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ANNALS  MEDEDELINGEN 

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OF  THE  VAN  HET 

TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 


VOLUME  VI 


t 9 1334  ’ 

'V'4>  30  2-OOj  . 

/OlVAL 


Printed  for  the 

COMMITTEE  OF  THE  TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 
BY  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS, 
CAMBRIDGE,  ENGLAND 


1917-20 


ANNALS 


MEDEDELINGEN 


OF  THE 


VAN  HET 


TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 


VOLUME  VI 


Printed  for  the 

COMMITTEE  OF  THE  TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 
BY  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS, 
CAMBRIDGE,  ENGLAND 


1917-20 


PRINTED  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN 


LIST  OF  CONTENTS 


VOLUME  VI 

PAGE 

Hewitt,  John 

Descriptions  of  New  South  African  Araneae  and  Solifugae.  (4  Plates 
and  13  Text-figures) 63 

Meyrick,  E.,  B.A.,  F.R.S. 

Descriptions  of  South  African  Micro-Lepidoptera  ...  7 

Pott,  R.  (Mrs) 

A New  Species  of  Warburgia  from  the  Transvaal.  (2  Text-figures)  . 60 

Addendum  to  the  First  Check-list  of  the  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns 
of  the  Transvaal  and  Swaziland.  (2  Text-figures)  . . . 119 

Roberts,  Austin 

Descriptions  of  a New  Species  and  Genus  of  Flycatchers  from  East 
Africa,  and  two  New  Subspecies  of  Guinea  Fowls  from  South 
Africa  1 

Descriptions  of  two  New  Species  of  a New  Subgenus  of  Bats,  and  a 
New  Species  of  Molerats 4 

Descriptions  of  some  New  Mammals 112 

Some  notes  on  Birds,  and  Descriptions  of  New  Subspecies  . . 116 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  VI 


(New  genera,  subgenera,  species,  subspecies,  and  the  main  reference  in  a series  of 
references  in  heavy-faced  type;  synonyms  are  in  italics.) 


abrahami,  Acanthodon,  76,  hi 
Abutilon,  130 

abyssinicum,  Asplenium,  120 
Acacia,  126 
Acalypha,  129 
ACANTHACEAE,  133 
Acanthodon,  63,  67,  75,  102,  107,  no,  in 
acaulis,  Geigeria,  135 
Acompsia,  20 
Acrocercops,  39 
Acrostichum , 121 
aculeastrum,  Solanum,  133 
aculeata,  Aloe,  122 
Eulophia,  124 
Toddalia,  128 

aculeatum,  Polystichum,  120 
acuminata,  Markhamia,  133 
acuta,  Adenocline,  130 
Elaeophorbia,  129 
Lotononis  calycina,  127 
acutifolia,  Melothria,  134 
acutilobus,  Cucumis  africanus,  134 
ADELIDAE,  47,  59 
adendorffi,  Mirafra  apiata,  117 
Adenia,  13 1 
Adenocline,  130 
Adiantopsis,  121 
aegyptiacus,  Nyctinomus,  4,  5 
aethiopica,  Zantedeschia,  122 
affinis,  Aloe,  122 
Cluytia,  129 
Tragia,  130 

africana,  Dryopteris,  120 
Plukenetia,  130 
Salvia,  133 

africanum,  Psilotrichum,  125 
Thamnosma,  128 
AIZOACEAE,  12s 
alata,  Pentatricha,  134 
Albizzia,  126 

albogularis,  Crithagra,  116 
albomaculata,  Zantedeschia,  122 
Alchemilla,  126 
Alepidea,  132 

allevata,  Hyalochna,  30 

Allotalanta,  30 
Aloe,  122 

AMARANTACEAE,  125 
AM  ARYLL I D ACE  AE,  122 
Ammannia,  13 1 
Amphilophis,  121 
amphizeucta,  Lachnostola,  22 
amplexicaule,  Ecbolium,  133 


Anacampsis,  19,  20 
ANACARDIACEAE,  130 
Anaglypha,  134 
Anarsia,  21 
Ancylometis,  27 
Ancylotrypa,  108,  109 
Andropogon,  121 
angulatum,  Abutilon,  130 
angustata,  Acalypha,  129 
angustifolia,  Merremia,  132 
Anisotes,  133 
anomalus,  Georychus,  5 
ANONACEAE,  126 
antennifera,  Bonatea,  123 
anthelmintica,  Albizzia,  126 
Anthericum,  122 
Antispila,  35 

aphrocyma,  Acrocercops,  39 

apiata,  Mirafra,  117 
aponeurus,  Hibiscus,  130 
Aponogeton,  121 
APONOGETONACEAE,  121 
Apotactis,  52 
appro  ximans,  Euplectes,  117 
aquilina , Pteris,  121 
aquilinum,  Pteridium,  121 
arabica,  Psiadia,  134 
arabicus,  Lotus,  128 
Arabis,  126 
ARACEAE,  122 
ARANEAE,  63,  67 
areata,  Laspeyresia,  13 
arenophilum,  Tryphostemma,  13 1 
arguta,  Blastobasis,  36 
Argyrolobium,  127,  128 
Argyroploce,  n,  12,  50 
argyrozona,  Antispila,  35 
aristata,  Chaetacme,  124 
Lotononis , 127 
Pearsonia,  127 
aristatum,  Aspidium,  120 
Polystichum,  120 
Aristotelia,  15,  16 

armatus,  Spiroctenus,  86,  87  (Text-fig. 

7 d) 

Arthrosolen,  13 1 
artifex,  Stasimopus,  95 
ASCLEPIADACEAE,  132 
asiatica,  Chrysochloris,  113,  114 
aspera,  Eragrostis,  122 
Geigeria,  135 
asperata,  Tinea,  44 
aspidioides,  Asplenium,  120 


2 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Aspidium,  120 
Asplenium,  120 
assimilis,  Pavetta,  134 
asterias,  Thesium,  125 
asterota,  Argyroploce,  12 
Astragalus,  128 
athamantica,  Dryopteris,  120 
athamanticum , Nephr odium,  120 
athanasioides,  Brachymeris,  135 
Pentzia , 135 

Atherstonei,  Pearsonia,  127 
Satyrium,  123 
Athyrium,  120 
atrisecta,  Hapsifera,  58 
atropurpurea,  Pupalia,  125 
attenuata,  Cephalaria,  134 
Lomaria , 120 

attenuatum,  Blechnum,  120 
augur,  Rhinolophus,  112 
Aulotropha,  32 
aurantiaca,  Sandersonia,  122 
aurantiacus,  Gladiolus,  123 
aurea,  Gymnogramme,  120 
Gymnogramme  argentea,  120 
auriculata,  Tripteris,  135 
aurita,  Blumea,  134 
austerodes,  Chelaria,  22 
australis,  Crotalaria  petiolaris,  127 

Evagrus  caffer,  63,  95  (Text-figs. 

10  a,  b) 

Thelechoris,  95,  109 
autograpta,  Leucoptera,  40 
automorpha,  Syrmadaula,  26 

Autosticha,  26 
AVICULARIIDAE,  63,  67 
azorella,  Muraltia,  129 

babaeculus,  Bradypterus,  116 
Bainesii,  Lotononis,  127 
Bakeri,  Eulophia,  124 
Barberton,  Crassula  perfoliata,  126 
Barbertoni,  Habenaria,  123 
Barbertoniae,  Aloe,  122 
barratti,  Bradypterus,  116 
BARY CHELIDAE,  97 
BARY CHELINAE,  96 
basinuda,  Alepidea,  132 
Batrachedra,  28 
Baurii,  Ranunculus,  126 
Bellidiastrum,  Venedium,  135 
henedicta,  Ceromitia,  47 
Tacazzea  apiculata,  132 
Benthami,  Acacia,  126 
Bergia,  13 1 

bergiana,  Dryopteris,  120 
bergianum,  Nephrodium , 120 
Berkheya,  135 
Berkheyopsis,  135 
Bersama,  130 
Bessia,  86,  88,  107 
biaurita,  Pteris,  121 


bicolor,  Habenaria,  123 
bifurcum,  Solanum,  133 
BIGNONIACEAE,  133 
biharicus,  Idiops,  no 
biloba,  Marsilia  macrocarpa,  121 
binotata,  Lecithocera,  24 
bipinnatum,  Asplenium,  120 
bisecta,  Eucosma,  10 
bivia,  Dragmatucha,  25 
bivittatus,  Diores,  105,  106  (Text-fig. 
13  d) 

BLASTOBASIDAE,  36,  55 
Blastobasis,  36,  55 
Blechnum,  120 
Blepharis,  133 
Blossia,  63,  64 
Blumea,  134 
Boltoni,  Bonatea,  123 
Bolusii,  Euphorbia,  129 
Pleiospora,  127 
Bonatea,  123 
BORAGINEAE,  132 
boryana,  Lomaria,  120 
Bovinae,  in 

Bowkeri,  Pelargonium,  128 
Brachiaria,  122 
Brachionopus,  96 
Brachmia,  25,  26 

brachycephalus,  Ceratogyrus,  63, 103; 

PI.  I,  figs,  a-c 
Brachycorythis,  123 
br  achy  cor y this,  Platanthera,  123 
Brachymeris,  135 
brachyphyllus,  Gladiolus,  123 
brachypterus,  Bradypterus,  116 
bracteata,  Tricalysia,  133 
Bradypterus,  116 
Brassica,  126 

breijeri,  Pelmatorycter,  92 
Brenthia,  36 

brevepedunculata,  Pleiospora  obovata, 
127 

brevifolius,  Gladiolus  varius,  123 

breyeri,  Pelmatorycter,  63,  91  (Text- 
fig.  9);  PI.  II,  fig.  c 
Pterinochilus,  63,  102 
Breyeri,  Warburgia,  60  (Text-fig.  1), 
61  (Text-figs.  2 a-g),  13 1 
Bridelia,  129 

brizantha,  Brachiaria,  122 
brizanthum,  Panicum , 122 
Brownleea,  123 
Bucculatrix,  42 
Buchanani,  Dryopteris,  120 
Nephrodium,  120 
Buchenroedera,  128 
Bulbostylus,  122 
bullifera,  Platyptilia,  7 
Bupleurum,  132 
burkeanus,  Astragalus,  128 
Burkei,  Thesium,  125 


Index  to  Volume  VI 


3 


BURSERACEAE,  128 

byrsoxantha,  Trichotaphe,  23 

Ceromitia,  47,  59 
Ceropegia,  132 

Cadaba,  126 
caerulea,  Sutera,  133 
caffer,  Evagrus,  95,  109 
Heligmomerus,  63,  78 
caffra,  Ximenia,  125 
caff  rum,  Erythroxylon,  128 
cajanifolia,  Pleiospora,  127 
Cajanus,  11 

calanthoides,  Eulophia,  124 
calomelanos,  Ceropteris,  121 
Pellaea , 121 
Calostephane,  135 
Camara,  Lantana,  133 
CAMPANULACEAE,  134 
CANELLACEAE,  13 1 
canescens,  Cineraria,  135 
canoargentea,  Lasiosiphon,  13 1 
capense,  Blechnum,  120 
Xanthoxylon , 128 
capensis,  Adiantopsis,  121 
Cheilanthes,  121 
Cissus,  130 
Ctenomeria,  130 
Eptesicus,  1 13 
Euplectes,  117 
Fagara,  128 
Fleurya,  124 
Hemitelia,  120 
Plumbago,  41 

Trachypogon  polymorphus,  121 
caperonioides,  Acalypha,  129 
capitata,  Hembstaedtia,  125 
Jacquemontia,  132 
capnias,  Parectopa,  40 
CAPPARIDACEAE,  126 
Capparis,  126 
cardinata,  Cholotis,  28 
cardiophora,  Disperis,  124 
Carduus,  135 
carnosa,  Huernia,  132 
Carposina,  8 
CARPOSINIDAE,  8 
Carteri,  Eretmocera,  35 
caryocoma,  Argyroploce,  11 
CARYOPHYLLACEAE,  125 
Cassia,  127 

castaneus,  Stasimopus,  94 
cathartica,  Bridelia,  129 
catopteron,  Nephrodium,  120 
caulescens,  Dimorphotheca,  135 
caulota,  Labdia,  27 
CAVICORNIA,  in 
cepapi,  Paraxerus,  112 
Cephalaria,  134 
Ceranthes,  33 
Cerastium,  125 
Ceratogyrus,  63,  103 
ceresiiforme,  Monocymbium,  121 

Ceropteris,  121 
certa,  Oinophila,  57 
certificate,  Sapheneutis,  45 

Ceterach,  120 
Chaetachme,  124 
Cheilanthes , 121 
Chelaria,  21,  22 
chilocalyx,  Cleome,  126 
Chirocompa,  30 
Chloropeta,  1 
Chloropetella,  1 
chlorotoma,  Leuronoma,  16 
Onebala,  25 
Cholotis,  28 

chrysocarpus,  Rubus  rigidis,  126 
Chrysochloris,  113 
cicutarium,  Aspidium,  120 
ciliata,  Acalypha,  129 
ciliolata,  Peperomia  retusa,  124 
Cineraria,  135 
cineria,  Vernonia,  134 
cir  cum  junc  turn,  Galeosomavandami, 
63,  78  (Text-fig.  4c),  80;  PL  IV, 
figs.  /,  g 

cirrhocoma,  Anacampsis,  20 

Cissus,  130 

Cistugo,  1 12 

citri,  Prays,  56 

Citrus,  56 

civetta,  Viverra,  112 
Cladophantis,  33 
Clarkei,  Blepharis,  133 
clavigera,  Euphorbia,  129 
Cleome,  126 
Cloeotis,  1 12 
Cluytia,  129 
Cnephasia,  9 
Cnetis,  128 
Coccolus,  126 
coegensis,  Moggridgea,  107 
COLEOPHORIDAE,  38 
coloratus,  Sporobolus  pectinatus,  122 
combreticola,  Viscum,  124 
Commiphora,  128 
comosa,  Alepidea,  132 
Hermannia,  13 1 
compacta,  Depressaria,  31 
COMPOSITAE,  134 
ccmcinna,  Davallia , 120 
conclusa,  Trichotaphe,  23 
concolor,  Doryopteris,  121 
confixa,  Telphusa,  51 
conjuncta,  Muraltia,  129 
CONNARACEAE,  128 
Conrathii,  Senecio,  135 
conservata,  Protomacha,  31 
consobrina,  Pellaea,  121 
constrictos,  Pterinochilus,  102  ftn. 
convallata,  Myrmecozela,  57 

4 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


CONVOLVULACEAE,  132 
Conyza,  134 
Cooperi,  Crassula,  126 
Ranunculus,  126 
COPROMORPHIDAE,  35 
Corallocarpus,  134 
Corchorus,  130 
cordata , Gymnogramme,  120 
cordatum,  Ceterach,  120 
cordifolium,  Schizoglossum,  132 
Coreopsis,  135 
Coriacea,  Rhus,  130 
coronata,  Numida  mitrata,  3 
coronatum,  Galeosoma,  78  (Text-fig.  4c), 
81,  82,  83;  PL  IV,  fig.  a 
corroborata,  Tortrix,  8 
corrugata,  Gracilaria,  40 
COSMOPTERYGIDAE,  27,  52 
costatum,  Thesium,  125 
Cotyledon,  126 
cousinioides,  Berkheya,  135 
Crabbea,  133 

crassispina,  Pterinochilus,  100,  102 
Crassula,  126 

CRASSULACEAE,  119,  126 

crataegifolia,  Vernonia,,  134 

crateraula,  Pycnostola,  14 

cregoei,  Acanthodon,  75 

crenata,  Dryopteris,  120 

crenatum , Nephrodium , 120 

crinitum,  Galeosoma  robertsi,  63,  82; 

PI.  IV,  fig.  b 
crispula,  Harveya,  133 
Crithagra,  116 
Crobylophora,  41 
Crocidura,  112 
Crossandra,  133 
Crotalaria,  127 
Croton,  129 
CRUCIFERAE,  126 
crudeni,  Acanthodon,  72,  76,  77 
Pelmatorycter,  108 
Crypsithyris,  43,  57 
crypsixantha,  Nepticula,  43 
Cryptillas,  116 

CTENIZIDAE,  107  ftn.,  m 
Ctenolophus,  75,  no 
Ctenomeria,  130 
cuculans,  Odites,  54 
Cucumis,  134 
CUCURBITACEAE,  134 
culveri , Disa,  124 

curvipes,  Spiroctenus,  63,  88,  89  (Text- 
figs.  8 a-c);  PI.  Ill,  figs,  d-e 
cyanea,  Crocidura,  112 
cyanoscia,  Zesticodes,  46 
CYATHEACEAE,  120 
cymatias,  Microschismus,  35 
Cymbopogon , 121 
CYPERACEAE,  122 
Cyphia,  134 


Cyphothyris,  32 

cyprophanes,  Daemonarcha,  27 

Cyrtomium,  120 
Cystopteris,  120 
cytisoides,  Thesium,  125 

Daemonarcha,  27 

Dalbergia,  128 
Dalechampia,  130 
Damarchodes,  109 

damarensis,  Numida  papillosa,  2,  3 

daricella,  Crobylophora,  41 
darlingi,  Ceratogyrus,  103 
Rhinolophus,  112 
Davalia,  132 
Davallia,  120 
Davyae,  Musa,  123 
Davyana,  Aloe,  122 
Davyi,  Fagara,  128 
decachrysa,  Glyphipteryx,  36 
Decadarchis,  43 
decurrens,  Chirocompa,  30 
deltophanes,  Porthmologa,  53 
densiflora,  Dombeya,  13 1 
dentata,  Pteris,  121 

dentatus,  Senecio  Johannesburgensis,  135 
denticulata,  Streptocarpus,  133 
depauperata,  Nidorella,  134 
depressa,  Selaginella,  121 
Depressaria,  31 
depressinervia,  Acalypha,  129 
derogatella,  Eretmocera,  35 
deserti,  Sanseviera,  122 
desipiens,  Eucosma,  10 
Desmodium,  128 
diagonalis,  Digitaria,  12 1 
Dianthus,  125 
dichiloides,  Lotononis,  127 
Dichomeris,  23 
Dichondra,  132 
dichotoma,  Gleichenia,  120 
dichotomum,  Viscum,  124 
Dichrocephala,  134 
Dicliptera,  133 
Digitaria,  121 
Dimorphotheca,  135 
Dinteri,  Crotalaria  squarrosa,  127 
Ficus,  124 
Diocosma,  33 
dioecus,  Scirpus,  122 
Diores,  63,  105 
Dioscorea,  123 
DIOSCOREACEAE,  123 
diplopsamma,  Sapheneutis,  45 
DIPLOTHELEAE,  107  ftn. 
DIPLURIDAE,  107  ftn. 

DIPSACEAE,  134 
Disa,  124 

discolor,  Stephania,  126 
discoporus,  Sporobolus,  122 
Disperis,  124 


Index  to  Volume  VI 


5 


Disperma,  133 

dissectus,  Cucumis  hirsutus,  134 
Dissotis,  13 1 
distans,  Crotalaria,  127 
divaricata,  Calostephane,  135 
Raphionacme,  132 
diversifolius,  Hibiscus,  130 
dolichocephalus,  Ceratogyrus,  63, 
104;  PI.  I,  fig.  d\  PL  II,  fig.  a 
Dombeya,  13 1 

dorsistrigata,  Eretmocera,  35 
Doryopteris,  121 
Dragmatucha,  24,  25 
drastica,  Eucosma,  49 
dregeana,  Dioscorea,  123 
Thunbergia,  133 
Vernonia,  134 
dregeanum,  Cerastium,  125 
Desmodium,  128 
dreyeri,  Stasimopus,  93 
drimylota,  Apotactis,  52 
dryadopa,  Brachmia,  25 
Dryodromas,  117 
Dryopteris,  120 
dubia,  Leptopelma,  97 
dura,  Pellaea,  121 
Dyschoriste,  133 

Ecbolium,  133 

Eclipta,  135 

edouardi,  Guttera,  3 

effulgens,  Limnoecia,  27 

effusum , Sorghum  halepense , 121 

egens,  Blastobasis,  37 

Elachista,  55,  56 

ELACHISTIDAE,  55 

elaeocoma,  Anacampsis,  19 

Elaeophorbia,  129 

Elaphoglossum,  121 

ELATINACEAE,  13 1 

elatus,  Gladiolus  varius,  123 

elongata,  Dryopteris,  120 

elongatum , Nephrodium  Filix-Mas , 120 

elongatus,  Felicia,  134 

embolaea,  Hemimene,  51 

empetroides,  Muraltia,  129 

encharacta,  Argyroploce,  50 

enormis,  Euphorbia,  129 

eodryas,  Acompsia,  20 

eotrocha,  Diocosma,  33 

epapposum,  Helichrysum,  134 

EPERMENIADAE,  56 

Ephippias,  n 

epicoena,  Proterochyta,  56 

epicyparissias,  Euphorbia,  129 

Epimys,  112 

Epiphractis,  53 

Epithectis,  16 

Eptesicus,  1 13 

Eragrostis,  122 

erebaula,  Pycnodytis,  15 


erecta,  Eclipta,  135 
erectum,  Asplenium,  120 
Eretmocera,  35 
Eriochrysis,  121 
eriophorum,  Helichrysum,  134 
Erlangea,  134 
ermelensis,  Disperis,  124 
Erotis,  33 

erythropa,  Argyroploce,  11 

Erythrorrhizum,  Anthericum,  122 

ERYTHROXYLACEAE,  128 

Erythroxylon,  128 

Ethelae,  Kaempferia,  123 

Ethmia,  37 

Eucosma,  9,  48 

EUCOSMIDAE,  9,  48,  51 

Eucryptogona,  45 

Eugenia,  13 1 

Eulalia,  121 

Eulophia,  124 

Euphorbia,  129 

EUPHORBIACEAE,  119,  129 
Euplectes,  117 

euplocamis,  Tinea,  44 
euryacta,  Lysitona,  57 
euryzancla,  Oxymachaeris,  43 
Euxanthis,  8 
Evagrus,  63,  95,  109 
Evansii,  Euphorbia,  129 
excoriata,  Laspeyresia,  13 
exhilarata,  Argyroploce,  50 
exoenota,  Gelechia,  52 
explicata,  Digitaria  monodactyla,  121 
exsanguis,  Carposina,  8 
exsulata,  Anacampsis,  20 
extensa,  Blastobasis,  55 

Fagara,  128 

falcatum,  Aspidium,  120 
Cyrtomium,  120 

Farm  Goede  Hoop,  Geranium  incanum, 
128 

fecunda,  Gelechia,  17 

Felicia,  134 
ferox,  Acacia,  127 
ferulata,  Parapsectris,  17 

ficifolia,  Pueraria,  128 
Rhynchosia,  128 
Ficus,  124 

filamentosa,  Crassula,  126 
filifolia,  Lotononis,  127 
Pearsonia,  127 
filiformisy  Rhus,  130 
fiscinata,  Brachmia,  26 
flabellatay  Pteris,  121 
FLACOURTIACEAE,  13 1 
flaveolum,  Acanthodon,  77  and  ftn.,  107 
flavisecta,  Cnephasia,  9 
flavivittus,  Heliosciurus,  112 
flavopunctatus,  Hermachastes,  107 
Fleurya,  124 


6 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


floccosum,  Helichrysum,  134 
floribunda,  Tricalysia,  133 
floribundum,  Thesium,  125 
Fluggea,  129 
foliosa,  Habenaria,  123 
Forskalii,  Themeda,  121 
fossoria,  Bessia,  86 
fragilis,  Cissus,  130 
Cystopteris,  120 
fulvicapilla,  Dryodromas,  117 
Fumaria,  126 

fumarioides,  Hymenophyllum,  120 
Fumea,  45,  59 
furcatum,  Asplenium,  120 
fuscipennis,  Eretmocera,  35 

Galeosoma,  63,  78 

Galpini,  Acalypha  caperonioides,  129 
Euphorbia,  129 
Habenaria,  123 
Galpinii,  Ficus,  124 
Loranthus,  124 
garcianus,  Loranthus,  124 
Gardenia,  133 
Geigeria,  135 
Gelechia,  17,  18,  52 
GELECHIADAE,  13,  51 
geoffroyi,  Rhinolophus,  112 
geomicta,  Phthorimaea,  18 
Georychus,  5 
GERANIACEAE,  128 
geraniaefolis , Pellaea , 121 
Geranium,  128 
Gerbera,  135 
Gerdana,  32 

Gerrardi,  Schizochilus,  123 
GESNERACEAE,  133 
Gettleffii,  Stapelia,  132 
Giesekia,  125 
glabra,  Amphilophis,  121 
Vernonia,  134 
glabrata,  Acalypha,  130 
Leucas,  133 

glabrescens,  Nesaea  sagittifolia,  13 1 
glabricarpellata,  Knowltonia,  125 
glabriflorus , Loranthus,  124 
Gladiolus,  123 
glandifera,  Ethmia,  37 
glandulifera,  Wormskioldia,  13 1 
glauca,  Adenia,  13 1 
glaucella,  Euphorbia,  129 
Gleichenia,  120 
GLEICHENIACEAE,  120 
globuligemma,  Aloe,  122 
glomeratum,  Limeum,  125 
glyphicodes,  Eucosma,  10 
GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE,  36,  55 
Glyphipteryx,  36 
Gnidia,  13 1 

godfreyi,  Diores,  63,  105,  106  (Text- 

figs.  13  a-c) 


goetzeanum,  Thesium,  125 
gongylodes,  Dryopteris,  120 
Gorgyrella , 75,  no,  in 
Goudotii,  Pellaea,  121 
Gracilaria,  40 
GRACILARIADAE,  39 
gracilarioides,  Thesium,  125 
gracile,  Asplenium  lunulatum,  120 
gracilior  Pleiospora,  127 
gracilipes,  Acanthodon,  63,  68,  75 
gracilirostris,  Lusciniola,  116 
gracilis,  Juncus,  122 
gracillima,  Rhus,  130 
Wahlenbergia,  134 
gracillimus,  Podocarpus,  121 
grahami,  Epimys  namaquensis,  112 
GRAMINEAE,  121 
grandiflora,  Tavaresia  Barklyi,  132 
grandis,  Mungos,  112 
grantiana,  Crotalaria,  127 
gratiosa,  Simaethis,  55 
gratissimus , Croton,  129 
Grewia,  130 

griquensium,  Scirpus,  122 
grisea,  Hermannia,  13 1 
grosseserrata,  Hermannia,  13 1 
Gubouga,  Croton,  129 
Gueinzii,  Euphorbia,  129 
Guilleminea,  125 
guineense,  Erythrophloem,  127 
guineensis,  Sanseviera,  122 
gurneyi,  Proctopus  nigricollis,  118 
Guttera,  3 
Gymnogramma,  38 
Gymnogramme,  120,  121 
gypsophiloides,  Thesium,  125 

haagneri,  Platymops,  5 

Habenaria,  123 

HALORHAGIDACEAE,  132 

hamatum,  Mesembrianthemum,  125 

Hapsifera,  46,  58 

Harpactirella,  96,  97 

harpalea,  Opogona,  56 

Harveya,  133 

harveyana,  Vitex,  133 

hastata,  Pellaea,  121 

Heeria,  130 

Helichrysum,  134 

Heligmomerus,  63,  78 

HELIODINIDAE,  35 

Heliosciurus,  112 

Heliotropium,  132 

HELIOZELIDAE,  35 

helminthias,  Schiffermuelleria,  29 

Hemimene,  51 

Hemitelia,  120 

hemizona,  Leucoptera,  41 

hepburni,  Acanthodon,  63,  73,  77 

Hermacha,  109 

Hermachastes,  107 


Index  to  Volume  VI 


7 


Hermannia,  13 1 
Hermbstaedtia,  125 
Hesperarcha,  38 
heteracantha,  Acacia,  127 
Hexalobus,  126 
Hibiscus,  130 
Hippocratea,  130 
HIPPOCRATEACEAE,  130 
hirsuta,  Cluytia,  129 
hirsutissima,  Lotononis  calycina,  127 
hirsutum,  Galeosoma,  79,  82 
Thesium,  125 

hirsutus,  Acanthodon,  63,  69,  75 

Corchorus,  130 
Gnidia  fastigata,  13 1 
hirta,  Euphorbia,  129 
Hyparrhenia,  121 
Mollugo,  125 
Nidorella,  134 
hirtus,  Cymbopogon,  121 
hispida,  Polygala,  129 
hoepfnerianus,  Lasiosiphon,  13 1 
holosericea,  Cassia,  127 
Pleiospora,  127 
holosticta,  Ceromitia,  59 
Holothrix,  123 

homogramma,  Onebala,  25 

Homostola,  90,  108 
horizontalis,  Digitaria,  121 
horrida,  Acacia,  126 

hortulana,  Trichotaphe,  23 
hostilis,  Polyhymno,  19 

Huernia,  132 
humilior,  Lotononis,  127 
Hyalochna,  30 
HYDROCHARITACEAE,  121 
Hygrophila,  133 

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE,  120 
Hymenophyllum,  120 
Hyparrhenia,  121 
hypericifolia,  Euphorbia,  129 
Hypolepis,  121 
hypoleuca,  Sanguisorba,  126 
HYPONOMEUTIDAE,  37,  56 
hysterota,  Platybathra,  38 

idiocoma,  Opostega,  42 

Idioglossa,  56 
IDIOPEAE,  hi 
Idiops,  no,  hi 
Idiothele,  63 , 96 
illecebrioides,  Guilleminea,  125 
illuminata,  Pycnostola,  15 
imbertis,  Sisyranthus,  132 
inaemoena,  Eulophia,  124 
inaequalis,  Crassula,  126 
Dryopteris,  120 
inaequilatera,  Euphorbia,  129 
incana,  Rhus,  130 
incanum,  Geranium,  128 
Polypodium , 121 


incisifolia,  Tragia,  130 
inclusus,  Gladiolus,  123 
incolumis,  Odites?  54 
incurva,  Habenaria,  123 
Indigofera,  128 
ingens,  Euphorbia,  129 
Ficus,  124 
inscita,  Eucosma,  9 
insculpta,  Amphilophis,  121 
insolita,  Crypsithyris,  57 
intorta,  Polyhymno,  19 
involucrata , Euphorbia,  129 
iocharis,  Trachydora,  28 
Ipomoea,  132 
IRIDACEAE,  123 
irroratus,  Otomys,  115 
Isachne,  Brachiaria,  122 
Panicum , 122 
isatideus,  Senecio,  135 
Ischnothele,  96 

Jacobsziae,  Alepidea,  132 
Jacquemontia,  132 
Jasminum,  132 
Jatropha,  129 
Jenkinsii,  Alepidea,  132 
JUNCACEAE,  122 
Juncus,  122 

junodi,  Pterinochilus,  102  ftn. 

Junodiana,  Brachycorythis,  123 
Junodii,  Kalanchoe,  126 
Thesium,  125 

Kaempferia,  123 
kalachariensis,  Loranthus,  124 
Kalanchoe,  126 
Karroo,  Acacia,  126 
karschi,  Ischnothele,  96 
kentanicus,  Acanthodon,  68,  69 
Kirkii,  Dalechampia,  130 
Loranthus,  124 
Kniphofia,  122 
Knowltonia,  125 
komatiensis,  Rhynchosia,  128 
kraussiana , Acacia  arabica,  126 
Kraussiana,  Euphorbia,  129 
kraussianus , Loranthus,  124 

Labdia,  27,  52 
labialis,  Tetramnus,  128 
LAB  I AT  AE,  133 
Lachnostola,  22 
lacunosa,  Epithectis,  16 
laeta,  Disa,  124 
Lagerosiphon,  121 
laminatus,  Otomys,  114,  115 
laminicornis,  Blossia,  63,  65,  66  (Text- 
figs.  2 a-c) 

lamprostola,  Monopis,  43 

lanceolata,  Crotalaria,  127 
Gymnogramme , 121 


8 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


lanceolata,  Lotononis,  127 
Lantana,  133 

lanuginosa,  Dryopteris,  120 

Lasiosiphon,  13 1 

Lasiospermum,  135 

Laspeyresia,  12,  51 

latebracteolata,  Pleiospora,  127 

laticosta,  Blossia,  63,  64  (Text-figs. 

