.30 and 1 A. M., 87 only were
counted. The velocity of these meteors was generally slow ; the |
most striking traced curvilinear arcs ; the heads were white in
color and the tails red.

Magnets were not affected. Jt is worthy of note, that the earth,
during this phenomenon, was in the node of the orbit of Biela’s
comet.

Many observers noted the same facts as the distinguished ])i-
rector of the Roman Observatory ; and as it would be too ardu-
ous a task to copy here the report of each of them, even in ab-
stract, I will review only the most important. Facchini, at
Mazzarino, counted 12,950 meteors, from 9h. 30m. to midnight.
In Callanisetta, M. Zona counted 28,000 during the entire night ;
in Mature, 38,513; in Mondovi, 30,881. The Abbé Denza, at
Moncaliera, counted 33,400 from 6 P. M. to midnight, and esti-
mates the maximum at 8 o’clock ; remarking that it was a very
rain of fire, similar to that seen at the explosion of bombs.

This beautiful rain of stars was also observed in France. At
Nice, by Feyssere and Maccario; at Bordeaux, by Lespiault and
Roussaune; at Grenoble, by M. Breton; at Chambery, by M.
Vallet ; at Macon, by Lemoisy ; etc., etc. ‘The observers at Ma-
con fixed the radial point with the following co-ordinates :

Right ascension, 2 h. Declination, 40°.

This point corresponds to the constellation of Andromeda.
They add: ‘‘Among these meteors we observed a sphere, or
globe, of fire, reddish in color, of from 5-6 minutes in diameter,
which fell at 10 h. 50 m. from Procyon, and proceeding toward
the horizon without leaving a trail, disappeared behind the roof
of ahouse. We observed many brilliant stars, the majority being
of the second magnitude. They generally described very short
paths of from 5 to 6 degrees length, all leaving trains. Before
they disappeared, they seemed to resolve themselves into a lumi-
nous dust. One of them showed no apparent nucleus, but looked
like a small phosphorescent cloud.”

from Mazapil, Mexico. dd

In England, the observations were exclusively those of Alex-
ander Herschel. ‘The phenomenon was not less noteworthy than
in France or Italy. To give further observations would be a
useless repetition.

The great display of meteors of Nov. 27th, 1885, is even more
important than that just described ; 1st,—Because it lasted a
longer time, since it was observed over the whole world ; 2nd,
—Because of the greater number of meteors seen.

In ‘*L’Astronomie,” (published in Paris, by Camille Flam-
marion,) Nov., 1885, ‘* Falling Stars” were noted as one of
the principal observations to be made during the month (p.
439). ‘*On the nights of the 27th, 28th and 29th of November,
there will be seen a great number of luminous bodies which re-
late to the comet of Biela-Gambart, and which caused in 1872
the great shower of falling stars. ‘The line enclosing the region
whence they emanate is very irregular, and the centre is found
not far from the double star Gamma-Andromede.” From this
notice, all astronomers prepared to study the phenomenon.

This prediction was fully confirmed, as was also the conjecture
that these meteors belonged to the disintegrated comet of Biela.

I quote from the ‘‘Comptes rendues” of Dec. 7th, 1885, p.
1210, papers by M. Flammarion, to the Academy of Sciences,
of Paris :—‘‘ Let me note the observations made by the Flamma-
rion Scientific Societies of Marseilles, Brussels and Jaén. From
these three points, so distant from each other, they agree as to
the magnificence of the sight and in fixing upon 6 P. M. (Paris
time), as the hour of maximum number. (This would be 11 A.
M. in Zacatecas. )

_**M. Bruguiere, president of the first mentioned of these so-
cieties, counted nearly 4000 meteors in ten minutes, emanating
from three radial points, the most important being near Gamma-
Andromede..

‘“M. Vuilmet, of Brussels, states that the spectacle was a mar-
vellous one, that at 6 P. M. the sky was literally aflame, and
with watch in hand one observer counted 160 meteors per minute
in a single quarter of the heavens. M. Folaché, in Jaén, records
the magnificent sight which the sky presented as “ traversed in
every direction by a multitude of falling stars.”

56 On the Iron Meteorite

M. Arcimis, in Madrid, wrote that he had counted 50 stars per
minute at the maximunr hour of the fall.

At Liége, M. Hebert saw among the multitude of aie
one that, upon reaching star 41, of Aries, suddenly changed its ~
course and left a luminous trail which lasted 12 minutes. M..
Dupuy, at Nyon (Dréme), made the same observation.

At Prague, M. Zenger counted 14,000 meteors.

At Argel, M. Dupart states that the Le commenced
on the 26th.

At Tunis, M. Denisson fixes the maximum at 7 P. M.

At Suez, M. Borghetti mentions that the stars seemed to fall”
from the zenith like snow.

At Constantinople, M. Naviogordato states that the rain of
stars was observed there and also at Athens, Smyrna and Jeru-
salem, in its full magnificence. : |

The I'rench observers are all in accord as to the beauty of the
display and the position of the radial point. We will refer prin-
cipally to M. Lange de Ferrieres, at Rupt y Courtois in Muges;_
Haizeaux, at Guincourt; Riveau, at Grenouillé; Fedesche, at
Aubenas; Bachelier, at Civray ; Rouchet, at La Roche-sous-Bri-
ancon ; Gully, at Rouen; Michel, at Mave; Bougé, at Nantes ;
Hillaire, at Vendenvre ; Annoy, at Montauban, ete.

In America. the phenomenon was also observed. Sr. Felipe
A. Labadie, Mexican Consul at Nogales, Arizona, (Longitude 110°

7’ West of Greenwich ; Latitude 31° 30’ North), states that
‘on the 27th he saw a fine shower of falling stars, and in twenty
minutes (from 9h. 40m. to 10 P. M.), he counted 115. Without
exception they came from Andromeda.” ’

In Caracas (Venezuela), M. J. M. Zebar writes me, ‘‘ there
were a great many meteors seen here on the 27th, all proceeding
from Andromeda. ‘They began 6h. 38m., P. M.”

In fact, the phenomenon was noted all over the world, and it
would be useless to cite further observations.

I will only add what was recorded in the ‘‘ Revue Mensuelle
d’Astronomie populaire ” (Paris, Flammarion, February, 1886):
—*‘ The rain of shooting-stars of the 27th of November, 1885.”

‘“We may add materially to the numerous notices which we
published in our last number. We do not wish, however, to be
tco prolix regarding these observations, which but confirm one

from Mazapil, Mexico. a”

another; but it is of interest that the phenomenon was visible
from all portions of the globe. |

* From the island of Reunion, at the southeast of Africa, M.
Dubuisson informs us that the meteoric shower was observed in
wll its grandeur from twilight to 1 A. M. ‘The celestial fire-
works were so marvellous that uneducated people believed that
there would be no stars left in the sky. The maximum fall
seems to have occurred at 9 P. M. (5h. 80m. Paris local time).
The same observations are sent to us from the islands of Mauri-
- tius and Madagascar.

In the United States, the phenomenon was observed at Bloom-
ington, Indiana, by Prof. Daniel Kirkwood; at Princeton,
New Jersey, by Prof. C. A. Young, (who estimated the radial
point at 2° to the northeast of Gamma-Andromede); and also by
others.”

As before stated, from what I have quoted regarding the nu-
merous observations made in America, Turkey, Sweden, Belgium,
Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, etc., and of the observers
scattered throughout England, Germany, Austria and Russia, it
cannot be doubted that the cosmical dust proceeding from the
disintegration of Biela’s comet enveloped the earth and was seen,
as meteors, from its every part.

The conclusion thus derived from all these data is that the
meteoric-shower of Nov. 27th, 1885, was of more importance
than that of 1872.

M. W. Meyer,* of Berlin, has calculated the elements of these
bodies and compared them with those of Biela’s comet (sce table
below), and there can be no doubt of the identity of their
orbits:

Bielas Comet, 1852. Meteors, 1872. Meteors, 1885.
PERIHELION J" - Sep. 23. Dec. 27. Dec. 28.

LONG. OF NODE QQ - 246° 19’ 246° 6 245° 55’
INCLINATION 7 . a 1° 3a 12° 40’ 12° 35’
Lone. OF PERIHELION z 109° 36’ 110° 18’ Pit os"
ECCENTRICITY - ¢ - 0.7559 0.7518 0.7588
Log. OF THE PERIHELION

Distance, Loe. Q - 9.9348 9.9376 9.9832

(N. B.—These elements are with regard to the apparent equinox of 1885. 9.)
*« “ T, Astronomie,”’ Feb., 1886, p. 69

Or
GL

On the Iron Meteorite

Time of revolution—6 years and one-half, gives for the greater
semi-axis 3.482. That of the comet was: 1806—3.567 ; 1826—
3.560: 1832—3.537; 1846—3.520;. 1852—3.527. ‘There was
therefore a constant dnminnaen of the major axis of the ellipse,
which is confirmed by the orbits of the Bielid meteors.

The small number of meteors seen to fall at Zacatecas, com- |

pared with those seen in Europe, may be easily explained. En-
ropean observers agree in fixing the time of maximum fall at 6
P. M. of the 27th, Paris time. The corresponding time at Zaca-
tecas was 11 A. M. of the same day. At this hour, Andromeda
was below the horizon at Zacatecas, while at Paris it was at the
zenith ; so that observations at Zacatecas was made seven hours
after the maximum as determined in Europe.

As already stated, the number of meteors counted in 9
hours was 2,720; whereas among the European observers, Abbé
Denza, for example, estimate those counted by him in four hours
at 39,546 ; on the other hand the observations are quite in accord
with those of Consul Labadie, at Nogales, made at the same
time, since he estimates 115 meteors in 20 minutes, and Pro. Bo-
nilla and his assistants, 240 in 30 minutes.

Let us consider the possibility of one of these shooting-stars
reaching the earth’s surface. It is certain that three different
velocities are possessed by a meteor before and during its fall,
i. e.: Its velocity in its orbit; its acquired velocity when at-
tracted by the earth, and its velocity in falling. We can easily
estimate its orbital velocity, since we know the elements of its
orbit. From calculations made by Alexander Herschel (Lec-
tures on Astronomy, Vol. 5, p. 222), itis known that such bodies
enter into the atmosphere of the earth with a minimum velocity
of 19,000 metres per second. From the moment that terrestrial
attraction affects them, they are compelled to abandon their
original orbits and follow a new path (the curve made being
parabolic), which is equal to the velocity of the earth through
space multiplied by the square root of 2. As the mean velocity
of our planet, in its orbit, is 29,640 metres per second, that of
the meteor is 42,570. As these bodies have a direct motion, that
is to say, the same as that possessed by the earth, their relative
speed diminishes to 13,000 metres per second. Bnt, on entering
our atmosphere, these small bodies that have the temperature of

— ee, a

from Mazapil, Mexico. 59

planetary space (—200° F.), compress the air strongly, and becom-
ing heated their speed rapidly diminishes to between 500 and
1200 metres. ‘There is therefore a grect amount of momentum
lost apparently ; one portion has been used in compressing the
wr and the other has been turned into heat,—the temperature
of the body increasing up to 2000-3000°. If the meteor be small,
it will be entirely vaporized in the higher atmosphere ; but if the
mass be great the outer portion only will be volatilized, and the
remainder will strike the earth’s surface before being entirely
burned away. As these bodies fall lower and lower into the
mvre dense atmosphere their velocity diminis'ies proportionally, —
so that, upon striking the earth, they fall at the rate of 30-50
metres per second. We therefore perceive it to be possible for
many meteors to fall upon the earth before being en irely dissi-
pated, since it all depends upon the size of the mass.

As the greater portion of Biela’s comet is now in small frag-
ments, with here and there a larger one, as our observations
have proved, it is a perfectly possible occurrence for some of
these to fall upon the earth before being entirely dissipated.

I have stated already that in the Bielid shower of 1872, the
Abbé Secchi saw many spherical meteors. and Lemoisy, at Macon,
saw a sphere disappear in the horizon behind a house-top. Many
observers saw, 1) 1885, spherical meteors quite close to the earth
although they were not seen to strike. By all these data and ob-
servations we learn of the great importance of the Uranolite of
Mazaynil. |

The very circumstantial story of the fall of this meteorite,
coupled with the relative observations of the Bielids at Zaca-
tecas, 18 Interesting in the extreme, and we can scarcely dis-
connect the two occurrences as a mere coincidence.

No explosion, as is usual when meteorites fall to the earth,
was heard by Sr. Mijares, or his neighbors, but in this particu-
lar similar cases could be cited. Very probably the explosion, if
there was one, occurred high in the atmosphere and at a great
distance from Mazapil. ‘‘ The aérolite which fell at Stalldalen,
Sweden, at 11.50.A. M., on June 28th, 1876, was visible as a
meteor over a great part of Sweden. It appeared as a large pear-
shaped mass, of a blinding whiteness to some, and of a fiery-red
to others. It emanated from a point in Cepheus, and became

GO On the Iron Meleorite

Juminous at an estimated height of 250 miles above the earth.

It is remarkalle that it was not visible at the point where the -

meteoric mass fell, probably on account of a small cloud of com-
pressed matter collected in front of it.”—(Scitence for All.)

The fifty-six pound meteorite, which fell, at 3 P. M. on Dee.
13th, 1795, near Wold Cottage. Thwing, Yorkshire. England
(within ten yards of where a laborer was working). is remarka-
ble for the very reason that ‘‘ io thunder. lightning. or luminous
metcor accompanied the fall; but in adjacent villages there was
heard an explosion, likened by the inhabitants to the firing of
euns afar off. while in two of them the sounds were so distinct,
—of something singular passing through the air towards Wold
Cottage.—that several people went to sce if anything had hap-
pened to the house or grounds.”

A careful comparison of the Agram Iron* Meteorite. with that.
of Mazapil, brings to light a most marked similarity of detail,
though the Agram iron weighed nearly 70 German ‘: Pfunds”
(39,200 grams) or seven times more. ‘The surface hollowings
and the general irregular flat shape show the same occult cause
in the origin of both of these masses of celestial iron.

The Mazapil iron in its size (3,864 grammes=10 lbs. 44 oz.
troy), is nearly like the irons of Rowton (72 lbs.), Nedagolla,
(11 Ibs.), Charlotte (94 Ibs.), and Victoria-West (6 lbs. 6 0z.),
which were all seen to fall. ,

Widmanstiatten figures on Mazapil Meteoric-iron.
Natural size.

“%
“

See Beitriige zur Geschichte und Kenntniss Meteorischer Stein und
Metall-massen, Dr. Carl von Schreibers, Wien, 1820, Tab. VIII.

from Mazapil, Mexico. 64

In its crys‘alline structure (see fig. 2, exact natural size), it
closely resembles the iron of Rowton. since it exhibits lines at
nearly right angles (cubic) in the Widmanstatten figures. It
is also similar to the iron of Juncal, and of La Caille, and very
probably, if it was cut in other directions, a more marked re-
semblance could be seen, especially in the twinning lamelle and
cubic structure.

The bands of iron-nickel in the Mazapil iron average one milli-
metre broad. In Brezina’s classification it belongs among the
the Holosiderites, in his ‘‘Trenton-gruppe (Omtr) ” of ‘‘ mit-
telere lamellen.” It does not contain much plessite, but is mostly
kamacite, and the bands present a shimmer at different angles,
thus showing uniform crystallization.

Mr. O. W. Huntington has lately shown* “that the features
of the Widmanstatten figures are due to the elimination of
incompatable material during the process of crystallization,”
and that ‘* these meteoric masses show cleavages parallel to the
planes of all the three fundamental forms of the isometric or
regular system, 7. @., the octahedron, the cube, and the dodeca-
hedron ;” and further that he ‘‘is strengthened in the opinion
that the process of crystallization must have been very slow.”

Where the surface-crust of the Mazapil iron has been accident-
ally detached, it shows, without etching. the Widmanstittian
figures.

Troilite (ferrous-sulphide) and Schreibersite (nickel-iron-phos-
phide) have been identified on the surfaces prepared for etching.
Carbon (as graphite) is disseminated throughout the mass be-
tween the lamelle, and as nodules of considerable size extruding
from the surface. Eleven of them can be counted on one
side, one of nearly an inch in diameter. This graphite is very
hard and seemingly amorphous; scattered through it is troilite
in thin plates as a mechanical mixture. Of quite excep-
tional occurrence is the presence in this iron of such quantities
of carbon; and it is noteworthy that the speciroscope showed
this element as present in the Biclid meteors of Nov. 27, 1885.
The illustration (plate 1), which is three-fourths natural size,

* Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, May 12,
1886.

62. On the Iron Meteorite

shows several of these extruding nodules of carbon.

The lines of flow of the melted crust are beautifully shane
especially when shghtly magnified, and exhibit well the surface-
fusion due to the rapid flight of the body through the earth’s at-
mosphere.

That the motion of the mass in its flight was rotary. is clearly |
proven by the abutment of the crust-particles against the pro-
jecting surfaces and the strie of the eru-t at these places, which
reseinble, in minute forms, limonite iron ore. The abrasion due-
to impact was very slight, and seemingly not more than would
have happened had the mass been dropped a few hundred feet.
Some places were noticed where very small pieces had been de-
tached by the force of the impact, but in all not over 2 or3
grams were thus lost.

The analysis, by J. B. Mackintosh, E. M., confirms the oft-
noted similarity in the composition of meteoric-irons ; to show
this forcibly I here append a few analyses made on irons seen to

fall:

Mazapit. Rowton. Charlotte.{ Estherville.§
MACKINTOSH. FLIGHT. SMITH. SMITH.
Tron, : : 91.26 91.25 91.15 92.00 ©
Nickel, — - =e 4845 7.825 8.05 7:10
Cobalt, - - 0.653 0.371 0.72 0.69
Phosphorus, - 0.30 ee 0.06 0.112
100.058 100.2038 99.98 99.902

Lawrencite (ferrous-chloride) was noticed, by its deliquescence
on the surface of the meteorite, in the deeper depressions, which
deliquescence I would state, has all occurred since last August,
as the surface of the mass did not show any oxidation when re-
ceived. ce:

No effort has as yet been made to analyze the graphite or to
find the quantity of occluded gases in the Mazapil iron,—for the
reason that such a task would only result in a repetition of the
labors of Flight, Mallet, Graham and others.

t Am. Jour. Sci., X, 1875, pp. 349-352. Com. Rend., LXXXI, 1875
pp. 84-87.

§ Fell May 10, 1879, and consisted of metallic nodules surrounded by sili-
cates. Am. Jour. Sci., XIX, 1880, pp. 459-463.

from Mazapil, Mexico. 53

Concerning the evidence of the nearness of the Bielids to the
earth’s surface, it has long ago been shown, by Brandes and Ben-
zenberg, that ** their height varied from 40 to 90 miles while lu-
minous,” and that if they are not entirely dissipated in the earth’s
atmosphere they must fall to the surface. That they are all tan-
gible bodies of greater or less size, is positively evidenced by their
luminosity.

Of possible other fall of fragments of Biela’s comet to the
earth, on Nov. 27th, 1885, I will quote. briefly a few observations
which bear upon this problem :

M. de Ball, at Liege, saw ‘‘one of the meteors after its explo-
sto (sic.) leave a train which lasted 15 minutes.” Ciel et Terre,
No. 21, Jan. 1, 1886, p. 491.

Capt. D. Wilson-Barker notes, while on the 8. 8. Dacia, at
Suez, that ‘‘in one exceptional case the track (of a meteor) was
visible for eight minutes, and for a longer time with a glass.”
Roy-sAst- Soc., Mon. Notices, Jan., 1886, p. 122.

Prof. N. R. Leonard states that ‘* Prof. Cowgill, who observed
at Manhattan, Kansas. saw a meteor below the clouds (the sky
being ecmpletely clouded over) at 12h. 50m. and during the few
hours following, thirteen others were seen in like manner.” Si-
dereal Messenger, Feb., 1886, p. 58.

This latter observation and that of Prof. Leonard, at Jowa
City, Iowa, are the nearest records that I have been able to find
that serve to corroborate the observations at Zacatecas. Espe-
cialiy does the testimony of Prof. Cowgill bear npon the remark
of Prof. Barnard (Sid. Mess., March, 1886, p 78), that ‘‘ proba-
bly the larger particles of this meteoric swarm lie on the out-
side.” That the shower was intermittent is evidenced by the
record, viz. :

Prof. Newton, at Yale, and Prof. Young, at Princeton, agree
in a diminished shower at 8 P. M. (local time), while “ Prof.
Leonard, at lowa City, made the following counts: From 8h.
36m. to 8h. 51m. (local time), 100 meteors, or over 6 per minute.
From 9b. 10m. to 9h. 30m., 100 meteors, or 5 per minute. From
10h. 2m. to 10h. 20m., 50 meteors, or less than 3 per minute.”
Sid. Mess., Feb., 1886, p. 58.

For ‘* The story of Biela’s Comet,” in its entirety, I refer the
reader to the beautiful account by Prof. H. A. Newton, (in the

64 On the Lron Wier eae

American Journal of Science, for February and June, 1886,) and
I assure you **it shall be to you as interesting as a novel,” and-
‘what is known is therein sharply separated from what is con-
jectured.” Rees es |

Not a few astronomers wonld have us believe that comets are
the ‘ scavengers of space,’ and have accreted their mass and ob-
tained their motion by the simple laws of gravitation and of
chemical affinity ; but a careful study of meteoric masses—-which
are but the debris of comets—leads us to look for their birth-_
place within some sun or in regions where tremendous pressure
must have had an existence; else the remarkable quantities of
occluded gases and the otherwise plutonic character of meteorites —
remain inexplicable. Let us turn to the lately advanced theory
of Mr. Richard A Proctor, for an explanation of great plausi-
bility, and which seems to answer all the known conditions of
comets and their attendant trains. Before stating his conclu-
sions In abstract, I would remind the reader that he must first
bring himself to believe that a body has power enough, within
itself, to project a part of itself beyond the sphere of its own
attraction. If you can believe this, then Mr. Proctor’s theory
is at once acceptable. He states*: ‘‘ All the evidence tends
not merely to show but to prove, that all orders of meteors,
and therefore all orders of comets, came from the interior of bo-
dies like the suns and the planets, when in the sunlike stages of
their respective careers. All the evidence tends further to prove
that sunlike bodies have the power of ejection which this
theory of meteoric origin requires. It is to the sunlike stage
of any planet’s life that we are to look for the time when ejec-
tion of the kind required was possible ; and our sun is the only
case of a sunlike body we can inquire into. If he cannot eject
solid bodies, neither could any body when it was a sun, But
cannot and does not the sun eject solid bodies ?”

‘<Those who imagine the eruption prominences to be what they
seem to be—jets of glowing gas—may be disposed to answer in
the negative. But in reality nothing can be much less likely
than that the jet-shaped streaks of hydrogen were themselves
ejected. Manifestly they indicate the tracks of denser bodies,

* Letter to the Editor of the New York Tribune, Sep. 20, 1886.

from Mazapil, Mexico. 65

not themselves visible, because the spectroscope will not show
bodies near the sun which shine with all the spectral colors (as
such bodies would), but only those which shine with a few spe-
cial tints (as the glowing hydrogen along the track of such bo-
dies would shine).”

‘* Nor need we wonder that bodies ejected from the sun’s inte-
rior are solid even from the time of their exit, when we remem-
ber how the expansion of the compressed vapors driven forcibly
upward from a solar volcano (far below the visible surface)
would result in a very rapid cooling, by which a portion of the
vapor would necessarily condense into the solid form. In fact
this is the very process which Sorby recognized as indicated by
the microscopic structure of meteorites.

‘“It may doubtless be the case that of ejected meteoric bodies
far the greater number return to the sunlike orb ejecting them.
But if only one flight, consisting perhaps of thousands of small
bodies, escapes from our sun in a year, of how many millions of
such flights has he been the parent! Huis hundreds of millions
of fellow suns have been doing and are doing like work; the
thousands of millions of planets have done similar work in the
past ; each flight would be a comet, each component body a me-
teor, and all that is known of comets and meteors would be ex-
plained by this account of their origin.”

I cannot close this already too long paper without expressing
my heartfelt obligation to Professor Bonilla for the interesting
data concerning this meteorite, and for the gift of the meteorite
itself, and to Mr. Mackintosh also, for his kind interest in making
the chemical analysis.

66 Vew Species of Birds.

V1.—Descriptions of New Species of Birds of the Families Syl-
vide, Troglodytide and Tyrannide.

BY GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.
Read May 9, 1887.

1. Regulus satrapa aztecus,

Mae.—The upper plumage is of a dark olive-green, tinged with yellow-
ish, and is ashy on the hind neck ; the rump is lighter in color than. the
back, and more yellow ; the sides of the neck are grayish-ash ; the tail-fea-
thers are dark brown, edged with greenish-olive ; the wings are dark brown
like the tail-feathers ; the secondaries have a very narrow edging of yellow-
ish ; the inner margins of the quills are whitish ; the ends of the greater
wing-coverts are dull ashy-white, forming a band across the wing ; there isa
white line across the front, which extends over and behind the eyes ; this is
grayish in front of the eyes, and pure white behind them ; the eyes are en-
circled with black ; over the white superciliary stripe is one of black, which
crosses the front and extends along the edge of the crown to the occiput ;
the crest is very full, and is of a bright orange-red color, bordered with pale
yellow ; the under plumage is of a clear olive-brown, inclining to whitish
on the chin and middle of the abdomen ; the bill is brownish-black ; the
tarsi and toes are of a clear hazel-brown..

Length, 3.50 inches ; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.70; culmen, 0.30 ; tarsus, 0.68.

Habitat, City of Mexico. Type in my collection.

Remarks.—This species is of a smaller size, with a longer and
larger bill, and much darker coloration than the true R. satrapa.
It has also the crest conspicuously larger and rather brighter ;
and the yellow bordering the crest is clearer in color.

I have no specimen of Ff. satrapa olivaceus with which to
make a comparison ; but Mr. Ridgway has kindly made it, and
sent me his observations as follows: ‘‘It is remarkable for its
very deep coloration, in which respects it far exceeds any speci-
men of R. satrapa olivaceus from the northwest coast (Oregon to
Sitka), with which I have been able to compare it. ‘The lower
parts are dull light grayish-brown, tinged with olive and buff,

New Species of Birds. 67

and inchning to dull whitish on the chin and middle of abdo-
men; on the other hand the superciliary stripe is pure white
(except anteriorly), and therefore, on account of the contrast,
unusually conspicuous ; the upper parts are a much darker and
richer olive-green than in the darkest-colored examples of 2. sa-
trapa olivaceus before me, the color changing to deep smoky-
gray or grayish-brown on the hind neck ; the olive-green edgings
to secondaries, etc., are decidedly brighter or deeper than in
lt. satrapa olivaceus, and the broad pale olive-yellowish or whitish
bar across the tips of the greater wing-coverts, always distinct in
alivaceus and true satrapa, is almost obsolete. The head-pattern
appears to be quite the same as in more northern birds, and the
color of the markings not appreciably different.”

Mr. Ridgway suggested as appropriate, the name of Regulus
satrapa aztecus, which I have adopted. |

2. Trogiodytes brachyurus.

The upper plumage is of a warm umber-brown, the tail is more of a gray-
ish-brown, closely crossed with narrow blackish-brown bars ; the wing-co-
verts and outer margins of the quills are colored like the back, the tertials
and outer webs of the quills have faint darker bars ; the inner webs of the
quills are dark brown ; the lores and a very distinct superciliary stripe are
white ; the sides of the head are mottled with light gray and dull white,
between which and the superciliary stripe is a brown line ; the sides of the
neck are ash-color ; the entire under plumage is grayish-white, washed on
the sides, lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts with pale rufous,
the latter marked with brownish bars ; the upper mandible is brown, the
lower whitish ; the tarsi and toes are hazel-brown.

Length, 4inches ; wing, 2; tail, 1.25; bill, 0.50; tarsus, 0.70.

_ Habitat, Yucatan. Taken at Temax, May, 1884, by Geo. F.
Gaumer. ‘Type in my collection.

Remarks.—Compared with 7. intermedius, the colors through-
out are much lighter, being grayish-white below, instead of light
rufous ; the bill is a little longer, but the wings and tail are
much shorter; it differs also in being without the concealed
white spots on the rump, which exist in 7. intermedius.

>. Octheeea flaviventris.

Front and crown dark brown, forming a decided cap; upper plumage

68 New Species of Birds.

greenish-olive ; tail hair-brown ; quills of a dark rich brown ; the seconda-
ries have their outer edges partially marked with dull pale rufous ; wing- .
coverts dark brown, the greater ones margined with dull pale rufous ; under
wing-coverts whitish. blotched with brown ; inner margins of quills very
pale salmon-color ; throat grayish-ash ; breast, sides and under tail-coverts
light brown ; abdomen of a clear pate yellow ; upper mandible black, the
lower whitish ; tarsi and toes light hazel-brown. a
Length, 5 inches ; wing, 2.63 ; tail, 2.25; bill, 0.38.

Habitat, South America. Precise locality unknown. Type
in my collection. |

Remarks.—The only species with which it seems necessary to
make comparison is, O. gratiosa, Sclater. ‘The wings are shorter
and the tail is longer than in that species, the bill is larger and
the under mandible is pale in color, instead of brown; in their
upper plumage they are somewhat alike, but gratiosa has the
back ruddy-brown, in the other it is greenish-olive ; the under
plumage of gratiosa has a general yellowish cast, buffy on the
abdomen, whereas in the new species, the yellow is restricted to
the abdomen, and is a clear pale yellow; the tail of the new
species is light brown, that of gratiosa blackish-brown.

ANNALS

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one VOLUME IV, 1886+. =

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CONTENTS,

I—A Review of the Chetodontide of North ee
~ Carn A. EIGENMANN and Ae es EL Rotese
I1.—Supplement to a Catalowan of § Chemical Periodical
H. CaRRINGTON BOLTON... 05 .s2.++0vseenedee

III.—Description of a. New Species of Thrush tabi: the Is E
Grenada, West Indies. By GEORGE N. Law

IV.—Notes on N ont American J ulide. By Grae S$
PSOE EALAM SD pee a ae ea Eiht st |

V.—On the Iron Meteorite which fell near Mazapil, dur I
Star-shower of November 27, 1885 (with Plate 1
WiniramM EArt HIDDEN....... bias, ange oe

VI. —Descriptions of New’ Species of Birds of the Fami
| viide, Troglodytide and Tyrannide. By Guor
LAWRENCE. s.Suy > ie ween Sa eee

2
|
a
hee ee

Be RS pesas 2 :

North American Carboniferous Trilobites. 69

VI.—The Genera and Species of North American Carboniferous
Trilobites.

BY ANTHONY: Wi. VOGDES.,

Read, March 28th, 1887.

CONTENTS :—

I. Introduction.
I]. Classification of the Carboniferous strata of the United
States.
III. The genus Proetus, Steininger.
IV. The genus Phillipsia, Portlock.
V. The genus Grifithides, Portlock.
VI. The genus Brachymetopus, McCoy.
VII. Deseription of the American species, with remarks.

I.— INTRODUCTION.

The known Carboniferous Trilebites of North America con-
sist of several species of the genus Proetus, ranging from the Che-
mung to the Waverly series ; twelve species of the genus Phii-
iipste. vis.: F. insignis, P. Doris, P. Rockfordensis, of the
Waverly series; Phillipsia tuberculata, Burlington series; P.
Meramecensis, Keokuk ; P. Stevensoni, Chester series ; P. Howi,
and P. Vindoubonensis ? Lower Carboniferous, and four species
from the Middle and Upper Coal Measures. The genus Grif-
fithides has five species, which range from the Keokuk to the
Coal Measures.

Brachymeiopus has only one species, appearing in the Waverly
" series.

The following brief diagnosis of the characters may be found
of use in separating the genera:

70 North American

PROETUS.

—

. Glabella tumid, gibbous in front, but not overhanging its anterior
border. .

. Marked by three pair of short lateral furrows.

. Basal lobes separated from the glabella by very aretnen furrows.

. The axis of the pygidium is always raised above the margin and di-
minishes to a blunt extremity ; it has from 4 to 13 segments.

H> OO &

PHILLIPSIA.

. Sides of glabella nearly parallel.

. Marked by either two or three short lateral Hoe:
Basal lobes continuous with the glabella.

. Eyes large reniform.

. Pygidium usually with a border.

Axis composed of from 12 to 18 segments.

Bea

GRIFFITHIDES.

. Glabella pyriform.

. No short lateral furrows on the glabella.

Basal lobes distinct from the glabella.

. Eyes small, suboval.

. Pygidium rounded, composed of from 10 to 18 segments.

wo —

or He Co

BRACHYMETOPUS.

. Glabella short, tumid.

. No short lateral furrows on the glabella.

. Basal lobes distinct.

. Eyes small, placed close to the glabella, reniform.

. The axis of the pygidium has from 10 to 17 segments.

ew wore

I].—CLASSIFICATION OF THE CARBONIFEROUS STRATA OF THE
UNITED STATES.

LOWER CARBONIFEROUS.—In the United States, this series is
represented in the West along the valley of the Mississippi River
by a limestone deposit, but in the Eastern States these limestones
are replaced by a sandstone and conglomerate, with occasional
beds of limestone, like that of Maxville, Ohio.’ ‘The Lower Car-
boniferous sand beds of Pennsylvania thin away and gradually
disappear before they reach the Mississippi, while the Chester and

1 Geol. Sur. Ohio, Vol. 3, p. 821.

Carboniferous Trilobites. ‘a

St. Louis series of Illinois, Lowa and Missouri, which were pro-
bably formed in a deep quiet sea, thin away to the eastward in
Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, to 40 feet, and in Somer-
set County to 25 feet.’ Towards the South, in Virginia, the
Lower Carboniferous limestones have a thickness of 822 feet, and
even more {in Tennessee. In Georgia these beds have a very
limited outcrop, as mere borders of the small coal measures, ex-
cept along one line of outliers from which the coal measure
strata have been removed.” In the Arctic regions, rocks of the
Carboniferous Limestone are exposed on the north coast of Grin-
nell Land, in Feilden and Parry Peninsulas, and as far west as
Clements-Markham Inlet, rising on Mount Julia to a height of
2,000 feet, and much higher in the United States Range.’

Waverty.—The Waverly series includes the Chouteaw lime-
stones, Vermicular sandstones and shales of the Missouri Geolog-
ical Survey; likewise that portion of the so-called Waverly
group of Ohio which overlies the Cleveland shale and also the Go-
niatite limestones of Indiana. ‘These beds vary in thickness from
100 to 200 feet, and contain beds of grit-stone, sandy and argilla-
ceous shales, with thin layers of oélitic limestone in Illinois. In
Michigan, Rominger includes with this series the Huron shales,
in the southern part of the Peninsula, and also the Marshall and
Napoleon groups.*

The Kinderhook group of Illinois contains many fossils which
are identical with those of the Waverly,—omitting the Cleveland
shales,—and they are equivalent to each other.

Fossils of this series appear as far west as Lake Valley, New
Mexico, and also in Nevada and Arizona.

BURLINGTON SERtES.—This group takes its name from its
typical locality, Burlington, Iowa. It hes immediately below
the Keokuk limestone, and is separated into two beds, by its
lithological characters and its fossils. (a) A lower bed of brown

1 Geol. Penn. Rep. Ka, p. 100.

* Little’s Catalogue of Ores, Rocks, &c., Georgia, p. 11.
3 Geol. Soc. London, Vol. 1879, p. 560.

* Rominger, Geel. Sur. Michigan, Vol. 3, Chap. viii.

72 North American

magnesian limestone, locally arenaceous; (6) a light gray or
nearly white limestone, with some brown layers interstratified,
and when free from chert, composed of nearly pure calcium

carbonate. Chert and hornstone are abundant in both beds in

seams and nodules. 3

The Burlington series appears as far west as Lake Valley, New
Mexico, also in the States of Iowa, Illinois and Missouri. On
the eastern and southern borders of the IHlinois coal fields, no
calcareous beds have yet been found occupying the horizon to
which this series properly belongs. ‘The Burlington group, as
far as known, only contains Phillipsia tuberculata, Meek and
Worthen.

KEOKUK SERIES.—This rock, in its full development, consists
of a gray or bluish-gray compact, encrinal limestone, in beds
separated by shaly partings ; while bands of shale or marl of

considerable thickness sometimes occur. At the base of the

limestone a series of cherty beds appears, which resist denuda-
tion, and now form the river-bed above Keokuk, Iowa, producing
rapids. At this point they have a total thickness of 60 feet, but
further to the south they become greatly augmented and produce
the body of strata known as the Silicious series in Tennessee.

The following trilobites appear in this series: Grifithides
Portlockt, Griffithides bufo.

St. Louris SERIES.—At St. Lonis and Alton, these beds con-
sist of regularly bedded gray. or bluish gray limestone, sometimes
massive, and again in thin beds, suitable for flagging-stones. Near
the middle of the series. between Alton and the mouth of the
Piusa, a bed of concretionary and brecciated limestone of about
20) feet thick appears ; below this, the limestones are of a darker
color. North of the Illinois River, the series thins out rapidly.
In the southern portions of Illinois, the beds change their litho-
logical character to a light odlitic limestone, with a thin-bedded
cherty limestone at its base. In Indiana, the St. Lonis series
includes the Spergen Hill limestone and also an excellent build-
ing stone at Ellettsville. In Kentucky, rocks of this series ap-
pear on the railroad between Elizabethtown and Paducah; the
top beds consist of an odlitic limestone, alternating with beds o¢

Se ee

Carboniferous Trilobites. 13

drab-colored lithographic limestone ; below these beds a dark-
blue fetid limestone appears. In Hardin and Grayson Counties,
between Cecilia Junetion and Kast View, the rocks of this series
consist of a mass of coarse gray limestone, fine grained limestone,
odlitic and arenaceous limestones and shales. Throughout its
entire extent in Kentucky the series has a cavernous character
and may be identified by its topography of sinkhole and semi-
circular valleys.

CHESTER SERIES.— These rocks were first described by Dr.
Shumard in Marcy’s Expl. Red River, p. 156, without naming
the group; afterwards by Dr. Hall (Trans. Alb. Inst., 1856,
Vol. 4), asthe Kaskaskia limestone ; and by the Geological Sur-
vey of Illinois (Vol. 1, p. 77), as the Chester group.

In Arkansas, in Washington County, the series consists of
beds of dark-gray and bluish limestone, surmounted by massive,
course and fine-grained quartzose sandstone. In I[linois it com-
prises three or more beds of limestone, with intercalated beds of
sandy and argillaceous shales and sandstones, the whole attaining
«a thickness, in Randolph County. of at least 600 feet. At its
typical locality, the rock forms the cliff bordering the American
Bottom from Kaskaskia to Chester, and thence southward, hav-
ing a continuous exposure of more than ten miles. The lower
portion is composed of a compact arenaceous limestone, with
shaly partings. Its central and upper beds include a thick bed
of sandstone; towards the top there is a mass of green shale or
marl 60 feet thick, overlain by a heavy bed of hmestone. In
Kentucky, this series appears on the Louisville, Paducah and S.
W. R. R., above the St. Louis beds. These rocks consist of
limestone, sandstone and shale, and constitute a bed of passage
from the massive limestones of the Lower Carboniferous to the
coal measures.

The members of this series occur at intervals from East View,
Wardin Co., to Litchfield, Grayson Co., and beyond; and also
at points between Scottsburg, Caldwell Co., and Tradewater
River.

The Chester series contains Phillipsia Stevensoni and Grif-
fithides granulata.

q4 North American

THE Upper CARBONIFEROUS system contains in Pennsylvania

the Mauch Chunk red shales, Pottsville conglomerate, and the
Lower, Barren, and Upper Coal Measures. The Upper Coal
Measures of Kansas, Nebraska, &c., contain the following car-
boniferous trilobites : Phillipsia Cliftonensis, P. major ; in Iili-
linois, Griffithides Sangamonensis, and G. scitula. The Middle
Coal Measures of Missouri contain Phillipsia Missouriensis.

Among the carboniferons trilobites described and figured from
the Upper Coal Measures of the West, there are two forms re-
ferred by Dr. Schiel (Rep. Expl. Sur. Miss. River to the Pa-
cific Ocean, Vol. 2, p. 1, figs. 11 aud 14), to the genus Phillip-
sia. The first, fig. 11, from Westport, is too imperfect to de-
termine ; the second, fig. 14, from Indian Creek, may be Phil-
lipsia major, Shumard.

Dr. Geinitz (Carb. und Dyas in Neb., p. 1, pl. 1, fig. 1), men-
tions and figures a small pygidium from the Upper Coal Mea-
sures of Plattsmouth, Neb., which he refers to the genus Phdl-
lipsia. |

Iit._PROETUS.
Plate II, figs. 1 and 2.

Proetus, Steininger, 1831, Mém. Soc. Geol. de France, Vol. 1, p. 355, pl. 21,
fig. 6.

Description.—General form of the body oval, the trilobation very distinct
through the entire length of the body. The head is less than a third of the
total length ; the pygidium is rather longer than the head. The cephalic
shield is always surrounded by a border, consisting of an exterior raised
rim and an inner groove or furrow. The movable cheeks are sometimes
prolonged into spines at their posterior angles. The posterior margin of the
head is formed by a grooved or furrowed border of the free cheeks on
each side, and by the two basal lobes and the neck-lobe, which are separated
from the glabella by a very distinct and deep furrow. The occipital lobe is
broader than the axial rings of the thorax which follow it. The glabella is
usually rounded and gibbous in front, but does not overhang its anterior
border ; it has three pairs of short lateral furrows, although not always
easily distinguished. The basal lobes of the glabella are very distinct.

The facial suture crosses the frontal border just in a line with the com-
pound eye. above which it expands, forming a round palpebral lobe ; then
passing down close to the line of the axial furrow, it diverges outwards and
crosses the posterior border obliquely behind the line of the orbit. The
movable cheek is triangular, its surface is convex, and upon the highest

-~>
t

Carboniferous Trilobites.

point is placed the large compound reniform eye, which is either smooth or
- facetted according to the state of its preservation.

The segments of the thorax vary from 8to10. The axis is always strongly
arched, and does not exceed the pleurze in breadth ; the breadth of the axis
diminishes very gradually to the posterior extremity. The pleure are more
or less bent at the fulcral point, and have their extremities cither pointed or
rounded and their anterior margin facetted.

The pygidium varies in its elevation, but the axis is always raised above
the margin, and diminishes to a blunt extremity, leaving a smooth border
beyond. The number of lateral ribs varies from 41013. The lateral ribs
do not extend to the margin of the pygidium. The contour of the pygidium
is often encircled with a border ; in some species the border is ornamented
with points (Phaeton Archiact, Barr). The surface of the test is most fre-
quently smooth or finely granulated ; in a few species it is striated, although
in some it is both striated and granulated.

PROETUS MISSOURIENSIS, Shumard.
Pl. Il, Fig. 1.

Compare Proetus auriculatus, Hall, 1862, 15th Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.
eemast-; p. 107.

Proetus Missouriensis, Shumard, 1855, Geol. Sur. Missouri, p. 196, pl. B,
figs. 13 a, 0.

Proetus Missouriensis, Vogdes, 1887. Bibliography Paleozoic Crustacea.

Phillipsia Shumardi, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Dennison Univ., p. 58.
Dr. Shumard gives the following description of this species:

‘* Glabella tumid, greatest height about the centre, ovoid, obtusely rounded
in front, truncated posteriorly, length a little greater than the width, widest
behind, three furrows on each side, posterior pair strongly marked ; these
commence at the dorsal sinus, about one-third the distance from base to
front, pass in a curve backwards, and bifurcate about midway between the
centre and sides of the glabella ; one branch very shallow, is continued for
a short distance almost transversely ; the other bends backwards nearly to
the occipital sinus, and with the main branch partially encloses a large oval
lobe on each side, the lobes separated by a space about half the width of the
glabella ; middle pair of furrows, shallow, curving backwards in a direction
nearly parallel with the posterior ones, but considerably shorter ; anterior
pair feebly impressed, a little oblique ; occipital sinus a little convex to-
wards the front, shallowest in the middle ; occipital ring wide, flattened,
much lower than the plane of the glabella. Pygidium semi-circular, flat-
tened convex, width double the length, margin broad and slightly concave ;
axial lobe almost as wide as the lateral lobes, rounded at the extremity ;
segments ten, separated by strongly marked furrows ; lateral lobes flattened,

76 North American

with six or seven segments separated by shallow, but well marked furrows:

surface thickly studded with granule, which are rather smaller than those _

of the glabella.” .

Locality.—Lithographic Limestone (Waverly series), at Hannibal, Louisi-
ana, and Chouteau Springs, Missouri ; also at Granville, Ohio. -

In the Lower Carboniferous Group of North America we have seven spe-
cies of the genus Proetus, viz.: Proetus auriculatus Hall, extending up from
the Chemung into the Waverly series, and the following species from the
Waverly series: P. Missouriensis, Shumard ; P. Loganensis, Hall and Whit-
field ; P. peroccidens, Hall and Whitfield ; P. trinucleatus, Herrick ; P. ?
ellipticus, Meek and Worthen ; P. Tennesseensis, Winchell.

We have examined several cephalic shields of Proetus Missouri-
ensts from Hannibal, Missouri, now in the American Museum of
Natural History, New York City. The glabella of the largest
specimen measures 15 mm. in width across its broadest portion,
and about the same in length ; the occipital ring is well defined,
separated from the glabella by a prominent occipital sinns.

Another specimen, in the Columbia College collection, from
Cameron, Missouri, shows the glabella and one movable cheek.
The movable cheeks are sub-triangular in outline and highly
convex ; the eyes being located high up on the cheeks ; the cheeks
slope from the eyes at an angle of about 45° to half their width.
At this point they are slightly depressed, then gradually slope off
to the marginal border; the limit or marginal border of the
head consists of a narrow raised band extending around the head.
The genal angles appear to be obtusely rounded off. The facial
suture crosses the frontal border slightly outside of a line drawn
parallel with the outside of the eyes, above which it expands,
forming a rounded palpebral lobe ; then passing down, it diver-
ges outwards and crosses the posterior border obliquely behind
the line of the orbit. The fixed checks expand both before and
behind the eyes.

This specimen, being an internal cast, exhibits two peculiar
cone-like elevations instead of pores; they are in front of the
eyes on the dorsal furrows of the glabella; the fixed cheeks at
this point are slightly depressed into an oblong hollow, rounding
off and cutting into the sides of the glabella. The upper shell
of the specimen has been removed, and we have here the interior

impressions of these auxiliary impressions, as Barrande calls

them. These peculiar pores placed on each side of the glabella:

Carboniferous Trilobites. V7

in the dorsal furrows of the glabella just in front of the eyes, —
have been observed by McCoy, Oldham, Salter, Barrande, Von
Moller, and Woodward.

McCoy (Synopsis of the Silurian Fossils of Ireland, 1846, p.
43), thinks that these auxiliary impressions occupy just the po-
sition which the antennz would have occupied, and that anten-
ne, being hollow organs, would leave a hole in the external in-
tegument if broken off.

Capt. Portlock (Rep. Geol. Londonderry, &c., 1843, p. 261),
noticed them in his description of Ampyz Sarsiz without remark.

Dr. Oldham (Jour. Geol. Soc. Dublin, 1846, Vol. 3, p. 189),
in his description of Griffithidés globiceps, says :—‘*‘ In the fur-
rows which separate the cheeks and glabella, about halfway be-
tween the front of the eye and the anterior margin, I have ob-
served in all the tolerably preserved specimens which I have seen,
a small hole or indentation”; but he does not offer an explana-
tion of their use.

In 1847, Mr. J. W. Salter (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London,
Vol. 3, p. 251), in his article on the structure of Trinwcleus, re-
fers to the discovery by himself and Dr. Emmrich, of the facial
suture in Trinucleus ornatus, and states that its course ‘‘is ob-
liquely upwards from the eye-tubercle to the upper end of the
glabella, where it appears to terminate in a solitary deep perfo-
ration, similar to those which surround the head.” This is the
first observation of these organs, that we know of, in the genus
Trinucleus.

Later on, in 1852, Barrande (Systéme Silurian de la Bohéme,
Vol. 1, p. 230), refers to the observations of McCoy, and also to
various genera on which he has observed auxiliary impressions.
He remarks: ‘* When the shell exists, as we have seen it in spe-
cimens of Calymene Bayle, etc., it is bent inwards, as a funnel
shaped depression. We have thought that this bending inward
of the shel! was simply designed to afford points of attachment
for the muscles of the jaws, and that they have the same origin
as the similar indentations which we have indicated in the pleu-
rz of various species of trilobites, * * * * A fragment of
Cheirurus gibbus, broken along the line of the dorsal groove and
the length of the glabella, exposing to view one of the ale of the
hypostoma 77 situ, shows that this wing of the hypostoma fits at

78 North American

its extremity to the interior of the little funnel-shaped projection
furmed upon the under side of the head-shield. These details
are very distinct, owing to the very perfect preservation of this
specimen with its shell. After this we cannot accept any other
interpretation for the genus Cheirurus than that which we have
given.”

Valerian von Mdller, in his article on the Trilobites of the
Carboniferous formation of the Urals, in 1867,. p. 44, notices
these auxiliary impressions on the head of Phillipsia Hichwaldi,
‘fas very distinct deep funnel-shaped openings which run a little
obliquely and enter into the under side of the cephalothorax.”
He cites the opinion of McCoy and of Barrande, and remarks,
‘*T quite agree with the observations of Barrande, and I feel
sure the more one examines these indentations the more one
feels satisfied that they are only superficial openings.”

Dr. Henry Woodward, in his Monograph of the British Car-
boniferous Trilobites (Palzeont. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 71), givesa
general review of the literature on this subject and remarks :—
‘+ These puncta may be. like the fenestre in the head of Blatta
orientalis, either rudimentary ocelli or the seat of some other
nerve-sense, and may have been, as in Blatéa and in Serolis, co-
vered with a thin transparent portion of the integument, which
served cither as a simple eye, u tympanum, or an olfactory pore.
We have referred to these fenestre@ in the head of Slatta because
they are placed, like those of the trilobites, on a suture of the
head, and in front of the compound eye.”

The interpretation of these cone-like organs observed upon
Proetus Missouriensis seems to favor the conclusion of Dr.
Woodward, that is, that they were organs of hearing.

PROETUS LOGANENSIS, Hall & Whitfield.

Proetus Loganensis, Ball and Whitfield, 1877, U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par.,
Vol. LV, p. 264, pl. 4, fig. 33.

The pygidium of a small species differing very materially from Proetus
peroccidens occurs at Logan Cafion: ‘‘ The form is more nearly semicircular,
being but very slightly paraboloid. The axial lobe is highly convex, ra-
pidly tapering below and terminating abruptly a little within the posterior
margin ; anterior end forming fully 4 of the entire width of the shield.

Carboniferous Trilobites. 79

Lateral lobes moderately convex, with a slightly thickened, scarcely elevated
border of moderate width, on which the ribs become nearly obsolete. Axial
lobe marked by 9 rounded and distinct annulations, exclusive of the termi-
nal ones, strong in front and rapidly decreasing in size posteriorly. The
ribs of the lateral lobes are 10 in number on each side, simple, highly
rounded, and continuing entirely around the posterior margin of the shield,
the most posterior ones being very faintly marked.”

Geological position and locality.—Waverly group at Logan
Cafion, Wahsatch Range, Utah.

PROETUS PERGCCIDENS, Hall & Whitfield.

Proctus peroceidens, Hall and Whitfield, 1877, U.S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par.,
Vol. IV, p. 262, pl. 4. figs. 28-32.

The authors give the following description of this species: ‘‘ The glabella
is Conico-cylindrical in form, once and a half as long as wide, very gently
narrowing from the base forward, and rounded-truncate in front; very de-
pressed-convex throughout, and marked by four pairs of transverse furrows,
the posterior ones stronger, curving backward at their inner ends, nearly
surrounding the posterior lobes, forming rounded convex tubercles, each of
which is equal in width to ¢ that of the entire glabella. The other three pairs
are faintly marked, and reach nearly 4 across the glabella ; the anterior one
transverse and very obscure, distant from the anterior end of the glabella,
equal to its width at the furrow ; second and third pairs distinct, slightly
curving backward at their ends. Occipital ring narrow, depressed-convex,
and not strongly marked. Fixed cheeks narrow ; palpebral lobe small, sit-
uated a little more than 4 of the distance from the posterior border of the
head, angular in outline. Frontal border thickened and rounded, well de-
fined, but not distinctly separated from the glabella in front. Posterior la-
teral limbs not preserved, but narrow at their junction with the fixed cheeks.
Suture-line cutting the frontal margin with a slight curvature at a point dis-
tant from the sides of the glabella equal to one-half its width at the anterior

‘end, and rounding inward with a gentle curvature to the anterior side of
the palpebral lobe, the cheek being very narrow at this point, thence pass-
ing along the top of the eye to the junction of the posterior lateral limb.
Surface of the glabella and cheeks smooth, except a few granules near the
base of the glabella.

Movable cheeks of medium size in proportion to the glabella, flattened
convex from the base of the eye to the narrow, thickened, and chamfered
marginal rim ; occipital furrow narrow, not strongly marked, and reaching
nearly to the depression within the marginal rim ; posterior angles of the
cheeks extending backward in the form of short angular spines.

Thoracic segments unknown.

80 North American

Pygidium paraboloid in outline, highly convex, abruptly so at the sides
and posteriorly. Axial lobe forming a little less than 4 of the entire width,
and reaching nearly to the posterior margin, rounded and strongly elevated

throughout ; gradually tapering posteriorly and narrowly rounded at the —

extremity ; marked by from 15 to 17 annulations in different individuals,
exclusive of the anterior articulating ring. Lateral lobes well marked, very
convex, slightly flattened near the axis, but very abrupt at the sides and be-
hind ; marked by from 14 to 16 very sharply elevated angular ribs, which
occupy the entire border, extending beyond the end of the axial lobe, and
reaching almost to the margin, leaving only a narrow plain space at the
edge. The surface of the annulations is marked by a series of small nodes,
or pustules, along their crests, arranged in four longitudinal rows on the
axial rings, and an indefinite number, closely arranged, occur on those of
the lateral lobes.”

The species, in some of its features, resembles Proetws macro-
cephalus, Hall, of the shales of the Hamilton group of New
York, especially in the markings of the pygidium, but it differs
in the more elongate form and uumber of ribs of this part, while
the glabella is proportionately narrower and the sides more nearly
parallel ; the fixed cheeks and anterior border are narrower, and
the movable cheeks terminate in spines, which is not the case
with that one. The surface of the glabella and head is also des-
titute of the strong pustules which characterize that species.

Geological position and locality.— Waverly group at Ogden,
Logan Cafion, Wahsatch Range, and Dry Cafion, Oquirrh Mount-
ains, Utah.

PROETUS TENNESSEENSIS, Winchell.

Phillipsia Tennesseensis, Winchell, 1869, Geol. Tennessee, p. 445.
We subjoin the original description :

‘*Glabella prominent, indented by a small round, depressed postero-lateral
lobe, and isolated by a deep occipital furrow, from a prominent occipital
ring which extends, narrowing in width and curving backwards, entirely
across the border, fading out toward the short, acute genal angle. Border
concave, bounded by a prominent ridge, outside of which is a linear groove
limited peripherally by a sharp elevated, delicate linear margin. Surface
of the glabella, accessory lobe and neck-ring covered with fine unequal
granulations ; a row of granules along the ridge of the border. Pygidium
broadly rounded, nearly twice as long as broad, apparently depressed ; axis

—

Carboniferous Trilobites. St

with 8 or 9 rings, tapering to the posterior end, which is somewhat abruptly
rounded off, one-tenth of an inch from the extremity of the pygidium ;
lateral lobes with 8 or 9 segments, becoming obscure posteriorly. Border
_ about one-sixteenth of an inch broad. marked on the under side by nine
rigid, sharply impressed strive. Exterior crust very finely and obscurely
granulated. Length about 3, breadth 3 of an inch.

Comparisons.—According to Winchell, this species seems to
approach nearer to Proetus articulatus Hall (15th Rep. N. Y.
State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 107), from the Chemung group, Lick-
ing Co., Ohio ; but is destitute of the anterior and middle fur-
rows of the glabella. It differs from Proetus (Phillipsia ?) ellip-
ticus, Meek and Worthen, from the Waverly series, in the charac-
ters of the cephalic border, in the absence of glabella furrows,
and in the border of the pygidium.

Geological position and locality :—Waverly series, Hickman
Co., ‘T’ennessee.

PROETUS TRINUCLEATUS, Herrick.
Pinte. 2; Pigs: “7.'3;'9:
Phillipsia trinucleata, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. II, p.
64, pl. 1, figs. 23 and 23 a, c, e,h; pl. 2, fig. 32; pl. 3, fig. 21.

The characteristic features of this species are drawn from the glabella ;
according to the author, ‘‘it is considerably longer than wide, and quite
convex, the greater height being posterior to the middle. Anterior de-
pressed margin rather narrow in front, expanded laterally ; sides nearly
straight or somewhat concave near the eyes; postero-lateral lobes very
sharply defined, conical, oblique, with a second smaller pair in front of
them, and avery faintly outlined second pair still farther forward ; between
the postero-lateral lobes a sharply defined, prominent, median elevation,
almost as large as the others ; cervical segment convex, high, often with a
single median tubercle. The surface of the glabella is minutely ornamented
and on either side in front of the eyes is an oval pit which has been thought
by some to represent the insertion of the antennze or organs of sense.”

‘* The eyes are large and supported by a prominent palpebral lobe. A sin-
gle movable cheek has been found ; the margin is obliquely inclined, form-
ing a prominent angle at its union with the face ; middle of cheek depressed
and marked with an impressed line ; cheek produced i to a spine as long as
the whole remainder of the cheek ; length of cheek, .77 (the spine, .35) ;
length of eye, .11. Pygidia are not rare and are very convex, the median
lobe especially being convex from side to side, and particularly prominent
posteriorly. The median lobe occupies } or less the width of the pygidium
proximally and tapers gradually, forming a portion of a regular truncate

82 North American

cone ; on either side an impressed line marking off an accessory portion ;

axial segments, 17-19 ; lateral lobes convex ; pleura flatte ed slightly above, °

separated by very deep sutures; margin broad, longitudinally striate, ab-
ruptly deflexed ; ribs, 9-12.

Length of pygidium, 0.85 ; width, 0.45 ; length of axial lobe, 0.27. An-
other individual, length, 0.48 ; width, 0.56 ; axial lobe, width, 0.20 ; length,
0.40 inch. The pygidium is generally, if not always, ornamented by minute
pustules on the summits of the segments which are borne on the top of a
slightly elevated, flattened ridge forming the axis of the annuli ”

Geological position and locality :—Waverly group, Flint Ridge,
Licking Co., Ohio. :

After a careful study of this species, and the figures of it
given by Dr. Herrick, pl. 2, figs. 23 and 23 c, we are inclined
to refer this species to the genus Proetus.

PROETUS ELLIPTICUS, Meek and Worthen.
Plate 3, Fig. 3. .
Proetus ellipticus, Meek and Worthen, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. &ci. Phila.,
p: 267.

Proetus ellipticus, Meek and Worthen, 1868, Palseont. Illinois, Vol. III, p.
460, pl. 14, fig. 8. .

The following is a copy of the description of this species given by the
authors :

‘‘Rather small, entire outline narrow, elliptic ; cephalic shield semi-ellip-
tic, about 4 wider than long, and slightly longer than the thorax—regularly
and rather narrowly rounded in front and straight behind, with postero-
lateral angies produced into small spines, which extend back to the fourth
thoracic segment ; anterior and lateral borders with a narrow marginal rim,
strongly deflected upwards, and separated from the cheeks and glabella by
a deep furrow. Glabella more prominent than the cheeks, including the
neck-segment, a little more twice as long as wide, broader behind than in
front, where it is regularly rounded, separated from the cheeks on each side
by moderately well-defined furrows ; neck-segment more prominent in the
middle than any part of the glabella, about twice as wide (antero-posteriorly)
as the thoracic segments, and defined by a narrower but distinct neck-fur-
row, the continuation of which becomes wider, but rather less sharply im-
pressed, as it extends straight across the posterior margin of the cheeks to
their lateral marginal furrows ; lateral furrows of the glabella, excepting
the posterior ones, nearly obsolete ; posterior lateral lobes small, subovate,
and nearly isolated by a rather obscure lateral furrows just in front of each
being directed obliquely backwards and inwards, so as to intersect the neck-
furrow ; the other two lateral lobes, of which there seem to be indications

Carboniferous Trilobites. 85

of two on each side, are very small and nearly obsolete ; anterior lobe com-
posing nearly half of the glabella, Eyes lunate, not oblique, one-third as
long as the glabella, but not so prominent, situated less than their own
length in advance of the posterior margin of the cheeks near the glabella,
and about half their length from the lateral margins of the cheeks ; reticu-
lations very fine. Facial sutures intersecting the posterior margins of the
cheeks near the middle, and extending forwards from the anterior side of
each eye, at first close to the side of the glabella but soon curving outwards
and obliquely forward, so as to intersect the lateral margins nearly in front
of the middle of the eyes.

‘Thorax about one-third wider than long, distinctly trilobate ; mesial
lobe prominent, about once and-a-half as wide as the lateral lobe, consisting,
apparently, of only 8 segments ; a little widest near the middle, and taper-
ing posteriorly ; segments not arching forwards, but strongly arched up-
wards. rather flattened. Lateral lobes depressed, somewhat flattened near
the mesial lobe, and rounding down rather distinctly to the lateral margins;
segments narrow on their upper edges, flattened in the direction of the axis,
and bent a little backwards below the knees, apparently rounded at the ex-
tremities.

‘* Pygidium sub-semicircular, but a little rounded at the anterior lateral
angles ; about one-third wider than long, and as long as the glabella, exclu-
sive of the neck-segments and anterior marginal rim ; rather more broadly
rounded behind than the anterior margin of the glabella ; mesial lobe pro-
minent, about as wide anteriorly as the lateral lobes, and tapering back-
ward to an obtuse point within the margin, where it ends rather abruptly
and is a little depressed, but not flattened ; consisting of nine or ten mode-
rately defined segments ; lateral lobes depressed below the mesial lobe, near
which they are slightly flattened, thence rounding to the margins ; each
with about seven rather faintly defined segments, of which only the anterior
one is marked with a longitudinal furrow, all extending to within a short
distance of the margin, which seems to be slightly thickened.

‘‘Surface apparently nearly smooth, excepting the glabella, which is
covered with small, rather closely arranged granules, a row of very small
granules may also be seen by the aid of a magnifier, along the posterior
margin of the segments of the mesial lobe, both of the thorax and pygidium.

‘Entire length. 0.78 inch.” * * *

Locality and position -—Jersey County, Illinois; Kinderhook
Group of the Lower Carboniferous series.

IV. PHILLIPSIA, Portlock, 1843.
Plate 2, Figs. 4, 10, 11.
Phillipsia, Portlock, 1848, Rep. Geol. Londonderry, etc., p. 309.

Description.—General form oval; glabella with nearly parallel sides,
marked by either two or three short lateral furrows ; the posterior angles

84 North American

forming the basal lobes, always separated by a circular furrow from the rest
of the glabella ; eyes large, reniform, surface finely facetted. Occipital fur-
row deep ; movable check separated from the glabella by the suture, which
forms an acute angle with the circular border of the cheek in front of the
glabella ; while the facial suture cuts obliquely across the posterior margin,
just behind the eye, leaving a small pointed portion fixed to the glabella by
the occipital lobe ; angles of cheeks more or less produced, margin of the
head incurved, forming a striated and punctated rim. Thoracic segments
nine in number, the axis distinctly marked off by the distinct dorsal fur-

rows. Pygidium, usually with a rounded border, the axis composed of ©

from 12 to 18 coalesced segments.
Hypostoma of Phillipsia Derbiensis is large, mesial lobe broad and spatu-
late, ale small, smooth, and pointed.

PHILLIPSIA PERANNULATA, Shumard.

Phillipsia perannulata, Shumard, 1858, Trans, Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol.
I, p. 296; pl. XI, fig. 10.

Pygidium deltoid, as wide as long, elevated ; border narrow, smooth, in-
flected behind, outer cdge sinuate, inner edge obtusely subangulated, the
anterior two-thirds marked with a shallow furrow ; posterior extremity nar-
row, very strongly arched ; axial lobe elevated, nearly as wide as one lateral
lobe, tapering very gradually from front to posterior extremity, which is
bluntly rounded and nearly terminal ; axial rings from 28 to 30, rounded,
distinct on the dorsum. becoming obsolete on the sides ; margins sinuate, sur-
face of each ring studded with a single row of 4 or 5 granules, those of one
ring alternating with those of the adjoining ones ; transverse furrows much
narrower than the rings and not deeply impressed ; lateral lobes arched.
somewhat flattened superiorly ; segments 8, subangulated, simple, gently
arched forwards, posterior ones directed obliquely backwards, the last one
being nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis ; transverse furrows deep
and rather broad ; surface of rings garnished with a row of distinct granules.

Dimensions.—Length and width, 0.74 ; height, 0.28 inch.

Geological position and locality, Carboniferous, Guadalupe Mountains,
New Mexico.

PHILLIPSIA CLIFTONENSIS, Shumard.

Phillipsia Cliftonensis, Shumard, 1858, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. I,
p. 227

Phillipsia Cliftonensis, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol.
ae 1:

Pygidium small, semi-elliptical, gibbous, width greater than the length ;
axial lobe elevated longitudinally, gently arched; dorsum slightly de-
pressed, width at forward extremity about equal to one lateral lobe exclud-
ing the smooth margin, gradually tapering and terminating in a blunt point

Carboniferous Trilobites. 85

posteriorly ; rings from 13 to 14, sub-granulose, separated by distinctly im-
pressed furrows ; lateral lobes angulated near the middle, flattened above
and on the sides, well defined from the margin by a shallow but distinct
furrow ; segments 7, rounded, separated by distinct linear sulci ; margin
moderately wide and regularly convex. :

Dimensions.—Length, .28 inch ; width, .25; height, .11; height of axial
lobe, .04 ; length of same, .19.

Geological position and locality.—Upper Coal Measures, Clifton Park,
Kansas

PHILLIPSIA MAJOR, Shumard.
Plate 3, Fig. 14.

Phillipsia major, Shumard, 1858, Trans. Acad Sci. St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 226.

Phillipsia major, Meek, 1872, U.S. Geol. Sur. Neb., p. 238, pl. 3, figs. 2,
a. 6. 6:

— Schiel, 1855, Rep. Exp}. Sur, Mississippi River to Pacific Ocean, Vol.
Resp TUS; “pl. 1, fig Tt.

Phillipsia major, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., II., p. 60.

Head and thorax unknown. Pygidium large, elevated, approaching to
semi-elliptical, a little widerthan long ; surface smooth or very finely punc-
tate ; outlines of lateral edges sinuate, margin broad, particularly towards
the posterior extremities: axial lobe very much elevated, gently tapering,
forming about five-sixths of the total length, not so wide as the lateral lobe,
rather strongly arched longitudinally, sides with a broad, shallow groove
running their whole length ; rings 23, very strongly arched from side to
side, angulated in the lateral depressions, and their extremities directed
obliquely backwards ; the first six or seven from the front are very flat in
a longitudinal direction, and are separated from each other by fine scarcely
impressed transverse lines or furrows. Posterior to these, the furrows
are distinctly impressed to the extremity of the lobe, while the rings gradu-
ally become rounded on the dorsum, but on the sides they still continue
flattened. Lateral lobes moderately convex, obtusely angulated in front ;
‘segments 12, rounded, slightly sinuate, simple; furrows rather strongly
impressed, except the last two, which are nearly obsolete.

Dimensions.—Width of pygidium, 1,7°, inch; length, 14%; length of
axial lobe, .93 ; width of same at anterior extremity, .30,

Geological position and locality.—Upper Coal Measures, Clinton Co., Mis-
souri; Valley of the Verdigris River, 12 miles south of Lecompton on the
Santa Fé road, Kansas; also at Kansas City, Missouri, and Bellevue,
Nebraska.

We have examined a smaller specimen of this species from
Kansas City, now in the Columbia College collection. This

86 North American

pygidium is well marked by a broad limb, which widens out
posteriorly as the ribs become shorter; the axis is strongly
arched, and marked by about 21 rings, the first five are indis-
tinctly outlined, the others are distinctly indicated. The dorsal:
furrows are broad and deep, the sides are marked with 12 ribs,
separated from each other by deep furrows.
Length, 24 mm. ; breadth, 25 mm.

PHILLIPSIA MISSOURIENSIS, Shumard.
Plate 3, Figs. 1-2.

Phillipsia Missouriensis, Shumard, 1858, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol.
Te peeo.

Phillipsia Missouriensis, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ.,
Vol Ul, p29:

We subjoin the original description :

‘‘ Pygidium semi-elliptical, elevated, width greater than length ; surface
very finely punctate, puncte rather distant and arranged somewhat in quin-
cunx ; margin rather broad and smooth ; axial lobe strongly arched trans-
versely, gradually tapering, forming not quite four-fifths the total length ;
its width equal to about three-fourths the width of one lateral lobe; rings
about 18, rounded on the dorsum and flattened at the extremities, transverse
furrows narrow, distinctly impressed on the dorsum, becoming nearly obso-
lete before reaching the longitudinal furrows ; lateral lobes rather strongly
arched transversely, anterior margin angulated. apex of the angle elevated
and situated nearest the axial lobe ; segments 11, rounded, curving slightly
downwards, not furrowed ; furrows between the segments rather deeply
impressed, except the two posterior ones, which are quite shallow.

Dimensions.—Length of pygidium, .68 inch ; greatest width, .76; length
of axial lobe, .56 ; greatest width of same, .23.”

Geological position and locality.—Middle Coal Measures, at Lexington,
Missouri. ;

PHILLIPSIA MERAMECENSIS. Shumard.
Plate 3, Fig. 15.
Phillipsia Meramecensis, Shumard, 1855, Geol. Missouri, p. 199, pl. B,
fig. 9.
Phillipsia Meramecensis, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ.,
Vol. If, p. 59.
Phillipsia Howi, Billings, 1863 ; Can. Nat., Vol. VIII, p. 209, fig.
Phillipsia Vindobonensis, Hartt, 1868 ; Dawson’s Acad. Geol., p. 218.

Curboniferous Trilobites. 87

‘Dr. Shumard gives the following description of his species : *‘ Pygidium
semi-elliptical, rather wider than long, very convex ; border moderately nar-
row ; axial lobe not quite as wide as the lateral lobes and considerably ele-
vated above them ; anterior extremity arched ; posterior extremity obtusely
rounded ; rings 15, convex on the dorsum, flattened on the sides ; trans-
verse furrows rather deeply impressed on the dorsum, but shallow and nar-
row on the flattened sides ; lateral lobes strongly arched dowawards ; ribs
about 12, distinct, except the two or three last, which are obscure ; the first
four from the thoracic margin marked with a shallow but distinct furrow,
which is situated very near the posterior edge ; furrows between the ribs
rather deeply impressed ; surface very finely granulated.”

Dimensions,—6 lines ; greatest width, 64 lines.

Geological position and locality.— Archimedes limestone (Chester series),
Meramec River, at Fenton, St. Louis Co., Missouri.

Dr. Shumard, in his journal of observations along the routes
travelled by the expeditions between Indianola, Texas, and
the valley of the Mimbres, New Mexico, mentions this spe-
cies as occurring in the mountains near the Ojo de la Soledad in
the Carboniferous crystalline limestones. An undescribed Phii-
lipsia is also mentioned by this author as occurring in the Gua-
dalupe Mountains. (A Partial Report on the Geology of Western
Texas, consisting of a General Geological Report and a Journal
of Geological Observations along the routes traveled by the expe-
ditions between Indianola, Texas, and the valley of the Mimbres,
ete.; G. G. Shumard, Austin, 1886, pp. 95 and 113.

PHILLIPSIA INSIGNIS, Winchell.

Phillipsia insignis, Winchell, 1868, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. VII, 2d se-
ries, p. 24.
| Phillipsia insignis, Billings, 1863, Can. Nat., Vol. VIIL, p. 209.
Phillipsia insignis, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., II, p. 63.
We subjoin the original description :

‘* Head paraboloid ; border wide, broadly and deeply furrowed, with the
margin reflected upward, and the lateral angles continued posteriorly in
acuminate prolongations, reaching twice the length of the glabella from the
anterior end ; the margin and reflected portion of the test marked by fine
longitudinal striz. Glabella elongate-paraboloid, tuberculated. In the
middle of the posterior border of the glabella is a pair of tubercles, and in
front of these a second and third pair, the last resting on the middle of the
glabella—the whole so arranged as to form two longitudinal rows ; opposite

88 North American

the first pair are two smail complementary lobes, with four pustules on the

summit of each ; opposite the second pair, on each side a transversely elon-

gated tubcrcle with a trifid crest; opposite the first pair a similar tu-
bercle with a bifid crest ; the ornaments on the posterior half of the gla-
bella being consequently arranged in three transverse series, in the poste-
rior of which are ten elevations, in the middle eight, and in the anterior six;

the anterior half of the glabella 1s covered by pustules somewhat promiscu-

ously arranged. and varying in different specimens. Eyes large, globoid,

slightly excavated by the palpebral lobe of the fixed cheek, situated opposite —

the posterior third of the glabella.. Occipital ring broad, with its posterior
margin elevated nearly as high as the posterior extremity of the glabella,
und ornamented with a row of small. raised points tarned backwards.

‘The pygidium very convex, semi-elliptic, the axis very prominent and
forming about one-third the width at the anterior margin ; consisting of 12
or 14 rings each bearing six small tubercles. the whole of which are arranged
in six longitudinal rows ; the tubercles often worn down on the exterior of
the test, but always well defined in the cast; lateral lobes bent rather ab-
ruptly downwards, having 10 ribs, which become indistinct and disappear
towards the margin, and are entirely wanting over the narrow space behind
the axis; the anterior 1ibs showing a faint median groove towards their
vanishing extremities, and a few of the posterior ones bearing feeble tuber-
culations towards their axial extremities.”

Geological position and locality, from the base of the Burlington limestone,
Burlington, Lowa.

PHILLIPSIA STEVENSONI, Meek.
Plate 3, Fiz. 6.

Phillipsia Stevensoni, Meek, 1870, 83d Ann. Rept. Board of Regents of West
Virginia University. p. 73.

This species was founded upon the glabella and pygidium, which Mr. F.
B. Meek compares with Griffithides Portlockiit, Meek and Worthen. The
author remarks that the pygidium ‘‘is proportionately longer, more convex
and more narrowly rounded behind,” than that of Griffithides Portlockii ;
its length and breadth being very nearly or quite equal, and its height half
the breadth. Its lateral lobes also slope more abruptly to the margins,
which are not flattened, but very slightly thickened, obscurely striated, and
abruptly sloping. It likewise shows no traces of either the furrows or gra-
nules seen on the anterior segments of the lateral lobes of Griffithides Port-
lockii, the surface of these lobes being entirely smooth, excepting minute
pitting or punctures. Its prominent mesial lobe is flattened or slightly fur-
rowed on each side, and shows fourteen segments, ornamented each by a
row of small granules ;ywhile each lateral lobe has ten less strongly denned,

vfand r more depressed segments, separated merely by slight_ linear furrows.
~The fragment of a glabella found associated with the pyg eidium above

Carboniferous Trilobites. 89

‘dese. ibed, shows it to be rather depressed, oval-oblong, widest between the
eyes, with a comparatively large sub-trigonal posterior lateral lobe on each
side, extending forward to about the middle of the inner margin of each of
the small palpebral lobes ; and just before each of these larger lateral lobes
there is another faintly defined, very small, oblique one, not extending quite
so far forward as the palpebral lobes. The neck segment is comparatively
wide antero-posteriorly, arched upwards nearly or quite as high as the cen-
tral part of the glabella, and like the latter, ornamented with small prs

Length of pygidium, 0.32 inch ; breadth, 0.83 inch ; height, 0.16 inch.’

Locality and geological position.—Monongalia Co., W. Va. Chester series,
Lower Carboniferous.

> a 4 e
lat iA/ (iSsera7?e 4 Yak ai ye €

We have examined several specimens of this specie fron Mo-

nongalia Co., West Virginia, now in the possession of Prof. J.
J. Stevenson, of New York city. ‘The largest pygidium in this
collection is about the same size as that described above. The
axis has 14 rings, and the side lobes 10 rather flat ribs, gradually
decreasing in size, and ending abruptly on the inner margin of
the border, which encircles the outer portion of the pygidium.

PHILLIPSIA VINDOBONENSIS, Hartt.

Phillipsia Vindobonensis, Hartt, 1868, Dawson’s Acadian Geology, p. 313
(3d edition).
Phillipsia Vindobonensis, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ.,
Vol. 11, p: 63.
The description of the species was drawn by Prof. Hartt from an imper-
fect pygidium : we give the original :—

‘ Pygidium semi-elliptical, very convex ; one or two segments appear to
be wanting from the anterior margin ; but the width of the pygidium in
that part must have been greater than its length. Ten or eleven articula-
tions are visible on the side lobes and twelve on the axis, which is very
prominent and moderately tapering. The axial rings are depressed, convex,
becoming smaller, more crowded, and more indistinct toward the apex.
Ribs on side lobes depressed, convex, decreasing in length, breadth, and
distinctness from before backward, while at the same time they become
more and more inclined backward. The six anterior ribs preserved show a
distinctly marked groove, originating on the posterior margin at about one-
third the length of the ribs from the axis, and running obliquely, increasing
in depth to the end of the rib. Smooth border, none, or extremely narrow at
anterior angles, but becoming three-fifths the width of the axis near the
posterior part of the pygidium, which is not visible in the only specimen I
have examined.”’

Geological position and locality.—Lower Carboniferous, Windsor, Nova
Scotia. (Chester Group ?)

90 North American

PHILLIPSIA DORIS, Hall.

Proetus Doris, Hall, Contributions to Paleontology, 1858-59, p. 57.
Proetus Doris, Hall, 1860, 18th Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 112.

Phillipsia Doris, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. IX,
p. 138. PB
Phillipsia Doris, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., II, p. 62.
We subjoin the original description of this species drawn by Prof. James
Hall from the pygidium :

**Caudal shield semi-elliptical, convex ; the axis gibbous, rounded and
very prominent in old specimens, obtuse posteriorly. The plane border of
the pygidium is about half as wide as the lateral lobe, and defined by a
shallow depression on the inner side, marked by about 8 ribs, while the axis
is marked by 13 or 14 in full grown specimens. Surface granulous.”

Geological formation and locality.—Goniatite limestone at Rockford, In_
diana.

Prof. Alexander Winchell, in the Proceedings of the Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, for 1865, p. 133, remarks:

‘¢ This species was established by Iall on some pygidia occur-
ing in the Goniatite limestone at Rockford, Indiana. Iam in
possession of several pygidia from this locality which agree with
his description, though in the absence of measurements, 1t may
be that his specimens are much larger. Associated with these are
numerous fragments of bucklers, which prove that the trilobite
isa Phillipsia. ‘The head is furnished with a border. sloping
downwards, and separated from the cheeks by a deep but narrow
groove; the middle of the border is marked by a groove which
reaches from a point opposite one eye, to the corresponding
point on the other side of the head ; in some specimens the latter
groove reaches backward to the posterior borders of the buckler ;
the cheeks are raised abruptly above the border, and terminated
by spinous points which are ornamented with raised longitudinal
strie, and extend backwards a distance equal to one-third the
whole length of the cephalic shield. ‘The principal lobe of the
glabella is in the form of a prolate semi-ellipsoid, is almost desti-
tute of furrows, and is supported on each side by a large com-
plementary lobe. ‘The surface is obscurely granulose. ‘The py-
gidium is in form of a semi-ellipse, with the longer diameter
transverse ; it is convex, with a gibbous axis, obtuse posteriorly,
and articulated to the extremity. The lateral lobes are a little

Carboniferous Trilobites. 9]

narrower than the axis, and their terminal points join the ex-
tremity of the axis. ‘The pygidinm is bordered by a plain belt
enrved downward around the margin, and barely marked by a
continuation of the articulations—except the two which bound
it anteriorly.

‘‘Number of segments in the axis, 11; in the side lobe, 7;
surtace the same as in the buckler.

“Width of pygidium, .35 inch; length, .21; width of axis at
anterior end, .12; width of border, .04; length of buckler of
another specimen, 31.”

Geological position and locality.—Gouiatite limestone (Wa-
verly series), Rockford, Indiana.

PHILLIPSIA ROCKFORDENSIS, Winchell.

Phillipsia Rockfordensis, Winchell, 1865, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
Vol. IX, 2d series, p. 133.

Phillipsia Rockfordensis, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ.,
II, p. 62.

Prof. Winchell gives the following description of this species :

*- Cephalic shield surrounded by a narrow, convex border, which is
bounded internally by a narrow but deep groove, and terminates posteriorly
in conically tapering genal points. The principal lobe of the glabella is
relatively very large, convex, higest in the middle, widened anteriorly,
circularly rounded in front, and gently curved on the sides ; no glabella-
furrows are present. The complementary lobes are large, oval, and project
laterally further than the main lobe. The surface of the test of the glabella »
is finely but sharply granulated ; that of the border is finely striated. Size
about the same as that of Phillipsia Doris.”

Geological position and paenioty. .—Goniatite limestone (Waverly series),
Rockford, Indiana.

PHILLIPSIA HOWI, Billings.

Phillipsia Howi, Billings, 1863, Can. Nat., Vol. VIII, p. 209, fig.

Phillipsia Howi, Hartt, Acadian Geol. (Dawson), p. 3138, fig. 133.

Phillipsia Howi, Herrick, 1887, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., II, p. 63.
The pygidium of this species is thus described by Mr. Billings :—

‘*Pygidium semi-elliptical, strongly convex, width at the anterior margin
a little less than the length ; 17 or 18 articulations in the axis; side-lobes
with 10 or 12 ribs and a smooth border. The axis is very prominent, about
one-third the width, gradually and uniformly tapering and terminating ab-

92 North American

ruptly at tive-sixths of the whole length in an obtusely rounded apex. The
ribs on the axis are depressed convex, becoming smaller and more crowded
toward the apex, each with 8 or 9 tubercles, which are confined to the mid-
dle third of the width of the axis, and are situated near the posterior margin
of the ribs. The side lobes have 10 or 12 depressed convex ribs, the last
three indistinct, the first three or four with a very obscure fine groove near
the posterior edge, in the outer third of the length. The smooth border is
about one-fourth the width of the side-lobes at the anterior angles, but a
little wider behind ; all the space behind the apex of the axis is smooth.

Each rib has nine or ten small tubercles near its posterior margin. On the >

posterior third of the pygidium there is an obscure shallow groove along the
inner edge of the smooth border.”

Length of the specimen, 123 mm. ; width at the anterior margin, about
12 mm. ,

Geological position and locality.—Lower Carboniferous, Kennetook, Nova
Scotia.

There are two forms of the genus Phillipsia described by Ca-

nadian paleontologists, from the Windsor Limestone of Nova
Scotia. which appear to be identical with Phillipsia Meramecen-
sis, Shumard. The first, Phillipsia Howi, Billings, was de-
scribed from a pygidinm with 17 or 18 axial rings and 12 side
ribs in the text, but figured with 16 axial rings and 12 side ribs.
Can. Nat.; Vol VII, p--209. |

A comparison of the second species from the Windsor lime-
stone (Phillipsia Vindobonensis, Hartt,) shows no essential
points of difference, except with regard to the number of axial
rings in the second which are given as 12 from an imperfect
specimen, with two or more of the anterior segments wanting.

PHILLIPSIA TUBERCULATA, Meek and Worthen.

Phillipsia tuberculata, Meek and Worthen, 1870, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
Vol. XX, p. 52.

Attaining a large size. Head and thorax unknown. Pygidium semi-
elliptic, the length being nearly three-quarters the breadth, very convex ;
posterior margin obtusely rounded ; lateral margin diverging rapidly for
ward, with convex outlines. Axial lobe well defined, obtuse, and rather
prominent behind and gradually widening forward, with nearly straight
sides ; rather distinctly more elevated than the lateral lobes, which it nearly
equals in breadth at the anterior end, as seen in a direct view from above,
but one-quarter narrower than the latter, measuring over the curve of each;
showing 16 or 17 straight, well defined segments, each of which is provided
with six small tubercles, arranged so as to form six rows. Lateral lobes

————e Tee

Carboniferous Trilobites. 93

with about 14 segments cach, the very short posterior ones being nearly in
line with the axial lobe, while the others grow gradually more transverse
anteriorly, so as to show only a moderate obliquity towards the front ; all
extending down so as to leave only a very narrow, undefined, smooth mar-
ginal space, and each ornamented by from 2 or 8 to about 12 tubercles, the
number increasing regularly, with the length of the segments, towards the
anterior. Surface between the segments and tubercles smooth. Length of
pygidium, 0.95 inch ; breadth, 1.45 inch ; convexity, 0.40 inch. * * * ”

Locality and position.—Kinderhook, Pike Co., Il. Burlington division
of the Lower Carboniferous.

GRIFFITHIDES, Portlock, 1843.
Plate III, Figs. 3, 5, 6 & 12.

Griffithides, Portlock, 1843, Geol. Rep. Londonderry, p. 310.

Description.—Outline oblong-oval, glabella pyriform, gibbous in front,
destitute of lateral furrows ; basal lobes inflated. Occipital lobe broad, eyes
small, lunate, smooth ; facial suture marking divisions of the movable
cheek clearly defined, outline broadly triangular, outer posterior angles
sometimes produced into a cheek-spine. Thorax with 9 segments. Pygi-
dium rounded, composed of about 13 coalesced axial rings. Hypostome :
the anterior border is strongly arched, the central body is tumid ; the two
alz form blunt angles, giving breadth to the attached anterior border ; the
sides curve inward almost to the lower end, where there is a slight expansion;
the lower free extremity is only half as wide as the upper. The border is
raised and the angles truncated, the inner portion of the lower extremity is
slightly raised (G. globiceps). |

GRIFFITHIDES PORTLOCKII, Meek and Worthen.
Plate TLL, Fis: 9:

* Phillipsia (Griffithides) Portlockiit, Meek and Worthen, 1865; Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 268.

Phillipsia (Griffithides) Portlockii, Meek and Worthen, 1878; Geol. and
Palzont. Illinois, Vol. V, p. 525, pl. 19, fig. 6.

Griffithides Portlockii, Vogdes, 1886; Bibliography Palsozoic Crustacea.

The authors give the following description of this species in their final
report :

‘* Entire outline subovate. Cephalic shield sub-semicircular, nearly twice
as wide as long, moderately convex, rounded in front and straight behind,
with posterior lateral angles terminating in short, pointed spine-like append-
ages extending back to the third thoracic segment. Glabella ovate, tumid,
contracted and depressed behind, widest and most convex or ventricose an-
teriorly, where it is about one-third narrower than its length from the neck-
segment to its rounded front, which is not margined by a projecting rim ;
very distinct from the cheeks in consequence of its greater convexity ; pos-

94 North American

terior lateral lobes smal], much depressed, and isolated by the oblique lateral
furrows in the front being so directed as to intersect the neck-furrow ; im-.
mediately in front of these there are.on each side faint traces of another
small, very obscurely defined, lateral lobe ; anterior lobes ovate, ventricose,
and comprising more than nine-tenths of the whole ; neck-furrow deep and
and broad ; its continuation across the posterior side of the cheeks distinct,
straight, and terminating at the lateral furrows of the cheeks ; neck-segment
prominent, twice the size of the thoracic segments, and equaling the greatest
transverse diameter of the glabella in front, but more depressed.

‘‘ Eyes in the form of somewhat oval, ventricose tubercles, considerably —
lower than the glabella, from which they are separated by rather wide, dis-
tinct depressions, placed about half their length in advance of the posterior
margin of the cheeks, and without visible facets ; palpebral lobes depressed,
not covering the eyes, but merely connecting with their inner sides, so as to
leave the visual area forming an almost isolated tubercle. Cheeks sloping
from the eyes into a broad, deep marginal sulcus, which is not continued
around the front of the glabella, but extends back a little upon the lateral
spine ; outside of this there is a thick, distinctly striated marginal rim,
which becomes very nearly obsolete around the front of the glabella. Fa-
cial sutures cutting the anterior margin nearly on a line with the eyes, but
curving so as to leave a small semi-circular wing on each anterior lateral
margin of the glabella ; behind they intersect the posterior margin of the
cheeks about midway between the lateral angles and the neck-segment, but
nearer the latter. Thorax nearly as long as the glabella, exclusive of the
neck-segment, distinctly trilobate ; axial lobe slightly wider than the lateral
lobes, rounded a d rather prominent ; its segments narrow and straight, or
not arched forward. Lateral lobes more depressed, somewhat flattened on
the inner side, rounding down to the lateral margins ; segments duplicated
by a nearly mesial furrow extending from their inner ends out to or a little
beyond the undefined knee, beyond which they are obliquely flattened for
folding together, and rounded at their extremities.

‘‘Pygidium a little more than one-fourth wider than long, rather dis-
tinctly convex, rounded behind, and more or less straight in front, with an-
terior lateral angles obliquely truncated and a little rounded. Mesial lobe
very prominent and well defined, rounded above, and a little flattened or
furrowed on the sides ; as wide anteriorly as the lateral lobes, tapering and
declining somewhat posteriorly to an abrupt, obtuse, prominent termination;
about half its own greatest anterior breadth within the flattened margin ;
segments fourteen or fifteen, distinctly defined, smaller than those of the
thorax. Lateral lobes depressed below the mesial lobe, somewhat flattened
on the inner side, and sloping to the rather narrow and more flattened bor-
der ; segments ten, somewhat oblique, well-defined for three-fourths of the
distance out, and thence less distinctly so, to within a short distance of the
margin; a few of the anterior ones with an obscure longitudinal furrow.
Surface granular, the granules being largest on the posterior portions of the
glabella, palpebral lobes and neck-segment. On the segments of the axial

Carboniferous Trilobites. , °° | 95

lobe, both of the thorax and pygidium, as well as those on the lateral lobes,
they are very small and regularly disposed, so as to form a single row on
each segment.

‘* Entire length, 1.19 inch ; breadth of head, about 0.80 inch ; length of
pygidium, 0.44 ; “breadth of do., 0. 56 ; length of thorax, 0.33 ; breadth of
do., 0.60!

‘*- This species is remarkable for the structure of, its eyes, which instead
of being as usual, covered by the palpebral lobes, have the form and ap-
pearance of distinct oval tubercles, with small depressed palpebral lobes
merely connecting with their i inner sides. Ss Fein de See D ae FATS

Locality and position. —Warsaw, Tllinois ; Keokuk neste. of. the
Lower Se abana series.

We fave examined specimens of this species from Warsaw,
Til., mow in the Museum of Natural History of New York. The
pygidiam of these specimens is not a little flattened on the axis
or furrowed on its sides, but more round and less broad than
that given by Messrs. Meek and. Worthen in. their figure of( the

species.
GRIFFITHIDES BUFO, Meck £ Worthen...
Plate I, Figs. 4, 5 & 10.

Phillipsia (Grifftiides) bufo, Meek and Worthen, 1870 ; Proc. Acad; Nat. |
Sci. ‘Philla., p. 52.

Phillipsia (Grriffithides) bufo, Meek and Worthen, 1873.; Geol. .amd Palzeont.
Ilimois, Wol. V, p. 528, pl. 19, fig. 5.

Gririfffithides buf, Vogdes, 1886 ; Bibliography Paleozoic Crustacea..

The authors give the following description of this species Geological Sur-
wey of ES Vol. WY, Dp. 528) « a te

“ Emtime omtiine elliptical, tthe breadth heimg to the lemgth as 75 to 130.
Cephalic shield ftommime more tham a semicincle, round im firomt amd mearihy
stiraiielht, Ihefnimdl ; posterior lateral angles terminating im, short, albmuyptily.
pointed spimes exttemdimg hack to the amterior edge of the thoracic seement...
Glabella rather depressed comvex,, wide amterionly and, narrowing posterioniy
to tthe meck-tfumowy,, just: im’ firomtt of which, amd commected with the palpe-
bral lobes Om each side, iit has 2 simeje small, obsxeume atterall lobe ; mecik-
fumrow broad and welll defimed, both acmoss tihe gfabellla amd across tike poste
Tor marine of thhe cheeks ; meck-sexmemt rather wide, depressed below tthe
lewell of tihe Ihiigihest pant of tthe glalbellka im finomt off iit. Byes of modenate
Sime, memilfonim,, meanhy as prominent as tlhe elkalhellka, Dhaced! Ihuit Ditttike im ffromtt
of the conttiimuatiion of the meck-funrow across the cheeks, apparently smooth,
That showime:, wihem tlhe outer cnust is remowed,, mumerous weny minute lenses
beneath, Checks sloping off nathher abruptly from the eyes to tihe thickened

96 North American

margin, which does not continue around the front of the glabella ; facial
sutures cutting the anterior margin in front of the eyes before, and a little.
outside of them behind. Thorax nearly twice as wide as long, distinctly
trilobate ; mesial lobe but moderately prominent, nearly twice as wide as
either of the lateral lobes, its eight segments merely rounded, and without
furrows. Lateral lobes narrow ; pleurse curving moderately downwards at |
less than half their length out from the axial lobe, but not distinctly genicu-
lated, each provided with a furrow extending nearly half way out.

‘*Pygidium approaching semi-circular with the anterior lateral angles
obliquely truncated ; mesial lobe but slightly wider anteriorly than the Jate- —
ral ; segments about eleven ; lateral lobes with eight or nine segments. Sur-
face finely granulated, the granules being most distinct on the glabella, and
the segments of the mesial lobe of the thorax.

‘This species will be at once distinguished from our P. Portlockii, from
the same horizon, by its much broader and less ventricose glabella, and the
peculiar tuberculiform cyes of that species, as well as by the broader and
less prominent mesial lobe of the pygidium, in the form under consideration.”

Locality and pos‘tion.—Crawfordsville, Indiana. Keokuk division of the
Lower Carboniferous series..

The specimens of this species from Crawfordsville, Indiana,
now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York
city, Plate III, figs. 4, 5, & 10, have a large pyriform glabella,
gibbous, overhanging the anterior border. ‘The spines of the
free cheeks extend in one specimen to the third segment of
the thorax; Pl. IL, figs. 4 & 5

Uhe ribs . the pygidium are noun and die out before reach-
ing the edge of the pygidium, leaving a comparatively broad
smooth margin. ‘The axis is prominent, about the width of the
side lobes anteriorly, and narrowing posteriorly to about half its
anterior width.

In general this species approaches the Griffi/hides ploticie!
Phillips, from the Carboniferous limestone of Yorkshire, set
land.

The glabella of the American species is rather depressed con-
vex, and slightly overhanging, whereas the English specimen has
a very gibbous overhanging glabella. The pygidium of the Kng-
lish species has a broad and prominent axis, gradually tapering
towards the posterior margin, whereas the American species has
not the posterior portion of each thoracic segment strongly cor-
rugated.

Specimens of (‘rifithides bufo have been examined from the

dna

Carboniferous Trilobites. ae

American Museum of Natural History New York, and from
Columbia College, also in the collection of Prof. J. J. Steven-
son, of New York University.

GRIFFITHIDES SCITULA, Meek end Worthen.
Plate III, Figs. 11, 12, & 13.

Phillipsia ( Grifjithides) scitula, Meek and Worthen, 1865 ; Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., p. 270.

Ph Wlipsia ( Griffithides) scitula, Meck and Wcrthen, 1873 ; Paiont. Illinois,
Vole V,p. 612, pl!32,-fig. 3.

Phillipsia sc:tula, Meek, 1872; U.S. Geol. Sur. Neb., etc., p. 238, pl. 6,
fig. 9.

Phillipsia setula, Herrick, 1887; Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., Vol. II,
p. 62.

The original description of this species given by Messrs. Meek and Wor-
then in the Paleontology of Illinois, Vol V, p. 612, is as follows:—

‘Small, entire outline nearly elliptic. | Cephalic shield semi-elliptic,
very convex, about one-third its breadth wider than long, rounded anterior-
ly, aud nearly straight behind, with posterior lateral angles produced back-
wards into rather stout, carinated pointed spines, which extend as far back
as the fifth thoracic segment. Glabella broadly rounded and sloping in
frout, where it is without a projecting marginal rim ; distinctly contracted
posteriorl;, in which region it is most elevated ; separated from the cheeks
on each side by its much greater cunvexity, and a shallow furrow, which
becomes obsolete around the front ; posterior lateral lobes comparatively
large subtrigonal, very oblique, depressed, and isolated by the strongly de
fined lateral furrows in front of them being so very oblique, and produced
as to intersect the neck-furrow ; midway between these two lobes there is a
a more prominent mesial node, isolated by an accessory furrow passing
across the front of it, so as to cut it off, as it were, from the narrow pos-
terior central part of the glabella ; second and third Jateral lobes very small,
transverse, and obscurely defined by short, nearly obsolete linear furrows ;
anterior lobe larger than all the remaining portions of the glabella between
it and the neck furrow.

Neck-segmeut a little higher in the middle, (where it is provided with a
minute tubercle), than the glabella. Strongly arched upward (not for-
ward,, and more than twice as wide antero-posteriorly as one of the thora
cic segments ; neck-furrow deep, broad and arched with the neck-segment.
Eyes comparatively large, or half as long, and (behind), nearly as prominent
as any part of the glabella, located with their posterior margins opposite the
neck-furrow, and less than half their own length in advance of the posterior
margins of the cheeks ; visual surface ventricose, or sub-hemispherical,
smooth, or even polished, as seen under a good pocket lens, but when ex-
amined by a high magnifying power, showing numerous, regularly dis-

98 North American

posed, minute lenses beneath the smooth, transparent outer crust ; palpe-
bral lobes semi-circular, convex, and resting upon the eyes like lids. - :

Cheeks, as compared with the size of the eyes and glabella, small, sloping
abraptly ‘from the eyes into the deep broad, marginal furrow, which be-
comes suddenly obsolete on reaching the anterior Jateral margins of the
glabella, and extends backwards to or even a little upon the posterior lateral.
sub-spiniform appendages ; posterior margins with an elevated rim, strong-
ly defined by the deep continuation of the neck- furrow ; lateral margins
showing, as seen from above, a narrow rim, which in a side view, is seem to
be deep, vertically flattened, and marked by fine parallel longitudinal strize .
anteriorly it continues around the front of the glabella, but does not project
S$ as to be visible from above, while its upper margin is continued in the
form of a carima along: the middle of the posterior lateral spines to a
points. —

Facial sutwres cutting the anterior border in front of the evens and the
posterior margins of the cheeks behind the outer margins of the eyes.
Thorax nearly aslong as the head, but somewhat narrower, very, distinctly
trilobate ; mesial lobe prominent, rounded, and alittle wider than the later-.
all lobes : its 9 segments marrow and sub-angular, Lateral lobes depressed
amd flattemed mear the mesial lobe, amd SO abruptly sloping from the outer
side of the flattemed space as to impart a slight amgularity along that regiom ;
segments comesponding im size with the segments of the mesial lobe,
distinctly kneed mear the middle, outside of which they are bent dowm and —
obliquely flattened for foldimg together, amd rounded at the extremitie, .

Pygidium wery comvex, smaller tham the cephalic shield, forming more
tham a semicircle, with anterior lateral angles obliquely trumeated ; posterior,
Outline regularly rownded, with a moderately wide, smooth, depressed, mear-
ly flat or sloping margimall zome ; trilobatiom as i jm the thorax, strongly de-
fined ; meal lobe promimemt., as wide anteriorly as ome of the Lateral lobes,
imeliudting: its borders, distinedly flattemed om each side, sligintly tapering to -
am Obimse termination less tham hallf its owm greatest amterior Ireadith from
the postemor edige ; segmmemits 11 or 12, welll defimed albowe, but: mearly obso~

Lateral lobes comvex,, Tt @iistiinetlly Hess <0 ham tlie mmesiiall lolbe, howizzom-
tally fhattemed mear the latter, with am angle along the outer margin _of the.
fiatiemed space, fom which the sides slope abruptly to the flattemed smootiih,
border ; segments 6, simple, gemiculkated or Trent dowm iim tthe. middle wery
distimedly,, Inutt terminating albruptily ait the nate wide border ; @agh with a
mime pusttule om tthe Ikmee..

Sunfiace of the glalbelllka, amd alll the: aera: ImMone oir r Ines oer tine
gramulless Iyetimy Inger on n tive pee pant of the gitlbellka ee
thham dkewheie. .

Bnittiine length ®.60 iimeh..”

Lanalitty cond position: Sprime field, Mimois. Upper pant of

Carboniferous Trilobites. oo

Coul Measures ; also Lower Coal Measures of Illinois and Upper
Coal Measures of Plattsmouth, Nebraska.