1 a-c) 

latifolia,  Acalypha  glabrata,  130 
Anaglypha,  134 
Ceropegia  multiflora,  132 
Dichrocephala,  134 

latifolium,  Elaphoglossum  conforme,  121 

latipetala,  Eulophia,  124 

latissimifolius,  Senecio,  135 

laxa,  Cluytia,  129 

Lecithocera,  34 

ledereriella,  Batrachedra,  28 

Leendertziae,  Loranthus  olaefolius,  124 

LEGUMINOSAE,  11,  119,  126 

Leptopelma,  97 

Lessertia,  128 

lesueuri,  Cistugo,  112 

Leucas,  133 

leucatoma,  Brenthia,  36 

Leucoptera,  40 
leucoptera,  Crithagra,  116 
Leuronoma,  16 
LILIACEAE,  122 
Limeum,  125 
Limnoecia,  27 
linearis,  Gleichenia,  120 
linoides,  Gnidia,  13 1 
Lissochilus,  124 
lividicollis,  Guttera,  3 
lobatum,  Asplenium  erectum , 120 
lobostola,  Eucosma,  49 
Lomaria , 120 

lomatophyllus,  Juncus,  122 
londinensis,  Spiroctenus,  63,  86,  87 

(Text-figs.  7 a-b),  107 
longeciliata,  Alepidea,  132 
longibracteata,  Aloe,  122 
longiflora,  Digitaria,  121 
Thorncroftia,  133 
longifolia,  Acalypha  punctata,  130 
longifolium,  Argyrolobium,  127 
Lopholaena,  135 
LORANTHACEAE,  119,  124 
Loranthus,  124 
Lotononis,  119,  127 
Lotus,  128 

loxogramme,  Polypodium,  121 
loxosaris,  Chelaria,  21 
luctuosum,  Polystichum,  120 
lugardae,  Commiphora,  128 
Monadenium,  129 
Lugardii,  Sesamothamnus,  133 
lunariifolius,  Hibiscus,  130 
lunifera,  Eretmocera,  35 


lunulatum,  Asplenium,  120 
Lusciniola,  116 
lutea,  Felicia,  134 
luticoma,  Fumea,  59 
lydenbergensis,  Monodenia,  124 
LYONETIADAE,  40,  42,  56 
lyrata,  Cineraria,  135 
Lysitona,  57 
LYTHRACEAE,  13 1 

MacLeaii,  Aspidium,  120 
Polystichum,  120 
macowanii,  Hermannia,  13 1 
macrobela,  Labdia,  52 
macrochilus,  Pachycarpus,  132 
macrophylla,  Oldenlandia,  133 
Pleiospora,  127 
macrophyllus,  Senecio,  135 
macropoda,  Tephrosia,  128 
macrorhynchus,  Euplectes  capensis, 

117 

Maerua,  126 

magaliesmontanus,  Gladiolus,  123 
magalismontana , Rhus,  130 
magalismontanum,  Thesium,  125 
magna,  Harpactirella,  97 
magnusiana,  Ipomoea,  132 
major,  Lagerosiphon  muscoides,  121 
mallotocarpa,  Ficus,  124 
MALVACEAE,  130 
marginata,  Lotononis , 127 
Pearsonia,  127 
marginatus,  Gladiolus,  123 
maritimus,  Mungos  pulverulentus, 

114 

Markhamia,  133 

Marleyi,  Spiroctenus,  63,  83  (Text- 

fig-  5) 

Marlothii,  Hymenophyllum,  120 
Lotononis,  127 
marshalli,  Ceratogyrus,  104 
Marshallii,  Aloe,  122 
Marsilia,  121 
MARSILIACEAE,  121 
Matricaria,  135 
mauritiana,  Dryopteris,  120 
maxillaris,  Crotalaria,  127 
melanaula,  Eucosma,  11 
melanogastra,  Cholotis,  28 
melanoleuca,  Zantedeschia,  122 
melanostola,  Phrixosceles,  39 
melanoxylon,  Dalbergia,  128 
Melasina,  45 

MELASTOMACEAE,  13 1 
melckorum,  Eptesicus,  113 
Melhania,  13 1 
MELIACEAE,  128 
MELIANTHACEAE,  130 
melitardis,  Opostega,  41 
Melolobium,  127 
Melothria,  134 


Index  to  Volume  VI 


9 


MENISPERMACEAE,  126 
merista,  Pycnostola,  14 
Merremia,  132 
Mesembrianthemum,  125 
mesochlora,  Talaeporia,  44 
mespilifolia,  Vernonia,  134 
METACHANDIDAE,  27 
metapyrrha,  Tortrix,  8 
microcarpa,  Chaetachme,  124 
Fluggea,  129 
Microcolona,  53 
Microlepia,  120 

MICROLEPIDOPTERA,  7,  48 
micropetalus,  Dianthus,  125 
microps,  Acanthodon,  69,  75,  111 
Microschismus,  35 
MIGIDAE,  107  ftn. 
miniata,  Eretmocera,  35 
minor,  Acanthodon  schreineri,  76,  1 1 1 
Bessia,  86,  88 
Chrysochloris,  113 
Spiroctenus,  87  (Text-fig.  7 c) 
Stasimopus,  93 
minus,  Thalictrum,  126 
minuscula,  Decadarchis,  43 
Mirafra,  117 

mitrata,  Numida  mitrata,  3 
Moggridgea,  107 
molle , Nephr odium,  120 
mollis,  Bridelia,  129 
Dryopteris,  120 
Mollugo,  125 
Monactinocephalus,  134 
Monadenium,  129 
Monechma,  133 
Monocymbium,  121 
Monodenia,  124 
Monopis,  43 

montana,  Brachymeris,  135 
montanum,  Trichomanes,  120 
Monteiroi,  Crotalaria,  127 
monticola,  Acanthodon,  67,  76 
Cluytia,  129 

monticoloides,  Acanthodon,  63,  67,  76 

Moorei,  Loranthus,  124 
MORACEAE,  124 

mossambicum,  Galeosoma,  63,  78 

(Text-figs.  4 a-b) 

mossambicus,  Acanthodon,  63,  72,  73, 

76 

Mucuna,  128 

Muddii,  Argyrolobium,  127 
multiflora,  Adenia,  13 1 
Lotononis,  127 
Lotononis  laxa,  127 
Matricaria,  135 
Pearsonia,  127 
Wahlenbergia,  134 
Mundtii,  Bupleurum,  132 
Fumaria,  126 
Scolopia,  13 1 


Mungos,  1 12,  1 14 
munroanum,  Saccharum , 121 
Muraltia,  129 

muricata,  Sanguisorba,  126 
Musa,  123 
MUSACEAE,  123 
Myotis,  1 12 
myriacantha,  Aloe,  122 
Myrmecozela,  57 
MYRTACEAE,  13 1 

namaquensis,  Blossia,  65 
Loranthus,  124 
natalense,  Aponogeton,  121 
Thesium,  125 
natalensis,  Cadaba,  126 
Chloropeta,  2 
Cnetis,  128 
Euphorbia,  129 
Georychus,  6 
Gerbera,  135 
Spermacoce,  134 
Toddalia,  128 
Tragia,  130 
Ursinia,  135 
natalitia,  Crotalaria,  127 
natalitium,  Desmodium,  128 
natans  (obovata),  Crassula,  126 
Nationae,  Thesium,  125 
Nebolusia,  123 
Nelsoni,  Brownleea,  123 
Disa,  124 
Eulophia,  124 
Nelsonii,  Disperis,  124 
neopolycnemoides,  Euphorbia,  129 
neoxesta,  Depressaria,  31 
Nephr  odium,  120 
Nepticula,  43 
NEPTICULIDAE,  43 
neritis,  Phyciodyta,  58 
Nesaea,  13 1 
Nidorella,  134 

nigellaefolia,  Matricaria,  135 
nigellus,  Stasimopus,  63,  93 
nigra,  Hermacha,  109 
Moggridgea,  107 
nigrispersa,  Scythris,  37 
nigrofulvus,  Idiothele,  63,  98,  100  (Text- 
fig.  11),  101  (Text-fig.  12 a),  102;  PI. 

II,  fig-  b 

Pterinochilus,  98 
nigropedata,  Brachiaria,  122 
nigropedatum,  Panicum,  122 
nigropilosus,  Acanthodon,  63,  70,  71 
(Text-figs.  3 a-b),  72,  77 
nilotica,  Turraea,  128 
nimbifera,  Symphoristis,  55 
niveocervina,  Oxymachaeris,  43 
nodiflorum,  Solanum,  133 
Nothris,  22 

nubeculosa,  Odites,  54 


10 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


nubica,  Tephrosia,  128 
nubigenum,  Mesembrianthemum,  125 
nudiuscula,  Roripa,  126 
nudus,  Pelmatorycter,  91,  9a 
Numida,  2 
Nyctinomus,  4 

obelacma,  Leucoptera,  41 

obovata,  Crassula  natans,  126 
Pleiospora,  127 
obscurum,  Panicum,  121 
obsepta,  Dragmatucha,  24 
obtusifolia,  Hippocratea,  130 
Turraea,  128 

ochraula,  Pycnostola,  14 

ochreolum,  Acanthodon,  76 
ochrozona,  Orneodes,  35 

octophora,  Brachmia,  25 

Odina,  130 
Odites,  54 

OECOPHORIDAE,  29,  53 
Oinophila,  57 
OLACACEAE,  125 
olaefolius,  Loranthus,  124 
Oldenlandia,  133 
OLEACEAE,  132 
ominosa,  Fumea,  45 
Ommannei,  Senecio,  135 
Onebala,  25 

onychotis,  Crobylophora,  41 
Opogona,  56 
Opostega,  41 
Opsigenes,  30 
opsonoma,  Eucosma,  48 
orangana,  Habenaria,  123 
ORCHIDACEAE,  123 
Orneodes,  34,  55 
ORNEODIDAE,  34,  55 
orthobathra,  Depressaria,  31 
Otomys,  1 14 
ovalifolia,  Gnidia,  13 1 
ovata,  Brachycorythis,  123 
Plantanthera,  123 
Oxymachaeris,  42 
oxymoris,  Oinophila,  57 
oxyriaefolius,  Senecio,  135 

Pachycarpus,  132 
pachydesma,  Cnephasia,  9 
pachypoda,  Brassica,  126 
Pachystigma,  134 
palki,  Georychus,  5 
pallida,  Eriochrysis,  121 
pallidum,  Galeosoma,  79 
palliolatum,  Thesium,  125 
palmata,  Ipomoea,  132 
Paltodora,  13 
Pancratium,  122 
panduraefolius,  Senecio,  135 
paniculata,  Phylica,  130 
Pleiospora,  127 


paniculatus,  Monactinocephalus,  134 
Panicum,  121,  122 
pantomima,  Microcolona,  53 
PAPAVERACEAE,  126 
papillosa,  Eulophia,  124 
Numida,  2,  3 
paracma,  Polyhymno,  19 
Parapsectris,  17 
parastacta,  Opsigenes,  30 
Paraxerus,  112 
pardalina,  Paromostola,  84 
Parectopa,  39 
Paromostola,  84 

parviflora,  Davalia  transvaalensis,  132 
parvus,  Pelmatorycter,  108 
PASSIFLORACEAE,  13 1 
patersonae,  Stasimopus,  95 
Pavetta,  134 
Pearsonia,  119,  127 
pectinata,  Crassula,  126 
Schizaea,  120 
pectiniformis,  Pellaea,  121 
pectinipalpis,  Acanthodon,  73,  76 
PEDALIACEAE,  133 
pedicata,  Schiffermuelleria,  29 
peduncularis , Fleurya,  124 
pedunculata,  Crabbea,  133 
Giesekia  pharnaceoides,  125 
Pegolettia,  134 
Pelargonium,  128 
Pellaea,  121 

Pelmatorycter,  63,  91,  108,  109 
pendens,  Phthorimaea,  18 
Pennisetum,  122 
pentadecandra,  Giesekia,  125 
pentandra,  Pharnaceum,  125 
pentasticta,  Aulotropha,  32 
Pentatricha,  134 
pentrandrum,  Trianthema,  125 
Pentzia , 135 
Peperomia,  124 
peploides,  Crassula,  126 
percivali,  Cloeotis,  112 
perfoliata,  Arabis,  126 
pericentra,  Hesperarcha,  38 
personatus,  Spiroctenus,  88,  90 
Petersii,  Ficus,  124 
petiolatum,  Elaphoglossum,  121 
petricola,  Aloe,  122 
petrophilus,  Platymops,  4,  5 
Phaenohoffmannia,  127 
phaeocephala,  Tineola,  44 
PHALONIADAE,  8 
Pharnaceum,  125 
Phaseolus,  11 
photaula,  Orneodes,  55 
Photodotis,  15 
Phrixosceles,  39 
Phthorimaea,  18,  19 
Phyciodyta,  58 
Phylica,  130 


Index  to  Volume  VI 


ii 


Phyllanthus,  130 
PHYTOLACCACEAE,  125 
Pienaarii,  Aloe,  122 
pilifera,  Matricaria,  135 
pilosa,  Acalypha  glabrata,  130 
pilosum,  Galeosoma,  79 
pilulifera,  Euphorbia,  129 
pinifolia,  Gnidia,  13 1 
Vernonia,  134 
pinnata,  Merremia,  132 
pinnatifida,  Conyza,  134 
pinnatifidum,  Ceterach  cordatum,  120 
pinnulatus,  Senecio,  135 
PIPERACEAE,  124 

planiscutatum,  Galeosoma,  63,  78,  79 

(Text-fig.  4 d),  80 
Platanthera , 123 
Platybathra,  38 
Platymops,  4 

platyneuron,  Asplenium,  120 
Platyptilia,  7 
Plectranthus,  133 
Pleiospora,  127 
plicatus,  Pachycarpus,  132 
Plukenetia,  130 
Plumbago,  41 

plumosa,  Eragrostis  tenella,  122 
plumosus,  Trachypogon,  121 

pluridentatum,  Idiothele,  63,  101 

(Text-fig.  12  b) 

pluripunctatum,  Galeosoma,  63,  81; 

PL  IV,  fig.  d 

podalyriaefolia,  Pearsonia,  127 
Podocarpus,  121 
polita,  Davalia,  132 
Pollinia,  121 

polyacantha,  Berkheya,  135 
polycephalus,  Arthrosolen,  13 1 
Polychrosis,  11 
Polygala,  129 
POLYGALACEAE,  129 
Polyhymno,  19 
polyphylla,  Habenaria,  123 
polypodantha,  Habenaria,  123 
POLYPODIACEAE,  120 
polypodioides,  Polypodium,  121 
Polypodium,  120,  121 
polystachya,  Lessertia,  128 
Lessertia  perennans,  128 
polystacta,  Scardia,  47 
Polystichum,  120 
Porthmologa,  53 
praecipua,  Bucculatrix,  42 
praemorsum,  Asplenium,  120 
praestricta,  Parectopa,  39 
Prays,  56 

pretoriensis,  Aloe,  122 
Gladiolus,  123 
primulina,  Vernonia,  134 
princeps,  Dissotis,  13 1 
Proceleustis,  54 


Proctopus,  1 18 
prolifera,  Dryopteris,  120 
proliferumy  Polypodium , 120 
Promalactis,  29 
propinqua,  Pearsonia,  127 
propitia,  Argyroploce,  12 
prostrata,  Melhania,  13 1 
Proterochyta,  56 
Protomacha,  31 

pseudoglandulifera,  Jatropha,  129 

Psiadia,  134 

Psilotrichum,  125 

Psoralea,  128 

Pteridium,  121 

Pterinochilus,  63,  97,  98,  100,  102,  104 
Pteris,  121 

pteroides,  Pellaea,  121 
PTEROPHORIDAE,  7 
ptychospila,  Symphoristis,  55,  56 

pubescens,  Brachycorythis,  123 
pubiflorum,  Schizoglossum  robustum, 
132 

Pueraria,  128 
pulcherrima,  Heeria,  130 
pulchra,  Disa,  124 
Lotononis,  127 
pulverulentus,  Mungos,  114 
punctata,  Acalypha,  130 
Sesbania,  128 

punctatus,  Andropogon  inter medius,  121 
Spiroctenus,  90 
punctulatum,  Blechnum,  120 
pungens,  Aspidium  aculeatum,  120 
Polystichum,  120 
Pupalia,  125 

purcelli,  Damarchodes,  109 
purpurascens,  Ischaemum,  121 
purpureo-auratus,  Gladiolus,  123 
purpureo-sericeum,  Sorghum,  121 
purpureo-sericeus,  Andropogon , 121 
pusilla,  Eugenia,  13 1 
pusillumy  Trichomanes,  120 
pycnocephalus,  Carduus,  135 
Pycnodytis,  15 
Pycnostola,  13 
pygmaea,  Pachystigma,  134 
Vangueria,  134 

pyramidota,  Acrocercops,  39 

quadriaurita , Pteris,  121 
quadripinnata,  Pellaea,  121 
quinquenervis,  Loranthus,  124 
quinquepartita,Trochomeria  Hookeri,  134 

racemosa,  Gymnogramma,  38 

radiatum,  Lasiospermum,  135 
Randii,  Vernonia,  134 
RANUNCULACEAE,  125 
Ranunculus,  126 
Raphanocarpus,  134 
Raphionacme,  132 


12 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


rarum , Hymenophyllum,  120 
rasum,  Thesium  impeditum,  125 
Reckii,  Holothrix,  123 
Recurvaria,  20 
regularis,  Brachiaria,  122 
Rehmanni,  Eulophia,  124 
Habenaria,  123 
Poly  gala,  129 
Schizochilus,  123 
rehmanniana,  Acacia,  127 
Rehmannii,  Berkheyopsis,  135 
Hygrophila  133 
Lissochilus,  124 
reniforme,  Pelargonium,  128 
repens,  Dichondra,  132 
Serpicula,  132 
resedoides,  Thesium,  125 
resiniflua,  Gardenia,  133 
resonans,  Ceromitia,  47 
reticens,  Stenoma,  34 
revoluta,  Gelechia,  17 
RHAMNACEAE,  130 
Rhinacanthus,  133 
Rhinolophus,  112 
rhomboideus,  Senecio,  135 
Rhus,  130 
Rhynchosia,  128 
rhytidophylla,  Grewia,  130 
rigens,  Polygala,  129 
rigida,  Maerua,  126 
rigidis,  Rubus,  126 

robertsi,  Galeosoma,  82;  PL  IV,  fig.  b 
Rogersiae,  Anisotes,  133 
Rogersii,  Acalypha  punctata,  130 
Cyphia,  134 
Dyschoriste,  133 
Lotononis,  127 
Pearsonia,  127 
Phyllanthus,  130 
Pueraria,  128 
Tragia,  130 
Roripa,  126 
ROSACEAE,  126 
rostrata , Melhania,  13 1 
rotundifolia,  Dombeya,  13 1 
RUBIACEAE,  133 
rubromarginatus,  Loranthus,  124 
Rubus,  126 
ruddi,  Mungos,  114 
Rudolphi,  Vitex  mooiensis,  133 
rufa,  Hyparrhenia,  121 
rufescens,  Indigofera,  128 
rufus,  Cymbopogon , 121 
rugosella,  Hapsifera,  59 
Ruprechtii,  Cymbopogon,  121 
Hyparrhenia,  121 
RUTACEAE,  128 
rutaefolium,  Asplenium,  120 

Saccharum,  121 

salicoma,  Melasina,  45 


salsuginosa,  Ammannia,  13 1 
Salvia,  133 
Sandersonia,  122 
sanguinea,  Euphorbia,  129 
Sanguisorba,  126 
Sanseviera,  122 
SANTALACEAE,  125 
Sapheneutis,  45 
sarmentosa,  Kniphofia,  122 
Satyrium,  123 
Sauromys,  5 

saxicola,  Schistostephium,  135 
scaberrimus,  Corrallocarpus  sphaero- 
carpus,  134 
Scabiosa,  134 

scabiosoides,  Thelesperma,  135 
scalmotoma,  Promalactis,  29 
scandicinum,  Athyrium,  120 
Scardia,  47 
Schiffermuelleria,  29 
schinziana,  Ficus,  124 
Schinzii,  Acalypha,  129 
Andropogon,  121 
Crotalaria,  127 
Crotalaria  pilulicarpa,  127 
Schistostephium,  135 
Schizachyrium,  121 
Schizaea,  120 
SCHIZAEACEAE,  120 
Schizochilus,  123 
Schizoglossum,  132 
Schlechteri,  Adenia,  13 1 
Crotalaria  spinosa,  127 
Vernonia,  134 

Schlechteriana,  Brachycorythis,  123 
schonlandi,  Pterinochilus,  97 
Stasimopus,  93,  94,  95 
schreineri,  Acanthodon,  111 
Galeosoma,  81;  PI.  IV,  fig.  c 
Scirpus,  122 
Sclerophricta,  46 
Scolopia,  13 1 

SCROPHULARIACEAE,  133 
SCYTHRIDAE,  37 
Scythris,  37 

seabrae,  Cistugo,  112,  113 
secularis,  Eucryptogona,  45 
secunda,  Rhynchosia,  128 
segetalis,  Acalypha,  130 
segmentata,  Lopholaena,  135 
Segregara,  m 
Selaginella,  121 
SELAGINELLACEAE,  121 
semiberbe,  Schizachyrium,  121 
semiberbis,  Andropogon  hirtiflorus,  121 
semnophanes,  Gracilaria,  40 
Senecio,  135 

senegalensis,  Hexalobus,  126 
Pegolettia,  134 
senensis,  Acalypha,  130 
sericea,  Eulalia,  121 


Index  to  Volume  VI 


13 


sericea,  Lessertia  perennans,  128 
sericocephala,  Arthrosolen,  13 1 
sericoflora,  Lotononis,  127 
Serpicula,  132 
serrata,  Brachiaria,  122 
Worms  kioldia,  13 1 
serratum,  Panicum,  122 
Sesamothamnus,  133 
Sesamum,  133 
Sesbania,  128 
sessiliflora,  Aloe,  122 
sessiliflorus,  Anisotes,  133 
sessilifolia,  Lotononis , 127 
Pearsonia,  127 
seticoxa,  Moggridgea,  107 
sexangularis,  Kalanchoe,  126 
silberbauer,  Dryodromas  fulvicapilla, 
1 17 

silberbaueri,  Otomys,  114 

silvatica,  Dryopteris,  120 

Simaethis,  55 

Simii,  Aloe,  122 

similis,  Lasiosiphon,  13 1 

sinuato-dentata,  Ipomoea  bathycolpos, 

132 

Sisyranthus,  132 
Sisyroxena,  35 
SOLANACEAE,  133 
Solanum,  133 
SOLIFUGAE,  63,  64 
solitudinis,  Lotononis,  127 
Sonderi,  Tragia,  130 
Sorghum,  121 
sparsisora,  Hypolepis,  121 
spartifoliella,  Leucoptera,  41 
spartioides,  Crotalaria,  127 
Thesium,  125 
speciosa,  Gerbera,  135 
speluncae,  Davallia,  120 
Microlepia,  120 
Spermacoce,  134 

sphaerocarpus,  Corrallocarpus,  134 
Sphenandra,  133 

spheroideum,  Galeosoma  coronatum, 

63,  82;  PI.  IV,  fig.  <z 
spicata,  Anarsia,  21 
spilodoma,  Photodotis,  15 
spinipalpis,  Spiroctenus  63,  83,  84,  85 

(Text-figs.  6 a-b)\  PI.  Ill,  fig.  b 
spinipes,  Stasimopus,  93,  94 
spiricola,  Acanthodon,  73,  74,  77^  111 
Spiroctenus,  63,  83,  107,  108,  109 
spissa,  Crypsithyris,  43 
splendens,  Asplenium  cuneatum,  120 
sponditis,  Argyroploce,  50 
Sporobolus,  122 
stagninum,  Panicum,  122 
Stapelia,  132 
Stasimopus,  63,  93,  108 
staterias,  Crobylophora,  41 
stenantha,  Eulophia,  124 


steneopterum,  Helichrysum,  134 
Stenoma,  34 
stenophylla,  Adenia,  13 1 
Stephania,  126 
Steppia,  Coreopsis,  135 
Sterculia,  13 1 
STERCULIACEAE,  13 1 
Stewartiae,  Eulophia,  124 
Stewartii,  Pearsonia  multiflora,  127 
stipella,  Aristotelia,  15 
stipularis,  Bridelia,  129 
Streptocarpus,  133 
Streptothyris,  32 
stricta,  Indigofera,  128 
strictus,  Schizochilus,  123 
stromatias,  Dichomeris,  23 
suahelica,  Chloropetella,  1 
subacaulis,  Crossandra,  133 
subcoriaceus,  Senecio,  135 
subful vescens,  Anarsia,  21 
subgratissimus,  Croton,  129 
subhastatus,  Corrallocarpus  sphaerocar- 
pus,  134 

subintegrifolia,  Trochomeria  pectinata, 
134 

subulata,  Crassula,  126 
subulifolium,  Panicum,  122 
suffuticosa,  Bergia,  13 1 
suprafoliata,  Aloe,  122 
surattensis,  Hibiscus,  130 
Sutera,  133 

swaziensis,  Lotononis,  127 
Pearsonia,  127 
sylvaticus,  Croton,  129 

symonsi,  Guttera  edouardi,  3 
Symphoristis,  55 

syncentra,  Sisyroxena,  35 

Syrmadbula,  26 

tabulare,  Blechnum,  120 
Tacazzea,  132 
Talaeporia,  44 

tanyacta,  Streptothyris,  32 

Tavaresia,  132 
TAXACEAE,  121 
Telphusa,  16,  51 
Tephrosia,  128 
Teramnus,  128 
ternatus,  Hibiscus,  130 
tesserata,  Orneodes,  34 
tetraleuca,  Gelechia,  18 
tetraptera,  Sesbania,  128 
thalameuta,  Eucosma,  49 
Thalictrum,  126 
Thamnosma,  128 
theciferum,  Asplenium,  120 
Thelechoris,  95,  96,  109 
Thelesperma,  135 
thelypteris,  Dryopteris,  120 
Nephrodium,  120 
thematica,  Eucosma,  48 


H 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Themeda,  121 
THERAPHOSIDAE,  97 
Thesium,  125 
thiota,  Ceranthes,  33 
thorelli,  Acanthodon,  68,  75 
Thorncroftia,  133 
Thorncroftii,  Aloe,  122 
Ceropegia,  132 
Fagara,  128 
Plectranthus,  133 
Thunbergia,  133 
THYMELAEACEAE,  13 1 
thyrsiflora , Sanseviera,  122 
thyrsoideus,  Senecio,  135 
thysanarcha,  Epiphractis,  53 
TILIACEAE,  130 
tincta,  Opostega,  41 
Tinea,  44,  57 
TINEIDAE,  43,  57 
Tineola,  44 

Tirucalli,  Euphorbia,  129 
Toddalia,  128 

tomentosa,  Kalanchoe  glandulosa,  126 

tookei,  Pelmatorycter,  63,  92 

TORTRICIDAE,  8 

Tortrix,  8 

Trachydora,  28 

Trachypogon,  121 

Tragia,  130 

transvaalense,  Disperma,  133 
Jasminum,  132 
Trianthema,  25 

transvaalensis,  Acanthodon,  111 
Bersama,  130 
Blepharis,  133 
Bradypterus,  116 
Capparis,  126 
Crassula,  126 
Davalia  parviflora,  132 
Diores,  106 
Euphorbia,  129 
Huernia,  132 
Lissochilus,  124 
Lotononis,  127 
Lotononis  Gerrardi,  127 
Loranthus  kraussianus,  124 
Numida  papillosa,  2,  3 
Satyrium,  123 
Scabiosa,  134 
Schizochilus,  123 
triandra,  Themeda,  121 
triangulifer,  Diores,  106 
Trianthema,  125 
Tribulus,  128 
Tricalysia,  133 
trichadenia,  Euphorbia,  129 
trichobasis,  Bulbostylis,  122 
tricholaenoides,  Digitaria,  121 
Trichomanes,  120 
Trichotaphe,  15,  23 
tricolor,  Myotis,  112 


tridens,  Corchorus,  130 
triflorum,  Thesium,  125 
trigyna,  Cotyledon,  126 
Trimeria,  13 1 
trinerve,  Satyrium,  123 
trinervis,  Trimeria,  13 1 
triphaca,  Sterculia,  13 1 
Tripteris,  135 

triumphalis,  Idioglossa,  56 

Trochomeria,  134 
truncata,  Euphorbia,  129 
Tryphostemma,  13 1 
tunbridgense,  Hymenophyllum,  120 

turgida,  Trichotaphe,  24 

TURNERACEAE,  13 1 
Turraea,  128 

typhoideum,  Pennisetum,  122 
typhurum,  Panicum,  122 
typicum,  Galeosoma  coronatum,  82 
typicus,  Galeosoma  robertsi,  82 
tyreuta,  Sclerophricta,  46 
Tysoni,  Brachycorythis,  123 
Habenaria,  123 
Habenaria  dregeana,  123 
Neobolusia,  123 

tysoni,  Stasimopus,  63,  93,  95 

ugandensis,  Warburgia,  60,  62 
ULMACEAE,  124 
UMBELLIFERAE,  132 
umbraculata,  Euxanthis,  8 
umbraculigerum,  Helichrysum,  134 
umvotensis,  Habenaria,  123 
undatum,  Helichrysum,  134 
unguicornis,  Blossia,  64,  65 
unitum , Nephrodium,  120 
Polypodium,  120 
urens,  Mucuna,  128 
urophyllus,  Senecio,  135 
Ursinia,  135 
URTICACEAE,  124 
utile,  Thesium,  125 

Vaillantii,  Crassula,  126 
vandami,  Galeosoma,  78  (Text-fig.  4 c), 
80,  81;  PI.  IV,  fig.  e 
Vangueria,  134 
variabilis,  Arthrosolen,  13 1 
varius,  Gladiolus,  123 
vectaria,  Anarsia,  21 
velutina,  Crabbea,  133 
Odina,  130 
Venedium,  135 
VERBENACEAE,  133 
Verecunda,  Aloe,  122 
Vernonia,  134 
versicolor,  Sorghum,  121 
verticillata,  Mollugo,  125 
verticilliflorum,  Sorghum,  121 
veterascens,  Leuronoma,  16 
vibrans,  Gracilaria,  40 


Index  to  Volume  VI 


*5 


victorini,  Cryptillas,  116 
victrix,  Laspeyresia,  12 

villosa,  Grewia,  130 
Pollinia,  121 
Rhus,  130 

villosum,  Schistostephium,  135 
villosus,  Coccolus,  126 
viminea,  Buchenroedera,  128 
vimineus,  Senecio,  135 
violescens,  Laspeyresia,  51 
virens,  Mollugo  hirta,  125 
virgata,  Cluytia,  129 
viridifolia,  Gerbera,  135 
viridis,  Pellaea,  121 
viscosa,  Sphenandra,  133 
viscosum , Acrostichum , 121 
Viscum,  124 
VITACEAE,  130 
Vitex,  133 
vittatus,  Diores,  106 
vittipes,  Diores,  106 
Viverra,  112 

vorax,  Pterinochilus,  102  ftn 
vulpecula,  Homostola,  108 

Wahlenbergia,  134 
Wakefieldii,  124 
Warburgia,  60,  13 1 
Watkinsonii,  Eulophia,  124 
Welwitschii,  Monechma,  133 
Wickensii,  Aloe,  122 
Cotyledon,  126 
wilmsianum,  Satyrium,  123 
Wilmsii,  Acalypha,  130 
Adenia,  13 1 
Alchemilla,  126 


Wilmsii,  Argyrolobium,  128 
Lasiosiphon,  128 
Lotononis,  127 
Melolobium,  127 
Psoralea,  128 

wintoni,  Chrysochloris,  113 
Woodii,  Lotononis,  127 
Worms  kioldia,  13 1 

xanthochyta,  Crobylophora,  41 

xanthomilas,  Euplectes,  117 
Xanthoxylon,  128 
Ximenia,  125 

xylophracta,  Cladophantis,  34 

XYLORYCTIDAE,  33,  54 

Zantedeschia,  122 
zebrina,  Homostola,  90,  108 
Huernia,  132 
Spiroctenus,  90,  108 
zelotypa,  Proceleustis,  54 
Zesticodes,  46 
Zeyheri,  Pharnaceum,  125 
Platanthera , 123 
Scolopia,  13 1 
Tribulus,  128 
zeylanica,  Dicliptera,  133 
zeylanicum,  Heliotropium,  132 
ZINGIBERACEAE,  123 
ZODARIIDAE,  63,  105 
zonale,  Pelargonium,  128 
Zosterops,  2 
zygodes,  Tinea,  44 
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE,  128 
zymotis,  Leuronoma,  16 


PRINTED  BY  WALTER  LEWIS,  M.A.,  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS,  CAMBRIDGE 


I 


ANNALS  MEDEDELINGEN 


TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM. 


PART  1,  containing 

Descriptions  of  a New  Species  and  Genus  of  Flycatchers 
from  East  Africa,  and  two  New  Subspecies  of  Guinea 
Fowls  from  South  Africa.  By  Austin  Roberts. 

Descriptions  of  two  New  Species  of  a New  Subgenus  of 
Bats,  and  a New  Species  of  Molerats.  By  Austin 
Roberts. 


of  the 


VAN  HET 


VOL  VI. 


Issued  28th  June,  1917 . 


PRETORIA  : 

BUCKLEY  & VAN  DUYN,  PRINTERS. 
1917 


ANNALS 


MEDEDELINGEN 


OF  I HE  VAN  I1ET 

T ransvaal  Museum. 


Vol.  6.  Part  1. 


ffc  OCT  3 A 1917  V 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  A NEW  SPECIES  AND  GENUS  OF  FLYCATCHERS 
FROM  EAST  AFRICA  AND  TWO  NEW  SUBSPECIES  OF 
GUINEA  FOWLS  FROM  SOUTH  AFRICA, 

By  Austin  Roberts. 


While  on  active  service  in  German  East  Africa,  I was  fortunate  in 
procuring,  together  with  a few  other  birds,  a single  specimen  of  a fly- 
catcher which  proves  to  represent  an  undescribed  species  and  genus, 
which  I propose  to  name : 

CHLGROPETELLA  gen.  nov. 

Diagnosis:  Apparently  most  closely  allied  to  Chloropeta , but  differing 
therefrom  in  its  much  smaller  size,  the  bill  narrower  and  more  de 
curved  apically,  the  greater  number  of  rictal  bristles  and  in  habits  and 
habitat.  The  rictal  bristles  are  comparatively  longer  and  nasal  bristles 
are  conspicuous  all  along  the  base  of  the  forehead,  where  they  are  almost 
absent  and  certainly  fewer  in  number  in  Chloropeta.  The  tail  is 
rounded,  consists  of  ten  feathers,  and  is  about  equal  to  the  wing  in 
length.  The  wing  formula  is : 1st  primary  about  55%  of  the  length  of  the 
second ; 2nd  rather  shorter  than  the  eighth ; 3rd  and  6th  about  equal ; 
4th  and  5th  about  equal  and  longest. 

OHLORGPETELLA  SUAHELICA  spec.  nov. 

Description : upper  parts  in  general  olive  yellow,  rather  darker  sub 
terminally  on  the  tail,  and  the  external  margins  and  base  of  the  tail 
rather  clearer  yellow  | primaries  and  secondaries  brown,  the  first  and 
second  primaries  uniform,  the  third  narrowly  and  the  remainder  broadly 


2 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum. 


margined  with  olive  yellow  for  the  basal  two-thirds.  Entire  under  parts 
of  the  body,  the  throat  and  the  chin  “ primuline  yellow”  (Ridgway), 
sides  of  the  face  rather  more  olive,  and  the  under  wing  coverts  rather 
paler,  yellow ; under  surface  of  the  wings  brown,  with  broad  whitish 
inner  margins;  under  surface  of  tail  feathers  olive  yellow,  the  inner 
margins  and  tips  of  the  outer  ones  clearer  yellow.  “Iris  brown;  bill 
light  brown  above,  pale  horn  brown  below ; legs  light  brown,  feet  rather 
paler.”  Length  of  wing  47  mm.,  tail  47,  tarsus  15,  culmen  11,  breadth 
of  bill  at  the  base  6. 

The  type,  which  is  in  the  Transvaal  Museum  collection,  is  a female 
taken  on  27th  January,  1917,  at  Myiai,  an  outpost  situated  forty  miles 
south-west  of  Dar-es-Salaam  on  the  Maneromango  road  and  about  twelve 
miles  from  that  village. 

Habits:  It  was  the  habits  and  habitat  of  this  bird  which  first  led 
me  to  think  that  it  might  prove  to  be  a novelty,  and  after  several 
attempts  to  secure  a specimen  it  was  only  on  the  day  of  my  departure 
that  I succeeded.  On  the  first  occasion  on  which  I observed  these 
birds,  three  were  sitting  affectionately  side  by  side  on  a twig  not  six 
feet  above  my  head  in  a pathway  through  the  bush ; they  remained  there 
for  some  time  while  I noted  how  different  they  appeared  to  be  from  any 
bird  which  I had  previously  met  with  or  read  about ; upon  my  disturbing 
them  to  obtain  another  view,  they  hopped  about  amongst  the  branches 
a little  farther  away,  but  regarded  me  more  with  curiosity  than  fear. 
They  appeared  to  be  rather  uncommon,  as  I saw  them  again  only  upon 
about  five  or  six  occasions  and  then  only  when  I had  no  means  of  secur- 
ing a specimen,  except  on  the  last,  when  I brought  down  one  with  a 
catapult  and  fine  shot.  They  were  noted  to  be  lively  little  birds,  always 
found  in  small  parties  of  three  or  four,  usually  sitting  very  quietly 
until  disturbed,  whereupon  they  would  flit  about,  uttering  a sharp  twit- 
tering note  which  might  almost  be  described  as  a song ; at  other  times, 
when  in  search  of  insects,  they  were  remarkably  quick  in  flitting  up  and 
down  and  about  amongst  the  branches  of  the  trees  in  the  tangled  scrub. 
But  for  their  brown  eyes  and  active  manner  when  in  movement,  they 
might  be  mistaken  for  a species  of  Zosterops. 

Chloropeta  natalensis,  the  genotype  and  only  species  of  the  genus 
with  which  I have  compared  this  new  bird,  has  quite  different  habits. 
Very  little  has  been  recorded  of  it,  and  I have  myself  only  seen  it  on  a 
few  rare  occasions,  some  ten  years  ago,  in  Natal.  It  frequents  the 
coarse  herbage  found  along  the  streams  and  valleys  below  and  on  the 
sides  of  mountains,  and  has  the  habits  of  a warbler  rather  than  of  a fly- 
catcher ; I have  never  seen  more  than  one  bird  at  a time,  and  it  always 
proved  to  be  very  shy  and  upon  being  alarmed  immediately  took  refuge 
in  the  tangled  vegetation.  The  northern  subspecies  of  Chloropeta  nata- 
lensis do  not  differ  appreciably  in  size  or  habits  from  the  typical  sub- 
species. 


NUMIDA  PAPILLOSA  DAMARENSIS  subsp.  nov. 

Differs  from  the  typical  Numida  papillosa  Rchw.  in  having  the  horn 
very  narrow  from  the  base  to  the  tip,  resembling  a bent  finger  in  shape. 
All  figures  of  N.  papillosa  show  that  the  typical  form  has  the  horn 
broad  at  the  base  and  narrowing  upwards,  whereas  in  the  present  new 
subspecies  the  horn  is  practically  the  same  thickness  for  the  whole 
length.  N.  papillosa  transvaalensis  Neum.  (Orn.  Monatsb.  1899,  p.  20) 
differs  in  having  the  papillae  less  developed  than  in  the  typical  aufe 
species,  and  the  horn  much  curved  backwards. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum. 


3 


N.  coronata  is  a subspecies  of  mitrata  and  there  is  no  evidence  that 
mitrata  and  papillosa  are  sub  specifically  connected,  even  though  trans- 
vaalensis  has  the  papillae  less  developed  than  in  the  more  western 
birds.  The  following  measurements  will  best  illustrate  the  difference  in 
the  size  of  the  casque  of  all  these  forms,  the  three  from  Windhuck, 
S.  W. . African  Protectorate,  representing  the  type  series  of  N.p. 
damarensis : — 

Casque. 


Species. 

Locality. 

Wing. 

Culmen 

Breadth 

Breadth 

Length 

N. 

mitrata 

coronata,  Fish  River  ...  ...  . 

. 295  . 

26 

at  base. 
30 

midway. 

22 

from 
ant. base. 

49 

> ) 

yy 

,,  Barberton  

. 274 

25 

29 

18 

50 

* J 

5 y 

mitrata,  Boror  ...  ...  .. 

. 268 

26 

25 

— 

30 

5? 

papillosa 

transvaalensis , Pretoria  

. 280 

25 

30 

19 

50 

? 9 

,, 

,,  Rustenburg. 

280 

22.5 

29 

18.5 

50 

y y 

,,  Rustenburg. 

..  280 

23 

29 

18 

53 

y y 

5? 

damarensis , Windhuck  ...  .. 

. 280 

22 

16 

11.5 

38 

yy 

y y 

•n  at 

. 285 

24 

17 

10 

37 

9 9 

9 y 

,,  9» 

. 293 

24 

15 

9 

37 

3 

GUTTERA  EDOUARDI  SYMONSI  subsp.  nov. 

Differs  from  the  typical  G.  edouardi  (Hartl.)  from  the  coast  of  Natal 
in  having  only  the  faintest  traces  of  chestnut  coloration  in  the  feathers 
of  the  lower  neck,  back,  scapulars,  chest  and  flanks  and  the  white  spots 
more  distinctly  blue,  the  whole  general  effect  produced  by  these  differ- 
ences being  very  marked.  G.  lividicollis  Ghigi  (Mem.  Acc.  Sc.Instit., 
Bologna,  vi,  pi.  ii,  1905)  does  not  appear  to  differ  from  the  typical  G. 
edouardi  in  the  feather  coloration,  but  has  been  founded  upon  the  colora- 
tion of  the  skin  of  the  neck.  No  notes  were  made  upon  the  colour  of 
the  soft  parts  of  this  new  subspecies  at  the  time  of  their  capture,  and 
I am  therefore  unable  for  the  present  to  detail  them ; but  Mr.  R.  E. 
Symons,  who  was  kind  enough  to  send  a series  of  five  specimens' to  the 
Transvaal  Museum,  but  is  away  from  home  at  the  time  of  writing,  has 
promised  to  remedy  the  omission  when  next  he  is  able  to  secure  speci- 
mens ; the  lack  of  these  particulars  does  not,  however,  affect  the  status 
of  the  new  subspecies.  The  specimens  examined  are  two  pairs  of  adults 
and  an  immature  male,  the  last  still  retaining  black  and  buffish  down  on 
the  back  of  the  head  and  short  black  feathers,  some  tipped  with  dirty 
white,  on  the  throat ; the  crest  is  also  not  fully  developed.  Essentially 
the  immature  specimen  does  not  differ  from  the  adults — but  traces  of 
bars  instead  of  spots  of  bluish  white  are  to  be  seen  in  the  outer  wing- 
coverts,  abdominal  region  and  flanks,  and  particularly  on  the  tail 
feathers.  The  type  series  (of  which  T.M.  No.  11585  is  the  type)  was 
taken  at  Karkloof  (3,500ft.),  Natal,  by  Mr.  R.  E.  Symons,  after  whom  1 
have  pleasure  in  naming  the  subspecies. 

Dimensions:  Adults,  length  of  wing  from  tip  of  primaries  260  275 
mm ; tail  140-160 ; metatarsus  80 ; culmen  22-25.  Immature,  wing  950, 
tail  130,  metatarsus  72,  culmen  22. 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  TWO  NEW  SPECIES  OF  A NEW  SUBGENUS 
OF  BATS  AND  A NEW  SPECIES  OF  MOLERATS. 

By  Austin  Roberts. 


PLATYMOPS  PETROPHILUS  spec.  nov. 

This  bat  has  a superficial  resemblance  to  Nyctinomus  aegyptiacus 
(S.  African  specimens),  but  upon  close  examination  is  found  to  differ  in 
having  the  ears  more  widely  separated  at  the  inner  base ; the  antitra- 
gus represented  by  a mere  thickening  of  the  lobe ; the  horny  points  on 
the  upper  part  of  the  ear  commencing  near  the  rim  of  the  ear  and  not 
far  down  as  in  aegyptiacus ; the  thumb  very  thick  ;the  first  and  fifth  toes 
also  very  thick — equal  to  double  that  of  either  of  the  other  three — and 
thickly  covered  above  and  on  the  outer  surface  with  fine  white  bristly 
hairs,  but  with  hardly  any  of  the  very  long  bristles  found  in  aegyptiacus ; 
the  ears  are  haired  as  in  aegyptiacus , but  the  area  around  the  fibulae 
is  more  sparsely  covered  with  white  hairs.  The  ears  arise  about  4mm. 
apart  to  a height  of  a little  more  than  1 mm.  and  the  upper  margin 
thence  for  about  13  mm.  is  practically  horizontal,  thence  curving  down- 
wards a little  way,  increasing  the  breadth  of  the  ear  to  15  mm.,  then 
downwards  and  very  slightly  inwards  for  about  9.5  mm.  to  a point 
whence  an  increasing  tendency  inwards  for  4 mm.  carries  the  lower 
margin  in  an  almost  straight  line  to  the  outer  base ; the  antitragus  is 
represented  by  a broadening  and  thickening  of  the  lobe,  flattened  or 
slightly  folded  on  the  upper  surface,  with  only  a slight  emargination 
beyond  its  outer  edge ; the  tragus  is  like  that  of  aegyptiacus,  quadrate, 
rather  narrower  at  the  base  than  the  tip,  with  a slight  nitch  in  the  outer 
edge.  The  horny  points  on  the  upper  margin  of  the  ear  are  five  in 
number  just  below  the  horizon,  the  rest  on  the  edge  of  the  ear,  pro- 
ducing a saw-like  horizon.  The  lips  are  wrinkled,  the  nostrils  sub-lateral 
and  no  glands  appear  to  be  present.  The  wings  arise  on  the  tibia  at 
about  one-third  of  the  length  of  the  tibia  from  the  feet. 

The  skull  of  the  type  is,  unfortunately,  fragmentary,  having  been 
crushed  when  the  rock  was  overturned  under  which  it  had  taken  up  its 
abode.  Nevertheless,  from  what  there  is  of  it,  the  dentition  is  clearly 
seen  to  be  numerically  identical  with  that  of  N.  aegyptiacus , but  the 
skull  is  flattened  as  in  Platymops  Thos.  (Ann.  & Mag.  N.H.,  ser.  7, 
vol.  17,  p.  499,  1906)  ;the  premaxillae  do  not  meet  anteriorly,  and  the 
incisors  are  large  and  convergent  : the  foremost  premclar  (P2  ) is  small, 
but  easily  seen  without  the  aid  of  a lens,  and  is  situated  between  the 
C °nd  P4,  well  within  the  tooth  row ; the  lower  anterior  premolar  is 
slightly  smaller  than  the  posterior  premolar. 

Dimensions  (taken  from  a spirit  specimen)  : Length  of  the  head  and 
body  53  mm.,  of  the  tail  38,  of  the  free  portion  of  the  tail  15;  diametre 
of  the  ear,  vertically  14,  horizontally  15;  height  of  tragus  2.5;  length  of 
snout  to  the  inner  base  of  the  ear  7 ; forearm  42 ; thumb  7 ; third  digit, 
metacarpal  43,  1st  phalanx  16,  2nd  without  the  cartilage  15,  with  the 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum. 


5 


cartilage  22 ; fourth  digit,  metacarpal  41,  1st  phalanx  15,  2nd  phalanx 
without  cartilage  8.5,  with  cartilage  11.5 ; fifth  digit,  metacarpal  27,  1st 
phalanx  11,  2nd  with  the  cartilage  7.5;  tibia  9;  hind  foot  length  (c.u.) 
8,  breadth  4 ; breadth  of  ankle  pad  2.  Skull : Length  of  dental  series, 
from  front  of  C to  back  of  M3,  7.4;  greatest  length  of  mandible  13.5. 

Type:  Adult  male,  in  spirits,  taken  by  G.  van  Dam  at  Bleskop,  near 
Rustenburg,  2nd  February,  1917. 

PLATYMOPS  HAAGNERI  spec.  nov. 

A small  species  having  an  affinity  to  P.  petrophilus  in  the  dental 
formula,  flattened  skull,  absence  of  a definite  antitragus,  shortness  and 
number  of  the  bristles  on  the  toes,  and  in  the  horny  points  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  ears  being  situated  near  the  horizon  of  the  ear ; but 
differing  therefrom  in  its  smaller  size,  the  horny  points  on  the  ears  only 
two  in  number ; the  lower  P2  much  smaller  than  the  P4,  which  is  higher, 
the  tips  of  Mlt  P4  and  C forming  an  almost  straight  line  at  a slight 
angle  rising  forward ; the  upper  incisors  are  also  comparatively  shorter 
than  in  petrophilus , and  a cingulum  can  be  seen  in  P2  with  the  aid  of 
a lens.  The  lower  incisors  are  bifid.  The  bony  palate  extends  well 
behind  the  molars. 

Dimensions  of  the  type  in  spirits:  Length  of  the  head  and  body  50 
mm.;  of  the  tail  32,  of  the  free  portion  of  the  tail  13.5;  ear,  height  10, 
breadth  13.5;  height  of  the  tragus  2.3;  length  of  forearm  37;  pollex 
(c.u.)  5;  third  digit,  metacarpal  37,  1st  phalanx  14,  2nd  without  carti- 
lage 12;  fourth  digit,  metacarpal  36,  1st  phalanx  12.5,  2nd  phalanx 
without  cartilage  6;  fifth  digit,  metacarpal  25,  1st  phalanx  10,  2nd  4.7; 
tibia  10;  hind  foot,  length  (c.u.)  6.5  Skull:  Greatest  basal  length  16.2; 
zygomatic  width  10 ; width  at  mastoid  9.8 ; width  of  brain  case  9 ; in- 
terorbital constriction  3.7;  basilar  length  13.1;  palate  length  5.5;  length 
of  dental  series,  from  front  of  C to  back  of  M3,  6 ; width  of  palate  taken 
outside  the  molars  7 ; greatest  length  of  mandible  12. 

Type:  Adult  male  from  Keetmanshoop,  Damaraland,  presented  to 
the  Museum  by  Mr.  Sigmund  Haagner. 

These  two  species  apparently  belong  to  the  genus  Platymops  Thos., 
but  differing  as  they  do  in  the  dental  formula,  the  P2  being  present, 
I propose  to  place  them  in  a new  subgenus  bearing  the  name  of 
SAUROMYS,  of  which  P.haagneri  maybe  taken  as  the  genotype.  The  fol- 
lowing figures  will  indicate  the  difference  in  the  height  of  the  skull  of 
N.  aegyptiacus  and  the  present  new  species,  the  measurements  having 
been  taken  from  the  tips  of  the  P4  vertically  parallel  to  the  top  of  the 
premaxilla : 

N.  aegyptiacus  6.5  mm.,  P.  petrophilus  4.2,  P.  haagneri  4. 

GEORYCHUS  PALKI  spec.  nov. 

Most  closely  allied  to  G.  anomalus  mihi  in  having  the  nasals  long 
and  narrow  and  the  same  buffish  grey  coloration ; but  differing  from 
this  and  all  other  members  of  this  group  in  having  a very  distinct  semi- 
circular notch  in  the  upper  anterior  angle  of  the  ocular  area  of  the  skull, 
this  notch  effecting  a thinning  of  the  arch  of  the  maxilla  above  the 
antorbital  foramen  and  opposite  the  antorbital  process.  In  two  adult 
specimens  the  hindmost  molar  is  very  large,  equal  in  diametre  to  the 
foremost  tooth. 

Dimensions:  Length  of  the  head  and  body  150  mm.;  tail  22;  hind 


6 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum. 


,foot  (s.u.)  29.  Skull:  Extreme  length  from  the  tips  of  the  incisors 

42.4;  length  from  the  apex  of  the  premaxilla  38.7,  from  the  tips  of  the 
nasals  37 ; basilar  length  32.5 ; greatest  zygomatic  width  29.2 ; width  of 
brain  case  16.8;  mastoid  width  20;  inter-orbital  constriction  8.4;  width 
of  premaxilla  8.7:  width  of  incisors  at  the  exposed  base  6.4;  length  of 
molar  series  7.5;  diastema  12.8;  length  of  bony  palate  24.2;  greatest 
diametre  of  bullae,  including  the  internal  projection,  10.3 ; nasals  15.6 
x 4.1. 

Type:  Old  male,  No.  T.M.  m 2085,  taken  at  Venterskroon,  on 

the  banks  of  the  Vaal  River,  Potchefstroom  District,  24th  March,  1917. 
Also  a series  of  five  younger  specimens  from  the  same  colony,  showing 
the  same  characters ; but  unfortunately  the  only  female  captured  is  not 
mature  and  the  number  of  mammae  is  not  known. 

I have  named  this  animal  after  Mr.  Robert  Palk,  who  materially 
assisted  me  in  effecting  their  captvre. 

Besides  these  specimens,  two  others  were  captured  in  another 
colony,  an  adult  female  and  a young  adult  male,  which  have  all  the 
characters,  including  the  number  of  mammae,  of  G.  natalensis  mihi, 
though  they  are  somewhat  paler  on  the  muzzle.  This  again  illustrates 
the  necessity  for  carefully  noting  which  colonies  specimens  were  cap- 
tured in,  each  species  apparently  living  upon  a particular  vegetable 
food. 


ANNALS 


MEDEDELINGEN 


OF  THE  VAN  HET 

TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 

VOLUME  VI 

PART  2 containing 

Descriptions  of  South  African  Micro-Lepidoptera 
By  E.  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.R.S. 

A New  Species  of  Warburgia  from  the  Transvaal 
By  Mrs  R.  Pott 


PRINTED  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
CAMBRIDGE,  ENGLAND 
1918 


ANNALS 


MEDEDELING 


OF  THE 


VAN  HET 


TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 


IAR  28  1919 

^<9  * ' . 

Jj/0nal 


Vol.  6 


Part  2 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  SOUTH  AFRICAN 
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA 

By  E.  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.R.S. 

PTEROPHORIDAE 

Platyptilia  bullifera  n.sp. 

$ 20  mm.  Head  pale  brownish,  face  and  sides  of  crown  whitish.  Palpi  2J , 
brownish  mixed  with  dark  fuscous,  base  and  apex  white.  Thorax  pale 
brownish,  posteriorly  whitish.  Abdomen  whitish,  on  sides  and  posteriorly 
mixed  with  fuscous.  Forewings  cleft  to  beyond  f , second  segment  narrow  at 
base  and  posteriorly  dilated,  apex  pointed,  termen  of  first  segment  concave, 
oblique,  of  second  concave,  little  oblique;  pale  brownish  suffusedly  irrorated 
with  white  except  towards  anterior  half  of  costa,  towards  costa  suffused  with 
reddish-fuscous,  costal  edge  suffused  with  dark  fuscous  towards  middle;  a 
trapezoidal  dark  reddish-fuscous  spot  crossing  middle  of  first  segment, 
narrowed  downwards,  edged  anteriorly  with  white  suffusion  broader  towards 
costa,  and  posteriorly  by  a white  line ; a trapezoidal  dark  reddish-fuscous  spot 
occupying  basal  half  of  second  segment;  both  segments  beyond  these  markings 
light  red-brownish  sprinkled  with  white:  cilia  whitish,  on  costal  spot  dark 
fuscous,  on  termen  with  basal  third  brown  edged  by  a dark  fuscous  line,  twice 
interrupted  with  white  on  first  segment,  within  cleft  grey  mixed  with  whitish 
on  lower  margin  of  first  segment,  on  dorsum  with  three  dark  grey  patches  tipped 
with  black,  viz.  one  moderate  at  f of  wing,  one  narrow  beneath  cleft,  and  one 
broad  from  near  this  to  tornus.  Hindwings  dark  grey,  third  segment  f of 
first;  cilia  grey,  tinged  with  whitish  on  lower  angle  of  second  segment,  on 
dorsum  with  an  inconspicuous  tooth  of  three  or  four  blackish-tipped  scales 
at  f of  third  segment,  and  three  or  four  scattered  similar  scales  near  before 
this. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen.  A very  distinct 
species,  of  early  type. 


1 


8 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


CARPOSINIDAE 

Carposina  exsanguis  n.sp. 

$ 15  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white,  patagia  faintly  tinged  with  ochreous. 
Palpi  ochreous-whitish  finely  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  elongate, 
rather  narrow,  posteriorly  slightly  dilated,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  pointed, 
termen  nearly  straight,  oblique;  ochreous-whitish,  faintly  clouded  with  very 
pale  greyish-ochreous ; an  indistinct  mark  of  fuscous  suffusion  along  basal 
sixth  of  costa,  and  five  very  small  faint  fuscous  or  greyish-ochreous  costal 
spots  between  this  and  apex : cilia  ochreous-whitish  faintly  speckled  with 
light  grey.  Hindwings  and  cilia  whitish. 

Transvaal,  Barberton,  in  December  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

PHALONIADAE 

Euxanthis  umbraculata  n.sp. 

$ 16-19  mm.  Head  ochreous-whitish.  Palpi  3,  whitish-ochreous.  Thorax 
whitish,  partially  suffused  with  pale  ferruginous.  Abdomen  dark  grey,  apex 
ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  somewhat  dilated 
posteriorly,  costa  hardly  arched,  faintly  sinuate  in  middle,  apex  obtuse, 
termen  straight,  oblique;  light  ferruginous-ochreous,  more  or  less  mixed 
with  whitish;  some  ferruginous-brown  marking  on  basal  area,  and  anterior 
half  of  costa  suffused  with  ferruginous-brown;  a rather  narrow  ferruginous- 
brown  median  fascia,  mixed  with  dark  fuscous  on  dorsal  half,  obtusely  angu- 
lated  or  tending  to  be  interrupted  above  middle;  a small  dark  fuscous  discal 
dot  beyond  this ; three  small  brown  spots  on  costa  between  this  and  terminal 
fascia;  a suffused  ferruginous-brown  terminal  fascia,  tending  to  be  produced 
anteriorly  in  suffused  streaks  along  veins  towards  cell : cilia  whitish-ferruginous, 
barred  or  sometimes  generally  suffused  with  rather  dark  grey,  with  dark  grey 
subbasal  line.  Hindwings  dark  grey;  cilia  whitish,  with  grey  subbasal  line. 

Transvaal,  v.d.  Merwe  and  Middelburg,  in  October  and  December  (Janse) ; 
two  specimens. 

TORTRICIDAE 

Tortrix  corroborata  n.sp. 

15  mm.  Head  and  thorax  pale  brownish-ochreous.  Palpi  3^,  brownish- 
ochreous.  Antennal  ciliations  1.  Abdomen  dark  grey,  anal  tuft  ochreous- 
whitish.  Forewings  suboblong,  moderate,  costa  anteriorly  strongly,  posteriorly 
hardly  arched,  without  fold,  apex  obtuse,  termen  faintly  sinuate,  hardly 
oblique;  pale  brownish-ochreous,  tinged  with  silvery-grey  on  dorsal  half; 
basal  patch  little  marked,  partially  suffused  with  light  ferruginous-brown 
except  towards  costa,  edge  irregularly  curved;  central  fascia  moderate, 
oblique,  ferruginous-brown,  on  dorsal  half  dilated  and  suffused  with  grey 
posteriorly  except  on  edge,  costal  edge  dark  fuscous;  costal  patch  semioval, 
ferruginous-brown,  suffused  with  blackish  on  costal  edge,  connected  by  an 
irregular  stria  with  termen  above  tornus  : cilia  pale  ochreous,  basally  somewhat 
dotted  or  barred  with  blackish,  more  strongly  above  apex  and  beneath  tornus. 
Hindwings  dark  grey;  cilia  pale  greyish,  with  dark  grey  subbasal  shade. 

Zululand,  Nkandhla  Forest,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Tortrix  metapyrrha  n.sp. 

£ 18  mm.  Head  and  thorax  whitish-yellow.  Palpi  2^,  pale  yellowish. 
Abdomen  pale  whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


9 


slightly  arched,  apex  obtuse-pointed,  termen  almost  straight,  rather  oblique; 
pale  yellowish ; a faint  greyish  dot  on  lower  angle  of  cell : cilia  light  ochreous- 
fulvous,  towards  tornus  yellow- whitish.  Hindwings  and  cilia  ochreous-whitish. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  September  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Cnephasia  pachydesma  n.sp. 

$ io  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous,  centrally  tinged  with  grey.  Palpi  i|, 
whitish-ochreous.  Thorax  whitish -ochreous-grey.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings 
elongate,  moderate,  posteriorly  somewhat  dilated,  costa  gently  arched,  apex 
obtuse,  termen  slightly  rounded,  oblique;  pale  ochreous;  markings  dark  grey 
mixed  with  blackish;  basal  patch  occupying  J of  wing,  edge  irregular,  angulated 
below  middle;  central  fascia  moderately  broad,  straight,  oblique;  an  almost 
terminal  fascia,  broad  on  costa,  narrowed  downwards  to  tornus;  discal  area 
between  these  markings  broadly  suffused  with  grey  sprinkled  with  blackish: 
cilia  pale  ochreous,  beneath  tornus  dark  grey.  Hindwings  dark  grey;  cilia 
grey,  with  dark  grey  subbasal  shade. 

Zululand,  Nkandhla  Forest,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Cnephasia  flavisecta  n.sp. 

$ io  mm.  Head  ochreous-yellow,  centrally  yellow- whitish.  Palpi  2, 
ochreous-yellowish.  Thorax  ochreous-yellowish,  patagia  grey  except  shoulder. 
Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  posteriorly  somewhat  dilated,  costa 
moderately  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  nearly  straight,  oblique;  golden- 
yellowish  ; markings  slaty-grey,  irregularly  sprinkled  with  black,  and  partially 
mixed  with  whitish ; a moderate  basal  patch,  outer  edge  hardly  curved,  vertical, 
including  an  elongate  blotch  of  ground-colour  from  base  of  costa  and  a small 
spot  below  fold ; a moderate  direct  median  fascia,  somewhat  expanded  towards 
dorsum,  its  posterior  edge  suffused  with  black  on  upper  half;  a narrow  fascia 
from  f of  costa  to  tornus,  and  one  just  before  apex  marked  with  black  on 
edges,  these  connected  by  a slender  bar  in  disc:  cilia  whitish-yellowish.  Hind- 
wings pale  grey;  cilia  grey-whitish. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

EUCOSMIDAE 

Eucosma  inscita  Meyr. 

$ ii— 12.  mm.  Head  and  thorax  grey,  thorax  sometimes  with  blackish 
median  transverse  bar.  Palpi  fuscous  irrorated  with  whitish.  Abdomen 
rather  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  elongate,  posteriorly  slightly  dilated,  costa 
gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  faintly  sinuate,  somewhat  oblique; 
brownish-grey;  costa  marked  with  alternate  groups  of  very  fine  whitish  and 
blackish  strigulae ; an  angulated  median  transverse  fascia  composed  of  several 
confluent  leaden  striae ; short  leaden  marks  rising  from  costal  groups  of  whitish 
strigulae  beyond  this ; ocellus  reaching  § across  wing,  laterally  margined  with 
leaden-metallic  streaks  of  which  posterior  is  cut  in  middle  by  a very  fine  black 
dash  from  its  interior,  three  fine  black  linear  marks  within  ocellus  above  this, 
and  some  irregular  short  confused  black  dashes  above  and  before  its  upper 
part;  apex  dark  fuscous:  cilia  grey  sprinkled  with  white.  Hindwings  with  3 
and  4 connate;  dark  grey,  lighter  anteriorly;  cilia  light  grey,  with  darker 
subbasal  shade. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse) ; four  specimens.  I have  redescribed 
this  obscure  species  from  this  improved  material,  as  its  distinguishing  features 
were  not  previously  adequately  expressed. 


I — ;2 


10 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Eucosma  bisecta  n.sp. 

^ ii  mm.  Head  and  palpi  dark  slaty-grey,  face  blackish.  Thorax  dark 
fuscous,  posterior  half  suffusedly  mixed  with  ochreous.  Abdomen  dark  grey. 
Posterior  tibiae  tufted  with  rough  projecting  scales  beneath.  Forewings 
elongate,  posteriorly  rather  dilated,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  rounded,  termen 
somewhat  rounded,  oblique,  sinuate-indented  above  middle;  blackish-fuscous; 
dorsal  half  from  base  to  beyond  middle  marked  with  irregular  transverse 
blue-leaden  strigae  partially  irrorated  with  whitish-ochreous ; basal  area 
suffused  with  greyish- violet  above  this;  two  greyish- violet  streaks  from  about 
§ of  costa  to  beyond  middle  of  disc,  thence  acutely  angulated  to  near  dorsum, 
touched  with  white  on  costa ; a similar  oblique  streak  from  f of  costa,  angulated 
in  middle  to  tomus,  followed  on  upper  half  by  a fine  line  of  pale  ochreous- 
yellowish  irroration,  its  lower  portion  edged  anteriorly  with  pale  ochreous- 
yellowish  and  followed  by  an  irregular  pale  ochreous-yellowish  patch  repre- 
senting ocellus  and  including  two  or  three  blackish  dots;  two  conspicuous 
white  direct  strigulae  on  costa  at  f,  terminated  beneath  by  short  oblique 
ochreous-yellowish  marks,  beyond  which  is  a greyish-violet  dot : cilia  grey, 
round  apex  with  blackish  basal  and  shorter  apical  lines,  whitish-suffused  at 
both  extremities  of  apical  line,  lower  forming  a whitish  spot  extending  to 
basal  line,  beneath  this  with  a spot  of  dark  fuscous  suffusion.  Hindwings 
with  3 and  4 stalked,  6 and  7 stalked;  dark  grey,  towards  base  with  a hyaline 
space  beneath  cell;  cilia  light  grey,  with  dark  grey  subbasal  shade. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Eucosma  desipiens  n.sp. 

cJ  11  mm.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  grey-whitish.  Palpi  densely  rough- 
scaled,  white,  with  oblique  light  grey  median  band.  Forewings  elongate, 
rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  with  moderate  fold  from  base  to  f , apex 
obtuse-pointed,  termen  faintly  sinuate,  oblique;  light  grey  with  tips  of  scales 
white;  costa  from  beyond  fold  marked  with  dark  fuscous  strigulae,  and  three 
small  dark  fuscous  spots;  small  scattered  undefined  spots  of  fuscous  suffusion 
towards  dorsum  and  in  disc  posteriorly,  and  an  indistinct  streak  of  fuscous 
suffusion  from  beyond  middle  of  costa  to  tornus,  angularly  projecting  in 
middle,  with  a line  of  blackish  scales  in  disc  running  into  angle;  apical  area  of 
wing  dark  grey;  ocellus  margined  laterally  with  thick  silvery-whitish  streaks, 
and  containing  three  short  black  linear  marks : cilia  whitish-grey  sprinkled 
with  white  and  fuscous,  at  apex  with  a fuscous  bar.  Hindwings  with  3 and  4 
stalked;  pale  grey;  cilia  grey- whitish. 

Transvaal,  Alberts-mine,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Eucosma  glyphicodes  n.sp. 

$ 20  mm.  Head  light  brownish,  face  suffused  with  dark  fuscous.  Palpi 
dark  fuscous,  towards  base  white.  Thorax  blackish,  patagia  mixed  with 
ochreous-brown  and  whitish.  Abdomen  fuscous.  Forewings  elongate,  costa 
anteriorly  gently  arched,  posteriorly  nearly  straight,  apex  obtuse,  termen 
nearly  straight,  somewhat  oblique;  white,  partially  suffused  with  whitish- 
ochreouS;  basal  portion  mixed  with  pale  leaden-grey  and  irregularly  marked 
with  black,  its  margin  irregularly  black,  rather  oblique,  enclosing  a clear  white 
spot  on  dorsum;  between  this  and  central  fascia  are  two  or  three  interrupted 
irregular  transverse  pale  leaden-grey  streaks,  and  two  black  dots  on  costa; 
central  fascia  little  oblique,  formed  of  irregular  pale  leaden-grey  and  black 
markings  somewhat  mixed  with  light  reddish-ochreous,  especially  a black  spot, 
on  middle  of  costa  and  an  irregular  longitudinal  black  mark  projecting  pos- 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


ii 


teriorly  in  disc;  two  small  black  spots  on  costa  beyond  this;  a leaden-grey 
patch  resting  on  upper  half  of  termen,  including  an  irregular  black  spot,  apex 
and  upper  half  of  termen  marked  with  small  black  spots;  ocellus  limited 
anteriorly  by  a leaden-grey  streak  confluent  with  this : cilia  grey,  basal  half 
barred  with  light  greyish-ochreous,  at  tornus  with  an  ochreous-whitish  patch, 
at  apex  blackish-grey.  Hindwings  with  3 and  4 stalked;  grey;  cilia  grey. 

Natal,  Sarnia,  in  November  (Mrs  Curry) ; one  specimen. 

Eucosma  melanaula  Meyr. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  an  Indian  species,  not  previously 
recorded  from  South  Africa;  the  larva  feeds  on  cultivated  Leguminosae 
(Cajanus,  Phaseolus) , and  therefore  doubtless  the  species  has  been  artificially 
introduced. 

Polychrosis  ephippias  Meyr. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  another  common  Indian  species, 
not  previously  noticed  from  South  Africa;  the  larval  habits  are  unknown. 

Argyroploce  caryocoma  n.sp. 