GRIFFITHIDES SANGAMONENSIS, Meek and Worthen.

Plate ITI, Figs. 7 & 8.

Phillipsia (Griffithides) Sangamonensis, Meek and Worthen, 1865; Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 271. |

Phillipsia (Griffithides) Sangamonensis, Meek and Worthen, 1873 ; Paleont.
Illinois, Vol. V, p. 615, pl. 82, fig. 4.

Phillipsia Sangamonensis, Herrick, 1887; Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ.,
Wolo Ll p61, pl.-5,; fig. 13.

The description of this species is given by Messrs. Meek and
Worthen in their final report, Paleontology of Illinois, Vol. V,
p- 615, as follows.

‘Entire outline elongate subovate. Cephalic shield very convex, forming
more than a semicircle, and about one-third wider than long ; regularly
rounded in front and straight behind, with posterior lateral angles produced
into rather broad, carinated, pointed or sub-spinous appendages equaling
in length the distance from the posterior side of the cheeks to the anterior
end of the eyes. Glabella ventricose, very prominent, separated from the
cheeks on each side by a moderately distinct furrow, which also passes
around the front ; most convex behind the middle, thence rounded and de-
clining to the rounded front, about one-fourth longer than wide, and slight-
ly wider between the eyes than anteriorly ; sides nearly parallel, but a little
sinuous at the middle ; posterior lateral lobes comparatively large, subtrigo-
nal or tuberculiform, and entirely isolated by the the distinct lateral furrow
passing obliquely across with a backward curve, from opposite the middle
of each eye, so as to intersect the neck-furrow ; second lateral lobes much
smaller and more obscure than those behind, and also oblique, being mere-
ly defined by a faint impressed, curved oblique line ; in advance of these
there are also obscure indications of two short, nearly obsolete lateral fur-
rows, scarcely visible without the aid of a lens. Occipital segment well
defined, but lower and considerably shorter in its transverse diameter than
the glabella ; strongly arched upwards (not forwards), and projecting back-
wards a little behind the posterior line of the cheeks ; neck-furrow distinct,
and arched upwards with the occipital, or neck-segment ; its continuation
along the posterior sides of the cheeks very deep, and nearly straight for
about two-thirds of the way across towards the lateral margins, where it in-
tersects another furrow or depression coming around the sides of the cheeks.
Eyes lunate, rather large, or nearly half as long as the glabella, exclusive of
the neck-segment, prominent, but not as high as the glabella, located about
half their own length in front of the posterior margin of the cheeks ; visual

100 North American

surface smooth, or even apparently polished, and showing no traces of
lenses under a good magnifier ; palpebral lobes convex, but resting like a lid
upon each eye. Cheeks sub-trigonal, declining abruptly from the eyes‘
lateral margins turned downward, and forming below a sharp edge, which con_
tinues back along the lower margin of the posterior spine-like appendages ;
above this there is a vertically flattened, or even concave zone or belt, ex__
tending from near the front part of the glabella around the outer side
of each cheek, and becoming a shallow furrow as it passes back upon
the spines. along which it seems to be more or less marked nearly to
their pointed extremities; between this vertically flattened band and the
eyes, there is another nearly horizontally flattened, or outwardly sloping
zone extending around each cheek from near the front posteriorly, so as to
unite with the lateral connections of the neck-furrows behind, and continues
as a single furrow along the upper margin of the posterior spines, thus leav-
ing a more or less defined mesial ridge between these two furrows the entire
length of the posterior lateral spiniferous appendages, as well as around the
cheeks, to near the front of the glabella ; posterior margins of the cheeks,
behind the continuations of the neck-furrow, very prominent, or forming
a thickened rim. Facial sutures extending obliquely forward and outward
from the anterior side of the eyes; and again curving inwards, so as to cut
the anterior.margin nearly on a line with the anterior inner extremity of
the eyes ; from the posterior end of the eyes, directed obliquely outwards
and backwards, so as to intersect the posterior margin nearly midway be-
tween the neck-segment and the sub-spiniferous lateral posterior append
ages.

Thorax only known from a few of the posterior segments, which show
the mesial lobe to be wider and distinctly more prominent than the lateral
lobes, which are flattened near the mesial lobe, aud abruptly deflected down-
wards near the middle ; segments divided by a furrow near the anterior side
from the knee inwards, and flattened in the direction of the axis at the
rounded outer extremities.

Pygidium semi-elliptic, slightly wider than long, and rather convex, dis-
tinctly narrower and a little longer than the cephalic shield, narrowing back-
wards, and narrowly rounded at the posterior extremity. Mesial lobe prom-
inent, a little flattened on each side, and narrower than the lateral lobes,
from which it is distinctly separated by broad strong furrows ; tapering
gradually backwards and terminating rather abruptly near one-third its own
length from the posterior margin, so as to leave a broad, nearly flat, or more
or less sloping smooth border, which extends along each side the whole
length of the pygidium, but becomes narrower anteriorly ; segments of the
mesial lobe 17 or 18, well defined, rounded, and very nearly or quite straight.
Lateral lobes more depressed, and about one-third or one-fourth wider than
the mesial lobe, rounding down rather abruptly to the lateral margins ; seg-
ments 9 or 10, rounded, simple, and separated by distinct furrows ; all ter-
minating abruptly at the inner edge of the broad smooth marginal zone.
Entire surface apparently very nearly smooth.

Carboniferous Lrilobites. 101

Locality and position—Upper Coal Measures, Springfield, IL.

; Compare Phillipsia Howi, Billings, Can. Nat., Vol. VIII, p.
207. This species was described from a pygidium from the
Lower Carboniferous beds of Nova Scotia. It has the same
semi-elliptic form, a prominent tapering axis, which terminates
wbruptly, posteriorly, at the marginal border of the pygidium.
The axis is marked by 17 or 18 axial rings. The side lobes are
depressed below the plane of the axis and marked with 10 or 12
ribs; the first three or four being grooved along their outer por-
tions. This is a greater number than those of the specimen
from Springfield, Hlinois. The sides of the pygidium are bor-
dered by a marginal rim, which widens out posteriorly ; and
altogether both in size and form this part approaches closely to
that described by Messrs. Meek and Worthen as Phillipsia ( Grif-
jithides) Sang amonensis.

GRIFFITHIDES GRANULATUS.

Proctus granulatus, Wetherby, 1881 ; Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol
IV,"p. 81, pl. 2, figs. 8, 8a. 9, 9a.

The following is a copy of the original description of this spe-

Cles :

Body—General form elongate elliptical, the cephalic, thoracic and ab-
dominal regions being nearly equal in length, the thoracic slightly shorter.

f[vad,—Rounded in front, the angles of the cheeks produced backward
into short heavy spines ; glabella very prominent, slightly constricted near
the centre, surface granulated, lobed posteriorly, occipital furrow well de-
fined ; cheeks margined, the margined space longitudinally striated, and
much narrowed in front of the glabella ; eyes prominent, separated from
the glabella by a deep groove ; entire surface of the head minutely granu-
late, |

Thorax.—Cousisting of 10 ? segments ; axial lobe very prominent, about
equal in width to the lateral lobes, the segments slightly arched forward in
the middle, nearly or quite equal in length ; lateral lobes about as wide as
the central, geniculate, with the extremities of the pleure directed backward.

“ Pygidium—Semi-elliptical, consisting of 15 ? segments. Axial lobe
prominent, narrower than the lateral lobes, segments not arched, gradually
tapering backward to the margin ; lateral lobes wider in front, tapering
posteriorly, widely margined, the margin continuous and granulated.
Length of medium sized specimen, 20 mm. ; width across from tip to tip of
spines, 10 mm. ; length of largest specimen, 26mm.” * * *

Geological position and locality.—Chester series, Pulaski Co., Kentucky.”

102 North American

This specimen approaches very closely the Griffithides Port-
lockii, Meek and Worthen, from the Keokuk series of Illinois. -

BRACHYMETOPUS McCoy, 1847..
Plate II, Fig. 13.

Generic description.—General form elliptical. Cephalic shields semi_
circular, and slightly pointed, about one-third wider than long . Glabella
small, somewhat elevated, one-third the width of the entire head. and about
one-half the length, having a basal lobe on each side, but no short lateral
furrows on the glabella. Neck-furrow distinctly marked, equal in width
to the posterior border of the free cheeks. Eyes small, smooth, equal to
half the length of the glabella ; no facial suture visible. Free cheeks slight-
ly convex, nearly twice as long as they are broad, with no visible suture
separating them from one another in front of the glabella. Margin broad
and slightly grooved, angles of the cheek produced into spines. Thoracic
segments not known. .

Pygidium consisting of a variable number of segments, from 10 to 17, the
axis tapering rapidly to a bluntly rounded extremity. Each segment of
the axis ornamented with nodes ; ribs with a double furrow extending near-
ly to the border, which is smooth and rounded.

BRACHYMETOPUS LODIENSIS, Meek.

Phillipsia (Griffithides ?) Lodensis, Meek, 1875, Geol. and Paleont. Ohio,
Vol. 2, part 2, p. 323, pl. 18, fig. 3.

The original description of this species described a ‘‘ rather small trilobite,
with an elliptic general outline, the length being somewhat less than twice
the breadth ; cephalic shield forming rather more than a semicircle, with
the posterior lateral angles terminating in acutely pointed spines that extend
back to the third thoracic segment ; anterior and lateral] margins rounded in
outline, and provided with a more or less flattened border, ornamented
above with a row of small tubercles, that extend back a little upon the pos-
terior lateral spines, while it is somewhat thickened and finely striated on
the under side ; glabella small, longitudinally oval, moderately prominent,
separated from the cheeks on each side by a well-defined furrow, but with-
out visible lateral furrows of its own (unless there may be a posterior one on
each side separating a little tubercle) ; whole surface occupied by about 25
distinct tubercles or coarse granules ; eyes small, tuberculiform, rather pro-
minent, and situated near and opposite the posterior third of the glabella,
with the visual surface smooth or very minutely reticulated ; cheeks eccu-
pied by comparatively coarse, prominent tubercles, like those on the gla-
bella ; thorax with middle lobe somewhat wider and higher than the lateral,
from which it is separated by well-defined furrows ; segments of mesial

Carboniferous Trilobites. 103

lobe ornamented with tubercles, arranged so as apparently to form five lon-
gitudinal rows ; pleure each provided with two nodes, arranged so as to form
two rows along each lateral lobe, those of the outer row being a little larger
than the others, and situated somewhat within the middle of each lateral
lobe at the point where the pleurze bend to form the slope of their lateral
extremities. Pygidium semi-elliptic, with length and breadth as three to
four, very convex ; mesial lobe very prominent and equaling more than one-
third the entire breadth of the anterior end, rather rapidly tapering back-
wards to an obtuse, prominent termination before quite reaching the poste-
rior margin, provided with 12 or 13 segments, cach one of which bears five
little nodes arranged so as to form five rows, those of the middle row being
larger and more prominent than the others, and thus giving the lobe a cari-
nated appearance ; lateral lobes somewhat flattened above for about half
their breadth, at which point they bend suddenly downward for a short dis-
tance, and then obliquely outward to form a rather broad sloping border,
each provided with 7 or 9 segments, the posterior of which are obscure and
directed nearly backwards, the segments each bearing 2 or 3 little nodes
arranged so as to form as many longitudinal rows, and all continued down
upon and across the sloping border, at the edges of which they terminate
in little pointed projections so as to present a fimbriated appearance around
the posterior and lateral edges.

Length, 0.49 inch; breadth, 0.28 inch ; length of cephalic shield, 0.20
inch ; do. of a pygidium of another specimen from Loudonville, 0.28 inch.
in length by 0.30 inch. in breadth, with a height (of mesial lobe) of 0.10
inch.

Position and locality, Cuyahoga shales, at Lodi, Medina Co.,
Ohio, and Waverly group at Loudonville, Ohio; Lower Carbon-
iferous.

Mr. Meek compares the head of this species with Brachymeto-
pus MacCoyi, Portlock, and remarks that ‘‘its eyes, however,
are proportionally smaller, its occipital ridge much more strongly
developed and wider, while the tubercles of its marginal rows are
not nearly so crowded as in Portlock’s species.”

We have examined a specimen of this species from the Cuya-
hoga shales of Lodi, Ohio, now in the museum of Columbia Col-
lege. The pygidium is semi-elliptic in form, the axis has 12
segments, with indistinct rows of nodes; the side-lobes are
marked with 6 ribs each, extending to the margin of the pygi-
dium.

The pygidium of Brachymetopus MacCoyi, has 15 coalesced
segments on the axis, each segment having about five small tu-
bercles on the axis, and about as many on the 8 simple lateral
lobes ; ribs ending abruptly near the margin of pygidium.

104

Hig. A:
Fig. 2.
ie. Uo.
Fig. 4.
Pig. °o:
Bis. 6.
Ne. 7.
Bigs 8,
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Wig. 11.
Fig 12.
Fig. 13.

North American

PLATES AND EXPLANATIONS.

PLATE II,

Generic Illustrations.

Proetus Bohemicus, Corda.
After Barrande’s figure (Sil. Syst. Bohemia, Vol. I, pl. 2, B,
fig. 15).
The same, showing the hypostoma.
Griffithides longispinus, Portlock.
Restoration after Woodward’s figure. (Monograph Carbon-
iferous Trilobites. pl. vii, fig. 6.)
Phillipsia Hichwaldi. var mucronata, McCoy.
Outline restoration ; (p) position of pores on glabella. After
Woodward’s figure (Mon. Carb. Trilobites, pl. iv, fig. 15).
Griffithides seminiferus, Phillips.
Dorsal view of one of the thoracic segments. After Wood-
ward’s figure. (Mon. Carb. Tril., pl. v, fig. 8a.)
The same.
A section of one of the thoracic segments.
Phillipsia trinucleata, Herrick.
The glabella, from the Waverly Group, Granville, Ohio ;
after Herrick’s figure. (Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univer-
sity, Vol. II, pl. 1, fig. 23 x.)
The pygidium.
The restored outline as figured by Herrick.
Phillipsia gemmulifera, Phillips.
Restored outline, after Woodward’s figure. (Mon. Carb
Trilobites, pl. iii, fig. 6.)
Phillipsia Derbiensis, Martin.
A figure of the hypostoma magnified four times ; after Wood-
ward’s figure. (Mon. Carb. Trilobites, pl. i, fig. 4 0.)
Grffithides seminiferus, Phillips.
A figure of the hypostoma enlarged twice, after Woodward.
(Mon. Carb. Trilobites, pl. v., fig. 7.)
Brachymetopus Maccoyi, Portlock.
Restored and enlarged figure of this species as given by
Woodward. (Mon. Carb. Trilobites, pl. viii., fig. 13.).

Pir.

ig. 12.
vis.
. 14,

Fig.

men

aLY:

15.

16.

Carboniferous Trilobites. 105
PLATE III,

Proetus Missouriensis, Shumard.

A figure of the head, showing the position of the pores, out-
side of the dorsal furrows of the glabella,—the so-called or-
gans of hearing.

The glabella, after Dr. Shumard’s original figure (Geol. Mis-
souri, pl. B, fig. 13.
Proetus ellipticus, Meek and Worthen.
Outline sketch from the original figure.
Griffithides bufo, Meek and Worthen.

The head enlarged twice, figure drawn from a specimen from

Crawfordsville, Indiana, in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.
The same, profile view.
Phillipsia Stevensoni, Meek.

Outline sketch of the pygidium twice enlarged. Specimen
from the Chester Group, West Virginia, in Prof. J. J.
Stevenson’s collection.

Phillipsia Sangamonensis, Meek and Worthen.

A copy of the original figure.

The pygidium, copy of the original figure.

Griffithides Portlockii, Meek and Worthen.

A figure of an entire specimen, twice enlarged, from War-

saw, Illinois. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York.
The pygidium of Griffithides bufo.
An outline sketch of a specimen from Crawfordville, Ind.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York.
Griffitthides scitula, Meek and Worthen.
Copied from the origina! figure.
A side view of the same.
The pygidium of the same.
Phillipsia major, Shumard.
Outline sketch of the pygidium, of a specimen from Kansas
City, Missouri. Columbia College Museum.
Phillipsia Meramecensis, Shumard.
The pygidium, copied from the original figure.
The pygidium of Proetus Missouriensis.
Copied from the original figure.

106 Myriapoda from

VII.—Notes upon a Collection of Myriapoda from East Ten-

nessee, with description of a new genus and six new species.

BY CHARLES H. BOLLMAN.
Read October 3, 1887.

All the material in this interesting collection represents only
two or three hours’ collecting by Prof. Branner.

The discovery of a new genus and several new species 1m so
short a time, suggests that an unusually large amount of new
material would be brought to light by careful collecting through
East Tennessee.

Of the six new species described, one is from the vicinity of
Knoxville, (also found at the other localities), one from Mossy
Creek, and four from Beaver Creek, Jefferson County.

‘The new genus is from the latter place.

_ The types of the new species belong to the Museum of the
University of Indiana, and are there deposited.

A.-KNOXVILLE, KNOX CO.

All the specimeus from this locality were collected on May 21,
1887, in the woods about one mile south of the river at Knox-
ville, near the Maryville road.

1. Parajulus Pennsylvanicus (Brandt).

Three females were obtuined.

2. Lysiopetalum lactarium (Say).

Lysiopetalum eudasum McNiell, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 330,
1887 (Bloomington, Ind.).

The collection contains one female, which agrees in all re-
spects with the types of ewdaswm.

3. Chetaspis albus Bollman.

East Tennessee. LOT

Chetaspis albus Bollman, Ent. Amer., III, 46, 1887 (Bloom-
ington, Indiana). |
I can find no difference between the types of this species, and
the single female obtained.
4. Polydesmus Canadensis Newport.
The collection contains three females, which I refer to this
species, until males can be obtained.
do. Fontaria sp.
I place here two young females, which I cannot identify with
any of the known species of Fontaria.
6. Geophilus umbraticus (McNiell).
Very common. ‘These specimens differ very slightly from the

types in the Museum of the Indiana University.

7. Scolioplanes ruber Bollman.

One specimen obtained.

8. Scolopcryptops nigridius McNiell.

Only one specimen obtained.

9. Oryptops hyalinus Say.

A few small individuals were found.

10. Lithohius Branneri, sp. nov.
Sub genus Archilithobius.

Light chestnut brown or orange, head and antenne scarcely darker, feet
orange. Slender, smooth, very sparsely pilose ; head rounded-triangular,
narrowest before. Antenne short, joints 20, short. Ocelli 6—8, arranged in
four or five rows. Prosternal teeth 4, small.. Coxal pores 2,3,3,2—38,4,4,8,
small and round. First pair of feet armed with 0, 2,1 spines, penulti-
mate with 1,3,1,1—1,3,2,1; last with 1,3,1,0;in the male its fifth joint
is produced into a short pilose lobe, and is depressed. Claw of the female
genitalia short, wide, bi- or tri-partite; spines slender, subequal, outer strong-
ly toothed.

Length of body, 5—10 mm.

108 Myriapoda from

Four males and three females were obtained. This species is
dedicated to Professor John C. Branner, by whom the collection
Was made.

ll. Lithobius proridens, Bollman.

A single specimen was obtained.
B.—-BEAVER CREEK, JEFFERSON CO.

These species were taken in open cedar thickets from May 21
10:20; 1387.

1. Andrognathus corticarius Cope.

Androynathus corticarius Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soe.
181, 1869 (Virginia).

Fifteen specimens of this species were obtained. They agree
in most respects with Dr. Cope’s description, but this genus will
not form the new family Andrognathide, which he has set up
for its reception. This genus belongs to the sub-family Dolis-
tenia, and will somewhat modify the character of that group
as given by Dr. Latzel.

2. Lysiopetalum eudasum, McNiell.

3. Striarta granulosa, gen. et sp. nov. (Chordeumidae).

STRIARIA.

Body cylindrical, strongly resembling a Lystopetalum.

Dorsal plates, excepting the last, with twelve strong carine, 6 on each
side of the median line ; between these there are 1—4 rows of round gran-
ular dots. First dorsal segment large, advanced forward and covering part
of the ocelli ; the carinze are apparently of the same number as the others,
while the granular dots are more numerous.

Last segment produced into a broad lobe, while the spines are short and
wide, thus making the last segment appear as if incised. Ocelli present.

Feet short and thick.

To the above generic characters may be added the following specific.

Grey-brown, first dorsal segment and feet pale.

Robust, very slightly depressed, everywhere slightly granulated ; body,
with the exception of a setigerous granular dot between the first and second
rows of carin, not pilose ; feet sparsely pilose.

Hust Tennessee. 109

Ocelli present. NRepugnatorial pore not discernible.
‘Feet granulated, 44 were counted.
Length of body, 12 mm.: width, 1.5 mm.

The above descriptions were: taken from a single female,
which is curled in a spire, so that nothing of the head can be
seen, except a few ocelli. The pairs of feet were counted with
uncertainty, some being probably hidden by the first dorsal seg-
ment.

This new genus may be distinguished from all previously
known by the characters of the dorsal segments.

4. Campodes flavicornis Koch.

Seven specimens were obtained, which agree with the more
northern examples.

). Craspedosoma carinatum, sp. nov.

Brown, feet pale, antenne dark, the joints tipped with white.

Body rather slender, depressed, somewhat attenuated.

Antenne about one-half times as wide as body, sub-clavate.

Ocelli distinct, triangular, 16, arranged in 4 rows. Dorsal plates with
numerous short carine, lateral plates distinct.

Length of body, 6 mm.; width, .6 mm.

This species is described from a male and a female not quite
full grown.
6. Huryurus erythropygus (Brandt. )

Common.
7. Geophilus umbraticus McNiell.
Very common.

8. Geophilus perforatus (McNiell).

Schendyla perforata McNiell, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 325,
1887 (Pensacola, Fla.).
‘wo specimens were obtained.

110 Myriapoda from

9. Scolioplanes bothriopus (Wood).

Only one specimen.

106. Scolioplanes ruber Bollman.
11. Scolioplanes gr tcilis, sp. nov.

Frontal plate present.

Orange, head and antenne brownish. Slender, strongly attenuate anter-
iorly, less so posteriorly ; smooth, sparsely pilose, feet more densely.

Prehensorial feet sparsely pilose ; sternum subcordiform, wider than long
(6 : 2.8); coxa twice as wide as long, unarmed ; last joint unarmed ; claw
moderately curved, excavated beneath, as long as the head is wide. Ceph-
alic plate sub-quadrate, of almost equal Jength and width, posterior margin
concealed by basal plate ; prebasal plate concealed ; basal plate four times
as wide as long (4.5 : 1.2) |

First pair of feet short, anterior and posterior sub-equal.

Posterior coxa rather strongly inflated. pilose ; pores few, large and
small, placed in two irregular rows along the ventral plate, which is very
wide, sides rapidly converging and sub-straight. Last pair of feet of male
rather slender, armed ; of female somewhat more slender and armed.

Pairs of feet of ¢, 80; of 2, 83.

Length of body ¢, 34.5 mm., width, .6mm; ¢?,53.5mm., width, 1.4 mm.

This species onght to form a new genus, but having only an
adult female and a young male, I have not been able to examine
the mouth-parts.

It differs from Scolioplanes. in the characters of the cephalic
plate, prehensorial feet, and the last ventral plate and pair of
feet.

12. Scolopcryptops sexspinosus (Say).

Specimens from this locality, as well as those from more
southern ones, differ in some important details from the north-
ern specimens, principally in having the last pair of legs more
slender, and the last ventral plate narrower ; but these charac-
ters do not seem to warrant the formation of a different species.

3. Scoloperyptops nigridius MeNiell.

14, Theatops crassipes (Meinert).

East Tennessee. 111

Two specimens obtained, which agree with specimens from
Florida. |

15. Cryptops hyalinus Say.

16. Lithobius Brannert Bollman. 7 x

Four specimens were found here. |

17. Lithobius cecus, sp. noy.

Sub-genus Archilithobius.

Orange, head and last segments dark, feet and antennz scarcely paler.

Rather slender, smooth, sparsely pilose ; head subrotund, longer than
wide.

Antenne rather long, joints 31, short.

No trace of ocelli, but darker colored in the place where they ought to be.
Prosternal teeth 4.

Coxal pores 2,3,4,3, round.

Spines of the first pair of feet, 2,2,1 ; penultimate, 1,3,2,0; last, 1,3,1,0.
Last pair of feet moderately long.

Claw of the female genitalia long, bilobed ; spines slender, inner shortest.

Length of body, 10 mm.
18. Lithobius Lundi, Meinert.
Two specimens obtained.
19. Lithobius proridens Bollman.
20. Lithobius Cantabrigensis Meinert.
21. Lithobius multidentatus Newport.
Two specimens obtained.
C._MOSSY CREEK, Jefferson County.

The species from this locality were taken in the woods half a
a mile north-west of the railway station, May 22, 1887.

1. Parajulus Pennsylvanicus (Brandt).

112 Myriapoda, Hast Tennessee.
2. Geophilus umbraticus (McNiell).
3. Scoloperyptops nigridius McNiell.

4, Cryptops hyalinus Say.

5. Lithobius Branneriv Hauaiat

Two specimens obtained.

6. Lithobius similis, sp. nov.

Sub-genus Archilithodius.

Brown, head and last segment orange; antenne dark, feet somewhat
paler.

Moderately robust, rough, sparsely pilose ; head subrotund, length and
width subequal.

Antenne short, joints 21, short.

Ocelli 16, arranged in 6 rows,

Prosternal teeth, 4.

Coxal pores, 4,5,5,5, large and round.

Spines of the first pair of feet, 1,2,1 ; penultimate, 1,3,3,1; last, 1,3,1,0.
- Posterior feet moderately long.

Claw of the female genitalia moderately short, wide, tripartite, lobes
short ; spine short and stout.

Length of body, 11 mm.

This species is described from one female; it is related to
pullus, but differs from the latter in the characters of anten-
nee and the claw of female genitalia.

7. Lithobius proridens, Bollman.

University of Indiana, Entomological Laboratory,
June 8, 1887.

On the Structure and 113

VILI.—On the Structure and Relations of Edestus, with a

Description of a gigantic new Species.

BY J. S. NEWBERRY.

Read January 16, 1888.

The first of the remarkable group of fossils now included in
the genus Hdestus, was brought to the notice of scientists by
Dr. Joseph Leidy, in his description of Hdestus vorax ; Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Series 2,
Vol. III, p. 159, Pl. XV, 1856. The type-specimen was only a
fragment of an organ that must have had a length of a foot or
more, by four inches in width and one and a half inches in
thickness. The portion figured by Prof. Leidy, seems to have
come from about the middle, and consists of a mass of bone
composed of a series of segments, each one of which carries at
its Upper margin an enameled, compressed, triangular, crenu-
lated denticle, one and a half inches in height and breadth. In
general aspect these denticles considerably resemble the crenu-
lated teeth of Carcharodon, but with th's marked difference ;
that like all the cutting teeth of sharks, these latter are flat-
tened on one side and arched on the other, and terminate below
in a bony base that had only a ligamentous attachment to a car-
tilaginous jaw ; hence in death and decomposition the teeth
were generally separated and scattered. In Hdestus, however,
the denticles are firmly anchylosed to a bony support.

At the meeting of the American Association held in Provi-
dence in 1855, another and quite different species of LHdestus
was exhibited by Prof. Edward Hitchcock, and was considered
by lim to be ‘‘the jaw of a shark, but of very peculiar charac-
ter.” Prof. Louis Agassiz, who was present, examined the spec-
imen and gave it as his opinion that it formed a part of the jaw
of a shark allied to the saw-fish. He stated that ‘‘ the sword
of Pristis is originally composed of two bones, and if these

114 Relations of Edestus.

should continue separated, each part with teeth only on one
side, would not be much unlike the fossil.” He suggested that
the fish had a corresponding jaw projecting from the opposite
side of its head, and that both formed a powerful weapon of of-
fence. He regarded it as belonging not only to an undescribed
genus, but to a new family of fishes. oy

This specimen was obtained by the Rev. John Hawks, in Park
County, Indiana, ‘‘in a layer of shale overlying a coal seam.”
Subsequently it was submitted by Dr. Hitchcock to Prof. Rich-
ard Owen, of London, who discusses its relations on p. 194 of
his Paleontology, second edition, and gives a bad figure of it.
Prof. Owen decided that it was not a jaw, but a defensive spine.

In 1866 I described in Vol. II, of the Geology cf Illinois, p.
84, a portion of what proved subsequently to be a fragment of a -
spine similar to that exhibited at Providence by Prof. Hitch-
cock, giving to it the name of Edestus minor. A figure, taken
from a photograph of a nearly complete specimen of this species,
was published in Vol. IV, of the Illinois Report, Pl. I, fig. 2,
though wrongly named on the opposite page of explanations,
Edestus vorax. In the same volume, p. 350, was published a
description of a third species of Hdestus, #. Heinrichs, and a
half-size figure is given on the plate cited above. To these three
species, I now add a fourth of gigantic size, which I have named
Edestus giganteus, and give in this memoir a description and
figure of it. | :

The geographical distribution of these species of Hdestus is
somewhat peculiar. The first specimen described (#. voraz)
was obtained from the Coal Measures of Arkansas ; the second
(Z. minor), from Park County, Indiana; the third (2. Hezn-
richsit), from shale over coal at Belleville, Illinois, and the spec-
imen of which a description and figure are now published is
from the coal-shale at Decatur, in the same State. I should also
say that I have other specimens of #. Heinrichsii, from Vermil-
lion Co., Indiana. Thus it will be seen that all the specimens
known, now quite numerous, are from the Mississippi coal field;
that is, the coal area of Illinois and Missouri, once continuous,
but now separated by the erosion of the immediate valley of the
Mississippl.

In Ohio and Pennsylvania, much more extensive excavations
in the coal rocks, and numerous collections of Carboniferous

On the Structure and 115

fossils have been made, but not a trace of Zdestus has been
found there. Hence we must infer that it never passed the
highlands of the Cincinnati arch, which separated the western
from the eastern coal basins.

The material in which the spines of Hdestus are found, is al-
most without exception the bituminous shale which oceurs so
frequently interstratified with the other elements of the coal
measures, and very frequently resting upon coal.

From the black shale which forms the roof of a coal-mine at
Belleville, Illinois, Mr. Alexander Butters, the superintendent
of this mine, has taken hundreds of the segments which once
composed the spines of #. Heinrichsii. his shale is apparently
a fresh-water sediment, carbonaceous mud which accumulated
in the lagoons of water that occupied portions of the coal
marshes ; either following a subsidence, and then covering the
coal, or synchronous with the peat from which the cubical coal
is derived. In the latter case, the amount of earthy matter as-
sociated with the carbon is less, and we then have cannel coal.
Some of these lagoons must have been of large size, and may
perhaps have communicated with the ocean, for the fishes which
bore these defensive and offensive weapons were of enormous
size, and could not have been restricted to very narrow quarters,
since they required a vast amount of food for their subsistence. *
The associated fossils include a large number of fish-teeth, some
of which belonged to carnivorous sharks, as Cladodus and Petal-
odus, and others with crushing teeth as Orodus, Orthopleurodus,
ete. The habitat of Hdestus would therefore seem to have been’
somewhat similar to that of Rhizodus and Megalichthys, of which
the teeth, scales, etc., are so common in the coal-shales and can-
nels of England and Scotland.

In the Geological Magazine, Vol. XXIII, (1886), p. 2, Prof.
Henry Woodward describes and figures a fossil from the Carbon-
iferous rocks of Australia, to which he gives the name of Hdes-

* That is, if the fishes which bore the spines of Edestus were carnivor-
ous, This is not certain, though highly probable. Vegetable eating
sharks, of which there may have been some in ancient times, would need
_ defensive spines even more than those which, like Cladodus and Hybodus,
had teeth that were effective defensive and offensive weapons.

116 Relations of Edestus..

tus Davisii. It is the impression of a bony arch about four in-
ches long. on the convex border of which are set fourteen acute,.
-compressed, lJancet-shaped, crenulated denticles. It is more
curved than the other described species of Hdestus, butis-so like
them that Dr. Woodward seems to have been fully justified in
placing it in that genus. In his discussion of the structure and.
relations of this fossil, Dr. Woodward compares it with the seg-
mented spines of Pelecopterus, Cope, from the Cretaceous rocks
of Kansas, and is thereby led to consider it a pectoral defensive —
spine. There are, however, some points in the structure of this
and other specics of Hdestus, which will be alluded to further
on, and which make it difficult for us to accept this conclusion.

In August, 1887, Miss Fanny R. M. Hitchcock, an earnest
and accomplished student of comparative anatomy, read a paper
before the Biological Section of the American Association ‘* On
the homologies of the so-called spines of Hdestus,” in which she
suggests"that Adestus was an intermandibular arch of bone car-
rying teeth, and most like the dentigerous arch which was held
between the extremities of the mandibles in the great Crossop-
terygian Ganoid, Onychodus sigmoides, found in the Cornife-
rous limestone of Ohio, and described by the writer in the Pale-
ontology of Ohio, Vol. I, p: 299, Pl. XX V1, digs ieaa aE
XXVII, figs. 1, 2. There are perhaps no facts which disprove
this hypothesis, and it is worthy of respectful consideration, but
I would suggest that Onychodus was a highly organized Ganoid
and very widely separated zoologically from SHdestus, which
must have been a Plagiostome. At least, unless the skeletons of
huge fishes like Hdestus gigantews were cartilaginous, we should
find their bones in the rocks where their spines are so numer-
ous.

The structure and probable functions of Hdestus have been
discussed by the writer at some length in the notes on #. Hein-
richsti, in the Geology of Llinois, Vol. IV, p. 350; and the
conclusion is there reached that it was not a jaw, but the defensive
dorsal spine of a plagiostomous fish. The considerations which
lead me to this conclusion are briefly as follows :

1. Although the denticles which crown the convex border of
Edestus have the general form and crenulation of the teeth
of Oarcharodon and Hemipristis, their structure is in many re-
spects quite different, viz., the teeth of none of the sharks are

On the Structure and Lee7

symmetrical, one face is flattened and the other is more or less
arched ; while the denticles of Hdestus are equally arched on
both sides.

2. The teeth of sharks, while having an enameled crown, have
a tumid, bony base attached by ligament to the cartilaginous
jaws, and separating readily from them ; hence they are rarely
found in place in the fossil state. ‘The denticles of Hdestus, on
the contrary, are firmly attached to the bony arch from which
they rise.

3. ‘The form of these fossils is quite unlike that of any jaw of
fish, reptile, or mammal known ; being roughly rounded at the
base, the opposite extremity flattened and bordered on one side
by a sharp edge, on the other by crennlated denticles, one of
which is terminal.

4. The rounded roughened base proves that this organ could
not have been articulated with any bones and scarcely with car-
tilages ; else we should have some evidences of coadaptation. In
this respect it resembles most the dorsal spines of sharks and
skates, which are implanted in the integuments of the back and
have a roughened base and bony structure, with various forms
of enameled denticles on one margin.

5. If the spines of Hdestws were attached to the head, as mod-
ified jaws and the homologues of the rostrum of Pristis, the base
would present some evidence of anchylosis with the bones or car-
tilages of the head ; whereas it is rounded as though it had been
buried in soft tissue. Again, the rostrum of Pristis is only par-
tially ossified, while the spines of Hdestus are composed of dense
bone ; and, further, the denticles of the rostrum in Pristis are
set in alveolar cavities, from which they escape and are scattered
about in the decay of the animal. We often find these denticles
in the Cretaceous marls, but almost always isolated, like the
sharks’ teeth which occur with them. On the contrary, the
denticles of Hdestus are inseparably united with their bony
bases, and they are perfectly preserved together. Finally, if
each spine’ of Hdestus was one of a pair attached to the snout,
like the rostrum of Pristis, Xiphias, or Celorhynchus, they
must have been entirely separated, for they bear no marks of
contact, and they would certainly have been unsymmetrical. We
are therefore, driven by the bilateral symmetry of Hdestus to
conclude that it was not one ofa pair, but that it stood alone

118 Relations of Hdestus.

somewhere on the median line, as a homologue of either the in-
termardibular arch of Onychodus, the dorsal spines of Ohim-
aera and Hybodus, or the caudal spine of T'rygon.

The suggestion of Miss Hitchcock, that Hdestws is an inter-
mandibular bony arch carrying teeth, is not incompatible with
its bilateral symmetry ; but we here meet the difficulty already —
suggested, that Onychodus, the only fish known which had such
an intermandibular arch of bone, was.a scaled Ganoid allied to
Polypterus, and has left abundant bones besides its interman-
dibular arch In Onychodus sigmoides of the Corniferous
limestone, and O. Hopkinsii, of the Chemung group, the
teeth are not anchylosed to the arch, are almost always found
detached, and the sides of the arch are compressed between the.
extremities of the mandibles. In 0. Ortoni, of the Huron shale,
the teeth are implanted in the bony arch as a post is set in the
ground, and the arch is not distinctly impressed by the extrem-
ities of the mandibles. The type-specimen of O. Ortonz is yet
unique, and we know nothing of the other parts of the fish
which bore it. It is of course not impossible that this singular
form of dentition might have been borrowed by some plagios-
tome which used it to accomplish a similar function ; but no
facts are yet known to warrant this supposition.

Hdestus Davisii is more like the intermandibular crest of Ony-
chodus than are the other species of the genus. It is much
more curved; and the arch of bone from which the denticles rise
is laterally compressed or longitudinally grooved. ‘Taken by it-
self, it renders the suggestion of Miss Hitchcock quite plausible.
But it cannot be taken by itself, for wherever that species goes,
E. minor, #. Heinrichsti, and L. giganteus must follow, and
while we can imagine a fish ten feet long with an arch of bone
like #. Davisii held between the extremities of the mandibles,
it requires a much greater stretch of the imagination to conceive
of a shark of such size that this relatively insignificant organ
was twenty inches long and seven or eight inches wide. Cer-
tainly such a monster would seem very much out of place in the
lagoons of the coal marshes. Again, #. Heinrichsii is nearly
straight, a foot long, rounded and massive at one end, thin and
acute at the other : but the succession of denticles was by addi-
tions at the acute end, which must have been behind, and if it
was situated in the symphysis, the blunt rounded end would

On the Structure and 119

have formed the apex of the arch of the lower jaw—a_ con-
dition of things scarcely comprehensible.

If now we transfer this spine to the position of the post-dorsal
fin, and bury it in the soft parts all except the denticles, the
elongation backward by the successive addition of sheaths and
denticles becomes intelligible and natural.

There are some anomalous features in this fossil which re-
quire notice, viz., there is no distinct line of demarcation be-
tween an exposed and a buried portion, such as we find in most
of the defensive spines of sharks, unless, as seems probable, all
the shaft was buried, and only the denticles exposed. Another
peculiarity is the absence of the medullary cavity found in most
dorsal spines of sharks. ‘This is quite conspicuous in the spines
of Hybodus, Ctenacanthus, etc.; but in the rays the spines
are solid, and there is little distinction between the exposed
and buried parts. The exceptional characters just mentioned
need not therefore, be considered incompatible with the view
that these fossils are spines.

The segmented structure of Hdestus is its most marked and
anomalous feature, but one equally so whether it be considered
spine, jaw, rostrum or intermandibular arch. It is undoubted-
ly to this structure that we must ascribe the absence of a large
medullary cavity, as each segment bearing a denticle seems to
have been nourished independently of its fellows. It is also ap-
parent that the growth of this organ was by additions to the
summit of suecessive sheaths, each of which carried a denticle.
This is strikingly different from the mode of growth of all
sharks’ spines known, as these increase by additions to the base,
and are thus pushed upward and lengthened. ‘The same is true
of all rostra which are used as weapons of defense or offense. If
we consider the segments of Hdestus as homologues of a dental
series, we encounter the same difficulty. A row of teeth of
Orodus, for example, which consist of enameled crowns with
flattened bony bases lying in contact and compressed together,
considered as a whole presents considerable analogy with our fos-
sils; but there too the growth is from behind forward, new
teeth moving up to take the places of such as are broken or worn
away. ‘The numerous disconnected segments of Hdestus Hein-
richsii furnished me by Mr. Butters seem to prove conclusively
that the spine was elongated by the addition of a sheath carry-
ng a denticle to the extremity and under-side of the pre-existing

le ea a= «

120 Itelations of Edestus.

series, as snown in figs. 2.6 of Pl. V. I also have from Ver-
million Co., Indiana, a specimen figured on Pl. V fig. 2 a,-
which seems to be the basal segment of a spine, probably of a
young individual, of Hdestus Heinrichsii. ‘This is a spatulate
sulid bone carrying a beautifully perfect enameled denticle at its
extremity. The shells or sheaths obtained from Mr. Butters are
similar to this, except that each one is a trough into which the
succeeding one fits, and the added cap covers a portion of the
enameled base of its predecessor. If this is all true, and it
seems undeniable, we are compelled to conclude thas the spine
was buried in the integuments throughout its entire length ;
the enameled denticles alone projecting above the surface to
form a saw which would be a terrible weapon, if placed upon
some flexible portion of the body where it could be used with
freedom and power. ‘The extremity of the spine may have lain
in asheath from which it could be partially erected by muscular
action, and used as the lancet of the surgeon fish (Acanthurus)
is; but the bilateral symmetry of Hdestus proves that if em-
ployed in this manner it must have been located on the upper
margin of the tail or back.

The segmented stiucture of Hdestus has led Dr. Woodward to
compare it with the segmented spines of Pelecopterus, and es-
pecially with the pectoral spines of this genus described by Prof.
K. D. Cope, (Geol. Survey of the Territories, Vol. Il, p. 244
A)., but the symmetry of Hdestus forbids the acceptance of this
conclusion. The pectoral spines of all fishes are unsymmetrical.
This is plainly seen in Macheracanthus and Gyracanthus, and,
as I have lately shown, in the pectoral spines of Stethacanthus
(Physonemus) Altonensis. Pelecopterus probably had dorsal
as well as pectoral spines, and a comparison with them would be
better grounded ; but as that was a bony fish, the dorsal spines
would have an articulation at base, and would have grown at the
base and not at the summit.

In the spines of Trygon, however, we find a much closer re-
semblance to Hdestus ; one that seems to me to go far towards
solving the problem of the relations and functions of these pe-
culiar organs, and almost decides that they are dorsal spines.
In Trygon a considerable number, sometimes five or six, defen-
sive spines are set in the place of the posterior dorsal fin. They
come into use in succession, like the fangs of venomous serpents.

On the Structure and i2t

As the anterior one loses its denticles or becomes worn or broken,

it falls, and is succeeded by another from behind. Yet several
may be in existence and effective at the same time, all arising
from a common segmented bony base which grows by additions
to its posterior extremity* All this is true of the spines of
Edestus, if we are right in locating them in the position of the
second dorsal fin on the back or tail of a plagiostome fish.

Ilence until further light shall be thrown upon the interesting
question of the homologies and functions of Hdestus, we may re-
gard them as the post-dorsal spines of large cartilaginous fishes,
of which the other parts are yet unknown, and may suppose that
they were used for attack and defense, like the spines of Zrygon
or Acanthurus.

** On the tail of Heliobatis, Marsh, a fresh-water ray from the Eocene

Green river beds of Wyoming, I have seen three spines which must have
been in service at the same time.

EDESTUS GIGANTEUS, sp. n.
Plate VI, Fig. 1.

Spine very large, 18 inches or more in length, by 74 inches in
breadth to top of denticles, and 2 inches in thickness at centre ;
form strongly arched, section spatulate in the middle, lenticular
at base; lateral surfaces of bony portion vermicularly rough-
ened ; segments narrow, running far back, about # of an inch
wide, in the middle of the spine 10 inches from summit of den-
ticle to lower margin ; denticles 33 inches long by 2} inches wide
at base, triangular in outline, crown about as broad as high,
base prolonged backward and downward into a simple curved
point ; margins set with 15 to 18 strong, rounded, sharp, com-
pressed serrations.

‘This remarkable spine differs from the other species of the
genus not only by its greater size, but by the form of its enam-
eled denticles. It approaches nearest to Hdestus vorax, Leidy,
described in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. VII, p. 414, and in the Journal of
the Academy, Second Series, Vol. III, p. 159, Pl. XV, but is
distingnished from that species by its larger size, more pro-
longed segments, and especially by the outline of the bases of the

122 Relations of Edestus.

denticles. In #. voraz, the lower margin of the enameled sur-
face of the denticle is nearly horizontal and is rounded behind,
with a deep notch. In the species before us, on the contrary,
the enamel runs down obliquely backward to'an acute point,
from which it sweeps upward by a gentle curve, forming a shal- |
low sinus, to the base of the posterior row of serrations.

From Hdestus Heinrichsii. N. & W., (Geology of Illinois,
Vol. IV, p. 350, Pl. I, fig. 1), it differs by its greater size, more
curved form, more oblique denticles, and the shorter posterior
point of the base of the enamel. ,

From Hdestus minor, Newb., (Geol. of Ilinois, Vol. Li pase
Pl. IV, fig. 24, and Vol. IV, Pl. I, fig. 2,—-wrongly named on
the opposite page of explanations Hdestus vorax), it differs in
its much greater size and the far broader and less decurrent
denticles ; as will be seen from the figures now given, repro-
duced from photographs of the two last mentioned species.

Formation and Locality.—Coal measures, Decatur. Mason
County, Illinois. Collected by Mr. H. A. Wheeler, of Washing-
ton University, St. Louis, to whom I owe the opportunity of ex-
amining and describing it.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Puate IV.

Fig. 1. Hdestus Davisii, Woodward ; Australia.
‘“« la. Transverse section of same.
‘* 2. Edestus vorar, Leidy; Arkansas.

PLATE Y.

Fig. 1. Hdestus minor, Newb.; Park Co., Indiana.
‘* 1a. Section near base of a larger spine of same.
“ 2. Hdestus Heinrichsii, N. and W., Belleville, Ill.
“ 2a. First segment, young spine of same.
‘« 26. Portion of later segment forming sheath.

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Hdestus giganteus, Newb.; Decatur, Illinois.

All the figures of natural size.

wo
wo

Archean Plant ]

IX.—On an Archean Plant from the White Crystalline Lime-
stone of Sussex County, N. J.
BY N. L. BRITTON.
Read, January 9, 1888.

The abundance of graphite in certain Archean limestones,
and notably in those referred to the Laurentian system, has of-
ten been cited as an indication of the existence of plant-life at
that remote period, and indeed, has seemed to the writer and
others attributable to no other source, although this view has
not found ready acceptance in the minds of many geologists.
The mineral generally occurs in these limestones in the form of
scattered separated flakes or small masses, often somewhat crys-
talline in outline, thus affording neither information regarding
the nature of the plant from which it has been derived, nor cer-
tainty that it isin reality of vegetable origin. Through a for-
tunate discovery made last September by Mr. J. I. Northrop .
and myself, lam able to submit evidence that in one belt of
Archean limestone in the Highlands of New Jersey, the graph-
ite has been derived from a plant, and proof that vegetable life
existed in that epoch. ,

There are two known limestone belts in the New Jersey High-
lands. ‘The one is in the eastern part of the area, extending in
isolated outcrops from Mendham, Morris County, northeast
through Passaic County to Ringwood, and in New York through
Orange County to the Hudson. This contains some graphite,
but is especially characterized by serpentine and other magne-
sian minerals. ‘The other has its southwestern exposures in
Warren County, extends through Sussex County, and is also
known for a considerable distance in Orange County, New York.

124 Archean Plant from Sussex County, N. J.

Perhaps its most marked feature is its mineralization at certain
points with manganese, zinc and lead,—the great mines of Og-
densburg and Franklin Furnace being enclosed by the limestone.
While its northeastern portion is mainly a broad continuous out-
crop, it is greatly broken to the southwest, forming by faulting,
as we suppose, detached areas of limited size, occurring in the
most unexpected positions.

One of these little areas furnishes the specimens to which at-
tention is here directed. The plant-remains appear as black
bands on the rock, consisting of very thin films of graphite ;
in some the thickness reaches about 0.5 mm., but it 1s generally
less. The average width of the bands is about 3 mm., and the
greatest continuous length observed about 6 em., though it is
apparent that when entire they were much longer. In many
parts of the rock these are matted together to form broad, black
patches, which are in reality thin carbon strata. The bands and
films he parallel with the bedding of the limestone. No cellular
structure has thus far been detected.

As this is undoubtedly the most ancient plant yet discovered,
I should suggest for it the generic name ARCH ZOPHYTON ;
and to acknowledge in an imperfect manner my obligation to
one to whom I am indebted for encouragement and counsel in
study and investigation, and at the same time to associate with —
this interesting plant the name of one foremost in American Pa-
leobotany, I would denominate the plant ARCH #OPHYTON
NEWBERRYANUM. a 3

While the imperfect nature of the fossil forbids any definite
statement as to its botanical affinity, we may, perhaps, assume
its relation to the alge.

The general aspect of the specimens is well shown in the ac-
companying figure (Plate VII.).

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 125

VIII.—On the Variation of Decomposition in the Iron Pyrites;

its cause, and its relation to density.
BY ALEXIS A. JULIEN.
Tene
Continued from Vol. ILI, page 404.
Read April 18th, 1887.

We have thus far considered ordinary forms of decomposition
of the natural iron-sulphides, and also the principal facts known
as to their close association, intermixture, and mutual replace-
ments. There are local conditious, however, of extreme expo-
sure to the atmosphere, or of protection from its action, which
in many instances appear to affect the stable character of varie.
ties of these three minerals. The following example of the lat-
ter has been communicated to me by Prof. D. S. Martin.

‘As to the two forms of pyritous decomposition, I have ob-
served them especially in the nodules from the clays at Cliff-
wood, N. J., opposite Keyport. ‘Those on the beach, washed
out of the bluff and exposed to the salt water, are limonite-
coated and permanent ; while those uncoated, taken out of the
bank and brought home, cannot be preserved, splitting up and
going into vitriol, with a development of free acid that eats
through any cotton, paper, or pasteboard. Sometimes those on
the beach are coated on their upper, exposed surfaces, and not
on their lower sides, or only partially, leaving spots or portions
that in time become starting-points for the vitriolic decomposi.
tion.”

In this instance we have simply evidence of decomposition of

126 - Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

the efflorescing vitriol by reaction with salts of the sea-water,
the deposit of hydrated iron-oxide, and the partial or complete
protection of many nodules from further oxidation, by envelop-

ment in a limonite-crust, and by its infiltration into their pores. .

In few cases on record can we trace a distinct connection be-
tween an unusual facility of decomposition, in a variety of py-
rite, and the presence of another metallic sulphide: e. g., the
cupriferous variety’ from Cornwall, Lebanon County, Penn., of
which.it is stated,’ “it tarnishes readily, assuming the blue tar-
nish of steel.””. But we have now to consider another class of
facts, of entirely different nature and general occurrence, which
bear on the stability of the same mineral, independent of any pe-
culiar local conditions.

I. ON THE VARIATION OF STABILITY IN PYRITE.

The general tendency of this mineral to oxidation, on ex-
posure to moist air, is so characteristic and so quickly apparent
to the most unskilled, and the varieties of pyrite possessing it
ave of so wide and abundant occurrence, that the existence of
the stable variety is not as yet familiarly known.

A. Instances of lesistance to Decomposition.

These occurrences, though well marked and brought to the
notice of many mineralogical students and collectors, have been
rarely recorded and never collated. A late reference to the sub-
ject has been made by Dr... J. 8. Newberry :*

‘A peculiarity of this mineral is the readiness with which
some specimens oxidize, while others, apparently similar in all
other respects, remain brilliant. Few more beautiful minerals
ever enter a collection ; but many of the specimens of pyrite in
the cabinet of the School of Mines, particularly those from
Schoharie, N. Y., decomposed rapidly, absorbing oxygen and
water, thus forming sulphuric acid, which has destroyed labels
and trays, and has even cut through the bottom of the drawer

1 Analysis No. 25, Part I of this paper, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., (1886),
LC S77.

? J. D. Dana, System of Mineralogy, (1883), 63.

3 "Trans. N.Y. Acad-Sei, (883), PE 138-139:

ES ae ie

Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 12%

in which they were placed. Others, like those from Roxbury,
Conn., and from certain gold mines of Colorado, have remained
unchanged, though for years lying in a room over the chemical
laboratories. No facts in chemical geology were more interest-
ing and mysterious than those connected with pyrites : such as its
close companionship with gold, the conditions of which have not
been determined ; its unchangeableness in some cases, its de-
structibility in others. Sometimes its crystals or concretions
ure completely changed to limonite, with not the least change of
form or markings ; sometimes, by oxidation, it is converted into
sulphate of iron, which is washed away, leaving cubical cavities,
or a spongy mass of quartz; and sometimes even the iron has
disappeared, leaving the cavities lined with sulphur. These dif-
ferences have not yet been satisfactorily explained, and they con-
stitute an inviting subject of investigation for the chemist and
mineralogist. Dr. Newberry had noticed that the pyrites so
common in coal, and pyrite replacing wood, are particularly
prone to oxidation ; the concretions in clay are liable to it, and
the brilliant erystallizations in mineral-veins and in metamor-
phic slates, less so.” The fact of the resistance of a form of true
pyrite to decomposition has been known to many mineralogists,
and is thus strongly stated by some authors, usually without at-
tempt at explanation : “It does not decompcse ina moist atmos-
phere.” ‘* The faces of its crystals are very brilliant, the action
of the air does not tarnish them.””.

‘Pyrite is not altered in the air, and does not decompose in
collections.”* ‘* The oxidation of pyrite is a very subordinate
phenomenon on the Comstock. It is well known that various
occurrences of pyrite differ greatly in their behavior toward oxi-
dizing agents. ‘That found on the Comstock is for the most
part very stable, and often remains exposed for years with no
greater effect than tarnishing.”* A variety of pyrite commonly
abounds in most alum-slates, in regard to which T’. Scheerer *
remarks: ‘‘ Not only the marcasite, but also ordinary pyrite

‘ Cours Min. et Gédol., A. de Selle, (1878), I, 472.

Traité Min., Dufrénoy, (1856), II, 540.

% Lectures on Min., T. Egleston, (1871), Pt. 11, 122.

+ U.S. Geol. Survey, Geol. of Comstock Lode, pp. 882 and 231.
®> Pogg. Ann., (1838), XLY, 188.

128 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

suffers decomposition through the action of air and moisture ;
although this occurs with the latter only under more favorable
conditions. Pyrite, in compact rock and in large particles, re-

sists almost all decomposition. If the same mineral, on the

other hand, occurs in fine distribution, e. g., in alum-slate,
which, at the same time, on account of its loose texture, cannot
reject infiltrating moisture, then the decomposition takes place
most thoroughly and with proportionate rapidity.” Ménes
also,’ after his examination of the massive pyritous deposits of
France, concludes: ‘* The yellow iron pyrites ...... occurs more
particularly in the crystalline rocks and preserves itself very well
in the air, while the white iron pyrites.....-.is always found in
sedimentary deposits and readily effloresces, with a formation of
copperas.” In the latter investigation by Girard and Morin,? of

the French pyrites, they remark, in regard to the pyrite of

Sain-Bel, which occurs in argillo silicious schists of Silurian
age: “This is sulphide of iron almost chemically pure, and this
purity prevails in almost all parts of the mass ..... This pyrites
is very slightly alterable ; it only oxidizes with difficulty at ordi-
nary temperatures.”

This difference of stability may be readily verified in any min-
eralogical cabinet, by an examination of the comparative condi.
tion of the specimens of pyrite derived from the coal-measures,
lignitic shales, and clays, etc., and those from the crystalline
rocks of some highly metamorphic region, like Elba or Colorado.
The former are invariably more or less crumbling and rusty, in
spite of complete protection from ordinary weathering, within a
building and even inside of tight glass cases; the latter remain
hard and brilliant, even though they may have already been ex-
posed to the weather for years, while lying in the waste upon
the dump of some mine.

This sharp distinction between the varieties of pyrite is there-
fore unquestionable, as well as the existence of other forms
which appear intermediate, in all degrees, in regard to resistance
to natural oxidation. |

1 Compt. Rend., (1867), LXIV, 867.
? Ann. Ch. et Phys., (1876), 5 Sér., VIII, 229.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 129

B.—EXPLANATIONS OF THE ‘l‘ENDENCY TO DECOMPOSITION.

Various theories will be now briefly considered, which have
been advanced to account for this singular difference of stabil-
ity, not only between ordinary marcasite and other pyrites, but
also between the varieties of a single mineral of definite chem-
ical composition, pyrite.

1. Presence of some foreign impurity. In one of the earhest
discussions of the subject, J. F. Henkels remarks,’ “it is a fact
that the nodular pyrites vitriolesces more easily than the angu-
lar, likewise the radial than the laminated ; I find also the causes
in copper and arsenic, whereof the nodular, as also the radial,
are wont to be free.” With these two agencies, however, he also
associates the texture of the mineral, with its accompanying den-
sity, and points out that one or more of these three conditions
may be concerned in the difference of stability in one case or an-
other, quoting the maxim, wnius rei plures possunt esse cause.
Still later, Werner expressed the suspicion that the presence of
arsenic, and Berzelius, that of manganose, etc., might be con-
nected with the differences of decomposition in pyrites. The en-
tire absence of these substances, however. from some of the most
unstable specimens, and their occasional presence in pyrite of
stable character, controvert this view. ‘lhe instances are exceed-
ingly rare in which such a connection has been established, e. g.,
that of the pyrite of Cornwall, Penn., already referred to.

2. Presence of free sulphur. Stromeyer long ago suggested,’
““ It may perhaps be yet ascertained that pyrites may not be the
true iron sulphide 7m maximo.” 7. e., with the formula, Fe S’,
** but a combination of the same with sulphur hydrate.” The
same view was adopted by others, but, it is sufficient to say
it has not been confirmed by the most careful analysis.

3. Inferior proportion of combined sulphur. This view of
Proust, to account for the more ready alteration of certain spec-
imens of pyrites, is stated beyond in the words of Hatchett, but
remains equally unsupported by later investigation.

! Pyritologia, Leipzig, (1754), 782-786.
? Gilb. Ann. d. Phys., (1814), XLVIII, 189.

130 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

4. Feeble combination of the sulphur. In a footnote on the
paper of Berzelius, just referred to, the Editor, J. L. G. Mein-’
ecke, objects that arsenic, manganese, etc., do not occur in all
the forms of white pyrite, and calls attention to its different
mode of crystallization, steel gray color, ready decay, and also
the fact that, “on rubbing it yields a strong sulphurous odor,
whereby, as well as by its weathering, it reveals a less intimate
combination with sulphur. From its ready decomposition and
its free sulphurous odor, it is clearly deduced that the sulphur is
not united to the iron in the same way as in pyrites.” This
reasoning also appears too indefinite and insufficient.

d. Unstable condition of sulphur, through a little oxygen orig
inally combined. Among the earliest reported analyses of mar-
casite were those of Hatchett’ in 1804, who advanced the follow-
ing View, in explanation of the tendency of that mineral to de-
composition, but one which remains unconfirmed by later anal-
ysis. |
‘* The pyrites crystallized in regular figures, such as eubes and
dodecaedrons, according to the above analyses contain less sul-
phur, and more iron, than the radiated pyrites, and perhaps than
others which are not regularly crystallized. This difference,
however, is not considerable ; for the dodecaedral pyrites which
afforded the smallest quantity of sulphur of any of the regularly
crystallized pyrites, yielded 52.15; and the radiated pyrites, No.
5, gave 54.34 ; the difference, therefore, is only 2.19.” ‘* Mr.
Proust is also of opinion, that the pyrites which contain the-
smallest quantity of sulphur are those which are most liable to
vitriolization ; and, on the contrary, that those which contain
the largest proportion are the least affected by the air or weather.
This opinion of the learned professor by no means accords with
such observations as I have been able to make ; for the cubic,
dodecaedral, and other regularly crystallized pyrites are liable
to oxidizement, so as to become what are called hepatic iron ores,
but not to vitriolization ; whilst the radiated pyrites (at. least
those of this country), are by much the most subject to the lat-
ter effect ; and therefore, as the results of the preceding analy-
ses show that the crystallized pyrites conta'n less sulphur than

' Phil, Trans., (1804), XCIV, 326 and 340.

Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 131

the radiated pyrites, I might be induced to adopt the contrary
opinion.” |
‘* But I am inclined to attribute the effect of vitriolization ob-
served in some of the pyrites, not so much to the proportion, as
to the state of the sulphur in the compound ; for I much sus-
pect, that a predisposition to vitriolization, in these pyrites, is
produced by a small portion of oxygen being previously com-
bined with a part, or with the general mass of the sulphur, at
the time of the original formation of these substances, so that
the state of the sulphur is tending to that of oxide, and thus the
accession of a farther addition of oxygen becomes facilitated.”

6. Intermixture with pyrrhotite or iron protosulphide. The
attention of Berzelius was early called to these interesting phe-
nomena of decomposition, and in a paper’? on White Pyrites, he
states: *‘if this pyrites is not regularly crystallized, it becomes
covered with an efflorescence of vitriol, and is at last completely
decomposed into it. ‘his result is certainly to be attributed to
a mixture of magnetic pyrites.” Iowever, even in the same pa-
per he presents an analysis of such a crystal, in which the
only variation from the normal constitution consisted in the
presence of 0.70 per cent of manganese and 0.80 percent of
silica.

A few years later, he made experiments on the same subject,
whose results are thus deseribed:’ ‘* The white pyrite consists
of two varieties, of which one, perfectly crystallized, remains un-
altered in the air, while the other, which preseuts a confused
crystallization, effloresces on exposure to the air and falls into a
powder, evidently of the character of a vitriol. This phenom-
enon therefore proves a difference of composition between these
varieties—a difference which is worthy of study in order to as-
certain whether it is of a character which may explain the differ-
ence of both. from yellow pyrite.” Of the latter of the two va-
rieties he allowed a fragment to effloresce 23 years, and exam-
ined it after its complete disintegration.

‘* Its volume was nearly doubled ; it was fissured in every di-
rection, and fell to pieces at the slightest touch. A part of its

1 Schweigg., Jour. Ch. Phys., (1819), XXVI, 67.
? Ann. Ch. et Phys., (1822), XIX, 440.

132 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

mass was converted into a white powder of styptic taste, and this

powder began to become yellow at the extremities. Seen under

the microscope, it presented a mass full of little cracks, filled
with a white effloresced salt, in which the interstices appeared
to consist of white pyrite, intact and more or less crystalline.”

A portion of this powder was digested in water, and thesolution,
separated from the insoluble residue, yielded, on addition of bar-

ium chloride, and then, after filtration, of ammonia to the fil-

trite = —

: . Atomic Ratio.
Barium sulphate 2.03 grams Sulphur. .0.279 87 1
Containing }

Ferric oxide....0.68 ‘‘ Iron’ 2... 0476 .85 i)

799

It was tuus found that the solution contained neutral ferrous
sulphate, Fe S O' + 7 aq, equivalent in amount to 0.755 gram
of iron protosulphide, Fe S. The residue insoluble in water,
apparently undecomposed white pyrite, amounted to 4.653
grams, 7. @., over six times as much as the effloresced part. ‘lo
determine whether it included any separated sulphur, a part of
it was dissolved in nitro-hydrochloric acid, and analysed with
the following results:

Atomie Ratio.

Barium sulphate...... 3.82 | ' Sulphur.. .524 1.64 2
~ Containing
Ferric oxide 22.22.26 9.64 | Tron’.... VAs 80-4

The insoluble part was thus found to consist of iron disul-
phide, Fe S*. ‘‘Since therefore the effloresced part was a basic
sulphate of protoxide which did not contain acid in excess, and
since there were no traces of sulphur separated during the eiflo-
rescence, it is evident that the effloresced part has consisted of
protosulphide of iron, which has not’ yet been found in an iso-
lated condition in the mineral kingdom, and that the remainder,
which was not subject to efflorescence, has- consisted of the di-
sulphide. he efflorescent pyrite cannot then be anything else
but particles of deuto-sulphide, more or less well crystallized,
cemented together by particles much less numerous of proto-
sulphide, which are changed little by little, at the expense of

Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 133

the air and of its moisture, into sulphate of iron; the pyrite
then loses its coherence in proportion as the cement of the crys-
tallized particles is decomposed.”

A little later, in 1828, Kéhler stated in his paper’ on the py-
rites of Gross Allmerode in Hesse, that the ordinary nodular
forms, consisting of marcasite (strahlkies), decompose readily,
and break up, with an efflorescence of copperas, while the crys-
tals themselves resist decay ; in the latter, the crystalline form
is identical with that of pyrite, but the specific gravity is con-
siderably lower. His words are: ‘‘A distinguishing property
of this radiated pyrites is its mode of decomposition. The or-
dinarily very fibrous nodules possess the tendency, with an efflor-
escence of copperas, to break up entirely by degrees ; the crys-
tals themselves resist the disintegration. The explanation is
well known, which Berzelius gives of this phenomenon.
Through chemical analyses, however, the undecomposed masses
exhibit no differences of importance. Certain analytical results,
obtained on different varieties of the Allmerode pyrite, have
convinced me that it shows the same relative proportions as Bi-
nary Pyrite.” In 1829, seven years after his first experiments,
Berzelius adds:* ‘‘ When a portion of common pyrites was per-
mitted to fall asunder, I found it to be caused by the formation
of a small quantity of protosulphate of iron, which burst asun-
der the crystallized mass. When the salt was dissolved in water,
no trace of free sulphur was obtained, from which it appeared
that the efflorescing pyrites contains particles of Fe S (sul-
phuret of iron), which, changing to the state of salt, tears asun-
der the rest which undergoes no change ... I have since ob-
tained a satisfactory proof of the accuracy of this explanation.
‘I heated carbonate of iron gently in a stream of sulphuretted
hydrogen. There were formed, first-sulphuret, and afterwards
bi-sulphuret of iron. ‘The experiment being stopped before all
the iron was changed into bi-sulphuret, a pyrite was obtained,
which, in a few days, fell asunder in all directions, and changed
into a woolly mass of vitriol of ten times its former volume.
Sesqui-sulphuret of iron prepared from the oxide has not this

1 Pogg. Ann., (1828), XIV, 96.
? Berzel. Arsberiit, (1829), 129.

134 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

property. It seems therefore highly probable that the falling |

asunder of the common pyrites arises from the electro-chemical
action of the electro-negative bi-sulphuret which is here and
there mixed with it in small particles.” On comparing the fig-
ures quoted above, in the original experiment of Berzclius, I find
by calculation .that, according to his view, the mineral under
trial must have consisted of : 7

| Per Cent. Atomic Ratio.
Fe S? ce ig a eS Fe 49.04 :+.876 .s.08 ale
Fe S 13.96 { Equivalent to 1§ 50.96 1.598 20

- This is a relationship, however, which has never been report-
ed in the analysis of marcasite by Berzelius himself or any
other analyst, and. is virtually contradicted by the results of
Kohler, already cited, and others, who have always obtained
the ratio 1:2. To account therefore for the apparent loss in
Berzelius’ analysis, we must infer either the presence of a part
of the ferric sulphate in the residue insoluble in water, or a
remnant of impurity, perhaps a salt of baryta, in the precipi-
tate of ferric oxide, or, more probably, the previous escape of a

part of the sulphur from the decomposing mineral or from the
free sulphuric acid in the vitriol, in some form, it may be as

hydrogen sulphide. This gas might readily be generated
through the deoxidation of sulphuric acid by the organic matter
in the dust, introduced during the long exposure of two years
and a half. A further reference to this widely prevalent view is
made in connection with the chemical investigation described
beyond. |

7. Enclosure of clay in pyrites. Still another and more re-
cent view, worthy of consideration, is that of Messrs. A. Girard
and H. Morin,’ in their discussion of the pyrites of the French
deposits of commercial importance for the manufacture of sul-
phuricacid. These writers discriminate between three pyritous
varieties :

a. Grayish yellow octahedral pyrite, of sp. gr. = 5, occurring
particularly in the volcanic formations and crystalline rocks ;

1 Ann. Ch. et Phys., (1876), Sér., 5, VII, 229.

Decomposition of lron Pyrites. 135

its deposits always suggest igneous action, present the appear-
ance of veins, contain no water, and are stable on exposure to
the atmosphere.

6. Gray cubical pyrite, with brownish-black powder, contain-
ing both clay and water, commonly occurring in sedimentary
deposits, and easily altered to ferric sulphate.

c. White marcasite, gray to yellow or greenish-yellow color ;
lighter than pyrite, with dark greenish-gray powder, and sp. gr.
—=4.7. Its masses are connected always with aqueous action,
occur in deposits caused by chemical double decomposition, and
are extremely subject to efflorescence of copperas. In explana-
tion of these differences in weathering, it is stated : ‘‘ We must
yet remark that, in the specimens of yellow pyrite, water of
combination or moisture is almost never found, as in the white
pyrites. Some authors think that the facility with which these
pyrites generally effloresce in the air is connected with the fact
that these minerals contain protosulphide of iron, That may
be ; but I think that it can be also admitted (after my present
analyses) thatthe molecular state of the substance, or, still more,
the enclosure of a clay, easily attacked either by atmospheric
agents or by water, may well be a ready cause of their altera-
tion ; and by this very fact it is natural to conceive, that sedi-
meutary or chemical deposits (in the interior of formations)
ought to readily assume this kind of constitution, which would
be, so much the more, a common element of their spontaneous
destruction.” On this suggestion of the influence of clay, it
must be noted that the material used in all the painstaking re-
searches of these analysts was unsuitable for the solution of
the delicate problem involved in the peculiar decomposition of
marcasite. ‘Their analyses appear to have been made, not on
pure crystals, so far as stated, but on nodules or massive and
granular forms of the two minerals. In all, the amount of sil-
ica, ete., reaches 4 to 15 per cent.; the specific gravity figures
are correspondingly very low, 4.17 to 4.81 ; and the amount of
water appears to have but partial connection with that of clay,
since the proportion of alumina is small.

8. Uneven condition of the surface. Like nearly all the later
-authors who haye written on the subject, since the time of Ber-

136 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

zelius, Senft accepted the hypothesis of that investigator as to
the presence and influence of iron protosulphide. Liowever, the
absence of definite proof of its occurrence in marcasite inclined
him to suggest an additional reason for its ready alteration, viz.,
the morphological character of the surfaces of its crystals. ‘The -
evenness of those of pyrite, he maintains,’ must offer far fewer
points of attack to the agents of decomposition, air and mois-
ture. However, the observations presented at the close of this
paper (e. g., in regard to the octahedra of pyrite at Wee-
hawken, etc.), indicate rather that the varieties of this mineral
with highly polished evenly faced crystals are peculiarly liable
to decomposition ; while those at other localities, which are
strongly striated, appear to possess a crystalline constitution
which presents unusual resistance to decay.

9. Forced state of aggregation of particles. Fournet’ presents
the following explanation of the efflorescing property of white
iron pyrites. ‘‘I have sought in the course of this memoir to
establish two principal facts, to wit; that a spontaneous ten-
dency to dimorphism produces the disintegration of minerals,
and that this is followed by chemical action ... Pyrites have
two forms, the one cubic, the other prismatic ; may not the lat-
ter be simply an unstable form ? because, as it is well known,
it is very liable to efflorescence, while the former resists decom-
position pretty generally, under similar conditions. Carbonate
of lime crystallizes in two systems, the one rhomboidal, the
other prismatic. The latter, which constitutes aragonite, 1s so
unstable that it is sufficient to warm a crystal a little to have it
fall to powder ; and besides, in Auvergne, masses are found
which spontaneously disintegrate without further decomposi-
tion.”

10. Some peculiarity of molecular aggregation. To a cause of
this kind, though entirely undefined, several authors have been
inclined to attribute the perishability of ordinary forms of mar-
casite. Thus, in 1849, Nicol’? remarked : ‘‘ This mineral is still

1 Kryst. Felsg., 141.
? Ann. Ch. et Phys., (1834), LV, 255-256.
3 Mineralogy, (1849), 451.

Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 137

-more liable to decomposition than pyrite, though in the same
manner, and most frequently changes to sulphate of iron. In
both minerals this has been ascribed to a mixture of Fe 8S; but
the above analyses all show a surplus of sulphur, which, though
small, would rather indicate a mixture of free sulphur as the
cause. It, however, has been observed in pure sulphuret of
iron, and seems rather to depend. on some peculiarity in the
state of aggregation.” More recently a similar view has been
expressed by J. P. Kimball,’ to explain the difference in stabil-
ity of the two minerals. ‘‘ At ordinary temperatures, under ex-
posure to the atmosphere, bi-sulphide of iron in the form of
white pyrites or marcasite readily decomposes, but far more
slowly when in the form of yellow pyrites or pyrite. Such a
difference as to facility of oxidation appears to be due to mole-
cular differences arising from crystalline structure. Marcasite
occurs in several states of crystallization and aggregation favor-
able to oxidizing influences, as compared with the usually more
compact mode of occurrence of pyrite. It is in the more readily
decomposable form of marcasite that bi-sulphide of iron general-
ly occurs in bituminous coals and lignite, while in anthracite it
is generally, if not always, present in the form of its more stable
species.”’ It is evidently in this direction that we must search
for the exact solution of the problem.

C. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PYRITES.

On account of the doubt still prevailing in regard to the com-
monly accepted cause of the tendency to decomposition, viz., the
possible presence of iron protosulphide in decomposing pyrites,
there seemed to me to be evident need of additiona) chemical
analyses, made with the utmost care possible with modern facil-
ities, on crystals selected for probable purity ; in these I have
availed myself of the assistance of Dr. J. B. Mackintosh. For
this purpose, the finely crystallized spear-headed marcasite,
from the ashy gray chalk of Folkestone, England, was first
chosen, this matrix being unlikely to supply other metallic
bases or arsenic as impurities in the mineral. The following
mode of analysis was adopted. A carefully weighed amount of

' Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., (1879-80), VIII, 202 and 215-216.

138 Decomposition of lron Pyrites.

the mineral, about 3 grams, was placed in a glass-stoppered bot-
tle, with the addition of nitro-hydrochloric acid and bromine,
inserted in a beaker of water, and covered by a smaller inverted
beaker, to make a water-joint for safety, and thus digested upon
a water-bath until complete solution. ‘This was then diluted
and divided. In one part, the iron was determined volumetri-
cally in the usual way, by means of potassium permanganate.
To the other, citric acid was first added to retain the iron in solu-—
tion and the sulphuric acid was precipitated by a slight excess
of barium chloride. After thorough washing, this precipitate
was purified by Stolba’s method, by digestion in copper acetate,
washed and weighed, then fused with mixture of sodium-and
potassinm-carbonates, leached out with water, the other solution
treated with bromine, the residue and filtrate separately acid-
ified, the two solutions heated on the water-bath and combined,
and the re-precipitated barium sulphate again thoroughly
washed, dried and weighed. In all cases the first precipitate
was found before the fusion to contain a small proportion of
barium-salt as impurity, and in one case a coloration produced
by copper derived from the copper acetate. Of the analyses pre-
sented below, Nos. 1 and 2 were made upon the finely pulver-
ized mineral, No. 1 having been weighed immediately after pul-
verization, and No. 2 about three-quarters of an honr after-
wards. In both, it will be noticed that the amount of sulphur
is considerably less than that demanded by the theoretical con-
stitution of the mineral, especially in No. 2, whose material was
longest exposed to the air. A series of a dozen samples of py-
rite and marcasite, in finely divided condition, had been already
exposed to the air, and it was found that these manifested inci-
pient decomposition in all cases, often within one or two hours,
by a caking of the powder and a distinct sulphurous odor. A
portion of the Folkestone marcasite, about 0.2 gram, was also
enclosed with 2 c. c. of concentrated hydrochloric acid, in a her-
metically sealed tube ; the mineral had been, previously exposed
to the air for several hours, in the state of a fine powder. In an-
other tube, a freshly broken pure lump of the mineral was di-
gested in the same way. ‘The former immediately yielded a yel-
lowish solution, revealing the presence of iron-oxide from par-
tial oxidation of the exposed powder ; however, on hanging a few
days in the sunlight, the solution gradually lost its color, appar-

Decomposition of lron Pyrites. 139

ently from a subsequent deoxidation of the ferric chloride in the
presence of the iron disulphide. The tube was hung up by a
south window and remained at the temperature of the labor-
atory for ninety days; then, on opening by breaking under
water, not a trace of either iron or sulphur was detected in the
colorless fluid. The other tube, containing the lump, remained
colorless, even after several weeks. ‘hese experiments proved
that the variety, though stable, became unstable in fine powder,
and that it was impossible to obtain sufficiently accurate results
from analyses of the marcasite in the finely divided condition.
This was probably caused by the condensation of oxygen upon
the enormously increased surface, the addition of its weight and
its partial combination with the iron and sulphur. ‘The exper-
iments also proved the absence of any trace of iron protosul-
phide, of oxygen, or of other soluble impurities, which have
been suggested by some investigators. On the ground of these
experiments, the method of quantitative analysis was therefore
again modified by taking a rapidly weighed lump of the min-
eral, in the analysis whose results are headed No. 3. The pro-
cess of solution was of course considerably slower than in the
case of the fine powder. ;

Analysis of crystalline marcasite from Folkestone, Eng.
Sp. Gr. = 4.887. ,

2 | 3 Theoretical
Fine powder. | Fine powder. Lump. Constitution.
Iron
| 47.310 46.807 46.705 46.667
Sulphur |
52.780 52.464 | 53.359 | 538.3383
100.000

100.090 99.271 | 100.064

A qualitative analysis of the mineral also showed the absence
of other metallic bases and of arsenic. The close approximation
of the last analysis (No. 3) to the theoretical composition is of
course partially accidental, as every chemist will understand,
but justifies the conclusion that the marcasite of Folkestone
contains no iron protosulphide. ‘The surfaces of some of the
crystals in its groups are encrusted by a film or coating of
orange-colored iron-ochre, which indicates its liability to slow

140 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

oxidation, but they never display an efflorescence of iron sul-
phate. ‘The next material, selected for analysis, was the fibrous
white and brilliant pyrite, associated with galenite and blende,
at Marsden’s Diggings, near Galena, Illinois, and partially dis-
colored by an efflorescence of iron sulphate. A lump, freed
from the efflorescence and weighing about 3 grams, was dis-
solved in the usual way, and the following results obtained.

Analysis of fibrous pyrite, from Marsden’s Diggings, Til.
Sp. Gr. = 5.015.

Per Cent. Theoretical Constitution.

Tron 46.636 46 .667
Lead .188
Silica 110
Arsenic .056

f 2 FO” 1
Seen ea t 58.010 53.333

100. 100.

An absolutely exact determination of sulphur is impossible by
any known gravimetric method ; this is partly caused by the de-
composition of a small part of the precipitate obtained of bar-
ium sulphate adhering to the filter, by the deoxidizing action of
the carbon, on ignition of the paper. In determinations of this
kind, a similar loss almost invariably occurs, amounting to over
one per cent. of the total quantity of sulphur, the ignited pre-
cipitate being apt to assume a yellow color, it may be from the
formation of barium peroxide. It therefore seems fair to pre-
sume that the loss in the above analysis consists chiefly of sul-
phur. The figures thus imply a close correspondence to those
demanded by theory, if the material was pure. The slight im-
purity, indicated by traces of lead and arsenic, is merely that
which might be expected in a mineral which is constantly asso-
ciated with galenite in the locality stated. We may therefore
conclude that decomposing pyrite contains no proportion of iron
proto-sulphide, and that the cause of the decomposition must be
sought in some other direction. ‘The analyses of both these
minerals therefore, marcasite and pyrite, prove that difference

1 53 617, before purification of the precipitate of barium sulphate.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 14]

of chemical composition has nothing to do with the differing
quickness of tendency to decomposition, but also hint the possi-
bility of its connection with some subtle peculiarity of structure.

D.—MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF PYRITES.

In order to throw more light on this difficult question, I have
resorted to a microscopical examination of several kinds of py-
rites. ‘The only microscopical examination on record, to my
knowledge, is that by Berzelius, on an efflorescent marcasite ;
he simply states that, *‘seen under the microscope, it presented
a mass seamed by little cracks, filled with a white and efflores-
cent salt, whose interstices appeared to consist of white pyrite,
unattacked and more or less crystalline ”’; also, on dissolving out
the efflorescent salt, he could detect no sulphur in the residue.

Pyrite from Galena, Ill. I selected, as a material most
promising of results, a portion of the same nodule of pyrite in a
state of decomposition, which had been used in the chemical
analysis just mentioned. ‘The conical specimen consisted of a
finely fibrous material, with fibres about eight centimeters in
length, and mostly 0.2 millimeter in thickness, radiating from
the apex of the cone, the center of the original nodule, becoming
coarser toward their outward extremities, and there terminating
in a close aggregation of distorted cubes, 4 to 8 mm. on a side.
The inner material was of a pale yellowish-white color and ex-
ceedingly brilliant lustre, crossed by three or four concentric
lines of concretionary growth ; an easy cross-fracture occurred
at the concentric lines, leaving a surface—across the ends of the
fibres—which appeared to the eye perfectly aphanitic in texture,
exceedingly brilliant, and slightly mammillary. At the outer
surface, the aggregated cubes were stained to a brownish-black,
variegated by delicate whitish efflorescence within the interstices ;
this efflorescence was found to penctrate to a depth of about 1 to
2 centimeters below the surface, along the fibres, and even to
the very centre of the nodule, at a depth of 8 centimeters, along
certain widened fissures among the fibres. The material differed
little from that of similar fibrous nodules from Galena, I1.,
Linden, Wis., etc, whose specific gravities are presented in the
table near the close of this paper. Various fragments of this ma-
terial were mounted for examination by reflected light ; and for

Vi ea Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

this purpose low magnifying powers, up to 200 diameters, were -
found sufficient, with the help of the plane mirror of a Sorby
reflector. ‘The following materials were thus examined.

a. A fibrous plate of the fresh and brilliant material from the
interior. The surface of this natural fragment was divided up
by the fibration, by strongly marked lines, sometimes perhaps
indicating open fissures, 0.033 to 0.134 mm. apart. Within
these in many places a still finer lineation occurred, the lines
being sometimes only 0.014 mm. apart. These finer lines, co-
inciding with the cubic cleavage, were sometimes parallel to
the main fibration, sometimes perpendicular to it; elsewhere,
very commonly arranged obliquely at an angle of 45° to 53°
from the general direction, sometimes even in two sets passing
obliquely off in opposite directions from a median line. ‘These
latter oblique lines doubtless mark the octahedral cleavage of
pyrite, often greatly distorted by pressure and even thereby ren-
dered curvilinear. A want of homogeneity was suggested by
a number of bright angular yellow particles and grains, scattered
over the white and duller surface: their size usually varied from
0.013 to 0.084 nm.

b. A fragment, from a plane at right angles to that of a, pre-
senting the polished mammillary and curved surface from the
cross-fracture. ‘The entire surface was found to be, not uniform
as it appeared to the eye, but seamed and slightly roughened by
short fissures, marking the eubic cleavage, running at right
angles to each other, but rarely intersecting, and dividing up the
surface into square spacesabout 0.01 to 0.015 mm. onaside. The
same bright yellow grains appeared here and there, as in a, but
mostly as lines or thin branching veins, apparently the edges of
films of vellow material enclosed in the paler colored pyrite.

c. A portion of the side of a fissure, plainly to the eye dark-
ened and roughened by incipient decomposition, but still appar-
ently perfectly dense and compact, showed under the microscope
a remarkable sub-division and disintegration, the whole surface
being seamed by minute cracks, mostly along and across the
fibres, and also irregularly pitted and even honeycombed with
cavities of the most irregular shape and size: all this surface
was sprinkled and coated with granules and needles of the
white efflorescence. ‘The phenomena differed widely on every

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites 143
'P y

surface examined, but mostly comprised the following points of
structure in the pyrite itself :
First. A coarse columnar structure, that of the fibration,

presenting a width of about 0.08 to 0.25 mm. between the par-

allel fissures, whose lips were about 0.005 mm. apart. ‘This was

crossed, with more or Jess irregularity, by fissures at right an-

gles, often producing the effect of an imperfect tesselated pave-

ment or of rude masonry. In places the disintegration had

gone So far that the mass consisted of dark roughened needles

attached only at one end or both.

Secondly. 'The surface intervening between these cracks was
pitted with cavities of the utmost irregularity of size and form,
though commonly approximating 0.004 to 0.009 mm. in diam-
eter, scattered in rows and in large groups. As aresult of the
sub-division produced by these cracks and pits, I estimated that
the greater part of the mass was separated into little grains, ap-
proximately cubical in form and about 0.01 mm. on a side. It
would require about a thousand millions of such little grains to
make up a cubic centimeter of the material, and the surfaces of
these would present a superficial area about ten million times
that of the superficies of a solid cubic centimeter.

Thirdly. ‘The surface between the little pits further showed
a very delicate striation, apparently by fine cracks or by minute
ribs and furrows, al] parallel to the line of fibration but slightly
wavy. On an average about 555 of such lines occupied the dis-
tance of one millimeter across the fibration, 7. ¢., they were about
0.0018 mm. apart. ‘They projected very slightly above the in-
tervening furrows and conveyed the impression that they were
lines of accretion, running in the direction of the general fibra-
tion and originally producing that structure ; that they repre-
sented the edges of thin films of a compact material, flattened
out by intense lateral pressure, whose irregularity had produced
the wavy disturbance of their lines ; also that their material was
harder and perhaps brighter than that in the intervening fur-
rows, and that their projection above the surface was but a part
of the general erosion, caused by their greater resistance to de-
composition than that offered by the intervening films.

Fourthly. The suspicion of the want of homogeneity of the
material was fostered by the occasional distribution, over the

144 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

dull eroded surface, of minute bright grains, scales, pellicles,

and angular, sometimes branching, rods, contrasting with the
general surface by their brilliant lustre, yellow color, and some-
times a slight projection. Many consisted of barely visible
particles and lines, but the size of 0.005 to 0.035 mm. was
sometimes noticed. '

Occasionally triangular and rectangular outlines could be dis-
tinguished, even 0.056 mm. in length, and rarely two or three
faces cf a flattened polished cube. Their compact bright
material appeared identical with that of the striation films, and
in fact, many of these forms appeared mere expansions or pro-
jections of these films. All the facts strengthened the idea that
the material of this fibrous pyrite is not uniform, as it appears
to the eye, but that these grains and minute lines indicate the
planes of successive envelopment of two materials, the one yiel1-
ing rapidly to decomposition, the other more dense and yielding
more slowly. The little pits or cavities were also closely ex-
amined to determine whether they ever presented symmetrical
outlines, which might signify the eating away of crystals of a
softer substance, but no such indications were recoghized.

Fifthly. ‘The white efflorescence rarely displayed any dis-
tinct forms, except those of occasional needles with imperfect
terminations. ‘The entire absence of any yellow or reddish tinge
indicated that it consisted of a basic ferric sulphate, and this
was confirmed by the blue reaction produced by potassium fer-
ridcyanide in a solution of the effloresced salt. However, when
fragments on a slide, immersed in a drop of potassium ferro-
cyanide, were examined under the mieroscope, traces of a blue
coloration were also seen, which showed the presence of cop-
peras, ferrous sulphate, in minute amount. It would not be
possible, without the most careful analysis, to determine the ex-
act character of such a natural vitriol ; since it may be consti-
tuted, according to the degree of oxidation and hydration, of
indefinite mixtures of at least eleven known salts, viz., one fer-
rous sulphate, eight ferric sulphates, and two ferroso-ferric sul-
phates.

d. The darkened surface of a cube from the outer surface,
slightly marked to the eye by minute particles of the vitriol-
efflorescence. This presented, under. the microscope, a finely

Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 145

granular mass of the pyrite-material, seamed and interspersed
with the white particles, grains, and sometimes needles of cop-
peras in an almost continuous network. The surface was gen-
erally deeply and very irregularly eaten out and honeycombed in
pits and cavities divided by jagged angular septa; these cavities
often possessed a diameter of 0.06 to 0.10 mm., with a depth of
about the same amount. Many of the grains of pyrite displayed
cubical outlines, about 0.025 mm. on a side, which indicated the
full development of the cubical cleavage. On similar corroded
and effloresced surfaces, on the side of fissures further down, be-
low the point where the cubes were developed, the eroded pits
were a little larger, about 0.167 mm. in diameter, but the grains
of pyrite did not exhibit cubical forms.

Pyrite, from Chili. The polished surface of a cube, about 1
centimeter on a side. ‘To the eye, this surface showed a dis-
tinct striation in places ; under the microscope, little more than
planes of accretion, parallel to the edges of the cube, became
visible. The material appeared almost perfectly uniform and
homogeneous.

Pyrite, from Weehawken, N. J. The surfaces of octahedra,
in various stages of incipient oxidation. A surface which was
brilliant and polished to the eye appeared almost equally so
under the microscope, and the underlying material, shown on
conchoidal fractures along the edges, seemed to be homo-
geneous, though very pale in color. But many other surfaces,
showing a tarnish to the eye, presented in high illumination,
under the microscope, a brilliant display of iridescence, re-
sembling that of marcasite. Very often this tarnish was not
uniformly distributed, but displayed alternating bands of blue
and red colors, parallel, or intersecting each other in two or
three directions, parallel to the edges of the octahedral faces.
This mode-of decomposition implies probably a uniform distri-
bution .of an enclosed unstable impurity ; since the course of the
oxidation has conformed exactly to the cleavage structure of the
crystal. Other octahedra from the same locality showed the
last stage of complete oxidation, in the form of limonitic pseudo-
morphs, preserving, almost perfectly, the lustre of the faces and
sharpness of the edges and minute modifications. In _ places,
delicate reddish-brown crusts were found deposited upon some

146 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

of the crystal-faces. The fractured edges of these exhibited.
alternating brown and white lines, evidently the edges of alter-
nating films of red iron-oxide and of white gypsum. On other
octahedra of pyrite, less deeply attacked by oxidation, the red-
dish brown coating, about 0.1 mm. in depth, was observed to
be sprinkled with little particles and short needles of white vit-
riol. ‘Their identity was sufficiently established by putting such
a crystal in a drop of water on a slide, with a drop of potassium
ferrocyanide in close juxtaposition, and connecting the two
drops by means of a wire, while under observation, when the
blue precipitate was formed which indicated the presence of a
soluble iron-salt. The observation was one of interest, in sug-
gesting that the slow oxidation, which results in the formation
of a crust of iron-oxide, differs in no way from that which pro-
duces the efflorescence of white copperas, in other materials, ex-
cept in the further complete oxidation of the iron protoxide.
It may also be again suggested that the presence of organic mat-
ter, as dust or in solution, must result in the final deoxidation
of the sulphuric acid set free in this decomposition, with its es-
cape as hydrogen sulphide, or sometimes a partial deposit in the
form of free sulphur.

Pyrite, from Lee, Mass. ‘Thin flakes of the white dolomitic
marble from Lee, containing pyritous particles in an active state
of decay. These were chipped from the surface of fragments
thrown aside from the construction of the Cathedral at Madison
Avenue and Fiftieth Street in New York City, which had been
lying exposed to the weather for a few months. Each rusty parti-
cle was surrounded by areddish-brown ochreous film, penetrating
the marble irregularly in every direction, sometimes to a dis-
tance of one or two centimeters from the decaying particle.
The instability and consequent discoloration were so marked, as
to suggest the possibility that these particles might consist of
marcasite. To determine their true nature, five pounds of the
stone were dissolved in weak hydrochloric acid, and the insolu-
ble residue was found to consist of angular grains of white
quartz, scales of red and colorless phlogopite, and the pyrites.
with a small quantity of imperfect prisms of brown and _ black
tourmaline, white tremolite in acicular granules, and bent rods
of black rutile. The pyritous grains presented ordinary forrhs

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 147
of the modification of cubes of pale brass-yellow color and _ bril-
liant lustre, certainly consisting of crystallized pyrite. No vis-
ible reason for the decay was apparent in these crystals.

From these microscopical observations, presented elsewhere’
in fuller detail, we may sum up the following conclusions :

First. In these fibrous nodules of pyrites, the outward
growth of the elongated cubes, of which the fibres consist, and
their mutual compression, have produced a condition of great
tension, which has facilitated their later disintegration. }

Secondly. The material is mainly composed of a diluted
mixture of pyrite with a paler colored and unstable impurity.
Through this mixture, more or less pure pyrite is diffused in al-
ternating films or in scattered strings and crystals of a deeper
yellow color than that of their matrix.

Thirdly. The oxidation of the material has been facilitated
by its heterogeneous composition, by its fissured structure, and
by the tension among its fibres. It has progressed more rapidly
in the predominant paler colored mixture, has penetrated along
the seams between the fibres, and has then been hastened by the
development of the more minute fissuring, as the result of the
tension.

Fourthly. 'Yhe development of this system of minute fissures
has furnished an enormous area for the internal condensation of
gases and vapors from the atmosphere, chiefly oxygen and mois-
ture, whic has resulted in the speedy oxidation, pitting, de-
cay, production of crystals of vitriol, expansion, and final disin-
tegration observed in such forms of pyrites.

Fifthly. The mode of oxidation in all forms of pyrite is es-
sentially the same, resulting in the initial production of ferrous
sulphate and free sulphuric acid. By the removal, decomposi-
tion, or neutralization of the latter, oxidation of the ferrous salt
is promoted, which may be then rapidly converted into one or
more ferric sulphates, when freely exposed to the air. In the
purer forms of pyrite, subject to but slow oxidation, the results
of decomposition are washed away as fast as they form, and the
surface of the mineral retains its brightness, if the grain lies ex-

1 The Microscopical Structure of the Iron Pyrites, Jour. N. Y. Micr.
Soc., (1886), 1-12.

148 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

posed to the air on the surface of a stone ; if buried beneath the
surface, the ferrous sulphate is likely to be immediately convert-
ed into a comparatively insoluble ferric sulphate, and from that
the ferric oxide may be immediately deposited ; if the matrix is

calcareous or magnesian, the ferric oxide is deposited at once in ~

place by precipitation, and a hepatic pseudomorph finally results.
This material may consequently detain small quantities of lime
and magnesia within its pores. Prof. Erastus G. Smith has re-
ported’ these traces in his careful analysis of such alimonite-
eube, from the Trenton limestone near Beloit, Wis.

In the impure forms of pyrite, inclining to rapid oxidation, the
soluble ferrous sulphate is transported farther away, through
the matrix, before further oxidation and precipitation take
place. The extent of the discoloration thereby produced is lim-
ited only by protection from air and moisture ; the formation
of hepatic pseudomorphs is accomplished only in the pres-
ence of an excess of basic precipitant, such as ‘‘ rock sap” satn-
rated by calcium-carbonate.’ 3

FE. GENERAL CoNCLUSIONS IN REGARD TO VARIATION IN
DECOMPOSITION.

A consideration of the facts connected with the paragenesis of
the three iron pyrites, especially of the general intermixtures,

intercrystallizations, and mutual replacements of the two more

common species, marcasite and pyrite, leads to the conclusion of
the constancy of their association in the most intimate forms.
Wherever the least deviation is noticed from the ordinary phy-
sical properties of cither mineral, the presence of the other may
be at once suspected. The opacity of both preventing the ap-
plication of most optical tests, resort must be had to the close
examination of other physical properties. We are thus led to
the following general conclusions :

First. In regard to marcasite, the tendency to decomposition
and its absence are plainly associated with other physical prop-
ertics. When the mineral occurs in the rarer condition of com-
pact well formed crystals, with brilliant lustre, grayish-white

1 Am. J. Sci., (1886), XX XI, 376.
* During publication, I have found this theory already suggested in a
brief note to Pyrite, in Dana’s System of Mineralogy, (1883), 64.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 149

color, and high specific gravity, 1t resists decomposition as ef-
fectively as the stable form of pyrite and as most silicates. But
when it occurs in crystals with lower lustre and density, whose
color inclines to a greenish tint, or in finely granular, scaly, or
columnar masses, of lower lustre, density, and purity of color,
and in which a little clay and moisture can be detected by anal-.
ysis, such varieties are certainly inclined to more or less rapid
decomposition by efflorescence.

Secondly. ‘The two minerals, marcasite and pyrite, are very
commonly and abundantly associated (@) in more or less thorough-
ly intermixed masses, in which the grains or plates of each may
often be yet distinguished—(d) in nodules consisting of successive
enveloping crusts, composed alternately of each mineral, or of
mixtures of both—and (c) in crystals consisting of the substance
of one mineral, assuming the form characteristic of the other. In
most cases the constituents of such mixtures and associations
may be distinguished by their general physical properties : mar-
casite, for example, by its color, generally lower specific gravity,
somewhat inferior hardness, uneven fracture, and usual strong
tendency to decomposition.

Thirdly. The crystals and nodules which are generally assign-
ed to pyrite, on account of the crystalline forms of that min-
eral (cubes, octahedrons, etc.), which the individual grains pre-
sent, seldom consist certainly of that mineral in a pure condition,
save when they also exhibit its characteristic brass-yellow color,
high density and lustre, conchoidal fracture, and strong resist-
ance to decomposition. When inclined to alteration, however,
they invariably exhibit either a paler yellow, whitish or greenish
‘color, a low density and lustre, uneven fracture, and tendency
to granular or fibrous texture.

Correlating then these three facts, the peculiar physical prop-
erties of marcasite, its common intermixture with pyrite, and
the presence of its other physical properties in most of the var-
ieties of pyrite which show ready alteration, the following con-
clusion seems inevitable. All specimens of pyrite in active de-
composition are not pure, but are intimate intermiztures of mar-
casite and pyrite, probably in the most minute, 2. e., molecular
conditions of these minerals.

We may here recall the interesting investigation of G. Briigel-

150 Decomposition of lron Pyrites.

mann on the variation of specific gravity, and of other physical
characteristics in series of artificial intermixtures, in various
proportions, of simultaneously crystallized salts. lis observa-
tion, that ‘‘ crystalline intermixtures have for the most part a
different specific gravity than that which corresponds to the ecal-
culated mixture-proportions of their components,” was referred
to changes of volume, whose course, like that of the figures for
specific gravity, ran without any parallelism to that of the
changes in mixture-proportion. ‘This conclusion, however, can
have no pertinency here, as his salt-intermixtures were all ob-
tained by fusion, usually accompanied by expansion. ‘Those
now under consideration—the natural intermixtures of the two
dimorphous sulphides—are certainly deposits from solution,
and, however intimately blended, may be far from homogene-
ous and have probably never been attended with any change of
volume.

There is every reason to believe, that, in the lessened sensi-
bility toward chemical action exhibited by the harder and
heavier of these two homologous minerals, we have a fresh illus-
tration of the well-known law, which, in another connection,
T. Sterry Hunt has thus stated : “* The hardness of these iso-
meric or allotropic species, and their indifference to chemical
reagents, increase with their condensation, or, in other words,
vary inversely as their empirical equivalent volumes.’” The
fact of the inferior hardness of marcasite, though not recognized
in the general treatises on systematic mineralogy, has already
been noted in the papers of Breithaupt, Senft and others; I
have pointed ont beyond that it specially characterizes certain
crystallographic faces of that mineral. It may be safest to refer
the mode of condensation of the molecule in the heavier min-
eral, pyrite, to subtle schemes of natural blending or interpene-
tration, of course far beyond microscopical detection, and,
it may be, passing all present comprehension. But tak-
ing into consideration the physical properties which can
be recognized, we are led to suspect that the material of the
lighter crystals of marcasite, and especially of its granular
forms, may consist in miniature of an interlacing network of the

1 Ueber die Krystallisation, Beobachtungen und Folgerungen, Leipzig,

(1884), 17.
2 Chem. and Geol. Essays, 457.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 151

spearheaded crystals, needles, twins, ete., which the natural
forms of this mineral present to the naked eye. Within these
interstices, air and atmospheric moisture are condensed over the
entire area and locked up in the most constant and intimate
contact ; or these invisible cavities may be partially occupied by
other sulphides, clay, quartz, etc., whose presence is shown by
chemical analysis. Both the area exposed to attack and its du-
ration must enormously exceed those possible on the ordinary
exterior surface of a visible crystal ; while color, lustre, and
density are equally decreased by the porous texture of the mass.
If we can assume such a molecular constitution, the well-known
facility of decomposition will be easily understood. On the
other hand, the associated high specific gravity and resistance to
decomposition shown by the well crystallized forms of the min-
eral, such as those from the chalk, are well explained by the
corresponding compactness of texture and absence of interstices,
attending the metasomatic alteration or replacement of the min-
eral by pyrite.