(J  13  mm.  Head  and  palpi  dark  ferruginous-brown.  Thorax  white,  dorsally 
and  on  shoulders  mixed  with  dark  fuscous,  at  apex  of  patagia  with  deep 
ferruginous,  dorsal  crest  double,  deep  ferruginous.  Abdomen  grey-whitish, 
segmental  margins  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  moderate,  posteriorly  rather 
dilated,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  somewhat  rounded,  hardly 
oblique;  7 and  8 very  shortly  stalked;  whitish;  costa  marked  with  fine  oblique 
blackish  strigulae  suffused  with  brown ; some  grey  suffusion  at  base  and  along 
dorsurn  to  near  middle;  raised  black  dots  beneath  fold  near  base  and  before 
middle;  an  ill-defined  grey  transverse  blotch  from  of  costa  to  fold,  some  pale 
leaden-grey  marbling  in  disc  beyond  this;  central  fascia  beyond  middle,  little 
oblique,  narrow,  very  irregular,  more  or  less  interrupted  in  middle  and  towards 
dorsum,  grey  sprinkled  with  black  and  marked  with  black  on  posterior  margin 
near  costa,  preceded  on  lower  half  by  a pale  leaden-grey  striga ; a pale  brownish 
streak  beneath  costa  posteriorly,  crossed  by  some  oblique  blue-leaden  marking, 
beneath  this  two  blackish  dots ; ocellus  edged  anteriorly  by  a long  pale  bluish- 
leaden  striga  and  posteriorly  by  a shorter  silvery-whitish  striga,  brown  mixed 
with  black  and  white  hairscales,  closed  above  by  a brown  spot,  terminal  area 
beyond  this  brown  with  a white  striga:  cilia  grey-whitish  with  two  or  three 
dark  fuscous  scales,  towards  tornus  white.  Hindwings  with  3 and  4 short- 
stalked;  grey;  cilia  grey-whitish,  with  grey  subbasal  shade. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Argyroploce  erythropa  n.sp. 

cJ  15  mm.  Head  reddish-fuscous.  Palpi  curved,  ascending,  dark  reddish- 
fuscous,  terminal  joint  very  short,  pale.  Thorax  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey. 
Forewings  elongate,  moderate,  posteriorly  rather  dilated,  costa  slightly  arched, 
apex  rounded-obtuse,  termen  rounded,  somewhat  oblique;  fuscous  mixed  with 
dark  fuscous;  costa  minutely  strigulated  with  pale  irroration;  two  confluent 
dull  red  dots  transversely  placed  on  end  of  cell;  a light  brownish  marginal 
streak  round  apex  and  upper  part  of  termen,  attenuated  downwards  to  a point : 
cilia  fuscous,  finely  whitish-sprinkled,  with  a dark  fuscous  subbasal  line. 
Hindwings  rather  dark  grey;  cilia  grey,  becoming  whitish  towards  tips,  dorsal 
margin  with  an  erect  fringe  of  expanded  whitish  hairs.  Hindwings  beneath  with 
veins  2-4  clothed  with  a patch  of  rough  grey  hairscales  except  towards  termen. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 


12 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Argyroploce  aster ota  n.sp. 

$ 1 6 mm.  Head  grey-whitish,  forehead  tinged  with  yellowish.  Palpi  light 
greyish  sprinkled  with  white,  second  joint  with  two  spots  of  dark  fuscous 
irroration.  Thorax  grey-whitish,  anteriorly  suffused  with  darker  grey,  shoulders 
and  crest  tinged  with  yellowish.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Forewings  elongate- 
triangular,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  straight,  somewhat 
oblique;  dark  grey,  mixed  here  and  there  with  olive-greenish  and  strewn  with 
irregular  silvery-leaden  spots;  costa  suffusedly  mixed  with  blackish,  with 
pairs  of  direct  indistinct  whitish  strigulae;  an  interrupted  slender  black 
longitudinal  streak  in  disc  from  § to  near  termen ; a suffused  white  fascia  from 
| of  costa  to  dorsum  before  tornus,  interrupted  by  grey  suffusion  round  this 
streak ; apical  area  greenish-fulvous  spotted  with  silvery-leaden  : cilia  grey 
sprinkled  with  white  and  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  rather  dark  grey;  cilia 
whitish-grey,  with  dark  grey  subbasal  shade. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

A rgyroploce  propitia  n.sp. 

J ii  mm.  Head  grey-whitish.  Palpi  whitish  partially  mixed  with  grey, 
second  joint  with  long  hairs  beneath.  Thorax  whitish,  anteriorly  and 
posteriorly  mixed  with  ochreous,  shoulders  with  dark  grey  spots.  Abdomen 
dark  grey,  anal  tuft  whitish  towards  tips.  Forewings  elongate,  posteriorly 
dilated,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  nearly  straight,  somewhat 
oblique;  whitish,  somewhat  sprinkled  with  grey,  anterior  half  of  costa 
marked  with  dark  grey  strigulae,  posterior  half  dark  fuscous  with  five  pairs 
of  white  strigulae;  basal  patch  somewhat  strigulated  with  dark  red-brown 
on  dorsal  half,  its  outer  edge  marked  by  a blackish  stria  interrupted 
beneath  costa  and  slightly  bent  in  middle;  central  fascia  somewhat  oblique, 
on  upper  half  narrow,  blackish-grey,  on  lower  moderately  broad,  grey  suffused 
with  pale  ochreous,  posterior  edge  angulated  in  middle;  beyond  this  a rather 
narrow  irregular  fascia  of  leaden-grey  suffusion ; anterior  edge  of  ocellus  formed 
by  a thick  pale  leaden-grey  streak;  a roundish  greyish-ochreous  patch  towards 
apex,  extending  indistinctly  downwards  into  ocellus,  in  which  is  a short 
blackish  mark,  and  connected  with  middle  of  termen  by  a short  oblique 
suffused  dark  grey  streak ; a small  dark  red-brown  apical  spot ; cilia  dark  slaty- 
fuscous,  with  dark  red-brown  basal  line,  and  red-brown  tornal  patch.  Hind- 
wings  with  3 and  4 short-stalked ; blackish -grey,  with  a subdorsal  fold  white- 
scaled  internally  and  containing  a pencil  of  long  grey  hairs;  cilia  grey,  with 
dark  grey  basal  line. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Laspeyresia  victrix  n.sp. 

10  mm.  Head  and  thorax  dark  fuscous,  irrorated  with  whitish.  Palpi 
white  somewhat  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Forewings 
elongate-triangular,  costa  hardly  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  bowed,  some- 
what oblique;  blackish,  with  tips  of  scales  white,  forming  a fine  nearly  regular 
transverse  striation;  a rosy-leaden-metallic  transverse  streak  at  hardly 
reaching  costa  or  dorsum;  a thicker  rosy-leaden-metallic  streak  from  middle 
of  costa  to  beyond  middle  of  dorsum,  thinner  and  tinged  with  pale  blue 
towards  costa;  space  between  this  and  next  markings  wholly  blackish  except 
on  a patch  below  middle;  three  short  bluish-leaden  strigae  from  costa 
posteriorly ; ocellus  margined  anteriorly  by  a thick  rosy-leaden-metallic  streak 
reaching  more  than  half  across  wing,  posteriorly  by  a short  and  slender  bluish- 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


i3 


leaden-metallic  streak,  and  crossed  by  four  black  lines;  a terminal  streak  of 
whitish  irroration : cilia  light  grey,  with  black  basal  line,  iridescent  on  outer 
half,  irrorated  with  black  towards  tips  round  apex.  Hindwings  with  3 and  4 
connate;  fuscous,  paler  and  thinly  scaled  towards  base,  suffused  with  dark 
fuscous  posteriorly;  cilia  light  grey,  with  dark  fuscous  subbasal  shade. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Laspeyresia  areata  n.sp. 

cJ  13  mm.  Head  dark  fuscous  irrorated  with  white.  Palpi  white,  irregularly 
sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  dark  fuscous,  partially  sprinkled  with 
white,  patagia  with  white  apical  patch.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate- 
triangular,  costa  anteriorly  straight,  posteriorly  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse, 
termen  bowed,  somewhat  oblique;  blackish;  basal  fourth  strewn  with  suffused 
white  strigulae;  costa  beyond  this  with  about  eight  pairs  of  white  strigulae 
whence  rise  indistinct  short  fine  blue-leaden  strigae;  a large  white  rather 
oblique  transverse  blotch  resting  on  dorsum  beyond  middle  and  reaching 
more  than  half  across  wing,  anterior  edge  convex,  posterior  confluent  in  disc 
with  a broad  patch  of  ochreous-white  suffusion  extending  across  wing  from 
five  posterior  pairs  of  strigulae  to  tornus,  including  a silvery-metallic  dorsal 
streak  representing  anterior  margin  of  ocellus  and  a small  mark  on  its  posterior 
margin ; the  narrow  terminal  streak  beyond  this  is  finely  speckled  with  whitish  : 
cilia  grey.  Hindwings  with  3 and  4 connate;  fuscous,  lighter  towards  base, 
suffused  with  dark  fuscous  posteriorly;  cilia  ochreous-white,  with  dark  grey 
basal  shade. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  November  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Laspeyresia  excoriata  n.sp. 

cJ  10  mm.  Head  and  palpi  whitish-grey-ochreous,  crown  spotted  with 
light  grey.  Thorax  whitish-grey-ochreous,  spotted  and  anteriorly  suffused 
with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  posteriorly  dilated, 
costa  slightly  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  fain  tty  sinuate,  somewhat  oblique; 
dark  fuscous,  from  base  to  beyond  middle  irregularly  and  coarsely  mottled 
with  whitish-ochreous,  beyond  this  with  extreme  tips  of  scales  whitish-ochreous  ; 
'costa  from  near  base  to  beyond  middle  with  pairs  of  very  fine  whitish  strigulae 
and  beyond  this  with  four  single  stronger  white  strigulae;  a curved  violet- 
leaden  line  running  from  last  pair  (beyond  middle  of  costa)  to  anterior  margin 
of  ocellus,  and  an  oblique  line  from  second  single  strigula  to  a white  mark  on 
termen  beneath  apex;  subcostal  space  between  and  beyond  these  yellow- 
ochreous,  connected  beneath  with  a yellow-ochreous  patch  representing 
ocellus  and  containing  five  longitudinal  blackish  marks,  anterior  limiting 
line  broken  and  margined  with  ochreous-whitish  towards  lower  extremity; 
a terminal  streak  of  black  and  whitish  speckling : cilia  grey,  towards  tornus 
tinged  with  whitish.  Hindwings  with  3 and  4 stalked;  grey,  rather  thinly 
scaled,  veins  darker;  cilia  whitish-grey,  with  dark  grey  basal  line. 

Zululand,  Nkwaleni,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 


GELECHIADAE 

Pynocstola  Meyr. 

All  the  South  African  species  hitherto  referred  by  me  to  Paltodora  belong 
to  this  genus,  which  I have  characterised  as  distinguished  from  Paltodora  by 
the  scaling  of  the  palpi  ( Ent . Mo.  Mag.  1917,  113). 


i4  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Pycnostola  crater  aula  n.sp. 

27  mm.  Head  whitish  mixed  with  grey.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint 
irrorated  with  dark  grey  except  apical  edge,  terminal  joint  anteriorly  irrorated 
with  dark  grey.  Thorax  whitish,  with  a dorsal  stripe  of  greyish  suffusion,  a 
fuscous  line  on  each  side  of  back,  and  a blackish  blotch  on  shoulder.  Abdomen 
fuscous,  apex  whitish.  Forewings  elongate,  very  narrow,  costa  faintly  sinuate, 
posteriorly  slightly  arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  sinuate,  very  oblique; 
whitish;  costa  and  veins  suffused  with  blackish  except  on  dorsal  area  beneath 
fold;  some  brown  suffusion  towards  base  of  costa,  above  end  of  cell,  and  on  a 
subterminal  streak;  large  blackish  dots  suffused  with  brown  beneath  costa 
at  and  a short  very  fine  black  line  along  fold  towards  base;  a blackish 
dot  beneath  fold  at  \ of  wing;  stigmata  blackish,  discal  approximated,  plical 
very  obliquely  before  first  discal ; a slender  blackish  streak  along  termen : 
cilia  on  costa  white  with  three  blackish  bars,  tips  grey,  on  termen  whitish 
with  two  blackish-grey  shades,  on  tornus  ochreous-grey-whitish.  Hindwings 
grey;  cilia  light  greyish-ochreous,  tips  whitish. 

Natal,  Standerton,  in  February  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Pycnostola  merista  n.sp. 

$ 17  mm.  Head  white,  centre  of  crown  sometimes  faintly  fuscous-tinged. 
Palpi  white,  second  joint  irrorated  with  rather  dark  fuscous  except  apex,  tuft 
short,  terminal  joint  with  median  band  of  dark  fuscous  irroration.  Thorax 
white  irregularly  mixed  with  rather  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  whitish.  Fore- 
wings elongate,  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  extremely 
obliquely  rounded;  white,  with  scattered  dark  fuscous  scales;  markings 
formed  by  dark  fuscous  irroration;  a short  mark  from  costa  near  base,  and  a 
spot  on  base  of  dorsum;  narrow  irregular  oblique  fasciae  at  | and  plical 
stigma  visible  as  a darker  mark  on  second;  discal  stigmata  represented  by 
round  spots  at  middle  and  f , first  confluent  with  larger  spots  beyond  it  on 
costa  and  dorsum,  second  confluent  with  a spot  on  tornus ; an  irregular  trans- 
verse spot  across  wing  towards  apex,  more  or  less  confluent  with  tornal  spot, 
and  two  small  spots  on  costa  before  and  beyond  this : cilia  whitish  with  a 
dark  grey  shade,  round  apex  with  a black  basal  line,  and  some  black  scales 
near  base  on  terminal  markings,  towards  tornus  tinged  with  pale  greyish**, 
ochreous.  Hindwings  light  blue-grey;  cilia  whitish-ochreous  tinged  with  grey, 
at  apex  with  a small  grey  spot  at  tips. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  September  and  October  (Janse);  two  specimens. 

Pycnostola  ochraula  n.sp. 

cJ  16  mm.  Head  white,  with  a few  pale  grey  specks.  Palpi  white,  second 
joint  grey  except  apex,  tuft  very  long,  terminal  joint  anteriorly  with  a few 
grey  specks.  Thorax  white  speckled  with  grey.  Abdomen  grey,  anal  tuft 
whitish.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  slightly  arched,  apex  acutely 
pointed,  termen  faintly  sinuate,  extremely  oblique;  grey,  suffusedly  irrorated 
with  white  and  sprinkled  with  dark  grey;  a fulvous-ochreous  subcostal  line 
from  near  base  to  f,  with  a blackish  dot.  beneath  its  extremity;  a fulvous- 
ochreous  line  along  fold  throughout,  marked  with  two  black  dots,  the  second 
being  plical  stigma;  discal  stigmata  black,  approximated,  first  very  obliquely 
beyond  plical,  surrounded  or  almost  connected  with  fulvous-ochreous;  short 
fulvous-ochreous  streaks  above  each  of  these,  and  a slender  irregular  fulvous- 
ochreous  streak  near  and  parallel  to  termen  : cilia  whitish-grey,  with  two  faint 
dark  lines.  Hindwings  light  bluish-grey;  cilia  whitish-ochreous-grey. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  15 


Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  September  (Janse);  one  specimen.  Nearly  allied 
to  illuminata,  but  distinguished  by  clear  white  head  and  suffusion  of  forewings. 

Photodotis  spilodoma  n.sp. 

$ 13  mm.  Head  whitish.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  sprinkled  with  dark 
fuscous  except  at  apex,  terminal  joint  with  subapical  band  of  dark  fuscous 
irroration.  Antennae  whitish  ringed  with  dark  fuscous,  terminal  § forming 
six  dark  fuscous  bands  separated  by  single  whitish  rings.  Thorax  whitish  with 
a few  dark  fuscous  scales.  Abdomen  ochreous-whitish  sprinkled  with  fuscous. 
Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  ex- 
tremely obliquely  rounded;  3 present;  dark  fuscous  irrorated  with  whitish, 
dorsal  area  on  anterior  half  of  wing  suffused  with  whitish-ochreous,  anteriorly 
extending  § across  wing;  a blotch  of  blackish  irroration  representing  plical 
and  first  discal  stigmata,  and  a small  spot  on  costa  above  it;  a small  brownish 
spot  on  tornus,  connected  by  a cloudy  blackish  dot  surmounted  by  a similar 
ochreous  dot  with  indistinct  dark  second  discal  stigma ; a small  cloudy  whitish 
spot  on  costa  at  f ; two  short  ochreous  streaks  above  and  two  below  apex, 
separated  by  blackish  irroration : cilia  greyish,  sprinkled  with  whitish  and 
with  base  whitish  on  termen,  with  two  darker  grey  shades.  Hindwings  grey; 
cilia  light  grey,  base  ochreous-whitish. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse) ; one  specimen.  Vein  3 of  forewings 
is  absent  in  type  of  genus,  but  this  species  is  in  all  respects  so  closely  allied  that 
the  discrepancy  should  evidently  be  disregarded. 

Pycnodytis  n.g. 

Head  with  appressed  'scales;  ocelli  small,  posterior;  tongue  developed. 
Antennae  f,  in  $ simple,  basal  joint  elongate,  without  pecten.  Labial  palpi 
long,  recurved,  second  joint  thickened  with  dense  scales  rather  loose  beneath 
and  triangularly  expanded  with  hairs  on  apical  half  above,  terminal  joint 
shorter  than  second,  slender,  acute.  Maxillary  palpi  very  short,  filiform, 
appressed  to  tongue.  Posterior  tibiae  clothed  with  rough  hairs  above.  Fore- 
wings with  2-4  parallel,  6 and  7 out  of  8,  7 to  costa,  n from  middle.  Hind- 
wings  under  1,  narrow- trapezoidal,  apex  strongly  produced,  acute,  termen 
emarginate,  cilia  2;  2-5  remote,  parallel,  6 and  7 approximated  towards  base. 

Allied  to  Aristotelia,  but  palpi  much  as  in  Trichotaphe. 

Pycnodytis  erebaula  n.sp. 

$ 11-12  mm.  Head  light  grey,  sidetufts  tinged  with  brownish.  Palpi 
dark  fuscous,  extreme  apical  edge  of  second  joint  white,  terminal  joint  whitish, 
tip  dark  grey.  Antennae  dark  grey,  on  apical  half  with  four  remote  white 
dots.  Thorax  light  grey  more  or  less  tinged  with  brownish.  Abdomen  pale 
grey.  Forewings  elongate-lanceolate,  acute;  dark  fuscous,  in  one  specimen 
with  dorsal  half  suffused  with  brownish;  stigmata  black,  plical  obliquely  before 
first  discal,  indistinct  or  obsolete:  cilia  grey,  towards  base  suffusedly  barred 
with  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  and  cilia  light  grey. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  two  specimens. 

Aristotelia  stipella  Hlibn. 

cJ  2 5-6  mm.  A small  form  with  subbasal  yellow  blotch  from  dorsum 
broad  and  reaching  nearly  to  costa,  yellow  spots  beyond  middle  of  dorsum 
and  in  disc  at  § well-developed,  in  one  specimen  the  whitish  costal  spot  pro- 
duced in  an  irregular  streak  to  termen  above  tornus;  I consider  the  examples 


i6 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


undoubtedly  referable  to  the  southern  form  of  this  European  species,  not 
previously  recorded  from  Africa  but  easily  overlooked. 

Natal,  Durban,  in  August  and  December  (Janse);  three  specimens. 

Leuronoma  n.g. 

Head  smooth;  ocelli  moderate,  far  posterior;  tongue  developed.  Antennae 
f,  basal  joint  elongate,  without  pecten.  Labial  palpi  very  long,  recurved, 
second  joint  with  appressed  scales,  hardly  thickened,  terminal  joint  as  long 
as  second,  slender,  acute.  Maxillary  palpi  very  short,  filiform,  appressed  to 
tongue.  Posterior  tibiae  clothed  with  long  fine  rough  hairs  above.  Forewings 
with  2 from  towards  angle,  7 and  8 stalked,  7 to  costa,  11  from  middle.  Hind- 
wings  1,  elongate-trapezoidal,  termen  slightly  sinuate,  cilia  1;  3-5  separate, 
rather  approximated  at  base,  6 and  7 stalked. 

Type  chlorotoma  Meyr.  Besides  the  two  following  species  I refer  to  this 
genus  zymotis  Meyr.,  in  which  species  the  terminal  joint  of  palpi  is  shorter  than 
the  second,  the  termen  of  hindwings  more  sinuate,  cilia  i|.  The  genus  is 
somewhat  intermediate  between  Telphusa  and  Aristotelia. 

Leuronoma  chlorotoma  n.sp. 

$ 16  mm.  Head  pale  ochreous.  Palpi  whitish  sprinkled  with  fuscous  and 
dark  fuscous.  Thorax  brownish  mixed  with  grey,  patagia  suffused  with  pale 
ochreous,  shoulders  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey,  apex  whitish-ochreous. 
Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  slightly  arched,  apex  obtuse-pointed, 
termen  extremely  obliquely  rounded ; rosy-brown,  somewhat  mixed  irregularly 
with  grey  and  towards  dorsum  suffused  with  grey,  all  veins  except  towards 
dorsum  marked  with  slender  rather  irregular  whitish-ochreous  lines;  plical 
stigma  cloudy,  blackish : cilia  ochreous-whitish,  towards  base  faintly  rosy- 
tinged,  with  basal  and  antemedian  lines  of  black  points,  and  two  grey  posterior 
lines.  Hindwings  light  slaty-grey;  cilia  whitish-grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  November  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Leuronoma  veter ascens  n.sp. 

$ 11-12  mm.  Head  and  thorax  light  brownish.  Palpi  light  brownish 
sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous,  terminal  joint  as  long  as  second.  Abdomen  pale 
ochreous  irrorated  with  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  gently  arched, 
apex  pointed,  termen  very  obliquely  rounded;  light  brownish,  irregularly 
sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous  and  some  blackish  scales;  stigmata  blackish, 
plical  rather  obliquely  before  first  discal ; obscure  opposite  spots  of  dark  fuscous 
irroration  on  costa  and  dorsum  just  beyond  second  discal:  cilia  light  brownish, 
sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous  towards  base.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas  and  Stella  Bush,  in  January  (Janse);  two  specimens. 

Epithectis  lacunosa  n.sp. 

(J  $ 10  mm.  Head  whitish  irrorated  with  dark  grey  or  blackish,  sidetufts 
slightly  ferruginous-tinged.  Palpi  grey  irrorated  with  black,  second  joint 
with  white  spot  below  middle  and  extreme  tip  white,  terminal  joint  white 
with  two  blackish  bands.  Thorax  grey-whitish  tinged  with  ferruginous, 
shoulders  blackish-grey.  Abdomen  light  grey,  two  basal  segments  whitish- 
ochreous,  anal  tuft  of  whitish.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  gently 
arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  extremely  obliquely  rounded;  reddish-ochreous 
or  ferruginous ; markings  grey  irrorated  with  black ; a narrow  fascia  from  base 
of  costa  to  dorsum  before  middle;  a narrow  oblique  fascia  from  costa  at  J, 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


i7 


below  middle  running  into  a narrow  fascia  which  runs  from  a flattened- 
triangular  blotch  on  middle  of  costa  to  dorsum  beyond  middle  and  coalesces 
there  with  first  fascia;  a patch  of  irregular  marbling  towards  costa  posteriorly, 
connected  by  a very  irregular  blotch  with  dorsum  before  tornus,  edged 
posteriorly  by  a white  mark  near  dorsum : cilia  grey,  on  termen  mixed  with 
black  towards  base.  Hindwings  slaty-grey;  cilia  grey. 

Zcjluland,  Nkwaleni,  in  January;  Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  February 
(Janse);  two  specimens. 

Parapsectris  ferulata  n.sp. 

$ 13-14  mm.  Head  and  thorax  whitish  irregularly  sprinkled  with  dark 
fuscous.  Palpi  whitish,  second  and  terminal  joints  each  with  base  and  supra  - 
median  band  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  whitish-grey,  second  segment  with  a 
whitish-ochreous  dorsal  patch.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  gently 
arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  very  obliquely  rounded;  fuscous  irrorated  with 
dark  fuscous;  a blackish  dot  at  base  of  costa,  and  one  almost  at  base  above 
fold;  a short  very  oblique  whitish-ochreous  streak  from  costa  at  preceded 
by  a small  blackish  mark;  a whitish-ochreous  streak  along  fold  from  base  to 
middle  of  wing,  with  a series  of  three  small  blackish  marks,  first  on  upper 
edge  and  the  other  two  on  lower;  a very  oblique  whitish-ochreous  streak 
from  f of  costa  to  § of  disc,  preceded  by  a series  of  three  or  four  small  blackish 
marks ; three  small  whitish-ochreous  spots  or  dots  on  costa  towards  apex,  and 
an  undefined  streak  along  termen,  accompanied  by  a marginal  series  of  small 
groups  of  blackish  scales  : cilia  light  grey,  irrorated  with  whitish  and  somewhat 
sprinkled  with  blackish.  Hindwings  slaty-grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas  and  Verulam,  in  January  (Janse);  two  specimens. 

Gelechia  fecunda  n.sp. 

rj  9 mm.  Head  and  thorax  pale  yellow-ochreous.  Palpi  whitish,  second 
joint  dark  fuscous  except  apex,  terminal  joint  shorter  than  second,  with 
blackish  subapical  ring.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently 
arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  very  obliquely  rounded;  yellow-ochreous;  costa 
finely  dotted  with  black  from  base  to  a triangular  cloudy  blackish  spot  at  f ; 
a triangular  spot  of  blackish-grey  irroration  on  dorsum  before  tornus,  slightly 
before  costal  spot ; a small  black  dot  representing  plical  stigma ; some  scattered 
blackish  scales  towards  apex,  and  several  undefined  marginal  dots  of  blackish 
irroration  round  apex  and  termen : cilia  yellow-ochreous.  Hindwings  under  1, 
apex  acutely  produced ; rather  dark  grey ; cilia  light  grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Gelechia  revoluta  n.sp. 

cJ  $ 10-11  mm.  Head  whitish  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous.  Palpi  whitish, 
second  joint  with  two  bands  of  blackish  irroration,  terminal  joint  with  apex 
and  median  band  blackish.  Thorax  ochreous-whitish,  slightly  sprinkled  with 
grey,  shoulders  and  anterior  margin  more  or  less  marked  with  dark  fuscous. 
Abdomen  grey,  two  basal  segments  whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  elongate, 
narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  tolerably  pointed,  termen  extremely 
obliquely  rounded;  in  $ with  strong  costal  fold  from  base  to  near  middle; 
whitish,  irregularly  and  variably  irrorated  with  grey;  basal  area  suffused  with 
pale  ochreous;  a blackish  spot  at  base  of  costa;  elongate  blackish  blotches 
on  costa  about  ^ and  dorsum  before  middle,  more  or  less  connected  posteriorly 
by  an  oblique  blackish  blotch  in  disc;  an  elongate  blackish  blotch  on  costa 


1-8 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


before  middle,  beneath  which  is  a round  pale  ochreous  spot;  stigmata  black 
ringed  with  pale  ochreous,  plical  slightly  before  first  discal;  a blackish  spot 
on  costa  above  second  discal  stigma,  and  a more  or  less  developed  blackish 
blotch  on  dorsum  beneath  and  connected  with  it;  apical  area  suffused  with 
pale  ochreous ; some  cloudy  black  dots  on  posterior  part  of  costa  and  termen : 
cilia  dark  grey  sprinkled  with  whitish  points.  Hindwings  i,  apex  considerably 
produced,  pointed;  grey;  cilia  grey. 

Zululand,  Nkwaleni,  in  January  (Janse);  four  specimens. 

Gelechia  tetraleuca  n.sp. 

$ 15  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white,  patagia  with  a blackish  stripe.  Palpi 
white,  base  with  some  black  scales.  Abdomen  whitish.  Forewings  elongate, 
narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  rounded,  very  oblique;  grey 
much  suffused  with  black,  especially  through  middle  of  disc,  and  towards 
dorsum  near  base;  four  white  blotches,  first  elongate,  extending  along  dorsum 
from  J to  f , widest  anteriorly  and  reaching  half  across  wing,  thence  irregularly 
attenuated,  second  oval,  beneath  costa  slightly  beyond  middle,  third  roundish, 
on  tornus,  fourth  semioval,  on  costa  towards  apex;  a slender  irregular  white 
streak  along  termen:  cilia  white.  Hindwings  slightly  over  1,  apex  obtuse, 
termen  hardly  sinuate;  whitish-grey;  cilia  grey- whitish. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Phthorimaea  geomicta  n.sp. 

$ 12  mm.  Head  and  thorax  rather  dark  brown,  shoulders  and  anterior 
part  of  dorsum  suffused  with  blackish.  Palpi  brown  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous, 
terminal  joint  with  median  ring  and  tip  whitish-mixed.  Abdomen  light  grey. 
Forewings  elongate-lanceolate;  6 separate;  brown  irrorated  with  fuscous, 
with  some  whitish  scales;  some  darker  fuscous  suffusion  towards  base,  and 
forming  a patch  in  disc  at  J , a small  blackish  spot  on  costa  at  J , discal  stigmata 
small,  black,  approximated:  cilia  whitish-grey,  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous 
on  basal  half,  with  indistinct  cloudy  dark  basal  dots  on  costa.  Hindwings 
pale  bluish-grey;  cilia  whitish-grey. 

Natal,  New  Hanover,  in  October  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Phthorimaea  pendens  n.sp. 

$ 14  mm.  Head  white,  crown  with  a few  black  specks.  Palpi  white,  second 
joint  tinged  with  ochreous  and  sprinkled  with  blackish,  beneath  with  rather 
long  rough  hairscales,  terminal  joint  loosely  scaled,  with  two  rings  of  blackish 
irroration.  Thorax  whitish,  with  a dot  of  black  irroration  in  middle  of  anterior 
margin  and  three  in  a triangle  posteriorly,  patagia  pale  ochreous  with  two  or 
three  black  specks.  Abdomen  ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow, 
costa  slightly  arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  extremely  obliquely  rounded; 
reddish-ochreous,  paler  towards  base,  with  a few  scattered  black  scales;  a 
blackish  dot  towards  base  above  middle,  one  in  middle  beyond  this,  and  one 
still  further  on  beneath  fold;  an  irregular  oblique  grey  streak  irrorated  with 
black  from  costa  at  J to  below  middle,  interrupted  beneath  costa,  angulated 
and  continued  upwards  to  costa  at  § , and  a similar  streak  from  middle  of 
costa  crossing  this  and  also  below  middle  angulated  upwards  to  touch  it  again 
just  beyond  second  discal  stigma;  stigmata  rather  large,  black,  plical  somewhat 
before  first  discal,  these  placed  on  margins  of  angle  of  first  streak,  second 
discal  on  posterior  arm  of  first  streak;  some  grey  irroration  along  upper  half 
of  termen : cilia  pale  ochreous,  sprinkled  with  black  near  base.  Hindwings 
light  slaty-grey;  cilia  whitish -ochreous. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


*9 


Zululand,  Melmoth,  in  January  (Jan%p);  one  specimen.  The  normal 
rough  scaling  of  second  joint  of  palpi  is  exaggerated  into  rather  long  hairscales 
in  this  species,  and  the  loose  scaling  of  terminal  joint  is  also  noticeable,  but 
in  all  other  particulars  this  species  agrees  well  with  Phthorimaea,  and  is  pro- 
perly referred  there. 

Polyhymno  hostilis  n.sp. 

$ 1 6 mm.  Head  white,  centre  of  crown  fuscous.  Palpi  white,  second  joint 
anteriorly  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  bronzy-brown,  with  five  white  stripes. 
Abdomen  grey,  anal  tuft  ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow, 
costa  slightly  arched,  apex  strongly  produced,  acute,  subfalcate,  termen 
concave  beneath  apex,  then  obliquely  rounded;  bronzy-brown;  a strong 
shining  white  median  longitudinal  streak  from  base  to  near  termen,  broadest 
beyond  middle,  whence  it  sends  a line  to  termen  above  tornus,  thence  narrowed 
to  a point ; a fine  costal  line  almost  from  base  to  middle,  thence  very  obliquely 
to  just  above  apex  of  median  streak;  a narrow  subdorsal  white  streak  from 
base  of  dorsum  to  tornus;  an  oblique  white  line  from  f of  costa,  becoming 
silvery-metallic  and  angulated  to  form  a short  mark  on  termen  beneath  apex ; 
above  posterior  part  of  this  an  ochreous  streak  running  into  apical  proj  ection ; 
a wedgeshaped  white  spot  before  termen  in  middle,  and  some  irregular  white 
marking  along  termen : cilia  white,  on  costa  with  two  oblique  dark  fuscous 
marks  at  origin  followed  by  a wedgeshaped  dark  fuscous  spot,  above  apex 
with  a basal  dark  fuscous  mark  followed  by  two  oblique  dark  fuscous  lines 
converging  to  apex,  at  apex  with  a grey  anterior  spot  tipped  with  dark  fuscous, 
beneath  apex  with  a short  black  basal  mark,  below  middle  of  termen  with 
two  dark  fuscous  subbasal  dots,  on  tornal  area  light  grey.  Hindwings  bluish- 
grey;  cilia  ochreous-whitish  suffused  with  light  grey  towards  base. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  December  (Janse);  one  specimen.  Nearest 
pavacma,  but  with  costal  white  line  almost  reaching  base. 

Polyhymno  intorta  n.sp. 

2 6 mm.  Head  ochreous-white.  Palpi  white,  terminal  joint  with  dark 
fuscous  median  band.  Thorax  dark  fuscous  with  three  white  stripes.  Fore- 
wings elongate,  narrow,  costa  slightly  arched,  apex  pointed,  produced,  termen 
sinuate  beneath  apex,  then  very  obliquely  rounded;  blackish;  two  closely 
parallel  whitish  median  lines  from  base,  upper  not  reaching  middle,  lower 
continued  along  fold  to  tornus;  a whitish  dorsal  line  from  base  to  tornus;  a 
very  oblique  whitish  streak  from  § of  costa  and  a very  oblique  whitish  line 
from  ^ of  dorsum,  meeting  at  an  acute  angle  in  disc  and  produced  to  near 
termen,  then  shortly  acute-angled  back  parallel  to  termen ; a fine  double  dark 
fuscous  line  suffused  with  fulvous  from  f of  costa  into  apex,  thence  along 
termen  to  tornus,  on  costal  portion  margined  on  each  side  by  fine  whitish  lines  : 
cilia  light  grey,  above  apex  with  two  wedgeshaped  whitish  marks  separated 
and  followed  by  black  lines,  at  apex  with  a projecting  black  line,  beneath  apex 
with  a short  black  basal  mark  and  dark  grey  apical  spot,  beneath  these  with 
a whitish  patch  containing  a slight  brownish  subbasal  mark  beneath.  Hindwings 
violet-grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen.  The  smallest 
species  of  the  genus. 

Anacampsis  elaeocoma  n.sp. 

n-i2mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  ochreous-whitish,  second 
joint  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous  on  basal  half,  terminal  joint  with  anterior 


20 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


edge  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous  on  apical  half.  Thorax  fuscous,  sometimes 
tinged  with  whitish-ochreous  dorsally.  Abdomen  fuscous,  two  basal  segments 
pale  ochreous,  anal  tuft  whitish.  Forewings  elongate-lanceolate,  apex  rather 
produced,  acute;  6 separate;  dark  fuscous  finely  irrorated  with  whitish; 
stigmata  blackish,  discal  approximated,  plical  obliquely  before  first  discal : 
cilia  pale  greyish-ochreous,  towards  base  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous,  with 
median  line  of  black  points.  Hindwings  i,  apex  very  long-produced;  light 
bluish-grey;  cilia  pale  greyish-ochreous. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  February  and  March  (Janse);  three  specimens. 
Allied  to  cirrhocoma. 

Anacampsis  exsulata  n.sp. 

12  mm.  Head  ochreous-white.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  black  except 
apex,  terminal  joint  with  a fine  black  line  on  each  side  except  towards  base. 
Thorax  blackish,  with  large  ochreous-whitish  posterior  spot.  Abdomen  grey. 
Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  pointed,  termen 
sinuate,  oblique;  6 separate;  blackish;  a moderately  broad  irregular-edged 
ochreous-whitish  dorsal  streak  from  base  to  tornus,  its  upper  edge  rather 
triangular-prominent  at  middle  and  f of  length;  a short  oblique  ochreous- 
white  streak  from  costa  at  £ ; a triangular  clear  white  spot  occupying  lower  § 
of  termen : cilia  light  grey  irrorated  with  whitish,  on  costa  dark  grey  with  a 
basal  line  of  white  irroration  becoming  a subbasal  white  line  on  upper  part  of 
termen.  Hindwings  i,  termen  sinuate,  apex  pointed;  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen.  This  very  inter- 
esting insect  is  of  South  American  type,  quite  unlike  any  Anacampsis  from 
other  regions ; the  genus  is  very  largely  developed  in  South  America. 

Acompsia  eodryas  n.sp. 

$ $ n-i2mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  ochreous-whitish,  second 
and  terminal  joints  each  with  two  bands  of  dark  fuscous  irroration.  Thorax 
whitish-ochreous,  patagia  partially  or  almost  wholly  brown.  Abdomen  grey- 
whitish.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  slightly  arched,  apex  pointed, 
termen  extremely  obliquely  rounded;  pale  ochreous-yellowish,  dorsal  area 
variably  tinged  or  mixed  with  brown;  a narrow  rosy-brown  fascia  from  base 
of  costa  to  dorsum  before  middle,  marked  with  black  on  fold ; a similar  fascia 
from  £ of  costa  to  dorsum  before  tornus,  thence  angulated  upwards  to  costa 
before  apex;  the  costal  space  enclosed  by  this  forms  a rosy-brown  triangular 
blotch  separated  from  it  by  a slender  streak  of  ground-colour  sometimes 
interrupted  at  its  apex;  stigmata  black,  on  margin  of  angulated  fascia,  plical 
somewhat  before  first  discal,  second  discal  sometimes  absent,  a black  mark 
also  on  dorsal  angle  of  fascia ; costal  edge  of  these  markings  more  or  less  tinged 
with  blackish ; an  irregular  line  of  black  and  rosy-brown  scales  along  termen : 
cilia  pale  grey  with  rows  of  whitish  points,  on  termen  tinged  with  rosy  and 
mixed  with  black  towards  base.  Hindwings  bluish-grey,  lighter  anteriorly; 
cilia  light  grey. 

Zululand,  Nkwaleni,  in  January;  Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  April  (Janse)  ; 
three  specimens.  The  single  Pretoria  specimen  sent  has  terminal  joint  of 
palpi  only  £ of  second  (instead  of  f),  suffused  with  blackish,  but  as  it  is  entirely 
similar  otherwise,  I regard  the  structure  as  probably  an  individual  abnormality 
or  deformity.  The  name  Acompsia  Hiibn.  is  here  employed  for  the  genus  to 
which  in  my  Handbook  of  British  Lepidoptera  the  name  Recurvaria  Haw.  was 
wrongly  applied. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


21 


Anarsia  subfulvescens  n.sp. 

$ io  mm.  Head  and  thorax  whitish.  Palpi  dark  fuscous,  apical  edge 
irrorated  with  white.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched, 
apex  pointed,  termen  very  obliquely  rounded ; pale  fuscous,  finely  and  closely 
irrorated  with  white,  with  a few  scattered  black  scales;  an  elongate  black 
mark  on  middle  of  costa,  and  short  fine  black  strigulae  on  costal  edge  near 
before  and  beyond  it;  some  small  groups  of  black  specks  on  termen : cilia  grey 
irrorated  with  whitish.  Hindwings  grey,  thinly  scaled  anteriorly;  cilia  light 
grey.  Wings  beneath  tinged  with  yellowish-fulvous  towards  base,  especially 
hindwings,  where  it  is  prolonged  on  veins  to  middle. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (janse);  one  specimen. 

Anarsia  vectaria  n.sp. 

? 8-13  mm.  Head  and  thorax  grey-whitish,  shoulders  narrowly  black. 
Palpi  white,  second  joint  dark  fuscous  except  apex,  tuft  yellowish,  terminal 
joint  with  three  dark  fuscous  rings.  Abdomen  in  whitish,  sides  dark  fuscous, 
anal  tuft  whitish-yellowish.  Fore  wings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  gently  arched, 
apex  obtuse,  termen  very  obliquely  rounded;  pale  grey  finely  irrorated  with 
white;  small  black  dots  on  costa  at  base  and  J,  and  one  towards  costa  near 
base;  a triangular  blackish  blotch  extending  on  costa  from  ^ to  f and  nearly 
reaching  fold,  its  apex  subtruncate;  a small  black  dot  below  fold  near  before 
apex  of  this;  some  indistinct  blackish-grey  dots  round  apical  part  of  costa 
and  termen : cilia  grey  sprinkled  with  whitish.  Hindwings  with  costa  in  $ 
dilated  on  basal  half;  subhyaline-prismatic,  posteriorly  suffused  with  dark 
grey,  veins  dark  grey;  cilia  light  grey.  .Forewings  beneath  with  long  whitish 
expansible  hair  pencil  from  base  below  cell,  lying  beneath  expansion  of  hind- 
wings. 

Natal,  Sarnia  (Mrs  Curry),  Umkomaas  (Janse),  in  November  and  January; 
two  specimens. 

Anarsia  spicata  n.sp. 

cJ  13-14  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  light  grey  irrorated  with  whitish, 
patagia  blackish,  tuft  of  palpi  suffused  with  dark  fuscous  towards  apex. 
Abdomen  light  grey,  sides  blackish,  anal  tuft  whitish,  above  brown.  Fore- 
wings elongate,  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  tolerably  pointed,  termen 
very  obliquely  rounded;  grey  irrorated  with  whitish,  with  some  scattered 
dark  grey  and  blackish  scales;  a thick  black  submedian  streak  from  base  to 
middle,  attenuated  to  a point,  a median  streak  attenuated  at  both  ends  from 
before  middle  of  disc  to  f , and  an  oblique  dash  from  above  apex  of  this  to 
costa  before  apex : cilia  light  grey  irrorated  with  whitish,  round  apex  barred 
with  dark  grey  basally.  Hindwings  grey,  paler  and  thinly  scaled  anteriorly; 
cilia  pale  grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  November  and  December  (Janse) ; two  specimens. 
Chelaria  l oxo saris  n.sp. 

cJ  17  mm.  Head  ochreous-whitish  sprinkled  with  pale  grey.  Palpi  ochreous- 
whitish,  second  joint  with  long  broad  subtriangular  tuft,  suffused  with  dark 
fuscous  except  along  apical  margin,  terminal  joint  thickened  with  loose  scales 
almost  to  apex,  with  two  oblique  subconfluent  bands  of  blackish  irroration 
above  middle  and  a ring  towards  base.  Thorax  whitish  irrorated  with  pale 
grey.  Abdomen  grey,  anal  tuft  large,  whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  elongate, 
rather  narrow,  costa  moderately  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  very  obliquely 


22 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


rounded ; 6 separate ; fuscous  finely  and  closely  irrorated  with  white,  with  some 
scattered  blackish  scales;  three  or  four  blackish  dots  towards  base;  a small 
obliquely  elongate  dark  fuscous  spot  on  middle  of  costa,  two  small  costal  marks 
anterior  to  this  and  two  posterior,  all  separated  with  whitish  suffusion  on  costal 
edge;  plical  and  second  discal  stigmata  black;  a series  of  cloudy  dark  fuscous 
marginal  dots  round  posterior  part  of  costa  and  termen : cilia  fuscous  or 
brownish  irrorated  with  whitish,  basal  half  indistinctly  spotted  with  dark 
fuscous.  Hindwings  grey,  darker  posteriorly;  cilia  light  fuscous.  Forewings 
beneath  with  a long  expansible  fuscous  hair-pencil  from  near  base  of  dorsum 
extending  obliquely  upwards  across  disc. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  two  specimens. 

Chelaria  aust erodes  n.sp. 

$ 1 6 mm.  Head  shining  grey  sprinkled  with  whitish.  Palpi  dark  grey 
mixed  with  black  and  sprinkled  with  whitish,  second  joint  with  large  broad 
tuft,  with  black  median  band  and  suffused  with  whitish  basally,  terminal 
joint  with  posterior  scale-projection  towards  apex.  Thorax  blackish,  patagia 
fuscous.  Abdomen  fuscous.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  gently  arched, 
apex  obtuse-pointed,  termen  extremely  obliquely  rounded;  6 separate;  dark 
grey  irregularly  sprinkled  with  whitish,  with  scattered  small  blackish  tufts  and 
dashes;  a longitudinal  ochreous-brown  mark  near  base  in  middle;  seven  or 
eight  small  oblique  blackish  spots  along  costa;  an  erect-oval  spot  of  ground 
colour  above  tornus  edged  on  upper  half  with  blackish  and  on  lower  with 
whitish ; some  blackish  marking  along  termen : cilia  dark  grey  sprinkled  with 
whitish  (imperfect).  Hindwings  dark  grey,  thinly  scaled  and  whitish-tinged 
anteriorly,  with  hyaline  streaks  in  and  beneath  cell;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  March  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Lachnostola  n.g. 

Head  smooth,  sidetufts  somewhat  raised;  ocelli  small,  far  posterior; 
tongue  developed.  Antennae  f , basal  joint  elongate,  without  pecten.  Labial 
palpi  long,  recurved,  second  joint  thickened  with  scales,  forming  a long 
projecting  triangular  apical  tuft  beneath,  terminal  joint  as  long  as  second, 
slender,  acute.  Maxillary  palpi  very  short,  filiform,  appressed  to  tongue. 
Posterior  tibiae  clothed  with  hairs  above.  Forewings  with  i b furcate,  2 from 
f , 3 and  4 closely  approximated  from  angle,  6 and  8 stalked,  7 absent,  1 1 from 
middle.  Hindwings  under  1,  elongate-trapezoidal,  apex  produced,  pointed, 
termen  sinuate,  cilia  if;  3 and  4 connate,  5 nearly  approximated,  6 and  7 
stalked. 

Appears  to  be  a development  of  Nothris. 

Lachnostola  amphizeucta  n.sp. 

$ 8-1 1 mm.  Head  and  thorax  whitish-yellowish,  shoulders  dark  fuscous. 
Palpi  yellow-whitish,  second  joint  dark  fuscous  except  towards  apex.  Abdomen 
grey.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  pointed,  termen 
extremely  obliquely  rounded ; pale  ochreous-yellowish ; a narrow  dark  fuscous 
streak  along  costa  from  base  to  f ; a dark  fuscous  streak  along  dorsum  from 
near  base  to  f ; a deep  ochreous  spot  surrounded  with  blackish  suffusion  resting 
on  this  before  middle  of  wing;  a triangular  dark  grey  blotch  extending  on 
costa  from  middle  to  £ and  reaching  half  across  wing;  discal  stigmata  blackish, 
second  just  below  apex  of  costal  blotch;  more  or  less  yellow-ochreous  suffusion 
towards  tornal  area,  with  scattered  blackish  scales ; an  apical  spot  of  blackish 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


23 


suffusion : cilia  pale  ochreous-yellowish,  with  a dark  grey  spot  above  apical 
spot.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas  (Janse),  New  Hanover  (Hardenberg) , in  September, 
January,  and  March;  three  specimens. 

Dichomeris  stromatias  n.sp. 

$ 19  mm.  Head  and  thorax  crimson- whitish-grey.  Palpi  whitish-ochreous, 
second  joint  blackish  except  apex,  with  short  rounded  apical  tuft  beneath 
and  scales  expanded  towards  apex  above,  terminal  joint  somewhat  longer 
than  second.  Abdomen  grey,  anal  tuft  pale  ochreous.  Forewings  elongate, 
rather  narrow,  posteriorly  slightly  dilated,  costa  slightly  arched,  apex  obtuse, 
termen  straight,  rather  oblique;  dull  greyish-crimson;  costal  edge  yellow- 
ferruginous  from  near  base  to  near  apex;  stigmata  indicated  by  whitish  dots, 
second  discal  by  two  longitudinally  placed,  plical  rather  obliquely  before 
first  discal : cilia  whitish-grey-crimson,  more  rosy- tinged  towards  base.  Hind- 
wings  grey,  veins  darker;  cilia  grey,  base  pale. 

Zululand,  Nkwaleni,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Trichotaphe  conclusa  n.sp. 

<J.  13  mm.  Head  and  thorax  yellow-ochreous.  Palpi  rather  dark  bluish- 
fuscous,  second  joint  expanded  with  rough  scales  above,  yellowish  internally 
and  on  anterior  edge,  terminal  joint  half  second,  tip  whitish.  Abdomen  grey, 
anal  tuft  light  ochreous-yellowish.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow, 
posteriorly  hardly  dilated,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  straight, 
somewhat  oblique;  deep  yellow-ochreous,  slightly  ferruginous-tinged,  and  with 
a slight  violet  gloss ; costal  edge  blackish  tpwards  base ; plical  and  first  discal 
stigmata  small,  blackish,  plical  slightly  posterior;  a narrow  blackish  terminal 
fascia  from  apex  to  tornus,  pointed  beneath,  with  black  dots  on  terminal 
edge : cilia  fulvous-ochreous,  outer  half  dark  grey  on  termen,  on  tornus  with 
a grey  bar.  Hindwings  rather  dark  grey;  cilia  grey,  extreme  base  whitish. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Trichotaphe  hyrsoxantha  n;sp. 

$ 17  mm.  Head  and  thorax  ochreous-orange.  Palpi  pale  ochreous,  second 
joint  fuscous  except  apex,  with  triangularly  expanded  scales  above  beyond 
middle,  terminal  joint  somewhat  longer  than  second.  Forewings  elongate, 
rather  narrow,  posteriorly  slightly  dilated,  costa  moderately  arched,  towards 
middle  nearly  straight,  apex  rounded-obtuse,  termen  rounded,  little  oblique ; 
ochreous-orange  tinged  with  ferruginous;  stigmata  dark  fuscous,  discal 
approximated,  transverse,  first  rather  oblique,  plical  dot-like,  beneath  first 
discal ; a terminal  series  of  dark  fuscous  dots : cilia  ochreous-orange.  Hind- 
wings grey;  cilia  pale  yellowish,  on  lower  half  of  termen  suffused  with  pale 
grey. ' 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Trichotaphe  hortulana  n.sp. 

12  mm.  Head  bronzy.  Palpi  ochreous-whitish,  second  joint  ochreous 
except  apical  edge,  with  scales  triangularly  expanded  above,  terminal  joint 
much  longer  than  second.  Thorax  grey  mixed  with  ochreous,  with  a bronzy- 
ochreous  stripe  on  each  side  of  back.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Forewings  elongate, 
narrow,  costa  hardly  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  slightly  rounded,  oblique; 
dark  iron-grey;  markings  fulvous-ochreous;  an  irregular  basal  patch,  not 


2 


24  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


reaching  costa;  a transverse  fasciate  blotch  from  dorsum  before  middle,  edged 
with  lighter,  apex  rounded,  not  reaching  costa;  an  outwards-oblique  fasciate 
blotch  from  middle  of  costa,  edged  with  lighter,  reaching  § across  wing, 
towards  costa  suffused  with  blackish;  a straight  slightly  inwards-oblique 
transverse  line  from  costa  at  f , apical  area  beyond  this  suffused  with  blackish, 
with  cloudy  black  marginal  dots : cilia  leaden-grey,  on  apex  and  upper  part 
of  termen  mixed  with  whitish-ochreous.  Hindwings  dark  grey;  cilia  grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  November  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Trichotaphe  turgida  n.sp. 

$ 1 8 mm.  Head  and  thorax  whitish-ochreous,  shoulders  slenderly  black. 
Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  rough  projecting  scales  at  apex  beneath  and 
strongly  triangularly  expanded  with  rough  scales  above,  dark  fuscous  except 
apex,  terminal  joint  much  longer  than  second.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings 
elongate,  narrow-oblong,  costa  strongly  arched  anteriorly,  sinuate  towards 
middle,  slightly  arched  posteriorly,  apex  nearly  rectangular,  termen  faintly 
sinuate,  little  oblique;  7 to  apex;  whitish-ochreous;  a small  black  mark  on 
base  of  costa;  stigmata  small,  dark  fuscous,  first  discal  represented  by  a short 
linear  dash,  plical  slightly  beyond  this ; costa  slenderly  dark  fuscous  from  § to 
apex,  cut  by  a whitish  line  which  runs  from  § of  costa  to  near  apex  and  thence 
strongly  curved  to  tornus,  and  posteriorly  by  three  oblique  whitish  strigulae; 
a fine  whitish  terminal  line  marked  with  several  small  blackish  dots,  space 
between  this  and  preceding  line  brownish-tinged : cilia  whitish-ochreous 
(imperfect).  Hindwings  with  5 widely  remote  from  4,  parallel;  grey;  cilia 
light  greyish,  with  darker  subbasal  shade. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Lecithocera  binotata  n.sp. 

(J  11  mm.  Head  ochreous-yellowish,  crown  centrally  suffused  with  purplish- 
fuscous.  Palpi  pale  yellowish,  second  joint  externally  fuscous  except  towards 
base,  terminal  joint  anteriorly  dark  fuscous.  Antennae  pale  yellowish,  ringed 
with  pale  fuscous.  Thorax  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate, 
rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  obliquely  rounded; 
2 and  3 connate,  4 and  5 stalked,  8 and  9 out  of  7;  fuscous  sprinkled  with  dark 
fuscous;  discal  stigmata  rather  large,  blackish : cilia  pale  fuscous,  with  two 
darker  shades.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Dragmatucha  ob septa  n.sp. 

$ 17  mm.  Head  whitish.  Palpi  ochreous-whitish,  second  joint  without 
tuft,  basal  third  dark  fuscous,  terminal  joint  with  blackish  lateral  line.  Thorax 
ochreous-whitish,  with  black  patch  on  shoulders,  and  a black  stripe  on  each 
side  of  back.  Abdomen  whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow, 
posteriorly  dilated,  costa  gently  arched,  towards  middle  slightly  sinuate,  apex 
obtuse-pointed,  termen  faintly  sinuate,  rather  oblique;  3 and  4 out  of  2; 
whitish,  costa  and  edge  of  markings  tinged  with  ochreous-yellow ; markings 
blackish;  a spot  on  base  of  costa;  an  irregular-edged  straight  transverse  streak 
at  J- ; a very  broad  postmedian  fascia,  narrowed  towards  dorsum,  marked  with 
three  longitudinal  whitish  streaks,  pointed  at  each  end;  a slightly  incurved 
streak  from  costa  near  termen  to  tornus ; a slender  terminal  streak : cilia 
shining  ochreous-whitish,  at  apex  with  a blackish  bar.  Hindwings  ochreous- 
whitish;  an  inwards-oblique  cloudy  mark  of  dark  fuscous  irroration  tinged 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


25 


with  ochreous  from  costa  at  f , and  a more  blackish  mark  on  apical  part  of 
termen;  cilia  whitish,  with  faint  ochreous-yellowish  subbasal  shade,  at  apex 
with  a blackish  bar. 

Zululand,  Prospect,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen.  This  and  the 
following  differ  from  the  typical  species  in  absence  of  tuft  of  palpi,  and  pre- 
sence of  vein  3 of  forewings,  but  are  entirely  congeneric,  the  genus  being  distinct 
by  other  characters. 

Dragmatucha  bivia  n.sp. 

$ 22  mm.  Head  and  thorax  dark  purplish-fuscous,  sides  of  head  pale 
ochreous-yellowish.  Antennae  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  pale  ochreous-yellowish, 
second  joint  with  appressed  scales.  Abdomen  light  greyish,  anal  tuft  pale 
yellowish.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  anteriorly  moderately, 
posteriorly  slightly  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  faintly  sinuate,  rather  oblique; 
3 and  4 out  of  2;  dark  purplish-fuscous;  a nearly  straight  whitish-ochreous 
transverse  streak  at  J;  a nearly  straight  whitish-ochreous  line  from  costa 
near  apex  to  dorsum  before  tornus : cilia  dark  grey,  with  faint  whitish  median 
line  on  termen.  Hindwings  grey,  darker  towards  apex;  a small  ochreous- 
white  spot  on  costa  near  apex,  whence  a cloudy  whitish  line  runs  near  termen 
to  below  its  middle;  cilia  grey,  with  cloudy  whitish  median  line  on  termen  to 
below  middle. 

Natal,  Drummond,  in  December  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Onebala  homogramma  n.sp. 

$ 13  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous,  crown  centrally  suffused  with  bronzy - 
fuscous.  Palpi  whitish-ochreous,  second  joint  suffused  with  bronzy-fuscous 
except  apex,  terminal  joint  with  incomplete  dark  fuscous  line  on  each  side. 
Thorax  dark  purplish-fuscous.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  rather 
narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  faintly  sinuate  in  middle,  apex  obtuse,  termen 
slightly  rounded,  oblique;  3 absent,  2 and  4 stalked,  7 absent,  8 and  9 stalked; 
dark  purplish-fuscous ; a somewhat  irregular  straight  transverse  whitish- 
ochreous  line  at  f,  somewhat  expanded  on  costa;  a small  whitish-ochreous 
spot  on  costa  at  §-,  whence  a fine  somewhat  curved  line  of  scattered  whitish- 
ochreous  scales  runs  to  dorsum  before  tornus  : cilia  grey  with  obscure  darker 
subbasal  line,  base  marked  with  whitish-ochreous  at  and  beneath  apex. 
Hindwings  and  cilia  grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  two  specimens.  Very  similar  to 
chlorotoma,  and  best  distinguished  by  the  quite  different  neuration. 

Brachmia  dryadopa  n.sp. 

(J  ^ 14-15  mm-  Head  fuscous,  face  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  whitish- 
ochreous,  slightly  sprinkled  with  grey.  Thorax  rather  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen 
grey.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse, 
termen  slightly  rounded,  somewhat  oblique;  dark  purplish-ashy-fuscous; 
stigmata  represented  by  small  round  ochreous-brownish  spots  more  or  less 
strongly  centred  with  dark  fuscous;  a cloudy  ochreous-whitish  spot  on  costa 
at  f : cilia  dark  grey.  Hindwings  and  cilia  grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  Comoro  Is.,  Mayotte,  in  June 
(Leigh) ; three  specimens. 

Brachmia  octophora  n.sp. 

<J  11-12  mm.  Head  shining  leaden-grey.  Palpi  ochreous-yellow.  Thorax 
shining  leaden-grey,  with  a slender  orange  stripe  on  each  side  of  back.  Abdomen 


2 — 2 


26 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


grey,  anal  tuft  ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  gently 
arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  nearly  straight,  rather  oblique;  shining  leaden- 
grey;  an  irregular  outwards-oblique  orange  fascia  from  base  of  dorsum,  not 
reaching  costa;  a deep  bronzy  blackish-edged  transverse  blotch  from  dorsum 
somewhat  before  middle,  broadest  on  dorsum,  reaching  § across  wing,  apex 
rounded  and  margined  by  a crescentic  orange  streak;  an  8-shaped  orange 
patch  filled  up  with  fuscous,  entirely  crossing  wing  beyond  middle  from  costa 
to  dorsum,  edged  with  blackish;  a rather  curved  orange  line  from  f of  costa 
to  just  before  tornus,  strongly  indented  in  middle,  edged  anteriorly  with 
irregular  black  scales  and  posteriorly  with  blackish  suffusion : cilia  whitish, 
with  black  basal  line,  beneath  tornus  light  grey.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light 
grey. 

Natal,  Stella  Bush,  in  December  (Janse);  two  specimens. 

Brachmia  fiscinat a n.sp. 

io  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous,  face  more  whitish.  Palpi  ochreous- 
whitish  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  whitish-ochreous  irregularly 
marked  with  dark  fuscous  irroration.  Abdomen  grey,  anal  tuft  whitish. 
Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  slightly  arched,  apex  obtuse-pointed, 
termen  obliquely  rounded;  ochreous-whitish,  marked  between  veins  with 
brown  lines  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous,  less  marked  and  incomplete  on 
costal  §,  strong  on  rest  of  wing,  especially  two  terminating  beneath  apex  in  a 
suffused  terminal  spot;  very  oblique  suffused  dark  fuscous  lines  from  costa 
at  §,  and  f , crossing  costal  f ; stigmata  small,  dark  fuscous,  slightly  edged 
with  whitish,  plical  somewhat  before  first  discal : cilia  dark  grey,  basally 
obscurely  barred  with  grey -whitish,  on  costa  whitish-ochreous.  Hindwings 
grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Zululand,  Nkwaleni,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Syrmadaula  n.g. 

Head  with  appressed  scales;  ocelli  small,  posterior;  tongue  developed. 
Antennae  § , in  $ very  shortly  ciliated,  basal  joint  rather  elongate,  without 
pecten.  Labial  palpi  long,  recurved,  second  joint  thickened  with  appressed 
scales,  somewhat  rough  beneath,  terminal  joint  as  long  as  second,  moderate, 
acute.  Maxillary  palpi  very  short,  filiform,  appressed  to  tongue.  Posterior 
tibiae  clothed  with  rough  hairscales  above.  Forewings  with  2 and  3 short- 
stalked  from  angle,  4 and  5 somewhat  approximated,  7 absent,  11  from  middle. 
Hindwings  somewhat  under  1,  elongate-trapezoidal,  termen  beneath  apex 
very  oblique,  slightly  sinuate,  cilia  1 ; 3-5  equidistant,  remote,  6 and  7 stalked. 

Allied  to  Autosticha. 

Syrmadaula  automorpha  n.sp. 

cJ  $ 13-14  mm.  Head  light  yellow-ochreous.  Palpi  pale  ochreous,  second 
j oint  dark  fuscous  except  tip,  terminal  joint  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous  towards 
apex.  Thorax  fuscous.  Abdomen  brownish -grey.  Forewings  elongate,  rather 
narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse-pointed,  termen  very  obliquely 
rounded;  light  fuscous  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous;  stigmata  moderate,  dark 
fuscous,  plical  somewhat  obliquely  before  first  discal;  a dark  fuscous  dot  near 
dorsum  at  f;  three  or  four  cloudy  dark  fuscous  dots  on  termen:  cilia  pale 
fuscous,  on  basal  half  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia 
pale  grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  September  and  January  (Janse);  four  specimens. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


27 


METACHANDIDAE 

Daemonarcha  n.g. 

Head  with  appressed  scales,  sidetufts  large,  raised,  meeting  and  projecting 
on  forehead;  ocelli  small,  posterior;  tongue  developed.  Antennae  §•,  in  $ 
serrate,  minutely  ciliated,  basal  joint  elongate,  without  pecten.  Labial  palpi 
very  long,  curved,  obliquely  ascending,  second  joint  very  long,  much  thickened 
with  dense  scales  and  above  expanded  with  rough  projecting  scales  throughout, 
terminal  joint  less  than  half  second,  slender,  acute.  Maxillary  palpi  very  short, 
filiform,  appressed  to  tongue.  Posterior  tibiae  clothed  with  hairs  above. 
Forewings  with  1 b furcate,  2 and  3 stalked  from  angle,  4 and  5 approximated 
to  them  at  base,  7 absent,  8 and  9 stalked,  11  from  middle.  Hindwings  1, 
elongate-trapezoidal,  termeri  somewhat  sinuate  beneath  apex,  cilia  nearly  1 ; 
cell  less  than  half  wing,  3 and  4 connate,  5 somewhat  approximated,  6 absent. 

Allied  to  Ancylometis. 

Daemonarcha  cyprophanes  n.sp. 

$ 14-15  mm.  Head  and  thorax  deep  purple.  Palpi  dark  purple-bronzy- 
grey.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched, 
apex  obtuse,  termen  obliquely  rounded;  deep  blue-purple,  towards  apex  and 
termen  becoming  bright  coppery;  a faint  oblique  coppery  strigula  on  costa 
at  §:  cilia  purple-coppery,  towards  tornus  dark  grey.  Hindwings  and  cilia 
grey;  a fine  groove  along  lower  margin  of  cell  continued  between  3 and  4 to 
termen. 

Natal,  Umkomaas  and  Verulam,  in  January  (Janse);  two  specimens. 

COSMOPTERYGIDAE 


Labdia  caulota  n.sp. 

$ 17-19  mm.  Head  white,  in  $ with  dark  fuscous  median  line  on  crown. 
Palpi  white,  second  joint  thickened  and  roughened  with  scales  beneath,  with 
basal  half  dark  fuscous  and  a faint  fuscous  subapical  ring,  terminal  joint 
slightly  roughened  with  scales  anteriorly,  with  indistinct  dark  fuscous  subbasal 
and  subapical  rings.  Thorax  white,  patagia  and  a median  streak  not  reaching 
posterior  extremity  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous,  segmental  margins 
white.  Forewings  lanceolate,  apex  considerably  produced,  acute;  6 and  7 
out  of  8;  dark  fuscous;  a white  streak  from  base  for  a short  distance  along 
costa,  thence  very  obliquely  to  § of  disc,  extremities  pointed;  a white  streak 
from  ^ of  costa  to  f of  costa,  slightly  downcurved  and  enclosing  a slender 
costal  streak  of  ground-colour;  a slender  irregular  white  dorsal  streak  from 
base  to  beyond  tornus ; a white  apical  dash : cilia  whitish-grey,  round  apex 
darker  grey,  on  end  of  costal  streak  white.  Hindwings  pale  blue-grey;  cilia 
ochreous-whitish. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  Natal,  Pinetown,  in  February 
(Leigh) ; two  specimens. 

Limnoecia  effulgens  n.sp. 

cJ  12  mm.  Head  pale  shining  brassy-bronze.  Palpi  orange-yellow,  anterior 
edge  of  terminal  joint  blackish.  Antennae  dark  fuscous,  apical  fifth  whitish. 
Thorax  deep  indigo-purplish.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  elongate- 
lanceolate;  dark  fuscous  becoming  bright  deep  purple  posteriorly,  basal  area 


28 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


suffused  with  dark  indigo,  extended  dorsally  to  a purplish  patch  on  middle 
of  dorsum  reaching  § across  wing  and  suffused  with  greenish  in  disc;  a very 
indistinct  whitish  mark  on  fold  before  ^ of  wing ; a transverse  white  mark  on 
middle  of  costa,  and  another  towards  dorsum  at  f of  wing,  dorsal  edge  from 
middle  to  this  suffused  with  coppery-golden : cilia  dark  grey,  basally  scaled 
with  purple  on  termen.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  dark  grey. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Cholotis  melanogastra  n.sp. 

cJ  8 mm.  Head  and  thorax  dark  bronzy-fuscous,  slightly  whitish-speckled. 
Palpi  dark  fuscous  speckled  with  whitish.  Abdomen  blackish,  segmental 
margins  slenderly  pale  grey.  Forewings  lanceolate;  dark  fuscous,  slightly  and 
very  minutely  whitish-speckled;  plical  and  second  discal  stigmata  indistinct, 
blackish : cilia  grey  mixed  with  dark  fuscous  and  minutely  speckled  with 
whitish.  Hindwings  rather  dark  grey,  suffused  with  blackish  from  near 
base  to  beyond  middle;  cilia  light  grey. 

Zululand,  Nkwaleni,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen.  The  character- 
istic blackish  abdomen  and  suffusion  of  hindwings  may  probably  be  confined 
to  the  male. 

Cholotis  cardinata  n.sp. 

cJ  8 mm.  Head  and  thorax  dark  fuscous,  face  leaden-grey.  Palpi  dark 
fuscous  speckled  with  white,  apex  of  second  joint  white.  Abdomen  dark  grey. 
Forewings  elongate-lanceolate;  grey  with  bases  of  scales  ochreous-whitish, 
towards  costa  and  posteriorly  wholly  suffused  with  dark  purplish-fuscous;  a 
narrow  black  basal  fascia,  sharply  edged  with  pale  ochreous  suffusion ; stigmata 
rather  large,  black,  plical  obliquely  before  first  discal ; cloudy  whitish  opposite 
dots  on  costa  at  § and  tornus;  cilia  grey  suffused  with  dark  fuscous  round 
apical  area.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Batrachedra  ledereriella  Zell. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  October,  November,  and  February  (Janse).  This 
South  European  species  has  not  previously  been  recarded  from  South  Africa. 

Tr  achy  dor  a iocharis  n.sp. 