With pyrite, on the other hand, we may perhaps assume
a naturally compact texture, when pure, from the crystal-
lographic symmetry of forces implied in its isometric con-
stitution. ‘he resulting absence of interstitial cavities and im-
purities, and therefore of an internal area exposed to condensa-
tion of oxygen and consequent decomposition, are naturally ac-
companied by the high color, lustre, density, and freedom from
alteration observed in well crystallized forms of the mineral.
But the general deterioration of the common varieties of the
mineral in all these properties, and their close approach to those

of marecasite, appear to imply a general intermixture with that
mineral, except in regions of high local metamorphism, such as
Elba, Colorado, ete. In the fibrous, and especially in the gran-
ular forms of pyrite, such as constitute the usual nodular and
radiating forms of the mineral, the intermixture of marcasite
becomes at last visible, at least under the microscope, and these
forms are notorious for ready decomposition. But the absorp-
tion of oxygen, shown in the preceding analyses, indicates that it
may also be true that even pure pyrite, in so finely divided a
condition, may yield far more easily to oxidation. The early
observer, Heukels,’ recognized the fact that the rapidity of vit-

1 Pyritologia, Leipzig, (1754), 805 and 790.

152 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

riolescence was increased in pulverized pyrites, attributing it to
the increase of exposed surface ; also, that in nodules, this ac-
tion begins in the interior, where the texture is loosely granular
and full of clefts. So also Knop’ found, on direct experiment
on the pyrrhotite of Horbach, ‘‘ that the vitriolescence of the ©
ore in a finely divided condition proceeds more rapidly than in
the form of Jarger fragments.” In the fibrous nodules of pyrite,
the material appears to be also in a state of extreme lateral ten-
sion, which has facilitated its thorough sub-division by fissures,
the deep entrance of air and moisture, its rapid oxidation, and
ready and continual yielding to further disruption by the out-
ward pressure of the copperas crystals formed during efflores-
cence. In the preceding discussion attention has been entirely
given to the common varieties of pure iron-pyrites, without re-
gard to the exceptional cases, only one of which is on record, in
which other metallic sulphides, e. g., chalcopyrite, have acted as
as accessory agents in producing the tendency to decomposition.
Other instances will be given beyond.

IIl.— DETERMINATION OF DEGREE OF STABILITY.

There are many practical applications of these facts, stated at
the close of this paper, which show the pressing need of arti-
ficial methods of experiment, by which to determine the incli-
nation to oxidation or degree of stability in certain specimens of
these iron sulphides. We may, in passing, here refer to the ex-
periments of Malaguti and J. Durocher,* who tested a series of
specimens of metallic sulphides with a solution containing silver
chloride, and then determined the amount of the silver salt thus
decomposed. From their general results we may select the fol-
lowing, which, in the third column, represent the comparative
action of the iron sulphides on the silver salt, the amount of the
sulphides being taken as 100.

1 N. Jahrb. Min. Geol. Pal., (1878), 521.
? Ann. d. Mines, (1850), 4 Sér., XVII, 294.

Decomposition of lron Pyrites. 153

Amount of
Sp. Gr. . action.
Yellow enbical pyrite, containing no visible

Impurities, - - - 4.402 0.25
Yellow pyrite, in icosahedrons, Kongsberg, 4.601 .50
Compact marcasite, (Fe, 44.6 per cent.), 4,931 50
Yellow pyrite, in pyritohedrons, . 4.973 1.00
Radiated and globular marcasite, ‘‘ pyrite

blanche,” (Fe, 45.4 per cent.), - A.771 1.00
Marcasite in advanced decomposition, 1.00

In reference to these results, the authors remark: ‘ Thus in
the series of the iron pyrites, which are generally quite pure, it
appears that the facility of decomposition varies with the den-
sities and the crystalline forms ; in a word, with the molecular
condition.” However, but slight analogy can probably be as-
sumed between the results of the action of a silver solution upon
pyrites and those of the weathering now under consideration.
The proper experimental methods for our purpose may be either
chemical or physical ; the one, by exposure of the specimen of
pyrites to the action of an oxidizing atmosphere or liquid ; the
other, by determination of the specific gravity of the specimen
under trial.

AT Rray OF PYRITES BY OXIDATION.

Several methods of trial were tested, some with the object of
quantitative estimation of the products of oxidation. Only
brief reference need be made to methods found unsatisfactory.

I. Trial of powder in bromine-vapor. In the following table
are presented the results of experimental trial of a series of typi-
cal forms of pyrite from a number of well-known local-
ities, arranged verv nearly in the order of decreasing specific
gravities. The specimens were finely powdered, and passed
through bolting cloth, and exactly one gramme of each was
spread out thinly over a shallow watch-glass. These were all
exposed, under a large bell-glass, to an atmosphere of bromine-
vapor, for the same length of time, twelve hours; the iron-
oxide set free was then dissolved out in sulphuric acid, and its
amount determined volumetrically. ‘The results obtained, in the
fourth column, show the correspondence of decreasing resistance
to oxidation, with decrease of specific gravity and more rapid

154 Decomposition of lron Pyrites.

decay by exposure to the weather. The facts in the last column
could only be determined, in some cases, from the hand-speci-
mens ; but the deposit of iron-ochre on some of these (¢. g., No.
46), plainly did not indicate the results .of weathering, but

either of subterranean decomposition, (an agency distinct from —

‘‘ weathering ” in both character and duration), or merely of
the transport of iron-ochre from the upper parts of the vein or
gangue and its deposit upon these crystals.

This mode of experimental trial of a pyrite can ouiien i be
used to obtain satisfactory information as to its inclination to
oxidation, in comparison witb one of the stable varieties, such
as that of Elba, Piedmont, or Colorado, of which specimens are
easily obtainable.

2. Trial of powder in aqueous solution of bromine. In the
hope of ensuring more speedy and uniform results than those of
the preceding process, the method was tried of placing weighed
equal quantities of finely pulverized pyrite, from different local-
ities, in stoppered bottles, and adding simultaneously equal vol-

umes of a weak solution of bromine in water. However, the
action was very rapid, the bromine becoming exhausted and the
solution decolorized in a few minutes, in every case. This
method was therefore abandoned.

‘

tes.

yf Iron Pyri

SULLON O

Decompo

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156 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

3. Trial of powder by long exposure to the air. A number of
pulverized and weighed samples of pyrite from 16 Joealities had
been set aside in watch glasses upon a shelf in the laboratory, .
and soon gave apparent evidence of gradual oxidation, by sul-
phurous odor, more or less decided caking of the powder, and —
sometimes a slight change of tint; this conclusion was con-
firmed by a chemical test. In the hope that a method of trial
might be devised, founded on even so slow a process of atmo-
spheric oxidation, the samples were left undisturbed for two
months. The amount of iron set free as oxide was then deter-
mined by solution in sulphuric acid and titration in the. usual
way. The results varied from 0.5 to 2 per cent. of the quan-
tities taken, the latter amounting to 0.5 to 3.8 grams. On ar-
ranging the figures in parallel columns with those of the specific
gravities, no correspondence or progression of any kind was
found. The oxidation had evidently been almost entirely super-
ficial and soon stopped, even within a thin layer of the fine pow-
der, by its speedy caking. ‘The method was therefore given up
as unsatisfactory.

4. Trial of crystals in bromine-vapor. <A series of small crys-
tals of pyrite of varying densities, all compact and with bright
Iustre, was then exposed to the vapor of bromine in the same
way, under a large bell-glass, as in Method No. 1. Only two
observations were recorded in each case, after exposures of 10
and of 50 days respectively ;.the latter was unnecessarily pro-
longed, distinctive action having been developed by the end ofa
fortnight.

Wee. ttcene Gal
iat r)
eo

157

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

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Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

158

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Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 159
: } Y

These experiments brought out the following facts :

First. The etfect of oxidation, during the first ten days, ap-
peared to the eye to be confined to more or less loss of polish,
caused by a gradually overspreading film of tarnish. A latent
process of internal decomposition was however in progress, only
In One Case suggested (Nov, 91); by. the finely cracked surface.
The gradual disintegration and Increasing strain produced by
the internally developed films of vitriol finally resulted in sud-
den rupture, with explosion of the loose and bulky vitriol-pow-
der. Minute sharp splinters of fractured pyrite often
abounded through this powder. ‘This reaction is markedly
characteristic of the marcasitic and lighter varieties of pyrite,
toward the bottom of the series. The relationship is apparent,
between these miniature explosions under artificial conditions of
oxidation, and the well-known natural explosions of masses of
the mineral during weathering. On the purer pyritic and
heavier varieties, the action differed by the formation of a thin
film or crust of vitriol on the outside of the crystal, and by the
retention of crystalline form, even when the vitriolic decom-
position became complete ; the attack was almost or entirely
external, and no internal strain or sudden rupture ensued.

Secondly. The presence of enclosed Impurities was shown by
green, gray or black tints of the efflorescent vitriol, the latter
sometimes indicating the enclosure of carbon in the pyrite of
Coal-shales (Nos. 84 and 91) and of carbonaceous argillyte (No.
104), and sometimes that of lead or other impurities (No. 8),
Such impurities have doubtless exerted an accessory influence
toward ready oxidation by facilitating the entrance of the cor-
rosive agent. The same experiment was repeated upon another
‘set of bright crystals, with the substitution of the vapors from
fuming nitric acid in place of those of bromine.

; 160

Decomposition of Lron Pyrites.

Trtaut ov Pyrire-Crysrats By VAaror or Nrirric PEROXIDE.

“ONT

1402990))0()

8
10

| Locality. Gr. crystal

Marsden’s 5.023 Cube.
Diggings, ,
Til. | |

Alabama, 5.011 Cube.

ioe Bee .

Gilpin Co., | 5.011 |Pyrito-
Col. hedron.

| Pinal Co., 5.007 Cube.
Ariz.

| French Cr’k, 4.997 Octahe-
Pa. dron.

| Bristol, Ct. 4.993 Cube.

Gt. Barring. 4.991 Cube.

| ton, Mass. |

Roxbury, 4.985 Cube.
Mass.

St. Lawrence’ 4.970

Cube.

Guanajuato, 4.954 Cube.
Mex.

Franconia,
18

Cox NY.

4.941 Cube.

| after

| tested. | 10 days. after 50 days.
|

‘Tarnish-
| ed.

ed.
Bright
as ever.

Bright
as ever.

Bright.

'Tarnish
| ed.

| Bright
as ever.

‘Bright.

(
Tarnish-
ed.

Dulled
lustre.
Tarnish-

ed.

Tarnish-
ed.

Dull tar-
nish.

Weehawken, 4.919 Octahe-
NS): dron.

Mahanoy 4.905 Cube.
ity, ola:

/Somerville, | 4.843 Cube.
Mass.

Dull tar-
nish.

/Tarnish-

| |
Sp. Form of , Tarnish Hfflorescence |Nuclei of Pyrite

left undecom-.
posed.

Decom posed A few granules
with explosion! and many fine
to grayish and| splinters.
white powder.

Like No. 17. |Large grains.

A mere yellow- No trace of dis-
ish film, with-| integration.
out powder;
form perfect.

[About +. al-Two large

tered to yel-| grains.

| lowish white;

powder: form

| retained.

White vitriol, None.

stained _ red-

dish external-

ly 3) form ire-

' tained.

White and gray One crystal

| powder; form! merely crust-
retained. ed with vitriol.

Like No. 17. |Large grains.

Decomposed Some — grains
| with explosion| and many fine
_to bulky gray-, splinters.
‘ish and brick-
red powder.
Decom posed None.
to abundant
white powder |
‘Soft gray and
white powder.
‘Mostly to a
white powder,
with some
waxy yellow
flakes.
Yellow’h white
powder, part-
ly grayish.
About 4 decom-
posed, with ex-
plosion, to soft:
gray powder,
in parts white

A few granules.

A few tarnish-
ed particles.

Large grain.

or black. |
Deco m posed One cube mere-
to abundant) ly encrusted

powder, as in|

No. 3. |

with vitriol.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 161

The same results are displayed in this series as in the preced-
ing. with no apparent advantage from the change of reagent.

B. MicroscorpicaAL EXAMINATION OF ETCHED NUCLEI.

The evidences already obtained have indicated the intermix-
ture, in most specimens of iron-pyrites, of two species, the one
strongly resistant, the other readily submitting to any process
of oxidation by either natural or artificial agency. The ques-
tion was thereby suggested whether the surface of a pyrite-
crystal undergoing such process of corrosion might not exhibit
minute cavities corresponding to the crystalline form of the par-
ticles of the more readily attacked mineral, marcasite, supposed
to be enclosed. The surfaces of the nuclei or undecomposed
remnants of pyrite, referred to in the last columns of the two
preceding tables, were therefore carefully examined under low
magnifying powers, up to 200 diameters, on the stage of a mi-
croscope. Occasionally some rhombic forms, more or less indis-
tinct, were noticed in the cavities on some of these pitted surfaces,
bat none which could be with certainty assigned to the removal
of marcasite-crystals. The results of the microscopical exami-
nation of these artificially etched surfaces therefore correspond
essentially to those obtained from the weathered and decayed
specimens of pyrite, already reported. In most cases, it is
probable. the intermixture is far too intimate and minute for
identification in this way—it may be, even molecular ; the nor-
mal crystalline form may also have. been rarely developed in
grains enclosed under such conditions. But the examination,
though unsuccessful in its direct object, brought out facts of
much interest concerning the internal structure of these speci-
mens, of which the principal may be briefly summed up in the
following ‘Table;

162 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

ETCHED NUCLEI OF PYRITE.

Etch-

Col- | Locatrry. | Sp. ;
lection | Gp ing
No. | / " Apent.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
ETCHED SURFACE.

3 Marsden’sDiggings, 5.023 Br
|
|
|

6 Cochise Co., Ariz. 5.015 Br
10 Gilpin Co., Col. | 5.011 Br

10 Gilpin Co., Col. | 5.011 | NO?

8 ‘Alabama, N.Y. | 5.011 | NO?

18 Dognatschka, Hun- 5.006
gary. |

22 Central City, Col. 5.003 | Br

26 French Creek, HOO 4 = dar
Penn. |
31 French Creek, 4D | ING?
Penn.
31 French Creek, 4.997 Br
| Penn.

39 Bristol, Conn. 4.993 NO?

Many coarsely crystalline: irreg-
ular grains, projecting above
a fine matrix seamed up into

minute squares by the cubical —

cleavage.

Very minutely and uniformly
mammillated to a shagreen-
like surface, caused by pro-
jecting spherules and cubes.

A similar shagreen-like surface,
but with a few projecting
coarse grains. Granules of
the groundmass mostly cubes
and square plates, in rounded
aggregations or spherules.

The same, with the round or el-
liptical form of the spherules
and pits well marked: diam-
eter, 9.8 to 66.7 w’, averaging
about 40 4 (1-625 inch). Gran-
ules about 6 in diameter.

Shagreen-like spherules, 17 to 82
fl, averaging 44 uw ; often rect-
angular, and commonly made
up of exceedingly minute
cubes.

The same shagreen-like surface.
Granules less distinct and
regular, averaging 3.7 yw in di-
ameter.

Minutely shagreen-like. Many
round pits. Also larger ellip-
tical grains projecting. | Wid-
ened cracks abundant.

Minutely shagreen-like, the com-
ponent cubes about 4 yu in di-
ameter. Surface furrowed by
short branching lines.

Much roughened by irregular
lines and clefts, with small
shagreen-like patches here and

| there:

‘Coarser grains (sometimes octa-
hedra) projecting above the
predominant, very fine grained

|_ groundmass.

Like No. 26.

1 The standard # or micra equals 0.001 millimeter, or about 1-25,000 of

an inch.

Col-
lection
INO:

Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 163

ETCHED NUCLEI OF PYRITE.—Continuced.

LocALITY.

43 |Traversella, Italy.

91
96

Roxbury, Mass.

Guanajuato, Mex.

Hazelton, Pa.

Mahanoy City, Pa.

Somerville, Mass.

Bera NY.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
ETCHED SURFACE.

Minutely shagreen-like, or mere-
ly pitted on some faces. Cracks
and cleavage-lines etched out.

Coarser shagreen-like surface.
Spherules often elliptical,
sometimes square. Some sur-

Finely granular mass, thorough-
ly seamed by very minute
clefts. Slight differences in
the color and lustre of the

A minutely spongy, yellowish
white and deeply fretted -net-
work ; the cavities and grains
about 4 win diameter. Cleav-
age lines marked by the pro-
jection of solid brilliant yellow

Minutely fretted and pitted like
the preceding, with many
short furrows, and rarely pro-

Like the preceding. Rarely, a
few isolated spherules.

Coarse grains projecting above
a fine grained groundmass.
Cleavage-lines etched out
deeply, sometimes producing
six-sided grains by crossing.

Sp. ee
cE Agent
4.985 | Br
4.985 | NO?
faces merely pitted.
4.954 | NO?
granules.
4.907 | Br
ridges.
4,905 | NO?
jecting octahedra.
4.905 | Br
4.843 | NO?
4.809 | Br

‘Commonly pitted, and furrowed

by irregular clefts. Abundant
particles of gray quartz inclu-
ded, separated by a network of
bright pyrite.

When it is considered that the specimens subjected to the oxi-
dizing tests were, in all cases, crystals selected for apparent pur-
ity, with brilliant faces and generally a strongly marked con-
choidal fracture, it will be seen that these peculiarities of etch-
ing point to remarkable differences in structure and in latent
composition, and to an unexpected lack of homogeneity in

most specimens.

Of these differences the proofs thus obtained

were far more conclusive than those by the ordinary microscopic
examination of the natural crystal-faces or fracture-surfaces.
The following five varieties of etching were distinguished, and

164 Decomposition of Lron Pyrites.

of some of them photo-micrographs are presented in the two-

Plates illustrating this paper.

a. (Plate 8, Figs. 1 and 2). A mammillated or a pitted sur-
face, more or less uniform, best compared to that of shagreen in
miniature. ‘The pitting alone, at first glance, might suggest the
regular erosion of a homogeneous material into rounded cavities,

as it progressed uniformly from separate scattered points. A

distinctly oolitic structure, however, is shown on the mammil-
lated surfaces, by the projecting papille, or the pits left by their
removal, which plainly correspond to spherules, 9 to 82 micras in
diameter, which vary, however, considerably in form, being often
elliptical, rectangular, or represented by cubes. They usually
appear to be constituted of exceedingly minute granules, 3 to 6
micras in diameter, sometimes spherical in form, often cubical ;
these minute cubes occasionally show a different orientation of
their axes from each other and from the main erystal, as if
grouped concentrically around scattered nuclei. ‘This shagreen-
like surface is predominant on most of the etched faces of the
heavier crystals of pyrite, down to the specific gravity of 4.98.
The only apparent exception, that of Specimen No. 3, at the
head of the Table, is the one whose density—as we have already
had evidence—is probably unduly increased, partly by enclos-
ure of galenite. I therefore beheve this oolitic stiucture to be
characteristic of normal pyrite, and this shagreen-like surface,
when general over an etched crystal, to bear testimony to the
purity and stability of the mineral.

b. (Plate 9, Fig. 3). A surface roughened by coarse irregular
projections above an even plane, very finely granular and some-
times shagreen-like. ‘The structure here consists of coarsely
crystalline yellow grains, sometimes octahedra or cubes, of pure
pyrite, resisting oxidation, scattered in greater or less number
through a fine grained and impure groundmass, which may be
lighter in color and yields more readily to oxidation. ‘This het-
erogeneous structure may occur in some of the heavier varieties,
but is characteristic of those with a specific gravity below 4.98
and with inferior stability.

c. A surface either ribbed by projecting parallel yellow ridges,
marking the cleavage planes, or furrowed by lighter colored
clefts and lines which have been etched out. In these we have

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 165

apparent evidence of contraction or fracture of the material
during its formation. and of the filling in of the clefts by later
deposit, sometimes of purer resistant material, and sometimes
of impure material which yields first to oxidation. Hexagonal
figures are often thus produced by the mutual intersection of
the cubic and octahedral cleavages of the mineral. ‘This consti-
tutien is only seen in the lighter unstable varieties, with specific
gravity below 4.98.

d. (Plate 9, Fig. 4). A spongy cellular surface, deeply fretted
into an irregular minute network. ‘This clearly shows the in-
timate and uniform intermixture throughout, in large propor-
tion, of a constituent yielding readily to corrosion. Such a
structure characterizes the light pyrite common in bituminous
coal, in which the impurities apparently consist of both mar-
casite and carbonaceous matter, and lower the specific gravity
to 4.90. In this constitution we have unmistakable proof of
great instability.

e. An irregularly pitted and furrowed surface, with distinct
differences in the color, lustre and surface of the constituent
grains. These phenomena indicate the enclosure of gangue-
matter, quartz, or other impurities, with a decrease of the spe-
cific gravity to the lowest extreme, as in No. 102 at the bottom
of the Table. ‘Though the pyrite present, in cases like this,
may itself possibly be pure and free from marcasite, the con-
ditions of the structure are peculiarly favorable for rapid oxida-
tion, and such specimens are probably always highly unstable.

While therefore I have not succeeded in determining, for the
marcasite enclosed in pyrite, morphological characteristics by
- which to establish its presence directly, its minute particles re-
veal themselves, as to proportion and mode of distribution, by
their influence on the erosive etching of the enveloping
groundmass. This seems then to afford a useful means of in-
vestigation, if due care be given and sufficient area of etched
surface be subjected to the microscopical examination.

Ill. DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF PYRITES.

It has been already manifest that the records of the few ex-
periments, which have yet been made on the specific gravity of
these minerals, furnish us with little satisfactory information
oN many important points: e. g., the purity of the material un-

166 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

der trial, as ensured by preliminary microscopical examination ; -

the proper mode of experiment, 7. e., on coarsely ernshed
material, rather than on complete crystals ; the exact crystalline
form, as an assurance of identity ; and any data connected with
the tendency to decomposition of each specimen under investiga-
tion. I have now to present the results of a careful examina-
tion of a large number of specimens’ of iron-pyrites in my own
cabinet, from American and foreign localities, chiefly crystals
selected for their perfect forms and apparent purity. A brief
description is first given of every specimen in the collection of
each of the three minerals, concluding with the apparent evi-
dences of visible decomposition. In the tables, the collection-
number of each specimen is given in the first column, and its
locality in the second. The specimens of each mineral are num-
bered and arranged in the order of decreasing specific gravity,
stated in the third column. A Jarge part of these determina-
tions was made, with the help of two assistants, on material
which I had previously selected, crushed, picked out and exam-
ined under the microscope. In most instances, the specimens,
crushed to coarse powder, were previously freed from the film
or stain of adhering iron-oxide by short digestion in dilute
hydrochloric acid ; this was thoroughly washed out, before the
specific gravity determination was taken. ‘The exceptional cases,
in which this preliminary digestion in acid was omitted as un-
necessary, are indicated by an asterisk, attached to the collec-
tion-number of the specimen in the first colunin. In the fourth
column is recorded the actual weight in grams of the amount
of mineral used in the preceding determination, as one element
of judgment of its accuracy. In the tables for marcasite and
pyrite, other columns present my view (explained beyond) of
the theoretical mineralogical constitution of each specimen ;
and in the table for pyrite, the prevailing crystallographic forms

are presented in the sixth column. At the close of each prelim-—

inary description, as well as in the last column of every table,
are recorded the evidences of decomposition apparently exhibit-

1 My grateful acknowledgements are due to Profs. B. K. Emerson, T.
Egleston, J. S. Newberry, and D. 8. Martin, and Messrs. B. B. Chamber-
lin, J. M. Habirshaw, and B. G. Amend for the contribution of thirty
specimens for this investigation.

La
>in

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 16%

ed by the hand-specimen. It will be seen that these vary wide-
ly, from a barely visible iridescence, to efflorescence, to a thick
incrustation by iron-ochre, and to complete hepatic alteration.
Various conditions, however, have of course occurred in the
vein or rock-matrix once occupied by the specimen ; in many
cases it has been completely enveloped and thus protected from
oxidation, however perishable ; in others, though stable, the crys-
tals of pyrites have probably received stains or deposited crusts
of iron-oxide, derived from the decomposition of associated min-
erals or of their matrix ; in other instances, the specimens have
been exposed directly to the weathering influence of the atmo-
sphere. The conditions of oxidation have therefore been too
variable to permit entire reliance on the present indications of
decomposition, as a measure of stability.

A. PYRRHOTITE.

A few interesting specimens of this mineral, incidentally col-
lected, were included in the investigation, and will be first de-
scribed.

No. 1. Pyrrhotite. Ore Knob, Ashe County, North Carolina.
Massive, with iridescent, dark bronze-colored surface, and very.
irregular fracture. Some division-planes run approximately par-
allel, and are more or less wavy. On fresh fracture, an indis-
tinct fibration and glistening light reddish gray surface, with
slight bronze tinge, which deepens in shade on short exposure.
Apparently homogeneous and pure, except from a few small en-
closed granules of golden yellow chalcopyrite. Decomposition :
abundant iridescent or dark reddish brown films over the nu-
merous intersecting surfaces of fracture. Under the micro-
scope, a beautiful and general iridescence is seen over the fresh
and very uneven fracture, but no visible impurity.

No. 2. Pyrrhotite. Schneeberg, Tyrol. A drusy crust, upon
a fine grained veinstone which is a mixture of pyrrhotite and
gray quartz. Brilliant reddish bronze hexagonal plates, with
edges deeply striated. Strongly magnetic. On fresh fracture,
reddish black, uneven, and glistening. Soft to the knife, with
dull brownish black streak. Decomposition: the surface of
fracture becomes yellowish and reddish on exposure ;_ the. sur-
face of the plates is largely covered by tarnish, sometimes dark
blue and iridescent, while the interstices of the surrounding

168 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

veinstone are colored by a film of reddish to reddish brown iron- _

ochre. 3
No. 3. Pyrr.otite. Elizabethtown, Ontario, Canada. A tab-
ular mass, apparently a fragment of an imperfect crystal imbed-
ded in calcite. Fresh fracture, gray, glistening with high lus-
tre, and uneven. Strongly magnetic. Small geodes inthe
vicinity are studded with minute crystals, brilliant bronze-
colored, hexagonal, with many modification-planes. Decompo-
sition : dull reddish bronze-colored tarnish, iridescent in places.

PYRRHOTITE.
Sno (Ger Weight Evidences of ten-
No. Locality. ie C taken, in dency to decom-

grams. position.
t°\ Ore, Konob,, N, VC; 4.661 8.119 Iridescence.
2 Schneeberg, Tyrol. 4.596 2.298 ‘Tarnish and ochre-
ons film.
3 Elizabethtown, Can. 4.542 1.039 Dull tarnish.

In No. 1, the density is undoubtedly increased by the inter-
mixture of a small proportion of pyrite throughout the massive
ore. In No. 3, the figures are lower than those obtained by both
Smith and Harrington (Nos. 4 and 12 of Table in Part I, of this
paper, page 371). The determination in No. 2 was made with
the utmost care, by scraping the shining crystals from a choice
specimen, digesting them repeatedly in a weak solution of tar-
taric acid to remove adhering iron-oxide, and then picking out
the pure crystals under a loup. ‘The specific gravity obtained
agrees exactly with the average, 4.597, of the sixteen best dcter-
minations already published (Part I, page 372), and this figure,
(or 4.6, as already suggested by Rammelsberg), probably approx-
imates very closely to the density of normal pyrrhotite.

In this connection it may be added, in regard to troilite, that its
superior specific gravity, 4.681—4.817, which Rammelsberg has
discussed’ with reference to the constitution of pyrrhotite, ap-
pears to be connected with two conditions: the intense sur-
rounding compression, which has attended the solidification of
the meteorite and its strong crystallization, (indicated by the
Widmannstiattian figures), during cooling from the state of fu-
sion ; and also, it may be, the enclosure of microscopic films and

1 Zeits. d. d. geol. Gesells., (1864), XVI, 271.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 169

strings of metallic iron, corresponding to the veinlets visible to
the eye, often seen within the margins of the troilite-nodules.
Therefore it would seem unadvisable, as already suggested, to
consider at all this abnormal form of iron-sulphide in any ref-
erence’ to the densities of the kinds of iron-pyrites produced on
our own planet.

B= VaRCAsire.

The following specimens of this mineral were carefully
studied, and their densities determined with all precautions to
anticipate oxidation.

No. 1. Marcasite. Cumberland, England. Hollow incrus-
tution-pseudomorphs after barite, implanted on a group of
barite-crystals. The crusts are grayish white to tin-white and
splendent on fracture, with surfaces drusy with pseudo-octahe-
drons or rhombic pyramids, whose smooth, rectangular, termi-
nal faces (the basal pinacoid, OP) project but slightly; a few
minute rhombic prisms also occur, and some hexagonal though
apparently triangular twins. Under the microscope, no impur-
ity whatever was seen, to account for the high density obtained.
The specimen, as received, was mislabelled ‘‘ pyrite.”

Evidences of Decomposition : a copper-red tarnish with rather
dull iridescence.

No. 2. Marcasite. Canterbury, England. <A rounded bronze
yellow nodule, with mammillary surface, exactly like No. 5,
with the apices of the square pyramids all rounded. From
the Gault formation. Strikes fire readily with steel. Fresh frac-
ture, tin-white, with yellow iridescence upon the faces of the
bladed plates radiating from the nucleus ; this implies incipient
decomposition throughout the apparently compact nodule.
Decomposition : a rather dull bronze tarnish over the exterior
surface. :

No. 3. Marcasite. Nova Scotia. A spherical nodule of
bright orange-yellow tinge, imbedded in grayish clay. ‘The sur-
face is drusy with truncated rhombic pyramids, apparently
nearly square, slightly projecting, as in No. 1, with composite
six-sided plates visible on their sloping faces, as well asa few
minute implanted rhombic prisms. Fresh fracture, grayish

* Rammelsberg, Pogg. Ann., (1864) CXXI, 370.

170 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

white, with a slight yellowish tinge caused by incipient tarnish
on the faces of intersecting bladed plates, sometimes drusy with
microscopic crystals of the same mineral.

Decomposition : a slight orange-yellow tarnish. |

No. 4. Marcasite. Bohemia. A nodule made up of clustered —
groups of crystals encrusting a fibrous blackish nucleus. Com-
posite platy rhombic pyramids, sometimes with the rectangular
terminal faces (OP); also in striated twins. On fracture,
grayish white and brilliant. The crystals only were used for
the specific gravity determination.

Decomposition : on the crystals, a dull blackish film and
bluish iridescence ; on the nucleus, some efflorescence of white
and yellow vitriol, chiefly ferrous sulphate, which corrodes the
specimen-label. :

No. 5. Marcasite. Folkestone, England. An _ elongated
rounded nodule, with finely granular nucleus. The outer crust
is grayish white and brilliant on fracture, coarsely radial with
thin platy structure. Surface made up of thin rhombic plates
of the usual six-sided form, in nearly square mammillary agegre-
gations; also twinned triangular plates. The terminal faces
(OP) are nearly square. From the Chalk. Decomposition :
bronze yellow tarnish. ,

No. 6. Marcasite. Belgium. Very irregular nodule with
rough prongs and projections. Grayish white and brilliant on
fracture. Surface drusy with composite quadrilateral pyramids,
made up of scaly, ill-developed plates, sometimes octagonal ;
terminal face (OP) broad. Strikes fire readily with steel. De-
composition : a fresh fracture soon becomes yellowish. Outer
surface covered by a dull brownish yellow and brownish black
film, inky to the taste, with traces of an efflorescence of white
vitriol.

No. 7. Marcasite. Hannover, Germany. Tooth-like rhombic
pyramids of the type of Galena, Ill., and twinned forms, with solid
angles bevelled and faces slightly striated. Grayish white and
brilliant on fracture. Decomposition: dull blackish gray tar-
nish, sometimes with a blue iridescence. |

No. 8. Marcasite. Marsden’s Diggings, Galena, Illinois. A
coarsely nodular crust upon sphalerite. Grayish white and
brilliant on fracture. Surface studded with tooth-like rhombic

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 171

pyramids, with the terminal face (OP) rounded and finely stri-
ated. Decomposition: a bright greenish gray or bronze tar-
nish, spotted with copper-red or iridescent films. Minute yel-
Jowish and reddish white particles of efflorescent vitriol, chiefly
ferric sulphate.

No. 9. Marcasite. Galena, Illinois. Thin drusy crusts, on
cubes of galenite, adhering to sphalerite. Sharp tooth-like
rhombic pyramids, like those of Nos. 7 and 8, with many
twinned forms ; terminal faces (OP) sometimes nearly square,
sometimes linear and barely visible. Grayish white and brilliant
on fracture. Decomposition: rather dull brownish yellow tar-
nish over the surface.

No. 10. Marcasite. Champion, Jefferson County, New York.
A coarsely fibrous crust with bunches of radial structure, upon
a granular nucleus made up of grains of radial structure.
Grayish white aud brilliant on fracture. Over the surface of
the crust the radiating bladed fibres terminate in the apices of
tooth-like pyramids, whose terminal faces (OP) are unusually
broad and nearly square; some twinned forms also occur.
Specimen, as received, mislabelled ‘‘pyrite.” Decomposition :
yellow iridescent tarnish on some fibres, and reddish brown
iron-ochre spread over the surface of the crust.

No. 11. Marcasite. Folkestone, England. Spear-headed
deeply striated twinned crystals and groups, imbedded iu ash-
gray chalk. Grayish white and brillant. on fracture, and very
hard. Decomposition: a bright yellow or blue iridescent film,
or a dull bronze-colored tarnish, passing into a soft crust of
orange-colored iron-ochre.

No. 12. Marcasite. Joplin, Missouri. A thick crust of long
rhombic prisms, composite and platy and marked by strong stri-
ation, producing a fibrous appearance. All the faces are curved.
Grayish white and brilliant on fresh fracture. Associated with
sphalerite and quartz. Decomposition: the fresh fracture soon
colored yellowish ; the surface of the crystals rendered beautiful
and brilliant by a bronze-yellow iridescent tarnish.

No. 13. Marcasite. Central Park, New York City. A
compact shining crust, grayish white and brilliant on fresh frac-
ture and imperfectly fibrous, adhering to biotitic gneiss. ‘The
botryoidal surface resembles those of Nos. 2 and 5, being covered

“LY? Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

by the rectangular, nearly square, terminal faces (OP) of simt-
larly arranged rhombic plates and triangular twins. The massive
mineral and its dark greenish brown powder both emit a strong -
sulphurous odor, which however does not blacken paper moist-
ened with lead-acetate. Streak, brownish black, very slightly -
greenish. Decomposition: the fresh fracture soon assumes a
yellowish tinge : ayellowish brown film of iron-oxide covers the
hollows in the botryoidal surface.

No. 14. Marcasite. Dover Cliffs, England. A_ brilliant
cluster of spear-headed crystals—broad, striated twinned plates,
—resembling those of No. 11, imbedded in hght gray chalk.
Grayish white and bright on fracture. Decomposition : a slight-
ly iridescent tarnish, with red, blue and yellow colors.

No. 15. Marcasite. Canada. A compact crust, steely white
and brilliant on fracture, with curved finely fibrous structure ;
mixed with sphalerite. Under the microscope, the fracture
shows the tin-white splendent faces of striated columns. Decom-
position : bronze-colored tarnish, yellow or iridescent in places,
with little pockets of reddish iron-ochre.

No. 16. Marcasite. Galena, Ilinois. A thick crust, grayish
white and brilliant on fracture, with radial fibrous structure.
Surface covered by grouping of twinned rhombic prisons, wedge-
shaped and composite, made up of striated six-sided plates.
Decomposition : a beautiful.orange and blue iridescence, with
high lustre.

No. 17. Marcasite. Galena, Illinois. A large stalactite,
whose core consists of sphalerite and pyrite, encrusted by a thick
coating of marcasite, in large radiating tooth-like rhombic pyra-
mids, highly modified ; grayish white and brilliant on fracture.
The coffin-shaped faces of the brachydome (m P x) are invaria-
bly even and brilliant, but little marked by lines of composite
structure or of cleavage. These faces and those of the basal
pinacoid (OP) are unusually hard, about 6.5, being just scrat-
ched by a file and by quartz, but not by orthoclase. The faces
of the macrodome are less bright and commonly marked by
rhombic composition-lines ;_ these are evidently softer, about 6
in the scale of bardness, being deeply scored by a file and even
just scratched by orthoclase. Decomposition : dull bronze-color-
ed tarnish, without styptic taste.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 173

No. 18. Marcasite. Galena, Illinois. A bright crust, coy-
ered by the rectangular, nearly square faces (basal pinacoid)
of rhombic pyramids, grayish white and brilliant .on fresh frac-
ture. Decomposition: dull yellow tarnish.

No. 19. Marcasite. Galena, Illinois. A hemispherical nod-
-ule, made up of concentric crusts, very finely fibrous, grayish
white and brilliant on fracture. Decomposition : a dull bronze-
colored tarnish and abundant efflorescence of white vitriol, chief-
ly ferric sulphate, with a little ferrous sulphate.

No. 20. Marcasite. Galena, Illinois. <A crust of radial fine-
ly bladed structure, grayish white and brilliant on fracture ;
upon grayish crystalline limestone. The outer surface is stud-
-ded by projecting tooth-like aggregates of the usual modified
rhombic pyramids and striated twins. . ‘The rectangular terminal
faces (OP) are very narrow and even, linear, like chisel-edges.
Decomposition : beautiful iridescence, blue and orange, with
high lustre.

No. 21. Marcasite. Littmitz, Bohemia. A crust Jike the
preceding, on quartz; with fine, fibrous radial structure, and
grayish white and brilliant on fracture. Surface covered by
tooth-like quadrilateral domes of twinned rhombic pyramids,
with terminal faces (OP) linear. Decomposition: arather dull
yellowish tarnish, partly iridescent, on the faces of the crystals.

No. 22. Marcasite. Joplin, Missouri. Thin crusts, grayish
white and brilliant on fracture, lining cavities in a brecciated
limestone, in close association with modified cubes of pyrite, and
-erystals of sphalerite and greenockite. Surfaces drusy with mi-
nute rhombic prisms of marcasite, somewhat modified, truncat-
‘ed pyramids, and striated twins. Decomposition: a rather dull
- brownish yellow tinge—in part, a blue and yellow iridescent
tarnish, on the surface and on old fractures.

Concretionary nodule. Galena, Illinois. A large nodule
of concretionary structure, consisting successively, (passing from
the centre outward), of two distinct layers of marcasite, a and 8,
and a crust of pyrite, c, on the outside.

No. 23. (a, Fibrous nucleus). Marcasite. <A bright core of
exceedingly fine fibrous structure, marked across the fibration
by delicate concentric lines, often six toa millimeter, which are
the edges of shining drusy mammillary surfaces ; these surfaceg

174 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

-are commonly separated by finely granular layers, sometimes
one to three millimeters in thickness, tin-white and brilliant on
fresh fractnre. Decomposition: on the mammillary surfaces, an
iridescent tarnish: on the granular layers, a bronze-colored
tinge, with some delicate efflorescence of white vitriol. .

No. 24. (4, Middle layer, granular crystalline). Marcasite.
A layer in which the concretionary lines and fibrous structure
‘are more strongly marked, and the granular layers distinctly
exhibit the simple six-sided rhombic plates, coffin-shaped, and
some triangular twins, presenting the square terminal faces.
Some of the abundant drusy surfaces in this layer consist of
composite rhombic pyramids, made up of six-sided coffin-shaped
plates, presenting their terminal faces (OP) in close aggrega-
tions, as fine parallel lines. Decomposition : as in the layer No.
23, and with brilliant iridescent tarnish upon the visible crystals
in the drusy cavities. 3

(c, Outer crust). Pyrite: (See No. 12 in Table of Pyrite;
beyond). A coarsely fibrous or columnar layer of pyrite, pale
yellowish white and brilliant, with Sp. Gr. = 5.010.

No. 25. Marcasite. Galena, Ill. A thick erust on sphalerite,
light grayish white and bright on fracture. Surface covered by
symmetrically arranged and closely aggregated, twinned rhombic
crystals, often finely striated. Decomposition : a beautiful and
lustrous iridescence, green, yellow and light crimson.

No. 26. Marcasite. Hazelgreen, Wis. Bright crusts, lining
cavities in calcite-veins through limestone ; grayish white and
brilliant on fracture. Surface covered by curved, finely striated
and lamellated groups of rhombic prisms, wedge-like rhombs
of the Joplin type, (No. 12). Decomposition : bronze-colored
and iridescent greenish tarnish. .

Concretionary nodule. Crow Branch Mine, Wis. Bright
compact drusy crusts, associated with cubes of galenite, upon a
fine-grained, dull gray nucleus.

No. 2%. (Outer crust). Marcasite. Bright and massive
erypto-crystalline material, with drusy cavities. grayish white
and brilliant on fresh fracture. Finely striated rhombs and
twin crystals, and thin brilliant plates with serrated edges, a
miniature form of ‘‘cockscomb pyrites”. Decomposition : a sul-
phurous odor is evolved by the material when bruised.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 175

No. 28. (Nucleus). Marcasite. Dull gray and exceedingly
fine-grained material. Decomposition: dull iridescent yellowish
tarnish without, and, within, a little delicate efflorescence of aci-
eular white vitriol. to

Mareasite. Jefferson County, N. Y. Small drusy flakes,
grains and particles, sparkling in a blackish gray limestone,
(Trenton group). On digestion of the rock in dilute hydro-
chloric acid, a little hydrogen disulphide was evolved and a
considerable insoluble residue was left, consisting of these bright
grains, many particles of white quartz, and a large amount of
carbon in fine dull black powder. The following two materials
were selected for examination.

No. 29. (Crystalline flakes). Marcasite. Glittering plates
of irregular form and size and with drusy surfaces, mixed with
slender brilliant needles and fine glittering powder ; tin-white
and brilliant, both on the acid-washed surfaces and on fresh
fracture. An abundance of quartz particles becomes visible, un-
der a low power of microscope, adhering to and imbedded in the
crusts. ‘l’o their presence and, probably, that of enclosed parti-
cles of the amorphous carbon, we may attribute the low specific
gravities obtained from this material (4.51—4.58), like that of
pyrrhotite. The preliminary digestion in acid ensured the re-
moval of an original trace of the latter mineral, and not a
particle of the powder was found to be attracted by the magnet.
Decomposition : on exposure to the air, a few delicate white
needles of vitriol were detected under the microscope, with mi-
nute white grains of fibrous radial structure.

No. 30. (Selected crystals). Marcasite. Brillant grayish
white crystals, mostly twins of the usual type, deeply striated,
and sometimes triple. Under the microscope, there appear also
thin six-sided plates with striated edges and high lustre, much
resembling the hexagonal plates of pyrrhotite (e. g., No. 2 from
Schneeberg) ; these may be pseudomorphous in marcasite, after
pyrrhotite.

No. 31. Marcasite. Scineeberg, Saxony. A very fine-grained,
glittering, crypto-crystalline mass, grayish white and brilliant on
fracture, made up of striated wedge-shaped twins and rhombs of
marcasite, with particles of grayish quartz, red garnet and scales
of a colorless mica. A few slightly magnetic particles were

176 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

obtained, by means of a magnet, among the crushed powder. The
material selected for the specific gravity determination was
found, under a low power of the microscope, in reflected light,
to consist of an intimate intermixture of the shining grayish
white marcasite and white quartz ; the lowering of the specific
gravity to that of pyrrhotite appears therefore to be merely due
to this accidental ingredient. Decomposition: a bronze-yellow
to brownish black tarnish on the surface of most crystals, and a
minute efflorescence of white vitriol within the mass.

MARCASITE.
| es) | SUPPOSED
> Zz | CONSTITUTION.
ip cs g — TENDENCY
No. | LocaLiry. EA ea eto S
| R < ym Ei _12 TO
: Ee ES | sees os = os
| eo} 2 Ae, el pa DECOMPOSITION.
/ al: as | e R > 2 ;
1 luetertena, Eng. | 4.987 | 5.032 | 10.55 | 89.45 |Slight tarnish.
2 Canterbury, Eng. 4.949 | 4.077 | 28.17 | 71.88 ‘i
3 ‘Nova Scotia. 4.943 | 3.34! i 30.99 | 69.01 sie
4 |Bohemia. 4,942 | 1.863 | 81.45 | 68.55 “i
5 ‘Folkestone, Eng. 4.985 | 4.3877 | 84.74 | 65.26 ve
6 Belgium. 4.915 | 3.701 44.18 | 55.82 Slight tarnish and vit-
| | | riolescence.
7 Hannover, Germ’y. 4.909 | 1.944 47.03 | 52.97 |Slight tarnish.
8 Marsden’sDiggings, 4.903 | 3.486 49.89 | 50.11 Slight tarnish and vit-
| Galena. IIl. | | riolescence.
9 Galena. Ill. 4.894 | 5.050 | 53.73 | 46.27 Slight tarnish.
10 |'Champion, N. Y. = 4.888 | 5 018 | 57.08 | 42.92 'Tarnish and ochreous
| film.
11 \Folkestone, Eng. 4.887 | 2.445 57.56 42.44 |Tarnish and ochreous
| / film.

12 Joplin. Mo. - 4.885 | 2.614 | 58.51 41.49 |Tarnish.
13 New York, N. Y. 4.882 | 3 762 59.93 40.07 |Tarnish and ochreous
: | film.
14 Dover, Eng. 4881 60.41 39.59 |Slight tarnish.
15 |Canada. | 4.872 | 1.445 | 64.76 | 35.24.
| | film.
16 Galena, IIl. 4.868 | 1.708 | 66.69 33.31 |Tarnish.
17 4 4.867 | 2.484 | 67.17 | 32.83
20 i 4.863 | 2.069 69.10 30.90 i
21 Littmitz, Bohemia. 4.859 3. 618 | 71.05 | 28.95 sy
22 |Joplin, Mo. 4.858 | 3.628 | 71.53 | 28.47 -
24 |Galena, Ill. 4.827 | 2.198 | 86.65 | 18 85 |Tarnish and_ vitriol-
escence.

Balan 4,812 | 2.239 | 94.07 | 5 93 |Tarnish.
| H 1

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. mo

MARCASITE.— Continued.

26 Hazelgreen, Wis. | 4.805 | 2.797 | 97.50 | 2.50 eacaiet:
27 Crow Branch Mine, | 4.720 | 0.996 | rena

_. Wis.
28 Crow Branch Mine, | 4.654 | 2.019 ‘Tarnish and_ vitriol-
Wis. escence.
30 Jefferson County, | 4.584 | 4.849 “s
NOY.
31 eendccborg, Sax- | 4.537 | 1.141 |
ony.
29 Jefferson County, ; 4.513 | 2.489 |
IN ¥.

|
|
|
|
|
}

1, Density of normal marcasite. In discussing these figures
it is desirable, first, te deduce the probable density of pure nor-
mal mareasite. On account of the visible admixture of quartz
and other impurities, the last five specimens, Nos. 27 to 31,
must be eliminated. In the remainder there is evident a halt-
ing of the figures near three points. 4.94, 4.88, and 4.86, but
still a marked progression from 4.805 to 4.987, with a corres-
ponding increase in hardness, lustre and resistance to oxidation.
Allthe facts seem to indicate that the density is increased by ad-
mixture with the heavier mineral, pyrite, and that the average
figure for marcasite, 4.9, adopted by Rammelsberg' as well as
the other, 4.847. deduced* from all the figures hitherto obtained
by other observers, are both too high from this cause. The
true specific gravity of normal marcasite may be therefore taken
us very near the figure 4.80.

2. Latent constitution of marcasite crystals. If then we
may consider all these samples of marcasite as intimate inter-
mixtures with varying amounts of pyrite, without change of vol-
ume, the percentage proportions of the two minerals may be

1 Zeits. d. geol. Ges., (1864), XVI, 267.
4 This paper, Part I, 390

178 | Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

calculated by the usual formula, founded on the relationship
of the loss of weight to specific gravity:
100—x x 100

+ ==
5.01 4,80 a | jee
in which z represents the percentage proportion of marcasite in.
the specimen under trial, and @ the specific gravity of the
specimen. For convenience, this formula may be reduced thus :
11451.4286
a 2280.71
a
and in this way and by occasional interpolation the figures in the —
two columns have been obtained, which exhibit the supposed per-
centage constitution in marcasite and pyrite, corresponding to the
specific gravity of each specimen. Itis admitted that the density
of some samples has been probably affected by other constituents,
e. g., it may be, by the enclosure of a little argentite (sp. gr. 7.2)
and galenite (sp. gr. 7.5) in some of the samples of marcasite
(Nos. 8 and 9) from Galena, Illinois, ete. But it is of equal sig-
nificance that, in six other samples from that very locality, the
density falls to the lowest point (Nos. 16 to 18 and 21 to 23).
Again, that peculiarly brilliant, hard and stable variety of mar-
casite, which is found in the Chalk and Gault formations of
England, presents the highest densities (Nos. 2, 5, 11 and 14),
and entire freedom from heavy constituents ; see analysis of No.
11 already given. The figures shown in the analyses of marcas-
ite from other localities, by Rammelsberg, etc.,' bear the same
testimony. It seems therefore reasonable to conclude that the
main disturbing element, in the variation of the density of
specimens of marcasite, must in general be the intermixture of
pyrite suggested by the similar variation in physical properties.
From this it will also follow that the varieties of high density at
the head of the table, consisting of over 50 per cent. of pyrite,
are all true paramorphs after marcasite. That the color of these
is not perceptibly affected by a yellow tinge, as in the similar
paramorphs described beyond under pyrite, may be due to a uni-
form dissemination of the molecules of pyrite in the former and
their partial concentration in the latter. The paramorphs, here
presented under marcasite, may also have mostly originated by

1 Part I, 388, Analyses Nos, 7 to 10.

Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 179

enclosure of pyrite during crystallization ; those described under
pyrite may have been formed by a subsequent alteration of that
mineral into marcasite. It is plainly indicated that marcasite
possesses a remarkable force of crystallization and retention of
physical properties, sufficient to impress its character even upon
a 90 per cent. dilution with pyrite (Specimen No. 1).

3. Color and lustre of marcasite. ‘The observations throw
further light on a question concerning which a curious uncertain-
ty seems still to prevail, viz., the color and lustre of marcasite.
On this point the following are the statements by several authors.

Pale or grayish bronze-yellow, sometimes almost greenish gray
(Nicol, Manual of Min., 1849).

Light brass-yellow, sometimes inclining to green and gray
(Phillips’ Mineralogy, Brooke and Miller, 1852).

Yellowish white or of a livid greenish gray (Dufrénoy, 'Traité
de Min., 1856).

Light brass-yellow, inclining to grayish and greenish, often
with variegated tarnish (Leonhard, Grundzuge d. Min., 1860).

Pale bronze-yellow or nearly tin-white, with a tinge of yellow
or gray (Bristow, Glossary of Min., 1861).

Brass-yellow, inclining to grayish (Tschermak, Min., 1863).

Brass-yellow, but somewhat more gray (Quenstedt, Handb. d.
Min., 1863)..-

Grayish or greenish brass-yellow (Senft, Felsg., 1868).

A much lighter yellow, and more greenish than pyrite (Egles-
ton, Lectures on Min., 1871).

Pale bronze-yellow, livid ee inclining to green or gray
(De Selle, Cours de Min. et Géol., 1878).

Pale bronze-yellow, sometimes inclined to green or a.
(J. D. Dana, System of Min., 1883).

The observations made on my collection, however, have con-
vinced me, that, on a fresh fracture, unaffected by alteration, the
true color of marcasite is invariably grayish white, nearly tin-
white. Vhe yellowish and greenish tinges, commonly presented by
its weathered surface or even by the surface of fracture, especially
after short exposure, are mere results of incipient decomposition,
and should no more be assigned to itsnormal color than the fol-
lowing stages of iridescence or rusty incrustation. The weather-

wv “>a
= q

180 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. ;

ed surfaces of many common minerals, such as hornblende,
or chlorite, present similar oxidation-colors ; but even within a
crust of compact marcasite, the change is more rapid, and the
exact determination of the color on a perfectly fresh fracture |
may require a somewhat careful inspection under the loup, on
account of the filmy greenish, yellowish or iridescent planes’
which descend through the crust along the surfaces of its radiat-
ing plates. 7

The lustre of marcasite appears to be, in all cases, at least as
high as that of pyrite, on a fresh fracture, however soon dulled
by the tarnish of incipient oxidation.

A typical variety of stable character seems to have been the
favorite decorative material of the Incas or ancient Kings of
Peru, being used in rings and amulets, and the larger pieces
even polished as mirrors. Under the name, pierre des Incas, it
has been thus described :* ‘‘A kind of marcasite having a bril-
liant lustre, and a colour somewhat approaching to tin-white, when
first found, and bearing the same relation to European marcas-
ite, which is generally of a bronze color, that white gold does to
ordinary gold.”

Marcasite was, together with pyrite, largely used in the last
century for ornamental stones, of which it isstated: ‘‘The lustre
of the polished surface was so brilliant that the stone, although
opaque, formed a rough substitute for diamond ; and this lustre
was not readily impaired by atmospheric influences.

Much of the old marcasite jewelery is of so pale a color as
almost to resemble burnished steel ; such kinds generally belong
to the true modern marcasite, sometimes called ‘white pyrites’.”’?

‘‘These are what are called health-stones (pierres de santé),
because it is supposed that they become tarnished when their
wearer becomes sick.””*

C. PYRITE.
My principal object has been the examination of pyrite, espec-

ially in all its crystallized forms, free from gangue-matter. The
variation of physical properties with the decreasing density,

1 Bristow, Glossary of Min., (1861), 228.
? Encyc. Brit., (1883) XV, 582.
3 Diderot et D’Alembert, Nouveau Dict., (1778), III, 801.

Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 181

through the series, will be understood from the following pre-
liminary descriptions.

Concretionary nodule. Marsden’s Diggings, Galena, Illinois.
A concretionary nodule, with finely fibrous structure, especially
at its centre, and indications of concentric arrangement.

No. 1. (Fibrous core). Marcasitic pyrite. Very finely fibrous,
pale brass-yellow and splendent. See analysis already given.
Decomposition: dull bronze-colored tarnish, along fissures reach-
ing from the exterior.

No. 2. (Main columnar crust). Marcasitic pyrite. Coarse-
ly fibrous to columnar, pale brass-yellow and splendent. De-
composition : tarnished surfaces, and grayish white efflorescence
of vitriol in abundance, mainly ferrous sulphate, with a trace or
more of ferric sulphate.

No. 3. (Outer crystallized surface). Marcasitic pyrite. At
the surface of the nodules, the columns of No. 2 end in a close
aggregation of cubes in immediate juxtaposition, each cube cap-
ped with a roof-like modification by the pyritohedron (pentagonal
dodecahedron). Decomposition: dark gray tarnish, with abun-
dant efflorescence of white vitriol in the interstices.

No. 4. Pyrite. Cumberland, England. An aggregate of
bright yellow cubical grains, associated with galenite, fluorite,
and quartz. A strongly marked platy cleavage, passing into
curved scales. Many sharply defined cubes, with the solid angles
slightly modified by octahedral planes ; fracture, pale brass-yel-
low and splendent. Streak, brownish black. Decomposition ;
a beautiful and brilliant iridescent yellow tarnish.

No. 5. Pyrite. Rio Marina, Elba. Brilliant, pale brass-yel-
_low pyritohedrous with striated faces ; on a mixture of specular
iron and some granular pyrite. Decomposition : trace of orange-
brown iron-ochre, in cavities of the surface between the
crystals.

No. 6. Pyrite. Tevis district, Cochise County, Arizona
Territory. Large bright and yellowish grains, with some mi-
nute striated cubes, associated with galenite in grayish white
quartz. ‘They are reported to contain $40 of gold and silver per
ton. On fracture, pale brass-yellow and splendent. Decomposi-
tion: yellow tarnish, bronze-colored on a few particles of pyrite,
lying in minute rusty cavities.

182 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

No. 7. Pyrite. Adorf, Saxony. Groups of sharply defined
cubes, faintly striated ; on drusy rhombohedra of calcite, in cav- -

ities of a red hematitic calcareous schist. The crystals are pale
brass-yellow and splendent, and possess a very minutely compos-
ite scaley structure, sometimes rendering the surface fibrous.
Also rare octahedra. Decomposition: a bright yellow tarnish
on many faces.

No. 8. Pyrite. Alabama, Genesee County, New York.
Flattened striated cubes, with sharp edges, and solid angles
modified by faces of the octahedron; pale brass-yellow and
splendent on fracture. Decomposition: on the outer surface, a
brownish black shining enamel of hard compact limonite, a
mere film; but often with soft iron ochre, earthy and orange-
yellow, sometimes to the depth of 3 mm.

No. 9. Limonite, pseudomorphous after pyrite. Dutchess
County, New York. Sharp, shining striated cubes, unmodified,
consisting entirely of limonite. Color reddish brown, with ad-
hering crusts of soft brownish yellow limonite ochre.

No. 10. Pyrite. Gilpin County, Colorado. A light yellow-
ish and brillant aggregate of small crystals; in a granular
matrix of pyrite, with a little white quartz. ‘The mineral has
been found auriferous, $10 per ton. The crystals consist of
pyritohedra, tetrakishexahedra, and striated cubes with angles
modified by planes of the icositetrahedron ; fresh fracture, pale
brass-yellow, splendent, and sub-conchoidal. Decomposition:
no traces visible in the specimen.

No. 11. Pyrite. Gilpin County, Colorado. A coarser crys-
talline mass, with geodes of large striated cubes like those of
No. 10, but unmodified and splendent like those of No. 95. De-
composition: no trace visible in the specimen.

No. 12. Pyrite. Galena, Illinois. A crust upon a nodule
of marcasite, already described (See Nos. 23 and 24 of the latter
mineral). The coarse fibres terminate, at the exterior of the
nodule, in a bright bronze-yellow surface, drusy with splendent
crystals of pyrite, iridescent foliated cubes with all their faces
curved, arranged in continuous rows, and so producing a kind
of striation upon the surface ; within the nodule, the cubes are
flat-faced, with octahedral modifications; with sphalerite in
drusy cavities. Decomposition: a brass-yellow tarnish; the

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 183

fractured surface of the fibrous material remains splendent and
untarnished in a cabinet.

No. 13. Pyrite. Waldenstein, Carinthia. Cubes, slightly
striated, pale brass-yellow and splendent ; imbedded in brown-
ish black specular hematite. Decomposition : no trace visible in
the specimen.

No. 14. Pyrite. Waldenstein, Carinthia. A specimen like
the preceding, covered with pyritohedra with angles truncated
by faces of the octahedron. Decomposition: no trace on the
outer surfaces, but yellow ochreous films on surfaces of fracture.

No. 15. Pyrite. Chili, South America. Modified cubes and
pyritohedra, pale brass-yellow and splendent; associated with
silver ores. Decomposition: traces of blue and yellowish tarnish
seen on the faces of some crystals.

No. 16. Pyrite. Gilpin Couuty, Colorado. Splendent py-
ritohedra, with traces of striation, very pale brass yellow on
fracture; implanted on nearly pure massive pyrite. Decompo-
sition: «beautiful iridescence and slightly reddish films on
some crystals and on fissures.

No. 17. Pyrite. Pinal County, Arizona Territory. Hlon-
gated cubes, slightly striated, pale brass-yellow and splendent.
Decomposition : no trace visible.

No. 18. Pyrite. Dognatschka, Hungary. Large cubes, oc-
easionally with octahedral modifications upon their solid angles,
pale brass yellow, with splendent lustre and mirror-like polish,
and sometimes with slight striation ; dispersed through a gran-
ular veinstone of quartz, pyrite, and hematite. Decomposition :
a slight iridescence on some planes, or a film of yellow or brown
iron oxide, perhaps a mere deposit by vein-waters.

Concretionary nodule. Linden Mine, Wis. A large concre-
tionary nodule, consisting of three materials; a finely fibrous
centre, a cellular crust made up of radial grains, and an outer
layer of cubes ; associated with sphalerite.

No. 19. (Fibrous core). Pyrite. Finely fibrous and radi-
ating from the centre of the nodule, pale brass yellow and splen-

dent, identical in appearance with No. 1. Decomposition: a
bronze-colored tarnish on ordinary exposure.

No. 20. (Cellular layer). marcasitic pyrite and marcasite.

154 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

A granular material of rather cellular structure, consisting of

small grains, finely fibrons and radial on cross-fracture, yellow- -

ish white, and grayish white, with cavities drusy with micro-
scopic crystals of marcasite. Grains of quartz are occasionally
seen enclosed. Decomposition: «a bronze-colored tarnish, and,
in adamp atmosphere, a rapid and abundant efflorescence of
white vitriol, ferrous sulphate, which rapidly corrodes the label
of the specimen.

No. 21. (Crystallized surface). Pyrite with marcasite. A
loose aggregate of cubes of yellowish white pyrite, of composite
scaley structure, with drusy cavities in their interstices, lined
by the characteristic though minute, deeply furrowed, rhombic
twin crystals of mareasite. Decomposition: the cubes are most-
ly stained by a bright orange-colored tarnish, in part yellowish
or brownish, and decompose like the inner layer, No. 20, in a
damp atmosphere. 7

No. 22. Pyrite. Central City, Colorado. An aggregate of
sharply defined striated cubes, pale brass-yellow and_ brilliant,
with slightly curved faces produced by oscillation with the
pyritohedron ; attached to crystallized quartz, sphalerite, and
siderite. Decomposition: an iridescent, bronze-colored tarnish
is common, even on fragments after a few months’ exposure to
dry air,; also abundant films of whitish vitriol with strong styp-
tic taste, which was found to contain more ferric than ferrous
sulphate.

No. 23. Pyrite. Morrisania, New York City. Very light
yellow granules of irregular form ; strewn thickly in thin par-
allel seams through a white crystalline dolomyte. Occasionally
an imperfect cube can be detected under the loup, apparently
with slight octahedral modifications of its solid angles. Local-
ity, 145th street and St. Ann’s Avenue. ‘Two lots of this
pyrite were prepared for determination of specific gravity.
Decomposition ; a bright yellow iridescence is general, and in
many seams all the granules are deeply stained by or altered
into a reddish brown iron-ochre.

No. 24. Turgite, after pyrite. New York City. Small sharp-
ly defined, reddish black polished cubes, pseudomorphous in
turgite after pyrite ; groups upon fissures in an oligoclase-gneiss.
The edges of the cubes are often modified by faces of the pyrito-

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 185

hedron. A little soft reddish turgite-ochre les in the inter-
stices of the crystals. Locality, 120th street and 10th avenue.

No. 25. Pyrite. Hazelgreen, Wisconsin. Glittering drusy
crusts and films, pale yellowish and brilliant on fracture, lining
seams and cavities in a gray limestone. ‘The crystals over these
surfaces are all octahedra, in part composite and made up of tri-
angular scales. Decomposition : a bright brass-yellow tarnish,
partly bronze-colored and iridescent.

No. 26. Pyrite. French Creek, near Pottstown, Chester
County, Pennsylsania. Light brass-yellow and splendent cubes,
smooth or wit traces of striation produced by oscillation with
the octahedron: zonal lines of striz around some faces. The
cubes are mostly intergrown with each other, and with smaller
cubes implanted. From a calcite-vein. Decomposition: slight
iridescent stains on some crystals.

No. 27. Pyrite. Falls of French Creek, Pennsylvania.
Brilliant, pale, brass-yellow octahedra, with composite faces,
mostly unmodified, but in some crystals with the solid angles
bevelled or rounded off by planes of the pyritohedron. Associ-
ated with byssolite, in calcite. Decomposition : brilliant irides-
cent tarnish and crusts common, colored deep yellow, blue and
red.

No. 28. Pyrite. Negaunee, Mich. A brilliant group. of
eubes highly modified by the hemi-tetrahexahedron, etc., pale
brass-yellow and splendent on fracture, occupying a geode in a
quartzose reddish brown hematite. Decomposition: a slightly
iridescent, blue tarnish.

No. 29. Pyrite. Tuckahoe, Westchester County, New York.
Brilliant yellow irregular granules, looking like chalcopyrite but
hard ; in white dolomyte-marble. Some grains show the form
of cubes, with solid angles modified by the octahedron. Decom-
position: no trace except a brilliant blue and red iridescent tar-
nish.

No. 30. Pyrite. Rio Marina, Elba. Bright, pale brass-yel-
low grains and cubes, striated and with solid angles occasionally
modified by the octahedron ; scattered through cellular black
hematite. Decomposition: no trace visible in the specimen ;
but the surfaces of fracture become bronze-colored, on exposure
to dry air for several weeks.

186 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

No. 31. Pyrite. French Creek, Pennsylvania. Pale brass-
yellow brilliant octahedra, often greatly modified and distorted
by faces of the pyritohedron ; in byssolite and calcite. Decom-
position : rare traces of iridescence on some crystals.

No. 82. Pyrite. Dutch Girl Mine, Cochise County, Ari-
zona. Glittering yellow grains, associated with galenite, chal-
copyrite, quartz, etc.; reported to contain $40 of silver and gold
per ton. Some cubes are distinguishable, polished, sometimes
striated, with slight modifications of the octahedron and pyrito-
hedron ; pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture. Decom-
position : a yellow tarnish, partly iridescent or blue.

No. 33. Pyrite. Cornelia Mine, Utah. Pale brass-yellow
and splendent cubes, well striated and with the solid angles
modified by the octahedron ; imbedded in finely granular pyrite
and white quartz. Decomposition: a slight dulling of lustre on
some crystals, with occasional slight iridescence and a blue or
red tarnish. 7

No. 34. Pyrite. Central City, Colorado. Well striated
cubes, with faces sometimes curved, and with angles modified
by faces of the octahedron and pyritohedron ; pale brass-yellow
and splendent on fracture. Implanted on drusy quartz. De-
composition : a dull bluish iridescent tarnish on many crystals.

No. 35. Pyrite. Rossie, New York. Sharply defined cubes,
with indistinct striation, and with solid angles modified by a
minute plane of the octahedron, pale brass-yellow and bright on
fracture ; imbedded in reddish white calcite. Decomposition :
a slight iridescent yellow tarnish.

No. 36. Pyrite. Hassayampa District, Yavapai County, Ar-

izona. Irregular grains and tiny cubes, sometimes striated and
with slight modifications by the pyritohedron ; in grayish white
quartz. ‘The mineral is pale brass-yellow and splendent, and
reported to contain $50 of silver and gold to the ton. Decom-
position : no trace visible.
‘ No. 37. Pyrite. Fortune Mine, Yavapai County, Arizona.
Massive pyrite and brilliant yellow crystals, with galenite in
quartz. Strongly striated. cubes with modifications of the
pyritohedron, and some pyritohedra. The ore is reported to
contain $200 of gold and silver per ton. Decomposition: a deep
yellow tarnish common.

Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 187

No. 88. Pyrite. Bell Mine, Yavapai County, Arizona. Pale
brass-yellow bright grains and tiny crystals, in cavities of a dark
mixture of quartz and sphalerite, reported to contain $60 of sil-
ver and gold per ton. Polished cubes, sometimes striated or
much modified upon the edges by the pyritohedron. Decom-
position : a bright orange to deep yellow tarnish on some crys-
tals. 7

No. 39. Pyrite. Bristol, Connecticut. Sharply defined
cubes, pale brass-yellow and bright, rarely with octahedral
planes or with striation by the pyritohedron upon the solid
angles of the largest, and sometimes distorted ; in light gray ar-
gillyte. Decomposition : a dull yellowish tarnish.

No. 40. Limonite, after pyrite. Bristol, Connecticut. Sharp
pseudomorphous hepatic cubes in lhmonite, reddish brown,
shining and striated, largely interpenetrated by grains of a soft,
brownish yellow, ochreous gangue.

No. 41. Pyrite. Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Some-
what striated cubes, with curved faces by oscillation with the
pyritohedron, and with solid angles slightly modified by the
octahedron, and occasional pyritohedra, pale brass-yellow and
splendent ; associated with quartz and phlogopite in a blue-gray
crystalline dolomyte. Decomposition: after long weathering, a
bright blue and yellow iridescence to coppery tarnish ; some-
times still bright, when the rock itself is disintegrated, and in
part converted to reddish iron-ochre.

No. 42. Pyrite. Kast Whiteland, Pennsylvania. Sharply de-
fined, flattened cubes like those of No. 8, unmodified, and with
traces of striation upon their faces. Decomposition: in some
cubes, a deep crust of hepatic alteration into compact limonite
of blackish brown color.

No. 43. Pyrite. Traversella, Piedmont, Italy. Large stri-
ated pyritohedra, and also cnbes with modified angles, pale
brass-yellow and splendent, both on the surface and on fracture.
Decomposition : in some crystals, films of brownish yellow iron-
oxide on inner surfaces of old fracture.

No. 44. Pyrite. Brockville, Ontario, Canada West. Large
unmodified octahedra, and masses with adhering octahedra, pale
brass-yellow and splendent on fracture. This material has been
found to contain cobalt. Decomposition: dull yellow tarnish on

188 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. |

the surface, with spots of brownish yellow iron-ochre ; some
surfaces are deeply penetrated by gangue-matter and little
pockets of limonite-ochre.

No. 45. Limonite, after pyrite: Brockville, Canada. Sharp
polished octahedra, with highly composite faces, and with solid —
angles modified by the pyritohedron ; in hepatic reddish brown
limonite, pseudomorphous after pyrite; imbedded in a fine
grayish limestone.

No. 46 Pyrite. Roxbury, Massachusetts. Strongly striated
cubes, with curved faces produced by oscillation with the pyrito-
hedron, pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture ; in groups
associated with ochreous siderite. Decomposition: a slight tar-
nish on all faces, and many little spots and films of red iron-
oxide.

No. 47. Pyrite. Duluth, Minnesota. Flattened, sharply de-
fined cubes, with occasional octahedral planes upon their solid
angles ; rather pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture.
The weathered surfaces of the cubes are generally found, after
digestion in acid, to be fretted or pitted with octahedral planes.
Decomposition : a slightly iridescent tarnish, and generally a
shining film of brownish black iron-oxide.

No. 48. Pyrite. Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, British Amer-
ica. Yellowish sharply defined cubes, with their solid angles
- commonly modified by planes of the octahedron, and with faces
crossed by short lines of aggregation or cubic cleavage ; implant-
ed on white quartz-crystals. On fracture, very pale brass-yellow
and brilliant. Decomposition: dull brownish yellow tarnish,
feebly iridescent, on all faces,

No. 49. Pyrite. Silver Cliffs, Colorado. Dull striated pyrito-
hedra, very pale yellowish white and splendent on fracture, with
faces sometimes striated, especially on the sides implanted in
the matrix ; attached to a finely granular, cellular, blackish ma-
trix of pyrite, with little brownish gray coatings. Decomposi-
tion : a general duil blackish gray tarnish, in part yellow.

No. 50. Pyrite. St. Lawrence County, New York. Sharp-
ly defined bright cubes with finely striated faces, rarely slightly
curved, pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture: imbedded
in an ash-gray argyllite, with ochreous films over its lamination-
seams. Decomposition: a reddish orange to orange-yellow tar-

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 189,

nish, sometimes with slight iridescence on many faces.

No. 51. Pyrite. Smithfield, Rhode Island. Sharply defined
glittering, finely striated cubes, with mirror-like polish, and
octahedral modifications upon their solid angles, pale brass-yel-
low, and splendent on fracture ; imbedded in greenish white
slate. Decomposition: iridescent tarnish on some crystals.

No. 52. Pyrite. Colorado. Striated pyritohedra, with an-
gles occasionally modified by the octahedron, pale brass-yellow
and splendent on fracture; in groups implanted upon finely
granular pyrite and reddish black hematite. Decomposition : no
trace visible in the specimen.

No. 53. Pyrite. Cornwall, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania.
Striated and roughened cubes, highly modified and distorted by
planes of the octahedron and pyritohedron, pale brass-yellow
and splendent on fracture, imbedded in a black argillaceous
schist. Decomposition : rather dull tarnish on most faces, with
orange to reddish brown films of iron-oxide.

No. 54. Marcasitic pyrite. Guanajuato, Mexico. Mammil-
lary and drusy, hollow, highly iridescent crusts, grayish white
and splendent on fracture ; implanted on white quartz. ‘The
minute crystals are cubes with composite scaley structure, the
smaller unmodified, the larger with octahedral planes upon their
solid angles; also many cubo-octahedrons. Decomposition: a
beautiful iridescent and highly brilliant tarnish upon all sur-
faces, resembling that upon specimens of marcasite from Ga-
lena, Ill. (Marcasite, Nos. 16, 20, 25, etc.)

No. 55. Pyrite. Harford County, Maryland. A crust of
pyrite on greenish marmolite. The surface exhibits a clustered
aggregate of more or less distorted cubes, some even with rhom-
bie faces, their solid angles being occasionally modified by min-
ute faces of the octahedron ; pale brass-yellow and splendent on
fresh fracture. Decomposition: dull yellow tarnish, sometimes
with brownish stains.

No. 56. Pyrite. Santa Gertrude Mine, California. Rather
dull yellow pyritohedra and cubes, pale brass-yellow and splen-
dent on fracture; mixed with black stony matter, Decom-

position : dull brownish tarnish common, and sometimes a dull
blackish gray film ; the fresh fracture soon assumes a_ bronze-
colored tarnish.

190 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

No. 57. Pyrite. Lee, Massachusetts. Very minute glitter-.
ing yellow scales and particles, usually 0.1 to 1.2 mm. in length,
scattered in the proportion of three or four to every square cent-
imeter of surface, in fine white dolomytic marble ; associated
with particles of tremolite, phlogopite, black and brown tour-
maline, rutile and quartz, in the residue left on solution of sey-
eral pounds of the marble in acid. The crystals are mostly
cubes with highly polished faces, rarely showing a few striz un-
der the microscope ; commonly passing into pyritohedra, and
sometimes showing the pyramidal faces of the tetrahexahedron ;
pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture. Decomposition:
inclining to rapid alteration, partly or completely into reddish
brown particles of limonite, with an orange-yellow ochreous halo
extending 1 to 5 mm. or more through the marble, around the
particle. .

No. 58. Marcasitic pyrite. Bay of Chaleur, Lower St. Law-
rence, Canada. A dull bronze-colored, round, compact nodule,
bright grayish white, faintly yellowish, on fresh fracture. The
exterior is covered by large smooth-faced cubes, with angles
broadly modified by octahedral faces—approaching cubo-octa-
hedra—and with surfaces marked by scaley composite aggre-
gations. Decomposition: the crystals are covered by a dull
bronze-colored tarnish ; the cavities between them, by copper-
red films of iron-oxide, with a slight efflorescence of white silky
needles of sodium-sulphate, with incipient cracks in the nodule ;
the fresh fracture, by a rapid yellowish and orange-yellow tar-
nish, on exposure.

No. 59. Marcasitic pyrite. Dubuque, Iowa. Thin mam-
millary and botryoidal drusy films, pale brass-yellow aud splen-
dent on fracture ; implanted on sphalerite and galenite. The
crystals consist of composite scaley octahedra of pyrite, covered
by adhering crusts of microscopic flattened coffin-shaped rhom-
bic plates of bronze-colored marcasite, whose presence accounts
for the low specific gravity obtained. Decomposition: a general
dull yellow tarnish. 7 .

No. 60. Marcasitic pyrite. Charlemont, Massachusetts. A
coarsely granular, glittering yellowish mass, rather loosely ag-
gregated, of grains which are grayish white with spots of orange
and yellow tarnish, and splendent on fracture. Nearly every

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 191

grain shows a portion of a brilliantly polished crystalline face,
rarely of two adjacent, the common form appearing to be a cube
more or less modified by or passing into the pyritohedron. In-
termixed in different specimens with calcite, garnet, chlorite,
chalcopyrite, quartz, limonite, ete. Decomposition: a yellow
tarnish sometimes occurs, abundant in some specimens, together
with particles of reddish iron-ochre.

No. 61. Pyrite. Franconia, New Hampshire. Brilliant,
flattened, yellow and sharply defined cubes of scaley structure,
with angles modified by the octahedron and pyritohedron, and
sometimes striated, pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture ;
imbedded in a pearly white, glistening, hydromica-schist. Also
a similar specimen from Warren, New Hampshire. Decomposi-
tion : commonly a beautiful iridescent tarnish. In some spec-
imens, orange-colored iron-oxide surrounds many of the crystals -
to the distance of 1 or 2 cm., or even stains the entire surface of
lamination-seams of the slate with a deep yellowish brown film.

No. 62. Limonite after pyrite. New Hampshire. Sharply
defined, striated, unmodified cubes, pseudomorphous after py-
rite, sometimes with an unaltered core of pale brass-yellow and
splendent pyrite, and a crust of hard reddish black limonite,
with shining iridescent surface ; imbedded in a quartzose chlo-
ritic hydromica-schist.

No. 63. Marcasitic pyrite. Rowe, Massachusetts. <A coarse,
loosely granular, bright yellow mass, made up of grains which
are for the most part imperfect cubes, often highly modified by
the pyritohedron, grayish white to yellowish and splendent on
fracture. Shining dark blue films, apparently pyrolusite, are
common in the interstices. Decomposition: spots of yellow and
orange tarnish on many grains.

No. 64. Pyrite. Radnor Township, Delaware County, Penn-
sylvania. Bright, elongated yellow cubes, highly striated and
flattened into very thin rectangular scales, with angles some-
times modified by octahedral faces ; pale brass-yellow and splen-
dent on fracture ; imbedded in a gray slaty limestone. Decom-
position: a rather dull yellowish tarnish and iridescence com-
mon.

No. 65. Marcasitic pyrite. French Creek, Pennsylvania.
Bright yellow cubes, with abundant planes of the octahedron and

192 Decomoosition of Iron Pyrites.

pyritohedron, oscillation with the two producing a peculiar deep
striation and a roughening of the faces by somewhat rounded -

projections ; grayish white and glistening on perfectly fresh

fracture ; in a greenish gray magnetitic schist. Decomposition: —

blue iridescent tarnish on some crystals ; the fracture soon as-
sumes a yellowish tinge.

No. 66 Limonite after pyrite. Texas, Lancaster County,
Pennsylvania. Sharply defined, striated cubes of reddish black
to reddish brown limonite, often with curved faces, flattened
and distorted, sometimes shining with high lustre. Some cubes
show hemihedral combinations with the pyritohedron and octa-
hedral modifications of the solid angles; a few perfect octa-
hedra and modified pyritohedra also occur, rarely showing on
fracture minute remnants of unaltered pyrite, pale brass-yellow
and splendent ; on some crystals turgite forms a thin hard ex-
terior coat, with bright reddish streak and reddish brown pow-
der, surrounding and slightly adhering to the internal kernel of
limonite.

No. 67. Pyrite. Joplin, Missouri. Brilliant, light yellow
cubes, with faces deeply striated and curved by oscillation with
the pyritohedron ; fracture, very pale brass-yellow, splendent
and conchoidal, and streak brownish black ; associated with
sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and dolomite. Also glittering, pale
brass-yellow pyritohedra with smooth faces, intimately mixed
with quartz ; fracture, very pale yellowish white, splendent and
uneven : scattered through a white schist. Decomposition: an
orange-yellow and blue tarnish.

No. 68. Marcasitic pyrite. King Mountain Mine, Gaston
County, North Carolina. Bright yellowish cubes, with very
thinly foliated structure, well striated, with faces often a little
curved, and occasionally with angles modified by the octahedron
and faces further roughened thereby; grayish white, very
slightly yellowish, and splendent on fracture; imbedded in a
light gray argillaceous schist. Decomposition: sometimes iri-
descence, or a film of orange-colored iron-ochre.

No. 69. Marcasitic pyrite. Schoharie, New York. Rusty
spherical nodules, consisting mainly of fibrous and radiating py-
rite, very pale yellowish white and sometimes grayish white,
with abundant yellow spots and films, on fracture, with an outer

re ——

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 193

coating of clustered pyritohedra; in clay. Decomposition: a
copper-red tarnish and reddish brown ochreous film on the sur-
face of the crystals, with interstices occupied by rusty deposits ;
freshly broken fragments soon assume a yellow tinge and iri-
descence.

No. 70. Marcasitic pyrite. Weehawken, Hudson County,
New Jersey. Glittering yellowish sharp octahedra, with pol-
ished faces, and angles slightly bevelled by faces of the pyrito-
hedron, pale brass-yellow and splendent on fracture. One octa-
hedron was found, on fracture, enclosing symmetrically a crys-
tal of chalcopyrite. Associated with diabantite and chalco-
pyrite, in calcite-veins through diabase. Decomposition: a
beautiful iridescence rapidly ensuing on exposure, often with
crossing lines of blue and red running parallel to the edges of
the triangular faces. These colored stripes seem to imply the
symmetrical disposition of the intermixed impurity which
causes the ready tarnish. The alteration continues and may be
seen in all stages of ochreous decomposition, to the hepatic tur-
gite described below.

No. 71. Turgite after pyrite. Weehawken, New Jersey.
Dull to shining octahedra, often with sharp edges and retaining
the pyritohedral modifications as in No. 70. They consist of
black turgite, sometimes reddish black, generally with loose par-
ticles of brownish red turgite-ochre attached, or diffused as a
colored crust or border immediately around the octahedron, or
through the interstices of the calciferous veinstone or adjacent
trap. It is significant that the action has almost always gone
on irregularly within the grains, so that many show an inter-
mixture of particles of unaltered pyrite and of reddish turgite-
ochre. From this unequal progress of the alteration, the sur-
' face does not generally retain its perfect lustre, as in hepatic
limonite-pseudomorphs elsewhere, but is more or less rough-
ened. On the smooth faces of some crystals, little deposits of
soft reddish white material are not uncommon, which, on
examination under the microscope, appear to be made up of al-
ternating lamine of red turgite-ochre and white gypsum ; a water
solution of the rusty crystals always gives the chemical reaction
for calcium-sulphate.

No. 72. Pyrite. Sussex County, New Jersey. Octahedra

194 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

with pretty sharp outlines and rough faces, shining in part,
covered by limonite ; light brass-yellow and brilliant on frac-
ture; imbedded in a feldspathic veinstone. Decomposition: a
thin shining coating of reddish-brown hepatic limonite.

Nodule, Keyport, New Jersey. A flattened nodule, seamed
by radiating cracks, consisting of a fine-grained mass of pyrite,
coated by cubes. ‘The crystalline outer crust and granular
core were separately examined.

No. 73. (Outer crust). Marcasitic pyrite. Brilliant pale
brass-yellow cubes, with scaley structure, and angles modified
by planes of the octahedron and sometimes of the pyritohedron ;
grayish white, bright and uneven on fracture, with many narrow
shining columnar faces which are yellowish to iridescent by tar-
nish. Soft to the file, with brownish black streak, inclining to
greenish. Decomposition: a very slight yellowish tarnish,
rarely iridescent, with delicate incrustations of creamy white

gypsum.

No. 74. (Granular core). Marcasitic pyrite. A finely gran-
ular cellular mass made up of minute yellowish particles. Un-
der the microscope, these appear as very irregular grains and
wrinkled films, mostly yellow and bright, nearly tin-white on |
fracture; many grains appear striated, apparently flattened
cubes with octahedral modifications. Decomposition: abundant
particles of a white: vitriol, ferrous sulphate, throughout the
interstices.

No. 75. Marcasitic pyrite. Virginia. A loose ochreous
brownish yellow sand, made up of pyrite-grains, 2 to 3 mm. in
diameter, readily brightened by digestion in acid. These com-
monly display the form of imperfect cubes, often hollow, and
modified by the octahedron ; pale brass-yellow and splendent on
fracture. Decomposition: a soft brownish yellow limonite-
ochre. \

No. 76. Marcasitic pyrite. Kelly Mine, Fauquier County,
Virginia. Striated cubes, modified by the pyritohedron, very
pale yellowish white and splendent on fracture ; in a coarse
quartz-veinstone. Decomposition: much intermixed with and
‘penetrated by turgite-ochre. —

No. 77%. Marcasitic pyrite. Walton Gold-mine, Louisa
County, Virginia. A granular mass, pale brass-yellow and

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 195

splendent, and sometimes conchoidal on fracture of some grains.
On the edges of the specimen, sharp, brilliant, and unmodified
cubes were distinguished. Imbedded in a grayish hydromica-
schist. Decomposition : a yellow iridescent tarnish.

Nodule. Freiberg, Saxony. A yellowish gray flattened nod-
ule, penetrated by many cracks ; these show that it consists of a
finely laminated outer crust of very fine-grained pyrite, coated
with glittering cubes, while within appears a finely granular
nucleus.

No. 78. (Outer coat). Pyrite. Yellowish cubes, rarely
elongated, and sometimes with solid angles modified by small oc-
tahedral planes: fracture, pale brass-yellow, splendent and
conchoidal. Decomposition : a yellowish gray tarnish.

No. 79. -(Inner core). Marcasitic-pyrite. A fine grained
mixture of particles of pyrite and of nearly the same amount of
white quartz. Decomposition: the interstices of the core are
filled by an efflorescence of white vitriol, whose expansion has
cracked the nodule, and which isentirely absent from the outer
surface.

No. 80. Pyrite. Saddle Island, near Cape Malagash, Tatmag
Bay, Nova Scotia. A concretionary spherical nodule, with lam-
inated structure, very finely granular and cryptocrystalline, pale
yellowish white and glittering on fracture. ‘This specimen was
reported as probably loosened from a sandstone in place. Under
a microscope, its material was found to be itself a pyritiferous
sandstone, made up of sub-angular to angular grains of gray and
white quartz, blood-red ochre, and yellowish white feldspar ;
its cement, in much less amount, consisting of pale brass-yellow
and splendent pyrite, in delicate strings and films between the
grains, forming a bright yellow network over the surface. A
_ few imperfect flattened and striated cubes were also thus distin-
guished. Decomposition: a reddish brown ochreous film colors
the outer surface.

No. 81. Pyrite. Eastbourne, England. A concretionary
nodule of sausage-shape, showing at one end a core of fine-grain-
ed compact pyrite, pale yellowish white and splendent. Decom-
_ position: abrownish yellow film of limonite-ochre over the
outer surface, with here and there minute projecting cubes of
turgite, pseudomorphous after pyrite. Beneath this film is a

196 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

thick reddish brown crust of turgite, with red streak, ‘covering

the core of pyrite. |
No. 82. Pyrite. Schemnitz, Hungary. Somewhat flattened

cubo-octahedra, pale brass-yellow and splendent, forming a drusy

surface upon a very fine-grained, laminated, yellow layer of mar-

casitic pyrite, made up of alternately granular and fibrous lami-
ne, sometimes enclosing grains of radial structure; with white
quartz and sphalerite. ‘Che specimen, as received, was mis-label-
led ‘‘marcasite.” The specific gravity determination was made
on fragments of the entire crust, including about one-fifth vol-
ume of crystals and also a very little adhering sphalerite. De-
composition : almost no tarnish on the crystals; in the layer be-
neath, films of white vitriol, mostly ferrous sulphate, occupy the
interstices between the fibres.

No. 83. Pyrite. Colorado. Small cryptocrystalline grains,
pale brass-yellow and brilliant, made up of scaley aggregations
of minute octahedra and cubes with octahedral faces upon their
solid angles: imbedded in radiating white barite. Decomposi-
fron: a slight brownish yellow tarnish on the exterior of the
grains.

No. 84. Marcasitic pyrite. Nova Scotia. Small spherical
nodules in clay, made up of clustered aggregates of bright stri-
ated cubes, modified by minute planes of the octahedron and

pyritohedron, and also a few flattened pyritohedra: pale yellow-

ish white and brilliant on fracture. The surface has often been
rendered cellular, by the penetration of clay from the matrix.
Decomposition: minute traces of tarnish on a few faces; the
powder becomes bronze-colored, on keeping afew months in a
dry atmosphere.

No. 85. Marcasitic pyrite. Silver Valley Mine, Cabarrus
County, North Carolina. Brightly yellowish irregular grains,
sometimes showing the form of distorted cubes, modified by the
pyritohedron, grayish white, nearly silvery white, and splendent
on fresh fracture ; imbedded in white quartz, with galenite,
chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Decomposition: a dull yellow
tarnish common on many grains, with a few particles of yellow
iron-ochre in the interstices.

No. 86. Marcasitic pyrite. Hazelton, Pennsylvania. Yel-
lowish cubes with rather dull lustre. scattered and in groups,

Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. ull rg

pale brass-yellow and bright on fracture ; attached to black coal-
shale. A few are modified by three-faced pyramids of the tetra-
gonal trisoctahedron upon their solid angles. Decomposition:
slight dull tarnish, iridescent in places.

No. 87.. Marcasitic pyrite. Pennsylvania. Bright striated
cubes, with octahedral and pyritohedral modifications. Some
are imbedded in a blackish brown iron-carbonate. Decomposi-
tion : a yellow tarnish common.

No. 88. Marcasitic pyrite. Long Creek Mine, Gaston Coun-
ty, North Carolina. Yellowish, coarsely granular and massive ;
on fresh fracture, grayish white to silvery white and splendent,
and sometimes with the slightest yellowish tinge, by incipient
decomposition. Afew minute crystals were distinguished in cav-
ities, mostly flattened and distorted cubes, modified apparently
by the pyritohedron, and a few distorted pyritohedra. Decom-
position : a bright orange-yellow iridescence common, and some
brownish red limonite-ochre in the interstices, with many beau-
tiful films of a bright iridescent blue tarnish.

No. 89. Marecasitic pyrite. Mooresville, Iredell County,
North Carolina. <A coarse-grained mass of pyrite, on whose
borders unmodified cubes can be occasionally distinguished.
Decomposition : much bright red turgite-ochre, in interstices .
and on seams.

No. 90. Marcasitic pyrite. Simmond’s Mine, Union County,
North Carolina. A coarse veinstone, in which unmodified
cubes of composite structure occur, pale yellowish white and
splendent on fracture. Decomposition: a brass-yellow tarnish.

No. 91. Pyrite. Magruder Mine, Georgia. Glittering yel-
lowish scales and particles, scattered through a white porous
quartz-rock. Some granules appear to be polished unmodified
cubes. Decomposition: some red turgite-ochre in the outer
surface. ,

No. 92. Limonite after pyrite. Buncombe County, North
Carolina. Sharply defined unmodified cubes of reddish black
limonite, hard and shining on fracture, pseudomorphous after
pyrite ; imbedded in a.grayish white actinolitic steatyte. A
reddish brown film covers the smooth faces of the cubes.

No. 93. Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania. Large grams and

198 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. —

cubes, with faces often very finely striated, and cracked up by
cubical aggregations, cellular and largely interpenetrated by
the matrix, pale yellowish white and bright on fracture ; in
blackish gray carbonaceous shale. Decomposition: rather dull
lustre and pale bronze-colored tarnish over most surfaces.

No. 94.. Marcasitic pyrite. Liskeard, Cornwall, England. —
Thickly clustered groups of brilliant cubes of composite struc-
ture, forming crusts, pale yellowish white and splendent on
fracture ; upon gray copper and quartz. Decomposition : a beau-
tiful and lustrous orange-yellow tarnish. |

No. 95. Marcasitic pyrite. Waynesville, Ohio. Small
rounded nodules of irregular form : scattered through a crystal-
line fossiliferous schistose limestone. ‘These are made up of
minute, glittering, rather dull, brownish yellow octahedra, or, in
a few nodules, of cubes with octahedral modifications ; on fresh
fracture, grayish white and splendent, with a slight yellowish
tinge, probably due to decomposition. Decomposition : irides-
cent yellow tarnish and dull reddish brown films of iron-oxide.

No. 96. Marcasitic pyrite. Franklin, New Jersey. Sharp,
brilliant, brass-yellow, striated. pyritohedra, yellowish white and
splendent on fracture, imbedded in white feldspar. In coarser
powder than that used for the determination in the table, 2.116
gms. of crystals yielded Sp. Gr. =4.642. Decomposition :
brilliant brass-yellow tarnish, a beautiful blue and red iri-
descence on some crystals.

No. 97. Pyrite. Colorado. A cluster of dull, pale brass-
yellow, striated cubes, implanted and intergrown, with curved
faces by oscillation with the pyritohedron, grayish white and
splendent on perfectly fresh fracture ; sometimes with scattered
filmy yellowish spots, due to incipient decomposition ; mixed with
some blackish stony matter. Decomposition: rather dull brass-
yellow tarnish, partly iridescent on fracture-surfaces.

No. 98. Marcasitic pyrite. Somerville, Massachusetts.
Very sharply defined, glittering yellowish cubes, sometimes dis-
torted or rectangular, rarely striated, occasionally with .octahe-
dral planes upon their solid angles, yellowish white and brilliant
on fracture ; scattered through a gray argillaceous slate. De-

-composition : a yellow tarnish common on fractured surfaces.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 199

No. 99. Pyrite. Albertville, South Carolina. Bright yel-
lowish flattened cubes, finely striated, pale brass-yellow and
brilliant on fracture ; closely associated with quartz in adhering
encrusted films and imbedded particles, to which the low den-
sity, obtained for this pyrite, may be partly due. Decomposi-
tion : a slight dull tarnish.

No. 100. Marcasitic pyrite. Roxbury, Massachusetts. Like
No. 46, with occasional better development of pyritohedral
faces ; associated with sphalerite and siderite. In another spec-
imen, the cubes are strongly striated and pass into distorted
forms, closely approaching the pyritohedron; on some faces
there are implanted fine-grained mammillary crusts of glittering
drusy marcasite. Decomposition: films of yellow to red tarnish
on the faces of the pyrite-crystals : a bronze-colored to brownish
black tarnish on the marcasite.

No. 101. Pyrite. Monroe, Connecticut. Deeply striated,
distorted brilliant cubes of very pale brass-yellow color, with
modifications by the pyritohedron ; yellowish white, finely gran-
ular, and splendent on fracture, and sometimes enclosing grains
of white quartz. ‘The specimen, as received, was mislabelled
‘** pyrrhotine.” Under the microscope, the grains are seen to
enclose numerous particles of quartz and some reddish prisms
looking like topaz. Decomposition: a mere film of yellowish
tarnish common, iridescent under the loup.

No. 102. Marcasitic pyrite. Pittston, Pennsylvania. Bright,
light brass-yellow, striated grains and scales, often with high
polish ; fresh fracture uneven, yellowish white, and splendent ;
as thin coatings and scattered particles in a black carbonaceous
iron-stone, Octahedra with brilliantly polished faces and scaley
structure, and a few cubes, sometimes striated, with octahedral
modifications of their solid angles. Decomposition: a slightly
iridescent coppery tarnish on some plates.

No. 103. Marcasitic pyrite. Jones’ Mine, Pennsylvania.
Imperfect octahedra, with brilliantly polished faces, light brass-
yellow ; associated with magnetite, calcite, chalcopyrite, etc.,
from the Coal. Decomposition : yellow tarnish common.

No. 104. Marcasitic pyrite. Cumberland, England. Bril-
lant brass-yellow cubes, with slightly curved faces,and composite
and scaley in structure, pale yellowish white and splendent on

200 Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. —

fracture ; occupying the interstices between crystals of sphaler-
ite. Decomposition: slight brass-yellow tarnish.

No. 105. Marcasitic pyrite. Schoharie, New York. Small
reddened groups of aggregated crystals, pale yellowish white and

granular on fracture, or grayish white with minute yellowish -

spots ; imbedded in clay. The crystals consist of sharp cubes,

pyritohedra, and striated cubes with curved faces produced by

oscillation between the two forms. Decomposition: bright
brownish red tarnish, or blue iridescence, on most of the faces.

No. 106. Marcasitic pyrite. Bastrop, Bastrop County,

Texas. Dull and pale brass-yellow octahedra, rarely bright, |

very pale yellowish white and brilliant on fracture; upon black
granular crystalline hematite. Decomposition: mostly covered
by or converted entirely into reddish brown hepatic limonite,
which is also scattered over the specimen in rusty crusts.

No. 107. Pyrite. St. Creac, Pyrenees. Feebly shining
yellowish cubes, with faces finely striated or roughened and
slightly curved ; imbedded in a black roofing-slate. Fracture,
pale brass-yellow, splendent, often conchoidal. Streak, brownish
black. Under a lens, minute black particles are visible in abun-
dance through the grains of pyrite, very distinct under a com-
pound microscope—apparently included particles of slate. The
presence of this impurity accounts for the low density, as well
as for a peculiar granular and pitted condition of the surface.
Decomposition : very slight yellowish tarnish, sometimes slight-
ly iridescent

No. 108. Pyrite. Gap Mine, Lancaster County, Pennsyl-
vania. A thin drusy crust, finely fibrous and very minutely cel-
lular, with fine radial crystallization, pale yellowish white and
bright on fracture ; attached to a similar crust of fibrous miller-
ite. Undera sufficient magnifying power, the drusy surface
exhibits minute geodes of microscopic yellow octahedra, sharp
and unmodified. Decomposition: rapidly disintegrates, even in
the dry air of a cabinet, with fibres falling apart ; the fresh frac-
ture soon assumes a yellowish iridescence and coppery tarnish,
with a minute efflorescence of white vitriol. ;

No. 109. Marcasitic pyrite. Liskeard, Cornwall, England.
Clustered and composite yellowish cubes, sharply defined and
brilliant, often with very minute modifications of angles and

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 201

edges by the octahedron and pyritohedron ; attached to crystal-
lized quartz. Fresh fracture, tin-white, splendent, and uneven ;
its true color requires some care to distinguish, on account of
the abundant minute planes of yellow tarnish. Streak, brown-
ish black, perhaps slightly greenish. Under the microscope,
the faces of the cubes display a beautiful iridescence, some stri-
ation, and a few white films of adhering quartz which have part-
ly contributed to the low density obtained. Decomposition: a
slight iridescent, pale brass-yellow tarnish, with delicate crimson
spots.

No. 110. Pyrite. Ticonderoga, New York. Glittering,
light brass-yellow, tiny sharp cubes, commonly with sharp octa-
hedral faces upon their solid angles, forming a drusy surface
upon thin flakes of yellow pyrite and quartz. Fracture, yellow-
ish white, in part grayish white, splendent, and conchoidal.
The selected grains, used for the determination of density, were
afterwards found under the microscope to show adhering films
of white quartz, which must have had an influence on the low
figure obtained. Decomposition: a bright orange-yellow tinge
on the surface of many crystals.

No. 111. Marcasitic pyrite. Isle of Sheppey, near London,
England. Fragments of a disintegrated fossil plant, Mipadus
ellipticus, converted mainly into pyrite, with coarse amination
and transverse fibrous texture, evidently produced by woody
structure ; from the London Clay. Very fine-grained, light
brass-yellow, compact flakes and thin lamin, yellowish white
and glittering on fracture, and marked by fine brownish black
lines, the edges of alternating films of carbonaceous matter.
Here and there tiny flattened geodes occur, lined by sharp
microscopic octahedra of pyrite, in a few cases showing slight
modifications of their solid angles. For the specific gravity de-
termination, the material was subjected to careful washing,
friction, and elutriation, to remove the soft and lght carbon as
far as possible, and on this the figures in the table were ob-
tained ; however, some black films still remained enclosed. De-
composition: a bronze-yellow tarnish upon all surfaces, and a
very abundant white efflorescence of short curved needles of vit-
riol, mainly ferrous sulphate, but with much ferric sulphate in
many crusts.

202. Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

No. 112. Marcasitic pyrite. London, England. A fine
grayish laminated clay, with pyritiferous, shining, bronze-
colored films over many planes of lamination. Some of these

surfaces are drusy with microscopic octahedra and with spher-

ules roughened by the projecting apices of crystals of pyrite.
The surfaces abound in diatomaceous forms of many species
(already described by Shrubsole, Kitton, and others), converted

into pyrite, bronze-colored without, grayish white and splendent -

on fresh fracture. From the London Clay. Decomposition : this
begins with a golden yellow to bronze-colored tarnish, passing
into a reddish film, and ending by hepatic alteration into red-
dish brown turgite-ochre. (See also further description in
paper in Jour. N. Y., Micr. Society, 1886, p. 11).

No. 113. Pyrite. Victoria Gold Hill, Colorado. Very fine-
grained seams of yellowish auriferous pyrite; pale brass-yellow,
splendent, and conchoidal on fracture ; imbedded in and inti-
mately mixed with white quartz, particles of which, together
with botryoidal opal and purple fluorite in geodes, were distin-
guished under the microscope in the grains used for determina-
tion of density. Imperfect microscopic cubes of pyrite were also
seen. Decomposition: dull yellow tarnish in part.

No. 114. Pyrite. Anthony’s Nose, above Peekskill, New
York. A fine-grained yellowish veinstone, whose particles ap-
pear grayish white to light brass-yellow, splendent, and con-
choidal on fracture. The material is soft to the knife, with
gray streak, but not homogeneous. Under a loup, abundant
vari-colored specks are seen: pyrite in irregular particles,
white quartz, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and scattered prisms of
apatite with rounded ends. Under a microscope, imperfect, flat-
tened, and polished cubes of pyrite were distinguished, modified
by the pyritohedron and sometimes striated. ‘This ore has been
often described as pyrrhotite. Decomposition: with the excep-
tion of a common yellow and orange tarnish, sometimes irides-
cent, little alteration is seen in this specimen, a freshly extract-
ed ore, without surface of weathering.

No. 115. Pyrite. Lake Memphremagog, Maine. A fine-
granular, compact, but not homogeneous ore, mottled and
streaked with brass-yellow and bronze-yellow or gray, soft to
the knife with gray streak, and consisting largely of pyrite and

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 203

pyrrhotite. Under a microscope, exceedingly fine-grained
and splendent, with a few imperfect cubes of pyrite distin-
guishable, having a platy structure and octahedral modifications
of their solid angles. Decomposition: no weathered surface
upon the specimen, but the fracture reveals, under the micro-
scope, a general blue and red iridescence.

No. 116. Marcasitic pyrite. Mexico. An irregular frag-
ment of an ‘‘ Aztec mirror,” loaned to me for examination by
Mr. George F. Kunz; dimensions about 83 by 45 mm., and 15
mm. in thickness, and weight 62.7 grams. The face has been
ground smooth and still retains considerable polish ; the reverse
is roughly convex, apparently by the rubbing off and rounding
of the edges of crystalline faces of the pyritohedron. Color of
the polished face of the mirror, pale yellowish white ; of the re-
verse, rather dull greenish yellow ; of the fresh fracture, gray-
ish white, inclining to yellowish, but not very bright.

‘Under a loup or low power of the microscope, three materials
may be distinguished.

1. Marcasitic pyrite, largely predominating in minute cubes,
and also in thin plates (possibly of marcasite), mostly a little
less than 0.1 mm. in diameter, and bright tin-white on fracture.

2. Dark brown to black particles, lying in great abundance
in the interstices of the preceding crystals, and which seem to
consist of iron-oxide, and perhaps carbonaceous matter or other
metallic sulphides ; this substance has refused to take the polish,
and produces a minute dark pitting over the face of the mirror.

3. Over the surface, several minute branching veinlets run,
about 0.1 mm. thick, pale brass-yellow and brilliant, evidently
of pure pyrite.

The specimen strikes fire with steel and yields a dull reddish
black streak or powder. It possesses a special interest, in re-
lation to the Peruvian mirrors of marcasite, the historic pierre
des Incas, to which reference has already been made.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

204

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210 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

1. Density of Normal Pyrite. In considering the variations
of density shown in the third column of the preceding table, the
higher numbers, near the head of the column, are open to serious
suspicion, from the probable intermixture of galenite, gold or
other heavy impurities. The still higher figures 5.158-5.185,
obtained by Breithaupt, Kenngott,’ and Zepharovich, are put
aside by Rammelsberg,* as too high and he accepts the figure 5.0
as representing the true specific gravity of the pure mineral.
The general tendency of the enclosed impurities, marcasite, —
chalcopyrite, sphalerite. quartz, etc., has been to lower the spec-
ific gravity figures, and for this reason we may reject the ten at
the bottom of the series. We thus come to the conclusion that
the specific gravity of pure normal pyrite must approximate
closely to the figure 5.01, which includes the typical and perfect-
ly stable varieties from Colorado, Arizona, Waldenstein and
Chili, (Nos. 5, 9, 13, 15, 16, and 17). However, wide variations
of density, color, and therefore of constitution, in the crystals of
the same locality, appear at many points in the foregoing series.
Some prominent instances have been already given to illus-
trate this local variation, in the Table for the density of Pyrite,
in Part I, of this paper; entire reliance cannot be placed in
those results, unfortunately, from the method, commonly em-
ployed, of determining the specific gravity on whole crystals.
The fact of great local variation in density, however, is confirmed
by my own figures, a few of which may be tabulated below,
with those by other observers from the same localities marked
by an asterisk.

LOCALITY. SPECIFIC GRAVITY.
Traversella, Italy. 5.097* 5.078* 5.016* 4985 4,967*
Freiberg, Sax. 5.031* 6 007* 5.001% 4916 4.619
Elba. | 5.027* 5 016 4.997 4,984* 4.976*
Galena, II. | 5.023 5.015 5.010 5.010
Cumberland, Eng. 5.018 4.814
Arizona. 5.015 5.007 4.996 4,994
Gilpin Co., Col. 5.011 5.009 5.008 4.995
Linden Mine, Wis. 5.004 4.957 4.718
New York City. 5.003 4.998 4,946

French Creek, Penn. | 5.001 4.997 4.968 4.940

1 Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss., Wien, (1854), XII, 286.
9 Ztschr. d. geol. Ges., (1864), XVI, 267.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 211

2. Latent constitution of pyrite crystals. Using therefore
the figure 5.01, for the specific gravity of pyrite, in the same
way as before, in the formula stated under marcasite, the theo-
retical percentage proportion of marcasite, present in the speci-
mens of pyrite, has been calculated in the figures of the fifth
column of the Table. The twelve specimens (Nos. 94 to 106).
which contain 50 per cent. or more of marcasite, are evidently
paramorphs after pyrite, two of them, Nos. 97 and 100, corres-
ponding to’specimens of pure pyrite, Nos. 10 and 46, from the
same localities. In this series, there is even more decided evi-
dence, than in that of mareasite, of the influence of marcasite on
the physical properties of the mixture, even to the paling of the
color. A similar lowering of density and paling of color, from the
suspected presence of marcasite, have already been pointed out
by others, e. g., by Kohler, in the crystals of pyrite from Gross
Allmerode’; the densities of crystals reported from that locality,
4.941 to 4.845, would imply a content of 31.92 to 77.84 per cent.
of marcasite, In my View.

At about the specific gravity 4.95, corresponding to a content
of 26 or 27 per cent. of marcasite, the crystals begin to show the
influence of the contained impurity by a paling of. color and
marked tendency to decomposition, and this material may be
called marcasitic pyrite. It is a significant fact that the var-
ieties of the mineral of commercial importance, especially for
the manufacture of sulphuric acid, are found near or below this
limit, e. g., Nos. 60, 63, etc. ‘The series of specimens of marcas-
itic pyrite does not become continuous, however, until the spe-
cific gravity descends below 4.92, corresponding to a content of
38 per cent. of marcasite. This point therefore seems to mark
_ the danger-limit in cases where a rapid tendency to oxidation
becomes objectionable, as with pyrite present in building-stones,
roofing-slate, and coal.

It should here be added that, although marcasite appears to
be the general element of instability and agent of decomposition,
_we have evidence in this series of the accessory agency of other
sulphides in some cases. ‘The action of chalcopyrite has already
been noted, in the case of the cupriferous pyrite of Cornwall,

1Poge. Ann., (1828), XIV., 91—Analysis No. 8 by Rammelsberg, Part I.
of this paper, pages 388, 389.

212 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

Penn., No. 53. The constant association of chalcopyrite with
the octahedra of pyrite at Weehawken, N. J., No. 70, and its
occasional enclosure within the latter, have led me to suspect at
least its partial connection with the rapid iridescence and ready
decay of this pyrite. The arseno-pyrite, indicated by the detec-
tion of arsenic in the analysis, already given, of the pyrite from —
Marsden’s Diggings, Galena, Ill., No.3, at the head of the
Table, may very likely have its influence on the quick oxidation -
and efflorescence of the specimens from that vicinity, Nos. 1, 2.
and 3. Sotoo the millerite, attached to the pyrite from the
Gap Mine, Penn., No. 108, probably shows that the remarkable
instability of the latter mineral may be entirely due to a content
of nickel-sulphide. |

3. Relationship of density to crystalline form. 'The examin-
ation of the series of pyrite-specimens afforded an opportunity
to obtain some definite information on this question, mooted by
Malaguti and Durocher, so far as regards pyrite. Their views,
inclining to the possibility of such a connection, were strongly
opposed by V. Zepharovich’, whose examination, however, ap-
pears insufficient, on account of the small number of specimens
examined, ten, and the method employed in determining the
specific gravity, on crystals unbroken instead of crushed to
coarse powder. ‘The figures reported, 5.002 to 5.028, show his
crystals to have been pure, but those of Malaguti and Durocher,
already cited, 4.402 to 4.973, certainly indicate great impurity.
In the sixth column of my table is presented a statement of the
carefully identified crystalline forms in each specimen of the
series. On the whole, a consideration of these results inclines
me to agree in the main with Kenngott’s view of the absence of
connection between crystalline form and density in pyrite—with
the important exception, however, that well defined pyritohedra,
with deeply striated faces, invariably possess the highest density,
with the yellow color and other properties of the purest forms of
pyrite. There also appears some ground to believe that, in the
pyrite-crystals of any particular locality, the octahedra are like-
ly to be less rich in pyrite and lower in density than the cubes.

1Kenngott’s Min. Notizen, No. 11, (5te Folge), Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss., ©
Wien, (1853), XI, 392.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 213

Resume. ‘The general theoretical conclusions from this study
of the crystals of the iron-pyrites may be now summed up as
follows, in regard to the normal types of each mineral :

1. Typical or normal pyrrhotite possesses a specific gravity =
4.6, and a ready tendency to oxidation, only moderated by a
notable replacement by, or intermixture with, marcasite or
pyrite.

2. Normal marcasite has a tin-white color, a splendent lustre,
a density closely approaching 4.80, hardness of 6.5 on most sur-
faces and of about 6. on the faces of the macrodome (m Po),
uneven fracture, and a tendency to rapid oxidation, indicated
by a greenish yellow, or variegated tarnish, dull or iridescent,
soon followed by efflorescence.

3. Normal pyrite has a pale brass-yellow color, splendent lus-
tre, a density of about 5.01, uniform hardness of 6.5, con-
choidal fracture, and a strong resistance to oxidation, so slow as
to render hepatic alteration common as the final result.

4, The forms of iron pyrites occurring in nature are intimate
intermixtures of these three minerals; rarely of pyrrhotite,.
however, on account of its ready metasomatic alteration into one:
or the other of the triad. These common mixtures of marcasite:
and pyrite may originate by enclosure during crystallization, by
alteration, and by displacement, and pass progressively into:
complete paramorphs, well crystallized after the form of one or
the other mineral.

5. The latent constitution of these composite minerals is in-
dicated by a variation in density, exactly proportionate in most
cases to the amount of each constituent, and by a similar vari-
tion in other physical properties, e. g., hardness, fracture, re-
sistance to decomposition, and even in color, in the case of the
paramorphs of marcasitic pyrite.

IV. PRactTicAL APPLICATIONS. We have yet to consider
briefly the pertinence of these facts to the choice and treatment
of several natural materials, used in the arts, which contain
varying mixtures of these pyrites. The distribution of pyrrho-
tite appears to be so limited, that we may confine our attention

214 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

to the occurrence and influence of the other two pyrites. It is
highly probable that, in the manufacture of alum, copperas and
sometimes that of sulphuric acid, its rapidity, and the volume
and cost of the product, may largely depend upon the degree of

ready oxidation of the pyrites employed. The comparatively ©

refractory character of certain forms of these minerals, such as
the auriferous veinstones of the far West, may yet be an impor-
tant factor, usually hitherto disregarded’ in estimates of their
future commercial value. The freedom with which a pyritous
ore submits to calcination is obviously an element to be con-
sidered in the selection of beds of mineral for these purposes.
In his discussion of ‘‘ the characters which best adapt pyrites
for the use of acid manufacturers,” S. G. Williams includes
‘“ readiness to part with the contained sulphur, in which differ-
ent lots of pyrites show considerable differences.”* These he at-
tributes to the physical condition of the mineral, to differences
of fusibility caused by certain included minerals, and to the-re-
tention of sulphur by other included sulphur-compounds, like
those of copper. ‘To these causes, it is apparent, should be ad-
ded the presence and influence of pyrrhotite and marcasite,
whose greater inclination to decomposition must materially
modify the refractory character of a pyritous ore. The contrary
property, resistance to oxidation and disintegration, is equally
advantageous in connection with the storing of mined pyrit-
iferous coal and the choice of pyritiferous building-stones and
roofing slates.
A. PYRITES IN CoAL.

_ An important question has long awaited solution, as to the
cause and prevention of that slow oxidation which goes on in
masses of mined coal, commonly producing a process of crumb-
ling or ‘‘ slacking’, which may greatly diminish its commercial
value, and sometimes endangers the coal by asensible elevation of
temperature, reaching even to spontaneous ignition. The
following reference® to this has been made by J. P. Kimball:
‘‘Among the ordinary circumstances favorable to the weathering

1 W. Martin, on Pyrites, Williams, Min. Resources of the U. S., (1888-
84), 880.

4 Applied Geology, (1886), 300.

3 Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., (1879-80), VIII, 215-217.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 215

of coal after winning is especially its accumulation without ven-
tilation, in stock-piles of great magnitude at mines, points of
shipment, or upon the premises of dealers, so as to admit of re-
tention of the heat developed and to promote the process of
oxidation under the influence of meteoric water and the heat of
the sun. Coals of certain kinds or in certain conditions, ex-
posed in this manner to the weather, are well known to develop
heat, even to the point of spontaneous ignition, while other
kinds of coals, especially those low in pyrites, may develop the
greatest quantity of heat under protection from the weather.”

In explanation of these facts, Richters has recently upheld
the view that such heat has been developed during the absorp-
tion of oxygen, both by its physical condensation within the
pores of the coal, and by its chemical combination, resulting in
the oxidation of the organic constituents of that substance.

‘In accordance with this view, it was found that ordinary
coals, free from pyrites, experienced the strongest absorption of
oxygen when in adry condition, and could therefore be best
protected from a development of heat -by preservation in damp
places, even with exposure to the atmosphere. On the other
hand, the older view attributed the elevation of temperature in
loose bodies of coal to the oxidation of its commonly enclosed
accessory, pyrites, and, as Kimball points out, with the addi-
tional heat produced by the hydration of the sulphuric anhyd-
ride, during vitriolization, and by the hydration and further
oxidation of the resulting salts. Even with a low average con-
tent of pyrites throughout a coal of this kind, the local concen-
tration of this accessory may obviously suffice to produce decom-
position and even spontaneous ignition. Accordingly dampness
has been found to promote the decomposition of a pyritic coal,
and its preservation is best ensured by keeping it in a dry con-
dition and place, with protection from the weather.

There is a difference, however, in facility of decomposition
between the two important classes of coals, bituminous and an-
thracite, which is plainly connected with some peculiarity in
their pyritous contents, and Kimball remarks :

** Some of the anomalies observed in coals of transition types,
in respect to resistance to weather, are perhaps as much due to
differences in their accessory pyrites as to the quantity contained

216 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

by them. ‘The occurrence of such differences, however excep-

tional among bituminous coals, seems adequate to explain the-
cases on record in which excessively pyritic coal of this class has
resisted pyritic decomposition, under the same conditions known

in other cases to induce not only energetic pyritic weathering,

but spontaneous ignition of the coal. Any doubt as to this

point proceeds from the want of specific identification of the

pyrites in different coals under such circumstances as to render
it a question of importance.” This difference in the pyrites is

then attributed to the distribution of marcasite as the prevailing
form of pyrites in the former class, with its ready yielding to

oxidation, and that of pyrite, with its strong resistance to de-
composition, in anthracite. This explanation however appears,

in view of my results, to be incomplete, inexact, and likely to

to lead to serious er-or. Marcasite, in that form, appears to be

a rare accessory in bituminous coals. Their pyrites present
themselves in the crystalline form of pyrite, more or less marca-
sitic in internal constitution, in my view, and so passing into a

marcasitic paramorph after pyrite. Even in this impure pyrite
other sources of instability lie in its enclosure of finely divided

carbonaceous matter, and in the curious physical property of

sudden explosion under accumulated strain, during gradual vit-

riolization. It is therefore as unwise, on the one hand, to trust

to the stability of the pyrites in a coal on the ground of its crys-

tallization in the isometric form of pyrite, as it is necessary, on

the other, to identify the true character of the mineral, by a care-

ful comparison of its crystalline form, exact density, and degree

of reaction in an oxidizing atmosphere, when subjected to ex-

perimental trial in one of the ways already described.

B. PYRITES IN BUILDING STONE.

On the subject of the influence of pyrites on the durability of
a building-stone, the most contradictory observations and state-
ments have been made and are now current; the explanation
can be better understood in the hight of the present investiga-
tion. 7

On the one hand is the certainly established fact of the com-
mon distribution of varieties of pyrites, whose ready oxidation
produces offensive discoloration, pitting of the surface, and even
in some cases a disintegration of the utmost injury toa building

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 217

stone. Of this several instances have been brought to my
notice, in masonry within New York City. The gray biotitic
gneiss of the island, in large part pyritiferous, has been much
used, not only for foundations but for basement-walls up to the
water-table, and even for the facade of large public edifices.
The rock often contains a notable amount of pyrites, sometimes
in the form of polished octahedra of pyrite,’ or crusts of marca-
site, most commonly in the form of scattered grains and flakes
of pyrite ; this gneiss has yielded 0.67 per cent. of sulphur on
analysis.” Where such material has been used without selection,
in masonry, and exposed to the weather above the ground-line,
an irregular and offensive dirty reddish brown blotching has
taken place, after weathering but a few years, e. g., in the re-
taining-walls of the enclosure at 51st to 52d streets and Madison
avenue, the basement of the hospital at 71st street and Madison
avenue, etc. In the natural outcrops of the gneiss, the results of
oxidation commonly consist of a white vitriol, alum, and hy-
drated iron-oxide (¢. g., at 60th street and 11th avenue, 72d
street and Avenue B, etc.), or even of limonite pseudomorphs
after pyrite-cubes, which I have found at 120th street and. St.
Nicholas avenue.

This pyrite is nearly white on fresh fracture, sometimes asso-
ciated with crystallized marcasite, (Marcasite No. 13), in its
natural outcrops over the island. An inferior variety of the
light buff-colored sandstone, from the Lower Carboniferous of
Nova Scotia, was seen in the ashlar of a row of buildings at 87th
street, near 2d avenue, spotted with large reddish brown nod-
ules of pyrite in active decomposition, apparently identical
with the nodules described under Pyrite Nos. 80 and 84, with
“Sp. Gr. 4.909. In the dolomitic white marble of the island and
vicinity of New York, the pyrite is sometimes quite stable, with
Sp. Gr. 5.003 to 4.998 (Pyrite Nos. 23 and 29), and in other
beds readily passes into hepatic decomposition having Sp.
Gr. 4.946 (Pyrite No. 23d). In most of the limestones and
marbles of Vermont and of the Housatonic valley through
Massachusetts and Connecticut, the pyrite belongs to the quick-
ly perishable variety, and the rock in its vicinity soon becomes

——SEEs

1$. C. Bailey, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., (1865), VIII, 190.
4 P. Schweitzer, Jhrsb. Chem., (1878), 1282.

218 | Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

discolored ; a well known example of this is shown in the unfor-

tunate staining of the white marble from Lee, Mass. {Pyrite

No. 57, Sp. Gr. 4.949), in the walls of the County Court
House in New York City, after weathering less than twenty
years. Observations of this character have led to the broad de-
nunciation, in general text-books dealing with the subject, of all
pyrites, without discrimination, as the source of injury to

building-stones, often in cases due to other causes and de-

fects. ‘The popular distrust of pyritiferous stone thereby gen-
erated, has doubtless resulted in the rejection of quantities of
valuable and durable building materials. |

Dr. Geo. W. Hawes has protested’ against these unwise and
exaggerated statements, on the following ground : ‘‘ There are
other peculiarities of decomposition regarding which too abso-
Inte rules have been laid down. Pyrites is considered to be the
enemy of the quarryman and constructor, as it decomposes with
ease and stains and discolors the rock. But here, too, there are
features, which very seriously modify the effect of this decom-
posing substance. Pyrites, in sharp, well defined crystals, some-
times decomposes with great difficulty. Ifa crystal or grain of
pyrites is embodied in soft, porous, light colored sandstones,
like those which come from Ohio, its presence will with certain-
ty soon demonstrate itself by the black spot which will form
about it in the porous stone, and which will permanently dis-
figure and mar its beauty. If the same grain of pyrites is sit-
uated in a_ very hard, compact, non-absorbent stone, the
constituent minerals of which are not rifted or cracked, this
grain of pyrites may decompose and the product be washed
away, leaving the stone untarnished.” In the passage above
italicised, there is implied a recognition of a broader ground of
view, one which we may now more clearly see to be founded on
an exact discrimination, not only of the crystalline species of
the pyrites occurring in any stone, but also of its internal con-
stitution, especially its proportion of enclosed or intermixed
marcasite. T. Egleston also remarks: ‘‘ As a general rule
when a limestone contains much pyrites it should be discarded,

1 Report on the the Building Stones of the U. S., Introduction, page 13,
Tenth Census of the U. 8., (1880), Vol. X.
? Trans. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., (1886), XV, 670.

Decomposition of Lron Pyrites. 219

but it does not always follow as a necessary consequence that the
presence of pyrites in stone is of necessity a disadvantage. As
a general rule, the presence of marcasite is. Of the ordinary
pyrites some varieties do not decompose, while others do; the
presence of such varieties as decompose may disfigure the stone,
if in small quantities only, or may cause it to swell and disin-
tegrate if in large quantities. In compact stones its presence
has but little influence ; in porous ones it is generally objection-
able. But no absolute rule should be laid down, for, while as a
general thing it is to be avoided, it may be harmless. In gen-
eral it may be said that the presence of much pyrites makes the
stone unfit for use in the exterior of buildings.”

In general, therefore, where a perishable form of pyrites
is unequally distributed through the stone, in isolated spots
and hands, it inevitably produces the well-known deplorable
results in injury to color and appearance which might be
readily avoided by a previous test of the true nature of
the enclosed mineral. In the freestones—the sedimentary
sandstones and limestones—the pyrites is almost always
hable to decomposition and staining, not merely on ac-
count of the porosity of the rock, but chiefly the marcasitic
nature of the pyrite ; in the crystalline rocks—granytes, tufas,
crystalline marbles and dolomytes, etc.,—the nature of the
pyrites is uncertain without trial, in some cases readily oxidiz- -
able, in others perfectly unobjectionable. It has also been
maintained by some architects, and is especially true of the
stable varieties of pyrites, that a uniform distribution of any
species may be entirely innocuous, or result, after long weather-
ing, only in the production ofa slight mellowing of color which
-may be attractive.

A few instances may be recorded in which the stable form of
pyrite has been found in building-stones. In a crystalline dol-
omyte of great compactness and blue-gray color, occurring at
Great Barrington, Mass, I have found the pyrite (No. 41, Sp.
Gr. 4:991), after a half century of exposure to the weather in
masonry, remaining perfectly bright, and the enclosing rock en-
tirely free from any evidence of corrosion or even discoloration.
A similar observation has been made by J. E. Wolff’ in reference

? Report on Building Stones of the U. S., op. ett., 290.

220 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

to the diabase from Somerville, Mass., in tombstones at Mt.
Auburn, in Cambridge, Mass. :

‘The diabase tombs have turned a rusty brown, the change
apparently occurring in the black minerals (augite, mica, etc.),
while the feldspar whitens. It is very noticeable here that
grains of pyrite in the stone are generally bright, without patches
of rust about them.” Other examples of a similar resistance to
decomposition, by varieties of each of the three iron-pyrites,
have been already mentioned. In pyritiferous building-stones
therefore, as in pyritic coal, there now appears to be no difficulty
in certainly determining beforehand the character of the con-
tained pyrites, as to stability, by an examination of its physical
properties, especially color, fracture, and density, and by ex-
perimental trial.

C. Pyrites IN RooFING-SLATE. ‘The recognition of stabil- -

ity in certain pyrites has not been confined to scientific students ;
practical men in other fields of observation are familiar with
them. Thus the quarrymen in the roofing-slate districts
of Vermont and of Wales, and roofers who make use of slates
from various regions, are well aware that the grains and crystals
of iron pyrites of particular quarries are certain to decompose
rapidly and discolor or disintegrate the containing slates, and
that such slates must be scrupulously rejected.

It is equally recognized that, in other slates, the pyrite ap-
pears indestructible by the weather, and after long exposure up-
on roofs, remains unattacked, in brilliant hard crystals, with
sharp angles, and surfaces untouched by rust. I find this fact
also expressed in the following statements of A. Geikie ; ‘‘Pyrite
when free from marcasite yields but slowly to weathering.
Hence its cubical crystals may be seen projecting, still fresh,
from slates which have been exposed to the atmosphere for
several generations.”* ‘‘As a contrast to the universal decay of
the marble tombstones, reference may be made to the remarkable
durability of the clay slate which has been employed for monu-
mental purposes in Aberdeenshire. It is a fine grained rather
soft rock, containing scattered cubes of pyrites. and capable of
being readily dressed into thin smooth slabs. A tombstone of

—_—

1 Text Book of Geology, (1882), 85.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 221

this material, erected in the old burying ground at Peterhead,
sometime between 1785 and 1790, retains its lettering as sharp
and smooth as if only recently incised. Yet the stone is soft
enough to be easily cut with the knife.

The cubes of pyrites have resisted weathering so well that a
mere thin film of brown hydrous peroxide conceals the brassy
undecomposed sulphide from view. The slate is slightly stained
yellow round each cube or kernel of pyrites, but its general
smooth surface is not affected. The lapse of nearly a century
has produced scarcely any change upon this stone, while neigh-
boring tablets of white marble, 100 to 150 years old, present
rough granular surfaces and half effaced though still legible
anscriptions.”’ Facts such as these show the necessity of the
careful and exact determination of the nature of the contained
pyrites in all cases, before either the acceptance or rejection of
‘a pyritiferous slate for roofing purposes.

D. Process oF EXAMINATION OF PYRITES IN REGARD TO
STABILITY. ‘The process of examination of a specimen of pyri-
tes will be essentially the same, for any of the purposes just in-
dicated. The careful selection of the specimen is of the utmost
importance. Finely granular or even massive specimens will
will not be sufficient, in consequence of their probable enclosure
of impurities and cavities. It is highly desirable to obtain iso-
lated crystals, however minute, carefully separated from their
matrix, crushed to a coarse powder, freed from adhering iron-
ochre by digestion in a diluted acid, thoroughly washed, and
rapidly dried. An examination of the powder, grain by grain,
under a loup, still better on the stage of a microscope under a
low power objective, should then follow, to ensure the absence
of adhering or enclosed impurities and to determine with cer-
tainty the true color, fracture, etc. |

The determination of the crystalline form is first necessary.
Even though this should be identified as orthorhombic, that of
marcasite, it may not be conclusive as to instability, since we
have seen that stable pyritic forms of this mineral exist, proba-
bly comprising most of the varieties, in the Marcasite series, of
Sp. Gr. 4.98 to 4.88, representing a content of nearly 100 down
to 40 per cent. of pyrite. However, the burden of evidence tends

? Geological Sketches (1882), 178.

R22 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

to prove that the isometric forms (cube, octahedron, and pyrito-
hedron), those generally indicating a marcasitic pyrite, are, on ~
the average, richer in pyrite than the orthorhombic and there- —
fore more likely to resist decomposition. The modifications of.
pyrite seem to have little bearing on this question, with the im-
portant exception that sharply defined pyritohedra, with
strongly striated faces, are, almost invariably, purely pyritic and
stable. . |

The color of the surface, immediately after fracture, is an
important indication—if decided brass-yellow, of predominance
of pyrite—if of the palest yellowish white or quite tin-white, of
richness in marcasite. | oe

A conchoidal fracture, if general, is characteristic of pyrite ;
if uneven or granular, an abundance of marcasite is indicated,
and sometimes that of some other intermixed impurity, very
frequently quartz—both tending to more rapid oxidation.

Unusual hardness, especially shown by the mineral striking
fire readily and constantly with steel, indicates the predominance
of pyrite, even in crystals of marcasite. °
~ The selphurous odor of the fresh powder or freshly bruised
surface, and greenish streak appear to be further indications of
the presence of marcasite, probably of its. abundance. Other
intermixed sulphides may contribute the same properties,

The density of the mineral, if determined on pure crushed
crystals and with sufficient care, may be of the greatest value,
in indicating the true constitution of the mixture of pyrite and
marcasite, the percentages of each being readily obtained by ref-
erence to the tables already given. But a specific gravity
determination made upon large unbroken crystals, on too coarse
a powder, on massive or granular mineral, or on material not
scrupulously examined under the microscope in regard to purity,
may be a worthless reliance, only likely to mislead. So far as
may be judged from present information, the highest stability
can be expected only from samples of crystallized marcasite or
pyrite whose specific gravity exceeds 4.99, equivalent to at least
90 per cent. of pyrite; though little danger from decomposition
may be expected down to a specific gravity 4.97, equivalent to at
least 80 per cent. of pyrite.

Below that amount no stability can be safely relied upon.

Decomposition of Iron Pyrites. 223

These figures, however, can be trusted only when there is reason-
able probability, judging from the character of the matrix and
associations, of the absence of other impurities, even in micro-
scopic form, such as other metallic sulphides, quartz, iron-ochre,
etc., by which the density and stability might be affected.

The naturai weathering of the specimen may further be an im-
portant criterion of its degree of stability in masonry, etc.,
whenever it can be ascertained that the ochreous decomposition
thereby shown has been effected simply by the weather upon
some outcrop, during periods insufficient to disintegrate the
whole rock, and not by the attack of subterranean solutions
percolating from overlying humus, or of the acid corrosive
_agencies which may affect the material of veins or even merely
produce a deceptive deposit of iron-oxide upon unattacked
crystals of pyrite. The examination of the pyrites exposed to
the weather on the surface of old masonry, slating or the faces
of old quarries may be therefore, in many cases, far mor esatis-
factory for practical purposes than the study of natural outcrops
of the same rock, after ages of unknown experiences. Even in
handspecimens, or broken crystals, the long retention of color
and lustre, without tarnish or iridescence. for a few. weeks or
months, on a freshly broken surface of a pyrites under trial,
laid out upon a window-sill, may give valuable indications of
stability. We thus come to the last and perhaps best means of
information—the process of experimental trial of the specimen,
side by side with a series of others of known character, by expos-
ure to the oxidizing effect of the fumes of bromine or of fuming
nitric acid. Such tests should of course be made on several
samples, attention being given to the comparative rapidity of
tarnish, the depth of the efflorescent crust and the signs of its
internal penetration, the character of the etching upon any re-
maining nucleus, the evidences and force of any sudden explosion
during efflorescence, and the indications of enclosed carbon or
other impurity, shown by modifications of the color of the
effloresced vitriol.

224 Decomposition of Iron Pyrites.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES VIII anp IX.

Photomicrographs of etched surfaces of pyrite-crystals by reflected
lamp-light (Photogelatine prints).

Plate I.

Fig. 1. Pyrite from Pinal County, Arizona. Mammillated or shagreen-
like etching, with pits, magnified 30 diameters.

Fig. 2. Pyrite from Gilpin County, Colorado. Surface pitted in rings,
with small mammillations. x 23.

Plate IT.

Fig. 3. Pyrite from French Creek, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Larger
octahedra projecting above the more deeply etched, fine, crystalline
groundmass, x 23. ;

Fig. 4. Impure pyrite from Mahanoy City, Schuylkill County, Pennsyl-
vania. Minutely fretted cellular surface, without crystals or oolitic
structure. x 28.

Notes on the Osteology of the Shad. 225

XI.—Further Notes on the Osteology of the Shad, (Alosa
sapidissima).

BY FANNY R. M. HITCHCOCK.
Read June 4, 1888.

In a paper’ on the cartilage plates which are developed in the
region of the lateral line of shad, I called attention to the evi-
dence of the concrescence of the anterior body segments, and
the following notes are an outline of some of the results ob-
tained while studying the effect of such concrescence on the in-
ternal skeleton.

Beginning with the anterior vertebral elements we find that
the epipleurals have disappeared, the ribs and epicentrals of the
same segments have coalesced, and passing forward are crowded
closely together in the region of the exoccipitals and opis-
thotics ; while the epineurals are similarly crowded against the
posterior part of the exoccipitals and the supraoccipital, upon
the epiotics and the pterotics, and against the parieto-frontal
ridge.

The centra of the corresponding vertebre have either entirely
disappeared, or have united with the basioccipital. The lateral
walls of the skull, which are formed by the bones of the ear
capsules, are very thick, as is also the supraoccipital.

The parietal bones are wanting, and in place of them is seen
_ on each side of the skulla large foramen which opens directly
into the brain cavity. On top of the skull on each side is a
deep depression extending laterally into the supraoccipital,
epiotic and pterotic bones. The outer lateral and posterior part
of the depression deepens, forming a pit which burrows down
into the exoccipital bone. In some specimens I could pass a
bristle down through this pit into the brain cayity, though in
most of the specimens examined there was no connection.

1 «Preliminary Paper on the Structure of Alosa Sapidissima,” (abstract),
Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1887, p. 259.

226

Notes on the Osteology of the Shad.

hte

ge eo

Sees St

Pe moeanaooe

PORTION OF BRAIN CASE OF ALOSA SAPIDISSIMA.

Frontal.

Supraoccipital.

Sphenotic.

Prootic.

Auditory Capsule.

Basioccipital.

Pterotic and Opisthotic

Epiotic.

Exoccipital.

Cartilaginous rib-like rod, attached to membraneous wall of cavity in
basi-occipital

Parietal foramen.

Depression reaching down into exoccipital.

Facet for anterior head of the hyomandibular.

Facet for posterior head of hyomandibular.

Foramen leading into anterior auditory chamber.

Small foramen leading into same chamber (not described in text).
Foramen in pterotic, leading into same chamber.

Cavity in basioccipital.

Exit for vagus.

Exit for seventh nerves.

The hyomandibular articulates with the skull by two heads,
widely separated, the posterior being much elongated and in
some specimens showing a division into two parts. A small

Notes on the Osteology of the Shad. 227

membrane bone’* lying between the heads of the hyomandibular,
contains a canal which communicates with a foramen lying
partly in the sphenotic, and partly in the pterotic and opisthotic.

This foramen opens into a large chamber lying in the prootic,
the sphenotic, pterotic, and opisthotic, and opening below into
the brain cavity. It contains a large membraneous sac, which
receives a branch from the eighth nerve. In the pterotic, just
beneath the post-temporal is a large foramen opening into this
chamber, and communicating also with a canal in the membrane
bones of the pectoral arch. The prootics are co-ossified in the me-
dian line and form the anterior part of the floor of the cranium.
In the centre of each bone is a large osseous capsule containing a
membraneous sac, which receives a branch from the eighth
nerve, the branch passing through an oblong slit in the capsule.
This slit is the only opening that I could find communicating
with the interior of the capsule. This capsule and the chamber
described above, with their contents, I shall designate as the
anterior auditory apparatus.

Covering the capsule nearly, if not entirely, is a plate of cart-
ilage which extends backward on the floor of the cranium to the
occipital foramen. - It is perforated for the passage of the cran-
ial nerves, and gives off, processes in the shape of cartilaginous
rods, which pass into the bones of the ear capsule with the ex-
ception of the prootic and sphenotic, with which they have no
connection. Similar processes completely surround the occipital
foramen.

To the base of the cartilage plate on each side is attached a
membraneous sac, containing an otolith. The sac is lodged in
a cavity in the basioccipital. The external lateral wall of the
cavity is, in most of the specimens, of membrane only, and close-
ly applied to it, on the outer side, is a rib-like rod of cartilage
which passes downward and backward, meeting its fellow below

* This bone probably represents the squamosal of higher types. The
membrane bones of the pectoral arch in the Teleosts, and probably in all
fish, may be derived from lateral line scales. The opercular apparatus
is probably derived from similar scales.

228 Notes on the Osteology of the Shad.

the dorsal aorta in front of the anterior extremity of the air
bladder, with which it is connected.*

The cartilaginous processes which pass out from the cartilage
plate on the cranial floor, are occasionally continuous with it, ©
but in most cases they articulate with it, and with each other:
in some instances. Some of the process are double, others are
rudimentary. When removed from the bones in which they are
imbedded, they present, with some modifications, the form of
the membraneous labyrinth of other fish, and in consequence, I
have designated them, with the membraneous sac attached to. .
the cartilage plate as the posterior auditory apparatus. By care-
ful examination, I am satisfied that the cartilage plate and its.
processes represent neural arches and epicentrals, and that the
crowding together of the anterior body segments has resulted in
a coalescence of the anterior vertebral elements with the pos-
terior cranial bones, and a consequent modification of the orig-
inal auditory apparatus and the formation of a secondary one on:
the primitive type.

The absorption or non-development of cartilage in the pro-.
cesses above described would give us a membraneous labyrinth
of the usual type, and the manner in which such a structure:
could be formed is thus strongly indicated. Such an origin
would give good reason for regarding the auditory apparatus of
the Cyclostomata as the most primitive known among verte-
brates.

3 The connnection between the air bladder and the auditory apparatus.
seems to be very primitive in the Shad, and is very interesting, The mod-
ification of the auditory apparatus will be dealt with in greater detail in.
connection with a description of the nervous system now in preparation.

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CONTENTS.

2 *
=?
r¢

X.—On the variations of Decomposition in the Iron Pyrites ; its =
“cause, and its relation to density, Part II. Continued - me
‘from page 132 (with plates VIII and IX). By ALExis”
Bi) WEUIEN ic io ogee op. os ac ne ep ee

Reg

XI.—Further Notes on the Osteology of the Shad, (Alosa
Sapidissima). By Fanny R. M. Hircecock..:. 2.7.5.

aS “Angust, 1888.

ANNALS Wik I
awe i Ti lip

te OCT26 1926 *

OF THE Wa TIONAL muss>

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of era

(EW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, |

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1888. ‘

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North American Rhynchophora. 229
XII.—On Some New North American Rhynchop x VHSONIAL Wis inp, 7p
La

PART I.

BY THOS. L. CASEY.

Read, by Title, April 9th, 1888.

During the three years just past, the writer, whose official du-
ties had previously called him to the Pacific slope of our con-
tinent, has utilized his spare moments in the endeavor to
amass as complete a set of the Coleoptera of those regions as lay
within his power. Many portionsof California, Nevada, Arizona
and Texas were explored by himself in person, and other regions
have contributed through the skillful collecting of Dr. R. W.
Shufeldt of the United States Army, near Fort Wingate, New
Mexico, and Mr. G. W. Dunn at El Paso, Texas, and Benson,
Arizona. He cannot fail also to express his obligations to
Mr. W. G. W. Harford and Mr. C. Fuchs, of Oakland, Cal.,
for many valuable additions.

The total number of species thus brought together and safely
transported across the continent, amounts toabout three thousand
five or six hundred, and their identification and incorporation
with the others is a labor of great weight, rendered doubly diffi-
cult by the very large proportion of undescribed forms. It has
been my special aim to obtain as large a series as possible of every
species, for the purpose of studying variation, and these series
have already proved one of the greatest aids in estimating the
validity of closely allied forms. Species of some genera, which
were thought to be very unstable and arbitrary, because of the
isolated specimens from different regions which have hitherto
been their sole representatives, are, by these fuller series, shown
to be far less so, and they seem to indicate that there are many
species, differing among themselves in purely external character-
istics of form or sculpture, which are as valid as others differing
in those modifications of special organs which have been selected
as the criteria for specific distinction. Such a genus is Pteros-
tichus, containing a great many apparently valid species which

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. OF SCI., Iv. Issued August, 1888.

230 On Some New

are remarkably homogeneous among themselves in minor details
of structure. | Been

In order to render this mass of material of some avail it is
necessary at first to assign names and positions to the undescribed
forms, and it is considered preferable to accompany these names
with full and detailed descriptions, rather than to promote sub-
sequent confusion by simply naming them in the cabinet. It
would certainly be better to give a detailed monograph of every
genus receiving the new additions, but in the present case the |
labor involved would be vastly beyond the power of any single
man, and for other reasons it is practically impossible to do so.
It is thought, however, by carefully giving references to well-
known and allied species that there can be but little confusion
introduced.

In systematizing and publishing these novelties special groups
will in general be taken up in their entirety, and I have chosen
a retrograde movement from Rhynchophora to Carabide in pre-
ference to the reverse, because there are several genera of Carabi-
de which will require monographic revision before any new ma-
terial can be intelligently incorporated.

The portion dealt with in the present memoir is that compris-
ing the families Rhynchitide and Otiorhynchide.’ In the latter
the definition of Dr. Le Conte is adopted as being by far the
most rational which has ever been proposed. The characteriza-
tion of the Otiorhynchidz by the deciduous mandibular piece,
converts that which was before a complex of the most discourag-
ing and ambiguous nature, into what is still confessedly a com-
plex, but as clear and plain as sunlight by comparison—at least
as far as the North American species are concerned.

Of the fifty-five species of Otiorhynchide collected in various
regions between Texas and the Pacific coast, but eighteen can be
identified with any which have been previously described, the
remaining thirty-seven being thus far unrepresented in our
catalogues. Considering the vast area and varied conditions of
climate, and the fact that the region under consideration is one
of the foci of Otiorhynchide life in North America, this propor-
tion is not surprising. ‘The European fauna contains at present

1In an appendix subsequently added, the subfamily Sitoninz is also
included.

North American Rhynchophora. 231

a vastly greater number of described species than that of North
America. If, therefore, we consider the probability that the
family is equally wellrepresented in the two continents, itshould
not be wondered at if every independent collection made in our
south-western territories for some time to come consist for the
most part of nondescript material.

The family having been recently reclassified and its component
parts conveniently described, the task of interpolating these new
forms becomes a comparatively easy one.

Several Mexican species before me are not included in the
present memoir, as the family will shortly be treated of in the
Biologia Centrali-Americana by Dr. Sharp, and any such de-
scriptions would only tend to increase the difficulty of this great
undertaking.

Newport, R. I., March 13, 1888.

The following is a list of the new species here described. The
measurements in the Rhynchitide are taken from the anterior
margin of the eyes to the extremity of the body, while through-
out the Otiorhynchide and Sitonine they include the entire body
from the tip of the beak in its natural position.

RHYNCHITIDA. Sciopithes brumalis.
Auletes laticollis. arcuatus.
OTIORHYNCHID. angustulus,
Epicerus texanus. | setosus.
sulcatus. Stenoptochus inconstans n. gen.
Stamoderes uniformis n. gen, Orthoptochus squamiger n. gen.
Ophryastes Shufeldti. Peritelodes obtectus n. gen.
sulcipennis. Peritelinus variegatus n. gen.
Eupagoderes Dunnianus. Geoderces puncticollis.
Sapotes puncticollis n. gen. Geodercodes latipennis n. gen.
Rhigopsis scutellata. Aragnomus hispidulus.
Amotus longisternus n. gen, Thinoxenus nevadensis.
gracilior. Panormus setosus n. gen.
Peritaxia perforata. Elissa laticeps n. gen.
Amnesia granulata, constricta.
tesselata. Pseudelissa cinerea n, gen.
sculptilis. Scythropus lateralis. .
Nocheles vestitus. ferrugineus.
Miloderes setosus n. gen. cinereus.

Sciopithes significans. crassicornis.

232 On Some New

APPENDIX.
SITONINZE, (ae
Sitones extrusus. Sitones sordidus, Lec.
varians, osculans.
margaritosus. prominens.
procerus. hispidiceps.
occidentalis. augustulus.
eximius. explicitus.
montanus. - apacheanus.
nebulosus. sparsus.
alternans.

The species previously described are as follows:—

RHINOMACERIDA,
Rhinomacer comptus, Lec.—Onespecimen. Truckee, Nevada Co., Cal.

RHYNCHITIDA,

Rhynchites bicolor, Herbst.—California and Utah.
glastinus, Lec.—Abundant throughout middle California.

OTIORHYNCHIDZ.

Trigonoscuta pilosa, Mots.—Abundant in the sand dunes near the sea
beach of the California coast line. Varies remarkably in size and —
coloration.

EKupagoderes decipiens, Lec.—Very abundant at Benson, Arizona. Mr.
G. W. Dunn. .

Rhigopsis effracta, Lec.—Two specimens, California.

Peritaxia rugicollis, Horn.—One specimen, Colorado, Mr. L. E. Rick-
secker.

Amnesia granicollis, Lec.—Three specimens, Washington Ter., Mr. L. E.
Ricksecker. :

Amnesia rauca, Horn.—Four specimens, San Francisco, Cal.

Amnesia sordida, Horn.—One specimen, San Francisco, Cal., Mr. W.G.
W. Harford.

Agronus cinerarius, Horn.—Abundant at Lake Tahoe, Cal., in June.

Mylacus saccatus, Lec.—Five specimens, Washington Ter., Mr. L. E.

Ricksecker.
Thricolepis inornata, Horn.—Abundant in northern and middle Cali-
fornia.
Thricolepis simulator, Horn.—One specimen, San Francisco, Cal., Mr.
Dunn.

Tanymecus laczena, Hbst.—Found in limited number under boards and
other similar shelter, behind the sand dunes of the ocean beach at
Galveston, Texas, in very early spring. This species differs

North American Rhynchophora. 233

greatly from the following, and the abdominal segments are very
different in relative proportion. In structure of the mesosternal
side-pieces, they should be placed in different divisions, according
to the scheme adopted by Dr. Horn.

Tanymecus confertus, Gyll.—Very abundant at Austin, Texas, in June.

Aramigus Fulleri, Horn.—One specimen, San Francisco, Cal., Mr. Har-
ford.

Aphrastus unicolor, Horn.—Extremely abundant at Austin, Texas, in
June.

Scythropus californicus, Horn.—Abundant near Sacramento, Cal.

Endiagogus pulcher, Fahrs.—Not very abundant at Houston, Texas, in
February, generally under bark.

Endiagogus Rosenscheeldi, Fahrs.—Extremely abundant at Houston,
Texas, in February, generally in motion on the wooden side-
walks.

RHYNCHITIDA.

AULETES Sch.

A. laticollis n. sp.—Three-fourths longer than wide, convex, pale
yellowish throughout, except the antenne and metasternum, which are
piceous-black ; pubescence sparse, short, semi-erect, whitish in color.
Head short and robust, much wider than long, broadly, evenly convex,
coarsely, not densely, and very feebly punctate toward the sides, im-
punctate in the middle, feebly convex between the eyes; the latter
large, convex and prominent; sides behind them very short, parallel
and nearly straight ; beak twice as long as the head and scarcely one-
third as wide, arcuate, cylindrical, with a very few coarse, feeble
punctures at the sides; lateral sulcations moderate, almost impunc-
tate, scarcely at all visible from above ; upper surface with an elongate
fovea between the antenne; the latter rather robust, as long as the
beak, inserted just beyond the basal third of the latter; club robust;
basal joints but slightly thicker than the funicle. Prothorax widest at
basal third, nearly one-half wider than long; sides strongly arcuate
toward base, more strongly convergent and straighter toward the apex;
the latter broadly, very feebly arcuate, three-fourths as wide as the
base ; the latter broadly, evenly, and feebly arcuate; disk evenly and
feebly convex, finely, feebly, sparsely, and somewhat unevenly punc-
tate. Flytra somewhat dehiscent at apex, two-fifths longer than wide,
nearly one-half wider than the prothorax; sides parallel and nearly
straight ; humeri narrowly rounded; disk convex, feebly impressed
along the suture toward base, coarsely, feebly and sparsely punctate.
Length, 2.8 mm.

Southern California.
The beak is gradually and extremely feebly dilated from base

234 On Some New

to apex ; at base it is about two-thirds as wide as the distance

between the eyes. The antennal club is slightly paler than the

funicle, dark brown, and very densely pubescent.

In the table of Auletes, given by Dr. LeConte (Proe. Am.
Phil. Soc., XV., p. 413), this species should be inserted immedi-
ately after ater, the last joint of the antennal club being about

as wide as the tenth, slightly wider than long and obtusely

rounded at apex ; the tenth joint is fully as long as wide.

OTIORHYNCHIDA.

EPICZRUS Schonh.
The species of this genus may be separated as follows :—

Elytra much longer than wide.
Antennal club feebly and indistinctly annulate.

Prothorax widest near the middle ; sixth joint of funicle slightly
longer than wide, robust, seventh equal in length to the sixth, and
but slightly more robust ; whitish pubescence of funicle not ex-
tending to the clab.).. {o's so ae be eee imbricatus

Antennal club deeply and distinctly annulate.

Prothorax widest at base ; sixth joint of funicle much longer than
wide, rather slender, seventh but slightly longer and thicker ;
white pubescence of funicle extending to and enveloping the base
Gf the-clup... ony. ce ce ele ten eile aie eee eee texanus

Prothorax widest before the base; sixth ae joint small, as
long as wide, seventh much longer and thicker; strongly ob-
conical; white pubescence of funicle not extending to the

CMD ace ian neck oa jis bile wig Cis ware io) orn 5 etieleee sulcatus
Elytra but slightly longer than wide; prothorax widest at base’
formidolosus

The vestiture of the antennal scape varies noticeably. In
imbricatus and texzanus it consists of small, rather robust,
whitish sete, which are closely recumbent, and without trace
of erect sete. In sulcatus, however, it consists of similar sete
near the base, which become broad and distinct scales toward
apex, where also there is an admixture of much longer, erect
and darker sete.

In sulcatus the pronotum is strongly, widely, and deeply

sulcate in the middle, in imbricatus more narrowly and feebly

1 Horn, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XV., p. 20.

rt.

( a

- =
—J

“5

North American Rhynchophora. 235

so, and in fexanus very obsoletely, the sulcation being only re-
presented by two elongate impressed fovez. 3

E. texanus n.sp.—Form rather robust, pyriform, convex, very
densely clothed with pale cinereous and brown scales, indiscriminately
mingled on the pronotum, but slightly whiter along the middle, forming
indefinite fascize on the elytra, the sides and apex usually paler, a pale
transverse band at apical declivity most prominent; under surface and
legs densely clothed with pale scales. Head moderate, slightly conical;
front flattened, continued without impression by the beak ; the latter
robust, slightly longer than the head, a little longer than wide, very
feebly dilated toward apex, with a small triangular glabrous area at
apex, broadly, feebly impressed along the middle, the impression be-
coming narrower and stronger toward base; lateral sulcations very
short and feeble ; preocular impression strong ; interocular fovea very
small and deep, another larger broadly impressed fovea near the apex
behind the glabrous triangle; surface finely, moderately densely
punctate, densely squamose, and with fine, very short, semi-erect sete.
Prothorax slightly wider than long; sides very feebly convergent and
straight from base to apical third, thence more strongly convergent to
the apex ; base and apex transversely truncate, the former more than
one-third wider ; disk convex, readered uneven by very large rather
deeply impressed widely and irregularly scattered fovez, densely
squamose, and with minute, sparse, semi-erect, elongate, squamiform
sete. Elytra broadly emarginate at base, nearly one-half longer than
-wide, oval, widest in the middle; sides broadly and evenly arcuate ;
humeri completely obsolete, very oblique ; strongly declivous behind,
and feebly inflexed, the inflexed portion of the suture feebly sinuate
near the apex when viewed laterally, one-half wider than the prothorax,
compressed behind, the sutural region prominent, having rows of large,
deeply impressed, widely distant punctures; intervals flat, even,
densely squamose, and with very small, elongate, unevenly distributed
and rather sparse scales, which are subrecumbent and not at all con-
spicuous. Legs densely squamose, and with fine, short sete. Length

8.5-10 mm.

Texas (Austin 3).
Varies considerably in the coloration and form of elytral
markings. It is very much larger than formidolosus Boh.

E. suleatus n. sp.—Rather robust, convex, pyriform, not very
densely clothed with small oval, pale brownish scales, nearly uniform
in color, whiter and slightly denser beneath, easily removed from the
upper surface; setz short, sparse, subrecumbent, robust and very
inconspicuous. Head moderate; beak distinctly longer than the head,
one-fourth longer than wide, broadly convex, continued onto the front;
the latter slightly flatter; tip of beak broadly, strongly, and angularly

236 On Some New -

impressed nearly throughout its width ; median impressed line broad,
short, with the sides parallel, becoming evanescent toward base, more-
distinctly marked near the apex; lateral impressions short, feeble,
parallel; preocular impressions deep, short ; interocular puncture
small, very deep; eyes rather convex; surface finely, sparsely, and
feebly punctate toward the apex of the beak, much more densely so
toward base of head." Prothorazx slightly wider than long ; sides broadly
arcuate, convergent for a short distance near the base and a slightly
greater distance near the apex ; base broadly and very feebly arcuate ;
apex truncate, much narrower than the base ; disk convex, nearly even,
with a broad, deep median sulcus slightly interrupted in the middle
and around, deep puncture at the middle of the length and on each
side of the median line; surface finely, feebly, and not very densely
punctate, more densely squamose at the sides. Elytra broadly, very
feebly emarginate at base, oval, widest in the middle, four-fifths
wider than the prothorax, nearly one-half longer than wide; sides
broadly, evenly arcuate; humeri obsolete; disk abruptly declivous
behind and slightly inflexed, inflexed portion of suture excessively,
broadly, and feebly sinuate when viewed laterally ; region of suture
near apical declivity slightly more prominent; surface convex, with
rows of rather small, deeply impressed, widely and unevenly spaced
punctures; intervals nearly flat, even. Legs and abdomen squamose,
finely and rather sparsely setose. Length 9.5 mm.

New Mexico (Fort Wingate 1).

The type specimen was very kindly communicated by Dr. R.
W. Shufeldt.

The species is readily distinguished from texanus by many
characters besides the shape of the prothorax and the
antennal structure. Thescales are much sparser in sulcatus and
are smaller and more elongate-oval. These scales are very
distinctly strigose in ¢exanus, and excessively, finely, and feebly so
in sulcatus. ‘The median impressed groove of the beak is quite
different in shape in the two species, and in the present one the
eyes are distinctly more convex and prominent.

STAMODERES pn. gen. (Brachyderini.)

Head hemispherical, not at all impressed behind the eyes; the latter
at more than their own length from the prothorax, oval, convex, and
very prominent. Beak rather slender, and much longer than the head,
nearly twice as long as wide, flattened; sides parallel and straight ;
ale slightly dilated. Occiput convex; front flat, not separated from
the beak by a well-defined transverse impression. Scrobes lateral,
narrow, and deep, beginning at the apex*and pursuing a straight course
nearly to the middle, then bent suddenly downward, evanescent in a

‘

North American Rhynchophora. 237

line with the lower margin of the eyes and at a distance before them
nearly equal to their own width. Antenne robust, shining, setose,
attached at anterior third ; scape robust, gradually and feebly clavate,
attaining the anterior portions of the eyes ; funicle robust, nearly one-
third longer than the scape, basal joint one-half longer than the second,
the latter slightly longer than the third, outer joints short, moniliform,
gradually wider, seventh wider than long; club ovoidal, obtusely
pointed, moderate. Gular emargination rather deep and narrow.
Mentum moderate, slightly longer than wide, subtriangular, widest at
apex; sides arcuate; peduncle narrow but rather long; maxille
almost completely exposed at the sides. Emargination of gene small,
but rather deep. Mandibular scars rounded, rather prominent.
Prothorax subcylindrical, without trace of ocular lobes, but having a
very feeble line of small white setz, which are sometimes not at all
obvious. Scutellum small but distinct, more densely squamose and
slightly tumid. Humeral angles obsolete. Elytra not widely embrac-
ing the sides of the body. Legs moderate; femora rather swollen ;
tibiz slender, slightly dilated at tip, the anterior not denticulate
within, the posterior with a widely separated double edge externally at
apex ; inner face slightly cavernous ; terminal spur small but distinct ;
tarsi finely and densely pubescent beneath ; basal joint elongate; third
_ very strongly dilated, deeply bilobed; fourth slender, elongate; claws
moderate, free. Posterior coxe separated by slightly less than one-
half the total width. Metasternum rather long; episterna narrow,
well defined; suture distinct. First ventral suture strongly,
angularly arcuate for a short distance in the middle; second segment
longer than the third and fourth combined.

The obsolete ocular lobes and nearly obsolete fimbrie
together with the other characters above noted, seem to point
to a relationship with Barynotus Germ., but there are many
reasons also for considering it closely allied to the Amnesia
group of Ophryastini, the ocular lobes and fimbrie simply
having become obsolete. In fact, the ocular lobes appear to be
of very slight taxonomical value in some portions of the series.

S. uniformis n. sp.—Form elongate-oval, convex, densely clothed
throughout above and beneath with small pearly-cinereous scales, with
excessively minute, whitish, subrecumbent setz on the upper surface
which form somewhat regular single rows on the elytral intervals, and
become longer, finer, and much more dense and erect on the legs and
abdomen. Head finely, feebly, very densely, and unevenly punctate ;
beak very broadly and feebly impressed along the middle. Prothorax
as long as wide: sides nearly parallel, broadly and distinctly arcuate,
very feebly constricted just behind the apex; base transversely truncate
about one-fourth wider than the apex; the latter feebly sinuate in the

238 On Some New

middle; disk very finely, rather evenly, and very densely punctate,
without trace of median impressed line. Elytra at base as wide as the
prothorax, broadly, feebly emarginate, elongate-oval, twice as long as
wide, strongly declivous, but not perpendicular behind, acute at apex,
slightly less than twice as wide as the prothorax ; sides feebly arcuate ;
humeri very broadly rounded and obsolete; disk convex, finely but.
‘distinctly striate; striz finely and rather closely punctate ; intervals —
feebly convex, equal. Legs and antenne fuscous; body black.
Length 5.5-6.0 mm.

California (Duncan’s Mills, Sonoma Co. 2).

The female is much more robust than the male, the pro- —
thorax being slightly more transverse and the elytra much more
strongly inflated ; the above description is taken from the male.

It may be possible that Stamoderes is the same as Mimetes
Sch., but in the species here described the beak is much longer
than the head, the elytra distinctly wider than the prothorax,
and the sete of the elytral series very small, robust, subrecum-
bent, and altogether inconspicuous. In the male, there is an
extremely feeble, broadly impressed transverse depression at the
base of the beak, which is completely obsolete in the female. .

OPHRYASTES Schonh.

O. Shufeldti n. sp.—Elongate-oval, very convex, very densely
clothed throughout with a cinereous squamose indument, dark brown
toward the sides of the pronotum, elytra with feeble mottlings of paler
brown. Head moderate; front distinctly convex, very broadly and
feebly impressed .in the middle; beak one-half longer than wide,
abruptly dilated at apex, strongly trisulcate ; basal transverse impres-
sion rather strong, slightly in advance of the eyes; median sulcus
narrow, very deeply impressed, just visibly crossing the transverse
impression; lateral deep, narrow, ending at the transverse
impression ; antennz sparsely setose, densely clothed with a closely
adherent crust of very minute elongate scales ; first joint of funicle as
long as the next two together. Prothorax slightly shorter than the
head and beak, one-half wider than long, abruptly constricted at the
sides near the base and more feebly so at a short distance from the
apex ; sides most prominent at basal third, rather strongly convergent,
very feebly arcuate and not at all notched thence nearly to the apex ;
base and apex broadly subtruncate, the former broadly, very feebly
sinuate in the middle, one-third wider than the apex; disk slightly
uneven, very coarsely, deeply, not very densely, and somewhat unevenly
punctate; median groove deep, narrow, and entire. Elytra oval,
slightly less than one-half longer than wide, nearly one-half wider
than the prothorax, widest before the middle, perpendicular behind,

North American Rhynchophora. 239

not at all inflexed at apex; sides broadly and distinctly arcuate ;
humeri broadly rounded, obsolete ; base broadly angularly emarginate,
more noticeably so in the middle; disk very broadly and strongly
convex, rather narrowly and strongly striate ; strize impressed, scarcely
one-half as wide as the intervals, with rows of large impressed approxi-
mate punctures which are not very well defined; intervals broadly
feebly convex, with very minute sparse irregularly scattered sete.
Legs pale cinereous throughout, Length (to end of beak) 15.0 mm.

New Mexico (Fort Wingate 1).

A single representative of this very fine species was discovered
and kindly communicated by Captain R. W. Shufeldt, Med.
Dept. U. 8. A., in honor of whom it is named.

It is readily distinguished from ¢wderosus and latirostris of
LeConte by the much less transverse prothorax.

0. sulcipennis n. sp.—Form oblong, densely clothed throughout
with a squamose dark brown indument, paler beneath and on the legs;
alternate intervals of elytra slightly paler by certain reflections. Hzad
moderate; beak very much longer than the head, and, at apex, nearly as
wide, fully one-half longer than wide, abruptly strongly dilated at
apex, strongly trisulcate; sulci abruptly ending at the very deep and
strongly marked transverse basal impression; middle sulcus very broad
and deep, shallower anteriorly, becoming gradually narrower and deeper
toward base, obsolete in apical two-fifths; lateral only present in basal
half, narrow, deep, becoming slightly broader from apex to base; front
convex, flattened above in the middle; antennz with dense piceous
indument; first joint of funicle slightly longer than the next two
together. Prothorax nearly twice as wide as long, widest at posterior
third where the sides are very strongly rounded and prominent, thence
strongly convergent and almost straight nearly to the apex, then
abruptly constricted, strongly constricted near the base behind the
lateral prominences; sides very minutely and unevenly notched at
middle; base transverse, truncate, one-third wider than the apex; the
latter broadly arcuate; disk broadly convex, slightly uneven, being
broadly impressed anteriorly and laterally, coarsely and indefinitely
ruguloso-punctate; median groove moderate, not well defined. Elytra
oblong, ratheracutely rounded behind from above, declivous posteriorly,
but not perpendicular, slightly wider at apical third; sides nearly
straight; humeri very broadly rounded; base transversely truncate;
scutellum slightly prominent, triangular, wider than long, black, finely
rugulose, dull; disk flattened above, strongly convex at the sides, less
than one-half longer than wide, very slightly wider than the prothorax,
deeply sulcate; sulci with very large, rather close, feebly defined im-
pressed punctures; intervals but slightly wider than the sulci, very
strongly convex, with small, slender, scattered setee. Length 13.0 mm.

240 On Some New

New Mexico (Fort Wingate 1). Dr. R. W. Shufeldt.

This species differs from latirostris Lec. in its deeply ‘suleate
elytra. Its facies is very different from that of Shufeldti. In
both, the postocular lobes are broad and strong, with very long
dense fimbriz.

In Shufeldti the second ventral segment is aes énechallf
longer than the third, while in sulerpennis it is just perceptibly
longer than the third. '

There is no species in the cabinet of LeConte which is at all
similar to either of those above described.

EUPAGODERES Horn.

E. Dunnianus n. sp.—Moderately robust, convex, very densely
clothed throughout with white scales, sometimes feebly and unevenly
mottled with gray; scales overlapping on the elytra, closely crowded
and polygonal on the head and prothorax; setz very short, sparse, and
erect anteriorly; longer, much denser, subrecumbent, and squamiform
on the elytral intervals, absent from the strive, where there are exces-
sively minute, erect white hairs which are very distant. Head short,
strongly transverse, evenly, feebly convex longitudinally, and slightly
more strongly so in a transverse line between the eyes; beak one-half
longer than wide, slightly narrower than the head, feebly, abruptly
dilated at apex; surface broadly and very feebly convex, declivous at
apex where there is asmall triangular emargination, between the
antenne a small deep elongate fovea, and, on each side above, from
near the base of each antenna to slightly beyond basal third, a straight,
feebly-impressed channel; surface of head and beak finely, evenly, and
sparsely punctate; antenne inserted at apical third; scape short, robust,
gradually clavate, two-thirds as long at the funicle; first joint of the
latter as long as the next two together, outer joints slightly and grad-
ually wider, seventh close to the club throughout its width, nearly one-
half wider than long; club small, ovoidal, pointed; scarcely wider than
the apex of the scape, not distinctly annulate. Prothorax distinctly
wider than long; sides parallel, almost evenly and moderately arcuate;
disk coarsely, sparsely, and somewhat unevenly punctate, with a sub-
apical [median elongate fovea. LElytra evenly oval, truncate at base,
two and one-half times longer and three-fourths wider than the pro-
thorax; striz very fine, very finely, feebly, and remotely punctate.
Length 9.5-11.5 mm.

Texas (Hl Paso 7). Mr. G. W. Dunn.
Allied to decipiens Lec., but differs in its more transverse
prothorax and very fine, scarcely punctate elytral strie. In
this species the males and females differ but slightly in form,

North American Rhynchophora. 241

whereas in decipiens they are strikingly different, the males be-
ing very much the more slender.

SAPOTES n. gen. (Ophryastini).

Beak about as long as the head, trisulcate; scrobes narrow, deep,
beginning near the apex, passing rapidly beneath, vanishing slightly
below and before the eyes; the latter broader than long, subacute
beneath, partially concealed in repose by the ocular lobes. Antennz
short ; scape a little shorter than the funicle, barely attaining the eyes,
gradually, feebly clavate ; funicle seven-jointed, first joint as long as the
next two together, second nearly twice as long as the third, joints
three to six equal, subquadrate, seventh a little wider, transverse,
rather close to the club ; the latter ovoidal, pointed, rather small, finely
pubescent. Prothorax without lateral tuberosities ; ocular lobes well
developed, devoid of fimbriz. Scutellum small, triangular, distinct.
Tenth elytral stria distinct in basal third. First abdominal segment
much longer than the metasternum, nearly as long as the next three
together, separated from the second by a very feebly arcuate, deeply
impressed suture; second nearly as long as the third and fourth
together. Tarsi rather robust ; first three joints short, setose with the
tips spinose beneath ; third slightly wider than the second, bilohed ;
fourth nearly as long as the first three together ; claws long, divergent.
Cotyloid surface of the posterior tibize semi-cavernous, having along
outer and a short inner line of short, very robust spinules; spurs
obsolete.

The mentum is small, subquadrate, very deeply seated, and
has near the apex two deep setigerous punctures. The entire
body, including the tarsi and antenne, except the antennal
club, is covered with a very thick, dense indument of a scale-
like nature, the scales not overlapping, but densely and
polygonally crowded.

On comparing this genus with Ophryastes, it is seen to differ
in its non-fimbriate ocular lobes, more dilated third tarsal
joint, and evenly rounded sides of the prothorax. From
Kupagoderes it also differs in the first character, and in its much
longer fourth tarsal joint and second ventral segment.

S. puncticollis n. sp.—Form elongate-oval, subparallel, convex;
prothorax whitish, two lateral vittz dark brown; elytra whitish,
unevenly clouded with darker, especially toward the suture; under
surface whitish ; femora brown, except the apices which are white.
Head distinctly wider than the beak ; front broadly and evenly convex,
separated from the beak by a very feeble transverse impression ; beak

242 On Some New

flat, dilated at apex; surface with three narrow, deep, and abrupt
canaliculations, the median beginning at the middle and terminating at
the transverse impression, the lateral beginning at the basal third,
continuing parallel with the median to the transverse impression and

then turning abruptly outward and downward to the anterior margin ©

of the eye; apex truncate and feebly trisinuate; surface of head and

beak finely punctate, each puncture bearing a very small seta. Pro-—

thorax cylindrical, one-third wider than long, slightly wider than the
head; sides very feebly, nearly evenly arcuate; base and apex
_ transversely truncate, nearly equal; surface very coarsely, deeply, and
densely punctate, the fine sete arising from fine punctures irregularly

scattered over the convex interspaces of the large fovez. Scutellum _

distinct, white. Elytra elongate-oval, nearly three-fourths longer than
wide; sides very feebly arcuate; humeri broadly rounded; disk one-
half wider than the prothorax, at base equal to the latter, broadly
sinuate; basal margin elevated; striz feebly impressed, coarsely,
deeply, but not very closely punctate; intervals nearly flat, each with a.
row of long stiff spinous sete. Legs and abdomen with fine sparse
sete. Length 4.0-4.6 mm.

Texas (El Paso 2). Mr. G. W. Dunn.
The anterior tibize have a few small denticles along the inner
edge toward apex.

RHIGOPSIS Lec.

R. scutellata n. sp.—Form oval, slightly depressed above, densely
clothed throughout with very large, closely adherent, and slightly over-
lapping scales, which are white and blackish intermingled, the former
greatly predominating, not at all concealed by exudation. Head and
beak distinctly longer than the prothorax ; beak deeply trisulcate, the
middle sulcus continuing uninterrupted to the base of the head, the
lateral abruptly ending at the front and attenuated anteriorly ;
prominences over the eyes moderate, the front between them scarcely
at all concave. Prothorax one-third wider than long, widest at
anterior fourth where the sides are distinctly arcuate, thence slightly
convergent and nearly straight to the base ; the latter broadly arcuate
and about as wide as the apex; the latter truncate between the
advanced and prominent ocular lobes; disk convex transversely,
arcuately impressed near the apex, with a broad, deeply impressed
median line, interrupted near the middle, the basal fovea being the
longer; surface coarsely ruguloso-foveolate. Scutellum rounded,
convex, distinct. Elytra oblong, less than one-half longer than wide,
slightly produced at apex; the latter truncate; sides parallel and
slightly arcuate ; humeri oblique, slightly prominent posteriorly ; disk
three-fourths wider than the prothorax; each elytron with three
prominent ridges, the two inner terminating in abrupt and moderate

North American Rhynchophora. 243

tubercles, the first at the apex, the second at the sides and at
posterior fourth ; intervals very coarsely, moderately, and irregularly
ruguloso-foveolate, with small, robust very sparse recumbent sete,
under surface and legs densely squamose and with short, white
subrecumbent sete. Length 6.5 mm.

California (Los Angeles Co. 2).

Differs from effracta in three very important points of struc-.
ture. The front in effracta is distinctly concave, the median
suleus interrupted by the concavity and with the prominences
over the eyes much more marked. The scutellum in that
Species is very minute, elongate, acute and indistinct. The
general surface sculpture in effracia is very much coarser, and
the tubercles of the elytra almost doubly prominent. ‘The size
of scutellata is decidedly greater than that of effracta.

The scales in this genus are very large, nearly circular and are
not at all strigose, but feebly and finely granulose.

AMOTUS n. gen. (Ophryastini).

This genus belongs among the Strangaliodes in the immediate.
neighborhood of Mimetes.

Beak rather slender, twice as long as wide, much narrower than the
head from which it is separated by a strong transverse impression,
truncate at apex ; ale rather large, dilated; scrobes very deep, strongly
arcuate, passing beneath at a distance before the eyes nearly equal to
their own length; antennz rather robust, finely and not densely
pubescent, the funicle with sparse, erectsetz in addition ; scape robust,
gradually clavate, extending to the middle of the eye, shorter than the
funicle ; first joint of the latter much longer than the second, outer
joints slightly wider, seventh obconical, scarcely as long as wide; club.
oval, finely pubescent, three-jointed ; mandibular scar not prorninent.
Metasternum long; episterna very narrow; suture very distinct and
deeply impressed. First ventral suture very strongly sinuate in the
middle half ; second segment long, in the middle nearly twice as long
as the next two together. Anterior tibiz not distinctly denticulate ;.
posterior with obsolete terminal spur, the cotyloid surfaces cavernous ;
claws robust, divergent.

The ocular lobes are obsolete and in one species are replaced
by a row of exceedingly short, scarcely visible sete, and in the
other by a shorter row of longer vibrisse. The eyes are
rounded, rather large, very convex, prominent and coarsely
granulated.

It may be possible that this is the genus identified by Dr.

244 On Some New

Horn as Mimetes Sch. According to the description given by
Lacordaire (Gen. Col. VI., p. 39), I cannot, however, regard it
assuch. In this description the beak is stated to be as long as,
and rather narrower than the head and flat above, while in the ©
present genus, it is very much longer and narrower than the
head and is impressed along the middle. The eyes are stated
to be small in Mimetes and the elytra not wider than the pro-
thorax, which is not the case in either of the species before me.
The very minute sete which are present on the elytra are sub-
recumbent, and the term ‘‘ poils redressés” could not be
appropriately applied. It is also possible that the species
described below as A. gracilior is the same as that identified as
Mimetes setulosus by Dr. Horn.

The two species described below may be distinguished as
follows:— | "
_Ocular vibrissze extremely short and inconspicuous; median
impressed groove of beak very feeble and only present toward
ABO’ eioie bin SS ee te Gee Go Eee eee pees longisternus.

Ocular vibrissze longer and more conspicuous; beak strongly and
broadly impressed in the middle throughout its length. .gracilior.

In both these species the elytral intervals are broadly and
feebly convex, the alternate ones slightly more strongly so,
especially toward apex, near which point the ridges of the
third and seventh intervals unite and thence continue to the
apex as a single ridge. This character will serve to distinguish
them from senzculus Horn, in which the elytral intervals are flat.

A. longisternus n. sp.—Form oblong-oval, rather depressed above,
densely clothed with dark cinereous scales which are rounded and
polygonally crowded, closely adherent and covered with a shining
glaze, darker on the head and prothorax. Head moderate; occiput
very strongly convex, finely, very densely punctate, scarcely squamose
except toward tip of beak where the scales are of a cupreous lustre ;
eyes very prominent. Prothorax slightly wider than long, subcylin-
drical ; sides strongly and nearly evenly arcuate; abruptly and deeply
constricted at the sides just behind the apex, the constriction extending
almost across the disk; base and apex subtruncate, the former very
slightly the wider; disk convex, perfectly even, very finely, densely,
and feebly granulose. Scutellum small. Elytra oblong, nearly one-
half longer than wide, three-fourths wider than the prothorax, abruptly
acute behind ; sides nearly straight and parallel in the middle; humeri
broadly rounded ; base broadly emarginate ; disk more strongly convex ~
at the sides, very finely and feebly striate, the strize with very minute,

North American Rhynchophora. 245

distant, and indistinct punctures; intervals alternately slightly more
strongly convex, each with a single row of fine, semi-erect, widely
distant sete. Abdomen more sparsely covered with scales which are
plumose, also with excessively short, sparse setz. Legs finely setose,
densely squamose; tarsi densely pubescent above and much more
densely so beneath. Length 6.8 mm.

California (Los Angeles Co. 1).
Easily distinguished from the next by its larger size, more
robust, depressed form, and finer, longer dorsal sete.

A. gracilior n. sp.—Form elongate-oval, convex, densely clothed
with pale, uniform, cinereous scales which are densely crowded, glazed
and graniform above, plumose beneath. Head small, moderately
convex; beak sparsely squamose; surface feebly granulose or finely
rugulosely punctate; eyes prominent, very coarsely granulated, large.
Prothorax cylindrical, fully as long as wide, evenly and not strongly
rounded at the sides, constricted just behind the anterior margin, the
groove becoming very broad and shallow at the middle of the disk ;
base and apex truncate, the former slightly the wider; disk convex,
even, not punctate, densely granulato-squamose. Scutellum small but.
distinct, ogival. Hlytra elongate-oval, but slightly less than twice as.
long as wide, acute at apex, more than one-half wider than the pro-
thorax ; sides broadly arcuate ; humeri broadly rounded ; disk convex,
finely striate, the striz with very fine distant punctures; alternate
intervals more strongly convex, all with a single row of short, sub-
recumbent white sete which are rather distant. Abdomen with fine,
erect, sparse setze, much longer than those of the upper surface, densely
Squamose. Legs setose, densely squamose ; tarsi setose above, densely
pubescent beneath. Length 5.5 mm.

California (Los Angeles Co. 2).

The scales of the under surface are rather large and are
beautifully plumose around their entire circumference.

This species is easily distinguished from the preceding, in
addition to the characters given above, by the longer sete of the
abdomen and the rather shorter second ventral segment, the
first suture being less strongly arcuate in the middle.

PERITAXIA Horn.

In this genus the ocular lobes are of less than usual impor-
tance, and in several other minor characters it is more or less
heterogeneous.

P. perforata n. sp.—Form elongate-oval, convex, black through-
out, except the antennz which are piceous-black and rufous toward the

246 On Some New

base of the scape ; integuments above shining, sparsely squamose, the

scales always distinctly separated, rounded, thick, covered with a var-.
nish-like coating; pubescence long, erect, rather dense, distributed with-
out trace of order on the elytra. Head wider than long, conical, evenly,

not strongly convex, coarsely but not very densely punctate, separated

from the beak by a deep, abrupt, transversely and posteriorly arcuate

groove, which, at the sides, is well in advance of the eyes; the latter
large, feebly convex; beak very slightly longer than the head, distinctly
longer than wide, very feebly dilated at apex, broadly, feebly, and

evenly convex, coarsely, very densely punctate toward base, feebly and

very sparsely so toward apex, where it is feebly and transversely im-
pressed in a posteriorly arcuate line inclosing an angulate elevation at
the middle of the apical edge; scrobes lateral, though slightly visible
from above, deep, evenly arcuate and descending, becoming evanescent
just below and very near the apical margin of the eye; antenne rather
slender ; scape slender, strongly clavate, nearly attaining the middle of
the eye, scarcely two-thirds as long as the funicle; the latter slender,

all the joints distinctly elongate, first two not perceptibly thicker than
the third, first three uniformly and very gradually decreasing in length,

seventh obconical; club elongate, slender, pointed, annulate, one-half
as long as the scape. Prothorax distinctly wider than long, scarcely
perceptibly narrowed from base to apex; sides almost evenly and mod-
erately arcuate ; base and apex truncate; disk evenly convex, coarsely,

very densely, and deeply punctate; punctures somewhat longitudinally
coalescent ; interspaces sometimes with fine, distant punctures; scales
three or four times as sparse as those of the elytra. Elyitra two and
one-half times longer, and more than one-third wider, than prothorax,

nearly twice as long as wide, oval, rather acutely rounded behind from
above; humeri dentiform ; sides nearly straight from near the base to
just behind the middle; disk convex, slightly prominent behind on the
suture; sutural line slightly inflexed toward apex; surface with very
feeble striz, which contain large, very deep, perforate punctures ;
the latter distant in the series by slightly more than their own
diameters; intervals flat, and about twice as wide as the punctures.

Legs moderate ; femora robust ; anterior tibiz not denticulate within ;

first joint of tarsi distinctly longer than wide. Abdomen sparsely
squamose, sparsely and finely setose; first suture feebly arcuate in-the

middle half; second segment slightly longer than the next two together.

Length 7.5 mm.

Texas (exact locality not specified 1).

The ocular lobes are totally obsolete, but the fringe of vibrisse
is well marked and conspicuous.

This species differs from hispida Horn in its feebler elytral
strie, and much coarser and deeper strial punctures.

North American Rhynchophora. 247

AMNESIA Horn.

The species of this genus are rather numerous, and inhabit the
regions between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean.
Of the six species before me, but three appear to have been pre-
viously described. ‘These six species are easily divided into three
distinct groups as follows :—

Terminal spur of posterior tibize long, stout, and prominent; body oval,
rather robust, at least in the female.
I. Outer joints of funicle longer than wide; elytral pubescence very
short, Sparse; and MCONSPICUOUS...... 0... 0.6.00 0s granicollis
i. Outer joints of funicle small, robust, moniliform, not longer than
wide; pubescence of elytra long and conspicuous.
Pronotum in the middle finely and densely granulose, not at all
See MELO ne eer Pe sees lc viata leis (eel xvas sialole.e ayes Pee de granulata
Pronotum coarsely and very unevenly granulose, the granules bear-
ing a few small, bruvadly oval scales, adherent to their upper sur-
faces by reason of a varnish-like coating
Pronotum covered rather sparsely with scales which are free, or
very nearly so, not covered with a varnish-like exudation.
Pronotal scales short, oval, finely and strongly strigose. sordida
Pronotal scales very long and slender, more conspicuous, not per-
SEETHER ENO OSE cel) a ce sian) os) O's owls cele whi a a asi sls © tesselata
III. Terminal spur of posterior tibiz very small, nearly obsolete ;
body narrow and elongate; outer joints of funicle much longer
' than wide.

Antennal scape very long and slender, slightly passing the posterior
margin of the eye; elytral pubescence very short and inconspicu-
ous; anterior tibiz very strongly denticulate within throughout
Rr SENSE MMe Toye cos, Shai Sag, pv wicca 6.6 ole dane oe, mae sculptilis

In all of these species the first ventral suture is more or less

distinctly arcuate in the middle, sometimes rather broadly, and
occasionally very narrowly so. ‘The second segment varies in
length, being generally slightly longer than the third and fourth
combined, especially in group II., but sometimes slightly shorter
than the Jatter, as seen in groups I. and III. In both these
latter groups the elytral intervals are alternately more convex,
very conspicuously so near the apical declivity, while in group
II. the surface is generally even, or with the alternate intervals,
in very exceptional cases, very slightly more prominent. The
ocular lobe also varies conspicuously in prominence. Through
sculptilis the genus, as here considered, seems to approach very
near to Dyslobus Lec., and as it is seen to be rather hetero-

248 On Some New

geneous in a great many characters—although preserving a cer-
tain facies which is unmistakable—its separation from Dyslobus
may be premature. 7

The use of the terminal spur of the posterior tibize in the
separation of the genera of the Strangaliodes is rather mislead-
ing, except when employed in a relative sense, because this spur
is generally present in at least a rudimentary state; in the genus
before us it appears to lose all significance, as it would evidently
be unwarrantable to separate the species with less developed spur
from those in which it is more prominent, because of their great
similarity in the more important characters and their great
variability in others of less moment.

The humeri of such species as granicollis are dentate when
viewed vertically, this appearance being the vertical projection
of the obliquely elevated basal margin of the elytra. In grani-
collis the second ventral segment is transversely tumid or sub-
carinate in the middle throughout its width. I have not ob-
served this character in any other species.

A. granulata n. sp.—Form elongate-ovoidal, slightly widest at-
posterior third of elytra, convex, blackish-castaneous, finely and very
densely granulose throughout the pronotum and elytra, the granules
each with a very minute, obsolete nun-setigerous puncture, the long, ~
rather dense, erect black setz arising from the interspaces, not regu-
larly arranged on the elytra; along the sides of the pronotum the
granulations are slightly pale, and along the flanks of the elytra there
are three or four small spots of whitish tint. Head moderate, hemispheri-
cal; beak distinctly longer and much narrower, broadly, transversely,
and very evenly convex, without trace of medial carina, transversely
and strongly impressed at base, about one-half longer than wide,
dilated at tip, granulations becoming small and more squamiform at
the base of the head, very dense throughout; antenne rather robust;
scape scarcely attaining the posterior margin of the eye, feebly clavate,
shorter than the funicle ; first joint of the latter much longer than the
second, outer joints short, moniliform, seventh slightly longer than the
sixth ; club robust, oval, pointed, very feebly annulated. Prothorax
nearly one-fourth wider than long ; sides broadly arcuate, nearly even
throughout the length ; base and apex truncate, the former distinctly
wider; ocular lobes rather small, but distinct; disk broadly, evenly
convex, narrowly and deeply canaliculate in the middle, from apical
to basal fifth. Hlytra about two-thirds longer than wide, about one-
third wider than the prothorax, broadly emarginate at base; sides very
feebly arcuate ; humeri obsolete, very broadly rounded, the sides not at
all dentate, but forming an unrounded acute angle with the emargina-

North American Rhynchophora. 249

tion of the base ; disk convex, finely, rather deeply striate; strize finely,
deeply, but not very closely punctate; intervals flat, even, equal. Legs
rather densely granulose, each granule being formed by a thick rounded
scale, covered with a shining coating, rather densely setose. Abdomen
rather strongly and densely punctate. Length 6.5 mm.

California (Humboldt and Siskiyou Cos. 2).

Not closely allied to any other described species, but belongs
in the neighborhood of rauca.

A. rauca Horn—Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XV., p. 51.—Four
specimens from the neighborhood of San Francisco appear to
coincide well with the original description of this species. ‘The
type specimen was undoubtedly a male; in the female the
elytra are decidedly more inflated and the form more robust.

A. tesselata n. sp.—Form robust, oval, convex, moderately densely
clothed with pale brownish fulvous scales ; prothorax with arcuate in-
terrupted lateral vittz and a very narrow median line black, alternate
intervals of elytra with darker and paler spots giving a tesselated ap-
pearance, more evident on the third interval behind; setz rather dense,
moderate or rather short, pale yellowish, irregularly arranged on the
elytra, more prominent on the pronotum. Head hemispherical; beak
much longer than the head, fully one-half longer than wide, dilated at
apex, flattened, obsoletely subcarinate in the middle toward base;
basal transverse impression strong ; surface finely, deeply, very densely,
and subrugulosely punctate; beak not at all squamose, setose ; head
with squamulose hairs ; antennz rather robust ; scape short, just at-
taining the middle of the eye, gradually and rather strongly clavate,
distinctly shorter than the funicle; basal joint of the latter slightly
longer than the second. Prothorax nearly one-third wider than long ;
sides broadly, evenly, and rather feebly arcuate ; base truncate, much
wider than the apex; the latter feebly sinuate in the middle; disk
broadly convex, with a narrow, deeply impressed median canaliculation
from the middle nearly to the apex, finely, deeply, densely, and sub-
rugulosely punctate, not granulate. Elytra convex, oval, less than one-
half longer than wide, three-fourths wider than the prothorax ; sides
broadly, distinctly arcuate ; humeri very broadly rounded, obsolete ex-
ternally, basal angle right, not rounded; base broadly emarginate ;
disk finely striate ; strie feebly impressed, with small, rounded, rather
distant punctures, each of which bears a very minute, subrecumbent,
pale seta; intervals broadly, feebly convex. Legs very sparsely
squamose, with long erect setz. Abdomen rather finely, deeply, and
moderately densely punctate; first suture arcuate, and impressed for a
very short distance in the middle. Length 5.5 mm.

California (San Francisco 3).

250 On Some New

The above description is drawn from the female. The male
is more slender with the elytra less inflated. é

This is a very distinct species, not closely allied to any other ;
it should be placed near sordida and decidua, from both of
which it differs in its rugulosely punctate and not granulate
pronotum. ‘The ocular lobes are very broad and short. :

A. sculptilis n. sp.—Elongate, convex, castaneous; legs throughout
pale rufous, antennez slightly darker; rather sparsely clothed with —
very small rounded. free scales, reddish in color, with bright cupreous
golden reflection. Head hemispherical; beak nearly twice as long
as the head, and twice as long as wide, basal impression rather
strong, with the surface subcylindrical, broadly and feebly tumid or
subcarinate toward base, the tumid portion shining and not punctate,
gradually strongly dilated toward tip, where there is a median elongate
puncture between the bases of the antenne; surface coarsely, deeply,
densely, and subrugulosely punctate, with scattered sete towards apex,
sparse rounded scales between the eyes, and denser elongate squamiform
hairs at the base ; antennez very long and slender ; first two joints of
funicle equal in length, seventh much longer and thicker than the sixth,
obconical, much longer than wide; club small, elongate-oval, pointed,
not as long as the three preceding joints together. Prothorax as long
as wide; sides parallel and very feebly arcuate, except near the base
and apex where they are more rapidly convergent and arcuate; base
and apex broadly and extremely feebly arcuate, the former slightly the
wider; disk broadly, evenly convex, coarsely, deeply, and rather
densely ruguloso-granulate, the granules with large setigerous punctures;.
surface with minute round scales, evenly and widely scattered, and with
short, robust, erect setee; median impressed channel only present for a
short distance near the apical margin; ocular lobes broad, moderate in
length, densely fimbriate. Scutellum very short, broadly angulate.
Elytra elongate, three-fourths longer than wide, widest near the
middle, where they are about one-fourth wider than the prothorax ;
sides very broadly arcuate ; humeri very broadly rounded, obsolete ex-
ternally, basal angle slightly produced and acute ; base broadly emargi-
nate; disk abruptly declivous at posteriorf ourth, the declivous portion
straight along the suture and not perpendicular, having rows of large,
round, very deeply impressed punctures, distant by two to three times
their own width, each bearing from its internal anterior edge an ex-
tremely minute pale seta ; intervals alternately nearly flat and convex,
the convexities becoming much more prominent toward the apical decliv-
ity, rather densely clothed with small, round, separated scales, and short,
very robust, erect blackish setze not regularly arranged. Abdomen
rather feebly ruguloso-punctate, sparsely, finely pubescent, with a few
scattered squamiform hairs near the sides, impressed in the middle of
the base; first suture feebly arcuate for a very short distance in the

North American Rhynchophora. 251

middle. Legs very sparsely squamose, more densely setose, long; tibize
long and slender, the anterior strongly denticulate along the inner edge.
Length 8.5 mm.

California (Anderson Valley, Mendocino Co. 1).

In the type, which is probably a male, the anterior tibia are
strongly bent inward near the apex. The middle tibiz are
slightly shorter than either the anterior or posterior, and both
the middle and posterior have a few small denticles along the
inner edge. The posterior tibiz are nearly straight, and not
abruptly, but at apex, as is related of the male of Dyslobus by
Dr. Horn (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XV., p. 41). This species in
fact appears to unite the characters of Dyslobus and Amnesia,
and perhaps indicates the propriety of uniting them under the
name Dyslobus.

The present specimen was found in the sandy bed of the
Navarro River, under dried leaves, in the latter part of June. It
is probably one of the species peculiar to the great redwood
belt.

NOCHELES Horn.

N. vestitus n. sp.—Form rather elongate-oval, convex; very densely
clothed throughout the body, legs and antennal scape with rather large,
widely overlapping scales, which are dark-brown in color, and very
deeply and coarsely striate. ead very short and broad, deeply in-
serted; beak three times as long as the head, more than twice as long
as wide; sides parallel, straight; ale rather large and dilated; surface
nearly flat, extremely, broadly, and feebly impressed transversely at
base, having in the middle near the apex a minute, elongate fovea, sparse-
ly, finely punctate, with prominent setiform erect scales, tip with a
smal] angular glabrous area; scrobes beginning at the apex, deep and
cavernous, feebly arcuate, rapidly becoming evanescent before the eyes,
and at a distance from them more than equal to their own width; an-
tennze rather robust; scape gradually enlarged from base to apex, pass-
ing just.beyond the anterior margin of the eye, distinctly shorter than
the funicle; the latter not squamose, but with robust setee, fine pubes-
cence and a roughly pitted surface, two basal joints elongate, subequal,
remainder short, seventh slightly wider than long; eyes rather large and
finely granulate, feebly convex, wider than long, slightly pointed be-
neath. Prothorax scarcely as long as the head and beak, slightly wider
than long, widest slightly before the middle; sides distinctly and broadly
arcuate, constricted at the sides just behind the apex; ocular lobes
moderate in size, very strong, with a row of very short fimbriz, almost
entirely beneath the eyes, the latter free; base broadly arcuate; apex
truncate between the ocular lobes, distinctly narrower than the base;

252 On Some New

disk convex, finely subrugulose, densely punctate, with a deeply im-
pressed median line, densely squamose and with prominent suberect -
setiform scales. Scutellum minute, triangular, evident. Elytra oblong- —
oval, abruptly declivous, and slightly inflexed at apex, one-half longer
than wide, two-thirds wider than the prothorax; sides feebly arcuate;
humeri narrowly rounded, slightly prominent; base broadly emarginate;
disk convex, coarsely and rather strongly striate, strize nearly as wide
as the intervals, equal, having rows of moderate rather deep punctures
which are separated by about three times their own widths, and each
closed by a broad whitish scale; intervals convex, each with a single
prominent line of long, erect setiform scales. Legs rather robust; an-
terior tibiz finely denticulate within; cotyloid surfaces oblique; terminal
spur of posterior small but distinct. First ventral segment more con-
vex; suture arcuate in middle three-fourths; second segment much lon-
ger than the next two together. Length 6.5 mm.

Nevada (Washoe Co.).

The mentum almost entirely fills the gular opening, entirely
covering the maxillz; it is moderate in size, as wide as long,
subquadrate with the angles rounded, concave behind, not pe-
dunculate. The mandibular scar is rather large and prominent,
subtriangular. The apical cavernous portions of the antennal
scrobes are quite as open when viewed vertically as laterally, in
this respect seeming to form a transition toward Phyxelis.

This species, which differs from equalis Horn in color and in
its deeper median thoracic line and elytral striz, was found in
abundance in the bed of the Truckee River at Reno, under stones
in very early spring.

The setiform scales of the upper surface are very prominent,
and of a bright brownish-yellow color.

MILODERES pn. gen. (Ophryastini).

This name is proposed for a very singular species possessing
the following assemblage of characters :—

Beak slightly longer and narrower than the head, very feebly nar-
rowed toward apex; ale very feebly dilated ; surface of head and beak
continuously convex, without trace of transverse impression. Eyes
rather small, slightly convex, coarsely granulated, oval, slightly wider
than long. Antenne rather slender, subapical ; scape slender at base,
abruptly clavate, attaining the middle of the eyes; funicle slender,
seven-jointed, basal joint as long as the next two combined, outer
joints shorter, moniliform, seventh slightly wider than long, oval, rather
close to the club; the latter elongate, rather narrow, pointed, finely

North American Rhynchophora. 253

pubescent ; remainder coarsely and sparsely setose, shining. Scrobes
beginning on the sides at the apex, gradually descending in a rather
strong arc, and ending near the lower margin of the eye, rather deep
and narrow. Mentum large, flat, not deeply placed, filling the entire
gular cavity, wider than long, broadly rounded at apex. Genz witha
rather small and feeble mandibular emargination. Mandibular scar
small, not prominent, strongly transverse. Prothorax with small but
distinct ocular lobes, which are distinctly fimbriate. Scutellum not
distinct. Elytra inflated. Legs rather short and robust ; anterior tibize
not denticulate within ; articular surfaces very oblique, scaly, those of
the posterior not cavernous, the latter not mucronate at tip. Posterior
cox very widely separated, at the sides of the body, small. Abdomen
rather short; first suture arcuate for a short distance in the middle ;
second segmentslightly longer than the next two together. Tarsi spinose
beneath, with the third joint distinctly wider than the second, bilobed ;
the fourth is as long as the remainder combined ; basal joint scarcely
longer than the second. Claws rather long, free.

If we regard this genus as belonging to the first division of
Dr. Horn, its place is probably near Cimbocera, but the meso-
sternal side-pieces are completely divided, the episternum entirely
separated from the elytra by the epimeron, and the metasternal
episternum is produced inward slightly at the apex, which
characters would prompt us to place it in the second division,
where, however, it apparently does not belong. In form it
greatly resembles Trigonoscuta pilosa, and in the latter species
the mesosternal side-pieces are also divided as in the second
division, ©

M. setosus n. sp.—Form oval, rather robust, convex, densely
covered throughout with a thick indument, composed of very large
luteous closely adherent scales, which are very convex and polygonally
crowded on the head, prothorax, and abdomen, but flatter and more
dense on the elytra; color of body and legs black; entire surface
bristling with very long, erect, pale setae, not regularly arranged on the
elytra. Beak slightly longer than the head, feebly attenuate, flat,
with a very indistinct median fovea, slightly produced in the middle at
apex, the lobe separated posteriorly by a posteriorly angulate suture.
Prothorax widest slightly before the middle; sides strongly arcuate,
convergent toward base, just perceptibly constricted at the sides im-
mediately behind the apical margin, one-half wider than long, much
wider than the head, not perceptibly punctate; base truncate ; apex
broadly, feebly arcuate, equal to the base. Elytra inflated, widest at
basal fourth ; sides thence feebly convergent and very feebly arcuate,
abruptly, broadly rounded behind ; posterior declivity perpendicular ;
humeri obsolete ; disk convex, one-half wider than the prothorax, one-

254 On Some New

fourth longer than wide, having rows of coarse, deep, very distant
punctures ; intervals unevenly and rather coarsely punctured. Length
5.5 mm.

California (Kern ee: A).

The punctures of the elytral intervals are not as large as those |
of the rows, but are so unevenly distributed as to almost com-
pletely destroy the appearance of serial arrangement in the
latter, which appearance is increased by the great distance of
the serial punctures.

SCIOPITHES Horn.

The species of this genus are numerous in California; those
here described may be mutually separated as follows:—

Antennal scape passing distinctly beyond the anterior margin of the
prothorax.
Sixth joint of funicle distinctly shorter than the seventh.

Outer joints of funicle slender ; seventh joint in the female much
longer than either the fourth, fifth, or sixth, equal to the third,
and in the male very nearly as long.

Elytral scales smaller, very minutely and feebly striate; setz
generally finer and piceous ; surface markings strong and dis-
BUWICH.. Coie cis< cba oe ate bhi ceueee ooer Eee .... Significans,

Elytral scales coarse, especially near the suture, very coarsely
and deeply striate; sete more robust and squamose, pale; ~
surface markings very indistinct and suffused..... brumalis,

Outer joints of funicle more robust; seventh but slightly longer

than the fifth or sixth, scarcely longer, but more robust than the

PORES. b.8 ok ee ete met ieiese hy Sd huis pl & 0 a che elena ee ee arcuatus,

Sixth and seventh joints of funicle both elongate, equal.
ang ustuius.

Antennal scape just attaining the anterior margin of the prothorax.
setosus.

These characters appear to be but slightly affected by sex. The
shallow fovea mentioned by Dr. Horn is visible in significans,
brumalis, and arcuatus as a very broad, excessively feeble im-
pression on each side of the upper portion of the pronotum and
just behind the middle, but is entirely obsolete in angustulus
and setosus. iS. obscuwrus Horn may possibly be included in the
above table, but the description of this species will apply more
or less satisfactorily to several; 1, however, believe it to be unre-
presented in the material before me, as the posterior band of the

North American Rhynchophora. 255

elytra is mentioned as being ‘‘ very irregularly sinuous.” ‘This
expression will scarcely apply to significans and arcwatus—the
only two which can be reasonably selected to compare with
obscurus—as in these species the transverse band is but very
slightly uneven.

In form these species are all more or less ileal Rea anteriorly,
with the elytra strongly inflated, the integuments very densely
squamose, and the claws rather approximate.

S. significans n. sp.—Sides of the prothorax and elytra pale luteous,
the pale tint crossing the elytra posteriorly in a broadly, feebly sinuate
band edged anteriorly with piceous ; remainder of the upper surface
very dark reddish-brown; median pale line of pronotum exceedingly
narrow and feeble and only visible toward base; abdomen very sparsely
squamose toward apex, rather densely so toward base, sparsely clothed
with erect pale hairs. Head and beak very slightly longer than the
prothorax, gradually narrowed from base to apex; eyes large, convex,
at nearly their own length from the base; front depressed, with an
_ elongate canaliculate puncture between the eyes ; transverse impression
very feeble; beak as long as wide, very feebly and obsoletely carinate
along the middle; scrobes very short, deep, cavernous, convergent,
vanishing at their own length from the eyes; apex between them tri-
angularly impressed and almost glabrous, the bottom more declivous at
the apex; antenne long and slender; scape feebly arcuate, setose, very
sparsely squamose above; funicle slender, not more robust toward apex,
basal joint slightly less than one-half longer than the second, first four
joints decreasing uniformly and rapidly in length. Prothorax cylin-
drical, slightly wider than long, broadly constricted in the apical third;
sides feebly arcuate in the middle; disk rather coarsely, deeply, but
not densely punctate, sparsely and finely setose; setae subrecumbent.
Elytra strongly inflated, more than twice as wide as the prothorax,
nearly one-half longer than wide, very acute at apex; sides arcuate;
disk convex, tumid along the suture behind, very finely and feebly
striate; striz finely, feebly, and very distantly punctate; intervals very
. feebly convex, each with a widely distant row of smal] subrecumbent
sete. Legs slightly more sparsely squamose, setose. Abdomen feebly
convex; first suture feebly arcuate in the middle; second segment one-
half longer than the third; third and fourth subequal. Length 4.0-6.0
mm.

California (Mendocino Co. 2; Humboldt Co. 12).

In this species the central parts of the disk are very deep in
color, the outer portions pale and the lines of demarcation very
strong and distinct; the sete assumed the color of the surround-
ing scales. ‘The claws appear to be very slightly connate at base,

256 On Some New

but the two short fixed spurs of the posterior tibie are visible;
they are very short, approximate, and truncate.

It is more slender and with less inflated elytra than obscurus,
as represented in the cabinet of Dr. LeConte; it is also decid-
edly smaller than that species. The specimens from Humboldt |
Co. are slightly smaller than those from Mendocino and differ
in having slightly shorter, more convex and inflated elytra, with
paler but more distinct markings, but more especially in the
form of the prothorax which is decidedly more strongly inflated
in the middle, and in the vestiture of the under surface of the
abdomen, which in the Humboldt specimens is completely de-
void of broad scales toward apex, while in the southern speci-
mens there is a decided admixture of such scales. In antennal
structure it fulfills the tabular character, and it can only be at
best a local variety of significans.