15  mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  infuscated  towards  base. 
Thorax  white,  with  a blackish  spot  on  shoulders  and  a dorsal  dot  anteriorly. 
Forewings  elongate-lanceolate;  ochreous-white ; some  blackish  suffusion  on 
base  of  costa;  a small  blackish  dot  near  base  below  middle;  some  irregular 
undefined  ferruginous-ochreous  suffusion  extending  from  about  J of  disc  to 
apex,  in  one  specimen  little  developed;  a black  dot  beneath  fold  at  f (plical 
stigma) ; an  oval  spot  of  black  irroration  in  middle  of  disc,  in  one  specimen 
reduced  to  a dot  (first  discal  stigma) , and  a transverse  spot  on  tornus  reaching 
half  across  wing  and  including  second  discal  stigma;  cilia  whitish-ochreous,, 
towards  base  tinged  with  ferruginous.  Hindwings  pale  grey  or  whitish-grey; 
cilia  whitish-ochreous. 

Zululand,  Eshowe;  Natal,  Drummond  (Janse);  in  January,  two 
specimens. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


29 


OECOPHORIDAE 


Promalactis  scalmotoma  n.sp. 

9 mm.  Head  and  thorax  bronzy,  face  white.  Palpi  fulvous,  terminal 
joint  blackish,  tip  white.  Antennae  white  ringed  with  black,  ciliations  1. 
Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex 
tolerably  pointed,  termen  very  obliquely  rounded;  bronzy-fulvous;  markings 
white  edged  with  some  black  scales ; a fine  line  from  base  of  fold  to  ^ of  dorsum ; 
a rather  curved  line  from  near  base  in  middle  to  dorsum  before  middle;  an 
oblique  line  from  dorsum  at  f , almost  reaching  apex  of  a slightly  inwards- 
oblique  subtriangular  spot  on  costa  at  § reaching  half  across  wing;  a small 
irregular  apical  spot,  and  a very  minute  dot  on  termen  beneath  it;  a minute 
white  dot  on  tomus  : cilia  light  bronzy-fulvous.  Hind  wings  with  4 apparently 
absent;  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Schiffermnelleria  pedicata  n.sp. 

$ 12-15  mm.  Head  and  thorax  bronzy-orange.  Palpi  orange,  apical 
half  of  terminal  joint  black  with  anterior  edge  white.  Antennae  white  ringed 
with  black,  ciliations  in  J 1.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  rather 
narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  tolerably  pointed,  termen  nearly  straight, 
rather  strongly  oblique;  deep  bronzy-orange,  lighter  towards  costa  anteriorly; 
markings  white  finely  edged  with  black;  fine  subdorsal  and  plical  lines  on 
basal  fifth ; a fine  line  from  towards  costa  near  base  to  disc  at  f , thence  angled 
inwards  (more  acutely  in  $)  to  near  J of  dorsum,  curved  round  and  continued 
near  dorsum  to  middle,  then  obliquely  upwards  to  disc  beyond  middle,  then 
somewhat  downwards  and  again  angled  upwards  to  join  a spot  on  costa  at  f , 
which  is  orange-yellow  in  $ and  white  in  $ ; a short  oblique  mark  before  tornus, 
a very  short  mark  on  tornus,  and  a marginal  row  of  dots  round  apex  and 
termen,  these  markings  in  $ surrounded  with  blackish  suffusion : cilia  pale 
orange,  deeper  towards  base.  Hindwings  rather  dark  grey,  lighter  towards 
base;  cilia  light  grey. 

Zululand,  Melmoth,  and  Natal,  Drummond,  in  January  (Janse);  two 
specimens. 

Schiffermuelleria  helminthias  n.sp. 

O 9-1 1 mm.  Head  and  thorax  golden-bronze.  Palpi  ochreous-orange, 
terminal  joint  white  with  a few  blackish  scales.  Antennae  white  ringed  with 
blackish.  Abdomen  whitish-grey.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa 
gently  arched,  apex  tolerably  pointed,  termen  very  obliquely  rounded;  golden- 
ochreous-orange ; markings  white,  finely  edged  with  black  irroration ; a straight 
line  from  base  to  J of  dorsum ; a line  from  near  base  in  middle,  running  in  an 
upward  curve  to  near  dorsum  before  middle,  thence  curved  round  to  disc 
beyond  middle,  and  again  angulated  downwards  to  a small  spot  on  dorsum 
before  tornus;  a somewhat  irregular  transverse  streak  from  § of  costa,  nearly 
reaching  praetornal  spot ; a more  or  less  interrupted  line  along  upper  part  of 
termen,  not  black-margined  anteriorly:  cilia  light  golden-ochreous-orange. 
Hindwings  light  grey  or  whitish-grey;  cilia  whitish. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  and  Zululand,  Prospect,  in  January  (Janse);  two 
specimens. 


30 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Chirocompa  decurrens  n.sp. 

7 mm.  Head  shining  white,  back  of  crown  and  thorax  dark  bronzy- 
brown.  Palpi  fulvous-ochreous,  terminal  joint  lined  with  blackish.  Abdomen 
grey.  Anterior  tibiae  and  tarsi  black  dotted  with  white.  Forewings  elongate, 
narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  extremely  obliquely 
rounded;  chestnut-brown,  suffused  with  fuscous  towards  costa,  termen,  and 
base  of  dorsum;  a white  line  with  a few  black  scales  on  edges  running  from 
base  of  costa  to  dorsum  before  middle,  thence  along  dorsum  to  f , whence  it 
runs  obliquely  up  to  join  a large  quadrate  snow-white  spot  on  costa  at  f,  this 
portion  and  spot  edged  posteriorly  with  black  irroration : cilia  light  bronzy- 
brownish.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  greyish. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Opsigenes  n.g. 

Head  smooth,  sidetufts  loosely  raised;  ocelli  posterior;  tongue  developed. 
Antennae  §- , basal  joint  elongate,  without  pecten.  Labial  palpi  long,  recurved, 
second  joint  somewhat  thickened  and  slightly  rough  towards  apex  beneath, 
terminal  joint  as  long  as  second,  slender,  acute.  Maxillary  palpi  very  short, 
filiform,  appressed  to  tongue.  Posterior  tibiae  clothed  with  hairs  above. 
Forewings  with  2 from  f , 3 and  4 approximated  from  near  angle,  7 to  costa, 
8 absent,  11  from  middle.  Hindwings  f , narrow-lanceolate,  cilia  2J;  3 and  4 
connate,  5 absent,  6 and  7 rather  approximated. 

Opsigenes  parastacta  n.sp. 

$ 7-8  mm.  Head  ochreous-whitish.  Palpi  ochreous-whitish,  second  joint 
dark  fuscous  except  apex.  Thorax  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings 
lanceolate ; dark  fuscous ; stigmata  blackish,  sometimes  edged  posteriorly  with 
whitish,  plical  obliquely  before  first  discal;  a similar  dot  on  dorsum  towards 
tornus;  some  scattered  whitish  scales  towards  apex:  cilia  grey  sprinkled  with 
dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  and  cilia  light  grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  seven  specimens. 

Hyalochna  n.g. 

Head  with  appressed  hairs,  sidetufts  somewhat  raised;  ocelli  small, 
posterior;  tongue  developed.  Antennae  f , in  $ evenly  ciliated  (f),  basal  joint 
elongate,  with  pecten.  Labial  palpi  moderately  long,  recurved,  second  joint 
thickened  with  appressed  scales,  not  reaching  base  of  antennae,  terminal 
joint  f of  second,  moderate,  pointed.  Maxillary  palpi  very  short,  filiform, 
appressed  to  tongue.  Posterior  tibiae  clothed  with  long  rough  hairs  above. 
Forewings  with  1 b furcate,  2 and  3 stalked  from  angle,  7 and  8 stalked,  7 to 
costa,  11  from  before  middle,  Hindwings  1,  trapezoidal -ovate,  termen  slightly 
sinuate,  cilia  §;  an  elongate  hyaline  striated  spot  beneath  cell  before  2; 
3 and  4 rather  remote,  4 from  angle,  5 rather  curved,  remote  from  4,  6 and  7 
parallel. 

Allied  to  Allotalanta . 

Hyalochna  allevata  n.sp. 

(J  27  mm.  Head  yellow-ochreous,  sidetufts  slightly  mixed  with  fuscous. 
Palpi  yellow-ochreous,  base  of  second  joint  somewhat  infuscated.  Thorax 
brownish-ochreous,  patagia  rather  mixed  with  fuscous,  dorsum  mostly  occupied 
by  a large  dark  fuscous  blotch.  Abdomen  ochreous  somewhat  mixed  with 
grey.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse, 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  31 


termen  slightly  rounded,  oblique;  brownish,  with  faint  violet  tinge;  basal 
third  somewhat  marked  irregularly  with  light  yellow-ochreous;  stigmata 
cloudy,  fuscous,  irregularly  ringed  with  light  yellow-ochreous,  plical  rather 
obliquely  beyond  first  discal,  second  discal  represented  by  an  irregular  linear 
transverse  mark,  nearly  followed  by  two  dots;  a cloudy  pale  ochreous  mark 
in  disc  towards  apex  indicating  angle  of  a subterminal  line ; an  almost  marginal 
series  of  light  yellow-ochreous  marks  round  posterior  part  of  costa  and  termen  : 
cilia  ochreous-yellowish,  with  a basal  series  of  spots  of  fuscous  and  dark 
fuscous  suffusion.  Hindwings  grey,  basal  third  and  apical  edge  suffused  with 
pale  yellowish;  cilia  pale  yellowish. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen.  • 

Protomacha  conservata  n.sp. 

c£i8  mm.  Head  whitish-grey.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  dark  grey  except 
above  and  at  apex.  Thorax  grey.  Abdomen  grey  mixed  with  whitish.  Fore- 
wings elongate,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  slightly  rounded, 
oblique;  grey;  a moderate  white  streak  along  costa  from  base  to  f,  finely 
attenuated  posteriorly;  stigmata  small,  blackish,  plical  beneath  first  discal; 
a few  blackish  scales  indicating  an  angulated  subterminal  series  of  dots  near 
margin  : cilia  whitish-grey.  Hindwings  light  grey ; cilia  whitish-grey. 

Cape  Colony,  Port  Elizabeth,  in  November  (Fitzsimons) ; one  specimen. 
Depressaria  orthobathra  n.sp. 

<J  $ 15-18  mm.  Head  ochreous-whitish,  collar  suffused  with  brownish- 
grey.  Palpi  ochreous-whitish,  second  joint  sprinkled  with  blackish,  terminal 
joint  with  slight  basal  and  supramedian  rings  of  blackish  irroration.  Thorax 
brownish-grey  sprinkled  with  blackish.  Abdomen  grey -whitish  irrorated  with 
blackish,  anal  tuft  of  $ whitish.  Forewings  elongate,  posteriorly  slightly 
dilated,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  rounded,  termen  rounded,  somewhat 
oblique;  2 and  3 stalked;  whitish-ochreous  or  light  greyish-ochreous,  with 
some  small  scattered  dark  fuscous  strigulae;  base  narrowly  dark  ashy-grey 
mixed  with  black,  edge  direct;  first  discal  stigma  small,  blackish,  with  a 
similar  dot  obliquely  before  and  above  it,  second  formed  by  a whitish  dot 
ringed  with  fuscous ; a marginal  series  of  small  black  dots  round  posterior  half 
of  costa  and  termen : cilia  ochreous-whitish.  Hindwings  in  £ pale  grey,  in  $ 
grey;  cilia  whitish-grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  and  Zululand,  Nkwaleni,  in  January  (Janse);  two 
specimens.  Extremely  like  compacta,  from  which  however  it  may  be  im- 
mediately distinguished  by  strongly  rounded  apex  of  forewings  (in  compacta 
obtuse  and  prominent). 

Depressaria  neoxesta  n.sp. 

cJ  17-19  mm.  Head  dark  grey,  face  whitish.  Palpi  rosy-whitish,  second 
joint  sprinkled  with  blackish,  with  blackish  subapical  ring,  terminal  joint 
with  blackish  basal  and  subapical  bands.  Thorax  pale  whitish-ochreous, 
anterior  fourth  blackish.  Abdomen  pale  whitish-ochreous  sprinkled  with 
grey.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse, 
termen  obliquely  rounded;  2 and  3 stalked;  whitish-ochreous,  with  some 
scattered  fuscous  and  black  scales,  costa  posteriorly  and  termen  slightly  rosy- 
tinged;  a small  blackish  spot  on  base  of  costa;  a small  spot  of  faint  brownish 
suffusion  near  dorsum  towards  base;  a marginal  series  of  blackish  dots  round 


32 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


apex  and  termen : cilia  light  grey,  pale-sprinkled.  Hindwings  pale  grey; 
cilia  whitish-grey,  with  grey  subbasal  shade. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January;  Natal,  New  Hanover,  in  August  (Janse) ; 
two  specimens. 

Aulotropha  n.g. 

Head  with  appressed  scales,  sidetufts  somewhat  raised;  ocelli  small, 
posterior;  tongue  developed.  Antennae  f , in  $ serrulate,  shortly  and  unevenly 
ciliated,  basal  joint  moderate,  with  pecten.  Labial  palpi  rather  long,  curved, 
ascending,  second  joint  thickened  with  appressed  scales,  slightly  rough 
beneath,  terminal  joint  shorter  than  second,  moderate,  pointed.  Maxillary 
palpi  very  short,  filiform,  appressed  to  tongue.  Posterior  tibiae  clothed  with 
hairs  above.  Forewings  with  i b furcate,  2 from  angle,  7 and  8 stalked,  7 to 
apex,  11  from  middle.  Hindwings  f,  elongate-ovate,  cilia  1;  3 and  4 short- 
stalked,  5-7  nearly  parallel. 

This  genus  is  very  near  the  North  American  Gevdana,  but  as  the  two 
genera  are  at  present  structurally  distinguishable,  it  seems  advisable  to  keep 
them  separate  until  further  species  are  discovered. 

Aulotropha  pentasticta  n.sp. 

$ 14-16  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  light  ochreous-yellowish.  Abdomen 
pale  yellowish.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex 
pointed,  termen  very  obliquely  rounded;  ochreous-yellowish;  stigmata  black, 
plical  nearly  beneath  first  discal,  an  additional  dot  between  first  and  second 
discal  (in  one  specimen  obsolete) , and  one  towards  tornus  somewhat  beyond 
second  discal : cilia  pale  yellowish.  Hindwings  whitish-yellowish,  with  grey 
reflections;  cilia  pale  yellow. 

Natal,  New  Hanover,  in  November  and  December  (Hardenberg) ; two 
specimens.  Larva  feeding  in  a portable  case  composed  of  a piece  of  hollow 
grass-stem,  foodplant  not  recorded. 

Streptothyris  n.g. 

Head  with  loosely  appressed  hairs,  sidetufts  somewhat  raised;  ocelli 
posterior;  tongue  developed.  Antennae  hardly  over  in  $ shortly  ciliated, 
basal  joint  elongate,  stout,  without  pecten.  Labial  palpi  moderately  long, 
recurved,  second  joint  much  thickened  with  dense  scales,  rough  towards  apex 
beneath,  terminal  joint  as  long  as  second,  stout,  scaled,  pointed.  Maxillary 
palpi  very  short,  filiform,  appressed  to  tongue.  Posterior  tibiae  clothed  with 
rough  hairs  above.  Forewings  with  2 from  towards  angle,  7 and  8 stalked, 
7 to  costa,  11  from  before  middle.  Hindwings  nearly  1,  elongate-ovate,  cilia 
f ; a hyaline  space  beneath  cell  towards  base,  limited  by  a bar  from  cell  to  1 c, 
3 and  4 connate,  5—7  nearly  parallel. 

Allied  to  Cyphothyris . 

Streptothyris  tanyacta  n.sp. 

cJ  27  mm.  Head  pale  whitish-ochreous,  collar  brown.  Palpi  ochreous- 
whitish,  second  joint  with  basal  third  dark  fuscous  and  a faint  fuscous  supra- 
median  ring,  terminal  joint  with  a fuscous  supramedian  ring.  Thorax  dark 
fuscous,  posteriorly  sprinkled  with  whitish,  anterior  margin  brown.  Abdomen 
dark  grey,  apex  whitish.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  slightly  arched, 
apex  obtuse,  termen  rounded,  oblique;  fuscous,  irregularly  mixed  with  brown 
and  whitish,  and  partially  with  black  along  veins  in  disc;  first  discal  stigma 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


33 


indicated  by  an  indistinct  small  roundish  dark  spot  outlined  with  whitish, 
second  by  an  indistinct  transverse  dark  mark  laterally  edged  with  whitish; 
between  these  a similarly  indistinct  small  dark  oval  spot  edged  with  whitish; 
a terminal  series  of  brown  dots  edged  anteriorly  with  whitish,  and  round  apex 
separated  with  blackish:  cilia  grey  mixed  with  whitish  and  blackish  (imperfect). 
Hindwings  rather  dark  grey;  cilia  grey-whitish,  with  light  grey  subbasal  shade. 

Natal,  Durban,  in  August  (Platt) ; one  specimen,  bred  but  without  par- 
ticulars recorded. 

Ceranthes  n.g. 

Head  with  appressed  scales,  sidetufts  slightly  raised;  ocelli  small,  posterior; 
tongue  short.  Antennae  f , in  simple,  basal  joint  moderate,  thickened  with 
scales,  without  pecten.  Labial  palpi  rather  long,  recurved,  rather  widely 
diverging,  second  joint  somewhat  roughened  with,  scales  beneath,  terminal 
joint  half  second,  moderate,  pointed.  Maxillary  palpi  rudimentary.  Posterior 
tibiae  clothed  with  hairs  above.  Forewings  with  2 from  f , 3 and  4 approxi- 
mated from  angle,  7 and  8 stalked,  7 to  costa,  11  from  f.  Hindwings  f, 
ovate-lanceolate,  cilia  if ; 3 and  4 connate,  5-7  nearly  parallel. 

Intermediate  between  Evotis  and  Diocosma. 

Ceranthes  thiota  n.sp. 

cJ  13  mm.  Head,  palpi,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous-whitish.  Forewings 
elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  moderately  arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  very 
obliquely  rounded;  ochreous-white,  slightly  and  irregularly  speckled  with 
grey,  these  specks  accompanied  by  a faint  yellowish  tinge:  cilia  ochreous- 
white.  Hindwings  pale  grey;  cilia  ochreous-whitish. 

Zululand,  Nkwaleni,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Diocosma  eotrocha  n.sp. 

$ 13  mm.  Head  silvery- white.  Palpi  whitish.  Thorax  whitish-yellowish, 
transversely  marked  with  crimson.  Abdomen  ochreous-whitish,  with  an 
interrupted  light  reddish  dorsal  stripe.  Forewings  elongate,  widest  in  middle, 
costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  obliquely  rounded;  pale  whitish- 
yellowish,  with  scattered  crimson  scales  and  irregular  crimson  markings 
forming  an  interrupted  reticulation,  costal  edge  white ; a crimson  line  sprinkled 
with  dark  fuscous  from  near  base  of  dorsum  to  f of  costa;  a crimson  ring 
following  this  beneath  costa,  within  which  is  a small  pale  crimson  sp'ot;  a 
large  crimson  ring  beyond  middle  nearly  reaching  costa  and  dorsum,  and 
enclosing  a smaller  irregular  ring,  connected  with  lower  part  of  termen  by 
four  crimson  lines  on  veins;  a mark  of  blackish  irroration  on  costa  beyond 
middle;  an  undefined  line  of  blackish  irroration  running  from  § of  costa  to  a 
narrow  semioval  light  crimson  spot  on  middle  of  dorsum  : cilia  crimson  irrorated 
with  dark  grey,  towards  tornus  yellow-whitish.  Hindwings  and  cilia  whitish. 

Natal,  Stella  Bush,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

XYLORYCTIDAE 

Cladophantis  n.g. 

Head  with  loosely  appressed  hairs;  ocelli  very  small;  tongue  developed. 
Antennae  f , in  strongly  ciliated,  basal  joint  short,  stout,  without  pecten. 
Labial  palpi  long,  recurved,  second  joint  reaching  base  of  antennae,  thickened 
with  dense  appressed  scales,  terminal  joint  nearly  as  long  as  second,  moderate, 
pointed.  Maxillary  palpi  very  short,  filiform,  appressed  to  tongue.  Anterior 


34 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


tarsi  longer  than  tibiae,  posterior  tibiae  clothed  with  rough  hairs  above. 
Forewings  with  ib  furcate,  2 from  angle,  2-5  closely  approximated,  7 to 
termen,  11  from  middle.  Hindwings  over  1,  ovate,  cilia  3 and  4 connate, 
5 somewhat  approximated,  6 and  7 nearly  parallel,  transverse  vein  very  oblique 
between  6 and  7,  upper  branch  of  parting-vein  to  between  6 and  7. 

Allied  to  Stenoma. 

Cladophantis  xylophracta  n.sp. 

21  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  lilac-fuscous.  Abdomen  grey-whitish. 
Forewings  suboblong,  costa  anteriorly  moderately,  posteriorly  hardly  arched, 
apex  obtuse,  termen  slightly  rounded,  little  oblique;  lilac-brown,  extreme 
costal  edge  ochreous;  three  very  indistinct  interrupted  lines  or  series  of  dots 
of  blackish  irroration,  first  about  oblique,  angled  on  fold,  second  from  a 
small  round  spot  beneath  middle  of  costa  to  a larger  spot  on  dorsum  before 
tornus,  third  curved,  from  §•  of  costa  to  praetornal  spot;  a terminal  series  of 
black  dots:  cilia  light  fuscous.  Hindwings  and  cilia  grey-whitish. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen.  Distinct  and 
interesting. 

Stenoma  reticens  Meyr. 

Zululand,  Nkwaleni,  in  January  (Janse).  This  is  an  Indian  species,  not 
previously  noticed  in  South  Africa,  and  possibly  attached  to  some  plant  of 
cultivation. 

ORNEODIDAE 

As  explained  elsewhere  {Exotic  Micvolepidoptera,  Vol.  1,  p.  555),  I now 
class  this  family  here. 

Orneodes  tesserata  n.sp. 

cJ  20  mm.  Head  ochreous-whitish.  Palpi  rather  long  (2f),  ochreous- 
whitish,  second  joint  obliquely  ascending,  thickened  with  dense  appressed 
scales  forming  a short  rough  projection  beneath  at  apex,  irrorated  with  dark 
fuscous  on  basal  half,  terminal  joint  about  half  second,  moderately  stout, 
pointed,  erect.  Thorax  dark  grey  mixed  with  blackish.  Abdomen  ochreous- 
whitish,  mixed  with  dark  fuscous  above  at  base.  Forewings  whitish;  a 
blackish-grey  basal  patch,  extending  on  first  two  segments  to  | of  wing,  on 
others  to  and  confluent  on  fifth  segment  with  a thick  blackish-grey  transverse 
streak  crossing  segments  2-5  before  middle  of  wing;  a slightly  curved  blackish- 
grey  slender  fascia  crossing  segments  2-6  at  f of  wing,  portion  on  third  segment 
rather  projecting  posteriorly  and  on  fourth  anteriorly;  four  fulvous-ochreous 
spots  on  costa  from  | to  f , first  small,  blackish-sprinkled,  second  and  third 
larger,  both  connected  with  a fulvous-ochreous  narrow  irregular  fascia  edged 
with  a few  black  scales  crossing  segments  2—6  and  narrowly  separated  from 
the  blackish-grey  streak,  its  portions  on  segments  3 and  5 projecting  pos- 
teriorly; an  irregular  fulvous-ochreous  somewhat  blackish-sprinkled  curved 
line  from  fourth  costal  spot  crossing  wing,  thickest  on  segments  4 and  5;  a 
rather  thick  blackish  mark  on  costa  before  apex,  and  black  praeapical  and 
very  minute  apical  dots  on  segments  2-6  : cilia  whitish,  somewhat  mixed  with 
grey  or  blackish  on  markings.  Hindwings  white;  a very  small  blackish  basal 
patch;  transverse  series  of  small  fulvous-ochreous  blackish-sprinkled  spots 
before  middle  and  at  f , reduced  to  blackish  dots  on  sixth  segment;  a series 
of  blackish  dots  at  ^ except  on  sixth  segment,  two  series  between  the  ochreous 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  35 


spots,  confluent  to  a single  small  spot  on  segments  5 and  6,  a series  towards 
apex  of  segments,  and  a minute  apical  dot  on  each  segment;  cilia  white, 
slightly  mixed  with  blackish  on  markings. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  November  (Janse) ; one  specimen.  A very  distinct 
species,  perhaps  nearest  the  Indian  ochrozona. 

Microschismus  cymatias  n.sp. 

$ 22  mm.  Head  light  grey,  crown  suffused  with  white  except  centrally. 
Palpi  7,  dark  grey,  apex  of  terminal  joint  whitish.  Thorax  white,  shoulders 
and  a median  stripe  suffused  with  dark  grey.  Abdomen  grey  mixed  with  white. 
Forewings  light  fuscous  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous;  costa  to  beyond  middle 
suffused  with  white,  with  five  small  dark  fuscous  spots,  first  basal;  small 
cloudy  white  spots  in  disc  at  £ and  towards  costa  at  f , latter  preceded  and 
followed  by  small  dark  spots;  a faint  whitish  shade  from  beneath  middle  of 
costa  to  before  middle  of  dorsum;  three  distinct  waved  white  lines  crossing 
wing  posteriorly,  last  two  terminated  on  costa  by  small  white  rings;  a dark 
fuscous  apical  dot  on  each  segment,  edged  anteriorly  by  a white  mark : cilia 
pale  fuscous  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous,  barred  with  white  on  markings. 
Hindwings  white,  faintly  infuscated  on  a shade  before  middle;  narrow  grey 
fasciae  at  § and  towards  apex  of  segments;  a dark  fuscous  apical  dot  on  each 
segment;  cilia  white,  on  fasciae  grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  April  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

COPROMORPHIDAE 

Sisyroxena  syncentra  Meyr. 

$ 26  mm.  Tongue  apparently  absent.  Labial  palpi  rather  long,  porrected, 
much  thickened  with  dense  scales  throughout,  second  joint  with  rough  ex- 
panded scales  above  towards  apex,  terminal  joint  short,  obtuse.  Maxillary 
palpi  imperceptible.  Shoulders  and  thoracic  crest  mixed  with  dark  fuscous. 
Forewings  with  a terminal  series  of  small  dark  fuscous  dots;  a very  obscure 
suffused  fuscous  strigulation  extending  over  wing  from  \ to  near  termen,  with 
some  scattered  black  scales. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  March  (Janse) ; one  specimen.  Described  originally 
from  a male  from  Madagascar,  which  had  lost  its  palpi;  the  above  particulars 
are  therefore  supplementary  to  the  first  description. 

HELIOZELIDAE 

Antispila  argyrozona  n.sp. 

$ 5 mm.  Head  and  thorax  shining  bronze.  Palpi  extremely  short,  whitish. 
Abdomen  dark  grey.  Forewings  rather  broad-lanceolate;  deep  purple  with 
indigo-blue  and  green  reflections ; a narrow  straight  transverse  silvery-metallic 
fascia  just  beyond  middle:  cilia  dark  grey,  tinged  with  purple  towards  base. 
Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  grey. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

HELIODINIDAE 

Eretmocera  fuscipennis  Zell. 

As  explained  in  a note  in  the  Entomologist’ s Monthly  Magazine,  Vol.  liii, 
p.  62  (1917),  I now  conclude  that  lunifera  Zell.,  derogatella  Walk.,  miniata 
Wals.,  dor  sistrigata  Wals.,  and  Carter i Wals.  are  all  forms  of  fuscipennis. 


36 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


The  differences  are  partly  sexual  and  varietal,  but  partly  also  the  effect  of  an 
interesting  dimorphism  between  the  carmine  and  yellow  colouring  which  is 
worthy  of  study  and  perhaps  due  to  slight  chemical  action,  the  forms  being 
taken  together  in  equally  fresh  condition.  It  ought  not  to  be  difficult  to  find 
the  larva  and  breed  the  species  freely.  Information  is  also  required  as  to  how 
the  imago  holds  its  hind  legs  in  repose. 

GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE 

Brent hia  leucatoma  n.sp. 

$ 7 mm.  Head  and  thorax  bronzy-fuscous.  Palpi  whitish-fuscous,  second 
and  terminal  joints  each  with  two  darker  rings.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous. 
Forewings  moderate,  posteriorly  dilated,  costa  slightly  arched,  apex  rounded- 
obtuse,  termen  somewhat  rounded,  little  oblique;  dark  fuscous,  with  bases  of 
scales  whitish,  forming  a very  fine  transverse  striation ; an  irregular  angulated 
whitish  transverse  line  about  J ; indistinct  whitish  dots  on  costa  beyond  middle 
and  at  f , on  dorsum  at  § and  before  tornus,  and  in  disc  at  f ; a faint  transverse- 
oval  whitish  ring  in  disc  at  §;  a minute  silvery  dot  near  costa  towards  apex; 
a slender  black  marginal  streak,  marked  with  two  round  white  dots;  a group 
of  five  or  six  golden-metallic  dots  arranged  in  a double  series  on  lower  half  of 
termen,  surrounded  with  dark  fuscous : cilia  yellow-whitish,  towards  tornus 
fuscous  (imperfect).  Hindwings  dark  fuscous,  bases  of  scales  pale;  an  oblique- 
oval  whitish  ring  in  middle  of  disc ; a transverse  whitish  mark  towards  termen 
in  middle,  and  a short  whitish  line  from  tornus;  a violet-metallic  mark  from 
costa  near  apex;  an  almost  marginal  violet-metallic  line  near  termen  from 
apex  to  below  middle;  cilia  fuscous,  with  oblique  whitish  patches  above  and 
below  middle  of  termen  (imperfect). 

Natal,  Durban,  in  August  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Glyphipteryx  decachrysa  n.sp. 

£ 12  mm.  Head  and  thorax  fuscous-bronze,  with  a fine  white  line  above 
eyes.  Palpi  with  base  white,  and  three  whorls  of  black  white-tipped  scales, 
apex  black  with  white  edges.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Forewings  elongate, 
rather  narrow,  posteriorly  somewhat  dilated,  costa  gently  arched,  apex 
rounded,  termen  hardly  perceptibly  sinuate,  oblique;  shining  bronze,  on 
anterior  half  infuscated ; a white  somewhat  oblique  bar  from  dorsum  before  ^ , 
reaching  fold ; five  costal  and  two  dorsal  coppery-golden-metallic  slender 
slightly  oblique  streaks  rising  from  white  marginal  dots,  first  costal  just  before 
middle,  reaching  ^ across  wing,  next  two  longer,  last  two  shorter,  dorsal 
reaching  half  across  wing,  first  at  f ; a short  coppery-golden-metallic  streak 
along  tornus,  a small  discal  spot  above  this  (both  these  partly  edged  with 
black) , and  a short  mark  on  termen  beneath  a small  black  apical  spot : cilia 
whitish,  suffused  with  bronze  within  a dark  bronzy-fuscous  postmedian  shade, 
ndented%with  white  above  middle  of  termen,  on  tornus  with  a dark  fuscous 
patch.  Hindwings  elongate-trapezoidal,  blackish-grey;  cilia  dark  grey. 

Natal,  Durban,  in  August  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

BLASTOBASIDAE 

Blastobasis  arguta  n.sp. 

$ 13-14  mm.  Head  and  thorax  in  $ whitish  tinged  or  sprinkled  with 
fuscous,  in  $ fuscous.  Palpi  dark  fuscous,  somewhat  whitish-sprinkled,  apex 
of  second  joint  white,  terminal  joint  pointed.  Antennae  in  without  notch 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


37 


moderately  ciliated.  Abdomen  in  whitish-fuscous,  anal  tuft  whitish,  in  $ 
fuscous.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  slightly  arched,  apex  pointed, 
termen  extremely  obliquely  rounded;  dark  fuscous,  minutely  speckled  with 
white;  a direct  white  fascia  before  middle,  in  rather  broad  and  irregularly 
suffused  anteriorly,  in  $ narrower;  apical  third  of  wing  suffusedly  mixed 
.with  whitish,  leaving  cloudy  dark  spots  of  ground  colour  on  tornus  and  on 
costa  beyond  it : cilia  grey  irrorated  with  white.  Hindwings  rather  dark  grey, 
paler  and  thinly  scaled  towards  base,  especially  in  $ ; cilia  in  <$  pale  grey,  in  $ 
grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  three  specimens. 

Blastobasis  egens  n.sp. 

$ 9-1 1 mm.  Head  grey  more  or  less  irrorated  or  suffused  with  ochreous- 
whitish.  Palpi  ochreous- whitish* irrorated  with  dark  fuscous,  in  rather  thick 
throughout,  terminal  joint  shorter  than  second,  pointed.  Antennae  in  $ with 
basal  notch.  Thorax  grey  irrorated  with  whitish.  Abdomen  in  A whitish-grey, 
in  $ grey.  Forewings  very  narrow,  pointed,  acute;  grey  irrorated  with  whitish 
and  dark  fuscous ; stigmata  cloudy,  dark  fuscous,  plical  somewhat  before 
first  discal,  an  additional  dot  beneath  costa  opposite  plical,  and  one  on  tornus 
beneath  second  discal : cilia  light  grey  speckled  with  whitish.  Hindwings 
grey;  cilia  whitish-grey. 

Natal,  Sarnia,  Umkomaas,  Verulam,  New  Hanover;  Zululand,  Nkwaleni, 
Eshowe  (Janse);  in  January  and  February,  ten  specimens. 

SCYTHRIDAE 

Scythris  nigrispersa  n.sp. 

18  mm.  Head  and  thorax  pale  greyish-ochreous,  patagia  whitish  towards 
tips.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  light  greyish-ochreous  except  tip,  anterior 
edge  of  terminal  joint  grey.  Abdomen  light  ochreous-yellowish.  Forewings 
elongate-lanceolate,  apex  produced,  acute;  pale  greyish-ochreous,  thinly  and 
irregularly  sprinkled  with  black ; base  and  a very  undefined  streak  along  fold 
to  beyond  middle  of  wing  suffused  with  whitish ; plical  and  second  discal  stigma 
widely  remote,  blackish;  a few  whitish  scales  towards  apex  : cilia  pale  greyish- 
ochreous.  Hindwings  with  4 and  5 stalked;  purplish-grey;  cilia  light  ochreous- 
yellowish,  slightly  tinged  with  grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  July  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

HYPONOMEUTIDAE 

Ethmia  glandifera  n.sp. 