S. brumalis n. sp.—Nearly uniform dark grayish-brown through-
‘out, a posteriorly arcuate, very feeble, and ill-defined band crossing the
elytra at the summit of the apical declivity; prothorax very slightly
paler at the sides. Head and beak as long as the prothorax, rapidly
narrowed from base to apex; ale very slightly dilated; eyes at less than
their own length from the base; surface nearly as in significans, the
median carina being a little stronger and continuous along the apical
depressed glabrous area; the latter not forming a closed angle; antennze
long, slender; scape rather strongly arcuate; funicle not incrassate, first
joint one-third longer than the second, seventh very long, two-thirds
longer than the sixth. Prothorax slightly wider than long, subcylin-
drical, very slightly more convex at the middle of the sides; base slightly
narrower than the apex, both transversely truncate; disk rather finely,
deeply, and very sparsely punctate, sparsely clothed with small semi-
erect pale sete which are much smaller and less squamiform than those
of the head. Elytra inflated, oblong-oval, more than twice as wide as
the prothorax, a little more than one-third longer than wide, rather
acutely rounded behind; sides arcuate, nearly straight for a short dis-
tance in the middle; disk convex, rather flat near the suture, not per-
ceptibly tumid near the suture behind, rather finely and deeply striate;
‘striz finely and not closely punctate; intervals feebly convex, each with
arow of rather robust, nearly erect, pale, subsquamiform sete. Abdomen
more sparsely squamose toward apex, sparsely covered with rather long,
recumbent whitish sete; first suture very slightly arcuate for a very
Short distance in the middle; second nearly as long as cBe next two
together. Length 5.5 mm.

California (Marin Co. 2).
In this species the claws are rather robust and but slightly

North American Rhynchophora. 257

divergent, but they appear to be quite free throughout. It is
easily distinguishable by its nearly uniform dark grayish color,
coarse scales, and the form of the prothorax, this being slightly
narrower at base than at apex.

8. arcuatus n. sp.—Rather robust, convex; scales small, rather
pale, grayish-ochreous, with a narrow, dark, and even band crossing the
elytra in a very feebly and posteriorly arcuate course at the summit of
the declivity; other markings very indistinct and suffused, the sides of
the prothorax and an imperfect, elongate oval ring at the base of each
elytron paler; abdomen very sparsely squamose toward apex, sparsely.
setose. Head and beak as long as the prothorax; the former short and
broad; beak gradually narrowed to apex, slightly longer than the head;.
alz not at all dilated; front with an elongate puncture between the eyes;
beak broadly elevated along the middle third, the elevation broadly
concave, more deeply so and finely carinate between the scrobes,
glabrous near the apex and with a small declivous impressed triangular
. area at tip; scrobes very short, broad, deep, and cavernous, moderately
convergent, vanishing at much more than their own length from the
eyes; antennz long and rather slender; scape very long, slender,
strongly arcuate; funicle scarcely as long as the scape, first joint but.
slightly longer than the second, the latter as long as the third and
fourth together; outer joints slightly more robust; club scarcely more
than one-fourth as long as the scape. Prothorax subcylindrical, slightly
wider than long, broadly and feebly constricted in the apical third;
sides broadly arcuate in the middle; base transverse, very slightly
wider than the apex; the latter broadly and extremely feebly sinuate
in the middle; disk finely, very sparsely and unevenly punctate, with
small, sparse, arcuate subrecumbent setz. Elytra inflated, convex,
rather acute at apex; sides arcuate; disk one-third longer than wide,
slightly more than twice as wide as the prothorax, slightly tumid along
the suture posteriorly, finely striate; striz finely and distantly punc-
tate; intervals broadly and feebly convex, each with a single and oc-
casionally unevenly double line of small, slender, arcuate, subrecumbent
_piceous sete. Legs rather long, densely scabrous; femora rather
strongly clavate. Length 6.5 mm.

California (Mendocino Co. 1).

In this species the claws are rather robust, somewhat feebly
divergent, although very distinctly separated throughout their
length.

S. angustulus n. sp.—Form very slightly robust, rather depressed
above; scales dark reddish-brown, two or three very small spots near
the base of each elytron and a posteriorly arcuate band near the
apical declivity which is slightly broken to the rear at the suture,
blackish; sides and narrow median line of the prothorax just visibly

258 On Some New

paler; abdomen sparsely squamose toward base, not at all so near the
apex, somewhat sparsely clothed with rather long, erect, very fine sete:
Head and beak short and robust; the latter not as long as the head,
distinctly wider than long, very feebly dilated at apex; front with an
elongate canalicular puncture between the eyes; scrobes deep, rather
large, oval, strongly convergent, approaching the eyes within their own —
length, inner margins slightly elevated and carinate ; intermediate sur-
face feebly concave, very obsoletely carinate, glabrous; apex with
usual angulate area; antenne rather long; scape feebly arcuate, much -
shorter than the funicle; first joint of the latter one-third longer than
the second, the latter much shorter than the third and fourth combined.
Prothorax cylindrical, one-third wider than long, scarcely perceptibly
constricted near the apex; sides distincly arcuate in the middle; base
and apex transversely truncate, equal; disk rather finely and sparsely
punctate and with rather fine, long, semi-erect sete. lytra oblong,
subelongate, nearly one-half longer than wide, slightly more than
twice as wide as the prothorax; sides parallel and very feebly arcuate
in the middle; disk feebly convex in the middle, subacutely rounded
behind, scarcely perceptibly tumid on the suture behind, finely striate;
strie finely and remotely punctate; intervals nearly flat, with single
and double rows of rather long, fine, nearly erect sete which are more
than usually approximate, pale and dark intermingled. Legs moderate,
sparsely setose; femora paler and densely squamose near the apex,
devoid of scales toward base; tibize densely squamose except near the
tip which is free from scales. Length 4.7 mm.

California (Napa Co. 1). |

The transverse impression at the base of the beak is rather
stronger than usual and the claws are distinctly free throughout
their length, although not widely divergent. The prothorax is
more strongly transverse and the sete covering the integuments
are distinctly longer, finer, denser, and more erect than in the
species previously described. .

S. setosus n. sp.—Form rather robust, convex; scales pale grayish-
white, with a suffused, outwardly oblique line, externally near the base
of each elytron and a transverse, strongly and posteriorly angulate,
suffused band near the apex, darker brown; sides and narrow median
line of prothorax of the same color as the elytra and paler than the
remainder of the disk; abdomen very sparsely squamose and with fine
elongate setze. Head and beak moderately robust, as long as the pro-
thorax; the latter slightly longer than the head and fully as long as
wide; sides parallel; front with a short canalicular puncture; transverse
impression very strong; beak broadly and strongly elevated along the
middle, the elevated area feebly carinate along the middle and also the
lateral edges over the scrobes; apex with very feebly defined angulate

North American Rhynchophora. 259

declivous area which is glabrous and scarcely impressed; scrobes rather
large, distant, nearly parallel, vanishing at slightly less than their own
length from the eyes; antennz rather robust; scape nearly straight,
scarcely attaining the prothorax, about as long as the funicle; first
joint of the latter nearly as long as the next two together, seventh dis-
_ tinctly longer than the sixth. Prothorax slightly wider than long;
sides broadly and distinctly arcuate nearly throughout the length,
convergent and nearly straight near the apex; base transverse, slightly
wider than the apex; the latter broadly, feebly, and subangularly
emarginate, and fringed with very fine scales; disk convex, rather
finely and densely, but somewhat unevenly punctate, finely setose.
Elytra oval, inflated, convex, more than twice as wide as the prothorax,
widely and gradually inflexed beneath, one-third longer than wide,
rather broadly and evenly rounded behind from above; sides feebly
arcuate; disk not tumid on the suture; the latter obliterated by the
Squamose vestiture, finely striate; strice finely and distantly punctate;
intervals feebly convex, with very uneven rows of fine whitish erect
setze which are rather dense and very distinct. Abdomen narrow and
rather strongly acuminate. Length 6.0 mm.

California (Napa Co. 2; Marin Co. 2).

The scales are small and distinctly less dense than in the
other species here described. ‘This species is, moreover, aber-
rant in its short antennal scape, more distant and parallel
scrobes, more oval prothorax, its almost perfectly oval elytra
which are more broadly inflexed, and in its narrow abdomen.
The pattern of elytral ornamentation is also different, the
posterior transverse band not being broadly and posteriorly
arcuate, but strongly angulate. In all essential points of
generic structure it, however, appears to find a very fitting
place in the present genus, the two additional terminal spurs
of the posterior tibiz being distinct. The claws are not strongly
divergent, but free as in the other species. The scutellum is
minute and triangular, but distinctly visible between the bases
of the elytra.

STENOPTOCHUS 0». gen. (Otiorhynchini).
This genus may be characterized in few words as follows:—

Claws connate at base. First ventral suture straight; second segment
shorter than the third and fourth together. Articular surfaces of the
posterior tibiz glabrous. Beak longer than the head, feebly dilated at
apex; scrobes superior, deep, short, vanishing at slightly more than
their own iength from the eyes, very feebly convergent. Antennz

5 ade

260 On Some New

moderate; scape very feebly arcuate, not attaining the anterior margin
of the prothorax, setose and sparsely scaly; funicle seven-jointed, dis-
tinctly longer than the scape, setose, first joint as long as the next two
together; club elongate-oval, finely pubescent, scarcely one-half as long

as the scape. Tibiz distinctly mucronate throughout. en ee

The first ventral segment is practically straight, but upon —
very close observation is seen to be very broadly and excessively
feebly arcuate in the middle two-thirds, and exceedingly feebly
and anteriorly oblique at the sides. ‘The genus should properly
be considered a connecting link between Paraptochus Seidl. and
Thricolepis Horn, from both of which it is certainly distinct,
according to the present mode of estimating generic differences
in the group Periteli.

S. inconstans n. sp.—Moderately robust, convex, very densely
clothed with rather small, minutely and densely striate scales, which
are slightly wider than long; scales sparser on the legs and body
beneath, entirely replaced by fine hairs towards the apex of the abdo-
men; general color above white, with a large, oval, darker discal area
on the elytra, which is limited behind by a transverse, very irregular,
angular band of white, margined anteriorly with castaneous; bases of
the fourth and sixth intervals, and an elongated spot on the sixth inter-
val, confluent behind with the white sides, also white; broad median
area of the pronotum dark-brown, the stripe being slightly dilated be-
hind and slightly paler along the median line. Head feebly convex,
with a fine, short median stria between the eyes; the latter rather con-
vex, at more than their own length from the prothorax; beak separated
from the head by a transverse, feebly arcuate impression, longer than
wide, flattened, apex glabrous and with a small, triangular, impressed
area in the middle of the apical margin. Prothorax one-third wider
than long, subcylindrical, very slightly narrower toward apex; sides
broadly subangulate; base truncate; apex very broadly, feebly arcuate;
disk finely, rather unevenly and not densely punctate, each puncture
bearing a short, erect, squamiform seta. -Hlytra oval, in the middle
twice as wide as the prothorax, one-half longer than wide; apex per-
pendicular, acutely rounded; disk convex, finely, deeply striate; strize
finely, not closely punctate; intervals feebly convex; suture fine, dis-
tinct. Legs moderately robust. Metasternal episterna narrow, distinct,
Length 3.5-5.0 mm.

California (Los Angeles Co. 3).

The typical representative is the darkest in color, and the other
two are so pale that the dark areas spoken of in the description
can scarcely be discerned. Hach elytral interval bears a single

North American Rhynchophora. 261

row of long erect scales which take the color of the surface
vestiture.

In the general character of elytral ornamentation, this species
bears a great resemblance to Peritelinus variegatus, but the
beak and abdomen are quite different.

ORTHOPTOCHUS n. gen. (Otiorhynchini).

Beak scarcely as long as the head, slightly narrowed toward apex ;
eyes large, slightly longitudinally oval, slightly convex; inter-
ocular surface nearly flat, with a short median canaliculation; beak
transversely and feebly impressed at base, the channel being posteriorly
arcuate, finely carinate in the middle anteriorly ; scrobes superior,
slightly convergent, rather distant, deep anteriorly, gradually becoming
obsolete near the eyes; antennz rather slender ; scape long, very slen-
der, feebly arcuate, extending distinctly beyond the anterior margin of
the prothorax, sparsely setose, not at all scaly, fully as long as the
funicle ; the latter slender, first joint scarcely more robust, nearly as
long as the second and third together, second distinctly shorter than
the third and fourth combined, three to seven shorter, equal, longer
than wide, not increasing in thickness, all coarsely setose; club
elongate-oval, pointed, finely pubescent, as long as the three preceding
joints together. Elytra inflated. First abdominal suture straight ;
second segment fully as long as the next two together. Legs moderate ;
tibize feebly dilated internally at apex, very minutely mucronate ; coty-
loid surfaces of the posterior glabrous. Claws connate at base. Meta-
sternal episterna extremely narrow ; suture nearly obsolete.

This genus belongs near Paraptochus, if we regard the shape
of the first ventral suture as of primary importance; it differs
from Peritelopsis in its straight sutures, also in being squamose,
with larger erect scales intermingled.

O. squamiger n. sp.—Oval, moderately robust, convex, extremely
densely covered with moderate, generally slightly transverse scales of
a nearly uniform, very dark reddish-brown or castaneous color, much
sparser on the abdomen, and absent toward the apex of the latter; ab-
domen clothed rather densely with long, robust, subrecumbent hairs.
Head and beak conical, the sides convergent from base to apex ; front
densely squamose, and with a few large erect scales between the eyes ;
apex glabrous, and with but slight trace of a defined angular impres-
sion, feebly rugulose. Prothorax slightly shorter than the head and
beak, two-fifths wider than long, subcylindrical, very feebly narrowed
toward apex ; sides broadly arcuate or subangulate ; base transverse ;
apex broadly, very feebly arcuate ; disk convex, covered with a dense
uniform mass of scales, with a few short, robust and erect, not percep-

262 On Some New

tibly punctate. lytra inflated, convex, twice as wide as the prothorax,
one-third longer than wide; sides arcuate; together rather pointed
behind, very finely, feebly striate, not visibly punctate; intervals
nearly flat, each with a single row of very widely spaced, short, robust,

erect scales. Length 3.7 mm.

California (exact locality not known).

I have before me but a single specimen of this small species,
the characters of which appear to necessitate the creation of a
new genus. |

PERITELODES pn. gen. (Otiorhynchini).

Beak very short, scarcely as long as the head ; sides parallel, slightly
dilated at apex; scrobes narrow, deep, very widely separated, very
feebly convergent, not attaining the eyes; the latter rather large,
widely distant, feebly convex, at their own length from the prothorax ;
front flat, separated from the beak by a transversely sinuate, very
feeble impression ; antennz moderate ; scape densely squamose, setose,
rather robust, strongly arcuate, not quite attaining the prothorax, and
distinctly shorter than the funicle; the latter slender, nearly equal
in thickness throughout, setose, sparsely squamulose toward base, basal
joint nearly as long as the next two together, second nearly as long as
the third and fourth combined, outer four joints much longer than
wide, equal in length ; club elongate-oval, finely pubescent. Prothorax
cylindrical, Elytra strongly inflated. First abdominal suture very
- feebly arcuate in the middle ; second segment as long as the next two
together. Legs robust; posterior tibiz with two fixed approximate
terminal spurs which are truncate at apex ; cotyloid surface glabrous.
Claws strongly connate at base. -

This genus differs from Peritelinus, to which it is otherwise
very closely related, in having two. fixed terminal spurs to the
posterior tibie ; the first ventral suture is much more feebly and
less broadly arcuate in the middle, and the second segment
slightly shorter than in that genus.

P. obtectus n. sp.—Rather robust, convex, densely clothed with
dark-brown scales which are whiter on the flanks and along the median
line of the prothorax, and with a few white scales irregularly scattered
over the elytra ; scales rather convex, wider than long, oval, finely and
rather distinctly strigate; abdomen more sparsely squamose, scarcely
more sparsely so toward apex, and with rather robust white setz, scales
white. Head and beak distinctly longer than the prothorax ; the latter
scarcely as long as the head and slightly wider than long, having at
apex a short, broadly angular impressed glabrous area, bounded posteri-
orly by a raised carina, and having its apex broadly, angularly emargi-

North American Rhynchophora. 263

nate; surface densely squamose, and with a few very robust erect scales
near the eyes. Prothorax nearly one-half wider than long, feebly and
broadly constricted in the apical third, cylindrical; base and apex
equal, truncate ; sides feebly arcuate in the middle; disk very finely
and sparsely punctate, having a few erect scales, especially along the
apex. LHlytrajstrongly inflated, more than twice as wide as the pro-
thorax, one-third longer than wide, rather acuminate at apex; sides
arcuate ; disk convex, finely striate ; striz feebly impressed, very finely,
obsoletely, and distantly punctate; intervals feebly convex, each with a
very widely spaced row of robust, erect, piceous scales. Legs robust,
densely squamose, sparsely setose. Metasternal episternum rather
wide ; suture only distinct anteriorly. Length 5.4 mm.

California (Monterey Co. 1).

The type specimen, which was taken near the town of Mon-
terey, is covered in great part with a scabrous coating, which ap-
pears to have been caused by a viscous exudation. ‘The species
differs greatly in habitus and ornamentation from Perttelinus
variegatus, having much more globose-and inflated elytra.

PERITELINUS 2. gen. (Otiorhynchini).

P. variegatus n. sp.—Somewhat robust, convex, densely clothed
with scales which are rather small, round, and excessively minutely
and densely striate ; general color above dark reddish-brown, beneath
whitish, broad median area of pronotum brown, very distinctly limited
at the sides; elytra at the sides beneath whitish, the white area
crossing the elytra near the apex in a very irregular angular band,
edged anteriorly with blackish, the fourth and sixth intervals, near the
base, and a spot on the sixth interval, near the middle, also white.
Head broad ; beak much narrower than the head, and about equal in
length, wider than long, dilated at the apex, separated by a transverse
impression, a triangular impressed area at tip glabrous; eyes rounded,
rather large, feebly convex, at nearly their own length from the base ;
surface densely squamose, and with sparse, erect, squamiform hairs ;.
antennz moderate; scape slightly arcuate, just attaining the anterior
margin of the prothorax, densely scaly, and with short, erect, robust
sete ; funicle with the first joint as long as the next two together,
setose and sparsely scaly ; scrobes short, deep, superior, not attaining
the eyes, very feebly convergent. Prothorax cylindrical, one-half
wider than long ; sides broadly arcuate ; base and apex equal, trans-
versely truncate; disk slightly shorter than the head and rostrum,
rather finely, densely, and deeply punctate, each puncture bearing a
short, robust, erect fuscous seta. EHlytra inflated, two-fifths longer than
wide, in the middle slightly more than twice as wide as the prothorax,
_ perpendicular behind ; apex not inflexed, rather acutely angulate ; disk

264 On Some New

convex, finely striate; strize finely, deeply, and not closely punctate; in-
tervals feebly convex, each with a single, or occasionally partly double,
line of short, erect, squamiform sete, generally piceous, but sometimes

white, in the transverse white band; suture fine, but distinct. Abdomen .

more sparsely squamose, and with short, robust, white sete ; second

segment slightly longer than the next two together; first suture.

abruptly, broadly, and distinctly arcuate in the middle half. Length |

4.0 mm.

California (Lake Tahoe, 1).

This species is placed in the new genus Peritelinus, but might -

with almost equal propriety be assigned to Peritelopsis ; in fact ~

it is possible to erect a separate genus for almost every species
of the group Periteli known to our fauna, as in many parts of
the Cerambycide series. It differs from Thricolepisin its shorter
dilated beak, and less strongly arcuate first ventral suture, and
from Peritelopsis in its longer second ventral segment and the
scrobes very feebly convergent and not attaining the eyes. ‘The
claws are connate at base; the cotyloid surfaces of the posterior
tibie glabrous, and the metasternal episterna very narrow and
linear.
GEODERCES Horn.

Asmall species before me appears to fulfill most of the condi-
tions mentioned by Dr. Horn in his diagnosis of the above genus,
but has the antennal scrobes slightly more open when viewed ver-
tically than when seen laterally, and the beak is scarcely per-
ceptibly impressed at base. The anterior tibize have some robust
internal spines, but are not denticulate. The articular surfaces
of the posterior tibis are glabrous, the first ventral suture
broadly and excessively feebly arcuate, the second segment as
long as the next two together, and the claws connate at base.

G. puncticollis n. sp.—Rather robust, convex ; scales very small,
rounded, very dense, generally very dark rufo-castaneous ; elytra very
feebly and finely mottled with paler scales which are unevenly dis-
tributed; scales sparser and intermixed with fine hairs on the abdomen.
Head short; eyes rather small, slightly convex, scarcely distant their
own length from the prothorax; beak scarcely longer than and nearly as
wide as the head, wider than long; sides parallel, surface broadly,
feebly impressed, finely carinate in the middle, with a triangular im-
pressed glabrous area at apex; scrobes parallel, deep, cavernous,
slightly more open from above, nearly attaining the eyes; antenne
rather slender ; scape extending distinctly beyond the anterior margin

North American Rhynchophora. 265

of the prothorax, very feebly arcuate, subequal in length to the funicle,
rather densely squamose, setose; funicle setose, slender, first two
joints longer, first distinctly more robust and slightly longer than the
second ; club elongate-oval, two-fifths as long as the scape. Prothorax
as long asthe head and beak, two-fifths wider than long, distinctly
narrowed toward apex and inflated behind the middle; sides rather
strongly arcuate behind, convergent and feebly sinuate toward apex ;
base and apex broadly and very feebly arcuate; disk convex, coarsely,
deeply, and sparsely punctate, with coarse erect sete, and a fine short
glabrous carina in the middle. Scutellum minute, not distinct. Elytra
at base broadly sinuate, to fit the arcuate margin of the pronotum,
oblong-oval, broadly rounded behind, not twice as long as wide, nearly
twice as wide as the prothorax, feebly convex above, strongly so at the
sides, finely and feebly striate; strize very finely and not closely punc-
tate ; intervals flat, sparsely covered with fine erect piceous setz, which
are not arranged in rows, but scattered uniformly over the surface.
Legs short and robust: tibize mucronate. Length 4.2 mm.

California (Monterey Co. 1).

The vittze of pale scales at the sides of the prothorax are very
obscure and only visible near the base, where they confront a
very small humeral pale spot, This species is decidedly smaller
than incomptus Horn.

GEODERCODES ». gen. (Otiorhynchini).

Beak slightly longer than the head, slightly narrowed toward tip, not
transversely impressed at base; scrobes lateral, slightly descending
posteriorly, attaining the eyes which are surrounded above and beneath
by a fine impressed channel. Antennz moderate; scape fully attain-
ing the prothrorax, distinctly arcuate, equal in length to the funicle,
squamose and setose; funicle slender, first joint more robust, nearly as
long as the next two together; second slender, as long as the third and
fourth combined; seventh slightly longer and wider than the sixth, all
coarsely, sparsely setose, not at all squamose; club rather small, very
densely and finely pubescent, oval, pointed. Elytra widely embracing
the sides of the body. Metasternal episterna very narrow, linear, dis-
tinct. Abdomen with the first suture broadly, feebly, but distinctly
arcuate; second segment slightly longer than the third and fourth
together; the latter very short, equal and with the sutures very deeply
impressed. Legs rather short and robust; cotyloid surface of posterior
tibiz glabrous; tibiz finely mucronate, the anterior not denticulate,
but having two or three inclined spines along the inner edge toward
apex. Claws connate at base.

As can be readily seen from the above diagnosis, this genus
_ differs from Geoderces in its longer second segment of the abdo-

266 On Some New

men, in the extent of the antennal scrobes, and in the impressed
groove surrounding the eye above and beneath, this appearance

being caused by the partial envelopment of the latter by the
scrobes. ee

G. latipennis n.sp.—Form oblong, convex, densely clothed with .
small, rounded, rather coarsely striate scales which are brownish, fer- 7
ruginous, and blackish, indiscriminately mingled on the prothorax, and
more coarsely and very irregularly mottled on the elytra; abdomen
densely squamose toward base, very sparsely so toward apex, and with
very sparse, coarse, short, erect setze. Head and beak conical with the
sides continuous and distinctly convergent from base to apex; eyes
widely distant, rounded, rather small and convex, the surface of the
head somewhat elevated above them and slightly prominent above
their upper edge; front with a short, impressed, median and longitudi-
nal groove between the eyes, which becomes a fine carina toward apex
the latter with a very small, triangular, impressed, glabrous area which
is broadly emarginate at apex; antennz affixed slightly beyond the
middle, the scrobes extending nearly to the apex. Prothorax one-third
wider than long, convex, feebly but distinctly constricted near the
apex and inflated behind the middle; sides strongly arcuate behind;
base truncate, distinctly wider than the apex; the latter broadly and
distinctly arcuate; disk finely, not densely, and very indistinctly punc-
tate, with very short, erect, sparse sete. Scutellum not distinct. Elytra
oblong, slightly longer than wide, more feebly convex above; sides
parallel, nearly straight, very broadly rounded behind; base broadly
emarginate opposite the prothorax; disk twice as wide as the pronotum,
very finely and obsoletely striate; the strize not perceptibly impressed,
and very finely, feebly, and not closely punctate; intervals flat, each
with a single widely spaced, and somewhat: uneven row of elongate,
erect, squamiform hairs; each elytron is distinctly tumid or umbonate
near the apex externally. Legs sparsely squamose and setose. Length
3.0-3.5 mm.

California (Monterey Co. 3).
Found in limited numbers near the town of Monterey under
the fallen leaves of the Monterey pine.

ARAGNOMUS Horn,

A. hispidulus n. sp.—Rather robust, very densely clothed with
rounded, pale-brown scales, which are coarsely striate, slightly paler
along the median line of the prothorax, unevenly clouded with paler on
the elytra, where there is a posterior faint angulate band of darker tint;
scales slightly smaller and sparser on the abdomen, where they are
mingled with erect hairs, rather densely so toward apex; legs with

North American Rhynchophora. 267

scales and erect squamiform hairs. Head rather depressed, but slightly
wider than the beak; the latter very slightly longer than wide, distinctly
dilated at tip, arcuately and transversely impressed at base; surface
broadly impressed; upper margins of antennal scrobes rather elevated;
apex with a triangular denuded area which is limited by an angulate
ridge, the angle continued posteriorly for a very short distance by a
distinct carina; surface with sparsely placed erect scales, denser over
the eyes; the latter rather large, feebly convex; antennz rather long;
scape arcuate, extending distinctly beyond the anterior margin of the
prothorax, squamose, and with erect robust hairs; funicle coarsely
setose, one-third longer, slender, first joint nearly one-half longer than
the second; club elongate-oval, finely pubescent. Prothorax one-half
wider than long; sides parallel, broadly arcuate; base and apex trans-
versely truncate; disk scarcely as long as the head and beak together,
cylindrically convex, rather finely and not densely punctate, each
_ puncture bearing a long erect pale scale. Hlytra inflated, declivous at
‘ apex; the latter slightly inflexed and acutely angulate; disk convex,
one-third longer than wide, in the middle twice as wide as the pro-
thorax, connate, suture entirely invisible and covered by the vestiture,
finely striate; striz rather deeply impressed, finely and not closely
punctate; intervals feebly convex, each with a single or partially double
row of long, erect, distant scales, which are cinereous and brown inter-
mixed. Legs rather short and robust. Abdomen with the first suture
broadly, feebly arcuate; second segment equal in length to the next
two together. Length 5.5 mm.

California (Los Angeles 1).

The antennal scrobes are lateral, deep, nearly straight, and
directed upon the eyes which they do not attain. It is the
largest species of the genus.

THINOXENUS Horn.

T. nevadensis n. sp.—Form oblong-elongate, convex, clothed very
densely with small rounded scales, dark brown, feebly and unevenly
mottled paler and darker ; abdomen covered throughout with a dense
crust of similar scales, with intermixed elongate squamiform hairs.
Head and beak conical, flattened ; occiput convex ; beak with a short
median stria in the basal half, and asmall triangular impressed glabrous
area at apex, the sides of which are in the form of acute ridges; sur-
face densely covered with scales, with short erect scales intermingled ;
eyes very distant, on the sides, rounded, rather small, moderately con-
vex ; scrobes widely distant, more open laterally, narrow and deep near
the apex, broad and evanescent well before the eyes, the ales very wide
but not dilated ; antennz inserted nearly at the apices of the scrobes;
scape densely scaly, feebly arcuate and extremely feebly contorted, at-
taining the prothorax; first joint of funicle one-half longer than the

268 On Some New

second. Prothorax one-half wider than long, but slightly wider than
the head, slightly shorter than the head and beak, cylindrical ; base and
apex equal, truncate; sides broadly and rather strongly arcuate; disk
finely, feebly, and not densely punctate, the punctures entirely con-
cealed by a dense mass of scales, with small, short, erect scales inter-
mingled. Elytra broadly emarginate at base, oblong, one-half longer —
than wide; sides nearly straight and parallel, broadly rounded behind,
three-fourths wider than and nearly three times as long as the pro-
thorax, finely, feebly striate ; striz coarsely and rather distantly punc-
tate, the punctures and suture almost completely concealed by the sur-
face vestiture ; intervals nearly flat, each with an unevenly double row
of small erect brown scales. First ventral suture broadly and rather
strongly arcuate; second segment as long us the next two together ;
third and fourth subequal ; fifth semicircularly rounded behind. Legs
densely squamose, and with short semi-erect scales. Metasternal epi-
sternum narrow; suture very deep eee becoming almost obsolete
posteriorly. Length 4.4 mm.

Nevada (Washoe Oo. 1).

The groove surrounding the eye is narrow and not very yideee ;
it is obsolete behind the eye. This species differs from squalens
Horn in its more oblong form, more transverse prothorax, and
more robust or squamose and paler sete.

A considerable number of new genera of Periteli having been
defined, it may, perhaps, be well to more fully explain their
position with regard to those already described ; the following
table is therefore appended, this being an enlenoaanene of the
one given by Dr. Horn (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., XV., p. 65):—

First abdominal suture straight or extremely nearly so.
scrobes lateral, oc; Uetiecee oe cote coy ce hoe eee Paraptochus
Scrobes superior.
Anterfnal scape not attaining the prothorax; eyes small; second
ventral segment shorter than the two following together,
Stenoptechus
Antennal scape long and slender, passing distinctly beyond the an-
terior margin of the prothorax ; eyes large ; second segment as
long as the two following together............. Orthoptochus
First abdominal suture arcuate.
Cotyloid surface of the hind tibize glabrous; eyes with or without
orbital groove.
Integuments sparsely pubescent, .........0. c00ccdedsses Mylacus
Integuments squamose.
Scrobes superior and convergent above.
Beak narrowed to tip.

North American Rhynchophora. 269

Beak longer than the head ; scrobes very short, terminal,
Thricolepis
Beak shorter than the head ; scrobes attaining the eyes,
Peritelopsis
Beak dilated at apex, short; scrobes very feebly convergent,
short, not attaining the eyes; second ventral segment as
long as the third and fourth.
Posterior tioviz with two short fixed spurs. ...Peritelodes
Posterior tibiz without fixed spurs........ ... Peritelinus
Scrobes more lateral, not convergent above.
Scape about as long as the funicle.

Scrobes not attaining the eyes.................-- Geoderces
Scrobes attaining and partially enveloping the eyes,
Geodercodes
Scape much shorter than the funicle............ Aragnomus
Cotyloid surface of the hind tibize squamose.
x x

Norr.—In the species puncticollis, which I have assigned to Geoderces,
the scrobes are slightly more open when viewed from above, and as this
is a much smaller species than those forming the types of the genus, it
may possibly necessitate the creation of a subgenus.

PANORMUS n. gen. (Otiorhynchini).

Body oval; elytra inflated; similar in form to Trigonoscuta. Head
hemispherical; beak much narrower and longer than the head; sides
parallel; ale slightly dilated; surface not broadly impressed at base,
but having a fine arcuate groove between the anterior extremities of
_ the eyes, finely grooved along the middle, the groove crossing the
transverse basal channel and extending slightly onto the front. Eyes
oval, distant from the prothorax, rather small, coarsely granulated and
prominent. Scrobes lateral, rather narrow, deep anteriorly, gradually
evanescent, feebly arcuate, directed upon and nearly attaining the eyes.
Antenne subapical, shining, setose; scape slender, very gradually and
feebly clavate toward apex, fully as long as the funicle, extending
beyond the eye, but not attaining the prothorax; funicle seven-jointed,
basal joint nearly as long as the next two together, second longer than
the third; outer joints moniliform and short, seventh wider, transversely
oval; club rather short and robust, ovoidal, pointed. Prothorax with-
out trace of ocular lobes or fimbrie, broadly inflated. Scutellum minute,
indistinct. Elytra inflated, very feebly inflexed at the sides. Abdomen
flat; first suture arcuate in the middle; second segment as long as the
next two combined. Legs moderate; femora robust; tibiz and tarsi
slender; anterior tibiz straight, slightly produced outward and dilated
at apex, not denticulate within; posterior tibiz with outer edge at apex
broadly double; inner face or cotyloid surface slightly oblique, plane,
with a few scattered scales; inner terminal spur rather large and

270 On Some New

distinct. Posterior coxe small, at the sides of the body and very
remote. Tarsi densely pubescent beneath, with the basal joint elon-
gate; third strongly dilated, deeply bilobed; fourth long, slender; claws
moderate, free. Metasternal side-pieces narrow but distinct, the suture

much deeper behind. sit

The mentum is loosely articulated with a narrow and rated
prominent basal support or peduncle; it is rather small, nearly
flat, slightly wider than long, narrowed from apex to base, the
posterior portion parabolic, the apex broadly angulate, the
angle slightly thickened and tumid in the middle; at the sides
the maxille are partially exposed, much more widely so toward
base. The genal emarginations are small, but rather deep; the
mandibular scar rather large and prominent, rounded.

The antennal grooves have a certain tendency to descend as
they approach the eyes, but this is very slight, and, as the
general appearance is decidedly that prevailing in the Otiorhyn-
chini, L.have there assigned it a place among the Trachyphlosi,
although it is one of those forms the position of which must,
under the present system of classification, be more or less doubt-
ful. It appears to possess considerable affinity with Agasphe-
rops Horn of the Brachyderini, another genus of doubtful
position, but differs in the size of the mentum and in antennal
structure.

The single species is rather densely covered throughout with
somewhat long erect cinereous sete, these not being regularly
arranged on the elytra, and the general sculpture is very similar
to that prevailing in Amnesia.

P. setosus n. sp.—Oval, convex, black; legs and antennes fuscous;
entire body covered with a thin indument, composed of small, closely
adherent scales which do not overlap, with some pale scattered scales
at the sides of the prothorax and elytra. Occiput convex; front flat;
beak flat, apex truncate, not distinctly angularly impressed; entire
surface finely granulose, the granules well separated, and each formed
by a thickened scale. Prothorax broadly convex, nearly one-half wider
than long, widest in the middle; sides strongly arcuate, broadly rounded
anteriorly, feebly convergent, and nearly straight toward base; the latter
broadly arcuate, fitting against a corresponding emargination in the
base of the elytra; apex broadly emarginate, about two-thirds as wide
as the base; disk coarsely, densely, and strongly granulose, each granule
punctured and bearing a long erect seta. Hlytra oval, convex, widest
at anterior third; apex strongly declivous and slightly inflexed, four-
fifths wider than the prothorax, one-third longer than wide, rather

Worth American Rhynchophora. 271

strongly rounded behind from above; humeri obsolete, broadly rounded;
disk rather smooth, shining; strize not impressed, composed of mod-
erate rounded, deeply impressed punctures which are separated by
from two to three times their own widths; tenth series very close to the
ninth at anterior third. Abdomen and legs more sparsely clothed with
long erect hairs. Length 5.3 mm.

California (Monterey Co. 1). Mr. W.G. W. Harford.
The type specimen has the basal segments of the abdomen
broadly and strongly impressed in the middle.

ELISSA n. gen. (Tanymecini).

Form subcylindrical. Entire body covered with a thin, scabrous
waterproof crust, the squamose nature of which can only be detected
on the elytra and under surface. Head very wide; beak but slightly
longer than the head, much wider than long, narrowed toward apex;
the latter truncate and broadly trisinuate; surface nearly flat; alee very
feeble; scrobes small, lateral, beginning at the apex, where they are
narrow and deep, passing rapidly and arcuately downward in front of
and at a distance from the eyes, becoming broader and more shallow.
Antennz slender, sparsely setose, subapical; scape slender, abruptly
clavate, extending slightly upon the eye, as long as the funicle; the
latter slender, basal joint slightly clavate, longer than the second, the
latter longer than the third, outer joints but slightly enlarged; club
slender, elongate-oval, pointed. Mandibular scar feeble, narrow,
transverse. Mentum very large, completely filling the gular cavity,
flat, transverse, widest at apex, margin broadly arcuate. Eyes small,
rounded, coarsely granulated, free, prominent. Prothorax without
ocular lobes, but having a short fringe of long stiff sete. Elytra
not distinctly striate. Scutellum very minute, triangular. Abdomen
nearly flat; second segment fully. as long as the third and fourth
combined, separated from the first by a broadly arcuate suture. Legs
rather slender; cotyloid surfaces of the posterior tibize terminal, not
cavernous; tarsi rather slender; basal joint much longer than wide;
third very slightly wider than the second, bilobed; fourth as long as
the two preceding combined; claws slender, moderate in length, free.
Posterior cox small, at the sides of the body, very widely separated.

The mesosternal episternum is separated completely from the
elytra by the epimeron, and the metasternal episternum is
extremely narrow and linear, the suture very feeble. The gene
are rather deeply emarginate, and the anterior cox contiguous,

The species, which are subaquatic, may be separated as
follows:—

272 On Some New e

Prothorax obtrapezoidal, wider at apex than at base, not perceptibly

constricted at apex.c.. ote. -kete oe eae ee. Peek. laticeps
Prothorax widest just before the middle, strongly constricted just
behind the apical mareim=2~..), 2.2 es.. aie aren ..... constricta

E, laticeps n. sp.—Form rather elongate, convex, covered with a
whitish or ferruginous-white waterproof indument. Head and beak
about as long as wide; surface finely rugulose, with a few widely scat-
tered, minute, erect squamiform sete, especially near the apex; front
feebly convex, not at all impressed at the base of the beak; the latter
very short, broad, rapidly narrowed toward apex; surface nearly flat,
with an elongate median puncture; antenne shining, rufous, slender,
sparsely setose, unevenly and partially covered, except the club, with a
white scaly indument; outer joints of funicle longer than wide. Pro-
thorax widest at apex, where it is scarcely as wide as the head across
eyes, gradually narrowed toward base; sides very feebly arcuate; base
and apex truncate; disk one-third wider than long, rather coarsely but
not deeply rugulose, with a few widely scattered, minute, erect scales.
Elytra elongate-oval; sides nearly straight and parallel, very declivous
behind, but not quite perpendicular, together acute at apex; humeri
broadly rounded; base transversely truncate; disk convex, one-half
wider than the prothorax, nearly one-half longer than wide, not striate,
shining, and very minutely and feebly rugulose beneath the crust, and
having widely distant rows of very minute, shallow, widely distant
punctures, and a few small erect scales, especially toward tip, and on
the humeri. Legs and abdomen with minute, sparse, setiform scales.
Length 3.8-4.7 mm.

Texas (El Paso).

This species was taken in abundance by Mr. G. W. Dunn in
the locality indicated. The specimens exhibit but slight varia-
tion.

E. constricta n. sp.—Form rather elongate, densely covered with
a whitish waterproof indument. Head and beak much longer than
wide; surface finely, densely, and feebly ruguloso-punctate, with very
minute erect sete; front convex, especially near the base of the beak,
the convexity extending onto the latter, which isslightly narrower than
the head, as long as wide and very feebly narrowed toward apex; ale
very small, feebly dilated; apex truncate, broadly, feebly trisinuate ;
surface broadly, triangularly impressed at tip; antennze well developed;
scrobes nearly as in laticeps; scape slender, clavate, extending to the
posterior margin of the eye; funicle equal in length to the scape, outer
joints not appreciably enlarged, first nearly twice as long as and more
robust than the second, joints two to six decreasing uniformly and
very gradually in length, seventh scarcely as wide as long; club ovoidal,
pointed, as long as the first and second joints of the funicle combined.

North American Rhynchophora. 273

Prothorax widest just before the middle; sides strongly rounded, thence
convergent and nearly straight to the base, strongly constricted near
the apex; base and apex transversely truncate, nearly equal, the former
sinuate in the middle; disk before the middle distinctly wider than the
head, slightly wider than long, narrowly and feebly grooved along the
middle from near the apex to the base; surface convex, finely, feebly,
and densely ruguloso-punctate, with a few fine, elongate, squamiform
hairs along the basal margin and on the sides anteriorly. LElytra
elongate-oval, one-half longer than wide, nearly twice as wide as the
prothorax; humeri broadly rounded; sides very feebly arcuate; base
truncate; disk convex, very broadly, feebly, and indefinitely striate,
having ill-defined rows of very sparsely scattered, excessively minute
and scarcely discernible sete. Legs and under surface with very
minute, erect, white setz. Legs and antennze rufous, body black.
Length 4.0 mm.

Arizona (Yuma). Mr. G. W. Dunn.

Found in very limited numbers. The apical margin of the
prothorax behind the eyes has a few long erect vibriss, and, in
addition, a dense row of broad scales which overlap. ‘The sides
of the head are slightly tuberculate above the eyes. The fourth
tarsal joint is relatively longer, and the third more widely dilated
than in laticeps. |

PSEUDELISSA n. gen. (Tanymecini).

Beak short, very slightly narrowed toward tip; scrobes lateral, rather
long, strongly angulate at anterior third, beginning at the apex, narrow
and deep throughout, apical portion parallel, then descending obliquely
and terminating just below the anterior limits of the eyes. Antenne
moderate, subapical; scape slender, feebly clavate, extending nearly to
the middle of the eye, but slightly shorter than the funicle; basal joint
of the latter slightly more robust, as long as the next two together,
. second as long as thethird and fourth combined, joints three to seven
subequal, the latter slightly wider than long; club elongate, ovoidal,
pointed, finely pubescent. Eyes small, rounded, slightly prominent,
nearly in contact with the prothorax. The prothorax subcylindrical,
without ocular lobes and almost completely devoid of vibrissze. Scu-
tellum scarcely entering the elytral disk. Elytra elongate-oval; humeri
rounded. Legs moderate; tarsi short, basal joints short, subequal,
third scarcely perceptibly wider than the second, deeply emarginate,
fourth as long as the three preceding together. Anterior cox contig-
uous; posterior small, at the sides of the body, very widely separated.
First abdominal suture broadly and distinctly angulate; second segment
distinctly longer than the third and fourth combined.

24 On Some New

The gene are narrowly and deeply emarginate, the mesosternal
side-pieces completely divided, the mentum rather small,
scarcely wider than long and rather deeply seated, gular opening
small, and the mandibular scar strongly transverse, oval and
somewhat prominent.

This genus greatly resembles Elissa in general char but
differs in the nearly obsolete vibrisse, and the shorter basal
joint of the tarsi. The single species is probably subaquatic.

P. cinerea n. sp.—Form rather slender, convex, entirely covered
with a dense crust of pale cinereous scales, slightly mottled with brown
on the head and elytra, and with very feebly defined vittz of the same
tint at the sides and along the middle of the pronotum, Head and
beak small, distinctly longer than wide; front strongly and coarsely
rugulose, convex; beak feebly impressed, truncate and feebly trisinuate
at apex; ale small; antenne fuscous. Prothorax widest at anterior
third, where it is distinctly wider than the head and very slightly wider
than long; sides broadly rounded anteriorly, feebly convergent and
nearly straight thence to the base, not at all constricted near the apex;
base transversely truncate, subequal to the apex; the latter very broadly
arcuate; disk rather coarsely, deeply, irregularly and densely punctate.
Elytra elongate-oval, two-thirds longer than wide, two-thirds wider
than the prothorax; sides parallel and nearly straight in the middle;
humeri broadly rounded, not at all prominent; disk convex, coarsely
and moderately deeply striate; strive rather closely, coarsely,’and deeply
punctate; intervals feebly convex, each with a row of minute erect
scales. Under surface with small erect setz, slightly denser on the
tibize; tarsi setose beneath. Length 3.0 mm.

Texas (El Paso). Mr. G. W.’“Dunn.

The surface of the head and prothorax is covered rather
densely with very small, erect, scale-like sete, and the latter has,
near the anterior margin and laterally, and also along the basal
margin, a few widely distant erect scales, which are slender and
rather long. This species is apparently much less abundant,
but few specimens having been obtained.

SCYTHROPUS Sch.

The species of this genus are somewhat numerous’ and differ
considerably amongst themselves in abdominal structure, as

1 One of the finest species of this genus, represented by a singlespeci-
men from Colorado in the cabinet of ‘Dr. Le Conte, has yet to be de-
scribed.

North American Rhynchophora. 275

well as in the structure of the antenne, tarsi, and elytra. Those
before me may be easily identified as follows:—

Antennal scape long, slender, passing distinctly beyond the posterior
margin of the eyes.
Elytra tumid at the sides along the humeral interval......lateralis
Elytra evenly convex at the sides.
Klytral setz fine and hair-like; pronotal scales very elongate.
Second abdominal segment much shorter than the next two com-
bined; anterior tibize evenly arcuate within .....californicus
Second abdominal segment fully as long as the next two com-
bined; anterior tibie feebly emarginate within, near the

MSMR Hos oh 4is aaj h5isa 5 si da ects Aang a dec Fars ferrugineus

Elytral setze in the form of pie aie scales; pronotal scales short,
Rate MPMI OLED Si gg 20S 25'S sos ald cl ll hy at dis ew lah ng Aa ay cinereus
Antennal scape very short, robust, and arcuate, just passing the pos-
terior margin of the eyes .............-.000. go ac ae crassicornis

Lateralis is a distinctly specialized form, differing greatly
from the other species in the prominently elevated humeral in-
terval of the elytra, and its larger and less prominent eyes.

The species californicus Horn is quite abundant in the foot
_ hills of the Sierras near Sacramento.

S. lateralis n. sp.—Form oblong, rather depressed, densely clothed
with finely strigose scales which are twice as long as wide, and acutely
pointed, scales subcupreous in color, cinereous at the sides and beneath;
each of the small punctures of the elytral strize bearing a minute robust
seta, otherwise devoid of setz, except beneath, where they are fine,
rather long, and sparse onthe abdomen; integuments black, legs and
antenne rufous. Head and beak together evenly conical, convex,
densely punctate, with a small, very deep fovea in the middle of a line
through the anterior margin of the eyes, which is continued anteriorly
to the posterior tumid margin of the apical impression; the latter large,
occupying two-fifths the entire length of the beak, inclosing a pos-
teriorly arcuate, lunate, squamose area of scales, otherwise smooth,
polished, and almost impunctate, having on each side an oblique line of
three long discal setae; scrobes apical, small, deep, irregularly puncti-
form, far in advance of the eyes; antenne long andslender; scape very
slender, not quite reaching the anterior margin of the prothorax; ab-
ruptly, but moderately clavate at apex; funicle slender, longer than the
scape; outer joints not at all enlarged, all longer than wide; basal joint
very long, slender, as long as the next two together; fifth joint shortest,
sixth and seventh equal in length; club elongate, slender. Prothorax
nearly one-half wider than long, widest distinctly before the middle;
sides feebly arcuate, thence extremely feebly convergent and very feebly
arcuate to the base, more rapidly convergent and distinctly sinuate to

276 On Some New

the apex; the latter distinctly narrower than the base, broadly and very
feebly sinuate in the middle; base broadly subtruncate; disk broadly,
evenly, and feebly convex, finely, not deeply and very densely punctate;
punctures polygonally crowded. Elytra oblong, four times as long and
nearly twice as wide as the prothorax; sides nearly straight, parailel,
very broadly and feebly sinuate behind the humeri; the latter narrowly ©
rounded, rectangular; disk broadly, evenly convex, finely striate; striz
finely, rather closely punctate; intervals nearly flat, equal, except the
humeral interval, which is distinctly elevated nearly throughout its
length, the flanks beyond the elevation being nearly flat, vertical, and
with paler scales. Abdomen broadly convex, densely squamose; first
suture abruptly and rather strongly arcuate in circular segment in the —
middle two-fifths; second segment as long as the next two together;
third longer than the fourth. Legs moderate; anterior and middle
tibize strongly, roundly, and almost equally emarginate within near the -
apex; tarsal claws small, connate at base. Length 7.5 mm.

California (Lake Co.). Mr. L. E. Ricksecker.

The mandibular scar is rather large, terminal, circular, and
very distinct, not prominent within; outer margin slightly so.
The mentum is small, elongate, attenuate, flat, and more deeply
seated behind, very convex and prominent anteriorly, leaving
the maxille and palpi well exposed. The mandibular notch of
the gene is extremely broad and shallow.

This species differs from elegans in its more depressed form
and much more transverse prothorax.

8S. ferrugineus n. sp.—Form elongate; sides nearly parallel; bright
rufo-ferruginous throughout, scales same, whitish beneath and on the
elytral suture and toward tip in large marmorate masses, also feebly so
at the sides and narrowly along the middle of the pronotum. Head
and beak evenly conical; eyes rather large and prominent; front nearly
flat; beak slightly shorter than the head, as long as wide, feebly im-
pressed and foveate near the base, broadly and arcuately impressed at
tip; antenne long and slender; surface rather densely punctate, shining,
sparsely clothed with elongate squamiform hairs of various widths.
Prothorax nearly one-half wider than long, widest just before the
middle; sides thence feebly convergent and nearly straight to the base,
rather strongly and abruptly constricted at the apex; base and apex
trarfsversely truncate, the former slightly the wider; disk broadly con-
vex, rather densely punctate; punctures oval, shallow, and variolate,
separated by less than their own widths; interspaces polished; scales
sparse, very slender, arranged transversely, slightly more robust along
the median line and at the sides. Elytra elongate, widest at posterior
third, declivous behind, acutely rounded at tip, width at the humeri,
which are obtusely prominent and rather narrowly rounded, one-third

North American Rhynchophora. Q2v7

greater than the prothorax; disk moderately convex, even, slightly
more than twice as long as wide, finely striate; striz feebly impressed,
rather finely, deeply, and closely punctate. Abdomen convex. Legs
sparsely clothed with fine whitish hairs. Length 5.3 mm.

California (Marin Co. 2). Mr. G. W. Dunn.

Easily distinguished from californicus Horn by its much sparser
vestiture, composed of scales which are much more elongate,
by its longer second ventral segment, and many other characters.
In californicus the abdomen beneath is densely clothed with
scales throughout, while in ferruginews these become very
sparse toward apex, where they are replaced by fine sparse hairs.

S. cinereus n. sp.—Form rather elongate, convex, uniformly and
sparsely covered with rather robust cinereous scales which are well sepa-
rated on the head and elytra, denser on the median line of the pronotum
toward base, slightly sparser toward the abdominal vertex. Head and
beak conical; alee almost obsolete; front rather convex; beak as long as
the head, broadly impressed and with a very minute fovea near the
base, broadly, feebly, arcuately impressed at apex; antennz long and
slender; basal joint of funicle nearly as long as the next two together,
joints three to seven uniformly and rather rapidly decreasing in length,
the latter longer than wide; eyes prominent, finely granulated. Pro-
thorax widest at basal third, where the sides are rather strongly
rounded, thence convergent and nearly straight toward base and apex,
not perceptibly constricted near the apex; base and apex transversely
truncate, the former distinctly the wider; disk convex, one-third wider
than long, rather finely and densely punctate; scales slightly longer and
denser at the sides and in the middle. Scutellum small. Elytra ob-
long, very slightly wider at posterior third; humeri rather prominent;
narrowly rounded, one-third wider than the prothorax; disk nearly
twice as long as wide, acute at tip, rather convex, very finely striate;
striz scarcely at all impressed, finely and not very closely punctate;
intervals flat, each with a row of erect scales. First ventral suture ab-
ruptly emarginate in circular arc in middle two-fifths; second segment
fully as long as the next two together. Abdomen rather strongly con-
vex. Legs moderate; femora rather sparsely squamose; tibize more
densely and finely pubescent; anterior tibiz strongly arcuate within
toward apex. Length 6.0 mm,

California (Lake Tahoe 1).

Rather more robust than either californicus or ferrugineus,
from both of which it is easily distinguishable by the characters
given.

S. crassicornis n. sp.—Rather slender; integuments black; tibie,
tarsi, and antenne dark rufous; rather densely clothed with somewhat

278 On Some New

elongate scales which are ferruginous and white, confusedly mottled
over the entire surface of the elytra, white at the sides and base of the
pronotum and on the under surface. Beak very small, shorter and
narrower than the head, rapidly attenuate; sides straight; alze obsolete;
front broadly convex, with a small fovea between the anterior portions
of the eyes; the latter convex and prominent, beak broadly declivous at

apex; antennz rather short; scape very short, robust, and arcuate, —

much shorter than the funicle, very gradually enlarged from base to
apex; first joint of the funicle rather robust, scarcely as long as the
next two together, outer joints slightly enlarged and more densely
setose, seventh slightly longer than wide. Prothorax very short, nearly
two-thirds wider than long, widest in the middle; sides feebly arcuate,
slightly convergent and nearly straight thence to the base; apex dis-
tinctly constricted; disk very slightly wider than the head, very
slightly impressed in the middle near the base, finely and very densely
punctate. Scutellum rather distinct, somewhat pointed. FElytra at
the narrowly rounded and rather prominent humeri one-third wider
than the prothorax; sides parallel, nearly straight, fully twice as long
as wide; acute at apex; disk rather coarsely and feebly striate; strize
with rather coarse, feebly impressed, and approximate punctures, each
bearing a minute, pale seta; intervals feebly convex, nearly smooth;
sete extremely sparse and not distinct. Abdomen convex; first suture
broadly, rather feebly emarginate in a circular arc in the middle half;
second segment nearly as long as the next two together; third Jonger
than the fourth; rather densely clothed with recumbent squamose pubes-
cence and with very long, slender, sparse, erect seta. Anterior and
middle tibize rather strongly sinuate internally near the apex. Cotyloid
surfaces of the posterior tibiz very oblique. Length 4.2 mm.

New Mexico (Fort Wingate 1).

The single representative of this very distinct and aberrant
species I owe to the kindness of Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, who dis-
covered it in the locality above indicated. It is the smallest
species known within our faunal limits.

North American Rhynchophora. 279

APPENDIX.

SITONIN i.

SITONES Germ.

The genus Sitones consists of numerous species which are mu-
tually rather closely allied, not only in general appearance, but
in structure. The European forms have been well studied and
appear to be much more abundant than the American, but
whether this is an actual fact, or whether the disparity is due
rather to the neglect of collection and observation on the part of
our coleopterists, it would not be prudent to affirm at present.
Jt is true, however, that on the Pacific coast, where the faunal
conditions are more similar to those prevailing in Europe, the
species are very abundant and distinctly characterized.

The causes of the neglect of our species by specialists in this
country are, doubtless, their monotony and the great sexual dif.
ferences in some species, which often render—as in Macrops—an
accurate identification a matter of more or less doubt. In the
western species, however, there are but two or three of those
coming under my observation which possess these sexual diver-
gencies, and there are many species in which the males and fe-
males are nearly alike. .

To give a better idea of the number of our species, it may be
well to state that I have been unable to identify among the
numerous species here brought to notice either californicus,
seniculus or vittatus, in the case of the last after an inspection of
the LeContean type. The second mentioned is so carelessly and in-
accurately described by Mannerheim that it is doubtful if it can
ever be recognized, the expression ‘‘ cinereo-tomentosus,” for
instance, being perfectly foreign to any known species of Sitones
in North America, for they are all distinctly squamose. My
material from the Mississippi Valley is not sufficiently extensive
to enable me to assign species to the names indifferens and scis-
sifrons of Say, and this must be reserved until the genus can be
monographically revised.

280 On Some New

The parts which appear to vary most throughout the genus
are the eyes and abdomen. In the former the inner margin is,
in a number of species, strongly elevated and prominent, but in
the majority they are normal and generally more or less elongate. —
The first ventral suture varies, being in some rather abruptly
arcuate or acutely angulate in the middle, and in others very —
broadly rounded in the middle or angulate throughout the
width; but this character does not permit of employment for
purposes of classification, because of the many intermediate ~
forms. ‘The second ventral segment is generally nearly as long .
as the next two combined, but in several, and notably flaves-
cens, it is much shorter. Other divergencies of structure or
of vestiture will be alluded to below under the respective
species and in the accompanying table. The claws are
distinctly appendiculate.

I have been greatly aided in the identification of species by
four European representatives very kindly communicated by
M. Aug. Sallé, of Paris. These are flavescens, crinitus, lineellus,
and tibialis ; the last three are quite distinct from any native
species which I have seen and probably do not occur here
at all, except sporadically as a result of commercial intercourse.

As arule, our species appear to be more slender and elongate
than the European. The former, as far as known to the
writer, may be classified as follows :—

Elytra without erect setz ; second ventral segment shorter ; first tarsal

soimb-lonmer, o.oo: 2s sacle seein Senin «se Ogee flavescens
Elytra with distinct erect sete, sometimes shorter, wider, and
squamose,

Inner margin of the eye not prominent.

Prothorax not constricted near the apex, coarsely, sparsely, and
very distinctly punctate ; punctures of elytral strize becoming
rapidly very coarse and distinct toward base........ hispidulus

Prothorax constricted near the apex, densely and indistinctly punc-

tate ; punctures of elytral strie generally indistinct, and when

evident, but very slightly and gradually coarser toward base.
Seventh joint of antennal funicle as long as wide, and, on the

edge, longer than wide ; eye very long, evenly elliptical,

; extrusus

Seventh funicular joint wider, transverse. |

Elytra more or less tesselate, maculate, or vittate.

Elytral striz evidently punctate.

North American Rhynchophora. 281

Prothorax with a rather wide and very distinct median
vitta.

Pronotal scales smaller, those of the median vitta nar-
row and elongate ; elytra with the alternate intervals
vittate ¢, or confusedly tessellate ¢ ; male very slender,
Per ANG OME 5 iii % sa(enisiciee cieies afte BRIERE Ailes varians

Pronotal scales longer, those of the vitta broader ; elytra
not vittate, but confusedly maculate..margaritosus

Prothorax without distinct median vitta.

Scales of head and prothorax cupreous ; base and apex of
the latter equal in width ; color durk ; punctures very
DISEINC GN 0 Alero dese hauka Whe sao wen procerus

Scales cinereous throughout ; size larger ; prothorax nar-
rower at the apex than at the base...... occidentalis

Elytral striz not distinctly punctate (where normally squa-
mose).
Alternate intervals of elytra not, or very feebly, elevated ;
form robust.

Dark setze of elytra strigose, robust, and in the form of
elongate, obtuse scales; white setz broad, short,
squamiform, and but slightly different in form from
the much more numerous darker ones.

Color gray; elytra externally with a broad, white vitta;

Re Mlk Hite ena peta Ss |. OP nay ns, Fhe al dvs ede aim Sha « eximius
Color brown; elytra not vittate; beak broadly im-
[IRESSEO! Says at A Cie teh wee eed omega montanus
Dark setz of elytra not strigose, in form cylindrical and
pointed.

Dark setz very short, subrecumbent and robust,
nebulosus
Alternate intervals distinctly more elevated ; form slender,
alternans

Elytra uniform in tint, or very nearly so.
Dark brown, beneath pale reddish-brown ; eyes small, scarcely
PP OMAHO NIG feasts ctc arses weet w eee ea sordidus
Gray, whitish beneath; eyes normal, distinctly longer than
wide ; prothorax short, very strongly and angularly arcuate
Fie) (809 EC A ae beeen ing (ee aay: osculans
Inner margin of the eye prominent, and distinctly elevated above the
flat surface of the front.
Beak and front sulcate.
Antennal scape much shorter than the funicle, and but slightly
longer than the club.
Pronotal punctuation coarse and very deep; scales very sparse,
scarcely obscuring the punctures.............. prominens
Pronotal punctuation finer ; scales denser, almost completely
concealing the punctures.

282 On Some New

Head coarsely punctate, with many minute punctures in the
interspaces ; sulcation shorter, wide, very deep ; apical im-
pression distinctly limited behind ; prothorax constricted
very near the-apex).'s. id Pale 1 Le Jhispidiceps ©

Head more finely, densely, and uniformly punctured ; median
sulcation fine, longer and less distinct ; apical impression —
well limited at the sides but not behind; prothorax con- ©
stricted at apiedl fifth: 20 5iic) ses... see angustulus

Antennal scape about as long as the funicle, and fully one-half
longer than the club.
Punctures of elytral series large and distinct....... explicitus
Punctures very small and not at all distinct.....apacheanus
Beak and front not sulcate ; occiput having a very deep, somewhat
elongate fovea in the middle and just behind the middle, of the
CYS ies Sia tale ate siaweve ie ie elle! die, at Seo tel Circe as Cen ee ba thee sparsus

S. hispidulus Fab.—Gen. Ins. Mant., p. 226; Allard, Mon., p. 376.

The specimens which I have assigned to this species are shorter
and more robust than usual in our fauna, although of a com-
mon Kuropean type.

I have been unable to compare them directly with Huropean
specimens, but, on account of the fact just stated, it is probable
that their specific identity has been correctly determined. The
specimens in my cabinet are from Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
and Nebraska.

S. extrusus n. sp.—Form oblong, slightly depressed, very densely
clothed with small, rounded scales, nearly uniform, dark-brown in
color, but with a few white intermingled on the third and fifth intervals;
small dark setz very abundant, erect, long, and robust; larger white
sete distinct, sparsely distributed in single rows on the intervals; ab-
domen densely setose and squamose throughout. Head slightly wider
than long; front flat; head and beak densely punctate, squamose, and
setose; the latter about as long as wide, feebly carinate in the middle at
apex, where it is also feebly impressed; frontal fovea deep, elongate;
canaliculation at base of beak short, fine, and feeble; eyes large, elon-
gate, antennal scape reaching the middle of the eye. Prothoraxslightly
wider than long, very slightly narrowed from base to apex; the latter both
subtruncate; strongly constricted at one-sixth the length from theapex
on the sides, the constriction posteriorly arcuate, and feebler on the
disk, feebly constricted at the sides very near the base; disk evenly con-
vex; sides feebly arcuate; surface finely, densely punctate; scales whiter
at the sides, and with many small, semi-erect setze toward the middle;
median vitta not distinct. Hlytra oblong, three-fourths longer than
wide; sides parallel: disk four-fifths wider than the prothorax, finely

North American Rhynchophora. 283

striate; strie very finely and not distinctly punctate; fifth interval with
a small, pale, yellowish spot at base. Length 6.5 mm.

Lower California (St. Julian 3). Mr. G. W. Dunn.

This species is peculiar in its more elongate seventh funicular
joint and more elongate eyes. The tarsal claws are robust and
strongly arcuate, each has a long, slender basal appendage,
which character is generic, the appendage being in some species
longer and in others shorter.

S. varians n. sp.—Slender, convex; scales cinereous, small, rounded,
dense, sparser on the dark areas of the prothorax; base of head trivittate;
prothorax distinctly trivittate, with pale, subcupreous scales, remain-
der piceous; alternate intervals of elytra pale and dark, giving a regu-
larly vittate appearance; abdomen pale, squamose, and setose through-
out. Head slightly wider than long, feebly conical; front flat; surface
of head and beak coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate, rather sparsely
squamose and with very short, robust, inconspicuous setz; frontal
fovea elongate, narrow, deep, prolonged anteriorly through the basal
half of the beak in a fine channel; beak not aslong asand distinetly nar-
rower than the head, as long as wide, scarcely dilated at apex; surface
broadly, feebly impressed, not impressed at apex; eyes large, broadly
convex; antennz moderate, piceous; scape rufous; first joint offunicle
as long as the next two together, second longer than the third. Pro-
thorax about as long as wide, cylindrical, broadly and feebly con-
stricted at the sides near the apex. Sides broadly arcuate, feebly
sinuate very near the base; apex and base equal, broadly and very feebly
arcuate; disk evenly convex, rather finely, deeply, and densely punc-
tate; punctures but slightly ‘covered in the dark areas; minute setz
short and as dense as the scales. EHlytra twice as long as wide, notone-
half wider than the prothorax, acutely rounded at apex; sides parallel
and nearly straight; disk convex, finely and feebly striate, striz finely
punctate; intervals alternately slightly broaderand narrower, feebly con-
vex; dark setz moderately numerous, small; longer pale setz very
‘Sparse, wanting near the suture toward base; dark scales of narrower
intervals not so dense as those of the wider pale intervals; scales all
finely, deeply, and very distinctly strigose. Legs moderate, piceous;
tarsi and sometimes the tibiz paler rufous, Length 3.8-5.0 mm.

California (Humboldt Co.—Hoopa Val., Arcata, Hydesville).

The above description is taken from the male, which is much
smaller and more slender than the female. Of the thirteen
specimens before me, there are four males, and of these the type
is the only one exhibiting the vittate elytra with any degree of
distinctness. The females have the elytra very indefinitely
vittate or confusedly maculate, and have a more transverse pro-

284 On Some New

thorax. In one of the males, the prothorax is distinctly
smaller, shorter, and more strongly rounded atthe sides. There
may be several varieties indicated by these chante but ya
are too indefinite to describe.

This species is larger, more slender, and more ‘sparsely —

squamose than vittatus Lec.

S. margaritosus n. sp.—Rather slender; integuments black; scales
sparse, large, pure pearly white and pale brown confusedly intermingled
in small nebulous patches, subvittate at the sides and middle of the pro-
notum, rather sparsely placed, being distinctly separated over the entire
surface, rounded, coarsely and strongly strigose, sparse on the abdomen
which is more densely setose. Head small, slightly transverse, feebly
conical; eyes large, at less than one-half their length from the base; sur-
face of head and beak flat, finely, densely punctate, uniformly covered
with large, conspicuous, white, and feebly embrunate scales, except a
large, angulate, feebly impressed area at the apex of the beak which is
not squamose, but covered with the short, pale, robust sete which are also.
distinct over the entire surface; median groove very fine, feeble, and in-
conspicuous; antenne rather short; first joint of funicle distinctly more
robust, slightly longer than the next two together, the latter small, sub-
equal in length. Prothorax widest at the middle, distinctly wider than
long; sides distinctly and evenly arcuate in the middle, convergent and
straight to the base, equally convergent and feebly sinuate toward
apex; apex truncate; base equal in width, feebly arcuate; disk convex,
coarsely, very deeply, and densely punctate, the punctures obscured by
the scales; dark areas densely covered with short, robust, pale brown
setze; pale vittee with a very few similar pure white sete. Hlytra nearly
twice as long as wide, not one-half wider than the prothorax, acutely
rounded at apex; sides parallel, nearly straight; disk convex, feebly
striate; strize with moderately coarse, but slightiy distinct punctures;
intervals feebly convex, slightly unequal in width; small, pale brown
setee rather dense, long, erect; white sete very sparse, wanting toward
the base and suture. Length 4.0 mm.

California (Santa Cruz and Monterey Cos. 2).

A very distinct species by reason of the large pearly, sparsely
placed scales. The punctures of the elytral strize are but slightly
distinct, except when the easily abraded scales are removed.

According to the description given by Fahrens, this species ap-
pears to resemble californicus more closely than any other, but
the scales are large and sparse, and the expression ‘‘ cinereo-
tomentosus” cannot be properly applied. ‘The scutellum more-
over is not concolorous, but white.

S. procerus n. sp.—Elongate, convex; scales very dark brown,

. we h?

North American Rhynchophora. 285

third and fifth elytral intervals slightly maculate with paler, sides of
pronotum paler, median vitta not distinct; abdomen very densely
squamose and setose throughout, slightly paler; scales of upper surface
small, oval, slightly longer than wide, convex, excessively finely, feebly,
and indistinctly strigose. Head slightly transverse; surface of head and
beak flat, densely punctate, sparsely squamose, densely covered with
bristling setze; scales sparser, smaller, and cupreous toward apex; beak
robust, shorter than the head, distinctly wider than long, finely carinate
above at each side, feebly subcarinate in the middle at apex; frontal
fovea narrow, deep, elongate, attenuate anteriorly, becoming obsolete
before attaining the middle of the beak; eyes very large, feebly convex,
much longer than wide; antennze moderate; first joint of funicle dis-
tinctly more robust, as long as the next two together, second longer
than the third. Prothorax very slightly wider than long, cylindrical,
widest distinctly before the middle, where the sides are very feebly arcu-
ate, thence feebly convergent and straight to the base, abruptly, finely,
and distinctly constricted at the sides at apical sixth; apex and base
equal, the former subtruncate, the latter very feebly arcuate; disk con-
vex, rather coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate; fine, short, dark se-
tz rather numerous toward the middle; median vitta represented by a
very narrow, feebly defined single line of slightly paler scales. EHlytra
twice as long as wide, acutely rounded at apex, not one-half wider than
the prothorax; sides parallel, straight; humeri slightly oblique; disk
convex, finely striate; striz rather coarsely, deeply and very distinctly
punctate throughout; intervals nearly equal, almost flat; dark setz
numerous, erect, fine and capillary; white setz very sparse, distinct.
Unguicular appendage fine, long, distinct and setiform. Length 5.0
mm.

California (Napa Co. 1).

Kasily distinguishable by its narrow elongate form, dark brown
color, and very distinct elytral punctures, these being more dis-
tinct by far than in any other species of this group, except his-
pidulus. In general characters it resembles the prominens
group, and notably explicitus.

S. occidentalis n. sp.—Elongate; elytra somewhat robust and de-
pressed, densely clothed with small, rounded, cinereous scales, variegated
with macule of pale brown on the third, fifth and seventh elytral inter-
vals; scales smaller, arranged transversely and very much sparser on
the median’ portions of the pronotum; abdomen densely setose and
squamose, the male with a denuded spot at apex. Head distinctly
transverse, rather large; eyes large, oval, rather convex; front and beak
flat, rather finely and densely punctate, rather sparsely and finely
squamose and thickly bristling with conspicuous, erect, whitish sete;
lateral and apical carinz of beak feeble; frontal fovea fusiform, deep,

286 On Some New

furrow not attaining the middle of the beak; the latter robust, distinctly
shorter than the head, slightly wider than long; antennze moderate;
first joint of funicle scarcely as long as the next two combined, second

2)
abt

distinctly elongate. Prothorax slightly wider than long, widest in the ©

middle; sides feebly arcuate, thence feebly convergent and nearly

straight to the base, finely, deeply constricted at the sides at anterior —

sixth; apex truncate, distinctly narrower than the base; the latter very
feebly arcuate; disk slightly flattened above, finely, densely punctate;
pale brownish sete, dense toward middle and directed transversely.
Elytra oblong, three-fourths longer than wide, more than three-fourths
wider than the prothorax, acutely rounded behind; sides parallel and
nearly straight; roundly and rather strongly emarginate at base, finely
and rather feebly striate; striz: with moderate rather distant punctures.
intervals subequal, rather feebly convex; pale brown setz very abun-
dant, rather long, fine and capillary; erect white setz very sparse, and
but slightly longer than the darker ones. Length 6.0 mm.

California (Healdsburg, Sonoma Co. 2).

This fine species isremarkable in the total absence of a median
pronotal vitta, in its large size, comparatively distinct elytral
punctures, and pale cinereous color, with the alternate intervals
laterally, distinctly, but unevenly tesselate with pale brown. It
is the species identified as californicus by LeConte, but this de-
termination is probably erroneous, because of the absence of the
median vitta, a prominent character of californicus.

S. eximius n. sp.—Form elongate, convex; scales moderate or rather
large, oval, slightly longer than wide, finely and distinctly strigose and
flat, densely placed although not overlapping, sparse on the dark areas
of the pronotum, generally whitish, especially in a broad, indefinite line
from each humerus to the sutural portions of the elytral apex; sutural
portions of disk feebly maculate with pale brown, and a broad vitta on
each flank of the same tint; pronotum distinctly trivittate. Head mod-
erate, slightly transverse; occiput feebly convex; front and beak fiat,
finely, densely, and deeply punctate, densely squamose; scales much
longer than wide; sete short, robust, and not conspicuous; median
groove fine but distinct, slightly expanded on the front and attaining
the middle of the beak; the latter nearly as long as the head, very
slightly wider than long; eyes rather small, feebly convex; antennz
moderate; first joint of funicle slightly longer than the next two to-
gether, the latter subequal and both slightly elongate. Prothorax nearly
one-third wider than long; sides distinctly arcuate, nearly straight
toward base, very finely constricted at the sides at less than anterior
sixth; apex very slightly narrower than the base, subtruncate; base
broadly and feebly arcuate; disk convex, finely, densely punctate; setze
of dark areas very short and robust; median vitta broad and distinct,

North American Rhynchophora. 28%

and broadly, very feebly impressed. Elytra four-fifths longer than wide,
gradually, acutely rounded behind from the middle, about three-fourths
wider than the prothorax, deeply, roundly emarginate at base; sides
straight and parallel near the base; disk convex, finely, feebly striate;
strize with small occult punctures; intervals slightly unequal, feebly
convex; dark setz very short, robust, squamiform and sparse; white
setze very sparse, short, robust, and not distinct. Abdomen convex
toward base, densely squamose and with very short fine sete. Length
5.0-6.0 mm.

Nevada (Washoe Co. 4).

One of the most distinct species of the genus in size, markings,
and nature of the vestiture. The description is taken from the
male; the female is slightly more robust and has the elytra rel-
atively slightly broader and shorter.

S. montanus n. sp.—Form rather robust, convex; scales brown,
scarcely perceptibly variegated in tint, oval, slightly longer than wide,
dense and overlapping, the prothorax broadly and strongly trivittate
with whitish scales; abdomen densely squamose and very sparsely setose,
the scales elongate and acicular. Head short, robust, transverse; front
flat, broadly impressed near each eye; surface squamose, densely punc-
tate, and with short robust sete; beak slightly shorter than the head,
distinctly transverse, broadly, feebly impressed, the sides being slightly
declivous toward the median groove, which is deep, narrow and distinct,
foveate on the front; eyes moderate, slightly convex; antennz short;
first joint of funicle robust, distinctly longer than the next two together,
second longer than the third. Prothorax slightly wider than long; sides
rather strongly arcuate, tinely constricted at apical sixth and very dis-
tinctly so at basal tenth; apex very slightly narrower than the base,
both subtruncate; disk convex; median vitta broadly, feebly impressed,
dark areas densely clothed with short, piceous, robust squamiform setz,
Lilytra three-fourths longer than wide, gradually narrowed behind from
near the middle, acutely rounded at apex, deeply emarginate at base;
sides parallel and nearly straight toward base; disk convex; striz fine,
distinctly impressed; punctures very fine and occult, close; intervals
convex, alternately slightly more strongly so toward base; dark setze
erect, robust, short and squamiform, abundant; the pale setz but slightly
longer, robust, squamiform and very sparse. Abdomen convex; second
ventral segment in the middleaslong as the next two together. Length
5.38-5.7 mm.

California (Placer Co. 2).

Related to the preceding, but differs in its shorter, more ro-
bust form, darker colors, and much denser dark setw of the
elytra.

288 On Some New

S. nebulosus n. sp.—Form robust, convex: scales moderate in size,
-obtusely oval, finely, feebly strigose, thin, slightly overlapping on the
elytra, pale brownish-cinereous, variegated with small spots of piceous-

brown in which the scales are sparser, but the small, dark sete more _

abundant, and especiably obvious on the alternate intervals; pronotum

with the sides and a distinct median vitta paler; abdomen cinereous

with very dense scales and setz. Head moderate, very slightly wider —

than long; eyes moderate, at two-thirds their length from the base;
front and surface of beak densely squamose and with numerous short,
robust, erect setz; beak distinctly shorter than the head, about as long
as wide; surface broadly impressed; median groove long, very fine;
frontal fovea elongate, narrow; antenne piceous: first joint of funicle
robust, slightly longer than the next two together, second very slightly
longer than the third, both slightly longer than wide. Prothorax
slightly wider than long; sides broadly, evenly arcuate, finely con-
stricted near the base and apex; the latter broadly arcuate, slightly
narrower than the base; the latter subtruncate; disk convex, finely,
very densely punctate; punctures nearly concealed; dark sete brown,
robust, numerous. LElytra about two-thirds longer than wide and
three-fourths wider than the prothorax; humeri rather prominent, the
sides being feebly sinuate for a very short distance behind them; sides
nearly parallel or excessively feebly convergent, and almost straight
in basal two-thirds, then acutely rounded behind; base roundly emar-
ginate in the middle; disk convex, finely striate; striz impressed, finely,
closely, and obscurely punctate; intervals slightly unequal, rather un-
evenly convex; dark sete rather abundant, especially dense in widely
separated nuclei on the alternate intervals, short, robust, and inclined;
pale setz as usual, sparse, long, erect, and nearly three times as long as
the darker ones. Length 5.0 mm,

California (San Diego 1).

Especially remarkable. in abdominal structure, the last three
sutures being much more than usually bisinuate and posteriorly
angulate at the sides; the first suture has has a small, rounded,
rather abrupt, and deep median sinuation, and in the middle,
the second segment is fully as long as the next two combined.
The species is easily distinguishable by its unusually robust
form, rather prominent humeri, and very short, robust, dark
sete of the elytra. The seventh funicular joint is as long as
wide on the edge, but slightly transverse on the compressed side.

S. alternans n. sp.—Form rather slender, convex, dark plumbeous-
gray with brown indiscriminately intermingled and not definitely
tesselate; pronotum slightly paler at the sides and with a wide median
vitta which is but very slightly paler; scales rather large, much larger
on the pronotum, rather densely placed, but not overlapping, rounded

North American Rhynchophora. 289

or subtruncate, very coarsely, deeply, and distinctly strigose; abdomen
gray, more sparsely squamose and setose. Head and beak finely and
densely punctate, densely squamose, and with numerous, robust, erect
setee, flat; median groove fine; beak slightly wider than long; antenne
short, robust, rufous; first joint of funicle much more robust, much
longer than the next two together, two to four short, subequal, monili-
form, second very slightly the longer. Prothorax widest slightly before
the middle, one-fourth wider than long; sides feebly arcuate, feebly con-
vergent and nearly straight toward base, feebly sinuate near the apex;
the latter subtruncate, scarcely narrower than the base; disk convex,
densely punctate; dark setz short and very robust; scales nearly all
pale, but more sparse on the dark areas. Llytra four-fifths longer
than wide, less than one-half wider than the prothorax; sides straight
and parallel, broadly rounded from just behind the middle and acutely
rounded behind; disk convex, finely striate; strie finely and not dis-
tinctly punctate; intervals convex, the alternate ones distinctly more
strongly so; dark setz extremely short, robust, and not very numerous;
pale setz very sparse, short, and robust, nearly twice as long as the
darker ones. Length 4.0 mm.

California (exact locality unknown 1).

A small and rather obscure species, but which may possibly
be recognized by the large, deeply strigose, pronotal scales,
nearly uniformly pale in color, but much sparser in the dark
vitte, and by the elytral intervals being alternately decidedly
more strongly elevated. The abdominal scales are elongate, finely
strigose, and simple near the base, but only one-half as long,
smaller, oval, and feebly plumose near the apex.

S. sordidus Lec.—Rather robust; scales dark-brown throughout,
small, oval, very finely and indistinctly strigose on the elytra, more
coarsely so on the pronotum, dense but not overlapping, thick, and
slightly convex ; abdomen densely squamose and setose. Head mod-
erate, slightly transverse; eyes rather small, very slightly longer than
- wide, at nearly their own length from the base; front flat, very feebly
impressed laterally, very densely squamose and with fine, short, incon-
spicuous setz ; median groove narrow and deep; beak nearly as long as
wide; scrobes not visible from above; apex broadly, angularly im-
pressed, densely punctate, sparsely setose, and finely squamulose; an-
tennze moderate ; first joint of funicle slightly longer than the next
two together, second elongate. Prothorax rather distinctly wider
than long, widest just before the middle; sides distinctly arcuate, dis-
tinctly sinuate near the apex, and more broadly and feebly so near the
base ; apex very slightly narrower than the base, both very broadly
and feebly arcuate; disk convex, finely, densely, deeply punctate, the
sides not distinctly paler, and the median vitta scarcely distinguish-

290 On Some New -

able; dark sete extremely short, robust, and rather sparse. Elytra
about three-fourths longer than wide, nearly two-thirds wider than the
prothorax; sides in basal two-thirds parallel and very feebly arcuate,
thence convergent and narrowly rounded at apex; disk finely striate;
striz with small, not very close, rather indistinct punctures; intervals
very feebly convex, slightly unequal; dark sete very small, short; —
robust, and sparse, aggregated occasionally in dense clusters on the
alternate intervals, there being rarely more than one or two on each
interval; white setee very sparse, rather slender and more than twice as
long as the darker ones. Abdomen broadly convex; first suture
broadly, feebly angulate throughout its width, the apex of the angle
rounded; second segment in the middle slightly shorter than the next
two together. Length 4.8 mm.

California (San Francisco 1).

This specimen, which agrees well with the original type, is
probably a male, as there is a small, partially denuded spot near
the apex of the last ventral segment.

S. osculans n. sp.—Rather slender; scales rather large, deeply and
strongly strigose, dark plumbeous-gray, slightly paler at the sides of the
prothorax, but not in the middle; abdomen more sparsely squamose,
setose. Head and beak rather wide and robust, flat, densely punctate,
rather sparsely squamose, and with many short, robust, bristling sete;
apex of beak not at all squamose, sparsely setose; median furrow fine
and distinct; eyes large, moderately convex; antennze moderate, dark
rufous; first joint of funicle rather slender and nearly as long as the
next three together, second very slightly longer than the third, third and
fourth equal, very slightly longer than wide. Prothorax two-fifths
wider than long, widest in the middle, where the sides are inflated and
strongly subangularly arcuate, very feebly and finely constricted on
the sides just behind the apex, nearly straight toward base; apex and
base subequal, very broadly and feebly arcuate; disk convex; median
vitta very feeble and not distinct; surface densely punctate; dark setze
pale-brown, rather long and slender and rather conspicuous. SZlytra.
three-fourths longer than wide; sides parallel and nearly straight in
basal two-thirds, thence rapidly and parabolically rounded at apex;
base broadly, strongly emarginate ; disk convex, about one-half wider
than the prothorax, finely, feebly striate; punctures rather coarse,
feeble, and indistinct; intervals subequal, nearly flat; dark setz pale
brown, rather long moderately robust, very abundant and conspicuous,
especially on the alternate intervals; white setz very sparse and rather
short, about one-half longer than the dark ones.‘ Abdomen broadly con-
vex; first suture broadly, rather strongly arcuate in the middle. Length
4.3 mm.

California (Hoopa Valley, Humboldt Co. 2).

North American Rhynchophora. 291

Although rather closely allied to margaritosus, I believe that
the present species is distinct, on account of the shorter, more
transverse, and more strongly inflated prothorax, with the scales
more evenly arranged, and without distinct median vitta, and
also because of the denser, paler, and more conspicuous dark
setze of the elytra.

We arrive here at a division of the genus which is charac-
terized by the elevated internal margin of the eye. ‘There are
other characters which serve to distinguish these species, such as
the sparser scales on the head and beak, enabling the punctures to
be more distinctly seen, and also the more decided impression
at the apex of the beak. The form is generally elongate and
slender. This section should probably include procerus, but as
the internal margin of the eye is so feebly elevated as to give rise
to uncertainty, it is left, for the present, with the preceding
division.

S, prominens n. sp.—Slender, convex; scales small, oval, those on
the elytra rather dense, but not at all overlapping, obscurely and finely
strigose, those of the head and prothorax very sparse, and a little more
distinctly strigose and more cupreous; general color pale brown, slightly
variegated with cinereous, especially near the sides; pronotum very
feebly and indefinitely trivittate. Head slightly transverse; front and
base of beak flat, rather coarsely, deeply, very densely, and irregularly
punctate; the punctures large and small intermingled; surface rather
sparsely bristling with long fine dark sete and shorter paler ones inter-
mingled, almost devoid of scales, except a very few near the eyes and
base; eyes large, feebly convex, inner margins very strongly elevated
above the front; beak slightly transverse, nearly as long as the head;
apex slightly impressed, feebly declivous and finely tricarinate; lateral
caring convergent and rather discal; median groove rather narrow
and deep; antenne with first joint of funicle as long as the next two
together, second elongate. Prothorax slightly wider than long, cylin-
drical, rather broadly and feebly constricted at apical fifth, and very
finely so just before the basal margin; intermediate portion of the
sides broadly, distinctly, and nearly evenly arcuate; base and apex
equal, just visibly arcuate; disk coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate;
scales not obscuring the punctures; dark setz very fine and not dense.
Scutellum small, extremely densely squamose, whitish. LElytra fully
twice as long as wide, nearly one-half wider than the prothorax; sides
straight and parallel in basal two-thirds, acutely roundly behind, the
sides being very feebly sinuate before attaining the apex; disk convex,
feebly striate; striz with small, but distinct and rather approximate
punctures; intervals nearly flat, subequal; dark sete abundant, robust,

292 On Some New

very finely attenuate, arcuate; pale setz short, very sparse, scarcely
twice as long as the darker ones; each elytron has a small, subapical
umbo on which the dark setz are extremely dense. Length 3.5-4.0
mm. . ‘ Pact

California (San Diego 2). |

The second ventral segment is much shorter than the next
two combined, and the base of the abdomen is broadly and fee-
bly impressed; surface densely squamose throughout; first suture
broadly and feebly arcuate in the middle.

S. hispidiceps n. sp.—Form elongate, convex; scales moderate, -
rounded, truncate, finely but distinctly strigose, cinereous at the sides,
indefinitely clouded with pale brown toward the suture, dense, but sel-
dom overlapping on the elytra. Head small, robust, distinctly wider
than long; front and basal half of beak flat, coarsely and deeply punc-
tate, with finer punctures on the interspaces, bristling with long erect
setze, and shorter, paler, more recumbent ones near the surface; the
latter almost devoid of scales, except near the eyes; beak as long as the
head, slightly wider than long, feebly declivous and distinctly impressed
at apex, the impression divided as usual by a distinct carina; lateral cari-
ne fine and strongly elevated; impression distinctly limited behind by
a more declivous surface; eyes large, inner margin rather distinctly
elevated; antennz rufous, rather slender, nearly as in prominens. Pro-
thorax distinctly wider than long, cylindrical; base and apex equal,
very feebly arcuate; sides rather distinctly constricted very near the
apex, broadly and feebly arcuate in the middle; disk convex, rather
finely and densely punctate: scales rather dense, obscuring the punc-
tures, but sparser than those of the elytra, not forming distinct vitta;
setz pale brown, rather long, fine and dense, especially toward the me-
dian line. Elytra fully twice as long as wide, formed nearly as in
prominens; subapical umbones feebler; disk feebly striate; striz finely
and not very distinctly punctate; intervals subequal, nearly flat; setze as
in prominens. Abdomen impressed in the middle at base. Length 4.5-
4,8 mm.

Arizona (exact locality not given 2).

This species greatly resembles the last in outward form, but dif-
fers very remarkably in its larger, less elongate-oval, and very
much more coarsely and distinctly strigose scales, by the denser
scales of the prothorax, and finer pronotal punctuation. The
punctures of the elytral striz are much less distinct, and the
color of the vestiture is more whitish and less brown.

S. angustulus n. sp.—Form elongate and rather slender, convex;
scales pale brownish-gray, feebly variegated with cinereous at_the sides,

North American Rhynchophora. 293

small, dense, rounded, finely and not very distinctly strigose on the
elytra, longerand more deeply strigose on the pronotum, which is feebly
trivittate. Head distinctly wider than long; front and base of beak
flat, rather finely, very densely and deeply punctate; scales distinct in
two spots in the middle near the base, and in an arcuate line on each
side from the base along the eye and across the base of the beak, else-
where devoid of scales, except a few sparse cupreous ones scattered over
the apical impression of the beak; surface bristling with erect setze
which are rather dense and uniform in color; median sulcus deep, but
narrow; eyes large, inner margin very distinctly elevated; beak scarcely
as long as the head, wider than long, apical impression short, slightly
declivous and feeble, carinze feeble and short, impression not at all dis-
tinctly limited behind; antenne rather slender; basal joint of funicleas
long as the next two together, two to four distinctly elongate, second
slightly the longer. Prothorax cylindrical, slightly wider than long,
distinctly constricted at apical sixth, and more finely so just before the
basal margin; intervening sides broadly and distinctly arcuate; apex
and base equal, the former subtruncate, the latter very feebly arcuate;
disk finely, densely punctate, rather densely squamose; setz long, fine
and abundant. Zlytra about four-fifths longer than wide, not one-half
wider than the prothorax; sides in basal two-thirds straight and parallel,
thence rather acutely rounded behind, the sides before the apex very
broadly and feebly sinuate; each elytron with a very minute feeble sub-
apical umbo; disk convex, finely, feebly striate; strize with very fine,
but rather distinct approximate punctures; intervals subequal, nearly
flat, dark setz rather dense, fine, attenuate; pale setze sparse, and but
slightly longer. Length 5.38 mm,

California (Monterey, Monterey Oo. 1).

The fine setigerous appendage of the ungues is distinct and
sometimes gives the appearance of a finely cleft claw. This type
specimen, although a female because of the unimpressed abdo-
men, is apparently distinct in its punctuation and vestiture.

S. explicitus n. sp.—Elongate, convex; scales moderate in size,
rounded, very dense and overlapping on the elytra, more sparse on the
pronotum where they do not obscure the punctures, equal in size on the
elytra and pronotum, piceous in color, finely and closely strigose; pro-
notum not at all vittate except at the base, where there are three small
paler spots; abdomen very densely setose and squamose, scales dark
gray, distinctly plumose toward apex. Head slightly transverse, about
equal in length to the beak; the latter slightly wider than long; front
and basal half of beak nearly flat, coarsely, very densely, and deeply
punctate, only squamose near the eyes, and with a few small cupreous
scales at the apex of the beak; surface covered with a confused mass of
setee, rather fine, some cinereous and others subcupreous; median

294 On Some New

groove very deep, wide, and conspicuous; eyes large, inner margin
slightly elevated; beak with large lunate impression in apical half, the
sides carinate, median carina in the form of an elongate tubercle;
antenne slender, slightly longer than usual, piceous-black; first joint of
funicle distinctly longer than the next two together, second to fourth
elongate, the former much longer than the third. Prothorazx eylindri-
cal, distinctly wider than long, with a rather abrupt, distinct constric-
tion at apical sixth; sides broadly, subangularly arcuate; disk convex,
rather finely and densely punctate; punctures deep, generally separated
by their own widths; setz small, piceous, abundant, but not con-
spicuous; base and apex equal, broadly and very feebly arcuate. Hlyéra .
four-fifths longer than wide; sides parallel and straight in basal two-
thirds; disk moderately convex, rather distinctly striate; strize with
round, deep, and very distinct punctures, usually separated by nearly
twice their own diameters; intervals subequal, nearly flat; dark set
rather large, robust, rapidly and finely attenuate, very abundant,
piceous and not conspicuous; pale setz rather abundant and twice as
long as the darker ones. First abdominal suture broadly and subangu-
larly emarginate throughout its width: second segment slightly shorter
than the next two together; setz white, very dense and unusually con-
spicuous. Length 5.8 mm.

California (San Diego 1).

This species is remarkably distinct from all the others here
described, in its dark, piceous vestiture, longer antennal scape,
and distinct elytral punctures. It is described from the female.

S. apacheanus n. sp.—Somewhat robust and flattened above;
scales rather large, rounded, finely, distinctly strigose, very dense,
overlapping, dark brown and paler confusedly intermingled, present-
ing a feebly tesselated appearance on the alternate intervals; pronotum
with narrow, feeble median vitta, and slightly paler sides; abdomen
whitish, very densely squamose and setose, the scales elongate and
finely plumose. Head rather robust, distinctly transverse; front flat;
surface of head and’beak coarsely, very sparsely squamose in the middle:
more densely so laterally, densely bristling with fine, erect sete;
median groove fine but deep; beak shorter than the head, wider than
long; basal half on same plane as the front, but broadly and feebly im-
pressed; apex feebly declivous and impressed, feebly carinate in the
middle, sparsely, finely squamose, and more sparsely setose; lateral
carinee more distinct than usual, also more discal and distinctly con-
vergent from apex to base; scrobes more than usually visible from
above; antennze moderate; first joint of the funicle one-third the
length of the latter, slender, as long as the next two together, second
elongate, much longer than the third, third and fourth subequal, both
elongate, five to seven shorter, strongly incrassate. Prothorax cylin-

North American Rhynchophora. 295

drical, distinctly wider than long; sides rather strongly and evenly
arcuate in the middle, sinuate near base and apex; the latter equal, apex
subtruncate, base feebly arcuate; disk convex, rather coarsely, very
deeply and densely punctate; punctures partially concealed, dark setze
fine, rather long and abundant. Jlytra oblong, nearly twice as long as
wide, four-fifths wider than the prothorax; sides nearly parallel and
straight, acutely rounded behind from apical third; disk finely, feebly
striate; strie finely, rather closely and not distinctly punctate; intervals
subequal, nearly flat; dark setz rather long and fine, abundant; pale
setz very sparse, about one-half longer than the dark ones. Length
6.38 mm,

Arizona and Southern California 2. Mr. G. W. Dunn.

This species is the largest of the present group; the locality is
sudject to a little doubt, as both specimens may be from either
Southern California or Arizona.

S. sparsus n. sp.—Form slender, convex, piceous; scales very small,
elongate-oval, evenly and very sparsely distributed over the surface of
the elytra, always separated by at least their own dimensions, very
sparse on the prothorax, except in a small median basal spot where they
are dense; throughout they are of the same color as the body and are ex-
. tremely inconspicuous, very sparse on the abdomen; the latter more
densely setose. Head conical, very slightly wider than long; front flat,
slightly depressed below the inner margins of the eyes, not sulcate, but
having a deep elongate median fovea just behind the middle of the eyes;
the latter large and very feebly convex; entire surface of head and beak
extremely densely, rather finely and very deeply punctate, sparsely
squamose, and more densely setose; sete short and rather robust; beak
slightly wider than long, broadly, roundly, and very feebly impressed
throughout its width, finely subcarinate at the sides, not at all im-
pressed near the apex, the median carina entirely obsolete; antennz
rather short; basal joint of funicle more robust, nearly as long as the
next two together, second longer than wide and slightly longer than
the third. Prothorax cylindrical, very slightly wider than long; sides
evenly and distinctly arcuate, feebly constricted near the apex; base
and apex equal, very feebly arcuate; disk coarsely, deeply, and densely
punctate; scales extremely sparse, except along the middle, where they
are more numerous; set short, robust, rather numerous. Elytra about
twice as long as wide, scarcely more than one-third wider than the pro-
thorax; sides parallel and straight in basal two-thirds; disk convex,
rather coarsely but feebly striate; striz with rather coarse, very deep,
and somewhat approximate punctures, distinctly more feeble toward
apex; intervals slightly unequal, not distinctly convex; dark setz short,
robust and rather sparse; pale setz very sparse, short and robust,
about twice as long as the darker. Abdomen rather distinctly and

296° On Some New Nort

coarsely punctate; first. suture rather
angularly arcuate in the middle; second

the next two pombe = oy 5 }

i
“California (Hoop Valley, rumba Go. 2). a

The Sai edy sta | is slightly We edhe tha
robust. It is described from the male.

maw A LS

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Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. 297

ATIII.— Notes on the Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin.

BY SETH E. MEEK.

Read April 16th, 1888.

During the year 1885-6, as a Fellow in Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y., I spent some time in the study of the fishes of
Cayuga Lake and vicinity. In the following paper is given a
list of the fishes known in this region, together with such notes
as seem proper. The material which forms the basis of this
paper is chiefly in the museum of Cornell University. Some of
this material was collected in former years by Dr. Wilder and
Professor Gage, and by friends of the University ; the rest for
the most part by myself, aided by Prof. Gage and Prof. Com-
stock, also by students from time to time ; of these, Mr. Harry
Summers and Mr. G. D. Harris deserve special mention. Dr.
Wilder employed a fisherman to aid me for a few days. To
those students who assisted me, I acknowledge my indebtedness.
I am also under many obligations to Dr. Wilder, Prof. Gage,
and Prof. Comstock, for their kind assistance and encourage-
ment, and especially to the first named for notes and other aids.

The completion of this paper has been very much retarded by
causes apparently uncontrollable.

The collecting at the northern end of the Lake, at Cayuga and
Montezuma, was delayed until late in the spring of 1886, and
until only a few days before I was called away. I was unable,
at the time, to make a careful study of that collection. Since
then, I have been prevented, either by other duties or by sepa-
ration from my notes or specimens, from completing the paper
previously to this date.

It is to be hoped that the following list will be found approxi-
‘mately correct, and that the results of my labors may aid some
one to undertake the work and give it a more extended and
careful study. It will be a pleasure to me to aid any student
who may attempt this research.

To Dr. Jordan, and especially to Prof. Gilbert, I am indebted
for aid in identifying doubtful species. Mr. H. V. Kipp, of

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. OF SCI., IV. Issued March, 1889.

298 Notes on the

Montezuma, N. Y., has kindly furnished some valuable notes
which are included in the paper.
The classification is that adopted by Dr. Jordan.

Family Il. PETROMYZONTID£®.
1. AMMOCGTES BRANCHIALIS Linneus.
Ammoceetes niger * At 349. B., 9.

Ammocetes cepypterus. G2 4,

This species, no doubt, inhabits most of the streams and lakes
in the North Eastern United States, although only known at
present from Indiana, Wisconsin and Ithaca, N. Y.

On May 8th, 1886, Professor Gage’ and myself caught five
specimens in Cayuga Lake Inlet. We saw as many more, but
were unable to capture them. On May 22d we visited the Inlet
a second time, but failed to find other examples of this species.

The five specimens were compared by us with other specimens
from Indiana. In those from the Inlet, the extreme mandibu-.
lary-cusps on-.either side were much longer than the four re-
maining cusps; all the cusps were pointed. In the specimens
from Indiana the cusps were all bluntish and subequal in

ength ; no other differences could be detected. We consider
this difference too small to be of specific value.

The five specimens from the Inlet were all males, and each
was busily engaged in building his nest.

The habits of this species seem to be similar to those of the
next species; they ascend the Inlet to spawn about two weeks
earlier, and in smaller numbers.

* The references are as follows :—

A. Jordan’s Manual of Vertebrates, 4th Edition.

B. Jordan and Gilbert, Synopsis Fishes N. A., 1882.

C. Jordan, Catalogue Fishes N. A., 1885.

Figures refer to pages in the above-named works.

“©” Tndicates that the adult of the species is a food-fish.

‘*+”? Indicates that the adult of the species is used as food by some
of the larger fishes.

1 Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. &ci., Buffalo meeting, page 269,

Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. 299
2, PETROMYZON: MARINUS* Linnzus.

(Sea Lamprey: Large Lake Lamprey.)
A., 348, B., 11. C., 4.

Petromyzon nigricans. <A., 349. B., 12.

This lamprey is found in much larger numbers than the pre-
ceding; it also reaches a much larger size.

During the spring of 1886, more than one thousand speci-
-mens were taken from Cayuga Lake Inlet, and all of them within
five miles of Ithaca. They began to ascend the inlet, for the pur-
pose of spawning, on May 2I1st, and continued to do so until
late in June.

Their nests are excavations made in the bed of the stream,
where the water is shallow, and usually just above ripples. In
the fine sand and gravel at the bottom of these nests, eggs are
deposited by the females, and the embryos developed. The
larve live in the sand along the edge of the stream, just below
the water-line.

This species is frequently taken by the fishermen. It is
usually found attached to the bull-heads, suckers, and other
large soft-rayed fishes. It seldom attacks the spiny-rayed
fishes.

The following count was made of a number of the lampreys
which were caught during the spawning season and brought to
the University by fishermen, within two weeks:

May 21st, 156 males and 69 females.
Meee oeinptas e's tr 88 TNO")
Later, MOG eer Or

€¢ 86 6¢ 66 49 6¢é

Total, 489 males and 265 females.

Length of longest male specimen, 42 cm.

san @ shortest: 6 K¢ 23 cm.
«« — ** longest female ‘“< 35 cm.
“Se siertest. <* “3 25 cm.

One small female, 18 cm. in length, was captured; the ova in
it were quite immature.

300 Notes on the

During the spring a crest is developed upon the back of the
male, between the nape and the dorsal fin; a similar crest is
developed upon the ventral surface of the female, between the
vent and the caudal fin.

The crest on the male was first noticed by Dr. B. G. Wilder, :
in 1875, and was then considered ,to ,be characteristic of hes
males of Cayuga Lake, and made the bats of a new species.

The crest has since been found characteristic of specimens
from the Atlantic slope. It is said by Seeley to be a feature of
European specimens, during the breeding season. The crest is .
seasonal and sexual, and, so far as I know, is characteristic of
this species only. During other seasons of the year, the differ-
ence between the sexes of this fish is not easily, if at all, recog-
nizable.

Family If. ACIPENSERIDE.

3. ACIPENSER RUBICUNDUS* Le Sueur.
(Sturgeon.)
A., 345. B.,{87. C., 13.

A large specimen of this species, now in the museum of Cor-
nell University, is reported as being from Cayuga Lake.

Mr. Seth Green informs me that sturgeons ;have occasionally
been taken in Cayuga Lake; but, so far as he knows, they have
never been found in any other of the small lakes of Central New

York.
I copy the following extract from a letter of recent date from

Mr. H. V. Kipp, Montezuma, N. Y.:
‘< There have not been any sturgeons taken from Cayuga Lake
since 1880, but quite a number before that date, and the largest

known weighed thirty-five pounds.”

Family IIt. LEPIDOSTEIDZE.
4, LEPIDOSTEUS OSSEUS Linnezus.
‘(Gar-pike: Bill-fish.)
Agee4e) B91, -C., 13.
Occasionally taken from the northern end of the Lake. Not
as numerous as they used to be (Kipp).

Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. 301

Family 1V. AMIID.'
od.» AMIIA CALVA Linnezxus.
(Dog-fish), (Bow-fin), (Wave-fin.)
A., 340. B., 94. C., 13.

Seldom taken near Ithaca; not common at the northern end
of the Lake.
Family V. SELURIDE.
6. NOTURUS GYRINUS ¢ Mitchill.
(Stone-Cat. )
Ap dots, Bo 98... C., 14.

I have no knowledge of this species as being taken near Ithaca.
There are a few specimens in the Museum of Cornell University
from the Lake, but no definite locality is given. Several were
taken by Mr. Harrisand myself from a small stream near Monte-

zuma.
7. AMIURUS NEBULOSUS * Le Sueur.

(Bull-head.)
Cay 14:
Amiurus catus. A., 382. B., 104.
Very abundant throughout the entire Cayuga Lake basin.
Jaws subequal; apal rays 18 to 22; base of the anal fin 4 to
-5 in the length of the body; individual variations many.

8. AMLURUS VULGARIS * Thompson.
(Long-jawed Cat.)]

This species seems to be quite scarce; I found but one speci-
men among over one hundred of the former species. It was
taken near Ithaca.

- Lower jaw decidedly longer than the upper. Upper lip thin;
anal rays 19; caudal fin slightly emarginate. Physiognomy con-
siderably different from other species of the genus.

9. AMIURUS NATALIS* Le Sueur.
aerate o., 10a, ©; To:
I have seen but one specimen of this species from the Lake.
It was taken a few years ago.
Upper jaw usually the longer. Anal rays 26; base of the
anal 32 in the length of the body; caudal fin rounded.

302 Notes on the

10. LEPTOPS OLIVARIS *, Rafinesque.
(Mud-Cat.)
C., 14. Pilodictis olivaris. B., 101. A., 884. |

The following is from a note kept by Dr. Wilder: “A large
cat-fish was taken on a set line two miles below Sheldrake, about
1855, by Alex. Merian.”

Mr. H. V. Kipp informs me that cat-fish are caught in the
northern end of the Lake, reaching a weight of 25 pounds.

It is probable that these statements refer to this species, but
possibly to A. nigricans.

Family VI. CATOSTOMID £E. —

11. CATOSTOMUS CATOSTOMUS * Forster.
(Long-nosed Sucker.)

C., 17. 1G. longtrostris. ~ A.., 320. ae
My search for this species was in vain. It is found in the
Adirondack region, and no doubt is a member of the Cayuga
Lake fauna. 7
12, CATOSTOMUS TERES * Mitchill,
(Common White Sucker.)
A.,; 320, ~C., 18.

Catostomus commersoni. B., 129.

Very abundant through the entire Lake basin.

13. ERIMYZON SUCETTA * Lacepede.
(Chub Sucker.)

AL 819." B., 138:
Hrimyzon sucetta oblongus. C., 19.
Very common about Cayuga and Montezuma. I know of
none taken near Ithaca.
14, MOXOSTOMA MACROLEPIDOTUM * Le Sueur,
(Common Red Horse.)
A. (318 SB 940.1,

I have seen but one specimen of this species from the Lake.
Rather common at the northern end, so Mr. Kipp informs me.

Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. 303

Family Vil. CYPRINID#.
15. PIMEPHALES PROMELAS?( Rafinesque.
(Black-headed Minnow.)
Ae weoee | Bs, 108... .C., 22.

Length of largest specimen, about 65 cm.

Head, 4 in the length of the body; depth 3 to 4.

Dorsal rays, 1-8; anal rays, 7; scales in the lateral line, 42-44.

Body elongate, robust; dorsal region rather prominent, more so than
in P. notatus.

Snout bluntish, the mouth small and terminal, its gape forming a
slight angle with the axis of the body. Margin of upper lip on a level
with the ventral surface of the pupil; maxillary reaching about 3 dis-
tance to vertical from the cephalic margin of the orbit. Premaxil-
-laries protractile. Lateral line incomplete, pores on about 15 scales.
Scales between the dorsal fin and the nape small and crowded.

Peritoneum black; alimentary canal about 24 times the length of the
body.

Teeth, 4-4, not hooked, all with the grinding surface developed.

Color olivaceous, somewhat silvery, darker on the sides.

The dark bar across the dorsal fin not very distinct; a faint dark spot
at the base of the caudal.

The above description is based upon ten specimens taken from Fall
Creek, between Triphammer Falls and Forest Home. I found this
species only in this one locality.

This species is easily distinguished from others of the Cayuga
cyprinoids by the very long intestine. Apparently not com-
mon.

16. PIMEPHALES NOTATUS? Rafinesque.
(Blunt-nosed Minnow.)
Maaesos «Br, 189: | C.,/22

Length of largest specimens, about 7 cm.

Head, 43 in the length of the body; depth 4 to 5.

Scales in the lateral line, 42-44.

Body elongate, dorsal region not prominent.

Snout very blunt, mouth small, the gape parallel with the axis of
the body; the lower jaw the shorter, slightly overhung by the very
blunt snout.

Margin of the upper lip%on a level with the ventral surface of the
orbit; end of the maxillary reaching ? distance to vertical from the
cephalic margin of the orbit.

304 Notes on the

Lateral line complete, its cephalic half slightly decurved. 7 Scales be-
tween nape and dorsal fin much crowded, being, as in P. promelas,
much smaller in this region than on other parts of the body, 25 to 27
in a series.

_ Eye rather large, much larger than in r P. promelas.

Teeth, 4—4, first slightly hooked, and the grinding surface developed .
on the first three.

Last ray of dorsal fin % the length of a first ray. First ee ray
slightly nearer the base of the caudal than the tip of the snout.

Peritoneum dark; alimentary canal about 14 times the length of the
body.

Color olivaceous, more silvery than in the last species. The young
have a dark lateral band, and a dark spot at the base of the caudal fin.

This species is found in large numbers in the southern end of
the lake, and in streams on the flats. Not very abundant at the
northern end of. the lake, and in streams near Ithaca, above the

falls.
17. EXOGLOSSUM MAXILLINGUA?t Le Sueur.

(Cut-lips: Stone-toter.)
A.., 308.” Bx, 1602, (C_ 5.22:

Found by me, in small numbers, in Six-Mile-Creek and Fall
Creek below the falls. It inhabits clear running water.

In this species, the dentary bones are united throughout their
length; and on either side is a fleshy lobe, giving the lower jaw
the appearance of a hare-lip when viewed from the ventral side.
This character at once distinguishes this species from all others
of the family. |

18. NOTROPIS ANOGENUS?t Forbes.

Length of largest specimens, about 44 cm.

Head 4 to 44 in the length of the body; depth 3? to 4. Dorsal rays 8;
anal rays 8. Scales in the lateral line, 33 to 35.

Body rather elongate, dorsal region prominent. Snout pointed ;
mouth very small, its gape making an angle of 45° or 50° with the axis.
of the body. Maxillary reaching about 2 distance to vertical from
cephalic margin of the orbit, its length 44 to 5 in the length of the
head. Margin of the upper lip on a level with the centre of the pupil.
Kye large, its diameter 3 in the length of the head.

Pectoral fins small, their tips reaching 2 distance to ventrals ; tips of
ventrals reaching the vent. Lateral line nearly complete. Teeth 4-4,
all hooked and with the grinding surface slightly developed. Scales
between nape and dorsal fin not crowded, about 14 in a series.

Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. 305

Color olivaceous, lighter below. A black band on sides passing
around snout, about 3 as wide as eye, the black on the snout on both
jaws.

Quite common in the canal near Montezuma. It is the

smallest of all the Cayuga fishes.

This species differs from Notropis heterodon, which it most
resembles, in the small and very oblique mouth, and in the
dentition.

19. NOTROPIS HETERODON t+ Cope.
Hemitremia heterodon. A., 303. B., 168. C., 22.

Length of longest specimens, about 5 cm.

Head 4 in the length of the body ; depth 44 to 44. Dorsal rays 8;
anal rays 8. Scales in the lateral line, 34 to 36. f

Body elongate, with the dorsal region prominent. Snout pointed ;
mouth rather large, terminal; the jaws /subequal in length; gape of
mouth forming a small angle (less than 35°) with the axis of the body.

Maxillary reaching to vertical from the cephalic margin of the orbit ;
its length 4 in the length of the head.

First dorsal ray slightly nearer the tip of the snout than the base of
the caudal fin. Pectoral fins reaching ? distance to ventrals ; ventrals

reaching the vent. .
Scales between the nape and the dorsal fin not crowded, 12 to 13 ina

series.
Teeth 1-4-4-1; grinding surface little developed, usually crenate on

the edges.
Straw-colored, with darker punctulations on the edges of the scales

on upper part of the body; nearly plain below. A dark plumbeous
marking on the sides and around the snout, about 2 as broad as the
diameter of the eye. The black on snout on both jaws.

Quite common in all the sluggish water on the flats near
Ithaca. Not found at the north end of the Lake ; it seems to be
replaced there by the former species, from which it is quite dif-
ferent.

All the specimens examined by me had teeth 1-4-4-1. Prof.
Gilbert has studied specimens of this species from New York,
Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. He finds the teeth 1-4~-4-1
or 2-4-4-2, and is of the opinion that examples will be found
in which the teeth are 1-4—4-2.

20. NOTROPIS CAYUGA? sp. nov.
Length of the longest specimens, 6 cm.
Head 4+ to 44 in the length of the body ; depth 4 to 44. Dorsal rays 8;
anal 7.

306 Notes on the

Scales in the lateral line, 34 to 36.

Body elongate, rather deep, the dorsal region very prominent. In
general form and appearance, this species closely resembles N. heterodon.

Snout short, less in length than the diameter of the eye, about 44 in
the length of the head; mouth very small, its gape nearly parallel with
the axis of the body; lower jaw the shorter, slightly overhung by the -
very blunt snout. Maxillary reaching about 4 distance from vertical,
from cephalic margin of the orbit. Eye 8 to 3} in the length of the
head. Scales between the nape and the dorsal fin not crowded, 12 to 13
in a series.

First ray of dorsal fin nearer the tip of the snout than the base of the
caudal fin, by a distance nearly equal to the length of the snout.

Length of the dorsal fin nearly the length of the head. Tip of first
ray of dorsal reaching beyond the tip of last ray when the fin is de-
flexed. ; ;

Tips of pectoral fins reaching ? to 4 distance to ventrals. Tips of
ventrals reaching vent. Anal fin similar to dorsal fin, smaller.

Lateral line developed on 10 to 15 scales. Teeth 4—4, slightly hooked
at their tips and with narrow grinding surface.

Color asin N, heterodon, the dark band on the snout on upper jaw
only.

The specimens from the canal near Montezuma are darker
than those from near Ithaca; this is probably due to the greater
abundance of vegetation in the waters of the former situation.

There appears to be considerable individual variation in this
species. The above description is taken froma number of speci-
mens, which seem to represent the more constant and typical
forms. Several specimens were taken near Ithaca, in which the
first dorsal ray was situated midway between the tip of the snout
and the base of the caudal fin, the scales between the nape and
the dorsal fin being about 16 ina series. The body was more
slender and the dorsal region less prominent than in those upon
which the description is based.

These few latter specimens were of a larger size. I submitted
examples of each to Prof. Gilbert, who compared them with
specimens of the same genus from Indiana, Illinois and Missouri.
He finds that the apparent differences between the Ithaca speci-
mens are of no specific value. The lateral line is seldom if ever
complete on any of the Ithaca specimens of either this or the
two preceding species.

Prof. Gilbert is of the opinion that this species may be identi-
cal with Minnilus microstomus Raf. or with Alburnus lineolatus

Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. 307

Agassiz, or with both. As neither of these names is available, I
have proposed a new name for it.

21. NOTROPIS WHIPPLEIt Girard,
(Silver-fin.)
By. 178. 7 G:;, 25.
Hudsonius analostanus. A., 292,
Cliolatanalostana. B., 179.

Teeth 1—-4—4—-1, edges crenate, no. distinct grinding surface.

Body compressed, scales on sides of the body deeper than long, appear-
ing diamond-shaped.

Mouth terminal and oblique, snout pointed.

Eye small, 4 to 5 in the length of the head.

Lateral line complete. A large dark spot on last dorsal rays near
their tips.

First dorsal ray midway between the nostril and base of the caudal fin,

Common on flats near Fall Creek, and in the southern end of
the Lake. Not taken by me in other localities.

22. NOTROPIS MEGALOPSt Rafinesque.
(Shiner. )
Cay 26;
Luxilus cornutus. A., 298.
Cliola*cornuta. B.,'186.

Teeth 2-4-4-2. ‘Scales between the nape and the dorsal fin small and
crowded, 22 to 30inaseries. First dorsal ray much ‘nearer the tip of
the snout than base of caudal fin.? Scales on the sides of the body much
deeper than long. Lateral line complete.

This species is very common throughout the entire lake basin.

23. NOTROPIS MEGALOPS FRONTALIS+ Agassiz.
A., 298. B., 187. C., 26.
This variety differs from the typical form in having larger
scales between the nape and the dorsal fin, 15 to 19 in a series.
Scarce near Ithaca. Common near Montezuma.

24. NOTROPIS LYTHRURUS; Jordan.
(Red-fin.)
Minnilus diplemius. B., 197.

Teeth 2-4—4-2. Scales between dorsal fin very small, about thirty in
a series. Body slender, similar in form to N. atherinoides.

308 Notes on the

One specimen taken from a small stream near Montezuma
Dry Dock. 2 ies

25. NOTROPIS ATHERINOIDES; Rafinesque. —
(Rosy Minnow.)
Oot.
Minnilus rubellus. <A., 296. B., 202.

Head 42 in the length of the body ; depth 54. Dorsal rays 8; anal 9.
The last ray of the anal fin is produced into a short filament which is
about 4 its entire length. First dorsal ray midway between the pupil
and the base of the caudal fin. Base of anal 2 in the length of the head.
Teeth 2-4-4-? (Teeth somewhat abnormally developed.)

I found but one specimen of this species near Ithaca. It was
caught in Six Mile Creek, below the falls. A few specimens
were also found with the preceding species. ‘The above notes
are from the former specimen only.

26. RHINICHTHYS CATARACT} Cuvier and Valenciennes.
(Long-nosed Dace.)
Ais OU bs este Ls: WhO ee
I have seen no specimens of this species from the Lake basin.
I insert it as possibly being a member of the Cayuga Lake fauna.
It is quite common in the streams south of Ithaca, near Vanet-
tenville, N. Y.

27. RHINICHTHYS ATRONASUSt Mitchill.
(Black-nosed Dace.)
A., 30%. . Bz, 208. - C28.

Head about + the length of the body. Mouth sub-inferior, less so
than in the preceding species. Scales in the lateral line 60 to 68. Dorsal
rays 8; analrays7. The young have a very distinct lateral band.

Common near Ithaca in all streams above and below the falls.
None were taken near Montezuma.

28. HYBOPSIS KENTUCKIENSIS;{ Rafinesque,
(Horny-head; River Chub.)
Cliola biguttata. B., 212.

Head 4 in the length of the body; depth 4.
‘Scales in the lateral line 41. Eye 4 in the length of the head. Bar
bel at end of maxillary well developed. Dorsal rays 7; anal 7.

A few specimens taken from Montezuma only.

Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. 309

29. SEMOTILUS ATROMACULATUS} Mitchill.
(Common Chub; Horned Dace.)
C., 29
Semotilus corporalis. <A., 304. B., 221.
Teeth 2—4--5—2; two or three hooked, without grinding surface.
Snout pointed; mouth terminal and very large. End of maxillary
reaching vertical from pupil.

Eye 44 to 54 in head. A dark spot at the root of first rays of the
dorsal.

Very abundant throughout the entire Lake basin.

30. NOTEMIGONUS CHRYSOLEUCUS} Mitchill,
(Golden Shiner. )
A. d0l.. Bs, 250:, C.,.28

Body very much compressed. Teeth 5—5.

Dorsal rays 8 or 9; anal rays 12 or 13. Scales in the lateral line, 44 to
46. Lateral line decurrent with the ventral outline.

Ventral surface between ventral fins and the vent i ming a sort of
keel, over which the scales do not pass.

Found in sluggish water on the flats near Ithaca; none were
taken near Cayuga or Montezuma, but it no doubt occurs there.

Family VIII, CLUPEID.

31. CLUPEA PSEUDOHARENGUS* Wilson,
.(Alewife; Branch-herring; Saw-belly.)
B., 267.- C., 36.

Pomolobus pseudoharengus lacustris. A., 279.

This species, although not a native of Cayuga Lake, is often
found in large numbers in its waters. The fishermen about
Ithaca know it by the name Saw-belly.

It is thought to have been introduced into the lakes of Cen-
tral New York by the State Fish Commission.

Large numbers are often found dead upon the shores of
Cayuga and Seneca Lakes.

AJjl specimens seen by me were small.

For a full discussion of this species, see ‘‘ Natural History of
Aquatic Animals,” by G. Brown Goode, page 588

310 Notes on the

Family IX. SAALMONIDZ.
32. COREGONUS CLUPEIFORMIS* Mitchill.
(Lake White-Fish.)
A., 275. B., 299. C., 43. me
I have seen no specimens of this species from the Lake, of ©
which it is, however, undoubtedly an inhabitant.

33. COREGONUS ARTEDI* LeSueur.
(Lake Herring; Cisco.)
A., 274. -B., 301: G., 43.
I have seen a few specimens of this species from the Lake,
which had been taken some few years ago.
I here record but two species of Coregoni from the Lake.
Others, no doubt, are inhabitants.

34. SALVELINUS NAMAYCUSH* Walbaum.
(Lake Trout.)
Pete 7 (ee OS | Boe G eee 2
Hon. H. W. Sage informs me that this species used to be
quite common in the Lake near Ithaca. About 1830 a large
specimen was found stranded in Cayuga Lake Inlet, about 14
miles from the Lake.

35. SALVELINUS FONTINALIS* Mitchill.
(Brook Trout.)
A., 272. B., 320. C., 44.
Found in small streams on the uplands throughout the Lake

basin.
Family X. PERCOPSID£. -

36. PERCOPSIS GUTTATUS: Agassiz.
(Trout Perch.)
A., 270. B., 322. C., 44.
I have seen no specimens of this species from the Lake, of
which it no doubt is an inhabitant.

Family XI. CYPRtNODONTID£.
37. FUNDULUS DIAPHANUSt LeSueur.
(Barred Killifish.)

A., 2638. B., 334. C., 49.

Lateral line 45 to 50. Dorsal rays 12 to 13; anal 11 or 12.

Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. 311

Common on the flats and in the southern end of the Lake ;
streams on the uplands; Cayuga and Montezuma.

Family XII. UMBRID®.
38. UMBRA LIMI Kirtland.
(Mud Minnow.)

A., 265. B., 350. ©., 51.

Not found by me near Ithaca. Taken in small numbers near
Cayuga and Montezuma.

Family XIV. ESOCIDZ.
39. ESOX RETICULATUS* LeSueur.
(Eastern Pickerel. Green Pike.)
A., 267. B., 353. C., 50.

Lateral line 116 to 120. Branchiostegals 18 to 15. Dorsal rays 13 or
14; anal rays 12 or 13. The largest specimen seen by me from the lake
was 50 cm. in length.

This species seems to be subject to individual variations. In
many respects the specimens seen from the Lake seem to be
intermediate between this species and the #. vermiculatus.

Not very common.

40. ESOX LUCIUS Linnzus.
(Great Lake Pike; Pike.)
Ae, 266.) Be, 3s. C., db.

Lateral line 110. Branchiostegals 15. Dorsal rays 18; anal
rays 15.

_ Not common, found only in the Lake and streams below falls.

This species reaches a much larger size than the preceding.
It is probably confounded by fishermen with the Muskallonge
(Z. masquinongy=nobdilior).

Seth Green informs me that the Muskallonge has been taken
from Cayuga Lake. Several fishermen also maintain the same.
Yet in no case were they able to recognize more than two species,
#. reticulatusand £.lucius. Mr. Kipp does not regard the Mus-
‘kallonge as an inhabitant ot Cayuga Lake. I am inclined to
believe that he is correct, and so omit it from this list.

312 Notes on the

Ff. lucius is light-spotted, while Z. masguinongy is dark-
spotted ; and so the two are easily distinguished.

Family XV. ANGUILLID.
41. ANGUILLA ANGUILLA ROSTRATA* LeSueur.
(Common American Eel.) |
A; 338... “B., 361. Ge; oa:

Not common, occasionally fo from each end of Cayuga
Lake.
Family XVI. GASTEROSTID-..
42, EUCALIA INCONSTANS CAYUGA? Jordan.
(Brook Stickleback.)
ys iia OE
Gasterosteus inconstans. B., 394.

Free dorsal spines, 4 to 6.

Common in standing and sluggish water on the flats; none
were taken by Mr. Harris or myself at the northern end of the
Lake.

Family XVII. ATHERINIDZE.
43. \LABLDESTHES SICCULUSt Cope.
- (Silver Skip-Jack.)
A., 261. B., 406. C., 65.
Not found near Ithaca. Several specimens were taken from

a small stream which empties into the Canal a few rods south of
Montezuma. This locality is the most Eastern known for this

species. |
Family XVIII. CENTRARCHID£.

44, POMOXIS SPAROIDES* Lacepede.

(Grass Bass; Calico Bass.)
B., 464. C., 76.
Pomoxys nigromaculatus. A., 247.,

One specimen, 17 cm. in length, was taken with the former

species. Fishermen say that it is frequently taken from the

Canal.
Pomozis annularis Raf. may also be found in the Canal.

Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. 313.

45. AMBLOPLITES RUPESTRIS* Rafinesque.
(Rock-Bass. )
A., 237. B.. 466. C., 76.

A yery common and well-known species.

46. LEPOMIS CYANELLUS* Rafinesque.
(Blue-Spotted Sun-fish. )
EO 2s Cr.
Apomotis cyanellus. <A., 289.
Not found by me near Ithaca. A few specimens were takem
near Montezuma.

47, LEPOMIS PALLIDUS* Mitchill.
Found in small numbers with the preceding.

48, LEPOMIS GIBBOSUS* Linnaeus.
(Pumpkin-Seed.)
B,.402, ©: V0.
Eupomotis aureus. A., 244.
Very common throughout the entire Lake basin,

49. MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES* Lacepede.
(Large-mouthed Black Bass; Oswego Bass.)
B., 484. ©... 07.
Micropterus pallidus. A., 286.
Rather scarce near Ithaca. More common near Montezuma
and Cayuga.

50. MICROPTERUS DOLOMIEU* Lacepede.
(Small-mouthed Black Bass.)
B., 485. C., 77.
Micropterus salmoides. A., 236.
Not found by me near Ithaca; less common than the preced-
ing near Cayuga and Montezuma.

Family XIX. PERCID£.
51. ETHEOSTOMA NIGRUM OLMSTEDI; Storer,
(Tessellated Darter.)
fy 224. ~B., 492. ° C., 78.
Common at each end of the Lake, but not found in the streams:
at the Southern end above the Falls.

ANNALS N, ¥, ACAD. OF SCI., lv. Issued March, 1889.

314 Notes on the

52. ETHEOSTOMA FLABELLARE;? Rafinesque.
(Fan-tailed Darter.)
A 2a Bs Ole. C80;

Found with the preceding. These two are the only species of
darters found. It seems very strange to me that even these
were not found in the streams on the uplands. he

Darters frequent shallow running water, especially if it is
clear and the bottom of the stream is rocky.

Such are the characters of the upland streams near Ithaca.

Both Six Mile Creek and Fall Creek flow from the uplands to
the lake in a series of cascades. It is impossible for fishes to
ascend these falls, even in the case of high water. This fact
gives considerable interest to the study of the fishes of these two
streams; and the same is true of Cascadilla and Buttermilk ©
creeks. :
PERCA FLAVESCENS* Mitchill.

(Common Yellow Perch.)

C.. 81. Perca americana. B., 524. <A., 229.
Common throughout the Lake basin.
53. STIZOSTEDION VIFREUM* Mitchill.
(Wall-eyed Pike.)
A., 230. B., 325. C., 812

Found in the Lake, but not common.

54. STIZOSTEDION CANADENSE* Smith.
(Sand-Pike.)
A., 230, B.. 526. C., 81.
Found with the preceding species ; less common.

Family XX. COTTID£.
55. COTTUS ICTALOPS Rafinesque.
(Miller’s-thumb; Star-Gazer.)
B., 696. C., 111. Potamocottus richardsoni. A., 254.
Palatine teeth developed. Ventral rays 1-4, dorsal fins con-

nected. Body very robust. Paired fins broad.
Southern end of Cayuga Lake.

Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin. 315

56. COTTUS ICTALOPS BAIRDI+ Girard.
A., 204. B., 69%. ©., 111.

This variety differs from the former in having a less robust
body ; the dorsal fins scarcely if at all connected ; and the paired
fins and palatine teeth less developed.

The two forms apparently grade into each other.

Found with the preceding.

57. COTTUS GRACILISt Heckel.
Ay coe. 5 699, C., Ut.

Palatine teeth usually absent. Ventral rays 1—3. Head 3} to 33 in
length of the body ; depth 43 to 54. Dorsal rays vii., viii. Anal 11-13.
_ I have examined specimens of this species from the southern

end of Cayuga Lake, Beaver Creek, McLean, N. Y., Worcester,
N. Y., and Bangor, N. Y. All apparently belong to the same
species.

Less common than the former species.

68. COTTUS GRACILIS CAYUGAt Var. Nev.

One female specimen 10 cm. in length.

Head 32 in the length of the body; depth 64. Dorsal rays
vii.—17. Anal rays 12.

Body very slender. Preopercular spines large and strongly
hooked, not covered by the skin. Paired fins comparatively
small, otherwise not essentially different from C. gracilis.

This specimen was taken from Cayuga Lake a few years ago.
It appears quite different from the preceding.

It is not unlikely that these, as well as other described forms,
will prove to be but varieties of C. ictalops.

Family XX. GADIDE.
59. LOTA MACULOSA Le Sueur.
(Aleky Trout; Burbot.)
Matas -ss, O02, ©, 129,
Found in the Lake; very scarce.

316 Notes on the Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin.

In the foregoing list, we have represented 20 families and 59
species, including varieties. Of these species, 26 are commonly
used as food for man. 28, together with the young of all
species, are used as food by all the carnivorous fishes, while the
remaining 5 are of little or no economic value. Be

CoE COLLEGE, CEDAR RaPips, Iowa, March 20, 1888.

New Spermophile from California. 317

XIV.—Description of a New Spermophile from California.
Spermophilus beldingi, sp. nov.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
Read December 17th, 1888.

During the summer of 1885, Mr. L. Belding sent me a Spermo-
phile from the summit of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, in
Placer Co., California, which was unlike any I had previously
seen. It belonged tothe genus Spermophilus, and evidently
was more closely related to S. richardsoni townsendi than to any
other species, though it differed materially from the published
descriptions of that animal. Its most striking characteristic
was a broad dorsal band of rufous, which was separated from
the yellowish of the sides by a distinct line of demarcation.
Moreover, it lacked the indistinct spots which are charac-
teristic of townsendi. Believing this interesting Spermophile to
be undescribed, and desiring to secure a number of specimens,
I engaged Mr. Charles A. Allen, of Nicasio, to visit the locality
where Mr. Belding discovered the species. Mr. Allen had no
difficulty in finding its haunts, and succeeded in capturing a
fine series of specimens, which served to emphasize its distinct-
ness. Unwilling, however, to describe it without actual com-
parison with S. townsendi, I have been forced to wait until the
present autumn for the opportunity, which I now possess, and
which shows the new species to differ even more markedly from
townsendi than I had supposed. I take pleasure in naming it
in honor of its discoverer, Mr. L. Belding, of Stockton, Califor-
nia, whose contributions to the knowledge of the zoology of the
region, particularly its ornithology, entitle him to lasting remem-
brance. ‘The new species may be recognized from the following
description:

_ SPERMOPHILUS BELDINGI, sp. nov.
Sierra Nevada Spermophile.
Type, 2433, 2 ad., Merriam Collection. From Donner, Cali-
fornia, June 22d, 1886.

DESCRIPTION OF TyPE.—Size about equal to, or a trifle larger

318 Description of a

than, S. townsendi; total length (measured in the flesh), 292
mm.; tail, 89 mm.; hind foot (measured from the dry skin
after moistening sufficiently to straighten the toes), 45 mm.;
height of ears above crown (in dry skin), 6mm. Claws long
and powerful, nearly straight. Hind foot with posterior third
of sole well haired. ‘Tail sub-cylindrical, not bushy. ar large
for amember of the S. richardsoni group ; well clothed with
hair on both sides; auricle strongly convex anteriorly, slightly
emarginate posteriorly; antero-posterior diameter considerably
exceeding the vertical. Pelage rather coarse.

Color.—The most conspicuous color character is a broad dor-
sal band of bright rufous, which extends from the nape to the
root of the tail, and is sharply separated from the dull, grizzled
yellowish-gray of the sides and under parts. This rufous band,
in passing over the rump, tapers rapidly to the root of the tail,
where it becomes continuous with the broad median stripe of
the upper surface of the tail, which is bordered with yellowish.
The tail is bright chestnut underneath, and has a subterminal
black band which is more sharply defined below than above.
The top of the head, from nose to occiput, is rufous like the dor-
sal band, from which it is indistinctly separated along the nape.
There is a white streak on each eyelid. The back and sides
show a slight admixture of black-tipped hairs, producing a faint
suggestion of vermiculation. These black hairs are most numer-
ous on the upper surface of the tail, particularly along its sides,
between the yellowish border and the rufous median stripe,
where on each side they form an indistinct narrow black band,
which is continuous with the broad, subterminal band of the
same color. The cheeks and ears are dark-grayish, slightly griz-
zled. ‘The chin and throat are whitish. The upper surfaces of
both fore and hind feet are light yellowish-gray.

REMARKS ON OTHER SPECIMENS.—My series of S. beldingt
consists of 20 skins and 26 skulls from the neighborhood of
Donner, Placer Co., California, and one young from Bear Valley,
Mariposa Co. Many of the specimens are nursing females; the
normal number of teats is 8. Measured in the flesh, the total
length varies from 275 to 300 mm., and the tail from 76 to 89
mm. In the adult there is very little color variation. Some-
times the rufous of the head is continuous over the nape with

New Spermophile from California. 319

the dorsal stripe. In one specimen (No. 4,720 @ ) the vermicula-
tions on the rump are much more distinct than in the others.
Sometimes there is a blackish stripe above the white stripe of
the upper eyelid. Sometimes there is a touch of rufous on the
outside of the ankle. In one specimen (No. 2,708 2 ) the tail is
considerably broader sub-terminally than toward the base. A
single individual (No. 4,721¢) has the rufous dorsal band
duller and paler than in the others, though still sharply
defined. ‘The posterior third of the sole is well covered with
hair, except in No. 4,719 2, in which it is entirely naked—prob-
ably the result of unusual wear (the tail in the same specimen
is very shabby). Sometimes the dark basal portion of the fur
on the belly shows through.

Cranial characters.—On comparing a series of skulls of Sper-
mophilus beldingt from Donner, California, with a correspond-
ing series of its nearest ally, S. richardsoni townsendi, from
near Laramie, Wyoming, several excellent specific characters
may be seen. The most noticeable of these, viewing the skull
from above, is the great breadth of the interorbital plane of the
frontals, which projects well out.over the orbits, and in adult
skulls is perforated by the supraorbital foramina. In young
skulls this foramen is incomplete externally, existing as a deep
notch. The average ratio of interorbital breadth to basilar
length in nine skulls of deldingi is 28.0; in two skulls of town-
sendi it is 22.9. The premolar is very much larger in townsend?
than in deldingi, though it is. by no means small in the latter.
It is the large size of this tooth in townsendi that gives the
molar series the relatively greater length shown in the table of
measurements of that species. In adult skulls of deldingz the
post-palatine foramina are situated wholly within the palatine
bones; in downsendi they are on the palato-maxillary suture.
In beldingi, compared with townsendi, more of the base of the
presphenoid bone is exposed behind the shelf of the palatine;
the foramen behind the last molar is conspicuously larger; the
foramen magnum is notably smaller, and its vertical diameter
is relatively as wellas actually much shorter. This last peculiar-
ity is correlated with an actual difference in the posterior plane
of the skull, which is larger and more highly arched in town-
sendi than in deldingi. Even the under-jaw presents a strik-

320 Description of a New Spermophile.

ing character, and one by which the tao species may be sepa-
rated at a glance. In deldingi the coronoid process is shorter,
smaller, more slender, and bent more abruptly backward than
in townsendi. There is also a difference in the height of the
condylar process_above the angle. Saas

Spermophilus beldingi Merriam, ? ad.
(Type.) Nat. size, skull.

1 3342

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(Type.) Nat. size.

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B22 A Preliminary Monograph of the

XV.—A Preliminary Monograph of the North American Species
of Trogophleus.

BY THOS, L. CASEY.
Read December 17th, 1888.

In describing the components of a large genus of minute,
closely-allied insects, the question often recurs, whether or not
the labor is being usefully expended, and whether the descrip-
tions alone will enable future investigators to recognize the
species. The thought doubtless comes to some of us, that per-
haps after all it would be just as well to let all but the better-
marked species go unrecorded; but as long as the fascinating
nature of the subject gives rise to enthusiasm in the study of
microscopic articulates, we must expect descriptive work, and
when monographic, this should be made as complete as possible
in order to avoid ambiguity. To attain the desired object,
however, the question of subsequent identical becomes one
of vital importance.

In order that any particular species may be recognized wiki:
out reasonable doubt, one of three courses must inevitably be
taken:

1. To so preserve the type specimen that it shall be indestruc-
tible.

2. To reproduce the type on paper by means of a drawing,
which. shall be practically faultless, and large enough to display
all the characteristic details of sculpture and vestiture.

3. ‘To draw up a description in language so full, explicit, and
detailed that there can be no doubt of its effectiveness, provided
the conditions under which the specimen is examined, are the
same in general principle as those under which the original was
produced.

In regard to the first condition, there can be no disagree-
ment as to the difficulty of preserving specimens with exposed
mounting from those engines of destruction—insect pests, mould
and human manipulation, and even when mounted in an in-

North American Species of Trogophleus. 323

closed space, as recommended by Dr. Sharp and M. Raffray,
there are causes at work, accidental or otherwise, which will in
time cause their destruction; so that it is scarcely plausible to
hope to keep them intact for a greater period than, say, several
centuries. |

To delineate a specimen with all the useful detail observable
in nature, is, although not perhaps an impossibility, a result
which has never yet to my knowledge been attained, and the
enormous expense of such a course would probably forever pre-
vent its applicability. With an objective of an inch and a half
for instance, a specimen two millimetres in length appears to be
eighty. This is the minimum useful working power for insects
of this size, and under these conditions the characteristic nature
of pubescence, punctuation, and tegumental structure first
suggest themselves. Our figures would, therefore, necessarily
have to be of these dimensions, in order to reproduce the useful
differential elements with any degree of accuracy. It is true
that mere outline, and a representation of the larger and more
striking characters, will serve to identify a vast number of
species; but there are many genera, especially in the Staphylinide,
where it occasionally happens that greater detail is absolutely
necessary in order that there may be any certainty of recog-
nition.

Arriving at the third condition, there is one fact which it ap-
pears to the author should receive more consideration than is
usually given it, viz.: that the description is absolutely inde-
structible; printed in unalterable carbon, it will endure for
unlimited time, if not in its original shape, at least in the photo-
lithographic reproductions which in coming years will render
the complete restoration of a volume a matter of very little cost
and labor. It seems, therefore, that an effort on the part of
authors to arrive at the ideal of perfection in the typical de-
scription, would be the best course to take; a description which,
while being concise, should be practically complete and thor-
oughly exhaustive. A concise and uniform system of nomen-
clature for all the parts and structures described, would be an
effective foundation for sucha descriptive system, since ordinary
language is too verbose, and at the same time too indefinite for
such purposes.

324 A Preliminary Monograph of the

The production of such an ideal description would be much ~
facilitated also by improvements in the mechanical accessories
of the microscope. There is no reason, for instance, why the
simple stage-forceps should not be supplemented by an additional
arm, securely attached to the upright portion of the stand which
carries the stage, and provided with a fine screw-motion for eleva-
tion and depression. This additional arm might easily be pro-
vided with a steel spring, holding a square piece of very thin
glass, ruled by some one of the delicate dividing-engines, so well
known at the present day, to twentieths of a millimetre, in a

transverse and a vertical direction, forming squares of the in- |

dicated dimensions. The movable stage, carrying the forceps
which support the mounted specimen, being moved in such a
way as to bring the insect under the glass scale, the latter could
be depressed, so as to approach very near to the upper surface
of the object, and the transparency of the glass would readily
admit of any desired measurements. Readings could, by estima-
tion, be made to the tenth part of the Jeast division of the scale,
or in this case to the .005 part of a millimetre. In the various
species of Trogophleus, the mutual distance of the minute punc-
tures, even when unusually dense, could easily be expressed in
such a unit. In this way the diameter of the punctures, their
average mutual distances in various portions. of the body, the
length of pubescence, length and width of scales, length of the
antenne, femora, tibie, and tarsi, diameters of the eye and of
its minute component lenses, length and width of all the major
parts of the body, and many other facts, could be recorded in
absolute numerical quantities.

I am far from believing this to be a mere flight of fancy.
In describing any animal of large size and higher organization,
it would undeniably be considered invocative of criticism if
actual measurements of the various parts of the arms and legs,
of the hairs, ears, eyes, and other similar facts were not given;
and yet in the animals treated of in the present paper, the varia-
tion in any part of the body is so much less from individual to
individual of the same species, that if such facts could be re-
corded, they would be of much greater relative value.

Regarding the species of large and difficult genera, the ordi-
nary description is confessedly inadequate. ‘There is not one of

North American Species of Trogophleus. 325

those given in the present paper which can properly be con-
sidered more than a mere rough diagnosis. If, for instance, in-
stead of saying ‘‘ prothorax one-half wider than long, narrower
than the elytra, strongly rounded at the sides, narrowed toward
base, densely punctate,” which is one of the usual forms of
orthodox diagnosis, and which might apply equally well to a
great many species of the same genus, we could give the actual
width at the widest part, the distance of this line from the apex
measured along the median line, the length of the latter, and
the width of base and apex, we should have something absolute
to guide us. The terms coarsely, finely, densely, sparsely, etc.,
have no meaning except in a relative sense, and what, for in-
stance, in one genus or part of a genus, may be dense punctua-
tion, may in another be quite sparse. An absolute scale of
measurement would therefore prove of inestimable value in this
respect also.

Another advantage of the proposed system should not pass
unnoticed, as it is of very great importance. On examining the
greatly magnified image of an insect, it will be apparent after
a little experience, that the mutual relationship of the larger
parts of the body, especially in regard to relative dimensions, is
not so easily grasped as in the very much reduced image of the
hand-lens. ‘This should not be urged against the use of the
microscope, because it simply arises from the fact that the eye
is unable to consider, at the same instant, two widely separated
parts of the body in such a large image. Ifthe system of actual
measurements be employed, however, this fault would be entirely
overcome, and the only objection which can reasonably be urged
against the use of the microscope would be forever set at rest.’

1 The objection urged by several entomologists, that the greatly en-
larged images given by the microscope bring so much detail into view as
to cause undue weight to be given certain characters which may be in-
dividual rather than specific, is scarcely worthy of consideration. That
it is true of the novice who has not yet learned to interpret what he
sees, none can speak with more feeling than the author himself, who,
in his earlier inexperience, was led into several very regrettable errors,
and notably in the case of Harpalus viridiceneus, wherein he over-
estimated the importance. of the rédle played by certain adventitious
setze; but to say that, ina mature judgment, the mere fact that every

326 A Preliminary Monograph of the

In general one set of measures would be sufficient, and in such
variable species as Bryonomus canescens and Coniontis Esch-
scholizii, the measurement of three specimens would, if placed
in tabular form, give a satisfactory idea of the species with the
consumption of very little additional space. In fact, the pro-
posed method would rather tend to curtail the ideal description
than to augment it, for much could be given absolutely, in
numbers placed in tabular form, which is now expressed by
comparisons in lengthy and cumbersome language.

While the world has progressed with astonishing rapidity in
almost every other channel, we find ourselves making use of the
same imperfect tools which were employed fifty years ago, more
or less improved as to spherical and chromatic aberration, it is
true, but after all the same inconvenient and inadequate hand-
lenses. But little satisfactory progress in the science of ento-
mology can be made, until this defect is remedied. We must
see clearly and beyond peradventure of doubt those things the
knowledge of which we would wish to promote by_ original in-
vestigation. Optical and mechanical skill have progressed suffi-
ciently to give us the means, and we have but to adopt and
utilize them.

- NEw York, Dec. 5, 1888.

In a preliminary revision, such as that which follows, it is un-
necessary to dilate upon generic characters, or to speculate upon
the exact position of the genus with reference to its affinities,
or even to name the subgeneric divisions, unless they be of un- -
usual interest, which is not a feature of the present case. It
should be said, however, that I have been unable to follow all the
divisions proposed by our honored predecessor, Dr. Le Conte,
since variation in the distance of the eye from the mandibles is
very deceptive under inadequate magnifying powers, and does
not actually exist in such a way as to be of decided taxonomic
value. The maxillary palpi, although more slender and elongate
in some than in others, present intermediate forms, so that the

detail of an insect is brought plainly into view, must necessarily and of
itself give rise to mistakes regarding specific characters, is the veriest
absurdity.

North American Species of Trogophleus. 327

value of this element is also slight. ‘The lateral elytral carina
is present in all; it is entire, and generally somewhat remote
from the edge.

Many of the species resemble small, slender Aleocharini, and
especially the subgenus Hydrosmecta, but they can be distin-
guished at the first examination, not only by the position of the
antennz, but by the very coarsely faceted eyes, a striking char-
acter which they possess in common with Bledius and Thinobius.
The number of species is probably enormous and in our own
country can scarcely fall far short of two hundred.

The provisional grouping here presented has the faults of
nearly all subdivisions of large genera, in that there are several
intermediate forms; these, however, are very few in number, —
and the exceptions should give rise to but little doubt. The
groups may be defined as follows:—

Pronotum with a transverse arcuate groove near the base.......... I.
Species 1-4
Pronotum unimpressed or with two approximate, longitudinal i impres-
sions in the middle of the disk and toward base, but without trace
of transverse impression.
Prothorax with the apical angles acute, anteriorly prominent and
denimorm:) sides subangulate. 0 ./i 00). e cee Clee chastneecsces Ki.
Species 5-12
Prothorax without prominent anterior angles, the sides generally
more broadly rounded.

HKyes large, convex, and prominent, the tempora! ator behind
them, much less prominent and usually acute at the posterior ex-
tremity, the head being limited behind by a well-marked trans-
verse constriction; sides of the prothorax sometimes very nar-
rowly rounded, approaching the a disk of pronotum
always bi-impressed............c0c008: Siete satecicyole til seek skagen cle II,

Species 13-22

Eyes small, much less prominent, the tempora behind them quite
as prominent, more or less strongly arcuate, generally nearly as
long as and sometimes longer than the eye; pronotum generally
bi-impressed......... PNP te uci cas lates. «pas Siac eee ee EY

Species 23-44

1The word tempora is used to designate the sides of the occiput, which
I have sometimes, less accurately, referred to as the post-ocular portions
of the genz in previous descriptions. This portion of the head playsna
important part in the internal classification of many Staphylinide
genera, and notably in the South American representatives of Sciocha-
ris.

328 A Preliminary Monograph of the

Eyes large, convex, and prominent, the tempora totally obsclete,
the sides of the head rapidly narrowing to the neck, the head not
limited behind by a transverse constriction; pronotum eonesally.
UNIMpPressed = «:.5/.% iefere sisters «sc ainle. dip ste bie Beene awe 0:0 sap wage ae

-. Species 45-66:

Group I.

The form of body prevailing in the few species of this group
is rather robust and convex, with relatively wide elytra and ab-

domen, and narrow head and prothorax. The palpi in the more —

specialized forms are decidedly longer than in the other species,
the third joint especially being more elongate, slender, and fusi-
form, with the truncate apex more minute. The antenne are
long and slender, and in at least one, the second joint is, con-
trary to the general rule, shorter than the third. The abdomen
is coarsely and more distinctly punctate.

These various divergencies, taken in conjunction with the
pronotal modification, appear at first glance to warrant the

generic separation of the group; but on further observation it

becomes apparent that this cannot be done with propriety. The
palpi, for instance, in arcifer are of the normal form, and the
antenne shorter, with the basal joints normal, while the pro-
notal structure is as strongly marked as in caloderinus, which is
perhaps the most specialized form of the group. Again, in
T. ingens, subsequently described, which in general appearance
is very different, the abdomen is coarsely punctate. There re-
mains therefore only one character which constantly differen-
tiates these species from the others—the transverse basal impres-
sion of the pronotum. ‘The two longitudinal impressions of the
majority of species form, however, a character of such persistence,
and so characteristic of the genus, that any radical variation,
such as is seen here, may be of greater systematic importance:
than is apparent in preliminar y study.

The sexual characters in the present group are decidedty
more marked and diversified than in the others, this being
apparent in some at the abdominal vertex and in others in the
antennz, which, for instance, in the male of anthracinus, are
very much longer and more slender than in the female.

The species may be separated as follows:—

—eeee

North American Species of Trogophleus. 329

Second antennal joint slightly shorter than the third..1 caloderinus
Second antennal joint longer than the third. |
Dark ferruginous, legs pale ; antennz without distinct sexual differ-
SEA icy Merce Paty atch «) 5) sialic, a ities, ai die\''s.0, 0: sia wa S aes) a inven ah 2 arcifer
Black, legs and antennz black ; sexual differences in the antennz
very marked.
Prothorax less transverse, widest before the middle.
3 anthracinus
Prothorax more distinctly transverse, widest at the middle.
4 corvinus

1. T. caloderinus Lec.—Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., VI., p. 246.

The original description will amply serve for the recognition
of this very distinct species, but it may be well to state that the
disk of the prothorax is polished, the punctures being excessively
fine, sparse, and feeble, and almost completely obsolete, except
between the arcuate basal impression and the base, and thence
laterally and anteriorly near the sides in basal two-thirds, where
they are coarse, deep, and conspicuous. The body is rather
more robust and convex than in the other species of the group.
The fourth joint of the maxillary palpi is very short and slender,
but is not by any means obsolete, as supposed by Dr. Le Conte.

Several specimens collected by Mr. Schwarz at Columbus,
Texas, are very immature, and seemed on a casual examination
to indicate a distinct and much more depressed form, showing to
how great an extent mere immaturity may alter the appearance
of these species.

2. TV. arcifer Lec.—Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., VI., p. 245.—Moderately
robust and convex, dark rufous; head, and abdomen toward apex clouded
‘slightly with piceous ; legs and antennz pale fuscous, the latter flavate
at base ; pubescence rather long, coarse and dense, nearly erect, rather
conspicuous; integuments shining. Head scarcely more than three-
fourths as wide as the prothorax, feebly convex, coarsely, deeply and
rather sparsely punctate ; interspaces convex and polished ; prominences
moderate in size, distinct ; eyes large, convex, and rather prominent,
the tempora behind them very short, strongly rounded and not at all pro-
minent ; antennz distinctly longer than the head and prothorax,
slender, very feebly incrassate; second joint slightly but distinctly longer
than the third, the latter obconical, twice as long as wide, fourth slightly
longer than wide, with the sides nearly parallel, tenth one-third wider
than long. Prothorax nearly one-half wider than long, widest a little
before the middle, where the sides are strongly rounded and obtusely

ANNALS N, ¥. ACAD. OF SCI., Iv. Issued March, 1889,

330 A Preliminary Monograph of the

subangulate, thence very distinctly convergent and feebly arcuate to the
apex, slightly more strongly convergent and very feebly sinuate to the
base, which is broadly, very feebly arcuate, three-fourths as wide as the

disk and but slightly narrower than the apex, the latter truncate ; apical _

angles very slightly anteriorly prominent and obtusely subdentiform ;

disk coarsely, deeply, but not very densely punctate throughout; punc-_
tures impressed ; basal impression very strong. Elytra very distinctly —

shorter than wide, distinctly wider at apex than at base, two-fifths
wider and one-half longer than the prothorax, impressed near the suture
toward base, coarsely but not very densely punctate. Abdomen almost.
as wide as the elytra; sides strongly arcuate ; border not very wide but
rather deep; surface coarsely and moder icon densely punctate, the
punctures smaller and feebler than those of the other portions of the
upper surface; interspaces polished and not at all reticulate. Legs
moderate. Length 2.8 mm.

Texas (Austin 2).

May be distinguished by its ie colors, and strongly punctate
surface. ‘The sexual differences in the antenne are not remark-
able.

The type in the cabinet of Le Conte is from Florida, and is
almost devoid of pubescence ; the latter is very easily removable
in the species of this group. ‘The description is drawn from the
Texan specimens.

3. T. anthracinus n. sp.—Rather robust, moderately convex, in-
tense black throughout, palpi and tarsi slightly piceous ; pubescence
moderate in length, rather sparse; integuments polished. Head dis-
tinctly narrower than the prothorax, somewhat coarsely, deeply, mod-
erately densely punctate ; prominences well marked ; eyes rather large,
convex, somewhat prominent ; the tempora very short, no{ prominent ;
nuchal constriction almost obsolete ; antennz distinctly longer than the
head and prothorax, slender, club small; joints two to eight all much
longer than wide, two to four Spee slowly in length, ninth ob-
trapezoidal, slightly longer. than wide, and distinctly longer than the

tenth, which is a little wider than long, eleventh slightly longer than

wide, abruptly and finely pointed. Prothorax widest at two-fifths its
length from the apex, where the sides are very obtusely subangulate
‘and narrowly rounded, thence feebly convergent and feebly arcuate to
the apex, more strongly convergent and feebly sinuate to the base,
which is but very slightly narrower than the apex, the latter truncate ;
apical angles not distinctly rounded ; disk scarcely one-third wider than
long, somewhat coarsely and moderately densely punctate throughout ;
basal impression strong; surface behind it arcuately tumid. Slytra
distinctly wider than long, nearly one-half wider and. two-thirds longer

tenn a

North American Species of Trogophleus. 331

than the prothorax, each broadly and distinctly impressed near the:
suture toward base; disk somewhat coarsely, but not very densely
punctate. Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra, much narrower
at apex than at base ; border rather narrow and deep ; surface polished,
not at all reticulate, each segment moderately coarsely, but not densely
punctate at base and almost impunctate at apex. Length 2.8 mm.

Kentucky 2, Mr. Lugger ; Virginia (Lee Co. 1), Mr. Schwarz..

The above description is taken from the male. In the female
the antenne are much shorter, equal in length to the head and
prothorax, the outer joints shorter and more robust, two to four
decreasing very rapidly in length, the ninth and tenth equal in
length, and both distinctly transverse. The abdomen, also, is
less distinctly narrowed at apex. For the genus Trogophleus,
these sexual differences are very marked.

4. ¥. corvinus n. sp.—Robust, moderately depressed, intense black
throughout, tarsi very slightly piceous ; pubescence rather coarse, long
and rather conspicuous on the abdomen, elsewhere short ; integuments.
polished. Head distinctly narrower than the prothorax, moderately
convex, deeply, moderately coarsely, and rather densely punctate later-
ally, almost’ impunctate in the middle; prominences rather short,
strong ; eyes moderate, convex, and, but slightly prominent ; tempora
broadly rounded and convergent to the neck, short, not at all promi-
nent ; antennz slightly longer than the head and prothorax, moder-
ately slender; joints two to eight longer than wide, two to four de-
creasing slowly in length, ninth as wide as long, slightly longer than
the tenth which is one-third wider than long. Prothorax two-fifths.
wider than long, widest in the middle, where the sides are obtusely and
distinctly subangulate, thence feebly convergent and feebly arcuate to
the apex, more strongly convergent and distinctly sinuate to the base,
which is four-fifths as wide as the disk, and but slightly narrower
than the apex, the latter truncate; apical angles not appreciably
rounded; disk deeply, moderately coarsely and densely punctate through-
out ; basal impression strong, nearly transverse and abruptly arcuate
laterally, the surface immediately behind it strongly tumid. EHlytra
slightly wider than long, one-half longer and nearly one-half wider than
the prothorax, broadly impressed near the suture toward base, deeply,
coarsely and moderately densely punctate. Abdomen very slightly
narrower than the elytra, slightly narrower at apex ; segments sparsely
punctate, the punctures coarser toward the base of each. Length 2.7
mm,

Massachusetts (Lowell 2). Mr. F. Blanchard.
This description is also taken from the male, the female pre-

332 A Preliminary Monograph of the

senting antennal differences corresponding with those of the.
preceding species, but less marked. It resembles anthracinus
very strongly, but may be distinguished byits more robust form,
relatively larger and more transverse prothorax widest in the
middle, by its smaller, less prominent eyes, shorter, more robust
male antennz, and several other minor characters.

Group II. ; i

The extreme southwestern parts of our territory and northern
Mexico furnish nearly all the known representatives of this
small group; but one species amongst those accessible to me at
present extends as far to the eastward as the Texan sea-coast.
The species are easily differentiated and may be thus tabulated :—

Legs pale.
Punctuation excessively dense, the punctures of the pronotum con-
tiguous and the lustre alutaceous.

Color dark ferruginous, the abdomen black.

Elytra slightly shorter than wide; together broadly, angularly
emarrinateiat APeX 6c .isid0 edkjc|s s\sele bbls meee Ree 5 dentiger

Elytra quadrate, subtruncate behind; body more robust,
6 mexicanus

Calor of ‘body black throughout: 2.2. .s.s00<)..% seneeeeee 7 texanus

Punctuation more sparse, the punctures of the pronotum distinctly
separated in the middle; lustre shining.

More slender, the apical angles of the prothorax very acute and
prominent, the punctures of the pronotum scabrous and dull
only very narrowly near the lateral edges; elytra black.

Lateral angles of the prothorax very narrowly but distinctly

rounded. ‘
Prothorax one-third wider than long and much narrower than
the abdomen..... gti Sch sse «6edee rep Cesc ceeee 8 armatus
Prothorax nearly one-half wider than long and almost as wide
as 'the- abdomen: a), peisic'e dire stick wns | see eee 9 gilze
Lateral angles of the prothorax angulate, the angle not appre-
ciably rounded), ..caeeecis soa.) cate 10 prominens

More robust, the apical angles of the prothorax decidedly less
prominent, the punctures of the disk large, contiguous, and
scabrous in a very wide area near the sides; black, elytra paler,
rufesCent:. s.. cic. ocnsiae ee bb ee eee eee eee 11 pacificus

Legs piceous-black; body black, shining; punctures well separated,
12 arizonze

North American Species of Trogophleus. 333

5 T. dentiger n. sp.—Rather slender, moderately depressed, pice-
ous; prothorax and elytra dark red-brown; antennz and legs throughout
pale flavate; finely and extremely densely punctate throughout, more
finely so on the abdomen; pubescence dense, extremely fine and short;
integuments scarcely shining. Head moderate, slightly narrower
than the prothorax; antennal prominences pronounced; eyes large,
slightly prominent; tempora behind them less than one-half as long,
strongly rounded; antennze moderate, joints two to four gradually
and rapidly decreasing in length, second twice as long as wide; club
gradual, moderate; tenth joint slightly wider than long. Prothorax
widest at anterior third, nearly one-half wider than long; sides strong-
ly rounded, almost angulate anteriorly, very strongly convergent and
broadly sinuate thence to the base, strongly convergent and feebly
arcuate anteriorly to the apical angles which are produced anteriorly,
and acute; base broadly, feebly arcuate, two-thirds as wide as the disk,
- much narrower than the apex; the latter broadly emarginate, bottom
of emargination broadly, feebly arcuate; basal angles obtuse, rounded;
disk moderately convex; two longitudinal impressions rather distinct;
punctures fine and subcoalescent. Elytra slightly wider than the
prothorax and one-half longer, not as long as wide, each feebly im-
pressed along the sutural bead, which is very fine; punctures fine,
separated by their own widths. Abdomen slightly narrower than the
elytra; sides parallel and very feebly arcuate; border moderate, strongly
elevated; surface feebly convex, extremely minutely and densely
punctate; pubescence fine, subrecumbent. Legs slender; tarsi very
short. Length 2.8 mm.

Arizona (Yuma 2; Tugson 2).
May be distinguished at once by its brown color and aluta-
ceous lustre. j

6 T. mexicanus n. sp.—Form rather robust and depressed; dark
red-brown; abdomen black, with the posterior margin of the two apical
segments pale; legs flavate; pubescence very short, fine and rather
dense; integuments feebly shining. Head distinctly narrower than the
prothorax, very minutely, rather feebly and extremely densely punc-
tate, subalutaceous; antennal prominences rather strong and elongate;
eyes large, moderately prominent; tempora one-half as long, feebly
rounded, not acute and prominent behind. Prothorax a little less than
one-half wider than long, widest at anterior two-fifths, where the sides
are very strongly rounded and subangulate, thence very strongly con-
vergent and very feebly sinuate to the base, and nearly as strongly con-
vergent to the acute and slightly dentiform apical angles; base very
feebly arcuate, scarcely two-thirds as wide as the disk; apex truncate
between the slightly advanced angles; disk feebly convex, finely, rather
feebly and extremely densely punctate; punctures in mutual contact;

334 A Preliminary Monograph of the

lustre subalutaceous; impressions feeble. Elytra quadrate, very slightly
wider and one-half longer than the prothorax, each rather strongly im-
pressed along the suture; punctures fine and very dense, separated by
less than their own diameters. Abdomen parallel, distinctly narrower
than the elytra; sides feebly arcuate; border moderate; surface .
feebly convex, very finely and densely punctate, feebly shining. Legs
slender. Length 2.6 mm.

Mexico (Guanajuato 1). Dr. Eug. Dugés. ;
The antenne are missing, but they are probably flavate, as
seen in the remaining basal portions, and of the same general
structure as in the other representatives of this group. The
species resembles dentiger, but is more robust, with longer,
larger elytra and slightly less dense punctuation, especially on.

the abdomen.
This species is not mentioned by Dr. Sharp in the —
Centrali-Americana.

7 'T. texanus n. sp.—Rather slander black; antennz fuscous,
paler toward base; legs throughout flavate; pubescence very short, fine,
rather inconspicuous; integuments slightly shining. Head narrower
than the prothorax, very finely, densely punctate, subalutaceous; an-
tennal tuberculations short, rather feeble: antenne robust, distinctly
longer than the head and prothorax together; joints two to four decreas-
ing uniformly and not very rapidly in length, second more than twice
as long as wide, tenth fully as wideaslong; club gradual and not strong;
eyes large, slightly prominent; tempora but slightly more than one-
third as long, narrowly rounded behind. Prothorax widest at anterior
third, slightly less than one-half wider than long; sides very narrowly
rounded at the greatest width, thence strongly convergent and broadly,
feebly sinuate to the base, rather less convergent and very feebly arcuate
to the acute, prominent and anteriorly projecting apical angles; base
broadly arcuate, two-thirds as wide as the disk, much narrower than
the apex; the latter transverse, broadly, feebly arcuate, except near
the angles, where it is feebly sinuate; disk finely, very densely and
subconfluently punctate, feebly shining; impressions rather distinct.
Elytra slightly wider and nearly one-half longer than the prothorax,
scarcely as long as wide, each feebly impressed along the suture; punc-
tures fine, dense, separated by about their own widths; surface shining.
Abdomen parallel, slightly narrower than the elytra; border rather
thick and moderately deep; surface feebly convex, shining, very
minutely, densely punctate; pubescence very fine and inconspicuous.
Legs slender. Length 2.8 mm.

Texas (Galveston 11).

North American Species of Trogophleus. 335

Kasily distinguishable from armatus by its more robust an-
tennex, paler legs, denser punctuation, and the tempora not acute
and prominent at base; from dentiger it may be known by its
black color and more shining surface.

8 T. armatus n. sp.—Moderately robust and convex, piceous;
prothorax slightly paler; antennze fuscous, scarcely perceptibly paler
toward base; legs pale, piceous-brown; pubescence fine, moderate in
length, dense; integuments feebly shining. Head five-sixths as wide
as the prothorax; antennal prominences strong; surface minutely,
feebly, and extremely densely punctate, alutaceous; antenne& as long as
the head and prothorax, moderately robust, gradually, moderately
clavate, all the joints longer than wide, two to four gradually and not
very rapidly decreasing in length, second three times as long as wide,
tenth just visibly longer than wide; eyes large, moderately prominent;
tempora nearly one-half as long, acutely angulate behind. Prothorax
widest at anterior third, where the sides are very narrowly rounded,
thence strongly convergent and nearly straight to the base, feebly con-
vergent and feebly arcuate to the advanced, acute, and prominent
apical angles; basal angles obtuse, rounded; base feebly arcuate,
scarcely two-thirds as wide as the disk, and scarcely more than three-
fourths as wide as the apex; the latter broadly, feebly emarginate, the
middle being nearly straight, and with the edge very thin and trans-
lucent; disk one-third wider than long, very finely, feebly, and densely
punctate; punctures all well separated; impressions strong. Elytra
distinctly wider and nearly one-half longer than the prothorax, quad-
rate, each impressed along the suture, rather finely, strongly, and
densely punctate; punctures separated by fully their own diameters.
Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra; sides parallel and nearly
straight; border moderate, rather deep; surface feebly convex, very
finely and densely punctate. Legsslender. Length 2.3-2.9 mm.

California (Mt. Diablo, San José, Gilroy Hot Springs 3).

The prothorax is rather longer, narrower, and paler in color
than in the other species of this vicinity, resembling more nearly
the shape of the same part in dentiger and texanus.

9 'T. gilze n. sp.—Moderately slender, very feebly convex, piceous-
black; legs brown; antenne fuscous; pubescence short, very fine, dense,
but rather dark in color, and not at all conspicuous; integuments,
especially the elytra and abdomen, distinctly shining. Head much
narrower than the prothorax, broadly convex, minutely, densely punc-
tate; prominences moderate, slightly longer than wide: eyes large,
convex, rather prominent; tempora short, parallel, much less promi-
nent, angulate behind, one-third as long as the eye; antennz slender,

336 7 A Preliminary Monograph of the

feebly incrassate, but very slightly longer than the head and prothorax,.
all the joints longer than wide, the tenth slightly so. Prothorax two-
fifths wider than long, widest just before anterior two-fifths, where the:
sides are obtusely subangulate, the angle narrowly, though distinctly .
rounded, thence moderately convergent and very feebly arcuate to the
advanced, acute, and prominent apical angles, slightly more strongly —
convergent, and scarcely perceptibly sinuate to the basal angles, which
are slightly rounded; base feebly arcuate, nearly three-fourths as wide
as the disk, much narrower than the apex; the latter broadly, feebly
emarginate, the bottom broadly arcuate and very feebly narrowly
translucent along the edge; disk strongly bi-impressed; the impressions
parallel and strongly constricted; surface finely, deeply, and very ~
densely punctate, the punctures separated by their own widths and
abruptly large, scabrous, variolate, and polygonally crowded very near
the lateral edges, where also the surface is dull. Elytra quadrate,.
one-fourth wider and two-thirds longer than the prothorax, feebly im-
pressed near the suture, densely punctate, the punctures moderate,
separated by scarcely their own widths. Abdomen parallel, narrower
than the elytra and scarcely wider than the prothorax; sides nearly
straight; border moderate; surface mainte densely punctate. Legs:
moderate. Length 2.7 mm.

Arizona (Tugson 3).

Also resembles armatus, but has a shorter prothorax, with
the side angles distinct but narrowly rounded, the surface more
densely punctate, the punctures very much deeper and denser, ~
and the surface more alutaceous than in prominens.

10 T. prominens n. sp.—Moderately slender, parallel, rather de-
pressed, piceous-black; legs pale brownish-flavate; antennz pale fus-
cous; pubescence dense, moderate in length; integuments shining.
Head distinctly narrower than the prothorax, shining, feebly convex,.
minutely and not very densely punctate; prominences elongate, strong;
eyes large, convex, rather prominent; tempora less than one-half as
long, angulate behind, not prominent; antenne slender, very feebly in-
crassate, about as long as the head and prothorax; joints two to four
decreasing uniformly and very gradually, elongate, tenth fully as long
as wide. Prothorax widest at anterior two-fifths, where the sides are
obtusely angulate, the angle not distinctly rounded, thence almost
equally and rather strongly convergent to apex and base, just per-
ceptibly arcuate in the former, and just as feebly sinuate in the latter;
base feebly arcuate, nearly three-fourths as wide as the disk, much
narrower than the apex; the latter broadly, feebly emarginate between
the advanced, acute, and prominent anterior angles, the bottom of the
emargination broadly arcuate, the edge not at all coriaceous; disk two-
fifths wider than long, with two rather narrow, strong median im-

North American Species of Trogophieus. 337

pressions which are distinctly sinuous and slightly convergent pos-
teriorly; surface finely, feebly and densely punctate, the punctures
abruptly scabrous and the surface dull very near the lateral edges.
Elytra quadrate, slightly wider toward apex, one-third wider and one-
half longer than the prothorax, impressed near the suture except to-
ward apex, densely, deeply punctate; punctures moderate, separated by
scarcely their own widths. Abdomen parallel, distinctly narrower than
the elytra, sides nearly straight; border moderate; surface minutely
and very densely punctate. Length 2.8 mm.

California (Los Angeles 1).

This species, although rather closely rallied to armatus, is
easily distinguished by its much shorter prothorax, in which the
sides are angulate, the angle not being appreciably rounded, by
its shape, the widest section being at a greater distance from the
apex, and by its rather shorter, and distinctly more slender an-
tenne.

11 TT. pacificus n. sp.—Rather robust, moderately convex, pice-
ous-black; elytra slightly rufous; legs throughout and antenne pale
reddish-flavate, the latter slightly infuscate toward apex; pubescence
rather long and dense, somewhat coarse and erect; integuments mode-
rately shining. Head narrower than the prothorax, finely, feebly, and
densely punctate; antennal prominences moderate in length, rather
pronounced; antenne as long as the head and prothorax, rather slender;
‘club moderate; joints two to four decreasing uniformly and very
gradually in length, the second twice as long as wide, tenth scarcely as
long as wide; eyes large, moderately prominent; tempora one-half as
long, strongly rounded throughout the length in circular arc. Pro-
thorax widest at anterior two-fifths, where the sides are very strongly
rounded and subangulate, thence strongly convergent and nearly
straight to the base, slightly less strongly convergent to the apical
angles, which are acute and slightly dentiform; basal angles obtuse and
narrowly rounded; base almost transversely truncate, fully two-thirds
as wide as the disk and distinctly narrower than the apex; the latter
truncate; disk two-fifths wider than long, finely punctate; punctures
distinctly separated in the middle, large, variolate, scabrous, and poly-
gonally crowded in a broad area at the sides; impressions strong. Elytra
quadrate, slightly wider and one-half longer than the prothorax, im-
pressed along the suture, rather coarsely and deeply punctate, the
punctures separated by slightly more than theirown widths. Abdomen
broad, but slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides feebly
arcuate; border moderate, not very deep; surface feebly convex, mi-
nutely and feebly reticulate, very minutely and somewhat sparsely
punctate. Legsslender. Length 2.8 mm,

338 A Preliminary Monograph of the

California (Sonoma Co. 1). |

A distinct species, easily known by its more robust form,
arcuately rounded tempora, which are not angulate behind, and
by its longer, coarser pubescence.

12 T. arizonz n. sp.—Form rather robust; black, leg gs piceous, .
tarsi flavescent ; antennez piceous, feebly fuscous toward base ; ‘pubes-
cence fine, short and dense, but not conspicuous; integuments rather
shining. Head narrower than the prothorax, very minutely and mod-
erately densely punctate, smooth, and scarcely at all alutaceous; an-
tennal prominences short and feeble ; antennz slightly longer than the
head and prothorax together, slender; club gradual and feeble ; outer
joints strongly obconical, two to four uniformly and slowly decreasing
in length, tenth distinctly longer than wide; eyes rather large, mode-
rately prominent; tempora scarcely more than one-third as long, poste-
rior angle not prominent, but also not rounded, obtuse. Prothorax widest
at apical two-fifths, where the sides are strongly rounded and subangu-
late, thence strongly convergent and nearly straight to the base, and
almost as strongly convergent to the apex ; base broadly, feebly arcuate,
two-thirds as wide as the disk, distinctly narrower than the apex ; the
latter broadly, feebly, and evenly emarginate between the acute and
slightly dentiform apical angles ; basal angles obtuse, narrowly rounded;
disk distinctly less than one-half wider than long, very minutely punc-
tate, shining, the punctures distinctly separated; impressions very
feeble, and nearly obsolete. Hlytra quadrate, distinctly wider, and one-
half longer than the prothorax, very feebly impressed along the suture,
very finely punctate, the punctures generally separated by a little more
than their own diameters. Abdomen parallel, broad, but very slightly
narrower than the elytra; sides straight; border moderately deep and
wide ; surface feebly convex, extremely minutely and densely punctate,
subalutaceocus. Legs slender; tarsi very short. Length 2.9 mm.

Arizona (Tugson 2).

Resembles armatus, but differs in its more robust form, finer
punctuation, and especially by the very much finer and denser
punctuation of the abdomen. It also differs in its less strongly
dentiform tempora and anterior angles of the prothorax, the
very much more feeble pronotal impressions, and the more
strongly obconical and slightly more elongate outer joints of the

antenne.

Group III.

The species here become rather closely allied, and are not
easily differentiated by description. ‘The type described below

North American Species of Trogophleus. 339

as morio Er. has not been compared with the original, and until
this can be done, more or less doubt must attend the indentifi-
cation.

The following table will serve as a partial guide to the recog-
‘nition of the comparatively few species represented in my
cabinet :—

Sides of the prothorax convergent behind and straight or very nearly
so.
Pronotum broadly dull and scabrous laterally, the punctures there
being very large, variolate and polygonally crowded.
13 occiduus
Pronotum shining, the punctures at the sides larger and denser, but
always separated and circular.
Pronotum very broadly and indefinitely impressed or subexplanate
at the sides near the middle.
‘Elytra sparsely punctate.
Eyes very large, the tempora behind them reduced to a small

PRISER TSN Coad dees etic we oe = « Abie 14 quadripunctatus
Eyes smaller, the tempora very distinct....... 15 conjunctus
Elytra densely punctate; tempora distinct........ ....16 morio

Pronotum either not impressed laterally, or very narrowly and in-
definitely so along the margin behind the middle.
Eyes moderate, not very prominent and more finely faceted, the
tempora nearly one-half as long.. ... .. ) .....08. 17 spretus
Eyes large, prominent, very coarsely faceted; the tempora short,
always less than one-third as long as the eye.

Elytra very densely punctate.............5.. 18 apacheanus
Elytra more coarsely and sparsely punctate.
Pronotum very finely, densely punctate.... .... 19 mancus

Pronotum sparsely punctate and more polished.
More robust ; sides of prothorax more narrowly rounded.
20 spectatus
More slender ; sides of prothorax very broadly rounded and
COxeCuabe ee CHE APEX... . Sc ass bee cee 21 imbellis
Sides of prothorax convergent behind and broadly, distinctly arcuate.
22 lepidus

The terms large, moderate, prominent, etc., relating to the
eye are of course simply comparative within the limits of the
group.

13 T. occiduus n. sp.—Moderately robust, black ; legs and antennz

throughout rather pale reddish-brown ; pubescence very fine, rather
short, subrecumbent and moderately dense; integuments shining.

340 A Preliminary Monograph of the -

Head four-fifths as wide as the prothorax, feebly convex, finely, rather
feebly, very densely punctate; prominences short, strong; antenna:
moderate, feebly incrassate ; joints two to four almost uniformly and
very rapidly decreasing in length, tenth slightly longer than wide; eyes
large and comparatively finely granulated, slightly prominent ; tempora
one-third as long, strongly.rounded, not angulate. Prothorax one-half
wider than long, widest at anterior third, where the sides are broadly
rounded, thence feebly convergent and feebly arcuate to the apex, and
much more strongly convergent and scarcely perceptibly arcuate to the
base ; the latter broadly arcuate, three-fourths as wide as the disk, nar-
rower than the apex which is transversely truncate; apical angles

obtuse, very narrowly rounded ; basal obtuse and more broadly rounded; .

disk rather densely punctate, shining in the middle, dull at the sides ;
punctures in the middle very fine and separated by twice their own
widths, gradually coarser laterally, and, near the sides, very large,
shallow, variolate and polygonally crowded ; median impressions mod-
erate ; not impressed laterally. Hlytra quadrate, very slightly wider
and nearly one-half longer than the prothorax, distinctly impressed near
the suture, rather coarsely, feebly punctate ; punctures separated by
fully their own diameters. Abdomen. parallel, slightly narrower than
the elytra; sides feebly arcuate ; border moderate in width and depth ;
surface finely subgranulose, shining, minutely and not very densely
punctate. Legsslender. Length 3.0 mm.

California (San Mateo Oo. 2). Mr. C. Fuchs.

This is a very distinct species in pronotal sculpture.

A specimen from Humboldt Co. agrees very well, differing only
in having the prothorax a little shorter, with the sides slightly
less strongly convergent toward base, but it also appears to differ
sexually. |

14. T. quadripunctatus Say.—Stenus quad. Say; Tr. Am. Phil.
Soc., IV., p. 459.—Moderately robust and convex, black; legs piceous;
knees and tarsi paler; antenne piceous throughout; pubescence mode-
rate, rather coarse, and sparse, erect; integuments shining. Head
nearly one-third narrower than the prothorax, rather finely, feebly,
and moderately densely punctate, shining; antennal prominences.
strong, moderate in length; antenne slender, distinctly longer than the
head and prothorax; club gradual and very slight; second and third
joints equal, elongate, third shorter and shorter than the fourth, tenth
distinctly longer than wide; eyes very large and prominent; tempora

almost obsolete behind them, reduced to a very short point. Prothorax

nearly two-thirds wider than long, widest near apical third, where the
sides are rather strongly rounded, thence strongly convergent and
straight to the base, also strongly convergent and distinctly arcuate to

North American Species of Trogophleus. 341

the apex; base broadly, feebly arcuate, two-thirds as wide as the disk,
and but just perceptibly narrower than the apex; the latter broadly
truncate; basal angles obtuse, narrowly rounded; apical obtuse, but not
rounded, and, when viewed sublaterally, very slightly subdentiform;
disk feebly convex, strongly impressed, rather finely, deeply, and
sparsely punctate, polished, the punctures separated by slightly more
than their own widths in the middle, and sparser and coarser toward
the sides. Elytra quadrate, very slightly wider, and nearly one-half
longer than the prothorax, impressed along the suture, coarsely, deeply
punctate, polished, the punctures widely separated. Abdomen broad,
but slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides very feebly arcu-
ate; border rather narrow and deep; surface feebly convex, polished,
minutely reticulate, very finely and sparsely punctate. Legs slender,
tarsi moderate. Length, 2.9-3.2 mm.

Pennsylvania (Allegheny Co. 2); New York (Brooklyn 7).
Dr. Hamilton and Mr. H. H. Smith.

A common eastern species, easily identified by its coarse and
not dense elytral punctures, shining black integuments, and
large eyes, which almost attain the base of the head, differing
very greatly in this respect from the others most closely allied
to it.

This formation of the sides of the head behind the eyes can-
not, however, be confounded with that of Group V, where the
neck begins at the eyes, generally without any nuchal constric-
tion; here the constriction is well marked, extending across the
head at some distance behind the eyes.

The species morio of Hrichson (Gen. Staph., p. 805) cannot
be the same as this, as the elytral punctures are stated to be
very dense (creberrime) in the- former. These punctures in
quadripunctatus are eauenally coarse, but at the same time
unusually sparse.

- Haploderus laticollis of Le Conte (New Species Col., 55) is
identical with this species. It was described from a Seen
so excessively immature that the disk of the pronotum is drawn
entirely out of the usual form, presenting a broad impression on
the left and an equally broad but interrupted one on the right,
the two being separated by a decided ridge. The surface of the
abdomen is shrunken in such a way as to leave the sides vertical
and very deep, presenting the appearance of the same part in
Oxytelus. This appearance of the abdomen is due entirely to

342 A Preliminary Monograph of the

immaturity and shrinkage of the integuments, as it is equally
evident in several specimens of caloderinus and in one of difficilis.

which I have before me. The general outline and punctuation—

which are the only characters remaining for comparison—corre- ~

spond entirely with quadripunctatus.

15. T. conjunctus n. sp.—Rather robust, black; legs black; knees. 3

and tarsi slightly paler; antennze throughout and palpi black; pubes-

cence rather short, fine, and sparse; integuments shining. Head four-.

fifths as wide as the prothorax, feebly convex, finely, densely punctate;
prominences rather large and feeble; antenne very slightly longer than
the head and prothorax, rather robust, gradually and moderately incras-

sate from the second joint; two to four uniformly and rapidly decreas-.

ing in length, the latter distinctly elongate, tenth slightly longer than
wide; eyes large, coarsely faceted, slightly prominent; tempora one-

third as long, strongly rounded throughout to theneck. Prothorax one-

half wider than long, widest just behind apical third, where the sides

are rather strongly rounded, thence strongly convergent and straight.

to the base, and slightly less strongly convergent and very feebly
arcuate to the apical angles, which are obtuse and not rounded; basal

angles obtuse, very narrowly rounded; base feebly arcuate, a little more

than two-thirds as wide as the disk, distinctly narrower than the apex;
the latter transversely truncate; disk rather finely, densely punctate,

the surface finely granulose and subopaque toward the sides, with the

punctures much larger, but not much closer; median impressions mode-
rate or rather feeble; surface also distinctly impressed at each side in

the middle and very near the edge. Elytra quadrate, nearly one-

fourth wider and one-half longer than the prothorax, feebly impressed

along the suture, rather coarsely and sparsely punctate, the punctures.

separated by fully twice their own widths. Abdomen broad, very

slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides feebly arcuate; border ~

thick and rather shallow; surface feebly convex, minutely granulose,

shining, minutely and not very densely punctate. Legs slender.

Length, 3.0 mm.
Oregon 1. Mr. O. Lugger.

A comparatively large species, related to guadripunctatus, but

differing in its smaller eyes, denser, coarser, pronotal punctua-
tion, which is also more scabrous toward the sides, its finer
elytral punctuation, and finer, denser abdominal pubescence.

16. T. morio Er.—Gen. Staph., p. 805.—Moderately robust, black;.
legs piceous-brown, tibiz especially toward apex and tarsi paler; an-
tennz piceous, rufo-piceous toward base; pubescence very short, but

rather coarse and sparse, not: conspicuous; integuments polished.

North American Species of Trogophleus. 343

Head one-fourth narrower than the prothorax, rather convex, finely,
feebly, rather densely punctate, shining; prominencesshort, strong; an-
tennze very slender, as long as the head and prothorax; club very grad-
ual and feeble; joints two to four, decreasing uniformly, very rapidly in
_ length, the latter distinctly longer than wide, tenth very slightly
longer than wide; eyes moderate, not very prominent, rather more
finely faceted than usual; tempora nearly one-half as long, strongly
rounded and slightly prominent. Prothorax widest at anterior two-
fifths; sides evenly rounded and coarctate to the apical angles, which
are obtuse, not rounded, and very slightly and laterally dentiform when
viewed sublaterally, strongly convergent and straight to the base, which
is very feebly arcuate, two-thirds as wide as the disk, and distinctly
narrower than the apex; the latter truncate; basal angles obtuse,
slightly rounded; disk one-third wider than long, feebly convex, finely,
rather sparsely punctate in the middle, the surface becoming more
granulose toward the sides, and with the punctures larger but still
rather sparse; impressions distinct. Hlytra distinctly wider and two-
fifths longer than the prothorax, quadrate, each feebly impressed along
the suture, somewhat coarsely and densely punctate. Abdomen dis-
tinctly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides very feebly arcuate;
border moderately thin and deep; surface feebly convex, shining,
minutely granulose, sparsely and very minutely punctate. Legs slen-
der. Length, 3.0 mm.

New York 1. Dr. Hamilton.

The more broadly, evenly rounded sides of the prothorax
anteriorly easily distinguish this and the following species from -
guadripunctatus Say. This species is further distinguished from
the others of this immediate part of the genus by its much
sparser abdominal punctuation.

17 T. spretus n. sp.—Rather slender, black; legs throughout pale
rufo-testaceous ; antennez piceous-brown, gradually rufo-testaceous to-
ward base ; pubescence short, fine, sparse ; integuments polished. Head
rather small, scarcely three-fourths as wide as the prothorax, rather
convex, finely, feebly, moderately densely punctate; prominences
strong; antenne distinctly longer than the head and prothorax, slender,
very feebly incrassate ; second joint slender, elongate, distinctly longer
than the third, the latter subequal to the fourth, nearly twice as long as
wide, tenth very slightly longer than wide; eyes rather large, moder-
ately prominent, not very coarsely granulate; tempora strongly rounded
and about one-half as long as the eye. Prothorax widest just behind
anterior third, where the sides are evenly rounded, and thence coarctate
to the apex, and strongly convergent and straight to the base; the latter
feebly arcuate, nearly three-fourths as wide as the disk and slightly

344 A Preliminary Monograph of the

narrower than the apex ; the latter truncate ; apical angles obtuse, not
rounded ; disk one-third wider than long, finely, sparsely punctate, the
punctures larger and but slightly denser along the sides; impressions
distinct, feebly arcuate. Elytra quadrate, slightly wider and nearly
one-half longer than the prothorax, feebly impressed near the suture,

rather coarsely punctate, the punctures separated by twice their own —

diameters. Abdomen parallel, slightly narrower than the elytra and
wider than the prothorax; sides very feebly arcuate; border moderate;
surface minutely and feebly reticulate, minutely and not very densely
punctate. Legsslender. Length 2.7 mm.

Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina 6.

The head is rather smaller and the eyes less prominent than in
the following species. It appears to be common in the moun-
tainous regions of the Atlantic States.

18 fT. apacheanus n. sp.—Moderately robust and convex, black ;
legs piceous-black; antennz piceous-brown, but very slightly paler
toward base ; pubescence very short, fine, and rather dense ; integu-
ments feebly shining, the abdomen subalutaceous. Head distinctly
narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, finely, densely, and rather
strongly punctate; antenne slightly longer than the head and pro-
thorax, slender; club gradual and feeble ; joints two to four uniformly
and slowly decreasing in length, the latter decidedly elongate and ob-
conical, tenth slightly longer than wide, obconical ; antennal promi-
nences strong; eyes large and prominent, moderately convex; tempora
short, one-fourth as long, obtusely angulate behind. Prothorax two-
fifths wider than long, widest at apical third, where the sides are evenly
rounded, and thence coarctate to the apex, and strongly convergent and
nearly straigkt to the base; the latter feebly arcuate, nearly three-
fourths as wide as the disk and much narrower than the apex; the latter

transversely truncate; apical angles obtuse, not rounded; basal less

obtuse, slightly rounded ; disk rather finely, densely, and evenly punc-
tate throughout, the punctures separated by slightly more than their
own diameters ; impressions rather feeble. Zlytra quadrate, distinctly
wider and one-half longer than the prothorax, each feebly impressed
along the suture, moderately coarsely, deeply and densely punctate ;
punctures separated by slightly more than their own widths. Abdomen
slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight; border
rather thick and shallow ; surface feebly convex, finely reticulate, mi-

nutely and rather densely punctate. Legs slender; tarsi moderate.

Length 3.0 mm.

Arizona (Tugson 6).
The abdominal punctures are separated by about one-half the

UU — Oe

a. ip. ee ee

a ee

North American Species of Trogophleus. 345

distance of those in morio, and it may be distinguished from all
the others of this portion of the group by its finer and denser
elytral punctuation.

The legs are paler in some specimens, of which the type is one,
being reddish-brown; this character should therefore be used
with caution, and only when confirmed by large series of speci-
mens.

19 T. mancus n. sp.—Moderately slender, black; legs dark piceous
brown ; antenne piceous, apex of first and base of second joints paler ;
pubescence short, fine, rather dense ; integuments shining. Head four-
fifths as wide as the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely and densely
punctate; prominences rather small and feeble; antennz slender,
longer than the head and prothorax, very slightly incrassate; joints
two or four decreasing in length, the latter distinctly elongate, tenth
slightly longer than wide; eyes very large and coarsely granulated,
prominent; tempora very short, one-fourth as long, obtusely subangulate,
not prominent. Prothorax fully one-half wider than long, widest at
anterior two-fifths, where the sides are rather broadly rounded, thence
almost equally and rather strongly convergent to base and apex, and
very feebly arcuate in the lattersense; base broadly feebly arcuate, two-
thirds as wide as the disk, much narrower than the apex; the latter
truncate; apical angles obtuse, not distinctly rounded; basal obtuse and
slightly rounded; disk distinctly impressed, finely and densely punctate,
the punctures separated by less than twice their widths, and becoming
rather abruptly slightly larger and closer with the surface strongly,
finely reticulate near the sides. Elytra quadrate, a little wider and one-
half longer than the prothorax, scarcely perceptibly impressed near the
suture, except a very feeble mutual impression at the base, somewhat
coarsely but feebly punctate, the punctures separated by nearly twice
their own widths. Abdomen much narrower than the elytra, parallel ;
sides nearly straight; border rather thin and deep; surface minutely
reticulate, the reticulations almost granulose, also minutely and rather
sparsely punctate. Legs slender, short as usual. Length 2.5 mm.

Texas (locality not specified 2). U.S. National Museum.

This species was identified:as memnonius Er. by M. Fauvel,
but it probably differs in the antenne, which are described by
Hrichson as being a little shorter than the head and prothorax ;
here they are distinctly longer.

20 'T. spectatus n. sp.—Very slightly more robust, black; legs
and antennz very dark brownish-piceous, the latter scarcely paler at
base; pubescence short, very fine, and rather sparse; integuments shin-
ing. Head fully four-fifths as wide as the prothorax, nearly flat above,

ANNALS N. Y¥. ACAD. OF SCI., IV. Issued March, 1889.

346 A Preliminary Monograph of the

finely, densely punctate, shining, the punctures distinctly separated;
prominences small, moderate; antennz much longer than the head and
prothorax, very slender and very feebly incrassate; joints two to four

decreasing very slowly in length, elongate, tenth very decidedly longer ~

than wide; eyes very large, _prominent; tempora very short, less than

one-third as long, strongly rounded. Prothorax widest at anterior
third, where the sides are rather strongly, evenly rounded, thence nearly —

equally and rather strongly convergent to base and apex, straight in
the former sense, feebly arcuate in the latter; base feebly arcuate, two-
thirds as wide as the disk, much narrower than the apex; the latter
truncate; apical angles obtuse, not rounded; basal obtuse and distinctly
rounded; disk feebly convex, distinctly impressed, finely and sparsely
punctate, the punctures separated by from three to four times their
widths, and, near the sides, about twice as large and separated by but
slightly more than their own dimensions, the surface not becoming
less polished. Elytra quadrate, very slightly wider and one-half longer
than the prothorax, feebly impressed near the suture, rather coarsely
and deeply punctate; punctures separated by more than once and less
than twice their own diameters, slightly sparser laterally. Abdomen
parallel, distinctly narrower than the elytra; sides nearly straight;
border moderate; surface minutely reticulate, also minutely and some-
what densely punctate. Zegsslender. Length 2.6 mm.

Florida (Sand Point and Tampa 2). Mr. H. A. Schwarz.

Very easily distinguished from mancus, in which the eyes are
also very large, by its much sparser pronotal punctuation and
many other characters.

This species has also been identified as memnonius Hr. by M.

Fauvel.

21 IT. imbellis n. sp.—Rather slender, black; legs red-brown; an-
tenn fuscous, slightly paler at base; pubescence moderate in length,
rather coarse and dense; integuments shining. Head three-fourths as
wide as the prothorax, very feebly convex, rather finely, densely punc-
tate; prominences moderate; antennez longer than the head and pro-
thorax, slender, feebly incrassate; joints two to four uniformly and
slowly decreasing in length, the latter elongate, more than twice as
long as wide, tenth joint distinctly longer than wide; eyes large, promi-
nent, very coarsely faceted; tempora short, strongly rounded, but
slightly prominent, not quite one-third as long as the eye. Prothorax
two-fifths wider than long, widest just behind anterior third, where the
sides are evenly rounded, and thence coarctate to the apex, strongly
convergent and straight to the base; the latter broadly arcuate, fully
two-thirds as wide as the disk; much narrower than the apex; the latter
truncate; apical angles broadly obtuse; basal slightly rounded; disk
rather finely punctate in the middle, where the punctures are separated.

ce ee

Sa tase

North American Species of Trogophleus. 347

by fully twice their own diameters, almost three times as wide at the
sides where they are very narrowly separated, but scarcely polygonally
crowded, impressions distinct, broad, even. Elytra nearly quadrate,
a little wider and nearly one-half longer than the prothorax, trans-
versely, rather strongly convex, very feebly impressed near the suture
toward base, rather coarsely and strongly punctate, the punctures sepa-
rated by slightly less than twice their own widths. Abdomen parallel,
slightly narrower than the elytra; sides feebly arcuate; border moderate;
surface very feebly reticulate, minutely and moderately densely punc-
tate. Legsslender. Length 2.4 mm.

Iowa (exact locality unknown Ll). Mr. Otto Lugger.

Differs from spectatws, which it resembles in general char-
acters, in its more slender form, generally denser and more un-
even pronotal punctuation, and the more broadly rounded sides
of the prothorax.

22 T. lepidus n. sp.—Rather slender, black; legs throughout pale
rufo-testaceous; antenne piceous-black, feebly rufous at base; pubes-
cence short, not very dense; integuments shining. Head moderate,
rather convex; antennal prominences short and strong; antenne dis-
tinctly longer than the head and prothorax, slender, very feebly in-
crassate; joints two to four uniformly and rather rapidly decreasing in
length, the latter one-third longer than wide; eyes large, moderately
prominent and more finely faceted than usual; tempora short, strongly

rounded, one-third as long. Prothorax one-third wider than long;
_ sides broadly rounded anteriorly, coarctate to the apex, rather strongly
convergent and distinctly, evenly arcuate to the base, the latter very
feebly arcuate, two-thirds as wide as the disk, much narrower than the
apex, the latter truncate; apical angles scarcely rounded; basal more
strongly so; disk widest at anterior two-fifths, rather convex, finely,
rather densely punctate, the punctures separated by about twice their
own widths, larger and denser at the sides; impressions distinct, slightly
subinterrupted in the middle. EHlytra quadrate, distinctly wider and
two-fifths longer than the prothorax, very feebly impressed near the
suture toward base, rather coarsely, strongly, and unevenly punctate,
the punctures much finer and sparser laterally and toward apex, rather
dense toward suture and base. Abdomen parallel, very slightly narrower
than the elytra and slightly wider than the prothorax; sides feebly
arcuate; border moderate; surface finely subgranulose, feebly shining,
minutely and rather sparsely punctate. Legs slender. Length 2.4 mm,

Towa (Cedar Rapids 1). Dr. E. Brendel.
This very distinct species is to be easily identified by its

rounded converging sides of the prothorax, pale legs, piceous
antenne and rather more finely faceted eyes.

348 A Preliminary Monograph of the

GROUP Ty?

As far as ease of classification is concerned, the species of the
present group are by far the most interesting of the genus; they

are for the most part widely separated among themselves,
both in appearance and structural characters. The group

contains the largest and the smallest representatives of the

genus, and such forms as lithocharinus, ingens, and brachyp-

terus stand out as markedly distinct types, perhaps connecting

the genus to its earlier and at present extinct allies. The

adopted classification follows:—

Eyes small or at most moderate, the tempora not less than two-thirds
as long as the eye.
‘Pronotum coarsely and sparsely punctate, transverse.
Elytra longer than wide and about twice as long as the prothorax.
Elytral punctures denser; pronotal impressions very evident.
23 diffusus
Elytral punctures sparser; pronotal impressions very feeble.
24 lapsus
Elytra nearly as long as wide, much longer than the prothorax.
25 phicoporinus
Elytra much shorter than wide and but very slightly longer than
the prothorac 1574s ches 20s os oeeelees ake ee 26 egregius
Pronotum much more finely and densely punctate.
Prothorax much wider than long, strongly rounded at the sides
anteriorly.
Elytra longer than so as form depressed; extremely minutely,
densely punctate and pubescent; pronotum scarcely percep-

tibly amipressed, 3: been e sce ee ete 27 lithocharinus
Elytra quadrate or shorter, but distinctly longer than the pro-
thorax.

Pronotum very distinctly bi-impressed.
The impressions strongly subinterrupted in the middle of their
length; antennz short or moderate, not ionger than the
head and prothorax.

Elytra subquadrate. <8: .'. g..- 0. 3. ose ee eee 28 obliquus
Elytra slightly wider than long.
Legs and antenne deep black............. 29 sculptilis
Legs rufous; antenne fuscous.............. 30 difficilis

The impressions not interrupted.
Antenne long, conspicuously longer than the head and pro-
thorax; size large; head small........... 31 congener

— an Je en = a -

ee
i

North American Species of Trogophleus. 349

Antenne short, not longer than the head and prothorax;
size small; head almost as wide as the prothorax.
32 agonus
Pronotal impressions feeble and not at all conspicuous,
Elytra short, much wider than long.
Antenne short, about as long as the head and prothorax.
38 temporalis
Antenne long, fully attaining the middle of the elytra.
34 probus
Elytra quadrate or very slightly shorter than wide.
Form slender; legs piceous; antenne fuscous, 35 nanulus
Form more robust; legs and antenne pale flavate.
36 modestus

Elytra very short, subequal in length to the prothorax; integu-
ments very finely, strongly granulose and completely dull.
37 brachypterus
Prothorax very slightly wider than long, very feebly or not at all
impressed.

Sides of prothorax very broadly and almost evenly arcuate, being
feebly convergent from apex to base; small, extremely
slender species.

Antenne short, not longer than the head and prothorax.

Piceous; elytra paler, rufescent... ... ...... 38 pertenuis
Piceous-black throughout................ ....o9 detractus
Antennz: more slender, distinctly longer than the head and
“TERE ICG Se oF an ee Ae ee 40 indigens

Sides of prothorax strongly rounded anteriorly, convergent and

nearly straight toward base; size very large.
Very slender, linear; pronotum granulose, densely and rather
indistinctly punctate; elytra rather finely and much more
ERE WP EIC LAGE ea won cine + 0) «moe nied sais ai mys 41 graphicus
More robust, linear; pronotum and elytra coarsely, deeply, and
SUMEOUMITCTIELY WUNELALE. .. .... oe oe ee see e doe ee 42 ingens

Eyes larger; the tempora not more than one-half as long.

_Tempora not less prominent than the eye .............. 43 incertus
Tempora very distinctly less prominent than the eye... 44 delicatus

The number of undiscovered formsin this group probably ex-
ceeds that of all the others combined; under these circum-
stances it is impossible to prevent doubt on the part of one
attempting to identify any independent collection by its means
alone. Ambiguity may possibly be considerably lessened by
making full use of the descriptions which follow, and to which
alone the above table is intended to serve as a key.

350 A Preliminary Monograph of the

23 'T. diffausus n. sp.—Slender, deep black throughout the body,
legs, antennz, and oral organs; pubescence short, fine, and sparse;
integuments shining. Head very slightly narrower than the prothorax,

slightly wider than long, broadly convex, very coarsely and somewhat .

sparsely punctate; prominences small, moderate; antennz robust, about

as long as the head and prothorax, abruptly clavate; second joint rather -

robust, twice as long as wide, one-half longer than the third, the latter
very slightly longer than the fourth, which is scarcely as wide as long,
tenth slightly transverse; eyes small, very feebly convex, finely faceted;
tempora fully as long as the eye, broadly rounded and not very promi-
nent. Prothorax nearly one-half wider than long, widest at anterior
third, where the sides are moderately broadly rounded and nearly
coarctate to the apex, convergent and straight toward base; the latter
feebly arcuate, fully three-fourths as wide as the disk and rather dis-
tinctly narrower than the apex, which is transversely truncate; apical
angles obtuse, not rounded; basal distinctly rounded; disk with two
straight, feeble, longitudinal impressions, the entire surface finely retic-
ulate, but more strongly so in the impressions and near the sides, very
coarsely and sparsely punctate, the punctures round, very shallow,
variolate, nearly one-half as wide as the third antennal joint, and sepa-
rated by from once to twice their own diameters. Elytra distinctly
longer than wide, one-third wider than the prothorax, and about twice
as long; humeri right, very narrowly rounded; surface of each feebly
impressed along the suture, rather coarsely, deeply punctate; the punc-
tures impressed, much deeper, but not as large as those of the prothorax,
separated by nearly twice their own widths. Abdomen slightly nar-
rower than the elytra, parallel; sides very feebly arcuate; border thin
and rather deep; surface feebly convex, finely reticulate, minutely and
rather sparsely punctate. ews short, slender; tarsi rather long. Length
2.9 mm,

California (Truckee, Nevada Co. 1).
No comparative remarks are necessary to distinguish this
very distinct species from any other here described.

24 'T. lapsus n. sp.—Rather robust, feebly convex, piceous-black
throughout; antenne, legs, and trophi same; pubescence. short, rather
coarse and very sparse; integuments polished. Head very slightly nar-
rower than the prothorax, wider than long, broadly convex, coarsely and
sparsely punctate; prominences moderate in size, strong; antenne very
robust, about as long as the head and prothorax; club strong; second
joint scarcely more than one-half longer than wide and very slightly
longer than the third, fourth slightly wider than long; outer joints
transverse; eyes rather small and moderately finely faceted, somewhat
convex, very slightly prominent; tempora nearly as long and almost as
prominent, broadly rounded. Prothorax one-third wider than long,

A es

North American Species of Trogophleus. 351

widest near the apex, where the sides are narrowly rounded and coarc-
tate to the apical angles, which are laterally prominent and minutely,

feebly dentiform, moderately convergent and feebly arcuate to the base,

which is feebly arcuate, fully four-fifths as wide as the disk and slightly

narrower than the apex; the latter broadly and distinctly arcuate through-.
out the width; disk not distinctly impressed, but feebly tumid along

the middle toward base, coarsely and very sparsely punctate. Hlytra
one-half wider and four-fifths longer than the prothorax, slightly
longer than wide, feebly impressed near the suture toward base, rather
coarsely and very sparsely punctate, the punctures slightly smaller
than those of the pronotum, but deeper and equally sparse. Abdomen

distinctly narrower than the elytra; sides nearly parallel and straight;

border rather narrow and deep; surface feebly reticulate, finely, rather
sparsely punctate, the punctures distinctly subasperate. Legs moderate.

Length 2.2 mm.

California (Truckee, Nevada Co. 1).

A very distinct species in its somewhat robust form, small
prothorax, coarse, very sparse punctures, black, robust antennse
and distinctly asperate abdominal punctures, this last character
being of very unusual occurrence. ‘The temporaare very broadly
and feebly arcuate, and, as the eye is but very slightly promi-
nent, there is less of an emargination between the eye and tem-
pus than is usual in this part of the group.