$ 17  mm.  Head  white,  sidetufts  surrounded  with  blackish,  base  of  collar 
grey.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  blackish  above,  anterior  edge  of  terminal 
joint  black,  second  and  terminal  joints  with  black  subapical  rings.  Thorax 
white,  apex  of  patagia  greyish  and  a black  dot  on  base,  one  on  each  side  of 
back  in  middle,  and  two  posteriorly.  Abdomen  light  ochreous-yellow.  Fore- 
wings elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen 
slightly  rounded,  rather  oblique;  dorsal  half  grey,  limited  by  a broad  white 
streak  from  base  of  costa  to  costa  before  apex,  enclosed  costal  space  forming 
a thick  dark  fuscous  streak;  a black  basal  dot  in  middle;  a linear  black  white- 
edged  dot  on  lower  margin  of  white  streak  at  a large  round  black  dot  within 
its  lower  margin  in  middle,  another  surrounded  with  white  projecting  from 


38 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


its  lower  margin  beyond  f,  and  one  slightly  whitish-edged  below  middle  at  §; 
a black  marginal  line  round  apical  part  of  costa  and  termen  : cilia  whitish,  grey 
towards  tips  and  on  a subbasal  line.  Hindwings  pale  ochreous-yellowish, 
apical  fourth  suffused  with  light  grey;  cilia  pale  yellowish,  round  apex  with  a 
pale  greyish  subbasal  line. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  October  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Gymnogramma  racemosa  n.sp. 

3 $ 28-32  mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  dark  grey,  second  joint  whitish  an- 
teriorly. Antennal  ciliations  of  $ 1^.  Thorax  white,  with  a blackish  mark  on 
each  side  of  neck,  a blackish  dot  on  patagia,  and  two  small  dark  grey  spots 
posteriorly.  Abdomen  pale  greyish.  Forewings  elongate,  costa  moderately 
arched,  apex  rounded,  termen  rounded,  somewhat  oblique;  2 and  3 stalked; 
white ; a small  grey  spot  on  base  of  costa ; seyen  or  eight  variable  small  round 
grey  spots  in  anterior  half  of  disc,  and  one  somewhat  larger  towards  dorsum 
at  f;  a short  thick  inwardly  oblique  grey  streak  from  dorsum  before  tornus, 
in  one  specimen  nearly  obsolete;  one  or  two  very  variable  small  grey  dots 
towards  apex  or  termen : cilia  white.  Hindwings  pale  grey,  anteriorly  some- 
what whitish- tinged ; cilia  white,  basally  more  or  less  tinged  with  grey. 

Zululand,  Nkandhla  Forest,  in  January  (Janse);  three  specimens. 

Hesperarcha  n.g. 

Head  with  appressed  scales;  ocelli  small,  posterior;  tongue  short.  Antennae 
f (?),  in  $ shortly  ciliated,  basal  joint  short,  stout,  without  pecten.  Labial 
palpi  short,  porrected,  with  appressed  scales,  terminal  joint  short,  obtuse. 
Maxillary  palpi  rudimentary.  Posterior  tibiae  smooth-scaled.  Forewings 
with  1 b furcate,  2 from  towards  angle,  3 from  angle,  6 and  7 closely  approxi- 
mated at  base  or  short-stalked,  7 to  apex,  11  from  middle.  Hindwings  1, 
elongate-ovate,  cilia  J;  3 and  4 connate,  5-7  nearly  parallel. 

Hesperarcha  pericentra  n.sp. 

24  mm.  Head  dark  fuscous,  with  an  orange  mark  on  each  side  behind 
antennae.  Palpi  and  antennae  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  blackish,  patagia  orange 
with  blackish  central  spot.  Abdomen  orange,  base  of  segments  rather  dark 
fuscous,  basal  segment  wholly  dark  fuscous,  ventral  surface  purple-blackish. 
Forewings  elongate,  posteriorly  rather  dilated,  costa  gently  arched,  apex 
rounded-obtuse,  termen  rounded,  oblique;  orange;  costal  edge  blackish 
towards  base;  a blackish  nearly  basal  dot  in  middle;  a large  blackish  dot  on 
end  of  cell ; eleven  large  blackish  marginal  dots  round  apex  and  termen : 
cilia  orange.  Hindwings  orange;  eight  blackish  marginal  dots  round  apex 
and  termen;  cilia  orange. 

Cape  Colony  (from  Albany  Museum) ; one  specimen. 

COLEOPHORIDAE 

Platybathra  hysterota  n.sp. 

cJ  $ 12-13  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  whitish-ochreous,  terminal 
joint  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  light  greyish-ochreous.  Abdomen 
ochreous.  Forewings  very  narrowly  elongate-lanceolate;  greyish-ochreous  or 
light  fuscous,  more  or  less  sprinkled  with  brown  or  dark  brown;  plical  and 
second,  discal  stigmata  dark  fuscous,  plical  beneath  middle  of  wing,  second 
discal  at  f : cilia  pale  fuscous.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  pale  fuscous. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  three  specimens. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


39 


GRACILARIADAE 
Phrixosceles  melanostola  n.sp. 

$ io  mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  white,  terminal  joint  with  basal,  median, 
and  subapical  dark  grey  dots.  Thorax  white,  with  a few  dark  fuscous  specks, 
patagia  speckled  with  brownish.  Abdomen  whitish,  two  basal  segments 
laterally  suffused  with  blackish  irroration.  Forewings  very  narrowly  elongate- 
lanceolate;  pale  ochreous  irrorated  with  fuscous,  with  an  irregular  very 
undefined  median  longitudinal  streak  of  suffused  dark  fuscous  irroration 
mixed  with  white;  costal  area  irregularly  marbled  with  white;  dorsal  edge 
irregularly  white,  emitting  slender  oblique  strigae  from  middle  and  before 
tornus ; apex  very  finely  striated  transversely  with  blackish : cilia  whitish- 
grey,  round  apex  with  a blackish  line.  Hindwings  whitish-grey,  closely  strewn 
throughout  with  black  hairscales;  cilia  pale  grey.  Forewings  beneath  except 
towards  apex,  and  hindwings  wholly  clothed  with  black  hairscales. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen.  The  black  hair- 
scales may  not  improbably  be  characteristic  of  the  only. 

Acrocercops  pyramidota  n.sp. 

$ 8 mm.  Head  and  thorax  white.  Abdomen  light  grey.  Forewings  very 
narrow,  long-pointed,  acute;  brownish-ochreous ; two  large  triangular  shining 
white  blotches,  edged  with  black  scales,  on  dorsum  towards  base  and  beyond 
middle,  their  apices  just  reaching  costa,  first  with  a thick  irregular  projection 
on  dorsum  to  base ; a flattened-triangular  white  blotch  along  termen,  reaching 
about  half  across  wing,  with  an  oblique  white  blackish-edged  strigula  from 
costa  running  into  it ; a white  apical  dot : cilia  white  (imperfect) . Hindwings 
grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  November  (Janse);  one  specimen.  The  palpi  are 
missing,  but  the  species  is  easily  recognised. 

Acrocercops  aphrocyma  n.sp. 

$ 9 mm.  Head  ochreous-white.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  rough-scaled 
anteriorly  towards  apex,  with  two  dark  fuscous  bands,  terminal  joint  with 
two  dark  fuscous  rings.  Thorax  white,  anterior  margin  marked  with  dark 
fuscous.  Abdomen  grey-whitish.  Forewings  very  narrow,  moderately  pointed, 
acute;  whity-brownish ; costal  half  suffused  with  blackish  irroration,  trans- 
versely mottled  with  white  from  base  to  middle,  crossed  by  a very  oblique 
irregular  white  streak  from  before  middle  of  costa  to  § of  disc,  and  beyond  this 
by  three  or  four  slender  more  or  less  confluent  oblique  white  streaks;  dorsal 
area  from  base  to  beyond  tornus  marked  with  irregular  oblique  more  or  less 
confluent  white  streaks  not  reaching  middle  of  wing,  separated  by  a few 
blackish  scales ; a somewhat  oblique  slightly  curved  fine  pale  violet  transverse 
line  towards  apex,  white  towards  extremities;  an  elongate  black  apical  dot 
edged  above  with  white : cilia  light  grey,  round  apex  with  two  blackish  lines 
separated  with  white  and  two  oblique  projecting  blackish  apical  hooks. 
Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Parectopa  praestricta  n.sp. 

cJ  9 mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  grey.  Abdomen  pale  grey.  Forewings 
very  narrow,  moderately  pointed,  apex  produced,  acute;  dark  grey,  mixed 


3 


40 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


with  lighter  towards  costa  and  dorsum;  two  fine  oblique  whitish  strigulae 
from  disc  at  § to  termen  above  tornus,  two  others  little  oblique  crossing  wing 
beyond  these,  followed  by  a small  whitish  terminal  spot,  then  a fine  transverse 
strigula,  and  finally  a black  white-circled  apical  dot : cilia  light  grey,  beneath 
apex  with  an  ochreous-yellow  basal  area.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen.  Allied  to  the 
Indian  capnias. 

Gracilaria  corrugata  n.sp. 

£ ii— 12  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous  sprinkled  with  grey.  Palpi  ochreous- 
whitish  minutely  ribbed  with  dark  fuscous,  with  blackish  subapical  rings  of 
second  and  terminal  joints.  Thorax  whitish-ochreous  irrorated  with  grey. 
Abdomen  light  grey.  Forewings  very  narrow,  parallel-sided,  rather  short- 
pointed;  dark  grey  finely  speckled  with  whitish,  strewn  with  very  small 
indistinct  blackish  dots  or  strigulae,  tending  to  be  arranged  in  longitudinal 
series  : cilia  light  greyish,  round  apex  and  upper  part  of  termen  irrorated  with 
dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  February  (Janse);  two  specimens. 

Gracilaria  vibrans  n.sp. 

$ io  mm.  Head  fuscous,  face  suffused  with  pale  greyish-ochreous.  Palpi 
light  greyish-ochreous.  Thorax  violet-fuscous,  with  a pale  dorsal  line.  Abdo- 
men dark  grey.  Forewings  very  narrow,  short-pointed;  dark  purple-fuscous, 
towards  dorsum  and  median  area  of  costa  irregularly  mottled  with  light 
brownish-ochreous : cilia  grey,  round  apex  dark  fuscous  irrorated  with  pale 
ochreous.  Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  grey. 

Natal,  Durban,  in  December  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Gracilaria  semnophanes  n.sp. 

$ 17  mm.  Head  pale  ochreous-yellow.  Palpi  smooth-scaled,  ferruginous- 
brownish.  Thorax  ferruginous-brownish  mixed  with  pale  yellowish.  Fore- 
wings very  narrow,  moderately  pointed;  purple,  very  indistinctly  mottled 
with  pale  ochreous-yellowish;  a dark  brown  blotch  suffused  with  deep  purple 
occupying  costal  half  on  basal  fourth,  its  edge  slightly  oblique,  followed  by  an 
irregular  undefined  light  ochreous-yellowish  suffusion  extending  along  costa 
to  § , costal  edge  with  a few  very  minute  blackish  dots  : cilia  whitish-yellowish, 
on  upper  part  of  termen  with  three  or  four  lines  of  blackish  specks.  Hindwings 
grey;  cilia  whitish-grey,  with  a faint  purple  tinge. 

Natal,  Drummond,  in  December  (Janse);  one  specimen. 


LYONETIADAE 

Leucoptera  autograpta  n.sp. 

<$  5 mm.  Head,  eyecaps,  and  thorax  shining  white,  head  smooth.  Antennae 
dark  grey.  Abdomen  whitish.  Forewings  lanceolate,  apex  produced ; 10  absent; 
shining  white;  two  slightly  curved  rather  strongly  oblique  fine  dark  fuscous 
lines  from  costa,  first  at  middle,  reaching  half  across  wing,  second  moderately 
remote,  shorter,  space  between  these  pale  clear  yellow  except  towards  costa; 
a small  silvery  post-tornal  spot  edged  laterally  with  dark  fuscous  strigae  and 
above  by  an  elongate  pale  yellow  spot  terminated  by  a black  apical  dot : cilia 
white,  three  equidistant  fine  dark  fuscous  bars  in  costal  cilia  between  post- 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


4i 


median  markings  and  apex,  first  oblique,  second  little  oblique,  third  somewhat 
inwards-oblique,  a projecting  dark  fuscous  bar  from  apex,  and  another 
abruptly  directed  downwards.  Hindwings  and  cilia  whitish. 

Natal,  Durban,  in  December  (Janse);  two  specimens.  Closely  similar  to 
the  European  spartifoliella  group,  and  also  to  the  Australian  hemizona. 

Leucoptera  obelacma  n.sp. 

$ $ 5-6  mm.  Head,  eyecaps,  and  thorax  shining  white,  head  smooth. 
Antennae  dark  grey.  Abdomen  whitish.  Forewings  rather  broad-lanceolate, 
apex  produced;  shining  white;  a short  fine  very  oblique  ochreous-yellow 
streak  from  middle  of  costa,  edged  on  each  side  with  a fine  blackish  line;  a 
raised  pale  golden-metallic  post-tornal  spot,  edged  on  each  side  above  by  a 
minute  black  dot,  sometimes  preceded  above  also  by  an  ochreous-yellow 
spot;  a second  streak  from  costa  at  § similar  to  the  first  but  sometimes  less 
defined,  its  apex  connected  with  a fine  longitudinal  orange  line  running  into 
apex,  infuscated  anteriorly : cilia  white,  on  costa  with  fine  dark  fuscous  basal 
and  median  lines  projecting  at  apex.  Hindwings  and  cilia  whitish. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  from  September  to  November  (Janse) ; six  specimens. 

Crobylophora  daricella  Meyr. 

I now  consider  staterias  and  onychotis  to  be  only  forms  of  this  species, 
which  varies  (perhaps  climatically)  in  development  of  colour,  and  has  pro- 
bably been  distributed  artificially  over  its  wide  range  with  its  foodplant,  the 
garden  Plumbago  capensis ; presumably  South  Africa  is  its  native  home. 

Crobylophora  xanthochyta  n.sp. 

6 mm.  Head,  eyecaps,  and  thorax  shining  white.  Abdomen  grey. 
Forewings  lanceolate,  apex  produced,  acute;  shining  white;  a very  oblique 
ochreous-yellow  blackish-edged  streak  from  middle  of  costa,  converging  to 
apex  of  an  ochreous-yellow  anteriorly  blackish-edged  triangular  spot  on  costa 
at  f,  both  almost  confluent  with  an  ochreous-yellow  patch  surrounding  a 
raised  silvery-leaden-metallic  post-tornal  spot  edged  on  each  side  above  by 
a black  dot,  this  yellow  patch  extending  to  apex  and  into  costal  cilia : cilia 
otherwise  whitish-grey,  with  two  erect  blackish  lines  above  apex,  one  pro- 
jecting at  apex,  and  one  abruptly  downwards-oblique.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia 
light  grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  July  and  October  (Janse);  two  specimens. 
Opostega  melitardis  n.sp. 

$ 7 mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  and  thorax  white.  Abdomen  ochreous- 
whitish.  Forewings  lanceolate;  shining  white;  an  oblique  yellow-brownish 
streak  from  middle  of  dorsum  reaching  half  across  wing;  a straight  yellow- 
brownish  line  from  § of  costa  to  a small  black  apical  dot : cilia  ochreous- 
whitish,  on  costa  with  a subbasal  brownish  line  converging  to  apical  dot. 
Hindwings  and  cilia  ochreous-whitish. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Opostega  tincta  n.sp. 

cJ  $ 7-8  mm.  Head,  eyecaps,  and  thorax  white.  Antennae  light  greyish- 
ochreous.  Palpi  grey.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  rather  broad-lanceolate, 
apex  somewhat  produced,  acute;  shining  white;  a blackish  dot  on  costa 
before  and  a slight  dark  grey  subdorsal  mark  opposite  to  it;  a rather  large 


3—2 


42 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


triangular  blackish  spot  on  costa  at  §,  and  in  $ a small  blackish  mark  from 
tornus  opposite,  connected  with  it  by  a faint  ochreous  line  (in  $ not  indicated) ; 
a minute  black  apical  dot:  cilia  whitish,  on  costa  white  with  dark  fuscous 
antemedian  line  obliquely  projecting  at  apex  and  very  fine  indistinct  fuscous 
basal  line  towards  origin  of  cilia.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  grey- whitish,  with 
faint  rosy  tinge. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  two  specimens. 

Opostega  idiocoma  n.sp. 

$ 5-6  mm.  Head,  palpi,  eyecaps,  and  thorax  white,  frontal  tuft  varying 
from  yellow-ochreous  to  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  whitish-ochreous  to  grey. 
Forewings  lanceolate,  apex  produced,  acute;  shining  white;  an  oblique  wedge- 
shaped  or  triangular  blackish  spot  on  middle  of  costa;  sometimes  a small 
blackish  dot  on  dorsum  anterior  to  this;  a rather  oblique  slender  brownish 
line  before  apex,  extended  into  costal  cilia;  a minute  black  apical  dot:  cilia 
whitish.  Hindwings  varying  from  grey  to  grey- whitish ; cilia  whitish. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  four  specimens. 

Bucculatrix  praecipua  n.sp. 

<$  7 mm.  Head  and  thorax  white.  Abdomen  whitish.  Forewings  lanceolate, 
apex  produced,  acute;  white;  markings  pale  ochreous,  finely  speckled  with 
fuscous;  a faint  dot  on  fold  at  J;  an  oblique  streak  from  costa  before  middle, 
not  reaching  half  across  wing;  a spot  on  dorsum  before  tornus;  an  oblique 
streak  from  costa  beyond  middle  to  termen  above  tornus,  its  posterior  edge 
marked  with  a small  black  dot  below  middle;  a spot  crossing  wing  before 
apex,  and  a dot  at  apex : cilia  whitish,  with  a few  black  specks.  Hindwings 
and  cilia  whitish. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Oxymachaeris  Wals. 

Head  wholfy  rough-haired;  ocelli  small,  inferior;  tongue  rudimentary. 
Antennae  f , basal  joint  moderate,  dilated  and  rough-scaled  above.  Labial 
palpi  moderate,  slender,  porrected,  second  joint  with  an  apical  external 
bristle,  terminal  joint  slightly  longer  than  second,'  pointed.  Maxillary  palpi 
moderate,  filiform,  folded.  Posterior  tibiae  clothed  with  fine  hairs.  Forewings 
with  apex  somewhat  upturned ; 1 b simple,  cell  only  reaching  middle  of  wing, 
2 and  3 stalked,  4 absent,  5 and  6 long-stalked,  7 absent,  9 absent,  8 and  10 
long,  11  absent.  Hindwings  f,  lanceolate,  acute,  cilia  2;  2 and  3 stalked, 
4 absent,  cell  open  between  3 and  5,  5 and  6 stalked,  6 to  termen,  7 approxi- 
mated to  stalk  of  5 and  6 at  base. 

There  can  be  no  question  that  the  following  insect  is  at  least  congeneric 
with  Oxymachaeris  niveocervina  Wals.,  but  the  highly  remarkable  neuration 
differs  very  considerably,  if  Lord  Walsingham’s  description  and  figure  are 
correct;  in  regard  to  this  it  may  be  supposed  that  the  peculiar  (quite  abnormal) 
breadth  indicated  in  both  wings  in  the  figure  of  neuration  is  erroneous,  since 
the  proportions  in  the  coloured  figure  are  widely  different;  probably  the 
neuration  described  and  figured  is  also  unreliable.  I have  therefore  here 
given  the  generic  characters  of  the  following  species  in  full;  they  are  very 
curious,  but  seem  to  show  that  the  genus  is  a highly  specialised  form  of  the 
Erechthiad  group  of  the  Lyonetiadae. 


ii 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


43 


Oxymachaeris  euryzancla  n.sp. 

$ 9 mm.  Head  and  thorax  white.  Abdomen  whitish-grey.  Forewings 
elongate-lanceolate;  orange-yellow,  posteriorly  suffused  with  fuscous;  markings 
snow-white;  a wedgeshaped  streak  rising  from  basal  portion  of  dorsum  and 
running  to  disc  at  f ; a broad  upcurved  fasciate  patch  rising  from  middle  of 
dorsum  and  running  to  f of  disc ; a wedgeshaped  spot  extending  along  apical 
fifth  of  costa,  widest  posteriorly:  cilia  white,  at  apex  with  a projecting  black 
dash.  Hind  wings  pale  grey;  cilia  grey-whitish. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen.  In  niveocervina 
the  median  white  marking  should  form  a complete  fascia. 

Decadarchis  minuscula  Wals. 

Natal,  Durban,  in  July  (Janse).  Not  previously  recorded  from  South 
Africa,  but  it  has  a very  wide  range;  the  larva  feeds  in  dry  vegetable  refuse. 

NEPTICULIDAE 

Nepticula  crypsixantha  n.sp. 

<$  $ 6—7  mm.  Head  blackish.  Eyecaps  and  thorax  whitish.  Abdomen 
grey.  Forewings  lanceolate;  whitish-fuscous,  coarsely  and  densely  irrorated 
with  dark  fuscous  : cilia  grey- whitish,  basal  half  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous. 
Hindwings  grey  or  pale  grey;  in  $ with  short  broad  expansible  tuft  of  ochreous  - 
yellow  hairs  covering  basal  third ; cilia  whitish-grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  September  and  October  (Janse);  five  specimens. 


TINEIDAE 

Crypsithyris  spissa  n.sp. 

(J  11  mm.  Head  yellow-ochreous,  face  paler.  Palpi  pale  ochreous.  Thorax 
pale  brownish-ochreous.  Abdomen  greyish-ochreous.  Forewings  elongate, 
rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse-pointed,  termen  extremely 
obliquely  rounded;  3-5  nearly  approximated,  8 absent,  7 and  9 stalked;  light 
ochreous,  coarsely  and  irregularly  irrorated  with  rather  dark  fuscous,  especi- 
ally posteriorly;  plical  and  second  discal  stigmata  approximated,  represented 
by  round  cloudy  rather  dark  fuscous  spots : cilia  pale  ochreous-grey,  with 
subbasal  line  of  rather  dark  fuscous  scales.  Hindwings  with  2-7  separate; 
rather  dark  grey;  cilia  light  ochreous-grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  December  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Monopis  lamprostola  n.sp. 

$ 18  mm.  Head  ochreous-yellow.  Palpi  yellowish,  externally  suffused 
with  dark  fuscous  except  apex.  Thorax  dark  fuscous,  suffused  with  orange 
in  middle  of  anterior  margin,  posterior  crest  orange.  Abdomen  light  orange. 
Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen 
rounded,  rather  strongly  oblique;  7 and  8 stalked;  dark  fuscous,  irregularly 
strewn  with  dark  purplish  raised  scales;  a large  whitish-yellow  triangular 
blotch  extending  on  costa  from  ^ to  f , and  reaching  half  across  wing,  costal 
edge  tinged  with  orange,  especially  posteriorly:  cilia  brownish  mixed  with 
dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  and  cilia  orange-yellowish. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  March  (Janse);  one  specimen. 


44 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Tineola  phaeocephala  n.sp. 

ii— 12  mm.  Head  rather  dark  brown.  Palpi  grey,  tip  whitish.  Antennae 
whitish,  base  infuscated.  Thorax  whitish-ochreous,  anterior  margin  tinged 
with  dark  grey.  Abdomen  pale  greyish.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow, 
costa  gently  arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  extremely  obliquely  rounded; 
7 and  8 stalked;  shining  pale  ochreous,  with  scattered  grey  scales,  especially 
posteriorly;  costa  more  or  less  grey  towards  base:  cilia  whitish-ochreous. 
Hindwings  pale  grey;  cilia  ochreous-whitish. 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  two  specimens. 

Tinea  asp  er  at  a n.sp. 

$ 16-17  mm.  Head  white,  face  dark  fuscous.  Palpi  blackish.  Thorax 
white  somewhat  sprinkled  with  light  grey.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate, 
rather  narrow,  costa  slightly  arched,  apex  obtuse-pointed,  termen  very 
obliquely  rounded;  white,  somewhat  sprinkled  with  fuscous;  costal  edge 
blackish  anteriorly,  and  marked  with  small  blackish  raised  strigulae;  discal 
stigmata  raised,  black,  remote,  second  large,  transverse;  apical  fourth  of  wing 
irrorated  with  dark  grey,  and  strewn  with  blackish  raised  strigulae,  especially 
on  margins : cilia  ochreous-whitish,  irrorated  with  dark  grey.  Hindwings 
with  5 and  6 stalked;  grey,  paler  towards  base;  cilia  ochreous-whitish,  with 
greyish  subbasal  shade. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  two  specimens. 

Tinea  zygodes  n.sp. 

cJ  8 mm.  Head  white.  Thorax  white,  shoulders  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen 
grey.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  pointed, 
termen  very  obliquely  rounded;  whitish  suffused  with  light  ochreous-yellowish; 
a thick  black  streak  along  costa  from  base  to  near  middle,  apex  truncate, 
lower  margin  bisinuate;  a small  black  spot  on  dorsum  beyond  middle,  and 
some  black  specks  on  dorsal  edge  preceding  this;  a spot  of  blackish  irroration 
on  costa  at  f,  and  a dot  on  tornus;  a black  mark  on  apical  part  of  costa 
terminating  in  apex:  cilia  ochreous-whitish.  Hindwings  pointed,  grey;  cilia 
pale  grey. 

Natal,  Sarnia,  in  August  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Tinea  euplocamis  n.sp. 

12  mm.  Head  light  clear  yellow.  Palpi  grey.  Antennae  whitish.  Thorax 
purplish-bronzy-grey.  Abdomen  light  greyish.  Forewings  elongate,  rather 
narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  extremely  obliquely 
rounded;  bronzy-grey,  with  a faint  violet  tinge:  cilia  grey.  Hindwings  light 
grey,  with  a faint  brassy  tinge;  cilia  pale  violet-grey. 

Natal,  Umkomaas  and  Maritzburg,  in  January  and  February  (Janse); 
two  specimens. 

Talaeporia  mesochlora  n.sp. 

cj  14  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  grey.  Antennal  ciliations  1. 
Thorax  whitish-ochreous,  patagia  and  anterior  margin  grey.  Abdomen  grey. 
Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  posteriorly  somewhat  dilated,  costa 
slightly  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  very  obliquely  rounded ; 7 and  8 separate ; 
greyish-fuscous,  obscurely  and  suffusedly  marbled  with  whitish-grey-ochreous 
except  towards  costa:  cilia  grey,  base  pale.  Hindwings  light  grey;  cilia  pale; 
ochreous-greyish. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


45 


Natal,  Maritzburg,  in  August;  one  specimen,  bred  from  a grey  silken 
tapering  case  of  triangular  section,  13  mm.  long  X 1-5  mm.  broad;  probably 
feeds  on  lichens. 

Fumea  ominosa  n.sp. 

cJ  11  mm.  Head,  palpi,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dark  fuscous,  palpi  apparently 
rudimentary.  Antennal  pectinations  7.  Forewings  elongate,  costa  moderately 
arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  obliquely  rounded;  dark  fuscous,  faintly  purplish- 
tinged;  cilia  concolorous.  Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  fuscous. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  November  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Sapheneutis  diplop samma  n.sp. 

$ 14  mm.  Head  pale  yellow-ochreous.  Palpi  short,  whitish-ochreous. 
Antennal  ciliations  1^.  Thorax  whitish-ochreous  sprinkled  with  brownish. 
Abdomen  whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  elongate,  costa  gently  arched,  apex 
obtuse,  termen  obliquely  rounded;  light  ochreous  suffusedly  irrorated  with 
rather  dark  brownish : cilia  light  brownish.  Hindwings  and  cilia  whitish- 
ochreous. 

Natal,  New  Hanover,  in  September  (Hardenberg) ; one  specimen. 
Sapheneutis  certiftcata  n.sp. 

cJ  15  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  dark  fuscous.  Antennal  ciliations 
1^.  Thorax  whitish,  with  a blackish  blotch  occupying  anterior  half  of  dorsum 
and  shoulders.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  costa  gently  arched, 
apex  obtuse,  termen  obliquely  rounded;  8 absent;  grey -whitish,  with  some 
scattered  strigulae  of  grey  and  dark  fuscous  scales;  an  elongate  black  spot 
along  basal  fifth  of  costa;  four  small  blackish  spots  on  costa  from  § to  f , 
first  three  connected  by  grey  suffusion;  small  blackish  spots  representing 
discal  stigmata,  remote,  a small  blackish  irregular  spot  towards  dorsum 
somewhat  before  first:  cilia  grey-whitish.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  greyt 
with  darker  basal  shade. 

Zululand,  Nkwaleni,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Melasina  salicoma  n.sp. 

<J  20  mm.  Head  grey-whitish.  Palpi  slender,  hairy,  grey.  Antennal 
pectinations  4.  Thorax  and  abdomen  fuscous.  Forewings  elongate,  rather 
dilated  posteriorly,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  rounded-obtuse,  termen  rounded, 
somewhat  oblique;  fuscous-grey,  coarsely  and  suffusedly  strigulated  with 
dark  fuscous;  the  confluence  of  strigulation  forms  a cloudy  blotch  in  middle 
of  disc  and  a transverse  mark  on  end  of  cell : cilia  fuscous,  basal  half  obscurely 
barred  with  darker.  Hindwings  rather  dark  grey;  cilia  fuscous,  with  indistinct 
darker  subbasal  line. 

Cape  Colony,  Grahamstown,  in  September  (Mally);  one  specimen,  bred. 
The  larval  case  (sent)  is  slenderly  elongate-conical  (length  24  mm.,  breadth 
at  orifice  2*5  mm.),  covered  with  a smooth  scale-work  apparently  consisting 
of  small  flat  fragments  of  bark,  orifice  rather  oblique;  pupa  protruded  in 
emergence  from  a slit  at  about  § length  from  orifice. 

Eucryptogona  secular  is  n.sp. 

S 28  mm.  Head  white,  face  ochreous-tinged.  Palpi  4,  fuscous,  white 
above  and  internally.  Antennal  ciliations  Thorax  whity-brownish. 

Abdomen  fuscous-whitish.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  posteriorly 


46 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


slightly  dilated,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse-pointed,  termen  slightly 
rounded,  rather  strongly  oblique;  light  brownish,  with  some  irregular  dark 
brownish  sprinkling;  an  irregular  waved  cloudy  subterminal  shade  of  dark 
brown  irroration  from  costa  to  beneath  angle  of  cell : cilia  whity-brownish, 
with  rows  of  dark  brown  points.  Hindwings  pale  grey;  cilia  grey-whitish. 

Transvaal,  Johannesburg,  in  May  (Linford);  one  specimen. 

Zesticodes  n.g. 

Head  with  dense  rough  scales;  ocelli  imperceptible;  tongue  absent.  An- 
tennae f,  in  serrate,  ciliated,  basal  joint  moderate,  without  pecten.  Labial 
palpi  moderate,  porrected,  loosely  scaled,  pointed.  Maxillary  palpi  obsolete. 
Thorax  with  posterior  crest.  Posterior  tibiae  densely  clothed  with  very  long 
rough  hairs.  Forewings  with  numerous  small  groups  of  raised  scales;  2 from 
angle,  7 to  apex,  11  from  before  middle.  Hindwings  1,  elongate-ovate,  cilia  § ; 
2—7  separate;  a hyaline  spot  beneath  cell  at  base. 

Allied  to  Hapsifera. 

Zesticodes  cyanoscia  n.sp. 

<$  20  mm.  Head  and  thorax  dark  indigo-fuscous.  Palpi  whitish-ochreous 
mixed  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  pale  ochreous-yellowish.  Forewings 
elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  obliquely 
rounded;  whitish-ochreous;  a dark  fuscous  patch  suffused  with  indigo-leaden 
occupying  basal  fourth  of  wing  and  extending  on  costal  half  to  middle,  thence 
along  costa  more  suffused  and  diminishing  to  apex;  ground  colour  on  rest  of 
apical  half  slightly  mixed  with  grey  and  blackish;  two  small  blackish  spots 
obliquely  placed  in  disc  beyond  f , lower  posterior:  cilia  brownish  with  bluish 
reflections,  becoming  whitish-ochreous  beneath  tornus,  round  apex  and  costa 
dark  indigo-leaden-grey.  Hindwings  pale  ochreous-yellowish,  apical  half 
suffused  with  grey;  cilia  pale  yellowish,  round  apex  with  two  dark  grey  lines. 

Natal,  Umkomaas,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Sclerophricta  n.g. 

Head  rough-haired;  ocelli  very  small,  posterior;  tongue  absent  (?). 
Antennae  f , in  biciliated  with  long  fascicles,  basal  joint  short,  with  pecten. 
Labial  palpi  moderate,  curved,  subascending,  second  joint  clothed  beneath 
and  externally  with  very  long  rough  spreading  hairs,  terminal  joint  short, 
slender,  hardly  pointed.  Maxillary  palpi  obsolete  (?).  Posterior  tibiae  clothed 
with  rough  scales.  Forewings  somewhat  rough-scaled,  towards  base  with 
some  erect  hairscales ; 1 b furcate,  2 from  towards  angle,  7 to  costa,  8 absent, 
11  from  middle.  Hindwings  under  1,  elongate-ovate,  cilia  1;  4 absent,  5-7 
nearly  parallel. 

Sclerophricta  tyreuta  n.sp. 