25 'T. phileoporinus Lec.—Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., VI., p. 246.—
Slender, rather convex, castaneous; abdomen piceous-black; legs pale
rufo-testaceous; antennze same toward base, more infuscate toward
apex; pubescence rather coarse, short, very sparse; integuments shining.
Head very slightly narrower than the prothorax, slightly wider than
long, rather convex, polished, very coarsely and sparsely punctate, the
punctures wanting in the middle; prominences moderate; antennz not
very robust, about as long as the head and prothorax, rather abruptly
and moderately clavate; joints two to four almost uniformly and very
rapidly decreasing in length, the former slightly robust and nearly
twice as long as the latter, which is scarcely as long as wide, tenth dis-
tinctly wider than long; eyes very small, rather finely faceted, very
feebly convex, not very prominent; tempora as long as the eye and
about equally prominent, broadly rounded. Prothorax widest at an-
terior third, where the sides are obtusely subangulate and very slightly
rounded, thence convergent and straight to the base, and slightly less
convergent and feebly arcuate to the apical angles, which are obtuse
and not rounded; basal slightly rounded; base broadly arcuate, scarcely
three-fourths as wide as the disk and distinctly narrower than the apex;
the latter truncate; disk two-fifths wider than long, extremely ob-

3d2 A Preliminary Monograph of the

soletely bi-impressed, very coarsely and sparsely punctate, the punc-
tures shallow, variolate, separated by from once to twice their own
widths, not appreciably larger or denser laterally. Elytra scarcely as
long as wide, just visibly wider and one-third longer than the prothorax,
strongly impressed near the suture; surface transversely rather convex,

feebly, coarsely rugulose, coarsely and sparsely punctate, the punctures _

nearly as large as those of the prothorax and equally sparse. Abdomen
parallel, not narrower than the elytra; sides straight; border narrow,
moderately deep; surface feebly convex, feebly reticulate, minutely and
rather sparsely punctate. Legs slender. Length 2.6 mm.

Iowa (Cedar Rapids 2). Dr. EH. Brendel.

A very coarsely and sparsely punctured species, remarkable
for its parallel sides and slender form; it is very distinct from
any other known to me.

The type in the cabinet of Dr. Le Conte is immature. The
phrase ‘prothorax not wider than long” occurring in the
original description is evidently the result of an oversight.

26 T. egregius -n. sp.—Slender, slightly convex, black; legs pi-
ceous, the knees and tarsi paler; antennze black; pubescence fine,
short, and very sparse; integuments shining. Head slightly narrower
and longer than the prothorax, rather convex, somewhat coarsely,
feebly, and sparsely punctate, distinctly more granulose laterally; eyes.
moderate, slightly prominent, very coarsely faceted; tempora slightly
shorter, rounded and rather more prominent; antenne short, about as
long as the head and prothorax, gradually and rather strongly clavate:.
outer joints strongly transverse and slightly perfoliate; second nearly
as long as the next two together and distinctly more robust, less than
twice as long as wide, fourth much shorter than the third and rather
strongly transverse. Prothorax widest in the middle, nearly two-thirds.
wider than long; sides very obtusely angulate, extremely feebly con-.
vergent and very feebly arcuate in the apical half, rather strongly con-
vergent and straight in the basal; base very feebly arcuate, nearly
three-fourths as wide as the disk; apical angles obtuse, but not rounded;.
apex broadly, feebly arcuate; disk not perceptibly impressed, but very
feebly, longitudinally tumid in the middle toward base, very coarsely
and sparsely punctate, the punctures scarcely denser toward the sides,.
where the surface is a little more strongly reticulate. Hlytra much
wider than long, very slightly wider and scarcely one-fourth longer
than the prothorax, not at all impressed near the suture, feebly sub-
rugulose, coarsely and sparseiy punctate, the punctures subequal in
size to those of the prothorax, but deeper and distinctly denser. Ab-
domen in the middle slightly wider than the elytra; sides parallel and
feebly arcuate; margin rather fine; surface finely, feebly reticulate,

_ a — i
a> a a Nw — TT

al she cect

North American Species of Trogophleus. 303

minutely and sparsely punctate. Legs moderately slender. Length
1.5 mm.

Rhode Island (Newport 8).

A very distinct species, not liable to be confounded with any
other. It was taken by the author in considerable abundance in
the short moss, covering the salt marsh behind the ocean beach,
™m April. It is not gregarious and its motions are very slow.

e227 'T. lithocharinus Lec.—Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., VI., p. 245.

The two specimens before me were taken by the writer in
Marin Co., California; they agree in every particular with the
Le Contean type. As the species is very distinct and not liable
to be confounded with any other known to us, the original de-
scription will amply serve for its identification.

28 T. obliquus n. sp.-—Rather slender, moderately convex, black; an-
tennz throughout and palpi black; legs piceous-black, knees and tarsi
very slightly paler; pubescence very fine, short, and sparse; integuments
strongly shining. Head just visibly narrower than the prothorax, rather
convex, densely and somewhat coarsely and deeply punctate; promi-
nences rather large and distinct; antennz robust, not quite as long as the
head and prothorax, rather strongly clavate; second joint more robust
and slightly longer than the third, fourth very small, scarcely as long as
wide, tenth distinctly wider than long, obconical, ninth abruptly much
wider than the eighth; eyes moderate, very slightly prominent, rather
finely granulate; tempora nearly as long as the eye, strongly rounded
and fully as prominent. Prothorax widest a little before the middle,
but slightly more than one-third wider than long: sides very broadly
rounded anteriorly, convergent and straight in the basal half; basal
angles slightly rounded; apical broadly obtuse, not rounded; base feebly
arcuate, three-fourths as wide as the disk, much narrower than the
apex; disk rather finely, sparsely punctate in the middle, punctures
twice as wide, variolate and just visibly separated toward the sides,
where the surface is also broadly impressed in the middle; median lon-
gitudinal impressions very distinct. Elytra quadrate, one-third wider
and nearly two-thirds longer than the prothorax, feebly impressed near
the suture, coarsely and deeply punctate, the punctures separated by
distinctly more than their own diameters. Abdomen slightly narrower
than the elytra and wider than the prothorax, parallel; sides feebly ar-
cuate; border moderate; surface feebly convex, feebly reticulate,
minutely and rather sparsely punctate. Legs short, slender. Length
2.3 mm.

B04 A Preliminary Monograph of the

California (Lake Tahoe 1).
A very distinct species, easily known by its shining, black i in-
teguments and rather coarse, deep elytral punctuation.

29 'T. seulptilis n. sp.—Moderately slender and convex, black ;

throughout, knees and tarsi very slightly piceo-testaceous; pubescence
short, fine, and sparse; integuments shining. Head very distinctly
narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, rather finely and densely
punctate; prominences short, strong; eyes moderate, rather convex and
prominent; tempora about three-fourths as long, strongly, evenly
rounded and about as prominent as the eye: antennz rather short and
slender, feebly clavate, about as long as the head and prothorax; second
joint as long as the next two together, fourth scarcely longer than wide,
tenth slightly transverse. Prothorax scarcely one-third wider than
long, widest at the middle, where the sides are very obtusely subangu-
late, thence extremely feebly convergent and nearly straight to the
apex, and rather strongly convergent and just perceptibly sinuate to
the base, which is feebly arcuate and nearly three-fourths as wide as
the disk; apex broadly arcuate and nearly as wide asthe disk; the latter
very strongly longitudinally bi-impressed, the impressions distinctly
‘subinterrupted, rather finely punctate; punctures feeble, separated by
twice their widths, except near the sides, where they are coarser and
slightly denser, with the surface more granulose; elevated area between
impressions devoid of punctures. Elytraslightly wider than long, about
one-third wider and longer than the prothorax, rather convex, im-
pressed near the suture, coarsely and deeply punctate, the punctures
separated by distinctly more than their own diameters; surface also
coarsely and feebly rugulose. Abdomen slightly narrower than the
elytra; sides parallel and very feebly arcuate; border moderate; surface
minutely and feebly reticulate, minutely and rather sparsely punctate.
Legs slender. Length 2.1 mm.

California (Sonoma and Lake Cos. 13).

Distinguishable by its deep pronotal impressions, which are
unusually strong for this division of the genus. It is not
closely related to any other species here described.

30 T. difficilis n. sp.—Moderately slender and feebly convex,
castaneous; elytra piceous; antennz castaneous; legs slightly paler,
ferruginous; pubescence rather short and coarse, moderately dense,
finer, sparser on the abdomen; integuments rather shining. Head just
visibly narrower than the prothorax, rather convex, finely granulose
laterally, smoother and finely, sparsely punctate in the middle; promi-
nences rather strong, small; eyes small, somewhat finely faceted, mode-

rately convex; tempora broadly rounded, as long as and slightly more -

North American Species of Trogophleus. 305

prominent than the eyes; antennze rather short and robust, gradually
and rather strongly clavate, as long as the head and prothorax; second
joint nearly as long as the next two together, but very slightly more
robust, twice as long as wide, third much longer than the fourth, the
latter about as long as wide, tenth very slightly wider than long.
Prothorax widest at anterior third, where the sides are broadly rounded
and coarctate to the apex, slightly more strongly convergent and very
feebly arcuate to the base, which is feebly arcuate, nearly three-fourths
as wide as the disk, and much narrower than the apex; the latter trans-
versely truncate; apical angles obtuse, not rounded; disk about one-
third wider than long, feebly convex, very strongly, longitudinally bi-
impressed, the impressions distinctly subinterrupted, finely and not
very densely punctate, the punctures much larger, denser, and more
scabrous near the sides. Elytra slightly wider than long, one-third
wider and longer than the prothorax, rather strongly impressed near
the suture, rather coarsely punctate, the punctures separated by nearly
twice their own widths, and finer and sparser exteriorly and toward
apex. Abdomen about as wide as the elytra; sides parallel and de-
cidedly arcuate; border moderate; surface finely reticulate, minutely
and sparsely punctate. Length 2.4-2.8 mm.

North Carolina (French Broad River 2); Maryland 3. Mr.
Lugger. 7

The joints two to four of the antenne may be said to
decrease nearly uniformly, and very rapidly in length. The
pronotal impressions are very strong, which, together with the
coloration of the body, will readily serve to identify this species.

31 T. congener n. sp.—Rather slender, black; legs and antenns
throughout piceous; pubescence dense, short, fine; integuments feebly
shining. Head scarcely three-fourths as wide as the prothorax, rather
convex, minutely and extremely densely punctate, subalutaceous;
prominences short, strong; antenne distinctly longer than the head and
prothorax, slender, very feebly incrassate; joints two to four uniformly
-and moderately decreasing in length, the latter decidedly elongate,
tenth very slightly longer than wide; eyes rather small, slightly promi-
nent, the tempora two-thirds as long, very strongly arcuate through-
out and as prominent as the eyes, notangulate. Prothorax nearly one-
half wider than long, widest at anterior two-fifths, where the sides are
rather broadly rounded; thence rather feebly convergent and slightly
arcuate to the apex, and more strongly so and very feebly arcuate to
the base; the latter broadly arcuate, two-thirds as wide as the disk,
very much narrower than the apex; the latter truncate; apical angles
obtuse, feebly, sublaterally dentate; basal obtuse, rather broadly
rounded; disk feebly convex, finely, rather deeply and very densely

356 A Preliminary Monograph of the

punctate, the punctures separated by a little more than their own
widths, suddenly larger, shallow, variolate, and polygonally crowded:
near the edge ; impressions broad and distinct. Elytra quadrate, very
slightly wider and nearly one-half longer than the prothorax, feebly
impressed near the suture, rather finely and densely punctate; punc-
tures separated by but slightly more than their own diameters. Ab-
domen parallel, distinctly narrower than the elytra; sides very feebly
arcuate; border moderate; surface finely reticulate, minutely and rather
densely punctate. Length 2.8 mm.

Pennsylvania (Allegheny Co. 1). Dr. Hamilton.

Easily distinguishable by its dense pronotal and abdominal
punctuation, and distinct and uninterrupted pronotal impres-
sions,

32 T. agonus n. sp.—Slender, rather depressed and linear, piceous;
abdomen black; legs and antennz dark piceous-brown; pubescence
short, rather coarse and not very dense; integuments feebly shining.
Head scarcely perceptibly narrower than the prothorax, wider than
long, rather convex, densely punctate; punctures moderately fine, deep,
sparser in the middle; prominences small, moderate; eyes small,
slightly convex ; tempora fully as long as the eye, evenly rounded and
distinctly more prominent; antennz short, about as long as the head
and prothorax, not very robust, moderately incrassate; joints two to
four very rapidly decreasing in length, the former scarcely twice as
long as wide, the latter distinctly transverse, tenth one-third wider than
long. Prothorax short, nearly three-fifths wider than long, widest.
just before the middle, where the sides are very breadly, evenly arcuate
and coarctate to the apex, more convergent and more feebly arcuate to
the base, which is strongly arcuate, the angles being very obtuse and
scarcely at all observable; apex much wider than the base, broadly,
distinctly arcuate; angles distinctly rounded; disk distinctly bi-im-
pressed, the impressions parallel and not interrupted, densely and some-
what coarsely punctate; punctures somewhat variolate, very distinct,
generally separated” by about one-third their own diameters, but finer
and sparser along the middle; surface broadly, indefinitely impressed
laterally. Elytra scarcely as long as wide, one-fourth wider and three-
fourths longer than the prothorax, distinctly impressed near the suture
toward base, somewhat coarsely punctate, the punctures equal in size
to those of the pronotum, deep and generally separated by their own
diameters. Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides.
straight; border moderate; surface minutely and feebly reticulate, very
minutely and rather sparsely punctate. Length 1.9 mm.

Tennessee 1. Mr. Otto Lugger.
A distinct species which maz be readily known by its small,

Jorth American Species of Trogophleus. 307

transverse, rather coarsely, but very densely punctate prothorax,
with the posterior angles not at all evident.

There is no natural division basable on the strength of the
pronotal impressions, the character as employed in the table
being purely artificial. The species, therefore, although placed
near congener in the table, is not allied very closely to it
except in the strongly marked impressions; in all its other
characters, especially including general facies and size, it
is a member of the following group of four species ending with
modestus, and is more particularly similar in outline to nanulus.

33 IT. temporalis n. sp.—Rather slender and convex, black; legs
and antenne piceous, knees and tarsi ,very slightly paler; pubescence
very fine, short, rather sparse; integuments feebly shining. Head
about as wide as and slightly longer than the prothorax, broadly con-
vex, finely and very densely punctate, subalutaceous; prominences
small, very short and rather feeble; antennze very moderately robust,
about as long as the head and prothorax, rather feebly clavate; joints
two to four decreasing uniformly and very rapidly in length, the former
distinctly more robust, distinctly longer than wide, the latter slightly
wider than long, tenth a little transverse; eyes small, slightly convex
and prominent; tempora nearly as long, broadly rounded and slightly
more prominent. Prothorax widest at the middle; sides very broadly,
obtusely subangulate, very feebly convergent anteriorly, more strongly
so posteriorly; base and apex both broadly, feebly arcuate; base nearly
three-fourths as wide as the disk, much narrower than the apex; api-
cal angles obtuse, but scarcely perceptibly rounded; basa] more broadly
so; disk one-half wider than long, broadly, almost evenly convex; me-
dian impressions almost obsolete and barely visible; punctures mode-
rate, slightly irregular, [generally separated by more than their own
widths, but denser toward the sides and toward base in the median im-
pressions. Elytra distinctly shorter than wide, slightly wider and
longer than the prothorax, very feebly impressed, rather coarsely,
deeply, and unevenly punctate, the punctures separated by from once
to twice their own diameters. Abdomen as wide as the elytra, parallel;
sides nearly straight; border moderate; surface shining, feebly reticu-
late, minutely and sparsely punctate. Legs moderate. Length 1.8 mm.

New York 2, Mr. J. B. Smith; Massachusetts 2, Mr. F.
Blanchard.

The short elytra, small eyes, and large tempora will easily dis-
tinguish this small but very distinct form.

358 A Preliminary Monograph of the

34 'T. probus n. sp.—Rather slender, feebly convex, black; legs dark

piceous-brown, antennz dark-brown, slightly testaceous at base and

apex; pubescence fine, short, moderately dense, except on the abdomen,
where it is very sparse; the latter strongly shining, elsewhere slightly less
so. Headslightly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely

and rather sparsely punctate; prominences short, broad, moderate; eyes.

small, slightly convex, not very prominent; tempora a little longer than
the eye and slightly more prominent, broadly rounded; antennze mode-
rately robust, distinctly longer than the head and prothorax, feebly
clavate; second joint distinctly longer and more robust than the third,.
scarcely twice as long as wide, fourth nearly as wide as long, tenth
distinctly wider than long. Prothoraz a little less than one-half wider
than long, widest at anterior two-fifths, where the sides are rather
broadly, evenly rounded, coarctate to the apex, moderately convergent
and becoming nearly straight toward base; the latter feebly arcuate,
nearly three-fourths as wide as the disk, and slightly narrower than
the apex; apical angles obtuse and slightly rounded; disk almost im-
perceptibly bi-impressed, very finely and moderately densely punctate.
Elytra distinctly wider than long, distinctly wider and nearly one-third
longer than the prothorax, very feebly impressed near the suture,
rather coarsely and deeply punctate, the punctures separated by more
than their own diameters. Abdomen fully as wide as the elytra; sides
parallel and somewhat strongly arcuate; border rather strong; surface
almost smooth and polished, very minutely, sparsely punctate. Legs
short and slightly robust. Length 2.2 mm.

North Carolina (French Broad River 1).
Peculiar in its rather short elytra, more highly polished ab-
domen, and ccarse elytral punctuation.

30 T. nanulus n. sp.—Rather slender, moderately convex, black;
legs piceous, tibiz, tarsi, and antenne brown; pubescence short,
dense, excessively fine and scarcely visible on the head and pronotum,
coarser, longer, sparser, and more distinct on the elytra and abdomen;
integuments subalutaceous. Head very slightly narrower but not longer
than the prothorax, strongly convex, extremely minutely and densely
punctate; prominences small, moderate; eyes very small, very feebly
convex, not prominent; tempora broadly rounded, slightly longer and
distinctly more prominent than the eye; antennz rather robust, as long
as the head and prothorax; club distinct; outer joints strongly trans-
verse; second as long as the next two together and distinctly more
robust, fourth wider than long. Prothorax one-third wider than long,
widest slightly before the middle; sides very broadly rounded, coarctate
to the apex, more strongly convergent and broadly arcuate to the base;
the latter feebly arcuate, nearly three-fourths as wideas the disk, slightly

North American Species of Trogophleus. 309

narrower than the apex; the latter truncate; apical angles slightly ob-
tuse, very narrowly rounded; basal broadly rounded; disk very broadly
and extremely feebly bi-impressed, extremely minutely and densely
punctate, the punctures throughout the head and pronotum in mutual
contact. lytra very slightly wider than long, distinctly wider and
one-half longer than the prothorax, very feebly impressed near the
suture, rather finely and densely punctate, the punctures more than
twice as wide as those of the pronotum, and separated by scarcely their
own diameters. Abdomen very slightly narrower than the elytra;
sides parallel and nearly straight; border moderate; surface minutely,
feebly reticulate, and minutely and rather densely punctate. Length
1.5 mm.

Texas (Galveston 5); New Jersey (Cape May 3).

A small species, with very fine, rather dense punctuation and
decidedly alutaceous lustre. It is sometimes partially cas-
taneous, with paler legs, probably from immaturity.

On the occiput, in a transverse line midway between the
posterior extremity of the eyes and the base of the head, there are
two feeble tubercles, mutually slightly more distant than either
from the Jateral margin; they are excessively minute and only
observable under oblique illumination.

The significance of these two minute tubercles is not easy to
divine. I have not noticed them elsewhere in the Oxytelini,
and they are not evident in some specimens of the present
species, which may possibly be females. Perhaps they may con-
stitute a rudimentary beginning or a degradation of the ocelli,
which constitute so marked a feature of the great and hetero-
geneous tribe Omalini.

36 T. modestus n. sp.—Rather robust, dark castaneous; abdomen
piceous-black; legs and antennz throughout pale flavate; pubescence
very short, moderately dense; integuments rather shining. Head large,
very slightly narrower than the prothorax, rather strongly convex,
finely, densely punctate; punctures less dense in the middle; promi-
nences large, rather strong; eyes moderate and finely faceted, mode-
rately convex and slightly prominent; tempera about two-thirds as.
long, broadly rounded and nearly as prominent; antennz short, mode-
rately robust, slightly shorter than the head and prothorax; club strong;
second joint nearly as long as the next two combined, fourth scarcely
as long as wide, outer joints transverse. Prothorax widest slightly
before the middle; sides broadly, nearly evenly arcuate from apex to
base, slightly straighter and more convergent near the latter, which

360 A Preliminary Monograph of the

is feebly arcuate and about four-fifths as wide as the disk; apex feebly
arcuate; apical angles slightly obtuse and not at all rounded; basal
rather broadly so; disk one-fourth wider than long, feebly bi-impressed,
finely and densely punctate, the punctures separated by more than

their own diameters and becoming confused and slightly scabrous near
the sides. Elytra slightly wider than long, nearly one-fourth wider ©

and over one-half longer than the prothorax, finely and rather densely
punctate, the punctures about twice as wide as those of the pronotum,
and separated by slightly more than their own widths. Abdomen dis-
tinctly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight; border
rather narrow and deep; surface somewhat finely reticulate, minutely
and not very densely punctate; the setz of the terminal fringes are
rather long and coarse. Legs moderate. Length 1.7 mm.

Texas (Austin 2).

Very easily known by its short, robust form, rather large
head, short, flavate antenne and rather larger, more finely
granulated eyes.

37 T. brachypterus Lec.—Thinobius brach. Trans. Am. Ent.
Soc., VI., p. 240.

This very remarkable species is one of the most minate of the
genus. It may be known by its very small, feebly convex eyes,
long, feebly arcuate tempora, very short elytra, and dense, dull
integuments. Length, 0.6-0.7 mm.

38 'T. pertenuis n. sp.—Very slender, linear, moderately convex,
dark brownish-piceous; elytra pale red-brown; legs and antennz
paler, flavo-testaceous; pubescence minute, fine and moderately dense;
integuments somewhat shining. Head as wide as the prothorax and
about as long as wide, rather convex, minutely and very densely punc-
tate; prominences moderate; eyes rather small, feebly convex and not
prominent; tempora about three-fourths as long as the eye, broadly
rounded and equally prominent; antennz short, rather incrassate,
slightly shorter than the head and prothorax; second joint slightly
‘ shorter than the next two together and a little more robust, fourth
wider than long, tenth distinctly wider than long. Prothorax very
slightly wider than long; sides feebly convergent from apex to base
and feebly, nearly evenly arcuate; base feebly arcuate, four-fifths as
wide as the apex; the latter subtruncate; apical angles right and very
narrowly rounded; basal more broadly so; disk with scarcely a trace of
impressions, very minutely punctate, the punctures separated by nearly
twice their own widths. LElytra distinctly longer than wide, one-third
wider and nearly two-thirds longer than the prothorax; sides parallel
and straight; disk scarcely perceptibly impressed near the suture,

North American Species of Trogophleus. 361

finely and not very strongly punctate; punctures twice as wide as
those of the prothorax and separated by much more than their own
diameters. Abdomen distinctly narrower than the elytra, very elongate;.
sides parallel and straight; border moderate, shallow; surface very
feebly reticulate, minutely and moderately densely punctate. Legs:
very short. Length 1.7 mm.

Texas (Austin 1).
One of the most slender and elongate species of the genus.

39 VT. detractus n. sp.—Very slender, linear, piceous-black; elytra.
almost imperceptibly paler; legs flavate; antennz fuscous, paler at
base; pubescence fine, very short and moderately dense; integuments
feebly shining. Head as wide as the prothorax, slightly wider than
long, rather convex, finely and very densely punctate; prominences
moderate; eyes small, feebly convex, and scarcely at all prominent;
tempora about as long, broadly rounded and as prominent as the eye;
antenne short, robust, not as long as the head and prothorax; outer
joints strongly transverse; second joint as long as the next two together
and decidedly more robust, third but slightly longer than wide, fourth
transverse. Prothorax nearly one-fourth wider than long; sides feebly
convergent from apex to base, feebly and almost evenly arcuate; base
feebly arcuate, nearly five-sixths as wide as the apex; the latter very
feebly arcuate; apical angles very narrowly rounded; basal more broadly
so; disk with very slight traces of impressions, minutely and densely
punctate; the punctures separated by nearly twice their widths. Elytra
distinctly wider and about one-half longer than the prothorax, slightly
longer than wide, very feebly impressed, very finely and rather
densely punctate, the punctures rather larger than those of the pro-
notum and separated by about twice the interval. Abdomen rather
broad, but slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides straight;
border moderate, very shallow; surface finely reticulate, minutely and
rather densely punctate, Legs very short and somewhat robust. Length
1.5 mm.

Towa (Cedar Rapids 2). Dr. E. Brendel.

Closely allied to indigens, but differing in its darker color, and
especially darker antenne, in the apical angles of the prothorax,
which are here narrowly rounded, in its proportionally shorter
tempora, slightly sparser punctuation, and much shorter an-
tenne. ‘The male is rather more slender than the female, with
a distinctly narrower abdomen, but both sexes are slightly more
robust and witha proportionally narrower abdominal border than
indigens.

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. OF SCI., IV. Issued March, 1889,

362 A Preliminary Monograph of the

40 'T. indigens n. sp.—Very slender, linear, dark castaneous; ab-
domen piceous; legs, oral organs, and antennez flavate; pubescence
very short, fine, and dense; integuments subalutaceous. Head as wide
as the prothorax, rather convex, minutely and very densely punctate;
prominences small and strong; eyes very small, feebly convex, scarcely

at all prominent; tempora distinctly longer, broadly rounded, and —

equally prominent; antennz slightly robust and rather strongly capitate,
much longer than the head and prothorax; outer joints strongly trans-
verse; second joint slightly shorter than the next two combined, fourth
transverse. Prothorax about one-fifth wider than long; sides feebly
convergent from apex to base, broadly and distinctly arcuate; base
feebly arcuate, slightly narrower than the apex: the latter transversely
truncate; apical angles nearly right, not in the least rounded; basal
slightly rounded; disk with the feeblest possible trace of impressions,
minutely and very densely punctate, the punctures separated by nearly
‘their own widths. Elytra rather distinctly wider and about two-fifths
longer than the prothorax, very slightly longer than wide, scarcely per-
ceptibly impressed near the suture and only toward base; finely and
densely punctate, the punctures slightly larger than those of the pro-
notum and separated by nearly twice the distance. Abdomen long and
parallel, slightly narrower than the elytra; sides straight; border mode-
trate, shallow; surface finely reticulate, minutely and densely punctate.
Legs very slender. Length 1.5-1.7 mm.

Rhode Island (Newport 10).

I found a small colony of this gregarious species on the iva
side of a stone, imbedded in the damp bottom of a partially dry
ditch, in April. Its motion is very slow.

As in many species of this genus, especially the smaller and
more slender, the antenne are distinctly perfoliate.

41 T. graphicus n. sp.—Very slender, linear, moderately convex,
“piceous; elytra slightly rufous; apical margin of the last two segments
paler; legs dark rufo-testaceous; antennz fuscous, paler at base and
apex; pubescence short, rather coarse, moderately dense; integuments
dull, the elytra rather shining. Head slightly narrower than the pro-
thorax, feebly convex, strongly granulose, rather coarsely, very feebly,
-and somewhat densely punctate; prominences rather large; eyes mode-
rate, feebly convex, coarsely faceted; facets strongly convex; tempora
about three-fourths as long, broadly rounded, as prominent as the eye;
antenne rather slender, very feebly incrassate, slightly longer than the
head and prothorax; joints two to four uniformly and very rapidly de-
creasing, the fourth slightly longer than wide and one-half as long as the
second, tenth as wide as long. Prothorax very slightly wider than
long, widest at anterior two-fifths; sides rather strongly rounded and

i em —"

North American Species of Trogophleus. 363

almost evenly coarctate to the apex, moderately convergent and nearly
straight toward base; the latter feebly arcuate, less than three-fourths
as wide as the disk, very much narrower than the apex; the latter
broadly arcuate; apical angles obtuse, but scarcely rounded; disk with the
feeblest possible trace of two broad longitudinal impressions, feebly
convex, finely, densely, and strongly granulate, coarsely, very feebly,
densely, and indistinctly punctate, the punctures slightly separated.
Elytra quadrate, slightly wider and two-tifths longer than the pro-
thorax, feebly impressed near the suture, which is narrowly but strongly
elevated, moderately coarsely, subasperately punctate, the punctures
separated by nearly twice their widths; interspaces not granulose,
shining. Abdomen slightly wider behind, at base distinctly narrower
than the elytra; sides almost straight; border thick and shallow; seg-
ments transversely and rather more than usually impressed at base;
surface finely, rather strongly reticulo-granulose, feebly shining, mi-
‘nutely, sparsely, and not distinctly punctate. Legs somewhat robust.
Length (strongly extended) 3.8 mm.

Missouri 1.

The granules of the pronotum are very strong, fine, and dense,
giving an absolutely dull surface on which the punctures are
very indistinct; these under sufficient power are seen to be merely
small circular areole, very shallow and with the bottom smooth
and shining.

42 'T. ingens n. sp.—Moderately slender, linear, black; legs dark
rufous; antennze fuscous, rufous at base; pubescence short, coarse,
moderately dense; integuments dull. Head about four-fifths as wide as
the prothorax, not very convex, coarsely and very densely punctate;
prominences large, moderate in elevation; eyes small but rather con-
vex, slightly prominent; tempora fully as long, rather strongly rounded
and almost as prominent as the eye; antennz slightly longer than the
head and prothorax, rather robust and moderately incrassate, all the
joints longer than wide; two to four uniformly and very gradually de-
creasing in length. Prothorax widest at anterior third, about one-fifth
wider than long; sides anteriorly rather strongly, evenly rounded and
coarctate to the apex, rather strongly convergent and straight to the
base, which is feebly arcuate, scarcely three-fourths as wide as the disk,
and much narrower than the apex; the latter subtruncate; apical
angles obtuse, slightly rounded; basal more broadly so; disk not per-
ceptibly impressed, rather depressed in the middle, coarsely and ex-
tremely densely punctate, the punctures subconfluent. Elytra quad-
rate, slightly wider and two-fifths longer than the prothorax; feebly
impressed near the suture, coarsely and very densely punctate, the punc-
tures equal in size to those of the pronotum, but slightly deeper, some-

364 A Preliminary Monograph of the

what subconfluent. Abdomen at base slightly narrower than the elytra,
slightly wider behind; sides straight; border very thick but not very
deep; surface minutely granulose, rather coarsely, very densely punc-
tate toward base, more sparsely so toward apex. Legs short and very
robust. Length 4.2 mm. sug

Iowa (Cedar Rapids 1); Illinois 2. Dr. Brendel and Mr. Lugger.

This species is one of the giants of the genus and is very distinct
in all its characters, but cannot be generically separated, as far
as can be judged without dissection.

The individual facets of the eye are large and very much less
strongly convex than in any other species which I have examined.

43 TV. inecertus n. sp.—Slightly robust, piceous; elytra rufescent; ab-
domen black; legs and antennz flavate; pubescence very fine, short,
not dense; integuments shining. Head very slightly wider than long,
scarcely perceptibly narrower than the prothorax, broadly convex,
strongly reticulate or subgranulose, the punctures very minute and not

distinct among the reticulations; prominences not very strong, mode-

rate in size; eyes rather large and finely faceted, convex and somewhat
prominent, the tempora scarcely one-half as long, rounded and equally

prominent; antenne short, rather slender, somewhat strongly in-

crassate, about as long as the head and prothorax; outer joints distinctly

transverse, two to four rapidly shorter, fourth scarcely wider than long.

Prothorax one-third wider than long, widest near anterior third, where
the sides are rather strongly rounded and coarctate to the apex, feebly

convergent and nearly straight toward base; the latter strongly arcuate,.

four-fifths as wide as the disk and subequaF to the apex; the latter very
feebly arcuate; apical angles narrowly rounded; disk very obsoletely

bi-impressed, the impressions interrupted, finely and obsoletely sub-

reticulate, very minutely, feebly punctate, the punctures separated by
three or four times their own widths, except near the sides, where they

become abruptly coarse and dense, with the surface dull. EHlytra

slightly shorter than wide, one-third wider and one-half longer than

the prothorax, distinctly impressed on the suture toward base, rather
finely and sparsely punctate, the punctures four times as wide as those:

of the prothorax, separated by more than their own diameters. Ab-
domen distinctly narrower than the prothorax, parallel; sides very

feebly arcuate; border moderate; surface very obsoletely and somewhat.

finely reticulate, minutely and sparsely punctate. Legs rather slender.
Length 1.8 mm.

Tennessee 3. Mr. Otto Lugger.

This species is somewhat intermediate between the two groups.

IV and V, as shown by the increase in the size of the eye and

2 canes td

North American Species of Trogophleus. 365

shortening of the tempora; the latter, however, still remain as
prominent as the eye, and it is therefore a more nearly normal
form for the group than the following.

44 'T. delicatus n. sp.—Slender and somewhat depressed, piceous;
elytra paler, rufo-piceous; abdomen black; legs dark brownish-flavate;
antenne piceo-castaneous; pubescence extremely fine, short, and dense;
integuments subalutaceous. Head very slightly narrower than the pro-
thorax, moderately convex, minutely and very densely punctate; promi-
nences small but strong; eyes large, moderately convex and but slightly
prominent, much more than usually finely faceted; tempora short,
scarcely more than one-third as long, narrowly rounded and not quite
as prominent as the eye; antenne rather slender, distinctly capitate, as
long as the head and prothorax; joints two to four decreasing very
rapidly in length, the fourth much wider than long, second more robust,
tenth distinctly transverse. Prothorax two-fifths wider than long,
widest at anterior third, where the sides are evenly and rather strongly
rounded and coarctate to the apex, moderately convergent and nearly
straight toward base; the latter feebly arcuate, four-fifths as wide as
the disk and slightly narrower than the apex; the latter transversely
truncate; apical angles slightly obtuse, not distinctly rounded, the basal
broadly rounded; disk very finely and extremely densely punctate;
median line notat all impunctate, although slightly tumid toward base;
surface very feebly bi-impressed, the impressions almost completely
interrupted in the middle, so as to form four feeble oval impressions.
Elytra slightly longer than wide, one-third wider and three-fourths
longer than the prothorax, very feebly impressed near the suture to-
ward base, finely and densely punctate. Abdomen scarcely at all nar-
rower than the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight; border wide and
very shallow; surface finely reticulate, minutely and very densely punc-
tate. Zegsnormal, Length 1.3 mm.

Michigan (Detroit 1). Mr. EH. A. Schwarz.

Quite distinct from any other in this group, except the pre-
ceding, in its larger eyes and relatively shorter tempora; in fact,
it constitutes an apparent transition from the present group to

the following.
Group V.

A large section of this extensive group shows considerable
affinity with Bledius in the form of the prothorax, but in scarcely
any other way, the species of this section being closely allied
and often difficult to identify from descriptions. The group is
somewhat heterogeneous, containing several sections which differ
considerably from each other in general form and appearance.

366 A Preliminary Monograph of the

The following table will, it is hoped, prove of some service as

an aid to identification :—

Body less slender, sometimes quite robust, more convex, the pronotum
generally not at all impressed, although sometimes exhibiting very
feeble traces of the usual two impressions.

. Prothorax widest at or near anterior third, the sides at this point:
more strongly rounded and evenly coarctate to the apex.

Eyes smaller, but very slightly prominent and not so coarsely
faceted, the tempora very slightly visible behind them, broadly
rounded and convergent ape and distinctly less prominent.
GhaMwihsS Oye) sic..cd. Fess Lime iE iShnie ee eeeee Oe 45 pudicus.

Eyes very convex, proseonte more coarsely faceted as usual.

Form more robust; prothorax but slightly narrowed toward base,
the sides parallel in the apical half and strongly arcuate; legs
pales. Tie Ene, TA en cere ie: oe 46 robustulus

Form more slender; prothorax strongly narrowed toward base,

the sides strongly rounded in the anterior third.
Eyes smaller, scarcely longer than the first antennal joint.
47 confinis.
Eyes much larger and more prominent, very coarsely faceted,
distinctly longer than the first antennal joint.
48 pauperculus
Prothorax gradually and moderately narrowed from apex to base and
broadly, evenly, and rather strongly arcuate; body rather slender
and convex.

Pronotum with a distinct median impunctate line extending from
the basal margin to the apex, gradually becoming broader through-
out its length 25 p38 2 OR OS, eee oe 49 languidus

Pronotum without a median impunctate line, the punctures a little
more sparsely ee in the middle near the apex.

50 bipuncticollis

Prothorax widest at or near the middle, the sides at this point rather

. narrowly rounded and very obtuse, thence parallel or feebly con-

vergent and more or less feebly arcuate to the apex, and more
distinctly convergent and more nearly straight to the base.

Size larger, not less than 2 mm. in length; pronotal punctures
distinctly separable, the interspaces shining; eyes normal for
the group and without trace of tempora.

Prothorax large, as wide as the elytra.

Punctuation excessively fine and dense; lustre dull; median
impunctate line of pronotum very narrow.
Piceous; sides of prothorax in anterior half parallel.
51 simplarius
Castaneous; abdomen piceous; sides distinctly convergent
from behind the middle to the apex........ 52 pallidulus

A ieee ee
OE

North American Species of Trogophleus. 367

Punctuation coarser and sparser; lustre shining; median im-
punctate line of pronotum wide and evident..53 convexulus.
Prothorax distinctly narrower than the elytra; color black, rarely
slightly piceous.
Antenne less robust, much fiiieer than the head and prothorax,.
the latter relatively much smaller,............... 54 debilis
Antenne robust, never longer than the head and prothorax, the
latter relatively larger.

Elytra slightly longer than wide, with two small approximate
impressions at the middle of the base; abdomen much nar-
rower than the elytra, slender, linear, with the sides
EEL UCUM cacn tombs ca (cy sas ahaycvessecr oret cicheictasp achanaycnsscuente 2 o> Dbiediinus

Elytra slightly but distinctly ide than long and but very

slightly wider than the abdomen.

Abdominal punctuation fine and very dense, with the sur-
face alutaceous; punctuation and pubescence through-
out very dense, the latter conspicuous.

Elytra not at all impressed, rather convex ....56 fallax
Elytra distinctly impressed near the suture oaud base,
o7 providus

Abdominal punctuation very minute and much sparser,
the surface distinctly shining; pubescence extremely
short and fine, and, although sometimes rather dense,
never decidedly conspicuous.

Legs pale flavate; prothorax narrowed very slightly be-
hind, the base almost as wide as the apex.
58 inquisitus
Legs black or piceous-black, the tarsi and sometimes the
knees paler; prothorax strongly narrowed behind,
the base being much narrower than the apex.
Prothorax more strongly transverse, about one-fourth
wider than long, the surface more finely and densely
punctate and decidedly alutaceous, the median im-
punctate line very fine and slightly tumid.
59 facetus
Prothorax more elongate, not more than one-fifth
wider than long, more coarsely, sparsely punctate,
shining or polished; median impunctate area not

tumid.
Punctuation denser, the punctures separated by
about their own diameters........ 60 confusus

Punctuation sparser, the punctures separated by

about twice their own diameters...61 scrupulus

Size smaller, 1.5 mm., slender; lustre dull, the punctures of the
PEOMOCIIN MOR GISEMCT. 553.85 Abn. ied ole eho erste whale se 62 insolitus

368 A Preliminary Monograph of the

Size very small; body depressed ; eyes smaller and more finely
faceted, the tempora slightly visible behind them but not promi- -
MONG 4.4 p's Foo, pean ees oe erates ean cee emer. 63 uniformis |

Body very slender and linear; pronotum with two parallel, approxi-
mate and very distinct impressions; body black, elytra more or
less pale. Se gt 8 ©

Antenne shorter, as long as the head and prothorax........ 64 filum
Antenne longer, more. slender, distinctly longer than the head and
prothorax ; legs pale.

Prothorax nearly one-fourth wider than long, and strongly nar-
rowed toward base ; pubescence coarse ....... 65 decoloratus

Prothorax about one-fifth wider than long, more feebly narrowed
toward base; pubescence shorter and ve7zy fine....66 tantillus

45 'T. pudicus n. sp.—Rather robust and convex, black through-
out ; legs, antennz and palpi piceous-black, tarsi flavate ; pubescence
very minute, slender and moderately dense, not conspicuous ; body
shining, head and prothorax alutaceous. Head distinctly narrower
than the prothorax, fully as long as wide, rather convex, finely reticu-
late, minutely and densely punctate ; prominences small, not very pro-
nounced ; eyes small, moderately convex, not very coarsely faceted,
and but slightly prominent; antennz short, slightly shorter than the
head and prothorax, rather slender, very feebly incrassate ; joints two
to four uniformly and very rapidly decreasing in length, fourth scarcely
as long as wide, tenth slightly wider than long. Prothorax slightly
shorter than the head, one-third wider than long, widest at anterior
third, where the sides are rather narrowly, evenly rounded and coarc-
tate to the apex, rather strongly convergent and nearly straight toward
base ; the latter broadly arcuate, three-fourths as wide as the disk and
much narrower than the apex; the latter broadly and very feebly arcu-
ate; apical angles slightly obtuse, but very slightly rounded, basal
more broadly so; disk excessively feebly and indistinctly bi-impressed,
broadly convex, minutely, densely granulose, very minutely, scarcely
perceptibly and moderately densely punctate, without smooth median
line ; surface scarcely visibly tumid in the middle near the basal mar-
gin. EHlytra slightly wider than long, one-fourth wider and two-fifths
longer than the prothorax, very broadly, feebly impressed on the suture
near the base, somewhat coarsely, very feebly and densely punctate,
shining. Abdomen very slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel;
sides feebly arcuate; border moderate; surface shining, rather coarsely
and feebly reticulate, minutely and not very densely punctate. Legs
very slender. Length 1.5 mm.

New Jersey (Cape May 6).
This very small species may be distinguished by its rather ro-
bust form and somewhat transverse unimpressed prothorax.

North American Species of Trogophieus. 369

The eyes are very small for this genus and are rather strongly
dorsal, a portion of the tempora being seen beneath and behind
them when viewed vertically. It is therefore one of the inter-
mediate forms in the grouping here adopted, but belongs to the
present group rather than to the preceding.

46 'T. robusiulus n. sp.—Moderately robust and convex, piceous-
black; elytra rufescent; legs pale brown; antennz fuscous; pubescence
minute and moderately dense; integuments feebly shining. Head
slightly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely, very
densely and feebly punctate, and more strongly subgranulose; promi-
nences rather small but strong; eyes moderate, rather convex and
slightly prominent; antennz not very robust, very short, distinctly
shorter than the head and prothorax, moderately incrassate; second
joint nearly as long as the next two together, third more than twice as
long as the fourth, the latter subquadrate, tenth slightly transverse.
Prothorax one-fifth wider than long, widest at anterior third; sides in
the anterior half nearly parallel, broadly, evenly and distinctly arcuate,
thence more convergent and more nearly straight to the base, which is
nearly three-fourths as wide as the disk and very much narrower than
the apex; the latter subtruncate; apical angles slightly obtuse and
‘scarcely at all rounded; disk not impressed, evenly convex, finely and
very densely punctate, the punctures not very deep, separated by nearly
their own widths; median impunctate area narrow, short and slightly
tumid. Elytra very slightly ‘wider than long, one-third wider and
longer than the prothorax, feebly impressed near the suture at base,
rather coarsely and densely punctate; the punctures deep, more than
twice as wide as those of the pronotum, separated by distinctly more
than their own diameters. Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra,
parallel; sides very feebly arcuate; border rather narrow and deep; sur-
face strongly reticulate, minutely and not very densely punctate. Legs
moderate. Length (strongly contracted) 1.8 mm.

New York 1.

Allied to the stmplarius group, from which it differs in the
form of the prothorax, which is, however, rather an extreme
limit than an essential difference of form, such for instance as
is exhibited in the two following species.

47 T. confinis n. sp.—Rather slender and convex, black; legs
piceous, knees, tips of tibiz and tarsi flavescent ; antennze dark piceous-
‘brown, piceous at apex ; pubescence short, rather coarse and dense; in-
teguments distinctly shining. Head slightly narrower than the pro-
thorax, fully as long as wide, rather convex, minutely and very densely
punctate ; prominences rather broad, moderate; eyes moderate, con-

370 A Preliminary Monograph of the 7

vex, and prominent, very coarsely faceted ; antennz short, somewhat
slender, distinctly capitate, not quite as long as the head and prothorax ;
second joint nearly as long as the next two together, third very slightly
longer than wide, fourth small, quadrate, joints two to four gradually
decreasing in thickness, tenth very distinctly transverse. Prothorax
one-fourth wider than iong, widest at anterior third, where the sides
are rather broadly rounded and coarctate to the apex, rather strongly
convergent and straight toward base ; the latter broadly arcuate, about
three-fourths as wideas the disk and much narrower than the apex; the
latter broadly, feebly arcuate ; apical angles distinctly rounded, basal —
rather broadly so; disk broadly convex, without trace of impression but
with a rather wide, impunctate median line, which is not at all tumid ;
punctures minute and very dense. Elytra quadrate, about one-third wider
and one-half longer than the prothorax, feebly convex, rather distinctly
impressed near the suture, somewhat finely and densely punctate ; the
punctures twice as large as those of the pronotum and separated by
less than twice their own diameters. Abdomen distinctly narrower
than the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight ; border moderate; sur-
face finely, feebly reticulate, minutely and moderately densely punc-
tate. Legsslender. Length 2.1 mm.

California (San Diego 1).

This species somewhat resembles dedilis, and without care
might possibly be confounded with it, especially as they are inhabi-
tants of the same region. It is easily distinguishable, however,
by its smaller eyes, much shorter antenne, which are of a dif-
ferent structure, by the form of the prothorax, presence of a
median impunctate line, lack of impressions, and by the coarser,
sparser elytral punctures. ‘The form of body is more slender.

48 T. pauperculus n. sp.—Moderately robust and convex, black;
legs rather pale piceous-brown ; antennz rufo-testaceous, fuscous at
apex ; pubescence very minute, fine, moderately dense ; integuments
rather shining. Head slightly narrower than the prothorax, very
minutely and extremely densely punctate; prominences moderate in size,
not strong ; antenne rather short, moderately robust, slightly incrassate,
slightly shorter than the head and prothorax ; joints two to four de-
creasing very rapidly in length, the former just visibly more robust,
three times as long as the latter, which is very slightly wider than long,
tenth strongly transverse ; eyes very large and prominent, very coarsely
faceted. Prothorax widest near apical third, where the sides are evenly
rounded, thence very feebly convergent and distinctly arcuate to the
apex, rather strongly convergent and nearly straight toward base; the
latter evenly and distinctly arcuate, three-fourths as wide as the disk
and very much narrower than the apex; the latter broadly, feebly

North American Species of Trogophieus. avd

arcuate ; apical angles narrowly, basal broadly, rounded ; disk nearly
one-fourth wider than long, broadly, evenly convex, without impres-
sions but with a feebly tumid, impunctate and rather broad line, ex-
tending from near the base slightly beyond the middle, remainder
minutely, very densely punctate. Hlytra quadrate, one-third wider and
one-half longer than the prothorax, rather convex, feebly impressed
near the suture toward base, rather finely and densely punctate; the
punctures nearly three times as large and twice as distant as those of
the pronotum. Abdomen distinctly narrower than the elytra, parallel ;
sides very feebly arcuate; border moderate, shallow ; surface shining,
finely reticulate, minutely and rather densely punctate. Legs slender.
Length 2.0 mm.

California (Fort Yuma 1).

This species is of a rather uncommon type in this part of the
genus, and may be distinguished by the form of the prothorax
and its very large, prominent eyes. It is somewhat allied to.
confinis.

The two following species are more slender, parallel, and con-
vex, with the pronotum perfectly devoid of any trace of im-
pression.

49 IT’. languidus n. sp.—Slender, linear, moderately convex, piceous-
black; legs rather dark brown; antennz piceous throughout; pubescence
minute, moderately dense; integuments rather shining. Head very
slightly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely, very
densely punctate and subgranulose; prominences rather large and
strong; eyes moderate, convex, and slightly prominent; antenne slightly
robust, very short, moderately incrassate, much shorter than the head
and prothorax, outer joints rather strongly transverse; joints two to
four decreasing very rapidly in length, the latter scarcely as long as
wide. Prothorax one-fifth wider than long; sides convergent from
apex to base, broadly and nearly evenly arcuate; base feebly arcuate,
about four-fifths as wide as the apex; the latter very feebly arcuate;
apical angles slightly obtuse and rounded; disk not impressed, evenly
convex, finely, densely punctate; the punctures slightly sparser near
the middle, where they are separated by slightly more than their own
widths, and where there is a rather wide, slightly tumid, impunctate
line, extending from the base to the apex, becoming wider anteriorly;
two setigerous punctures feeble. Zlytra quadrate, very slightly wider
and nearly one-third longer than the prothorax, distinctly impressed
near the suture toward base, somewhat finely, not very densely and
rather feebly punctate. Abdomen very slightly narrower than the
elytra, moderate in length, parallel; sides nearly straight; border mode-

B72 A Preliminary Monograph of the

rate, shallow; surface finely and moderately reticulate, minutely and
not very densely punctate. Legsslender, normal. Length 1.9mm,

- Texas (Waco 1).

Easily distinguishable from bipuneticollis, to which it is allied,
‘by its larger size, slightly more robust form, more robust an-

tenn, sparser pronotal punctuation, and by the presence of a
long, wide, and slightly tumid, median impunctate line.

50 'T. bipuncticollis n. sp.—Very slender, rather convex, piceous-
‘black; legs pale brown; antennz fuscous; pubescence extremely short,
fine, moderately dense, sparse on the elytra; integuments distinctly
‘shining. Head very slightly narrower than the prothorax, rather con-
vex, very minutely, densely punctate and subgranulose; prominences
‘small and feeble; eyes moderate, somewhat convex and slightly promi-
nent; antennze very short and slender, feebly incrassate, much shorter
‘than the head and prothorax; second joint fully as long as the next two
‘together, and decidedly more robust, fourth scarcely as long as wide,
tenth rather strongly transverse. Prothorax one-sixth wider than long;
‘sides convergent from apex to base, rather strongly and nearly evenly
arcuate; base feebly arcuate, nearly four-fifths as wide as the apex,
which is broadly, feebly arcuate; apical angles not distinctly rounded,
‘basal rather broadly so; disk evenly convex, not impressed, very mi-
- nutely and densely punctate; the punctures separated by about their own
‘widths, sparse in the median line toward apex, but not toward base;
median line not tumid. Elytra quadrate, very slightly wider and
nearly one-third longer than the prothorax, strongly impressed near
the suture except near the apex, rather finely and not very densely
punctate; punctures more than twice as wide as those of the pronotum,
separated by distinctly more than their own widths. Abdomen long,
linear, slightly narrower than the elytra; sides straight; border rather
narrow; surface finely reticulate, minutely and not very densely punc-

tate. Legs slender; femora, especially the anterior, compressed. Length

1.6 mm.

Texas (Waco 2).

Just behind the middle of the pronotum there are two small

feeble impressed punctures, arranged transversely and separated
by between one-fifth and one-sixth the total width. These
punctures are setigerous and may be peculiar to a large part of
the genus, at least they are easily observable in some of the
species of this group, and notably in languidus, facetus, and
robustulus.

We arrive here at a minor group in which the species are

atic CLA i a aly el ae lh a ~

North American Species of Trogophieus. 373:

more than usually interallied; they are easily distinguishable in
common by the form of the prothorax, its general freedom from
any distinct impressions, and by the slightly more robust and
convex form. These species generally resemble the genus
Bledius, and often display a decidedly close affinity with it,.
merely, however, in external form, for all the generic’characters
are perfectly Trogophleoid. ‘The resemblances are, therefore,
probably as likely to have resulted from mimicry or similarity
of physical conditions of life, as from any other circumstance.

51 'T. simplarius Lec.—Trans. Am, Ent. Soc., VI., p. 244.

The original description appears to coincide with the type,
except the phrase ‘‘ Prothorax . . . without dorsal line.” There
is a very fine but distinct median impunctate line as in palli-
dulus.

52 T. pallidulus n. sp.—Rather robust, moderately convex, pale
castaneous; abdomen darker, nearly piceous; legs pale flavate; antennz
pale rufous; pubescence very fine, short and dense; integuments aluta-
ceous. Head nearly five-sixths as wide as the prothorax, feebly convex,
excessively minutely and densely punctate; prominences very large
and strong; eyes large, very coarsely faceted, rather prominent; an-
tenneze short and rather robust, shorter than the head and prothorax,
outer joints slightly transverse; basal joint as long as the next two to-
gether, second very slender, as long as the next two together, fourth
scarcely longer than wide. Prothorax. large, two-fifths wider than
long, widest slightly behind the middle, where the sides are obtusely
subangulate, the angle slightly rounded, thence just visibly convergent
and feebly arcuate to the apex, more strongly convergent and straight
toward base; the latter subtruncate between the very broadly rounded
basal angles, nearly four-fifths as wide as the disk; apex distinctly
wider than the base, broadly, feebly arcuate; apical angles nearly right,
very narrowly rounded; disk broadly, evenly convex, without trace of
impression, with a very narrow, smooth, impunctate median line,
minutely, evenly and extremely densely punctate. Hlytra about equal
in width to the prothorax and one-third longer, slightly shorter than
wide, broadly, feebly impressed on the suture at base, finely, very
densely punctate; punctures separated by their own widths; inner apical
angles narrowly rounded. Abdomen very slightly narrower than the ©
elytra; sides parallel, nearly straight; border relatively narrow, mode-
tately deep; segments scarcely perceptibly impressed at base; surface
feebly convex, very minutely and pe punctate. Legs slender,
Length 2.9 mm,

B74 A Preliminary Monograph of the

Lake Superior *

A rather nae species, easily to be identified by its ie
prothorax, pale colors, and very dense punctuation; it is very
distinct in all its characters. ehie

53 'T. convexulus Lec.—Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., VL., p. 244.

The original type greatly resembles scrupulus, but differs in
its much longer and wider prothorax; the surface is shining and
polished. It is the only known representative.

54 TT. debilis n. sp.—Rather slender and convex, black; legs pi-
-ceous, knees, tips of the tibize and tarsi flavescent; antennz, mandibles
and palpi piceous; pubescence short, fine and dense, rather conspic-
uous, cinereous; integuments feebly shining. Head slightly narrower
than the prothorax, as long as wide, moderately convex, very finely
and extremely densely punctate; prominences narrow and strong; eyes
large, prominent, coarsely faceted; antennz rather slender, distinctly
longer than the head and prothorax, extremely feebly incrassate; sec-
ond joint subcylindrical, slightly more than twice as long as wide, third
obconical, as wide at apex as the second and three-fourths as long,
fourth very slightly shorter than the third and more robust than the
second, distinctly longer than wide, tenth very slightly wider than
long. Prothorax scarcely one-fourth wider than long, widest just be-
fore the middle, where the sides are obtusely rounded, thence very fee-
bly convergent and distinctly, evenly arcuate to the apex, more strongly
-convergent and feebly sinuate to the base, which is broadly arcuate,
four-fifths as wide as the disk and very slightly narrower than the apex;
the latter transversely subtruncate; apical angles slightly obtuse and
narrowly rounded, basal more obtuse and broadly rounded; disk broadly
convex, very obsoletely, longitudinally bi-impressed, the impressions
subinterrupted, without trace of median impunctate line, finely and
very densely punctate. Elytra fully as long as wide, nearly one-half
wider and longer than the prothorax, feebly impressed near the suture,
‘very minutely and densely punctate; punctures equal to those of the
pronotum but about twice as distant. Abdomen very distinctly nar-
rower than the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight; border rather
strong and shallow; surface finely reticulate, minutely and densely
punctate. Legsslender. Length 2.5 mm.

1 Tam not absolutely sure that the locality here given is correct. See
remarks under description of Lathrobium inops (Cont. Col. N. A., II.,
p. 136).

The same remark applies to the locality here assigned to fallax.

North American Species of -Trogophleus. 375

California (San Diego 11).

This species is quite abundant on the banks of wet ditches
near the town. It is very distinct in its longer antenne and
relatively smaller prothorax. . |

55 TI. blediinus Lec.—Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., VI. p. 244..—-Rather
slender, moderately convex, black; legs piceous, knees, tips of tibiz
and tarsi pale; antennz piceous; pubescence extremely short, rather
dense but not very conspicuous; integuments slightly shining. Head
slightly narrower than the prothorax, scarcely as long as wide, very

minutely and densely punctate; prominences rather large and strong;
eyes moderate, very convex, prominent, very coarsely faceted; an-
tennze rather slender, short, not as long as the head and prothorax,
very feebly incrassate; second joint as long as the next two together
and rather more robust, third one-half longer than the fourth, the lat-
ter slightly wider than long, tenth rather strongly transverse. Pro-
thorax about one-fifth wider than long; sides in the apical half almost
parallel, evenly and feebly arcuate, moderately convergent and feebly
sinuate in the basal half; base broadly arcuate, fully four-fifths as wide
as the disk; apex transversely, very feebly arcuate; apical angles
nearly right, narrowly rounded, basal broadly rounded; disk broadly,
evenly convex, not impressed but with a rather wide, impunctate, me-
dian line, which appears to be sometimes slightly tumid; punctures
minute and dense. Slytra slightly longer than wide, scarcely one-
third wider and fully three-fifths longer than the prothorax, rather dis-
tinctly impressed near the suture at the base, finely, rather densely
punctate; punctures rather coarser than those of the pronotum and
about twice as distant. Abdomen very distinctly narrower than the
prothorax; sides nearly parallel, straight; surface finely reticulate,

minutely and densely punctate, rather shining. Legs very short,
slender. Length 2.2 mm.

California (San Diego 2).
A small slender species, somewhat resembling conjinis, but
_ differing in its longer elytra and in the shape of. the prothorax.

56 T. fallax n. sp.—Somewhat slender, convex, piceous-black ;
legs brownish-flavate; antennz fuscous, piceous toward apex; pubes-
cence short, subrecumbent, very dense and rather conspicuous, espe-
cially on the anterior portions; integumentsrather dull. Head slightly
narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely, densely punc-
tate and subgranulose; prominences rather large, slightly elongate and
strong; eyes large, strongly convex and prominent, very coarsely
faceted; antenne short and rather robust, much shorter than the head
and prothorax; joints two to four decreasing very rapidly in length,

376 A Preliminary Monograph of the

the latter distinctly wider than long and one-third as long as the second,
tenth distinctly wider than long. Prothorax widest just before the
middle, where the sides are distinctly rounded and obtusely subangu-
late, thence very feebly convergent and feebly arcuate to the apex,
more strongly convergent and nearly straight toward base; the latter

broadly arcuate, nearly three-fourths as wide as the disk, very much nar-

rower than the apex; the latter very feebly arcuate; apical angles
slightly obtuse and not distinctly rounded; disk one-fifth wider than

long, evenly convex, not at all impressed, minutely and excessively —

densely punctate; punctures almost in mutual contact, the median im-
punctate line short, very narrow, not tumid and very inconspicuous.
Elytra subquadrate, rather evenly convex and not at all impressed near
the suture, about one-fifth wider and one-third longer than the pro-
thorax, finely, very feebly and densely punctate. Abdomen slightly
narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight; border mode-
rate, somewhat deep; surface finely and strongly reticulate, minutely
and very densely punctate. Zegs normal. Length 2.4 mm,

Lake Superior 1.

As must be evident from the description, this very distinct
species differs from all the others of the pallidulus group by the
longer, coarser, and denser pubescence, and correspondingly
denser punctuation, in this respect being allied only to providus.
The elytra, also, differ in net being distinctly impressed near
the suture. ;

57 IT. providus n. sp.—Moderately slender, rather convex, black;
legs piceous; antenne piceous, fuscous at base; pubescence cinereous,
very short, fine and dense, rather conspicuous; integuments alutaceous,
elytra a little more shining. Head slightly narrower than the pro-

thorax, feebly convex, very finely and extremely densely punctate ;

prominences rather large and strong; eyes large, convex, prominent, very
coarsely faceted; antennz scarcely as long as the head and prothorax,
not very robust, moderately incrassate; joints two to four uniformly
and rather rapidly decreasing in length, the second slightly more robust;
fourth one-half longer than wide, tenth slightly wider than long. Pro-

thorax about one-fourth wider than long, widest at the middle; sides.

very feebly convergent and distinctly arcuate to the apex, morestrongly
convergent and nearly straight toward base; the latter broadly arcuate,
four-fifths as wide as the disk and very slightly narrower than the apex;
the latter truncate ; apical angles nearly right, very narrowly rounded;
disk broadly, nearly evenly convex, with two approximate, extremely
feeble impressions near the basal margin in the middle; surface very
finely and excessively densely punctate, without trace of a median im-

a in ia ef cally

North American Species of Trogophleus. 377

punctate line. Hlytra subquadrate, two-fifths wider and nearly one-
half longer than the prothorax, feebly impressed near the suture
toward base; disk rather convex, very finely, densely punctate;
punctures separated by fully their own widths, with the inter-
spaces polished. Abdomen slightly narrower than the eiytra, parallel;
sides feebly arcuate; border rather thick and shallow; surface very
minutely, densely punctate. Legs slender. Length 2.1 mm.

New Jersey (Cape May; Atlantic City 2).
Distinguished by its very fine, dense punctures and very
dense, cinereous pubescence.

58 TT. inquisitus n. sp.—Moderately robust, feebly convex. the
elytra somewhat depressed, piceous; legs and antennez flavate, pubes-
cence very fine, short, not very dense; integuments feebly shining.
Head slightly narrower than the prothorax, very feebly convex, mi-
nutely and extremely densely punctate; prominences moderate, rather
strong; antenne short, rather slender, shorter than the head and pro-
thorax, very feebly incrassate; joints two to four very rapidly decreas-
ing in length, the former slender, as long as the next two together, and
more than three times as long asthe fourth, which is slightly wider than
long, tenth decidedly transverse; eyes rather large, convex, and promi-
nent, very coarsely faceted. Prothorax one-fifth wider than long,
widest in the middie, where the sides are rounded and very obtusely
subangulate, thence excessively feebly convergent, almost parallel and
feebly arcuate to the apex, and rather feebly convergent and nearly
straight to the base, which is broadly arcuate, nearly five-sixths as wide
as the disk and but slightly narrower than the apex; the latter trans-
versely subtruncate; apical angles very narrowly rounded, basal more
broadly so; disk broadly, evenly convex, not impressed, minutely, very
densely punctate, with a narrow, feeble, impunctate median line from
before the middle nearly to the base, which is not at alltumid. Elytra
very slightly wider than long, slightly more than one-fourth wider and
about one-third longer than the prothorax, rather broadly conjointly
impressed along thesuture, finely, densely punctate; punctures slightly
larger than those of the pronotum and separated by fully twice their
own diameters. Abdomen parallel, distinctly narrower than the elytra
sides very feebly arcuate; border moderate but rather deep; surface
coarsely and rather strongly reticulate, minutely and somewhat densely
punctate. Legs slightly robust. Length 2.0 mm.

Texas (Galveston 1).

May be known from its allies which follow by its pale legs
and antenns:, finer elytral punctuation, and shape of the pro-
thorax, which is unusually wide at base.

ANNALS N. Y¥. ACAD. OF SCI., IV. Issued March, 1889.

378 A Preliminary Monograph of the

09 'T.. facetus n. sp.— Moderately slender, rather convex, black; legs
piceous, the knees, tips of tibize, and tarsi rufo-flavescent; antennze pice-
ous throughout; pubescence excessively fine, minute, dense although

inconspicuous, much sparser on the elytra and abdomen; head and pro- .

notum alutaceous, remainder shining. Head distinctly narrower than

the prothorax, minutely and excessively densely punctate; prominences -
rather large, although but moderately strong; antennz short, rather —

slender, and extremely feebly incrassate, slightly shorter than the head
and prothorax; joints two to four decreasing very rapidly in length,
the second scarcely more robust and slightly more than twice as long
as the fourth, which is obconical and slightly longer than wide, tenth
slightly transverse; eyes moderate, rather convex, and somewhat prom-
inent. Prothorax about one-fourth wider than long, widest just before
the middle, where the sides are broadly rounded and very obtusely sub-
angulate, thence very feebly convergent and broadly arcuate to the
apex, more strongly convergent and nearly straight to the base, which
is but slightly over two-thirds as wide as the disk and four-fifths as
wide as the apex; the latter broadly, very feebly arcuate; apical angles
very narrowly, basal more broadly, rounded; disk broadly, evenly con-
vex, not impressed, but with a rather narrow, slightly tumid, impunc-
tate line, from before the middle nearly to the base, very minutely and
densely punctate. Hlytra very slightly shorter than wide, slightly
wider near the apex than at base, about one-third wider and longer
than the prothorax, rather strongly impressed near the suture toward
base, somewhat coarsely, deeply, and densely punctate; punctures

three or four times as large as those of the pronotum and separated by ~
from once to twice their own diameters. Abdomen distinctly narrower

than the elytra and wider than the prothorax, parallel; sides feebly
arcuate; border moderate; surface finely and very feebly reticulate,
minutely and not very densely punctate. Legs slender. Length 2.2
mm,

Rhode Island (Newport 10).
Kasily distinguishable by its alutaceous head and prothorax,
and relatively coarsely punctate elytra.

60 TI. confusus n. sp.—Slender, black; antennz throughout and
legs piceous-black; tarsi flavescent; pubescence very short, moderately
dense, and somewhat coarse; integuments somewhat shining. Head
slightly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, very finely and
densely punctate; prominences short, moderate; antenne slightly
shorter than the head and prothorax, moderately robust, distinctly in-
crassate, outer joints rather transverse; second joint nearly as long as
the next two together, fourth fully as wide as long and scarcely more
than one-half as long as the third; eyes rather small, convex, rather
prominent, coarsely faceted. Prothorax widest just before the middle,

North American Species of Trogophliweus. 379

where it is scarcely more than one-seventh wider than long; sides
obtusely angulate and rounded, feebly convergent and feebly arcuate to
the apex, slightly more strongly convergent and nearly straight toward
base; the latter feebly arcuate, scarcely three-fourths as wide as the
disk, very much narrower than the apex; the latter feebly arcuate;
basal angles rather more narrowly rounded than usual, apical obtuse,
sligktly rounded; disk evenly convex, not impressed, finely, deeply,
and densely punctate, the median impunctate area very narrow, short,
and not at all well defined, not tumid. SHlytra very nearly as long as
wide, nearly one-third wider and about one-fourth longer than the pro-
thorax, rather convex, very feebly impressed near the suture toward
base, moderately, rather deeply and densely punctate; punctures sepa-
rated by butslightly more than their own diameters. Abdomen slightly
narrower than the elytra, parallel; sides slightly arcuate; border mod-
erate; surface finely, feebly reticulate, minutely and rather densely
punctate. Zegsslender. Length 1.9mm.

New Jersey (Cape May 1).

The three species, facetus, scrupulus, and confusus, are
mutually rather closely allied, and although at once distin-
guishable when compared, are not so easily differentiated by
description. It may be stated, however, that the prothorax of
facetus is distinctly transverse, excessively densely punctate,
alutaceous, and with a very narrow slightly tumid median im-
punctate area. In serupulus the prothorax is not as transverse
as in facetus, and its surface is polished and more than twice as
sparsely punctate, the punctures feebler, and the median area
twice as wide and not at all tumid. In confusws the prothorax
is but just visibly wider than long, and is nearly as densely and
deeply punctate as in facetus, but not alutaceous; the median
area is rather wider than in that species, not tumid, and not
very well defined; the eyes and elytra also are relatively smaller
than in either of the others. In scrwpulws the elytra are more
sparsely punctate.

61 T. scrupulus n. sp.—Moderately slender, rather convex, black;
legs piceous-black, tarsi paler; antenne black throughout; pubescence
extremely fine, short, rather sparse, and scarcely noticeable; integu-
ments shining. Head rather small, scarcely four-fifths as wide as the
prothorax, feebly convex, finely and strongly granulose and subaluta-
ceous, the punctures so nearly obsolete as to be not distinctly definable
amongst the granules; prominences small, but rather strong; antennz
short and robust, scarcely as long as the head and prothorax, strongly

380 A Preliminary Monograph of the

incrassate, outer joints distinctly transverse; joints two to four decreas-
ing very rapidly in length, second nearly as long as the next two com-
bined, fourth very slightly longer than wide, feebly obconical; eyes
rather large, convex, prominent and coarsely faceted. Prothorax
widest just before the middle, where the sides are distinctly rounded and

obtusely subangulate, thence slightly convergent and evenly, distinctly —

arcuate to the apex, slightly more strongly convergent and nearly
straight toward base; the latter broadly arcuate, fully three-fourths as
wide as the disk and much narrower than the apex; the latter feebly
arcuate; apical angles slightly obtuse, not distinctly rounded, basal
. more broadly so; disk about one-fifth wider than long, broadly, evenly
convex, not at all impressed, finely and not densely punctate in the
middle, the punctures becoming excessively fine and obsolete near the
sides, where the surface is more strongly reticulate; median impunctate
line rather wide, abbreviated, not sensibly tumid. Elytra scarcely
perceptibly wider than long, one-fourth wider and one-third longer than
the prothorax,feebly impressed near the suture toward base, moderately
and sparsely punctate; punctures rather feeble, much larger than those
of the pronotum, and separated by fully twice their own diameters.
Abdomen slightly narrower than the elytra, parallel, shining; border
moderate, nearly straight; surface very obsoletely reticulate, minutely
and not very densely punctate. Zegsslender. Length 2.0 mm.

Texas (Galveston 2).
The affinities of this species are stated under the preceding
description.

62 T. insolitus n. sp.—Slender, slightly convex, black; legs and
antenne piceous; pubescence very short, moderately dense; integu-
ments feebly shining, the head and pronotum dull. Head scarcely per-
ceptibly narrower than the prothorax, rather strongly convex, minutely,
strongly, and very densely granulose or deeply reticulate, the punctures
fine and not distinct; prominences very small, short; eyes moderately
prominent, moderately finely faceted; antennz short, somewhat robust,
scarcely as long as the head and prothorax; second joint robust, about
as long as the next two together, third distinctly longer than the
fourth, slightly longer than wide, the latter wider than long, outer
joints strongly transverse. Prothorax nearly two-fifths wider than
long, widest in the middle; sides thence feebly convergent and very
feebly arcuate to the apex, moderately convergent and nearly straight
to the base, which ihs tree-fourths as wide as the disk and much nar-
rower than the apex, the latter transversely truncate; apical angles
very slightly obtuse and scarcely perceptibly rounded; disk evenly,
feebly convex, minutely, strongly, and very densely granulose, dull;
punctures very dense and not distinctly defined; the usual two impres-
sions represented by the very feeblest traces, interrupted in the mid-

North American Species of Trogophieus. 381

dle. Elytra quadrate, feebly convex, nearly one-fourth wider and one-
half longer than the prothorax, slightly impressed at the suture toward
base, rather finely, deeply, and very densely punctate, the punctures
separated by from one-fourth to one-half their own diameters. Abdo-
men slightly narrower than the elytra and wider than the prothorax;
sides parallel and nearly straight; border moderate, shallow; surface
rather more shining than the other portions, finely and feebly reticu-
late, excessively minutely and not densely punctate. Length 1.5 mm.

California (Hoopa Valley, Humboldt Co. 1).

The dull character of the integuments of the head and pro-
notum is only equalled in the case of brachypterus of the preced-
ing group, to which, however, the present species is in no way
allied. In general, even though the lustre may be somewhat
dull and alutaceous, the punctures will be found to be easily dis-
tinguishable, but in this case the minute obscure punctures and
reticulations or granulations are confusedly intermingled in such
a way as to give avery indistinct, although at the same time
homogeneous sculpture.

63 T. uniformis Lec.—Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., VI., p. 244.

This is an aberrant species in the grouping here adopted, as
the tempora are slightly visible behind the eyes, the latter being
decidedly smaller, less prominent, and rather more finely faceted.
The prothorax has the same form to be seen in the preceding
species, otherwise it would have been placed next to pudicus.

The three species which follow are remarkably different, and
constitute a rather isolated group, characterized by the slender,
linear, somewhat depressed form and distinctly bi-impressed pro-
notum. In general outline they resemble several of the very
slender forms of Group IV, but may be easily distinguished by
their large, very convex, and prominent eyes.

64 'T. filum n. sp.—Very slender, linear, moderately convex, piceous
black; elytra rufo-piceous; legs dark brown, paler toward apex; an-
tennze fusco-piceous, slightly paler toward base; pubescence short,
dense, and rather distinct; integuments moderately shining. Head very
slightly narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely and
densely punctate; prominences rather small and strong; antennz slen-
' der, feebly incrassate, rather small, not longer than the head and pro-
thorax; second joint as long as the next two together, fourth sub-
globular, tenth very slightly wider than long; eyes large, convex, prom-

382 A Preliminary Monograph of the

inent. Prothorax one-fourth wider than long, widest at anterior third,
where the sides are evenly rounded and coarctate to the apex, moder-
ately convergent, and straight thence to the base; the latter feebly ar-
cuate, four-fifths as wide as the disk, and very slightly narrower than
the apex; the latter feebly arcuate; apical angles obtuse and rather
broadly rounded; disk with two very distinct longitudinal arcuate im- —
pressions in the basal half, minutely and densely punctate, without
trace of median impunctate line. Elytra fully as long as wide, one-fourth
wider and nearly two-thirds longer than the prothorax, distinctly im-
pressed near the suture, except near the apex, finely and densely punc-
tate; punctures feeble, twice as wide as those of the pronotum, and
separated by about their own diameters. Abdomen parallel, long, linear,
slightly narrower than the elytra; sides straight; border moderate; sur-
face rather strongly convex, finely, feebly reticulate, minutely and
densely punctate. Legsslender. Length 2.2 mm.

California (Fort Yuma 3).
Easily distinguishable by its elongate, slender form, large eyes,
distinctly bi-impressed pronotum and many other characters.

65 T. decoloratus n. sp.—Slender, rather feebly convex, black;
elytra pale, rufescent, shaded with darker castaneous toward base and
suture; legs and antennez flavate, the latter fuscous near the apex; pu-
bescence short and dense; integumentsfeebly shining. Head distinctly
narrower than the prothorax, feebly convex, minutely and very densely
punctate; punctures distinct; prominences largeand strong; eyes large,
convex, and prominent; antenne rather slender, distinctly incrassate,
distinctly longer than the head and prothorax; joints two to four, de-
creasing uniformly and moderately in length, fourth just visibly longer
than wide, tenth almost as long as wide. Prothorax widest at anterior
third, where the sides are evenly rounded and coarctate to the apex,
moderately convergent, and very feebly arcuate toward base; the latter
three-fourths as wide as the disk, and slightly narrower than the apex,
which is very feebly arcuate; apical angles obtuse and distinctly round-
ed; disk fully one-fourth wider than long, very broadly, rather feebly
though distinctly, longitudinally bi-impressed, minutely and densely
punctate, without median impunctate area. Elytra fully as long as
wide, one-third wider, and nearly three-fifths longer than the prothorax,
feebly impressed near the suture, finely, feebly, and densely punctate;
punctures scarcely larger than those of the pronotum, but nearly twice
as distant. Abdomen distinctly narrower than the elytra, parallel;
sides straight; border moderate and rather shallow; surface finely and
rather strongly reticulate, minutely and densely punctate. Legs slender.
Length 2.0 mm.

Pennsylvania (Allegheny Co. 3). Dr. Hamilton,

North American Species of Trogophieus. 383

_ The impressions of the pronotum are long, closely approximate
and nearly straight. In ¢antillws and filwm they are strongly,
inwardly arcuate, and, in the latter very much deeper.

66 'T.. tantillus n. sp.—Very slender, linear, slightly convex, black;
elytra pale, rufescent; legs pale, flavate; antenne pale brown, flavate
at base; pubescence fine, rather short, and very dense; integuments
feebly shining. Head very slightly narrower than the prothorax, feebly
convex, minutely, feebly, and very densely punctate; prominences
small but strong, separated by one-half the total width; eyes large, con-
yex, prominent; antennz slender, feebly incrassate, very distinctly
longer than the head and prothorax; joints two to four decreasing
moderately in length, the fourth scarcely longer than wide, tenth nearly
as long as wide. Prothorax widest at anterior third, where the sides are
rather broadly, evenly arcuate and coarctate to the apex, rather feebly
convergent, and very slightly arcuate to the base, which is feebly arcu-
ate, four-fifths as wide as the disk, and very slightly narrower than the
apex; the latter very feebly arcuate; apical angles obtuse and scarcely
at all rounded; disk feebly convex, one-fifth wider than long, very
minutely, densely punctate, with two longitudinal arcuate and moder-
ately feeble approximate impressions, without median impunctate line.
Elytra as long as wide, one-fourth wider and two-fifths longer than the
prothorax, feebly impressed near the suture toward base, minutely and
rather densely punctate; punctures not larger, although slightly more
distinct than those of the pronotum. Abdomen rather distinctly nar-
rower than the elytra, parallel; sides nearly straight; border moderate,
shallow; surface finely, feebly reticulate, minutely and densely punc-
tate. Legs slender; femora compressed and slightly arcuate. Length
1.8 mm,

Texas (Austin 4).

A small linear species which is very distinct. The coarse tac-
tile setze, one just over the eye anteriorly, another just behind,
over and more distant from the eye, one at the apical angle of
the prothorax, and another at the lateral edge at posterior third,
are more than ordinarily developed. Onthe other hand the two
discal sete, mentioned under the description of bipuncticollis,
do not. seem to exist atall. In the latter all the lateral sete here
mentioned exist, as usual, but are very much less developed than
in ¢antillus, the habits of life, perhaps, tending rather to the de-
velopment of the two dorsal setze.

384 A New Genus of

XVIL—A New Genus of Termitophilous Staphylinide.
BY THOS. L. CASEY. :

Read February 11th, 1889,

The careful and enthusiastic studies of Mr. J. Beaumont,
Superintendent of Motive Power of the Panama Railroad, upon

the habits of the Termites of the Isthmus of Panama, have al- —

ready been made known to the Academy through Mr. P. H.
Dudley. |

During the progress of these investigatioss, Mr. Beaumont
had the good fortune to discover a very remarkable Staphylinide,
living in the nests of a species of Termes or allied genus, which
latter is ab present in the hands of Dr. H. A. Hagen, of Cam-
bridge, Mass., for identification and description.

Through the kindness of Mr. Dudley, I am enabled to present
the following diagnosis of this interesting addition to our Ter-
mitophilous fauna.

TERMITOGASTER 01. gen. (Aleocharini.)

Head moderate in size, very slightly narrowed behind the eyes; sides
arcuate; neck wide. Hyes well developed, moderately convex, but
slightly prominent, finely faceted, rounded, subtruncate anteriorly,
more pointed behind; facets not convex. Antenne slender, anteriorly
and flexibly geniculate, inserted in rounded apertures on the upper sur-
face of the front, almost adjoining the antero-superior margin of the
eye, almost equal in diameter from base to apex; all the joints loosely
articulated and subcylindrical; basal joint elongate, almost as long as the
next three together; second distinctly longer than wide, a little shorter
than the third, and longer than the fourth; five to ten slightly shorter,
decreasing gradually in length, the latter about as long as wide;
eleventh as long as the two preceding together, conoidal and obtusely
pointed at apex. Front transversely truncate, short. Labrum trans-
verse, moderately strongly and broadly sinuate at apex, the apical por-
tions membranous and transversely foveate in the middle. Mentum
and submentum in a single piece without trace of suture, nearly flat,
thin, coriaceous, smooth and polished, large, broadly rounded at base,

SS a

Monon A rcs

OF THE

NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

VOLUME IV., 1886-9.

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CONTENTS.

XIII.—Notes on the Fishes of Cayuga Lake Basin.

By. Sern E.. Maen...) 5: 1.425. 4.5.55 ee : gaa |
XIV.—Description of a New Spermophile from Cali- hr 2
fornia. By C. HART MERRIAM........... 317

XV.—A Preliminary Monograph of the North Ameri-
_ can Species of Trogophlocus. By THos. L.

Gage bite PO ee aga*
XVI—A New Genus of Devaiauk Staphylinidee. 7
By Teos.L. Casey. -22...... Lr 384 :

N. B.—[By an oversight, the cover of the last issue bore
the number 8 simply, instead of 8 and 9—the correct number-
ing. |

NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, | —

«LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

“s SSL Heo Pork:
_-—s - PUBLISHED FOR THE ACADEMY.

> s

4 ‘ m ‘
STETTINER, LAMBERT & CO., 22, 24 & 26 READE ST., NEW YORK. ‘

President. =
JOHN S. NEWBERRY. - - “

| nf gi
op Ga Vice-Pyesidents. (a
|| OLIVER P. HUBBARD. WM. P. TROWBRIDG
Bey hla: | Goxyesponding Secyetary. ;
ee ies. ot ALEXIS A. JULIEN.
cea Recording Secretary.
ae -H. CARRINGTON BOLTON.
oe ae Greasurer.
oes aa HENRY DUDLEY.
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NATHANIEL L. BRITTON.
| Committee of Publication.
|| DANIEL 8. MARTIN, | JOHN S&S.
ALBERT R. LEEDS, J. A. ALLEN,

W. P. TROWBRIDGE.

Termitophilous Staphylinide. 385

more narrowly so at the sides of the dilated basal portion, the sides and
base coarctate, and without basal angles, narrowed anteriorly, the sides
becoming broadly sinuate; apex truncate, angles right and scarcely
rounded; apical edge with two widely-separated sete. Ligula short
and broad, prolonged between the widely-separated palpi in a thick
membranous mass; palpi small, three-jointed; third joint slender and
subulate; basal joint morerobust than the second. Mazille very large,
exserted and slightly visible from above; lobes small, robust, densely
ciliate; palpi very irregular, four-jointed; basal joint minute; second
large, strongly transverse, acutely ellipsoidal anteriorly, obliquely trun-
cate posteriorly, the truncate surface large, flat, and membranous; third

one-half longer than wide, not one-half as wide as the second, slightly |

narrowed toward apex, which is truncate; fourth oblique, slender, and
subulate. Mandibles slender, feebly arcuate, not extending beyond the
exserted membranous mass of the ligula, acute; the right with a small
acute tooth near the apex. Basal plate of maxille prolonged outwardly
in a short, slender spine which is distinctly visible from above.

Prothorax well developed, subquadrate. Pronotal hypomera narrow,
not very strongly inflexed, deeply emarginate almost to the lateral edge
anteriorly by the coxal cavities; the latter very large, approaching very
near the lateral edges and the apical margin, completely and widely
coalescent; the coxz completely surrounded by white membrane.
Prosternum very short, the median portion twice as wide as long,
slightly tumid, truncate behind, and not entering the intercoxal space.
Coxe rather large, compressed, feebly convex anteriorly, and with the
exterior edge rather acute.

Mesothorax short. Scutellum distinct. Mesosternal side-pieces ample,
diagonally divided, the suture straight and tangent to the elytral
humeri at base. Intermediate coxe distinctly separated, slightly shorter
than the anterior, moderate in size.

Metathorax moderate, slightly exposed at the sides by the elytra; the
latter much shorter than the pronotum, apparently connate. Metaster-
num not impressed, convex, the episterna narrow and linear; epimera
not visible. Posterior coxze horizontal, conical, moderate, very nar-
- rowly separated.

- Abdomen very strongly dilated, in great part membranous; the dorsal
plates entirely surrounded by white membrane, those forming the feebly
refiexed margins narrowly separated from the dorsal surfaces of the
segments; sides consisting of tumid white membrane, with a slender,
oblique setose line of chitinous material at the side of each segment.

Legs slender, moderate in length, coarsely setose. Tibice without
trace of terminal spurs. Tarsi cylindrical, moderate in length, sparsely
setose, compressed throughout, five-jointed on all the legs, the fourth
joint anchylosed with the fifth, but distinctly visible; basal joint as
long as the two following, and, in the posterior, as long as the entire

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. OF SCI., IV. Issued March, 1889.

386 A New Genus of

remainder; fourth and fifth together short, in the posterior as long as the
second. Claws small, slender, strongly arcuate, with a small, vertical,
. obtusely pointed tooth near the base,

The five-jointed tarsi would seem to point to a relationship -
with the Aleochare, but the maxillary palpiand abdomen isolate
it widely from every type of that group which I have been able to —
examine. ‘The large, white abdomen is probably very extensible,
and while moving amongst the Termites, the insect must be dif-
ficult to distinguish from them without close examination; in
fact we have here a very interesting case of mimicry.

The articulations are all composed of this delicate and very
extensible white membrane, so that in the dried ie the speci-
men is extremely fragile.

The genera Corotoca and Spirachtha of Schidédte also have the
widely distended semi-membranous abdomen here described, and
the former seems to possess some characters in common with
Termitogaster, the principal points of resemblance apparently
lying in the antennal and tarsal structure; Spirachtha, however,
is widely different in nearly all its characters and need not con-
cern us at present.

The basal joint of the tarsi in both Corotoca and Termitogaster
is very much more elongate than the others. In the latter the
fourth joint is short and rigidly anchylosed with the fifth, although
the suture and the emarginations above and beneath are very
strongly marked, and could not possibly escape observation if
examined, and, as Schiédte ascribes but four joints to the tarsi
of Corotoca, either this fact must have been overlooked or the
tarsi are really different in structure in spite of their similarity
in general form.

The divergencies of structure are, however, fully as marked
as the resemblances. The maxillary palpi of Corotoca are very
different in form, the first joint being minute, the second clavate,
the third subglobose, and the fourth small and cylindrical, with
the apex obtuse; the eyes, also, are very large and reniform, and
the mandibles edentate.

T. insolens n. sp.— Anterior portions slender; abdomen very strongly
inflated; piceous-brown, pronotum black, under surface, legs and chiti-
nous portions of abdomen pale brown, membranous portions pure white,
Head much shorter and narrower than the prothorax; front tumid

Termitophilous Staphylinide. 387

between the bases of the antennz; surface throughout shining, almost
glabrous and impunctate; antenne about as long as the head, prothorax
and elytra combined. Prothorax slightly wider than long; base and
apex subequal, subtruncate; sides nearly parallel, broadly, feebly ar-
cuate, sinuate at apical two-fifths when viewed laterally; surface mod-
erately convex, shining, excessively finely and feebly subreticulate, and
covered sparsely with extremely short fine setz, having three feeble im-
pressions arranged transversely near the middle of the disk, the lateral
prolonged slightly behind; surface also feebly impressed toward the
middle in front of the basal margin; disk with a few coarse erect sete.
Scutellum large, prominent, elevated above the elytra, rough, finely
setose. LHlytra connate, slightly narrower than the prothorax; sides
nearly straight, very slightly divergent from base to apex; the latter
broadly, roundly emarginate throughout the width; disk three-fourths
as long the prothorax, flat, polished, glabrous, impunctate, convex at
the sides, slightly setose and rough on the basal slope, also roughened on
the vertical flanks which are not beaded beneath. Abdomen nearly
three times as wide as the elytra, widest in the middle; sides strongly

arcuate; chitinous surfaces coarsely reticulate, shining, sparsely and

coarsely setose. Under surface sparsely setose. Length 2.7 mm. (con-
tracted),

Colombia (Panama 1). |

The abdomen consists of the normal number of segments—
six, besides the small terminal segment. ‘The labrum is sep-
arated from the anterior margin of the front by a short bond
of membrane.

The sexual characters cannot be determined from the single
specimen above described, which is probably a female. There
are four specimens known, one of which is in the Museum of
Comparative Zoélogy at Cambridge, Mass., and two still in the
possession of Mr. Dudley.

388 The Calceocrinide.

XVIL.—The Calceocrinide: A Revision of the Family, with
Descriptions of some New Species.

BY EUGENE N. S. RINGUEBERG, M.D.

The confusion existing in regard to the nomenclature of the
species included in this family, as well as to the proper terminol-
ogy of the component parts of the calyx and arms, makes a com-
plete revision imperative.

The bibliography on the subject will not be reviewed here, since
that has already been done by Messrs. Wachsmuth and Springer
in their ‘‘ Revision of the Palzocrinoidea”; to which those
wishing to examine it can refer. pat

The first attempt to meet the evident necessity for a separa-
tion of the family into more than one genus was made by Mr. H.
O. Ulrich, who, in 1886, revised the family, calling it Crema-
crinide, in place of Calceocrinidw already proposed by Meek —
and Werthen, and then proceeded to divide it into three new
groups or genera;—Cremacrinus, Halysiocrinus and Deltacrinus,
—totally rejecting the generally accepted genus Calceocrinus
Hall, except as a sort of convenient receptacle into which could
be thrown all such species as would not readily fall under one
or the other of his new genera.

While acknowledging the fact that the differences exhibited
by the various species called for further generic separation, it
must be conceded, with Wachsmuth and Springer, that the set-
ting aside of the family Calceocrinide and genus Calceocrinus
was unwarranted. |

A division of the family into several genera is essential for a
proper classification of the species contained in it ; and our first
step must be, in deference to the general acceptance of the term
Calceocrinus, to decide to what type of calceocrinoid structure
Hall’s original species belongs, before any further divisions are
made or others recognized.

It has been thought preferable to do this under the head of
Calceocrinus, in its proper position in the family, instead of

The Calceocrinide. 389

discussing that point here,—so as to prevent a repetition when
that species comes to be described and considered.

CALCEOCRINIDZE Meek and Worthen,
(Revised by Ringueberg.)

Calyx and arms drooping, being bent into an inverted position, and
hanging downward alongside or against the column; parallel with it
or diverging ata slight angle from it. Posterior side proximal to the
column. Column round, straight, or slightly curved towards the calyx
at its upper end, which is attached to the posterior side of the calyx.

Arms three or more, always one anterior and two lateral, and in some
they are present on the posterior side. Ventral tube large.

Calyx flattened anteriorly with a truncate base ; lateral sides parallel
or nearly so, anterior and posterior sides divergent from the truncate
base. Posterior side more or less rounded.

Basal plates consolidated into a semicircular or subtriangular piece,
which is placed entirely upon the posterior side of the calyx and has its
straight side, which is nearly or quite as wide as the base of the calyx,
articulating with the truncate base-line of the anterior side by means of
a hinge-like joint, while its posterior rounded or truncate pyramidal
side fits loosely into an arch, having a similar outline, on that side of
the calyx.

The basal piece is somewhat scoop-shaped, having the column inserted
at or near the posterior rounded margin, and directed more or less out-
ward from it, forming the handle of the scoop ;—the posterior margin,
which is incurved, representing the back, and the straight anterior mar-
gin the edge.

The anterior margin of this piece, and the adjoining radial articulate
margin, are both furnished with grooves extending along the entire
margin, or have externai semicircular depressions which extend half-
way through the plates from the outer side of the margin. These de-
pressions, when present, are most prominent on the anterior or radial
side of the articulation, and may be absent on the posterior or basal
side, their place being taken by slight sinuosities of the outer non-artic-
ular side of the margin.

The grooves and depressions are for the reception of elastic ligaments
uniting the two sides.

Externally this articulation has the appearance of a gaping joint or
fissure, closed by means of a flexible integument, but internally is
actually closed by the exact approximation of the inner edges of the
ligament-bearing grooves, and over which the ligaments pass.

The posterior or curved margin was not attached directly to the arch
into which it fits, but was united by means of some elastic and flexible
medium, which allowed a considerable degree of separation at this point.

390 The Calceocrinide.

This peculiar conformation, the hinge on one side of the piece, and
the mobility of the opposite side, allowed the basal piece to swing upon”
its hinge like a door or lid,—or, more strictly speaking, allowed the ra-
dial portion of the calyx to erect itself upon the basal portion. This
function was possessed in variable degrees by the different species.

The incurved portion normally lies within the surface of the crinoid
when it is at rest, allowing the column, which is inserted into the con-

ra?

vexity formed by the curvature, to rest against the arch receiving this —

portion; and in those species in which the column is straight, or nearly

so, and which have the calyx resting against it, the calyx is at times —

somewhat grooved beyond this point for its reception. Margin of the
calyx very irregular, rising into high acute points laterally, with a de-
pression between them on the anterior side and a deeper one on the
posterior side.

Calyx composed of two rings of plates, whose number and position
vary somewhat in the different genera, due to anchylosis and the modi-
fication of some of their functions, but they have the same general dis-
position in all.

The first or basal ring forms the consolidated basal piece; this is com-
posed of three or four plates, consisting of two anterior basals or their
anchylosed equivalent, and two lateral basals. The two lateral basals
are the largest, and, taken together, they form the entire posterior mar-
gin of the piece extending to the outer angles. The point of attach-
ment for the column is always upon the line of their union, while the
apices of the anterior basals may or may not enter into the formation
of the columnar facet. These plates together form a somewhat lunate-
shaped piece, and are usually not anchylosed.}

The anterior basals or their anchylosed equivalent are triangular, and
occupy the median portion, or the whole, of the anterior margin.
When the two anterior basals are not anchylosed, the dividing suture-
line is a continuation of the one separating the lateral basals, and

shape, they will—-for the sake of brevity—be described only in the an-
chylosed form.

Anterior anchylosed basal triangular, with the inner angle at times
prolonged into a slender process extending up to or towards the
column. Suture-lines between it and the lateral basals generally
sinuous.

The second or radial ring contains from six to eight plates, of
which the anterior radial and the lateral radials can always be
made out, while the posterior radials are generally separate, though

1TIn all species which I have had an opportunity to examine, the
dividing suture-line could be made out, including several figured by
their describers as being anchylosed.

The Calceocrinide. 391

occasionally merged by anchylosis with the lateral radials, in which
case the lower portion of the anchylosed lateral radials extends
around and upon the posterior side of the calyx.

The space between the posterior radials or the anchylosed lateral
radials is occupied by an azygous plate; and when the brachials belong-
ing to the posterior radials are present, they are crowded down between
them and the azygous, and help to form the arch around the consoli-
dated basal piece.

Anterior radial either quadrilateral, usually elongate, and support-
ing the inferior side of anterior first brachial, or triangular and support-
ing the lateral radials, which in the latter case meet above it.

_ The lateral radials are the largest plates of the calyx, and are of vari-
able size and shape, separated by an elongate anterior radial, or else
meeting over a triangular one, and always support the anterior brachial
between them. Their outer angles, and in case of an anchylosis with
the posterior radials, their outer sides, are bent around to the posterior
side of the calyx. Their upper and outer sides are inclined posteriorly,
and give rise to the lateral arms.

When the arm-bearing function of only one of the posterior radials is
suppressed, the brachial lying above it gives support to the anal plates.
In case both posterior arms are wanting, both radials support the large
median anal plate, either directly or through the intervention of a T-
shaped azygous plate lying between them.

Posterior radials, when present as such, lie in the angle formed by
the hinge-line between the consolidated basal piece and the lateral
radials.

Azygous plate elongate and narrow, T-shaped or broad and low,
which latter form is probably due to anchylosis with another plate or
plates adjoining.

The anal plate supports a large ventral tube, composed posteriorly of
a single series of curved quadrangular plates, ‘‘the anterior side being

-composed of very small and delicate plates,” !

Anterior arm simple (?) or bifurcating once; if bifurcating, it may be

pinnulate. Lateral arms bifurcating at the second brachial, beyond
which point they may either increase by regular bifurcation or remain
simple, and give off pinnules; or they consist of a series of axillary
plates which are attached to the anals by their posterior faces, and more
or less completely form an arch over the anal plates, the upper faces
being arm-bearing.

Posterior arms when present resemble the lateral arms in structure.

In the following genera, the order of their probable evolution
will be followed, and as that was in this case a kind of degener-

1'Wachsmuth and Springer, ‘‘ Revision of the Paleeocrinoidea,” Pt.
TE) p. 261;

392 The Calceocrinide.

ation or suppression in part,—due to the extreme specialization
of certain parts and functions at the expense of cthers,—the
more complex forms will be considered first, because this method
represents their natural sequence, and also furnishes an easy in-
troduction to a proper understanding of the component parts of —
the more specialized forms, and to the nomenclature of the
same.

This arrangement will place Calceocrinus last, as it is the most
specialized form with which we are acquainted, and is conse
quently furthest removed from the as yet undiscovered or un-
recognized five-armed ancestor. ;

I have revised the family, because the revision of Wachsmuth
and Springer,—while a departure in the right direction,—is not
quite satisfactory, for the reason that the consolidated base as
defined by them agrees only with the base of Calceocrinus, and
the true relations of the plates of the posterior side are not
recognized. The arm-structure also varies more than that re-
vision would indicate.

CASTOCRINUS n. gen.

Calyx hanging against the column, and generally having a slight
groove for the reception of it. Column straight or nearly so. Arms.
four, one anterior, two lateral, and one posterior, the latter being to
one side of the median line,—the anal plate and ventral tube occupying
the opposite side. Anterior arm simple (?) or bifurcating; bifurcations
bearing pinnules.

Lateral arms bifurcating once, with iateral armlets given off on
alternate sides at every second joint beyond the place of bifurcation.

Consolidated base with the columnar facet on the posterior portion of
the incurved margin. It is composed of two lateral basals, which meet
posterior to the column, but are separated anterior to it by the attenu-
ated apices of the anterior basals, or their anchylosed equivalent.

The anterior basals occupy the median portion of the anterior margin
of the piece, the lateral basals occupying the outer portions.

Anterior radial higher than wide, usually narrow, and supporting the
anterior brachial. Lateral radials irregularly hexagonal. Posterior
radials irregularly triangular. Azygous elongate and placed between
the two posterior brachials, which extend downwards between it and
the posterior radials.

Anterior arm simple (?) or with four or more brachials, upon the last.
of which a bifurcation takes place. Bifurcations pinnulate; pinnules
long; lateral arms having two brachials, the second of which is axil-

The Calceocrinide. 393

lary, and the posterior arm having three, the first of which enters into
the formation of the posterior side of the calyx with the brachial of the
opposite side. The latter brachial, with the elongate azygous, supports
the anal plate, which in turn supports the other plates forming the ven-
tral tube.

Type of genus, Castocrinus furcillatus W. R. Billings.

I wish here to express my indebtedness to Walter R. Billings,
Esq., of Ottawa, Canada, who very generously placed his types
and all the specimens of the genus in his possession at my dis-
posal for the purpose of study.

Below will be found a few remarks on C. furcillatus, noting
several points not given in the original description, they having
been obscured by adherent shale till the specimen came into my
hands.

Castocrinus furcillatus W. R. Billings.
BE Pie f-

Calceocrinus furcillatus W. R. Billings.
The Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. I., No. IV., p. 51.

The anterior basalsare prolonged to, and form a part of, the columnar
facet, not stopping short of it, as represented in the diagram accompany-
ing the original description.

The azygous is elongate and narrow, and extends from the basal
plates to the anal plate, the inner corner of which it supports on its
sloping upper side. It lies to the left of the median line; the larger of
the two posterior brachials—the right—extending up to this line. The
inner corner of this brachial is also prolonged upwards beyond the azy-
gous and rests against the inner side of the anal plate.

The incurved margin of the consolidated basal piece is evenly rounded
and meets in a narrow connecting band beneath the column.

Trenton formation, Ottawa, Canada. ‘Type in the collection
of W. R. Billings.

Castocrinus rugosus W. R. Billings.
Pex. . Big 2.

Calceocrinus rugosus W. R. Billings. -
The Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. I., No. IV., p. 53.

The position of the consolidated basal in the type specimen is evi-
dently abnormal, as the plates of the posterior side seem to have been
pulled downward after it, and out of their proper positions. This was
probably caused by the ligaments, which united the two together in

394 The Calceocrinide.

such a manner as to allow of a partial but not corngiee erection of
the calyx upon the base.

Trenton formation, Belleville, Ont. Type in the collection of
W. R. Billings. s .

Castocrinus billingsianus n. sp.
Ply XG, Eee.

Calyx broad, wider than high, base broad, central portion of calyx
-depressed anteriorly and laterally, just above its middle. Posterior side
evenly rounded, with a median furrow for the reception of the column,
against which it rests. Anterior arm simple (?), lateral and posterior
arms bifurcating. Ventral tube tapering. Column of medium size,

Base of anterior side of calyx with three semicircular depressions, of
which the median is the largest, and has the sharpest curvature ; late-
ral depressions well curved on their inner sides, but gradually rounding
out towards the lateral angles. The consolidated basal has a shallow,
well-defined, median depression, corresponding to the one on the oppo-
site side of the hinge-line. Lateral depressions but faintly defined.
Two ligamentous bands pass over the hinge-line from the dentate pro-
jections left on either side of the opposite median depressions.

Consolidated basal piece broad, evenly rounded from side to side,
about twice as wide laterally as antero-posteriorly. It is composed of
three plates, the anterior basals being anchylosed. Columnar facet
situated on the posterior side of the curved portion, from the side of |
which the column projects in the same general plane as the piece.

Anterior anchylosed basal evenly tapering by slightly sinuous lines to
the point of juncture with the column. Its base occupies something
over half of the anterior margin of the plate, and has two dentate pro-
jections near the lateral angles, receiving the median depression between
them.

Lateral basals about as wide at their distal as at their proximal ends.

Anterior radial high, moderately narrow, with a contraction at its
upper third; basal end wider than the brachial end. Lateral radials
pentagonal, with the lateral angles truncated.

Posterior radials small, triangular, the right (diem -paeeanes radial
being somewhat larger than the left.

Azygous unknown. The right posterior brachial is somewhat higher
and larger than the left, and has its upper angles projecting upward,
and clasping the base of the succeeding brachial between them, differ-
ing in this respect from the left pentagonal brachial, which supports
the large anal plate. But three anal plates have been observed; they
are large, quadrangular, and rapidly tapering towards the apex of the
tube.

Anterior arm simple as far as observed, tapering for the first two

The Calceocrinide. 395

joints, from which point it is of nearly uniform size for the next ten.
Joints higher than wide.

Lateral arms giving off long, slender, flattened pinnules from every
second joint, and identical in structure with those in C. furcillatus.

Posterior arm similar in structure to the lateral, but having three
brachials before bifurcation takes place.

Column composed of short joints, every alternate or second joint of
which is shorter than the others.

From the Trenton formation, Ottawa, Canada. Named in
honor of W. R. Billings, Esq., who collected the specimens.
Types in Mr. Billings’ collection.

This species is readily distinguished by its anchylosed basal ;
it also differs from C. furcillatus and C. rugosus in its anterior
radial being broadest at its basal end instead of at the brachial

end.
Castocrinus articulosus E. Billings.

Pl. X., Fig. 4,

Heterocrinus articulosus E. Billings, Geol. Rep. Canada, Dec. IV.,
pial.

Heterocrinus articulosus Wachsmuth and Springer, Rev. Palzo-
crinoidea, Pt. I., p. 70.

Calceocrinus (?) articulosus E. O. Ulrich, 14th Annual Rept. State
Geol. Minn., p. 118.

Surface punctate, like that of C. rwgosus, from which it differs in the
very low and comparatively wide anterior radial, and from all the
others here considered in the anterior and lateral radials being more
nearly equalin size. The anterior basals have the same shape and size
as in C. rugosus ; lateral basals unknown.

Of the anterior arms only the first brachial is preserved. The lower
bifurcation of the lateral arm gives off laterally compressed pinnules,
which are strong at their base and wide from without inward; these are
given off at the second, fifth, seventh, tenth, and fourteenth joints, be-
_ yond which point the division is imperfectly preserved.

The type specimen is rather imperfect, but is distinctive enough to
prove it to be a good species.

Type in the collection of the Museum of the Geological and
Natural History Survey of Canada.
Castocrinus inzqualis E. Billings.
Pl. X., Fig. 5.

Heterocrinus inequalis E. Billings, Geol. Survey Canada, Decade IV.,
p. d1.

396 The Calceocrinide.

Heterocrinus inequalis Wachsmuth and Springer, Rev. Palzocrinoidea,
Pit. p: 70:

eeercnae inequalis E. O. Ulrich, 14th Rept. State Geol. Minn., p.
113.

Calceocrinus inequalis Wachsmuth and Springer, Rev. Palwoerinoidea,
Pt. III., p. 282.

The type specimen lies on a slab and shows only the left side, conse-
quently the fourth or posterior arm is obscured. The anterior arm is.
simple as far as observed, which is about fifteen joints.

Consolidated basal piece composed of two anterior and two iateral :

basals. The anterior basals extend to the column by quite strong pro-
cesses.

The lateral arms differ from those of the other Castocrini, in giving —

off pinnules less frequently and at somewhat irregular intervals, and in
not being much enlarged at the points giving rise to them.

This species differs from C. furcillatus, in the calyx being more flat-
tened anteriorly and depressed along its median portion, also in the
larger anterior basals, the proportionately broader first anterior brachial
in comparison with anterior radial, and the very fine, closely arranged
punctz, which of themselves afford an easy means of recognition. It.
also differs from the foregoing species in the simple anterior arm, in
the method of giving off pinnules, and in the character of the lateral
arms. From C, billingsianus it is distinguished by the surface and by
the basals not being anchylosed.

Trenton formation, Ottawa, Canada. Type in the Museum
of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada.

Iam much indebted to Prof. J. T. Whiteaves, of Ottawa,
Canada, of the Geological and Natural History Survey of
Canada, who kindly loaned me the types of C. inequalis and C.
articulosus, for the purpose of study and comparison.

CREMACRINUS? Ulrich.

This genus will belong here, between Castocrinus and Pro-
clivocrinus, if Ulrich’s diagnosis be correct ; but as I have not
had an opportunity to examine the type specimen, I will insert
it provisionally.

PROCLIVOCRINUS n. gen.

Bilaterally symmetrical; calyx hanging alongside of the column,
which is curved posteriorly at its upper end.

Arms three; anterior arm much the largest, simple (?) or not bifur-
cating till near the tip; lateral arms increasing by regular bifurcation,
and not giving off pinnules. ?

The Calceocrinide. 397

Anal tube large, heavy, and occupying the centre of the posterior
side; column round.

Consolidated basal piece triangular, with the posterior angle abruptly
truncate at the columnar facet, where it is rounded up. Itis composed
of four plates, the two anterior of which extend to the column by at-
tenuated processes; their outer portion occupies the middle of the an-
terior base-line, and does not extend to the lateral angles; suture-line
between them and the lateral basals sinuous.

Second ring consisting of six plates; anterior radial high and very
narrow, supporting the lower face of the anterior brachial. Lateral
radials large, pentagonal, with the lateral angle prolonged to meet the
lateral processes of the azygous plate.

Posterior radials rather large, triangular, and eack inclosed between
the proximate lateral radial, the basal, and the azygous.

Azygous plate broadly T-shaped, and consisting of a middle portion
or body, an inferior arm which extends between the posterior radials to
the arch around the basal plates, and two lateral arms which meet the
processes of the lateral radials, inclosing the posterior radials beneath
them; their anterior surface supports the large anal plate. These lat-
eral arms and central body probably represent the first anal plate,
while the inferior process is representative of the azygous plate which
has been anchylosed to it.

Plates of the ventral tube large quadrangular. First anterior brachial
broad. Lateral brachials two, the second of which is axillary; beyond
this the lateral arms undergo regular bifurcations at every third or
fourth joint. No pinnules observed.

Vault depressed below the margin of, and formed by processes from,
the four plates forming the rim of the calyx, 7. e., the anterior and
lateral radials and the azygous.

Column of medium size, with joints of the curved end arched from

side to side so as to fit the antero-posterior depression of the columnar
facet.

Type of genus, Proclivocrinus radiculus Ringueberg.

Since the original description of the type was published, a
number of other specimens have been found which more clearly
elucidate points of structure not shown in the type specimen, or
obscured by adherent shale, since removed, in that specimen;
so that a partial redescription becomes necessary.

Proclivocrinus radiculus Ringueberg.
Bla X.¢: Bis. 6

Calceocrinus radiculus Ringueberg. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol.
V., p. 120, 1882.

398 The Calceocrinide.

Cremacrinus radiculus E. O. Ulrich. 14th Annual Rept. State Geol.

Minn., p. 111, 1886.

Calceocrinus radiculus Wachsmuth and Springer. Rev. Paleocri-
noidea, Pt. III., p. 282.

Consolidated basal piece strongly rounded at the point of james
with the column, where it is of the same shape and size as the column,
from which point it spreads out evenly to the flattened anterior margin.
This plate is sometimes corrugated, the rugz passing across ié in an
antero-posterior direction.

Articular margin furnished with a doen. sharp, ligament-bearing
groove.

Lateral basals not forming an incurved margin underneath the
column, but only united in the posterior part of the columnar facet,
and divided anteriorly by the slender apices of the anterior basals.
Anterior basals high, and occupying about one-half of the anterior
articular margin of the piece. They taper very rapidly for about one-
half of their height, from which point they are prolonged inio attenu-
ate processes, extending up to and forming a part of the columnar
facet.

Anterior radial high, very narrow, rather abruptly constricted near
the middle to one-half of the width of the basal end, which narrowing
is continued throughout the brachial half.

Ends of the lateral processes of the lateral radials resting against and
as wide as the turned-up portion of the lateral arms of the azygous
plate. Posterior radials narrow, with all three sides convex, and the
side next to the azygous much shorter than the others.

Azygous plate with the ends of the lateral arms of the plate turned
up so as to clasp the base of the anal plate between them.

Posterior plates of anal tube large, quadrangular, and very gradually
tapering with the tube; slightly arched posteriorly; but three plates
have been seen above the azygous plate.

The five radials, the azygous, and the anterior brachial, seem to be
generally consolidated into a single piece, some of the suture-lines being
sometimes almost obliterated. These plates are at times also somewhat
corrugated, the general direction being transverse.

Specimens vary from those with a strongly rugose surface to those in
which it is smooth.

Anterior first brachial just as high as the notch between the upper
angles of the lateral radials; second arm-joint tapers more rapidly than
the rest. The anterior arm bifurcates at the ninth joint, above which
four slender, tapering joints can be counted without further bifurcation.

The lateral arms have two brachials, the second of which is axillary;
the anterior division bifurcates again at its third joint, and the lower or
posterior undergoes two bifurcations, one at each succeeding fourth

joint. Upper division unknown. The posterior primary branch has

The Calceocrinide. 399:

two joints, at the second of which a bifurcation takes place, and again
at the fourth joint above that.

What were described as lateral armlets in the anterior arm of the
type specimen were found, upon further cleaning, to be portions of the:
lateral arms lying beneath and projecting out from under it, and not
from its sides as first supposed.

Column round, smooth, consisting of joints as high as wide, except
the last five or six proximal to the calyx, which rapidly get shorter
and are higher on the outer side of the column, giving a strong curva-.
ture at this point, which still further facilitates the maintenance of the
drooping position of the calyx.

The median antero-posterior elevation of the last joints, constitutes a
marked somewhat saddle-shaped fiexure in the last four; which flexure:
is received in a corresponding notch in the anterior margin of the
articular facet.

Proclivocrinus chrysalis Hall.

Pl. X., Figs. 2 and 13.

Chierocrinus chrysalis Hall. 18th Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,.
p. 1238.

Calceocrinus chrysalis Shumard. Trans. Acad. Nat. Sci. St. Louis,
Vol. IL, p. 538, 1886.

Cremacrinus chrysalis EK. O. Ulrich. 14th Annual Rept. State Geol.
Minn., p. 111, 1886.

Calceocrinus chrysalis Wachsmuth and Springer. Rev. Paleeocrinoidea,
Pt. III., p. 281, 1886.

This species agrees with P. radiculus in the general outline and rela-
tions of the plates to each other, but is distinguished by the much
broader calyx; calyces corresponding in height being at least a third
broader, and also usually less contracted in the middle, than is the
case with P. radiculus. Hall figures his types as having an anchylosed
anterior basal in which the points do not extend to the column. This
point, however, is usually so obscure that in all probability it was over-
looked in this case, as it has been in others; the same remark will apply
to the construction of the posterior side,—as two individuals from the-
same locality as Prof. Hall’s specimens agree very well in other respects
with his descriptions. Should the diagram, however, prove to be cor-
rect, the specimens here referred to will have to fall under another
designation.

This species is readily distinguishable,—as before stated,—from P.
radiculus, by the much wider calyx and consequently broader plates;.
this is especially noticeable in the case of the posterior radials.

A unique specimen showing both the articular joint with its connect-
ing ligaments, and the vault,—perfectly,—will furnish all that can be
added to the descriptions already published.

AHO. The Calceocrinide.

The articular joint consists of two deep grooves in the opposite mar-
gins, the outer edges of which are widely separated when the crinoid is —
in its normal position of rest, while the inner two are in close apposi-
tion. Over these inner margins pass two bundles of elastic ligaments
from one groove to the other.

They each arise in two parts from both sides of the termination of
the two suture-lines of the anterior radial; one part coming from the
anterior radial and the other from the adjoining lateral radial. These
two parts or heads unite and pass over the inner margins of the two
adjoining grooves, and are inserted into the groove of the consolidated
basal piece, directly opposite their points of origin.

Faint traces of the integument uniting the two outer margins of the
grooves and covering the elastic ligaments, can be seen. This integu-
ment is better shown in some other specimens of P. radiculus, in one
of which it is broken up into small pieces which at first glance have the
appearance of ‘‘numerous little plates,” such as are figured by Ulrich

n ‘‘ Cremacrinus” punctatus. : |

The vault is covered by four projections from the inner sides of the
four plates entering into the formation of the rim of the calyx proper.
The top of the vault is smooth and evenly convex, its central portion
being depressed to a point opposite one-half the height of the lateral
radials, when measured from their lower to their upper angles. The
only suture-lines observable are those commencing from the four
suture-lines dividing the four plates, which proceed directly from their
point of origin to the centre of the vault, where they all meet.

This arrangement gives three large triangular projections and one
narrow wedge-shaped one. The outline of the concave space is round-
ing on the anterior side, with two lateral projections or grooves along
the suture-lines, and one such groove in the centre posteriorly.

In the margins of the two lateral radials, can be observed two narrow
slits which represent the continuation of the arm-grooves.

I was at first inclined to consider this vault as a kind of partition,
serving to strengthen the calyx and taking the function of the basal
plates, which no longer served to maintain its rigidity.

From the lower third of the shale at Lockport, N. Y.

The revision of the genus Calceocrinus we will preface with
a few introductory remarks concerning the original species upon
which the genus was founded.

The original description speaks of the semicircular base as
consisting of two pieces ‘‘anchylosed ” (consolidated) together,
a triangular one fitting into a somewhat lunate-shaped piece. A
more careful examination of two specimens of the same portion
of this species, shows a secondary suture-line starting from the

The Calceocrinide. 401

inner angle of the triangular piece, and passing through the
excavation for the reception of the column, to the outer margin
of the ‘‘lunate-shaped” piece, dividing it into equal halves.
This suture-line is much less distinct than the other, and is
consequently less noticeable. The anterior triangular piece is
undoubtedly formed by the union of two anterior radials.

Having determined the composition of the consolidated basal
piece of the typical form of Calceocrinus, we can place here all
such as have the same structure.

This will be done with all that have been found upon exami-
nation to correspond to the typical form as shown in a quite
perfect individual, so nearly like the type in basal structure and
surface markings, that it was at first regarded as a young speci-
men of that species, but further study shows it to be a closely
allied species differing distinctly in some minor details.

A specific description of the original species will be found
under Calceocrinus halli.

CALCEOCRINUWS Hall.
(Revised by Ringueberg.)

Calyx and arms hanging downward and directed outward at an angle
from the column. —

Column round, bent somewhat posteriorly at its upper portion so as
to admit of a greater inclination of the calyx.

Arms three. Anterior arm simple(?) or bifurcating near its terminal
portion. Lateral arms consisting of a series of axillary plates attached
to, and forming a more or less complete arch over the anals on the pos-
terior side, each of which gives rise to an armlet from its free or distal
end.

Consolidated basal piece convex, semicircular, or partially triangular
in outline, and formed of three consolidated plates,—two lateral basals
and one broadly triangular anterior anchylosed basal, which extends
to, or nearly to, the outer angles of the piece.

Column attached to the suture-line dividing the lateral basals, and
never coming in contact with the anchylosed anterior basal.

Calyx flattened anteriorly, rounded posteriorly.

Anterior radial triangular, supporting on its two upper sides the ad-
joining lateralradials. Lateral radials meeting in the median line above
the apex of the anterior radial, and supporting in a broadly V-shaped
notch between and above them the anterior brachial. Laterally,
through anchylosis with the posterior radials, they extend around
to and upon the posterior side and assist, with the low and broad

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. OF SCI., IV. Issued November, 1889.

‘402 The Calceocrinide.

azygous, to form the arch around the curved side of the consolidated
basal. They also receive between them the first anal lying a
upon the azygous.

Their upper and outer sides ste the first axillary pieces of the -

lateral arms.

Lateral arms, formed of from three to five axillary pieces arranged —

in succeeding order, with their inferior borders resting upon the anal
plates and uniting (?), or nearly so, above them in the middle of the
ventral side. Their upper ends each give rise to an arm or branch,

Type of genus: Calceocrinus typus Ringueberg.

It will be observed from the above description, and the dia-
gram given of Calceocrinus typus, that Ulrich’s genus Haly-
stocrinus agrees in all of the major points with the typical Cal-
ceocrinus, of which it must in all probability rank as a synonym.
This will also probably be the case with his Deléacrinus, unless
other and moreimportant structural differences should be noted
besides the number of axillaries upon which he bases his genus.

Calceocrinus typus n. sp.
Pl. Xx. Fig,.8:

Surface finely granulose, calyx flattened anteriorly; somewhat de-
pressed and constricted in the centre of that side; rather square in out-
line; upper portion but little narrower than the lower; ventral side
very gibbous, with a notch or depression to receive the upper end of -
column.

Column round, composed of nodose joints which are as high as wide.

Consolidated basal piece evenly semicircular in outline, with the col-
umn attached just inside the posterior margin; anterior anchylosed
basal half as wide as the base line. Anterior radial almost equilate-
rally triangular; somewhat wider than the anchylosed basal, but not
quite so wide as the base of the calyx. Lateral radials large and anchy-
losed to the posterior radials; they form the lateral thirds of the arch
around the consolidated basal piece on the posterior side, the low and
broad azygous occupying the median third.

Azygous wide, slightly lower in the middle on account of the upward
curvature of the lower margin receiving the basals, and a downward
curvature of the upper margin for the reception of the anal.

First anal broad, low, with outer ends turned up abruptly, and re-
ceiving between them the broad base of the truncate pyramidal second
anal; other anals, if any, unknown.

Anterior brachial extending somewhat beyond the upper angles of
the lateral radials, pentagonal, and having its upper margin hollowed
out to receive the first arm-joint. .

The Calcecerinide. 403

This first arm-joint differs from the rest, in having a wide base and
tapering rapidly towards its upper side, which is of the same width as
the succeeding two or three joints. Seven joints are preserved, and
no bifurcation takes place. i

They are strongly arched, so as to be somewhat wider in their antero-
posterior diameter than laterally, and are higher than wide.

Lateral arms composed of series of narrow axillary plates, five in
mumber on each side, of which the first are the highest; being as long
as the upper and outer sides of the lateral radials, against which they
rest their full length; from these they decrease in height in regular
order towards the centre of the arch which they form around the first
two anals. Each axillary gives rise to an armlet, in which three joints
can be observed, when a bifurcation takes place, or a pinnule is given
off (exactly which, cannot well be determined on account of the im-
perfection of this portion of the specimen), Joints about as wide as
long.

From the lower third of the shale of the Niagara Group at
Lockport, N. Y.

Calceocrinus Halli n. sp.
PreX,,, Ries I
Calceocrinus —— n. gen. Hall.—Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., p. 352.

Anchylosed base triangular, broadly truncate in outline at the poste-
rior angle, due to the abrupt turning-in of that portion at right angles
with the upper surface of the piece. This bending inward extends
from this portion along the posterior margins laterally, decreasing
gradually towards the outer angles.

Just upon the abrupt posterior curvature of the plate, is situated the
excavation for the reception of the articular facet for the column,
which is situated at the bottom of it.

~ Anterior anchylosed basal very low and wide, extending laterally to

_ the outer angles of the basal piece, and having its anterior border
sharply grooved along its entire extent, for the reception of the elastic
articular ligaments.

Lateral basals broad, due to the lowness of the eee basal;
- columnar facet situated in about the middle of the suture-line formed
by their union.

Surface thickly beset with strong granules, which coalesce to form
larger ones on each side of the suture-lines, and upon the posterior
curved portion of the plate.

Interior of plate concave, crossed by three grooves, two starting con-
jointly from the lateral angles and gradually becoming separated. The
posterior of these is the deepest and is formed by the projection of a
fold or sharp ridge along the line of curvature of the plate, and meets
its fellow from the opposite side in the columnar foramen; the othe

404 The Calceocrinide.

follows the suture-line of the anterior anchylosed basal, and incloses a
lunate space between it and the other groove. The third groove starts
at the columnar foramen and crosses the second groove, passing across.
the middle of the anterior anchylosed basal to the anterior margin,
where it is all that remains of what was probably once a suture-line.

From the lower third of the Niagara Shale at Middleport, —
NOY am

This basal piece is readily distinguished from the one be’ong-
ing to C. ¢typus by not presenting an evenly circular posterior
outline, and by the anterior consolidated basal extending to the
extreme outer angles. The rest of the calyx has not to my
knowledge been found. This species has been named in honor
of Professor James Hall, who was its original discoverer and
who based the genus upon it.

Calceocrinus bidentatus n. sp.
Pl. X., Fig. 10.

Anterior portion of the calyx flattened, quadrangular in outline, with
a slight depression along the median suture-line, The lower margin of
the calyx bears upon its upper surface three semicircular depressions
' with sharply defined margins. The median one of these is the widest
_ and has a smaller one with a sharper curvature on either side, leaving
two sharp dentate projections between. Anterior basal high and but
little more than half as wide as the base; its two suture-lines commence
in the lateral depressions or cicatrices. Anterior brachial projecting
somewhat beyond the upper angles of the lateral basals, and having
its upper margin slightly curved downward for the reception of the
anterior arm.

The outer sides of the lateral radials project but little on the posterior
side of the calyx.

This species is of the type of calceocrinoid structure to which C. stig-
matus Hall belongs, but is at once distinguished from it by the nar-
rower anterior radial, and the fact that the suture-lines of it commence
in the lateral cicatrices, instead of passing to the outside of them; vari-
ous other minor differences can be noted, but the above will prove suf-
ficient for diagnostic purposes.

From the lower third of the Niagara Shale at Lockport, N. Y-

Calceocrinus contractus Dn. sp.
Plx., ie. 12,

Consolidated basal piece quite convex posteriorly.
Posterior margin truncate. Anterior anchylosed basal extending

The Calceocrinide. 405

laterally to the outer angles. Articular facet for column situated a
little inside of the margin, and with its face directed posteriorly.

Associated with the base just described, we find the anterior portion
of a calyx that undoubtedly belongs to the same species. Anterior
portion of calyx slightly but evenly arched from side to side, lower side
wide, rapidly and evenly tapering to the insertion of the anterior
brachial, which extends some distance beyond the upper angles of the
lateral basals, and tapers more sharply than they do, thus giving the
upper portion of the calyx a contracted appearance. Anterior radial
broad and low, and extending to the outer angles; thus corresponding
in size and proportions to the anterior consolidated basal. Anterior
brachial extending for more than half of its height beyond the lateral
radials; pentagonal in outline, and wider than high.

From the lower portion of the Niagara Limestone at Lock-
port, N. Y.

The consolidated basal piece of this species is distinguished
from that of C. halli of the underlying shales by the much
greater proportionate antero-posterior diameter, and by the po-
sition of the point of attachment, which is situated nearer to
the posterior margin, and has its articular facet directed more
nearly posteriorly.

Remarks: The genus Cremacrinus of Mr. E. O. Ulrich is
probably the only one of his genera which will hold good. Its
pinnulate lateral arms, the punctate surface of the plates, and
the sinuous border along the outer margin of the articulation,
ally it to Castocrinus ; while in its haying only three arms,
and in the arrangement of the plates on the ventral side, it
would closely approach Proclivocrinus ; so that its natural
position would be between those two genera. The features dis-
tinguishing it from its closest ally Proclivocrinus would be
those already pointed out as allying it to Castocrinus, together
with a shorter and broader anterior radial than in Proclivocri-
nus, and in the anterior basals not extending to the columnar
facet.

I speak of the anterior arm as “simple (?)” because I believe
that all, or nearly all, the species which have been described as
having a simple anterior arm, will be found to show a bifurca-
tion, in case specimens are found preserving the arm to its tip.

The plate which is termed the ‘‘ azygous,” in the foregoing
descriptions, may prove to be the first anal, and probably in

406 The Calceocrinide.

Proclivocrinus and Calceocrinus might more properly be so
termed, except for the reason that in them it is the result of an
anchylosis and modification of the azygous of the Pad
forms with the first anal.

In Proclivocrinus the cross-bar of the T represents the first.
anal, and the stem the remains of the azygous; while in Calceo-
crinus the modification has gone still further, and the stem has
become absorbed entirely—only the cross-bar remaining.

The modifications undergone by the members of this family
will afford an interesting chapter in evolution, if the material
ever presents itself which will allowof itscomplete working-ont..

That the ancestral form was five-armed, there can seem to be
no doubt, as the existence of the right brachial in the four-
armed Castocrinus points conclusively to such a one. But
whether this, as yet unknown or unrecognized, ancestor under-
went the loss of its fifth arm after the crinoid had assumed the
pendulous position of its calyx, and consequently formed a
member of the Calceocrinide, or sustained this loss first and
consequently belonged to another or a new family,—only the
finding of it can set at rest. 7

That Catillocrinus,—the affinity of which to the Calceocrinide
Wachsmuth and Springer have pointed out,—does not belong in
the line of their evolution, is shown both by its structure and
its geological position ; although it may and probably did orig-
inate from the same stock.

The course of their specialization and modification of func-
tion among the known genera is shown in the successive steps
from Castocrinus through Proclivocrinus, or some allied undis-
covered form, to Calceocrinus.

Buta more complete discussion of the reasons for the sup-
pression of the posterior arms, on account of their being in the
way in its new position, and the consequent lateral contraction
of the calyx with its concomitant shortening, and the progres-
sive development of the anterior arm and side to make up for
the aborted posterior side,——I will leave for another paper at
such time as the opportunity for the examination of a more com-
plete series of forms shall present itself.

The types of Proclivocrinus radiculus, Calceocrinus haili, C.
lypus, and C. contractus, are in my collection.

The Calceocrinide. 407

EXPLANATION OF PLATES X. anv XI.

Pe X.

Fie. 1. Castocrinus furcillatus W. R. Billings,
a. Right side of type specimen.
b. Left side of same.
Fia@. 2. Castocrinus rugosus W. R. Billings.
Type specimen.
Fig. 3. Castocrinus billingsianus n. sp.
a. Anterior side of calyx.
b. Posterior side of same.
c. Right side of a smaller and nearly complete specimen.
Fig. 4. Castocrinus articulosus E. Billings.
Type specimen.
Fia. 5. Castocrinus inequalis E. Billings.
Type specimen.
Fig. 6. Proclivocrinus radiculus Ringueberg.
a. Type specimen.
b. Specimen showing bifurcation of anterior arm.
ce. Anterior side of a calyx with portions of arms,
d. Posterior side of same.
Fic. 7. Proclivocrinus chrysalis Hall.
a. Anterior side of a calyx.
b. Posterior side of same.
Fig. 8. Calceocrinus typus n. sp.
a. Lateral view of type.
b. Anterior view of same,
Fie. 9. Calceocrinus halli n. sp.
a. Outer side of consolidated basal piece of type specimen,
b. Inner side of same.
Fig. 10. Calceocrinus bidentatus n. sp.
a. Anterior portion of calyx.
b. Basal portion of same, x 2.
Fig. 11. Calceocrinus stigmatus Hall,
Base of anterior portion of calyx (after Hall) for comparison with
the last, x 2.
Fig. 12. Calceocrinus contractus n. sp.
a. Base of an individual.
b. Anterior part of calyx of another.
Fic. 18. Proclivocrinus chrysalis Hall.
a. View of the vault of Fig. 7, x 5, to show structure.
b. View of hinge-line of same, x 5, showing elastic ligaments,

408 The Calceocrinide.

PL, Xi.
DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATING STRUCTURE OF THE CALCEOCRINIDA. .

Fig. 1. Castocrinus Ringueberg.
Fig. 2. Proclivocrinus Ringueberg.
Fic. 3. Calceocrinus Hall (revised by Ringueberg).
a. Right side. b. Anterior side. c. Posterior side. d. Analysis of
calyx.
Letters referring to analysis (d) :—b, basals; r, radials; br, brachials;
ax, axillary; an, anals; az, azygous. —
The posterior side of the calyx down and the anterior side up.
Fie. 4. Section of Proclivocrinus, illustrating the articulation of the
base with the calyx and the manner of erection.
.¢, column ; cb, consolidated basal piece ; ca, calyx; /, elastic liga-
ment; int, integument covering ligament; m, probable situation of
muscles which held the calyx down.

A Revision of the Curimatine. 409

X VITI.—A Revision of the Edentulous Genera of Curimatine.

BY CARL H. EIGENMANN AND R. S. EIGENMANN.
Read May 13th, 1889.

This revision is based on the collections in the Museum of
Comparative Zoélogy of Harvard University.

It was our intention to write a complete revision of the Cha-
racinide. ‘The enormous amount of material collected in the
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge, Mass., together
with the excellent library there, render such a work, based on
this collection, greatly to be desired, both for ichthyology in
general and for the collections of this Museum in particular.
Unfortunately, our work was interrupted shortly after it was
begun.

Professor Louis Agassiz, under whose direction this material
was accumulated, has been frequently criticised for his seemingly
extravagant statements regarding the number of new species
found by himself and his assistants during the Thayer expedi-
tion in Brazil. Although Professor Agassiz may have been mis-
led by the necessarily hasty comparisons made while collecting,
it is due to his memory to state that he was far nearer the truth
than has generally been supposed. Few of the new species dis-
covered by Professor Agassiz were based on his specimens.
Many of them had been collected before by Natterer, though
they had not been described when Professor Agassiz made his
collection; and Dr. Steindachner has based many of his new
species on Natterer’s specimens preferably to those of Agassiz.
Since Prof. Agassiz made his expedition, many others have col-
lected in Brazil, and their specimens have been described by
Doctors Gunther, Boulenger, Steindachner, Cope, Gill, and
others; while Professor Agassiz’s material remained untouched
at Cambridge. In spite of these facts, there yet remain one or
two hundred undescribed species of Characinide alone, in the
Museum at Cambridge, if we may judge from the Erythrinine
and Curimatine which weexamined. Our studies of the Nema-

410 A Revision of the

tognathi have demonstrated a similar state of affairs among that
group.

The key to the species of the genus Curimatus may prove. +, be
erroneous or insufficientin parts. If so, it isdue to the fact that
we could not have the specimens before us when revising the
key. One species of Curimatus, C. alberti, has been omitted, as"
we had no description of it. Dr. Ginther, in his paper on the
fishes of the Rio Plata, states that it is related to Curimatus
platanus, but with considerably larger scales.

In order to shorten the references in the synonymy, the titles
of works are not quoted, but each paper is referred to as ‘‘a,”
“‘b,” etc., after the year of its publication. <‘Steind., ’75c”
refers to Dr. Steindachner’s paper, ‘‘ Die Susswasserfische des
stiddstlichen Brasiliens,” as will be seen by referring to the Bib-
liography given at the end of our paper. When but one paper
was published in the year by an author, it is referred to by the
year of its publication, as: ‘‘Gthr., 764” refers to vol. v. of
Dr. Gunther’s Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum.

The genera of the edentulous Curimatine may be distin-
guished by the following key: |
a. Gill-arches with long, slender rakers. ANODUS.
aa. Gill-arches without rakers.

b. Postventral region trenchant, the scales of each side with a nar-
row margin bent over the ventral ridge and terminating
medially in a spiniform process.

c. Scales in lat. 1. 94-103. Preventral region flat, with blunt lateral
keels. Median line in front of dorsal naked. A. 16-17.

POTAMORHINA.
cc. Seales in lat. 1. 50-60. _Preventral region rounded. Predorsal
region entirely scaled. A. 10-12. PSECTROGASTER.

bb. Postventral region trenchant or not, always with a median series
of scales which do not terminate in spiniform processes.

d. Lateral line developed on anterior scales only; mouth oblique,

the lower jaw entering the profile. Tonguelong and narrow,

quite free. CURIMATOPSIS.
dd. Lateral line complete. Mouth horizontal or slightly oblique.
Tongue short and thick, adnate. CURIMATUS.

i, ANODUS.
ANoDUS Spix, ’29a, 60 (elongatus and latior); M. and T., *45a, 6 (sp.);
Cope, ’78a, 682 (elongutus).
ELOPOMORPHUS Gill, ’78a, May 21st_( jordan‘).

Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 411

Type, Anodus elongatus Spix.

- A genus of Curimatine with clupeiform branchialapparatus. Three
species, confined to the Amazons and their;tributaries from Villa Bella
to Peru.

1. ANODUS MELANOPOGON.
Anodus melanopogon Cope, ’78a, 682 (Peruvian Amazon).

Slender, head elongate. Muzzle acuminate, mandible projecting.
Eye 6 in head, 14 in snout, 14 in interorbital. Opercle as deep as long.
Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal.
Pectorals reaching half-way to ventrals, ventrals half-way to anal.
Blackish above, sides and abdomen silvery. Dorsal and caudal dusky.
End of mandible black. .

Head 32; depth more than 6; D. I. 10; A. I. 10; V. 11; P.19. Lat. 1. 128.

COPE,
2. ANODUS STEATOPS.

Anodus steatops Cope, "78a, 683 (Peruvian Amazon).

Jaws equal. A large adipose lid reducing the ocular opening to a
vertical slit. Eye 2 in interorbital, more than 5 in head; opercle deeper
than long. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and base of
upper caudal fulcra. Steel-blue, paler below; base of the caudal exten-
sively black, other fins unspotted; sides of head and operculum above
orbit golden; chin and top of head black.

Bead.4.6> depth 5.54 D. 1. 10;:A. I. £1; V..12: P. 19. Lat, 1. 93.

COPE.
3. ANODUS ELONGATUS,

Piaba branco.
Anodus elongatus Spix, ’29a, 61, pl. 40.
Curimatus elongatus Cuv. and Val., xxii., 20: Castelnau, ’55a, 58 (Ama-
zons); Kner, 59a, 146 (Forte do Principe); Gthr. 64, 293 (copied).
Elopomorphus elongatus Steind., ’81a, 38 (Forte do Principe; Villa Bella).
Elopomorphus jordani Gill, ’*8a, May 21st, and ’78b, 112.

Habitat, Northern Brazil.

2. POTAMORHINA,
POTAMORHINA Cope, ’78a, 685 (pristigaster).

Type, Curimatus pristigaster Steind.

A genus of a single species. Theclupeoid belly, flat breast, naked
predorsal line, and small scales, serve to distinguish it from the related
genera.

POTAMORHINA PRISTIGASTER.
Curimatus (Anodus) pristigaster Steind., "76a, 25, pl. VI. (Teffé; Barra
do Rio Negro).
Potamorhina pristigaster Cope, ’78a, 685 (Peruvian Amazon),

Habitat, Amazons from Barra do Rio Negro to Peru.
Fifteen specimens, .18—.29 m. Teffé; Lake Hyanuary.

412 A Revision of the

Compressed. Preventral region flat or slightly concave, with blunt
lateral keels; postventral region strongly compressed, with a series of
spiniform scales. Median line before dorsal naked; postdorsal eg
rounded. Scales small, all very strongly ctenoid.

Head depressed es the eyes; eye about equal to snout, 2 in the
interorbital.

Origin of dorsal about an orbital diameter nearer to tip of snout than
to base of upper caudal rays. Caudal rays much branched. Anal
emarginate; pectorals reaching past the origin of ventrals.

Air-bladder extending beyond origin of anal.

Yellowish, with br BEEN reflections; a black spot at end of lateral line.

Head 33-32; depth 23-23; D. 12-13; A. 16-17. Lat. 1. 94-108.

3. PSECTROGASTER gen. nov.
Type, Psectrogaster rhomboides sp. nov.

Teeth none. Lateral line developed. Postventral region trenchant,
the scales of each side with a narrow margin bent over the ventral ridge
and terminating medially in a spiniform process. Preventral region
rounded; predorsal region entirely scaled. Scales 50-60.

This genus is closely related to Potamorhina, from which it differs in
having much larger scales, etc.

Analysis of the species:—

a. Air-bladder extending to origin of anal. Origin of dorsal about
equidistant between tip of snout and base of upper caudal
fulcra. Origin of ventrals nearer to base of caudal than to
tip of snout. Scales 15-55-10. rhombovdes, 1.

aa. Air-bladder extending to posterior end of anal. Origin of dorsal
about equidistant from tip of snout and from tip of adipose

fin.
b. Depth ¢ and’: about 24. Lat. 1. 49-56. amazonica, 2.
bb. Depth ¢ 24. Scales 56. Profile convex. ciliatus, 3.

1. PSECTROGASTER RHOMBOIDES sp. nov.
Curimatus cyprinoides Steind., ’81a, 34 (Rio Puty), not of L., Gthr., et al.

Types, No. 20308, 20304, 20306, over fifty specimens, Rio Ses O.
St. John.

No. 20310, one specimen, San Goncallo; O. St. John.

Compressed rhomboidal, the dorsal and ventral outlines making an-
gles at the origin of the dorsal and of the ventral fins. Preventral re-
gion rounded. Postventral region trenchant, without a median series
of scales. ‘The scales of each side with a narrow margin bent over the
ventral ridge and terminating medially in a spiniform process. Back
narrow, without keels.

Profile more or less depressed at the occiput. Eye with a narrow
anterior and posterior adipose lid, about 1 in snout, 33-4 in head, a
in interorbital.

Hdentulous Genera of Curimatine. 413

Scales smali on back, becoming larger towards the breast, where they
are several times as large as on the back. Scales of the breast pecti-
nate, the rest more or less ciliate. Caudal naked.
Air-bladder extending to origin of anal.
_ Origin of dorsal about equidistant between tip of snout and base of
upper caudal fulcra, in a few specimens nearer the caudal; the highest
ray shorter than the head. Caudal broad, emarginate. Anal short,
emarginate, the tip of the longest ray reaching the tip of the last ray.
Pectorals reaching scarcely to ventrals, ventrals not tovent. Origin
of ventrals nearer base of caudal than tip of snout. Plumbeous above,
gradually becoming lighter below. A dusky area on the base of the
caudal at end of lateral line.

Head 31-33; depth 2}-23. D. 12-13; A..10-11. Scales 14 to 16-83 to
58-10 or 11.

2. PSECTROGASTER AMAZONICA sp. nov. ?

? Anodus ciliatus M. and Tr.

Habitat, Amazons.

Many specimens: Teffé; Ica; Tabatinga; Obidos; Fonteboa; Lago
Alexo; Jutahy; Tonantins; Santarem; Hyavary; Curupira.

This species agrees in almost all respects with Psectrogaster rhomboi-
des.

Profile very little, if at all, depressed at the occiput.

Air-bladder extending to posterior end of anal.

Origin of dorsal fin about equidistant from tip of snout and from tip
of the adipose fin. Origin of ventrals nearer to tip of snout than to
base of caudal.

Head about 32; depth about 24. D. 12-18; A. 11-12. Scales 12 or 13

—49 to 56-9,

3. PSECTROGASTER CILIATA.

Anodus ciliatus M. and Tr., ’45a, 25, pl. IV., fig. 4 (Essequibo); id. ’48a,
633 (Lake Amucu).

Curimatus ciliatus Castelnau, *55a, 58 (Amazon); Kner, ’59a, 1438
(Ypanema; Guapore); Gthr. ’64, 292 (copied).

Habitat, Amazon and its tributaries; Guiana. Rare.

Six specimens from Coary may be referred here. The male of this
species (?) cannot be told from specimens of amazonica. The female is
strikingly deeper than amazonica. The largest specimen measures
.18 m.

Profile convex. Origin of dorsal in females about equidistant from
tip of snout and base of upper caudal fulcra. Origin of ventrals about
equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal—considerably nearer
base of caudal in largest specimen. Depth 273-242. D. 12-18; A. 11-
12. Scales 12-56-9 or 10.

414 — A Revision of the
4. CURIMATOPSIS,

CURIMATOPSIS Steind., ’76a, 33 (macrolepis).
Type, Curimatopsis macrolepis Steind.
This genus, as far as known, is composed of two species. It is closely ©

related to Curimatus.

Teeth none. Lateral iine developed on anterior scales only. Mouth
oblique, lower jaw entering the profile. Tongue long and narrow,
quite free.

1. CURIMATOPSIS MACROLEPIS.

Curimatus (Curimatopsis) macrolepis Steind., 6a, 33 (Tabatinga;
Manacapuru; mouth of the Rio Negro).

Habitat, Amazons and tributaries from Rio Negro to Tabatinga.

Numerous specimens, .035-.07 m, Tabatinga; Lake Hyanuary;
Cudajas. . .

Compressed elongate. Preventral region flattish, without enlarged
scales; postventral region rounded; predorsal region to near the dorsal
flattened; postdorsal region rounded. Scales cycloid, 4-6 longitudinal
ridges on each scale; caudal scaled at base only.

Profile from nares straight, convex near the dorsal.

Eye 3 in the head, 1} in the interorbital.

Origin of dorsal fin a little nearer to tip of snout than to base of
caudal. Anal emarginate. Pectorals not reaching ventrals: ventrals
about to the vent; their origin a little nearer to base of caudal than to
tip of snout.

Air-bladder extending to the anal.

Depth of caudal peduncle about 2 in the head.

Light brown, with silvery reflections; a lighter line through centre of —
scales; a silvery lateral band terminating in a large black spot at base

of caudal.
Head 3-34; depth 22-33. D. 11-12; A. 11. Lat. 1. 30.

2. CURIMATOPSIS MICROLEPIS sp. nov. 2

Type, No. 20,344, one specimen, .115m. Jatuarana. M. Navez.

Compressed elongate. Dorsal and ventral outlines equally arched.
Back and belly rounded.

Profile very little depressed. Margin of lower jaw rounded. Eye
little longer than snout, 34 in head, 12 in interorbital. .

Scales all small, entire. Caudal naked. Lateral line developed on
about 12 scales only.

Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and base of upper
caudal fulcra. Anterior dorsal rays prolonged, reaching the adipose
fin. Anal slightly emarginate, the anterior rays reaching tip of last
rays. Pectorals not nearly reaching to ventrals; ventrals not to vent.

Light brown, with iridescent metallic reflections. Margins of the jaws

Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 415

and inner surface of the lower jaw dark brown. A U-shaped dark bar
in base of mouth. Inner surface of opercle with brown dots.
Head 34; depth 3. D.12; A.11. Scales 14-60-?.

5. CURIMATUS,

< Les CuRmMaTES Cuvier, Régne Animal, II., 165, 1817 (edentulus).

Type, Salmo edentulus Bloch.

This genus may be divided into a number of groups which are
probably of subgeneric rank. They are: 1. Those species with
the caudal entirely scaled. 2. Those with the postventral re-
gion rounded. 3. Those with the postventral region trenchant.
4, Those with more than 80 scales in the lateral line.

* Lateral line less than 80.
+ Caudal lobes thickly scaled to their tips. (CURIMATELLA subg. nov.)

a. Scales 9-48 to 45-7. lepidurus, 1.
a2. Scales 5 or 6-38 to 41-5.
b. Depth 32-3} in the length. meyer, 2.

b2. Depth 38, or less than 3, in the length.
c. Scales 6-39 to 41-5. Predorsal region sharply keeled.

; serpe, 3.

C2. Scales 5-36 to 38-5. Predcrsal region broad, with indis-

tinct median keel. alburnus, 4.

. Scales 33 to 35. A blackish longitudinal line on the

scales of the back. alburnus lineatus, 4a.

cu Caudal lobes mostly naked. . (CURIMATUS).

t Postventral region rounded or with an obtuse median keel.
d. Sides without spots.
e. A black spot at base of middle caudal rays.
f. Dorsal plain. Sides without a dark line.
g. Lateral line 33 to 35,
h. Depth 22 to 33 in the length.
i. Predorsal region depressed or grooved to near
the dorsal. spilurus, 5.
7,. Predorsal region keeled. spiluropsis, 6.
hz. Depth 22 to 24. Predorsal region keeled.
dorsalis, 7.
92. Lateral line more than 40.
j. Lateral line 42 to 43. nasus, 8.
jo. Lateral line 46. No adipose eyelids,
troschelii, 9.
f2. Base of middle dorsal rays dark.
k, A dark line on sides. Lat, 1. 33 to 87.
1. Depth 34-83. elegans, 10.

416 A fevision of the
iz. Depth 22-3. elegans bahiensis, 10a.
k,. No dark line on sides. a Sart
m. Seales 37. argenteus, 11.

M,. Scales 8-44 to 47-5; dorsal and caudal spots distinct.
bimaculatus, 12.
ms. Scales 8-48 to 52-6; dorsal and caudal spots indistinct or

wanting. A brown bar at base of caudal.
bimaculatus sialis, 12a.
€2. Middle caudal rays plain.!
n. A black spot at base of dorsal.

: o. Lateral line 48 to 82. bimaculatus trachystethus, 12b.

02. Lateral line 43. dobula, 13.
03. Lateral line 34. gitntheri, 14.

m2. Dorsal plain,
p. Back uniform in color.
q. Less than 60 scales in the lateral line.
r. Lateral}. 32-34. — - microcephalus, 15.
Tz. Lateral 1. 36-41.? .
s. Ventrals not reaching to the vent.
t. Preventral region without a median series of en-

larged scales. _ - . gilberti, 17,

t.. Preventral region with a median series of en-

larged scales. gilberti brevipinnis, 1a.

S,. Ventrals reaching to vent. plumbeus, 18,
r;. Lateral |. 44-47.

u. D. 10; scales 8-44-7. ndgelit, 19.

Uy. D. 12-13; scales 7-45 to 47-6. leucostictus, 20.
r,. Lateral 1. 49 to 55.
v. Depth 23-3. :
w. Scales entire. platanus, 21.
W,. Scales serrated.
x.. Scales 13 or 14-51-9; mouth subinferior.
asper, 22.
XH. Scales 11 or 12-50 to 53-8.
rutiloides, 23.
V2. Depth 4. hypostomus, 24.
Qo. Lateral line with 60 or more scales.
y. Scales 16 or 17-69 or 70-12 or 18.
mivartii, 25,
Y2. Scales 10-60 to 69-8. leuciscus, 26.
2. Back with dark cross-bars. vittatus, 27.

* In order to bring this index within the proper limits of the page-width,
the position of e. has been transferred at this point to the left-hand edge.
* 16, C. magdalene shouid be placed here.

Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 417

d,. Sides with adark spot at the fortieth scale. ae a 28,
tt. Post-ventral region trenchant.
a. Preventral region rounded; jaws equal. tsognathus, 29.
:. Preventral region angular,
b. Some of the dorsal rays prolonged in a filament.

c. Lateral line 60 to 64. knerii, 30.
€2. Lateral line 56 to 60. cyprinoides, 31.
be. Dorsal rays not produced.
d. Scales 16-61 to 70-10. macrops, 82.
dz. Scales 14-64-11, falcatus, 38.
ds. Scales 14-51 to 53-6. simulatus, 34,
ds. Scales 13-55-8. schomburgkit, 35.
d;. Scales 12-51-9. essequibensis, 36,

**, Lateral line 85 to 110. Median linein front of dorsal naked in adult.

. (SEMITAPICIS ! subg. nov.)
a, Preventral region rounded.

b. Postdorsal region trenchant. planirostris, 37,
b;. Postdorsal region rounded. laticeps, 38.
dz. Preventral region trenchant. latior, 39.

1. CURIMATUS LEPIDURUS sp. nov.

Types, Nos. 20,291 and 20,292, five specimens, .075-.10 m. to base of
caudal. Rio San Francisco below the falls; C. F. Hartt.

Closely related to alburnus, from which it differs chiefly in the num-
ber of scales.

Compressed, dorsal outline more irregular than the ventral outline,
which is evenly curved to the anal. Preventral region rounded or
slightly flattened; postventral region more narrowly rounded. Predor-
sal region broad, with a distinct median and indistinct lateral keels;
postdorsal region rounded, or with three indistinct keels. Scales per-
sistent, all but those of the breastentire. Lateral scales all of about the
same size, each scale with two diverging ridges. Caudal lobes thickly
scaled to near their tip.

Profile scarcely depressed over the eyes. Hyelittle longer than snout,
3-33 in head, 12 in interorbital. A very narrow anterior and posterior
adipose lid.

Highest dorsal ray a little shorter than the head. Anal short, some-
what emarginate. Pectorals not reaching to ventrals, ventrals not to
vent.

Sides and lower parts yellowish, back bluish. Each scale of the sides
with a narrow median line of golden.

Head 34; depth 23-22. D. 12-13; A. 11-12. Scales 9-48 to 45-7.

1Semita = a path, apex = crown, in allusion to the naked predorsal
line. .

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. OF SCI., IV. Issued November, 1889.

418 A Revision of the

2. CURIMATUS MEYERI.

' Curimatus meyeri Steind., ’82a, 11, pl. I., fig. 4 (Huallaga).

Habitat, Huallaga; Obidos; Manacapuru.

A single specimen, .10 m. long, from Obidos, and another, .12 m., from ;
Manacapuru, may represent this species.

Head 827; depth 33. D.13; A.10. Scales 6-40-?.

3. CURIMATUS SERPE sp. nov.

Types, Ne: 20,320, four specimens, 065-. 075 m. to base of caudal.
Serpa; Thayer.

A beautiful species, related to alburnus, meyeri, and immaculatus,
differing in the proportions, scales, etc.

Elongate slender. Preventral region depressed, without lateral keels;
postventral region with three indistinct keels. Predorsal region sharply
keeled to the occipital crest. Postdorsal region with three indistinct
keels.

Scales cycloid, persistent, their surface with two widely diverging
ridges. All the caudal rays thickly covered with scales to near their
tip. .

Anterior profile straight, upper profile but little convex. Mouth sub-
terminal. Eye 3-34 in head, 14-12 in interorbital, which is equal to the
depth of the head at the pupil.

Dorsal much higher than long, its highest ray longer than the ven-
tral, shorter than the head. Anal truncate, the anterior rays much
longer. Pectorals not reaching to ventrals, which do not reach the
vent.

Air-bladder extending to middle of anal.

Light-brown above, silvery below, everywhere with metallic reflec-
tions. Dorsal scales with a brownish spot as in meyeri and alburnus.

Head 34-32; depth 3. D. 12-13; A. 10-11. Scales 6-39 to 41-5.

‘4. CURIMATUS ALBURNUS.

Anodus alburnus M. and T., ’45a, 26, pl. IV., fig. 3 (Lake Amucu, British
Guiana); id. 48a, 633 (Lake Amucu).

Curimatus alburnus Kner, ’59a, 144 (Rio Guapore; Matto Grosso); Gthr.,
’64a, 289 (copied); Steind., ’76a, 33 (Teffé); id. 79a, 5 (Orinoco near
Ciudad Bolivar); id. 81a, 86 (Amazon).

Habitat, Northern Brazil and northward.

About 55 specimens, .13-.22 m. Surinam; Coary; Lake Hyanuary;
Rio Negro; Jutahy; Ueranduba; Teffé; Manse ey Hyavary; Tonan-
tins.

Stout, tapering backward; preventral region flattened, a median
series of large scales; and bluntly keeled scales in the lateral series;

Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 419

postventral region with median and lateral keels which converge to-
wards the anal. Predorsal region broad, with indistinct median and
lateral keels; postdorsal region rounded or with three keels.

Scales persistent, crenate or serrate margined; lateral scales with two
or three diverging ridges. Caudal lobes scaled to the tip in all speci-
mens.

Profile scarcely depressed over the eyes. Eye 34-34 in head, 14-2 in
interorbital.

Air-bladder extending to the anal.

Origin of dorsal about equidistant from tip of snout and tip of adi-
pose. Highest dorsal ray little longer or shorter than head. Anal
emarginate, the tips of some of the anterior rays reaching the caudal.
Ventrals considerably shorter than head, not reaching the vent.

Scales above the lateral line usually with a golden base and a cres-
centiform dark spot parallel with the margin, remaining parts golden,
Sometimes uniform steel blue, without markings.

Head 32-34; depth 24-8. D. 12-13; A. 10-11. Scales 5-36 to 38-5.

da. CURIMATUS ALBURNUS LINEATUS. var. nov.

Type, No. 20,297, one specimen, .09m. Jutahy; James, Thayer, and
Talisman.

Color of alburnus, but the dorsal scales with a blackish median
line.

Depth 22. D. 138; A. 10-11. Lat. 1. 33-35.

5. CURIMATUS SPILURUS.

Curimatus spilurus Gthr., 64, 288 (Essequibo); Steind., "76a, 31
(Hyanuary; Ica; Teffé; Rio Negro); Cope, ’78a, 684 (Peruvian Ama-
zon); Steind., *79a, 5 (Orinoco near Ciudad Bolivar),

Habitat, Northern Brazil and northward.

About two hundred specimens, .045-.12m. Ica; Teffé; Jutahy; Cuda-
jas; José Fernandez; Lake Hyanuary; Alexo; Ueranduba; Jatuarana;
Obidos. : :

Compressed elongate. Preventral region flattened, with a median
series of large scales; postventral surface rounded, the large scales of
the median series slightly carinate. Predorsal region depressed or
grooved to near the dorsal; postdorsal region rounded.

Scales perfectly smooth-edged in the smaller examples, slightly den-
tate in the largest specimens, Lateral line complete. Scales only on
the base of the caudal lobes. Lateral scales with two longitudinal
ridges.

Profile from nares to near dorsal straight and not very steep. Hye 3%
in head, 13-13 in the interorbital.

Air-bladder extending to the anal.

420 A Revision of the

Origin of dorsal about midway between tip of snout and tip of adi-
pose. Anal emarginate, pectorals not reaching to ventrals, ventrals
about to vent. Origin of ventrals midway between tip of snout and
base of caudal. Depth of caudal peduncle little more than 2 in head. —

Light brown with silvery and bluish reflections, a plumbeous median
band terminating in a black spot at base of caudal.

Head 23-4; depth 23-3 (23 in some specimens according to Gunther).
D. 18; A. 10-11. Lat. 1. 33-35.

6. CURIMATUS SPILUROPSIS sp. nov.

Five specimens, No. 20,218, .075-.09 m., collected by Mr. W. James
at Iga, have the ventral profile almost straight and the back greatly ele-
vated. The back in front of the dorsal is strongly convex and the
median series of scales keeled. Preventral surface fiat, postventral
surface rounded.

Scales smooth-edged, the ridges scarcely evident.

Mouth entirely below the level of the orbit.

Origin of ventrals a little nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout.

Caudal spot indistinct.

Depth 22-3, otherwise as in C. spilurus.

Three other specimens, also from Ica, have no caudal spot.

7. CURIMATUS DORSALIS sp. nev.

Types, No. 20,183, one specimen, .09 m. Coary; L. Agassiz.
No. 20,210, one specimen, .09 m. Manacapuru; W. James.
No. 20,241, one specimen, .082 m. Hyavary.
No. 20,330, one specimen, .09 m. Obidos; Col. Bentos.

Habitat, Amazon, Solimoens and tributaries.

Related to C. spilurus. Compressed dorsadiform; preventrai region
flattened, with a median series of large scales; postventral region with
two indistinct lateral keels, the median series of scales arched. Pre-
dorsal greatly arched and with a median keel; postdorsal region
rounded,

Scales persistent; the broadly rounded posterior margin crenate; the

surface with indistinct longitudinal ridges or none. Basal half of the
- caudal rays scaled. Pores of the anterior scales of the lateral line im-
perfectly developed or wanting.

Profile greatly arched behind the occiput, and conspicuously depressed
at the occiput. Eye 23-3 in head, 13-12 in interorbital.

Air-bladder terminating in a filiform process which rests against the
anterior surface of the first interhzemal.

Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and tip of adipose.
Anal short, emarginate. Pectorals not reaching to ventrals, ventrals to
vent. Origin of ventrals about equidistant from tip of snout and base
of caudal.

Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 421

Light brown above with bluish or silvery reflections; a pale lateral
band margining the brown of the back; a blackish spot at base of
caudal. ;

Head 32; depth 22-24. D. 18; A. 10-11. Scales 5 or 6-5-5,

8. CORIMATUS NASUS.,
Curimatus nasus Steind., ’82, 20, pl. V., fig. 2 (Canelos, Ecuador).

9. CURIMATUS TROSCHELII.

Anodus troschelii Gthr., 59, 418 (Western Andes of Ecuador),
Curimatus troschelii Gthr., ’64, 290; Steind., 80a, 40 (Guayaquil).

10. CURIMATUS ELEGANS.

Curimatus elegans Steind., 74a, 31 (Rio Arassuahy, tributary of the
Jequitinhonha).

Habitat, streams of southeastern Brazil.

Six specimens, about .10m. Rio Arassuahy; Rio Ipajica at Pernam-
buco; Bahia.

A species which can readily be recognized by its peculiar color-mark-
ings.

Elongate slender. Preventral region rounded or slightly depressed;
postventral region rounded. Predorsal region with an indistinct median
keel; postdorsal region with three keels. Dorsal and ventral outlines
gently arched.

Profile regularly convex; premaxillary broad, the snout projecting
considerably beyond the mouth. Eye 33 in head, 14 in interorbital.

Scales mostly smooth-edged.

Pectorals not reaching to ventrals, ventrals not to vent.

Light brown above, silvery below, everywhere with metallic reflec-
tions; asilvery lateral band. Lateral line bordered by black; an elongate
blackish spot at base of caudal; two middle rays and lower lobe of cau-
dal dusky; a blackish spot at base of middle dorsal rays. |

Head 32-33; depth 33-32. D. 12-138; A. 10-11. Scales 35-37.

10a, CURIMATUS ELEGANS BAHIENSIS var. nov.

Types, No. 20,324 and 20,325, forty-four specimens, .052-.11 m.
Bahia; Thayer expedition.
Depth 23-3. Back always greatly arched. Lat. 1. 33-35.

11. CURIMATUS ARGENTEDUS.
Silver-fish.

Curimatus argenteus Gill, 58, 62 (Trinidad); Gthr., ’64, 289 (copied); Liit-
ken, "74a, 225 (Trinidad).

422 -A Revision of the

12. CURIMATUS BIMACULATUS.
Curimatus bimaculatus Steindachner, ’76a, 28 (Hyavary).
Habitat, Amazon, Soiimoens.
Many specimens from Hyavary and Coary, Villa Bella, Ica; the
largest .17 m.
This species can readily be distinguished by its color-markings.
Compressed, ventral outline nearly straight to the anal, back greatly

arched. Preventral region broad and flat, without distinct lateral

keels; postventral region rounded, with three indistinct keels. Pre-

dorsal region with a prominent median keel; postdorsal region

rounded.

Scales thin, persistent, pectinate or serrate. Caudal naked.

Profile slightly depressed at the occiput, more or less strongly arched
behind it. Eye 1 in snout, 3} in head, 13 in interorbital.

Mouth inferior, head depressed.

Air-bladder extending to anal.

Caudal broad and deeply emarginate. Anal high, emarginate; some
of the anterior rays extending past origin of caudal. Ventrals reach-
ing to or past the vent; pectorals not to ventrals.

Bluish above, silvery on sides and below. A blackish spot at base of
middle caudal rays, another at base of middle dorsal rays, usually an-
other spot on the back just in front of the dorsal fin; an opaque
whitish spot at the base of each caudal lobe.

Head 4; depth 23-34. D. 12-13; A. 11. Scales 8-44 to 47-5.

12a. CURIMATUS BIMACULATUS SIALIS var. nov.

Types, No. 20,206, nine specimens, .09-.19 m. Manacapuru; W.
James.

This variety differs from the typical bimaculatus in having the
dorsal and caudal spots very faint, or more often they are not pres-
ent. A straight, or more usually a dumb-bell-shaped, brown spot at
base of caudal. Those with a straight caudal spot have the predorsal
region plain; those with adumb-bell-shaped spot have a blackish spot in
front of dorsal and another behind the occipital process, and have the
scales more pectinate than the other specimens. Scales 8-48 to 52-6.

12b. CURIMATUS BIMACULATUS TRACHYSTETHUS.
Curimatus trachystethus Cope, 78a, 684 (Peruvian Amazon).

Habitat, Amazons from Serpa to Peru.

Our specimens differ from those described by Dr. Cope, in having a
distinct, though low, postventral keel. Serpa; Fonteboa; Tabatinga.

Ventral outline somewhat more arched than in bimaculatus.

Scales serrate or crenate.

Pectorals in one specimen reaching ventrals.

Color as in bimaculatus, without the caudal spot. A blackish spot
behind tip of occipital process. Scales 8-48 to 52-6 to 7.

Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 423

13. CUBRIMATUS DOBULA.

Curimatus dobula Gthr.," 68a, 243 (Huallaga); Boulenger, ’87b, 279
(Canelos).
Habitat, Eastern slopes of Peru and Ecuador.

14, CURIMATUS GUNTHERI sp. nov.

Type, No. 20,245, one specimen, .085. Tabatinga; Bourget.

We have dedicated this beautiful species to Dr. Albert Ginther, of
the British Museum.

"Resembling spilurus in shape of body. Preventral region flat, with
obtuse lateral keels; postventral region rounded. Predorsal region
with a median keel; postdorsal region rounded.

Scales mostly entire, those of the breast crenate. Scales on the base
of the caudal lobes.

Profile rounded, not depressed at the occiput. Eye # in snout, 3 in
head, 14 in interorbital.

Caudal deeply forked, the lobes longer than the head. Pectorals not
reaching to ventrals, ventrals to vent.

Brownish above, silvery below, everywhere with metallic reflections;
a white lateral band. A conspicuous dark brown spot at base of mid-
dle dorsal rays.

Head 34; depth 2%. D. 18; A. 11. Scales 5-34-5.

15. CURIMATUS MICROCEPHALUS sp. nov.

Types, No. 785, four specimens, .07-.145 m. Surinam; Dr. J.
Wyman.

Rather deep, the dorsal and ventral outlines regularly, the latter
more regularly, arched. Region immediately in front of ventrals flat-
tened; breast rounded. Postventral region with three indistinct keels.
A few scales in front of the dorsal keeled, the rest rounded; postdorsal
region with three indistinct keels.

Profile slightly depressed at occiput. Mouth subterminal. Eye little
longer than snout, 31 in head, 14 in interorbital.

Median series of scales on nuchal region ciliate. Lateral scales entire.
Ventral scales finely serrate. Basal half of the caudal lobes scaled.

Highest dorsal ray about equal to the head. Anal short truncate, the
anterior rays reaching the caudal; ventrals not to vent; pectorals not
to ventrals.

Light brown with metallic reflections; light lines along the series of
scales; dorsal in one specimen with many dark points.

Head 33; depth 23-23. D. 12-13; A. 9-10. Scales 5-32 to 34-5,

424 A Revision of the

16. CURIMATUS MAGDALENE.

Sardina blanca.

Curimatus magdalence Steind., 78a, 34 (Rio Magdalena); id. “19a fe.
moni River, Panama); id. 80a, 15 (Cauca).

Habitat, Rio Magdalena and tributaries; Panama.

17. CURIMATUS GILBERTI,.
Papaeterra.

Curimatus gilberti Quoy and Gaimard, 219, pl. 48, fig. 1 (Rio Macacu).

Curimatus gilberti C. and V. xxii., 1849, 16 (Rio. Janeiro; Rio
Macacu); Gthr., 64a, 289 (copied); Steind., ’74a, 29 (Rio Parahyba
near Campos, Mendez, and Juiz de Fora; Rio Macuri above
Porto Alegre; Rio Muriahe; Rio Itabapuana).

Curimatus voga Hensel, 70a, 78 (S. Leopoldo, Rio dos Sinos).

Curimatus albula Litken, 74a, 127 He das Velhas and tributaries);
id. "75a, 186 and ix,

Habitat, rivers of southeastern Brazil from Rio Plata to Rio San
Francisco.

Many specimens from Buenos Ayres; Rio Grande do Sul; Santa Cruz;
Minas Geraes; Campos; Mendez; ie iahe; Sao Matheos; Itabapuana;
Porto Alegre.

Rather deep and stout, the dorsal and ventral outlines usually equally
arched. Preventral region somewhat flattened, or more usually rounded;
no enlarged median series of scales. Postventral region rounded, with
an obtuse median keel. Back in front of dorsal broad and rounded, a
few scales in front of the dorsal being keeled. Postdorsal region some-
what flattened or rounded.

Anterior profile straight or somewhat depressed, upper neaete arched.
Bye little ionger than snout, 33-4 in head, 12-2 in interorbital.

Scales persistent, crenate; caudal naked.

Fins alllow. Highest dorsal ray shorter than the caudal lobe, which
is usually shorter than the head. Anal slightly emarginate, not reach-
ing caudal. Pectorals not near reaching to ventrals, ventrals not to
. vent.

Silvery, darker above, Tips of dorsal and middle caudal rays occa-
sionally dusky. Sometimes a dark line or band along the tail, termi-
nating in an elongate black spot at the caudal.

Head 34-38; depth 22-3. D. 11-12; A.10-11. Scales 6-36 to 41-5 to 6.

17b. CURIMATUS GILBERTI BREVIPINNIS var. nov.

Type, No. 789. One specimen, 14 m. Rosario (La Plata); Captain
Brooks.

More elongate than gilberti. Preventral region flattened, with a me-
dian series of enlarged scales. Profile depressed at the occiput. Eye

Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 4.25

3; in head. Silvery, with purple and greenish reflections. Lateral
scales with a frosted appearance. Head 4; depth 34. D. 11; A. 93.
Scales 5-39-5.

18. CURIMATUS PLUMBEUS sp. nov.

Types, eight specimens, .053-.18 m. Lake Hyanuary; Thayer Exped.
No. 20,348, 15 specimens, .075-.095 m. Lake Hyanuary; Navez. -
Closely related to C. spilurus and C. magdalene.

Elongate slender. Preventral region flat, without distinct lateral
keels ; postventral region with indistinct median and lateral keels. A
few predorsal scales keeled, region before them flattish. Scales partly
dentate, partly cycloid. Lateral scales with widely diverging keels.
Caudal lobes naked.

Profile slightly convex, not very steep.

Kye 3-32 in the head, 14 in the interorbital, which is less than the
depth of the head at the pupil.

Air-bladder extending to the anal.

Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than to tip of adipose fin.
Pectorals not reaching to ventrals; ventrals about to vent, their origin
equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal. Caudal lobes long,
pointed, equal, and much longer than the head.

Plumbeous with silvery and bluish reflections ; a silvery lateral band ;
no dark caudal spot.

Head 32; depth 33-34. D.13; A. 10-11. Scales 5-37-5.

Hight specimens from Obidos may also be referred to this species.

19. CURIMATUS NAGELII,.

Curimatus nagelii Steind., ’81b, 11 (Rio Janeiro).

20. CURIMATUS LEUCOSTICTUS sp. nov.

Types, No. 787, one specimen, .11 m. to base of caudal. Rio Negro;
J. C. Fletcher.
No. 20,315, one specimen, .075 m. to base of caudal. Lago
Alexo ; S. V. R. Thayer.

Elongate, rather slender. Preventral region flat, with a median series
of scales and obtuse keels laterally ; postventral region with an obtuse
median keel. Predorsal region narrow, with a median keel; postdorsal
region with obtuse lateral keels. 7

Profile somewhat depressed at the occiput in the larger specimen.
Eye with narrow adipose lids, # in snout, 23 in head, 14 in interorbital.

Scales of the back and breast pectinate, those of the sides more weakly
ctenoid. Base of caudal rays scaled.

Highest dorsal ray shorter than the head. Anal emarginate, the tip

426 A Revision of the

of the highest ray scarcely reaching the lower caudal fulcra. Ventrals
reaching nearly to the vent, pectorals to ventrals.

Light brown above, a white lateral band, and silvery below. Every-
where with metallic reflections. A golden stripe along the lateral series
of scales. A white spot at base of each caudal lobe.

Head 3¢; depth little more than 3. D. 12-13; A. 9-10. Scales 1-45
to 47-6.

This species differs from bimaculatus in the partially-scaled caudal,
the color, etc.

21. CURIMATUS PLATANUS.
Curimatus platanus Gthr., ’80a, 12 (Rio de la Plata).

_ 22, CURIMATUS ASPER.
Curimatus asper Gthr., ’68a, 248, fig. 8 (Xeberos ; Huallaga).

232. CURIMAT US RUTILOIDES,
Huimba-shitari.

Curimatus rutiloides Kner, ’59a, 141, pl. I., fig. 2 (Matto Grosso; Barra
do Rio Negro); Gthr., ’64, 290 (copied); Cope, ’71a, 258 (Ambyiacu);
Steind., 81a, 35 (Teffé; Manaos; Matto Grosso; Jatuarana); Steind.,
°82a, 11 (Huallaga).

_ Habitat, Amazons and tributaries.

24, CURIMATUS HYPOSTOMUS.
Curimatus hypostomus Boulenger, ’87a, 172 (Ucayale).

25. CURIMATUS MIVARTII.

Curimatus mivartii Steind., "78a, 32, pl. 18, fig. 1 (Rio Magdalena) ;
id. ’80a, 15 (Cauca).

26. CURIMATUS LEUCISCUS.
Curimatus leuciscus Gthr., ’68a, 239 (Huallaga).

Habitat, Huallaga; Obidos; Hyavary; Manacapuru.

Four specimens, .10-.15 m. Obidos.

Elongate slender; ventral outline straight from tip of snout to near
anal. Dorsal outline arched, especially in front of the dorsal. Pre-
ventral region flattish ; postventral region rounded. Predorsal region
with a median keel; postdorsal region rounded.

Profile not depressed over eyes. Mouth inferior. Eye little longer
than snout, 3-34 in head, 14-12 in interorbital.

Scales serrate, somewhat deciduous. Caudal naked.

Highest dorsal ray about equal to the head in length. Anal shoe

EHdentulous Genera of Curimatine. 427

emarginate, the longest ray reaching the caudal. Ventrals extending
about to vent, pectorals not to ventrals. .
Silvery below, light brown above. A blackish spot in front of the
dorsal, another behind the occipital process ; a white lateral band.
Head 4-44; depth 32-32. D. 12-13; A. 10-11. Scales 11-64 to 67-9.
Ten specimens from Manacapuru and one from Hyavary have the
‘scales 10-60 to 64-8.

27. CURIMATUS VITTATUS.
Roncador.

Curimatus vittatus Kner, ’59a, i139, pl. I.,§fig. 1 (Guapore; Rio Negro);
Gthr., 64a, 292 (copied).

Habitat, Amazon, Solimoens and tributaries.

Two specimens, .15-.24m. Lake Hyanuary; Teffé.

Compressed, the back somewhat elevated, making an angle at the
first dorsal ray. The back rounded, without keels. Preventral region
flat, with lateral keels; postventral region with a strong median and
indistinct lateral keels.

Scales thin, persistent, entire or crenate.

Profile somewhat depressed at the occiput. Mouth inferior. Eye 1
in snout, 34 in head, 13-13 in interorbital.

Anterior dorsal rays high, about equal to head in length. Caudal
broad, the rays many times branched, Anal emarginate, the longest
ray not reaching tip of last ray. Pectorals extending to the ventrals in
smaller specimens, much shorter in larger; ventrals to vent in smaller
specimen,

Larger specimen silvery white, with indistinct cross-bars on the back.
Smaller specimen iridescent peacock-blue; back darker, with blackish
cross-bands; a dusky band along the lateral line.

Head 33-33; depth 24-8. D. 12; A. 12. Scales 11-56-6 or 7.

28. CURIMATUS OCELLATUS sp. nov.

Types, three specimens, .18-.24m. Xingu; Senhor Vinhas.

Elongate, compressed fusiform. Dorsal and ventral outlines regu-
larly curved. Back and belly rounded. Predorsal line scaled.

Head subconical, the mouth terminal. Adipose lids leaving but a
narrow vertical slit over the pupil. Eye 14 in snout, 44 in the head, 2
in the interorbital.

Scales of about equal size, their margins entire.

Air-bladder scarcely reaching the anal.

Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal,

Caudal widely forked, the outer lobes longer than the head, the mid-
dle rays less than an orbital diameter in length. Anal emarginate,
Pectorals and ventrals of about equal length, equal to snout and orbit.

428 A Revision of the

Plumbeous above, abruptly silvery below the third series of scales.
above the lateral line. An oval blackish spot near the fortieth scale of
the lateral line, its shorter, vertical diameter about equal to half an
orbital diameter.

Head, 34-33; depth, 33-4. D. 12-(13 when last ray is divided); A NCE
10-11. Scales, 12-67 to 76-11.

29. CURIMATUS ISOGNATHUS sp. nov.

Types No. 20,314, one specimen, .155 m. to base of caudal. Lago Alexo;

Ss. V. R. Thayer.

No. 20,214, one specimen, .185 m. to base of caudal. Ica; W
James.

No. 20,208, one specimen, .13 m. to base of caudal. Manacapuru;
W. James.

No. 20,225, one specimen, .12 m. to base of couielt San Paolo;
W. James.

No. 20,224, one specimen, .14 m. to base of caudal. San Paolo;
W. James.

Related to C. rutiloides and C. asper. The preventral phe, broad,.
rounded, the jaws equal.

Shape of rutiloides, the dorsal and ventral outlines equally arched.
Postventral region trenchant. Back broad, rounded.

Profile regularly convex, not depressed at the occiput; mouth termi-
nal, Head broad. Eye comparatively small, 1 in snout, 4 in head, 2 in
interorbital.

Scales all ciliate; caudal naked.

_ Fins all low, highest dorsal ray shorter than the head. Ventrals not
reaching to vent, pectorals not to ventrals.

Silvery, bluish above.

Head 32-32; depth 23-3. D.12-13; A. 11-12. Beale 12 or 13-51 to

53-8 or 9.

30. CURIMATUS KNERII.

Curimatus cyprinoides Kner, ’59a, 148 (Barra do Rio Negro; Surinam),
—not of Linnezus.

Curimatus knerii Steind., ’76a, 35 (Teffé); id. 81a, 35 (Teffé; Manaos;
Rio Branco; Surinam). —

Habitat, Surinam, Solimoens, Amazon west of Rio Para.

Many specimens, Moe ee Porto do Moz; Rio Negro; Tonantins;
Lake Hyanuary,

Dorsal and ventral outline about equally arched; form rather deep
and compressed. Preventral region flat, with a median series of en-
larged scales and lateral keels; postventral region trenchant, with a
median series of equitant scales. Back rounded.

Scales rather small on the back, becoming a little larger toward the

Edentulous Genera of Ourimatine. 429

breast, all crenate or serrate. Caudal naked. Lateral line decurved
anteriorly.

Profile more or less depressed at the occiput, the head wide; mouth
more or less inferior. Eye about 1 in snout, 3-34 in head, 14-14 in in-
terorbital. An anterior and a posterior adipose lid.

Some of the dorsal rays filiform and reaching in some specimens past
the adipose. Caudal broad, the upper lobe little longer than the head.
Anal long and low, emarginate, its base equal to snout and half the
orbit; the tip of the longest ray reaching little if any past the base of
last ray. Pectorals reaching to ventrals or shorter, ventrals not to
vent.

Silvery, bluish above. Dorsal with black dots.

Head 32-34; depth 22-23. D. 12-13; A. 11-12. Scales 14-60 to 64-
8 to 9.

31. CURIMATUS CYPRINOIDES.

Salmo cyprinoides Linnezeus, 1766, 514.

Characinus cyprinoides Lacépéde, 1801, ‘‘ 272 and 274.”

Curimatus cyprinoides C. and V. xxii., 7 (Amazon; Surinam; Esse-
quibo; Cayenne); Castelnau, ‘59a, 57 (Amazon); Gthr., *64, 290
(River Capin, Para) ; Cope, "71a, 258 (Ambyiacu).

Salmo edentulus Bloch, pl. 380; Bloch and Schneider, 1801, 472.

Habitat, Amazons and tributaries; Guianas.

Dr. Boulenger has kindly examined the specimens of this species in
the British Museum. These have ordinary scales in the postventral
region. Dr. Steindachner is certainly wrong in identifying specimens
from the Rio Puty with a serrate belly with those in the British Mu-
seum.

A large number of specimens from Para represent the C. cyprinoides
as understood by Dr. Giinther.

The pectorals scarcely reach the ventrals. Scales 14 or 15-56 to 60-
8 to 9.

Some of the references that we have given with this species may per-
haps refer to-C. knerii.

32. CURIMATUS MACROPS sp. nov.

Types, No. 20,305, 20,302, 20,309, 20,301, over twenty specimens. Rio
Puty; O. St. John.
No. 20,3811, eight specimens. San Gongallo; O. St. John.
A species very abundant in the Rio Puty, reaching .25m. in length.
Compressed ovate, rather deep, the back and belly equally arched. Pre-
ventral region flat, with a median series of large scales; postventral

region very narrow, the median series of scalesequitant. Back narrow,
not keeled.

430 A Revision of the’

Profile greatly depressed at the occiput, mouth more or less inferior.
Eye large, longer than snout, 3 to 3} in the head, 14 in interorbital. —

Scales of the back small, becoming larger towards the breast, where
they are several times as large as on the back. All the scales are more
or less ciliated, without longitudinal ridges.

Highest dorsal ray about equal to the length of the head. Caudal
broad, widely forked, the lobes shorter than the head. Anal long,
emarginate, the tip of the first rays scarcely reaching the base of the last,
shorter in young. Base of anal equals head behind the pupil. Pecto-
rals reaching to ventrals, ventrals not to vent.

Dusky above, light below, everywhere with metallic reflections.

Head 32-34, depth 23-24. D. 12-13; A.13-14. Scales 16-61 to 70-10.

Other specimens from San Paolo may be referred to this species.

[33. COBRIMATUS FALCATUS sp. nov.

Types, No. 20,340, three specimens, .18-.23 m. Xingu; Senhor Vin-
has.
No. 20,189, one specimen, .18 m. Gurupa; Agassiz. :

Closely related to C. knerii, from which it differs in having a strictly
terminal mouth.

Shape of C. knerii, the profile less depressed, the postventral ridge
less prominent. A very broad anterior and posterior adipose lid. Dor-
salemarginate. None of its rays filiform. Anal long and falcate, its
base somewhat longer than the snout and half the orbit. Highest anal
ray reaching posterior third of the base of the anal. Pectorals not.
nearly reaching to ventrals, and ventralis not to vent.

Head 32; depth 24. D. 11-13; A. 12-13. Scales 14-64-11.

ie 34. CURIMATUS SIMULATUS sp. nov.

Types, No. 20,194, three ‘specimens, .155 to .165 m. Tonantins; L.
Agassiz.
No. 20,198, five Specenene, .145to.16m. Fonteboa; L. Agassiz.

Related to C. essequibensis, differing in the vertical scaling.

Back greatly arched, profile steep. Preventral region flat; postventral
region with a prominent keel. Predorsal region trenchant.

Scales all more or less ciliate; caudal naked.

Profile somewhat depressed at the occiput. Mouth inferior, thesnout.
pointed. Eye 1 in snout, 34-34 in head, 12 in interorbital.

Highest dorsal ray longer than head. Caudal widely forked. Anal
emarginate, the longest ray reaching past the base of last ray, Ven-
trals reaching vent, which is ‘just in front of the anal. Pectorals-
reaching slightly beyond origin of ventrals.

Silvery, bluish above. Dorsal with many minute black dots, some of
which are aggregated near the middle of the fin to form an ill-defined
band; tips of the dorsal and middle caudal rays blackish.

Edentulous Genera of Curimatine. 43}

_ Head 31-32; depth 24-22. D. 12-13; A. 12-14. Scales 14-51 to 53-
6 or 7.

Three of the specimens from Fonteboa differ considerably from the
rest. They have the back much less elevated. Eye 13-12 in interorbital.
Highest dorsal ray equal to the lengthof the head. Ventrals not reach-
ing to vent, pectorals scarcely to ventrals. Anterior and upper margin
of the dorsal black; a blackish band on the middle of the back from dor-
sal to caudal.

Depth 22-23.

35. CURIMATUS SCHOMBURGKII,
Curimatus schomburgkii Gthr., 64, 291 (British Guiana; Demerara).

Habitat, Guianas.

One specimen, .19 m. to base of caudal. Surinam; Prof. Wyman.

Preventral region flat, with strong lateral keels; postventral region
trenchant, with a median series of equitant scales ; dorsal rounded.

Profile depressed above the eye. Premaxillary broad, the mouth in-
ferior. Eyea little longer than the snout, 3} in head, 1? in interorbital.

Scales crenate, those of the back little smaller than those on the sides
below the lateral line; caudal naked.

Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than to base of caudal.
Base of anal about equal to snout and eye to posterior margin of pupil.
Tip of highest anal ray extending little beyond base of last ray. Ven-
trals not reaching to vent, pectorals not to ventrals.

Yellowish golden, darker above.

Head 32; depth 24. D.12; A. 12. Scales 14-55 to 59-8.

36. CURIMATUS ESSEQUIBENSIS.

Anodus cyprinoides M. and T., ’49a, 7 (non auct.).
Curimatus essequibensis Gthr., ’64, 291 (Essequibo).

37. CURIMATUS PLANIROSTRIS.

Charax, No. 878; Gronow, Zoophyl., I., 123, 1781.

Charax planirostris Gronow, ‘‘’54a, 154.”

- Curimatus planirostris Gthr., ’64, 293 (copied).

Curimatus abramoides Kner, 59a, 142, pl. 2, fig. 8(Barra do Rio Negro).

Habitat, Amazon and Rio Negro.

Four specimens, .11-.18m. Rio Negro; Obidos.

Compressed, elevated. Preventral region rounded ; postventral region
trenchant, without carination. Median line before dorsal naked ; post-
dorsal region trenchant. Scales small, more or less deciduous, thin and
strictly cycloid.

Anterior profile concave. Eye somewhat greater than snout, about

3 in head, 13-1} in interorbital. A strong anterior and posterior lid in
adult,

432 A Revision of the Curimatine.

Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than to tip of adipose.
Some of the anterior dorsal rays produced. Anal emarginate; pectorals -

not reaching ventrals.
Air-bladder extending to anal.

Iridescent brassy below, purplish and bluish lustre above; immaculate.

Head 34-84; depth 154-2. D. 12; A. 11; V. 9-10. Lat. 1. 86-‘‘ 90.”

38. CURIMATUS LATICEPS.

Curimatus laticeps Cuv. and Val. xxii., 21,. pl. 684 (Lake Maracaibo) ;
Gthr., ’64, 293 (copied); Steind., 81a, 37 (Rio Guapore; Cujaba;
Villa Bella ; Silva, Lake Saraca).

Curimatus altamazonicus Cope, 78a, 684 (Peruvian Amazon).

Habitat, Amazons from Villa Bella to Peru; Rio Guapore; Lake
Maracaibo.

Sixty specimens, .09-.25 m. Coary; Fonteboa; Villa Bella; Serpa.

Compressed elongate, shape of C. latior; head wider and flatter
above, upper profile somewhat steeper and more convex. Postventral
region compressed trenchant, but without carination ; preventral region
rounded. Median line before dorsal naked, at least in adult; postdorsai
region rounded. Scales somewhat deciduous, very thin, crenate.

Anterior profile somewhat concave. Eye 4 in head, 24-22 in inter-
orbital.

Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than a tip of adipose fin.
Dorsal truncate, or some of the anterior rays produced, as long as the
head. Analemarginate. Pectorals about reaching to ventrals, ventrals
usually not to vent.

Air-bladder reaching to near end of anal.

Silvery on sides and below, bluish above.

Head 32-84; depth 223-8. D.12; A. 15-17. Lat. 1. 94-110.

Very similar to Troe but much less abundant.

39. CURIMATUS LATIOR.
Yulilla.

Anodus latior Spix, ’29a, 62, pl. 41 (Equatorial Brazil).

Curimatus latior C. and V. xxil., 19; Castelnau, ’55a, 58 (Amazon);
Kner, ’59a, 145 (Rio Negro; Guapore; Cujaba); Gthr., 64, 293
(copied); Steind., 81a, 36 (Rio Negro; Teffé; Serpa; Jatuarana);
id. ’82a, 12 (Huallaga).

Habitat, Amazons and tributaries from Serpa to Huallaga; Surinam.
About two hundred and fifty specimens, .10-.28 m. Manacapuru;

Hyavary; Hyanuary; Coary; Lago Alexo; Tabatinga; Obidos; Rio

Negro; Sao Paolo; Teffé; Serpa.

Compressed elongate. Entire ventral region trenchant, but without
carination. Median line before dorsal naked in adult, covered with

Fresh-water Fishes of South America. 433

scales in young; postdorsal region rounded. Scales small, slightly de-
ciduous, thin, and weakly ctenoid, the entire posterior margin ciliate.

Anterior profile little if at all concave. Eye about equal to the snout,
4} in the head, about 23 in interorbital. —

Origin of dorsal little nearer to tip of snout than to tip of adipose fin;
dorsal truncate, or some of the anterior rays somewhat produced. Anal
slightly emarginate. Pectorals reaching to ventrals, or somewhat
shorter; ventrals not to vent.

Air-bladder extending past the origin of anal.

Silvery on sides and below, iridescent bluish and greenish above.

Head 33-32; depth 22-3. D. 11-12; A. 14-17.! Lat. 1. 97-111.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following list of papers includes all or nearly all the works
on the fresh-water fishes of South America:
AGASSIZ, L., ’29. Selecta Genera et Species Piscium, que in itinere per
Brasiliam collegit J. B. de Spix. 1829.

AGASSIZ, PROFESSOR AND Mrs. Louis. A Journey in Brazil. Boston,
1868.

ARTEDI, P., 1738. Bibliotheca Ichthyologica; Philosophia Ichthyologica;
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BAIRD AND GIRARD, 54. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1854.

BLEEKER, P., 58a. Ichthyologize Archipel. Indici Prodromus I., Silu-
roidei. 1858.

62a, Déscriptions de quelque espéces nouvelles de Silures. Versl.
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63a. Conspectus Generum Doradinorum. Nederlandsch Tijd-
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’63b. Systema Silurorum Revisum. Id.

’64a. Description des espéces de Silures de Surinam conservées aux
Musées de Leide et d’Amsterdam. 1864.

BLocH, M. KE. Auslandische Fische. Berlin, 1785-95.
1801. Systema Ichthyologiz, ed. Schneider.

Bocourt, ’68. Notesur les Poissons de Genre Tetragonopterus, Mexique
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BONNATERRE, 1788. Tableau Encyclopédique et Méthodique des Trois
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’ One specimen from Lake Hyanuary has seventeen anal rays.
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434 Bibliography of the

cinoid Fishes. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XIX., 1887, pp
172-174. elas.

BOULENGER, G. A., *87b. An Account of the Fishes collected by Mr. C.
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274-283.

CASTELNAU, FRANCOIS DE, 55a. Animaux nouveaux ou rares, recueillis — :
pendant l’expédition dans les parties centrales de l’'Amérique
du Sud. Poissons. 1855.

CoPE, E. D., ’70a. Contribution to the Ichthyology of the Marafion,
Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1870, pp. 559-570.

‘Z1a. On the Fishes of the Ambyiacu River. Proc. Philad. Acad.
Nat. Sci., 1871, pp. 249-294; issued January and February, 1872.

"4a. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1874, pp. 182-187.

"?7a. Synopsis of the Cold-blooded Vertebrata] procured by Prof.
James Orton during his Exploration of Peru in 1876-77. Proc.
Amer. Philos. Soc., 1877, pp. 33-49.

°78a. Synopsis of the Fishes of the Peruvian Amazon obtained
by Professor Orton during his Expeditionsof 1873 ee 1877.
Amer. Philos. Soc., 1878, pp. 673-701.

Cuvier, Le CHER, ’17. Le Régne Animal distribue d’aprés son Organ-
isation. Paris, 1817.

CUVIER ET VALENCIENNES, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons.
39a. Vol. XIV., 1839.
"40a. Vol. XV., 1840.
‘46a. Vol. XVIII., 1846.
’46b. Vol. XIX., 1846.
48a. Vol. XXI., 1848.
*48b. Vol. XXII., 1848.
DumeriIL, A. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, TomezI. et II. Paris,
1865-70.
DUMERIL, MARIE ConsT., 1806. Zoologie Analytique ou Methode Na-
turelle de Classification des Animaux. Paris, 1806.

EIGENMANN, C. H. AnD R.S., ’88a. A List of the American Species of
Gobiide and Callionymide, with Notes on the Specimens con-
tained in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge,
Mass. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 2d Ser., Vol. I., pp. 51-78.

’88b. Preliminary Notes on South American Nematognathi, 1.,
id., pp. 119-172.
’88c. American Nematognathi. American Naturalist, July, 1888.

’89a. Preliminary Notes on South American Nematognathi, IT.
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Vol. II., pp. 18-56.

Fresh-water Fishes of South America. 435

EIGENMANN, C. H. AND R.S., ’89b. A Revision of the Erythrinine, id.

’89c. A Revision of the Edentulous Genera of the Curimatina.
Annals'N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. IV., No. 12, 1889.

’*89d. Descriptions of New Nematognathoid Fishes from Brazil.
West-American Scientist, No. 42.

GARMAN, S., 75a. Fishes and Reptiles, in Agassiz and Garman, Explo-
ration of Lake Titicaca. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. III., No.
11, 1875.
"77a. ‘On the Pelvisand External Sexual Organs of Selachians,”
etc. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX., 1877, p. 210.

Gay, 48a. Historia fisica y politica de Chile, II., 1848.

GIEBEL, "71. ‘ Z. ges., Ntrw., III., 1871.” (Zeitschrift fiir die gesamm-
ten Naturwissenschaften.)

GILL, THEODORE, ’58. Synopsis of the Fresh-water Fishes of the West-
ern Portion of theIsland of Trinidad, W. I. Annals Lyc. Nat.
Hist., New York, Vol. VI., 1858.

09a. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1859, 196. -«

63a. Descriptive Enumeration of a Collection of Fishes from the
West Coast of Central America, presented to the Smithsonian
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Sci., 1863, pp. 162-174.

‘70a. Fishes from the Marafion and Mapo Rivers.’ Proc. Philad,
Acad. Nat. Sci., 1870, pp. 92-96.

"72a. Arrangement of the Families of Fishes or Classes Pisces,
Marsipobranchii, and Leptocardii; prepared for the Smithso-
nian Institution. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 247.

"76a. Notes on Fishes from the Isthmus of Panama, collected by
Dr. J. F. Bransford, U.S. N. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
1876 (838). ;

"78a. Hlopomorphus jordani. Forest and Stream, 1878, May 21st.

"78b. Hlopomorphus jordanit. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser.
V., Vol. IT., 1878.

GILL AND BRANSFORD, ’77a. Synopsis of.the Fishes of Lake Nicaragua.
Proc.’ Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1877, pp. 175-191.

GIRARD, CHARLES, ’54a. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1854, 198.
00a. The U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern
Hemisphere during the Years 1849-’52. Vol. II., Fishes, pp.
230-253, 1855.
09a. Report on U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey. Fishes.
1859.

GMELIN, J. T., 1788. Linnei Systema Nature, ed. 13. 1788.

436 Bibliography of the

Gronow, L. TH., 1754-56. Museum Ichthyologicum.
1763, 1764, "1781, Zoophylacium.

04, Systema Ichthyologicum Catalogue of Fish, collected and
described by L. Th. Gronow. London, 1854. Ed. Gray.
GUICHENOT, ’60a. Rev. et Mag. Hist. Nat., XII., 1860.

GUNTHER, A., 759. Proc. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1859 (418).

09a. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the Collection
of the British Museum, I., 1859.

60. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes, etc., II., 1860.

60a. Third List of Cold-blooded Vertebrata from Ecuador, in
Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lond., 1860.

61. Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes, etc., ‘IIL. , 1861.
62. Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., IV., 1862.

63a. New Species of Fish from Essequibo. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., 1863, December. ;

64. Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., V., 1864.

65a. Destription of New Species of Characinide from the Upper
Amazon. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XVIII., 1865.

’°66. Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., VI., 1866.
’66a. Fishes of Central America. 1866.
68. Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., VII., 1868.

’68a. Description of Fresh-water Fishes from Surinam and Brazil.
Proc. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 229-247.

’69a. Description of Fishes from the Peruvian Amazon. Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869.

°70. Catalogue of the Fishes, etc., VIII., 1870.

"72a. On a New Genus of Characinoid Fishes from Demerara.
Proc. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1872.

‘7%a. Report on Collections of Fishes in the British Museum.
Proc. Zo6l. Soc. Lond., 1877.

’80a. Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fish-fauna of the Rio
de La Plata. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1880.
HANCOCK, ’28a. Zodlogical Journal, IV., 1828.

HENSEL, 68a. Fische. Wiegm. Arch., 1868.
70a. Beitr. Wierbelthiere Siidbrasiliens. Wiegm. Arch., 1870.

HumpBotpt. Recueil d’Observations Zoologiques, Vols. I. and IL.,
Paris, 1811. .

HyYRTLE, 59a. Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XVI., 1859.

JENYNS, L., 42a. The Zodlogy of the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle:
—Fishes. London, 1812.

Fresh-water Fishes of South America. 437

JORDAN, D. S., 84a. Note on Alurichthys eydouxii and Porichthys
. porosissimus. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII., 1884, pp. 40-41.
’85a. <A List of the Fishes known from the Pacific Coast of Trop-
ical America, from the Tropic’ of Cancer to Panama. Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., VIII., 1885, pp. 361-394.
86a. A Preliminary List of the Fishes of the West Indies. Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., [X., 1886, pp. 554--608.

JORDAN AND HIGENMANN, C. H., ’89a. A Review of the Scizenide of
America and Europe. Ann. Rept. Comm. Fish and Fisheries,
1886, pp. 1-104.

JORDAN AND GILBERT, C. H.,’82. A Review ofthe Siluroid Fishes found
on the Pacific Coast of Tropical America, with Descriptions of
Three New Species. Bull. U.S. Fish. Com., II., 1882, pp. 34-54.

’82a. List of Fishes nowin the Museum of Yale College, collected
by Prof. Frank H. Bradley at Panama, with Descriptions of
Three New Species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., V., 1882, pp. 620-
632.

83a. Synopsis of the Fishes of North America. Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus., XVI., 1882.

JORDAN AND Goss, 8S. K., ’89a. A Review of Flounders and Soles (Pleu-
ronectide) of America and Europe. Ann. Rept. Comm. Fish
and Fisheries, 1886, pp. 1-112.

Kyner, R., 58a. Die Panzerwelse des K. K. Hof-Naturalien-Cabinets
zu Wien. Denkschr. K. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien, VI., 1853.

’d8b. Die Hypostomiden Zweite Hauptgruppe der Familie der
Panzerfische. Id., VII., 1853.

50a. Ichthyologische Beitrage. Sitzb. K. K. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
XVII., 1855, pp. 92-162.

07a. Ichthyologische Beitrage, IJ. Abtheilung. Id., XXVI.,
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09a. Zur Familie der Characinen, III. Folge der Ichthyologi-
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-KNER UND STEINDACHNER, F., ’64a. Neue Gattungen und Arten von
_Fischen aus Central-Amerika. Abhandl. K. Bayer. Akad.
Wass.thl Cin, Vor. X., Part YT.

LACEPEDE, 1798-1804. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. 5 vols., Paris.
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II. Nye eller mindre vel Kjendte malleformer fra forskjellige
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MARCGRAVIUS, G., 1648. Historiz Rerum Naturalium Brazilie, IV.
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MULLER, J.,’42a. Beobachtungen tiber die Schwimblase der Fische mit
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MULLER ET TROSCHEL, ’45a. Hore Ichthyologica, I. and II., 1845.

48a. Reisen in Britisch-Guiana in den Jahren 1840-1844. Fische,
Vol. III., pp. 618-644.

49a. Hore Ichthyologice, III., 1849.3
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52a. Om Sv6mmeblaeren hos Familien Gymnotini. L. c., 1852.

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66a. Om trende Fiske. Overs. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Forh., 1866,
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Fresh-water Fishes of South America. 439

SeBA, A., 1758. Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Accurata
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STEINDACHNER, FR., 63a. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Sciznoiden Bra-
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64a. Ichthyologische Notizen. Id. Sitzb., XLIX., 1864.

764b. Chromiden Mejicos und Central-Amerikas. Id. Denkschr.,
1864.

66a. Ichthyologische Notizen, III. Id. Sitzb., LIII., 1866.
’67a. Ichthyologische Notizen, VI. Id. Sitzb., LVI., 1867.
68a. Ichthyologische Notizen, VII. Id. Sitzb., LVIT., 1868.

’68b. Gymnotide d. Naturaliencabinets zu Wien. Id. Sitzb.,
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69a. Ichthyologische,Notizen, IX. Id. Sitzb., LX., 1869.

"74a. DieStisswasserfische des Siidéstlichen Brasiliens. Id.Sitzb.,
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"75a. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der .Charicinen des Amazonen
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"75b. Ueber einige neue brasilienische Siluroiden aus der Gruppe
der Doradien. Id. Sitzb., LXXI., 1875.

"5c. Die Siisswasserfische des Siidéstlichen Brasiliens. Id.
Sitzb., LXXI., 1875.

"75d. Ichthyologische Beitrage, IV. Id. Sitzb., LXXII., 1875.

75e. Beitrage zur Chromiden des Amazonen Stromes. Id.
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"76a. Ichthyologische Beitrage, V. Id. Sitzb., LXXIV., 1876.

’"%6b. Die Siisswasserfische des Siid6stlichen Brasiliens, III. Id.
Sitzb., LXXIV., 1876.

"78a. Fischfauna des Magdalenen ‘Stromes. Id. Denkschr.,
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"48b. Ichthyologische Beitrage, VI. Id. Sitzb., LXXVII., 1878.

"79a. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flussfische Sidamerikas. Id.
Denkschr., XLI., 1879.

"79b. Ueber einige neue und seltene Fisch-Arten aus den K. K.
Zoologischen Museen zu Wien, Stuttgart, und Warschau. Id.
Denkschr., XLI., 1879.

440 Fresh-water Fishes of South America.

STEINDACHNER, FR., 79c. Ichthyologische Beitréage, VIII. Id. Sitzb.,

LXXX., 1879. ee ea

80a. Zur Fischfauna des Cauca and Flisse bei Guayaquil. Id.
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II. and III. Id. Denkschr., XLIII. and XLIV., 1881.
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82a. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Flussfische Stidamerikas, TV
Id. Denkschr., XLVI., 1882.

’82b. feud olor ae Beitrage, XII. Id. Sitzb., LXXXIV.,

1882.

Swain, J., 82a. A Review of Swainson’s Genera of Fishes. Proc.
Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1882, pp. 272-284.

SwaInson, W., ’389a. On the Natural History and Classification of —
Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles. The Cabinet Cyclopzedia,
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THOMINOT, ALEX., 82a. Sur un Saccodon d’espéce nouvelle de ’Equa-
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86a. Sur quelques Pubes nouveaux appartenant 4 lacollection —
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TRAILL, 82a. Mem. Wern. Soc., VI., 1832.

TscHuUDI, 45a. Fauna Peruana, 1845.

VAILLANT, 80a. Bull. Soc. Philom., 7, X., 1880.

VALENCIENNES, A., 47a. D’Orbigny, bebe? dans l’Amérique Meéridi-
onale. Poissons. 1847.

WEYENBERG, H., 77a. Algunos Nuevos Pescados del Museo Nacional
y Algunas Noticias Ictiologicas. Actas de la Academia Na-
cional de Ciencias Exactas. Tomo III., Entrega I., Buenos
Aires, 1877.

ANNALS N. Y. AcaD. SCIENCES,- Vou. IV.

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story, are continued under the above name by the New York
‘of Sciences, beginning in 1877. Three volumes of the new
ve now been issued, each covering three years (1877-9, 1880-2,
t lusive).
e beginning of the fourth volume, the Academy decided to
omewhat, the mode of publication. The ANNALS will hence-
issued without particular reference to times or periods. The
ill appear as material for them shall be offered; each single part,
ber, as before, will contain at least 32 pages, with or without
tw elve numbers, as before, whenever published, will constitute
The size and general character of the parts and volumes will

of matter.
ANNALS will include the more extended and elaborate papers read
the Academy. They will maintain the high standard which has
jhem, for many years past, one of the prominent scientific publi-
f the world, and has carried the name of the society literally into
d. The briefer papers and discussions that form part of the
1y’s meetings, will appear in its other publication, the TRANS-
[ONS, which it is designed to issue promptly and regularly, so as to
a record of the current work of each year,—the single numbers ap-
- monthly (or double, bi-monthly), and eight single numbers
‘an annual volume.
‘te of the Academy, both these publications will be sent FREE to
ent and Honorary members.
others, prices will be as follows:
single numbers, . 5 . One Dollar.
double or triple numbers, in proportion.
' per volume (12 numbers), . : - Ten Dollars.
Tra ransactions, per year, ‘ f 5 : . Three Dollars,
mre ogingle numbers, . : : ‘ Fifty Cents.

ll communications should be addressed to
Pror. D. 8S. MARTIN,
Chairman oo Real Committee, No. 236 West 4th Street,

‘ New York.

RY DUDLEY, Esq.,
Treasurer, No. 56 West 57th Street.
Academy has for sale a number of back volumes of the ANNALS,

th series, each containing twelve or more numbers; the price per
me is mene Dollars.

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CONTENTS.

oat

Plates X. and XI.). By —
_ RINGUEBERG, M.D. .......... ae 7
XVIIL a Revision of the Edentulous Genera (
Curimatine (with a Bibliography of Sow
American Fresh-water Fishes). By Carn

TTT
3 9088 01302 0987

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