$ 11  mm.  Head  and  palpi  light  ochreous  somewhat  mixed  with  fuscous. 
Thorax  fuscous  mixed  with  ochreous  (defaced).  Abdomen  dark  fuscous,  anal 
tuft  light  ochreous.  Forewings  elongate,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse, 
termen  very  obliquely  rounded;  light  ochreous  tinged  with  grey,  coarsely 
and  irregularly  striated  and  strigulated  transversely  with  blackish;  four 
moderate  undefined  fuscous  fasciae,  first  basal,  second  antemedian,  third 
postmedian,  somewhat  oblique,  fourth  praeapical : cilia  pale  ochreous,  partially 
suffused  with  brownish  and  mixed  with  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  blackish; 
cilia  grey  mixed  with  dark  fuscous. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  February  (Munro) ; one  specimen. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


47 


Scardia  polystacta  n.sp. 

$ 12-16  mm.  Head  ochreous-whitish  suffusedly  spotted  with  dark  fuscous. 
Palpi  dark  fuscous  somewhat  mixed  with  whitish,  terminal  joint  whitish  with 
base  and  median  band  blackish.  Thorax  blackish  with  suffused  transverse 
pale  ochreous  band.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow, 
costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  rounded,  rather  strongly  oblique; 
all  veins  separate,  7 to  apex;  brown;  costa  narrowly  black,  on  basal  half 
dotted  with  white,  on  apical  half  with  four  or  five  small  ochreous-white  spots ; 
a blackish  band  occupying  dorsal  third  from  base  to  tornus,  basally  reaching 
costa,  irregularly  dotted  with  white,  more  strongly  on  dorsum;  an  irregular 
elongate  blackish  patch  dotted  with  white  extending  through  disc  from  near 
base  to  near  termen,  interrupted  at  f ; terminal  edge  black  dotted  with  white : 
cilia  ochreous-whitish  with  a blackish  basal  line,  with  broad  blackish  bars 
towards  tornus  and  on  costa,  and  a narrow  one  beneath  apex.  Hindwings 
dark  purple-grey;  cilia  grey. 

Natal,  New  Hanover  (Hardenberg),  and  Zululand,  Isputeni  (Janse),  in 
January  and  March;  two  specimens. 


ADELIDAE 

Ceromitia  benedicta  n.sp. 

15  mm.  Head  yellow-ochreous.  Palpi  very  short,  loosely  scaled,  grey- 
whitish.  Thorax  pale  ochreous.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa 
anteriorly  slightly,  posteriorly  moderately  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  very 
obliquely  rounded;  all  veins  separate;  pale  greyish-ochreous ; costal  edge 
dark  grey  towards  base : cilia  pale  ochreous.  Hindwings  with  5 and  6 approxi- 
mated at  base;  grey;  cilia  whitish-grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  December  (Janse);  one  specimen. 

Ceromitia  resonans  n.sp. 

cJ  15  mm.  Head  grey,  crown  whitish  posteriorly.  Palpi  rather  short, 
whitish-grey.  Thorax  whitish-grey.  Abdomen  light  grey,  anal  tuft  ochreous- 
whitish.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  anteriorly  slightly, 
posteriorly  moderately  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  very  obliquely  rounded ; 
8 and  9 stalked;  grey  strigulated  with  dark  fuscous:  cilia  pale  grey.  Hindwings 
with  5 and  6 approximated  at  base;  bronzy-grey;  cilia  pale  grey, 

Zululand,  Eshowe,  in  January  (Janse);  one  specimen. 


lid,  if-tatcu  io  /UMsVCuttd  (sY t f° 7^t.  Loji£  Ci^tvt^ l 


SOUTH  AFRICAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA 

SUPPLEMENT 

The  additional  species  that  follow  were  received  subsequently  through  the 
hindness  of  Mr  C.  J.  Swierstra,  and  the  typical  specimens  are  in  the  Trans- 
vaal Museum. 

■ 

EUCOSMIDAE 

Eucosma  thematica  n.sp. 

$ 12  mm.  Head  white  sprinkled  with  grey,  crown  towards  sides  suffused 
with  grey.  Palpi  dark  grey,  terminal  joint  and  apex  of  second  white.  Thorax 
blackish-grey  irregularly  irrorated  with  whitish.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Fore- 
wings elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  slightly  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen 
slightly  sinuate,  rather  oblique;  dark  grey,  posteriorly  irrorated  with  white; 
basal  patch  occupying  of  wing,  suffusedly  striated  with  dark  fuscous,  with 
a dorsal  spot  of  whitish  irroration  at  its  middle,  posterior  edge  obtusely 
angulated  rather  below  middle,  followed  by  a suffused  whitish  fascia;  an 
undefined  darker  narrow  rather  oblique  obtusely  angulated  central  fascia, 
its  costal  portion  formed  by  a fine  blackish  streak;  ocellus  limited  by  two 
thick  leaden  streaks,  and  containing  two  or  three  irregular  dark  fuscous  dots; 
costa  posteriorly  with  pairs  of  whitish  strigulae  separated  by  blackish-fuscous 
marks;  a slender  incurved  blackish  streak  from  costa  before  apex  to  middle  of 
termen,  with  a projection  beneath  apex : cilia  grey  irrorated  with  white  and 
dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  with  3 and  4 stalked;  rather  dark  grey;  cilia  grey 
sprinkled  with  whitish  points. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  January  (Swierstra);  one  specimen. 

Eucosma  op sonoma  n.sp. 

^ 13  mm.  Head  and  thorax  ferruginous,  face  paler.  Palpi  wiiitish,  second 
joint  suffused  with  ochreous-grey.  Abdomen  light  grey,  base  whitish.  Fore- 
wings elongate,  costa  gently  arched,  without  fold,  apex  obtuse,  termen 
slightly  rounded,  rather  oblique;  light  grey,  irrorated  with  whitish;  basal 
patch  mostly  suffused  with  ferruginous  except  towards  costa,  outer  edge 
oblique,  slightly  convex;  dorsal  space  between  this  and  central  fascia  suffused 
with  whitish;  three  or  four  dark  grey  dots  on  anterior  half  of  costa;  central 
fascia  indicated  b}^  a short  fine  oblique  ferruginous  streak  from  middle  of 
costa  and  some  ferruginous  irroration  elsewhere,  posterior  edge  obtusely 
angulated  in  middle;  three  small  oblique  ferruginous  spots  on  costa  between 
this  and  apex,  with  faint  ferruginous  oblique  strigae  rising  from  them;  a 
ferruginous  apical  spot ; ocellus  enclosed  by  approximated  rather  thick  silvery- 
grey -whitish  streaks,  and  containing  three  small  indistinct  dark  greyish- 
ferruginous  dots:  cilia  light  grey  mixed  with  ferruginous,  beneath  tornus 
mixed  with  whitish.  Hindwings  with  3 and  4 stalked;  grey,  veins  suffused 
with  darker;  cilia  whitish-grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  January  (Swierstra);  one  specimen. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


49 


i Eucosma  thalameuta  n.sp. 

1 6 mm.  Head  dark  grey.  Palpi  whitish  externally  sprinkled  with  grey, 
apical  half  blackish.  Thorax  blackish.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate, 
rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  without  fold,  apex  obtuse,  termen  slightly 
sinuate,  little  oblique;  whitish,  partially  tinged  with  pale  pinkish-ochreous, 
strewn  with  small  light  blue-leaden-grey  spots  and  transverse  marks;  basal 
patch  occupying  J of  wing,  dark  leaden-grey  marked  and  edged  with  black, 
dorsal  portion  white  with  an  irregular  black  spot  near  base;  a thick  black 
streak  from  middle  of  costa  obliquely  outwards  to  disc,  thence  curved  round 
to  apex,  edged  beneath  by  some  brownish-ochreous  suffusion  in  disc  before  § , 
and  interrupted  by  a light  blue-leaden-grey  striga  at  § and  again  nearly 
interrupted  by  two  similar  marks  near  apex;  a small  deep  ochreous  spot 
towards  dorsum  before  tornus;  three  small  black  spots  on  posterior  half  of 
costa  : cilia  grey,  with  whitish  tornal  patch.  Hindwings  with  3 and  4 stalked  ; 
rather  dark  grey;  cilia  grey. 

Cape  Colony,  Port  St  John,  in  December  (Swinney) ; one  specimen. 
Eucosma  drastica  n.sp. 

$ 13  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  fuscous  mixed  with  dark  fuscous  and 
whitish.  Abdomen  rather  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow, 
costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  somewhat  sinuate  beneath  apex, 
bowed,  little  oblique;  grey,  mixed  with  dark  fuscous;  dorsal  half  from  base  to 
beyond  middle  blackish-fuscous,  oblique  blackish-fuscous  streaks  from  costa 
at  and  middle  running  into  this;  posterior  half  of  costa  blackish-fuscous, 
with  five  white  strigulae,  first  originating  a very  oblique  deep  blue-leaden 
striga,  others  tipped  with  blue-leaden,  subcostal  area  here  tinged  with  ochreous  ; 
a triangular  blackish-fuscous  praetornal  spot,  separated  from  preceding  dark 
area,  by  an  irregular  leaden-metallic  streak;  ocellus  laterally  edged  with 
leaden-metallic  streaks,  and  crossed  by  several  irregular  blackish  dashes; 
above  this  an  irregular  patch  of  blackish  suffusion  extending  from  dark  area 
to  termen;  terminal  edge  irrorated  with  whitish-ochreous : cilia  violet-leaden- 
grey,  towards  tornus  irrorated  with  ochreous-whitish,  round  apex  and  upper 
part  of  termen  with  black  subbasal  line.  Hindwings  with  3 and  4 connate; 
dark  grey,  lighter  anteriorly;  cilia  light  grey,  with  darker  subbasal  shade. 

Cape  Colony,  Port  St  John,  in  August  (Swinney),  one  specimen ; also  one 
in  my  collection  from  Natal,  Pinetown,  in  February  (Leigh). 

Eucosma  lobostola  n.sp. 

p 10-11  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  ochreous-whitish.  Abdomen  pale 
grey.  Forewings  elongate,  posteriorly  slightly  dilated,  costa  very  slightly 
arched,  without  fold,  apex  obtuse-pointed,  termen  sinuate,  somewhat  oblique, 
ochreous-whitish,  somewhat  strigulated  with  light  brown-reddish,  posterior  § 
suffused  with  brown-reddish;  a spot  of  grey  suffusion  with  some  raised  scales 
just  beneath  costa  near  base;  margin  of  basal  patch  indicated  by  brownish 
or  fuscous  spots  on  costa  at  £ and  dorsum  at  § , and  a subtriangular  blotch  in 
disc  before  middle;  posterior  half  of  costa  marked  with  small  dark  brown  spots 
and  whitish  strigulae;  two  indistinct  fine  oblique  blue-leaden  strigae  beneath 
these;  ocellus  edged  laterally  with  silvery  streaks,  and  including  three  irregular- 
black  dots:  cilia  reddish-whitish,  with  red-brown  subbasal  line,  tips  towards 
apex  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  with  3 and  4 coincident;  grey;  a strong  pro- 


50 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


jecting  dorsal  lobe  folded  over  beneath  and  concealing  an  area  clothed  with 
dark  fuscous  scales;  cilia  grey-whitish. 

British  S.  E.  Africa,  Bela  Vista,  in  November  (Swierstra) ; two  specimens. 

Argyroploce  exhilarata  n.sp. 

$ 17  mm.  Head  and  palpi  ferruginous.  Thorax  whitish-ochreous  tinged 
with  reddish,  crest  ferruginous.  Abdomen  pale  grey.  Forewings  elongate, 
posteriorly  rather  dilated,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  straight, 
rather  oblique;  brown-reddish  obscurely  overlaid  with  glistening  violet  iri- 
descence, indistinctly  darker-strigulated ; markings  dark  red-brown,  mixed 
with  black;  an  interrupted  striga  indicating  edge  of  basal  patch,  obtusely 
angulated  in  middle;  some  dots  or  strigulae  on  dorsum;  upper  half  of  central 
fascia  well-marked,  narrow,  irregular,  oblique,  pale-edged  anteriorly,  with  a 
pale  dot  in  an  excavation  of  its  extremity  posteriorly;  ill-marked  spots  out- 
lined rising  from  dorsum  in  middle  and  before  tornus;  a short  oblique  streak 
from  apex:  cilia  light  brown-reddish.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  grey -whitish, 
towards  base  tinged  with  pale  grey-reddish,  towards  tornus  with  grey  subbasal 
shade. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  March  (Swierstra) ; one  specimen. 

Argyroploce  sponditis  n.sp. 

cJ  19mm.  Head  and  thorax  dark  brown.  Palpi  brownish,  towards  base 
whitish-ochreous,  second  joint  with  two  suffused  dark  grey  spots  towards 
apex.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  posteriorly  dilated,  costa  gently 
arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  nearly  straight,  little  oblique;  reddish-brown 
mixed  with  fuscous  and  dark  fuscous;  basal  patch  darker  on  upper  half,  edged 
by  a sinuate  rather  oblique  strigula;  central  fascia  on  upper  half  darker, 
moderate,  oblique,  obsolete  beneath;  an  elongate  patch  of  whitish-ochreous 
suffusion  running  from  posterior  edge  of  this  in  disc  to  two  pairs  of  suffused 
whitish-ochreous  strigulae  on  costa  about  f , followed  on  lower  portion  by  a 
broad  dark  streak  forming  a rounded-acute  angle  upwards,  its  anterior  arm 
short,  posterior  arm  running  to  middle  of  termen ; several  small  dark  marks 
on  posterior  half  of  costa;  ocellus  laterally  margined  by  very  obscure  dark 
leaden-grey  streaks:  cilia  reddish-fuscous  obscurely  barred  with  dark  fuscous. 
Hindwings  rather  dark  grey;  cilia  grey,  with  darker  subbasal  shade. 

Cape  Colony,  Port  St  John,  in  January  (Swinney),  one  specimen;  also 
one  in  my  collection  from  Natal,  Pinetown,  in  January  (Leigh). 

Argyroploce  encharacta  n.sp. 

$ 16  mm.  Head  brownish-ochreous,  face  and  sides  of  crown  mixed  with 
reddish-fuscous.  Palpi  reddish-fuscous,  basal  area  and  a spot  on  second  joint 
ochreous-whitish,  tip  whitish.  Thorax  pale  ochreous.  Abdomen  pale  greyish, 
anal  tuft  whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  moderately  broad,  dilated  posteriorly, 
costa  moderately  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  almost  straight,  vertical;  pale 
ochreous;  costa  strigulated  with  dark  fuscous;  some  irregularly  scattered 
fine  short  reddish-fuscous  longitudinal  lines,  a group  of  several  stronger  lines 
partially  suffused  together  indicating  lower  § of  central  fascia;  an  oblique 
triangular  patch  of  similar  marking  from  costa  towards  apex  finely  attenuated 
to  termen  above  tornus,  followed  by  a dark  stria  and  some  pale  violet 
iridescence;  a fine  dark  fuscous  terminal  stria:  cilia  whitish-ochreous,  on  upper 
part  of  termen  with  basal  half  brown-reddish.  Hindwings  light  grey,  veins 
darker;  cilia  grey -whitish,  with  grey  subbasal  shade. 

Cape  Colony,  Port  St  John,  in  December  (Swinney);  one  specimen. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


5i 


Hemimene  embolaea  n.sp. 

$ 11-13  mm.  Head  and  palpi  ochreous.  Thorax  ochreous,  with  fuscous 
bars  on  shoulders  and  two  on  posterior  half.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings 
elongate,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse-pointed,  termen  rather  strongly 
sinuate  beneath  apex,  little  oblique;  pale  ochreous,  partially  marked  and 
suffused  with  fulvous  and  strewn  with  coarse  blackish  transverse  marks  and 
strigulae;  costa  marked  with  ochreous-whitish  oblique  strigulae  between 
these;  a slender  oblique  dark  brown  streak  from  middle  of  costa,  preceded  by 
an  irregular  indistinct  blue-leaden-metallic  interrupted  line  running  to  dorsum 
at  f , and  followed  by  a fine  blue-leaden-metallic  sinuate  line  running  to  termen 
beneath  apex,  limiting  ocellus,  which  is  margined  anteriorly  by  a thick 
whitish  streak  and  posteriorly  by  a streak  of  dark  fuscous  irroration,  and 
crossed  by  several  fine  blackish  dashes : cilia  pale  ochreous  tinged  with  brown- 
ish except  towards  base,  suffused  with  brown  round  apex  towards  tips,  with 
dark  brownish  subbasal  dots  beneath  apex  and  above  tornus.  Hind  wings 
grey;  cilia  ochreous-whitish,  with  light  grey  subbasal  shade. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  February  and  March  (Swierstra) ; two  specimens. 
This  is  the  first  species  of  the  genus  recorded  from  South  Africa. 

Laspeyresia  violescens  n.sp. 

^ 16  mm.  Head  and  thorax  light  violet-grey,  face  pale  fulvous-ochreous. 
Palpi  whitish-ochreous.  Abdomen  pale  greyish.  Forewings  elongate-triangular, 
costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  sinuate-indented  beneath  apex, 
thence  somewhat  obliquely  rounded;  violet-grey,  anteriorly  suffusedly  mixed 
with  grey- whitish,  posteriorly  finely  speckled  with  grey -whitish ; costa  on 
posterior  § grey -whitish  strigulated  with  dark  grey;  an  indistinct  suffused 
darker  grey  oblique  streak  from  dorsum  at  f , reaching  more  than  half  across 
wing,  forming  anterior  limit  of  a very  obscure  more  whitish-tinged  dorsal 
patch;  a dark  blue-leaden  very  oblique  striga  from  costa  beyond  middle, 
strongly  angulated  opposite  apex,  and  becoming  obsolete  towards  dorsum, 
preceded  in  disc  by  several  minute  black  dots  or  strigulae;  a fine  very  oblique 
blue-leaden  striga  before  apex ; a sinuate  series  of  about  six  small  black  elongate 
dots  towards  termen:  cilia  pale  violet-grey,  with  blackish-grey  basal  line. 
Hindwings  grey,  apical  edge  whitish-suffused ; cilia  whitish. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  December  (Swierstra);  one  specimen. 


GELECHIADAE 

Telphusa  confixa  n.sp. 

$ $ II-T2  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous, 
thorax  anteriorly  longitudinally  marked  with  blackish.  Palpi  white,  basal 
half  and  a subapical  band  of  second  joint,  and  base  and  two  bands  of  terminal 
joint  blackish.  Abdomen  greyish.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow,  costa  slightly 
arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  extremely  obliquely  rounded;  6 out  of  7 near 
base;  dark  grey  suffusedly  irrorated  with  white,  with  some  black  scales; 
elongate  blackish  spots  on  costa  near  base,  before  middle,  and  at  f ; a black 
streak  from  beneath  first  of  these  along  fold  to  near  extremity;  discal  stigmata 
black  connected  by  a black  dash,  second  followed  by  a disconnected  black 
dash  running  nearly  to  apex;  cloudy  black  marginal  dots  round  posterior 
part  of  costa  and  termen:  cilia  grey,  round  apex  sprinkled  with  whitish. 
Hindwings  grey,  thinly  scaled  towards  base;  cilia  light  grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  February  and  March  (Swierstra);  four  specimens,. 


52 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Gelechia  exoenota  n.sp. 

$ 1 8 mm.  Head  pale  rosy-ochreous.  Palpi  pale  ochreous,  basal  joint  and 
base  of  second  dark  fuscous,  terminal  joint  anteriorly  sprinkled  with  dark 
fuscous.  Thorax  dark  violet-fuscous,  apex  of  patagia  suffused  with  red-brown. 
Abdomen  rather  dark  grey,  apex  light  reddish-ochreous.  Forewings  elongate, 
rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  sinuate,  very  oblique; 
dark  red-brown,  suffusedly  mixed  with  dark  purplish-fuscous;  a short  in- 
distinct light  reddish-ochreous  transverse  mark  from  costa  almost  at  base; 
plical  and  second  discal  stigmata  small,  indistinct,  blackish ; a small  indistinct 
spot  of  ochreous  suffusion  on  costa  at  £-:  cilia  coppery-brownish,  anteriorly 
slightly  greyish -tinged,  posteriorly  with  three  fine  grey  lines.  Hindwings  with 
apex  pointed,  termen  sinuate;  rather  dark  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  February  (Swierstra) ; one  specimen. 

Apotactis  n.g. 

Head  with  appressed  scales,  sidetufts  somewhat  raised;  ocelli  small, 
posterior;  tongue  developed.  Antennae  £,  in  $ serrulate,  simple,  basal  joint 
moderate,  without  pecten.  Labial  palpi  very  long,  recurved,  second  joint  with 
strong  dense  projecting  apical  tuft  beneath,  terminal  joint  longer  than  second, 
somewhat  thickened  and  roughened  anteriorly,  acute.  Maxillary  palpi  very 
short,  filiform,  appressed  to  tongue.  Posterior  tibiae  clothed  with  very  long 
fine  hairs  above.  Forewings  with  i b furcate,  2-5  rather  approximated, 
6 absent,  7 and  8 stalked,  7 to  just  above  apex,  11  from  middle.  Hindwings  1, 
elongate-trapezoidal,  apex  obtuse,  termen  scarcely  sinuate,  cilia  1 ; 3 and  4 
connate,  5 somewhat  approximated,  6 and  7 stalked. 

Allied  to  Chelaria. 

Apotactis  drimylota  n.sp. 

A 14-16  mm.  Head  whitish,  sides  of  crown  tinged  with  grey.  Palpi  dark 
grey,  apex  of  second  joint  whitish,  terminal  joint  whitish  with  two  bands  of 
dark  grey  irroration.  Thorax  whitish  irrorated  with  grey,  sometimes  anteriorly 
suffused  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey,  anal  tuft  whitish.  Forewings 
elongate,  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  very  obliquely 
rounded;  grey,  variably  irrorated  with  white,  with  a few  black  scales;  small 
elongate  blackish  spots  on  costa  at  £,  and  middle;  black  elongate  dots 
beneath  costa  near  base,  and  on  fold  at  £,  and  sometimes  a smaller  one 
beyond  former  of  these;  stigmata  rather  large,  elongate,  black,  plical  slightly 
before  first  discal;  two  or  three  short  black  dashes  towards  costa  posteriorly, 
and  one  above  tornus;  some  cloudy  blackish  dots  on  posterior  part  of  costa 
and  termen:  cilia  light  grey,  round  apex  sprinkled  with  darker  and  whitish. 
Hindwings  grey,  slenderly  hyaline  beneath  cell  towards  base;  cilia  light  grey. 

British  S.  E.  Africa,  Bela  Vista,  in  November  (Swierstra) ; three  specimens. 

COSMOPTERYGIDAE 

Labdia  macrobeia  n.sp. 

^ 11  mm.  Head  bronzy-grey,  crown  with  very  fine  central  and  lateral 
white  lines.  Palpi  white  lined  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  bronzy-grey,  with 
three  very  fine  white  lines,  apical  half  of  patagia  white.  Abdomen  pale 
ochreous.  Forewings  narrow-lanceolate,  apex  long-caudate;  bronzy-grey;  a 
silvery-white  line  along  costa  from  base  to  fascia,  and  a very  oblique  line  from 
this  near  base  to  beneath  costa  at  f ; a strong  white  median  longitudinal  streak 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


53 


from  base  to  apex;  a fine  white  line  beneath  this  from  towards  base,  running 
into  it  at  § ; a dull  orange  postmedian  transverse  fascia  interrupted  by  median 
streak,  margined  on  each  side  above  and  below  this  by  two  silvery-metallic 
spots,  upper  anterior  one  followed  by  a black  dot;  costa  silvery- white  for  a 
short  distance  beyond  fascia : cilia  light  grey,  with  white  apical  bar.  Hindwings 
grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

British  S.  E.  Africa,  Bela  Vista,  in  November  (Swierstra);  one  specimen. 
Microcolona  pantomima  Meyr. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  December  (Swierstra) ; two  $ examples.  The 
original  specimens  of  this  species  were  from  French  Congo;  the  forewings  of 
$ are  rather  broader  and  less  pointed  than  in  but  <£  examples  also  vary  in 
these  particulars,  and  the  species  is  so  well-marked  that  its  identity  cannot  be 
doubted. 

OECOPHORIDAE 


Epiphractis  thysanarcha  n.sp. 

9 20  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  dull  brownish-crimson,  scales  of 
forehead  roughly  projecting,  face  greyish;  second  joint  of  palpi  expanded 
above  with  long  rough  projecting  scales  except  toward  base,  terminal  joint  -£ 
of  second.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  moderate,  costa  moderately 
arched,  apex  obtuse-pointed,  termen  nearly  straight,  oblique;  dull  light 
crimson,  slightly  ochreous-tinged,  with  a few  scattered  blackish  scales  pos- 
teriorly; an  inv  ardly  oblique  dark  grey  streak  from  middle  of  dorsum,  reaching 
half  across  wing,  edged  posteriorly  with  light  ochreous-yellowish;  second 
discal  stigma  small,  dark  grey;  a short  rather  inwards-oblique  streak  of  dark 
grey  suffusion  from  dorsum  beneath  it:  cilia  dull  light  crimson,  darker  towards 
tips,  and  suffused  with  dark  grey  on  tornus.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  March  (Swierstra);  one  specimen.  Distinguished 
from  all  others  of  the  genus  by  the  peculiar  palpi;  otherwise  normal  in  all 
respects,  and  certainly  not  separable  generically. 

Porthmologa  deltophanes  n.sp. 

$ 15  mm.  Head  white,  face  somewhat  marked  with  fuscous.  Palpi  dark 
fuscous,  tip  white.  Thorax  ochreous-white,  shoulders  and  a spot  on  posterior 
extremity  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey,  anal  tuft  whitish.  Forewings  elongate, 
rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  extremely  obliquely 
rounded;  fuscous;  a white  dot  on  base  of  dorsum;  a triangular  ochreous- 
white  antemedian  dorsal  blotch,  anterior  edge  direct,  nearly  reaching  costa, 
preceded  and  followed  by  strong  blackish-brown  suffusion;  first  discal  stigma 
moderate,  black,  second  represented  by  two  transversely  placed  minute 
black  dots;  a broad  undefined  transverse  band  of  white  irroration  beyond 
middle;  a small  white  spot  on  costa  at  f , from  which  a very  fine  incurved 
white  line  crosses  wing,  limiting  a round  fuscous  anteapical  area  of  which 
the  upper  part  is  mixed  with  blackish : cilia  whitish-grey,  base  irregularly 
mixed  with  dark  fuscous,  tips  suffused  with  fuscous  towards  middle  of  termen, 
on  costa  wholly  fuscous  mixed  with  dark  fuscous  except  a small  white  spot 
on  costal  spot.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

British  S.  E.  Africa,  Bela  Vista,  in  November  (Swierstra);  one  specimen. 
Appears  to  agree  in  all  structural  essentials  with  the  genus  Porthmologa, 
hitherto  represented  only  by  a single  Indian  species;  but  superficially  very 
distinct. 


54 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Proceleustis  zelotypa  n.sp. 

$ 13-14  mm.  Head  pale  ochreous  tinged  with  fuscous,  face  whitish. 
Palpi  white,  base  of  second  joint  dark  fuscous,  subapical  bands  of  second  and 
terminal  joints  fuscous.  Antennae  uniform  light  greyish-ochreous.  Thorax 
dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa 
gently  arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  extremely  obliquely  rounded;  rather 
dark  ashy-fuscous;  a moderately  broad  rather  irregular-edged  whitish-ochreous 
fascia  at  |,  edged  with  irregular  black  scales,  posterior  margin  angulated 
below  middle;  an  irregular  ochreous-whitish  transverse  spot  from  costa  at  f , 
reaching  half  across  wing,  second  discal  stigma  irregular,  black,  projecting 
into  its  lower  margin;  sometimes  an  ochreous-whitish  apical  dot:  cilia  light 
fuscous,  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous,  with  an  ochreous-whitish  spot  on  costal 
spot.  Hindwings  with  3 and  4 stalked  (in  one  wing  of  one  specimen  coincident)  ; 
rather  dark  grey;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

British  S.  E.  Africa,  Bela  Vista,  in  November  (Swierstra) ; two  specimens. 


XYLORYCTIDAE 

Odites  cuculans  n.sp. 

cj  $ 15-19  mm.  Head  and  thorax  whitish-yellowish.  Palpi  yellow-whitish, 
second  joint  brownish -tinged  on  basal  half.  Abdomen  pale  ochreous-yellowish. 
Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen 
slightly  rounded,  oblique;  whitish-yellowish;  costal  edge  sometimes  slightly 
brownish-tinged  anteriorly;  a blackish  dot  towards  costa  in  middle,  and  one 
on  lower  angle  of  cell:  cilia  whitish-yellowish.  Hindwings  and  cilia  whitish- 
ochreous. 

British  S.  E.  Africa,  Bela  Vista,  in  November  (Swierstra) ; three  specimens. 
I have  also  in  my  collection  a worn  specimen  apparently  of  the  same  species 
from  Ubangi,  French  Congo. 

Odites  incolumis  n.sp. 

$ 16  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  infuscated 
except  towards  apex.  Abdomen  pale  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow, 
costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  rounded,  rather  strongly  oblique; 
white;  a black  dot  towards  costa  near  base;  stigmata  black,  plical  obliquely 
beyond  first  discal,  almost  equally  near  second ; a curved  subterminal  series 
of  several  minute  groups  of  black  scales  in  disc;  an  almost  marginal  series  of 
small  black  dots  round  posterior  part  of  costa  and  termen:  cilia  white.  Hind- 
wings pale  grey;  cilia  whitish. 

British  S.  E.  Africa,  Bela  Vista,  in  November  (Swierstra);  one  specimen. 
Odites  nubeculosa  n.sp. 

$ 26  mm.  Head  whitish.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  somewdiat  infuscated 
except  apex.  Thorax  whitish-fuscous.  Abdomen  whitish.  Forewings  elongate, 
costa  gently  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  nearly  straight,  little  oblique, 
rounded  beneath;  fuscous-whitish,  with  irregularly  scattered  dark  fuscous 
specks  except  towards  costa;  discal  stigmata  black,  a cloudy  fuscous  spot 
beneath  and  slightly  beyond  second;  cloudy  dots  of  suffused  dark  fuscous 
scales  along  termen  : cilia  whitish.  Hindwings  and  cilia  whitish. 

Natal,  Durban  (Leigh) ; one  specimen. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


55 


ORNEODIDAE 

Orneodes  photaula  n.sp. 

o'  14-15  mm.  Head  and  thorax  pale  greyish-ochreous  mixed  with  grey, 
lower  part  of  face  whitish.  Palpi  3,  grey,  second  joint  long,  porrected,  above 
with  rough  projecting  white  hairscales,  terminal  joint  short,  slender,  white, 
with  dark  grey  median  band.  Abdomen  ochreous-whitish  irrorated  with 
dark  grey,  segmental  margins  white.  Forewings  pale  greyish-ochreous  closely 
irrorated  with  dark  grey;  a yellow -ochreous  streak  along  segment  1 from 
about  £,  with  marginal  indications  of  four  undeveloped  grey  bars,  and  ter- 
minated by  a dark  grey  white-margined  subterminal  bar;  on  segments  2-6 
somewhat  darker  curved  bands  at  middle  and  f,  edged  with  white  marks, 
second  band  on  segment  2 narrow  and  near  apex;  tips  of  all  segments  white 
preceded  by  black  dots  : cilia  grey,  on  margins  of  bands  with  oblique  white 
marks.  Hind  wings  with  all  segments  similar  to  segments  3-6  of  forewings. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  February  (Swierstra) ; one  specimen.  Also  one 
in  my  collection  from  Johannesburg  in  January.  Recognisable  by  yellowish 
streak  of  first  segment  of  forewings. 

GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE 

Simaethis  gratiosa  Meyr. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  January ; Cape  Colony,  Port  St  John,  in  October 
(Swierstra) ; two  specimens,  differing  from  one  another  and  from  the  original 
examples  (described  from  the  Seychelles)  in  the  development  and  extent  of 
the  fulvous  suffusion  of  forewings,  but  otherwise  apparently  similar  (neither 
is  in  good  condition)  and  justly  referable  to  the  same  species. 

BLASTOBASIDAE 

Blastobasis  externa  n.sp. 

$ 17-18  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  dark  fuscous  closely  and  suffusedly 
irrorated  with  white.  Abdomen  grey-whitish.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow, 
costa  hardly  arched,  rather  bent  towards  f , apex  pointed,  termen  extremely 
obliquely  rounded;  dark  ashy-fuscous  sprinkled  with  whitish,  broadly  streaked 
with  whitish  suffusion  along  margins  of  cell,  vein  1 b,  and  in  disc  posteriorly, 
veins  posteriorly  obscurely  lined  with  whitish;  second  discal  stigma  repre- 
sented by  an  obscure  spot  of  dark  fuscous  ground  colour  placed  in  this  suffu- 
sion: cilia  light  grey,  base  with  some  dark  fuscous  scales.  Hindwings  grey; 
cilia  light  grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  December  and  February  (Swierstra);  two 
specimens. 

ELACHISTIDAE 

Symphoristis  n.g. 

Head  smooth;  ocelli  small,  posterior;  tongue  developed.  Antennae  §, 
in  ciliated,  basal  joint  rather  flattened  and  dilated  with  scales,  with  strong 
pecten.  Labial  palpi  moderately  long,  slender,  curved,  ascending,  terminal 
joint  shorter  than  second,  acute.  Maxillary  palpi  very  short,  drooping,  filiform. 
Posterior  tibiae  clothed  with  very  long  fine  hairs  above.  Forewings  with  2 
from  angle,  4 absent,  7 and  8 stalked,  7 to  costa,  11  from  middle.  Hindwings 
f , lanceolate,  cilia  2;  2-4  remote,  5 absent,  6 and  7 stalked. 

Type  ptychospila;  also  nimbifeva  Meyr.  is  referable  here.  The  genus  (which 
I had  not  hitherto  thought  it  necessary  to  separate)  differs  from  Elachista  by 
the  separation  of  vein  6 of  forewings. 


4 


56 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Symphoristis  ptychospila  n.sp. 

$ $ q — io  mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  and  thorax  white  with  a few  dark 
fuscous  specks.  Abdomen  light  grey.  Forewings  elongate-lanceolate;  pale 
grey  more  or  less  mixed  with  white  and  irregularly  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous ; 
area  of  fold  broadly  and  very  irregularly  suffused  with  white;  an  oval  dark 
fuscous  spot  in  this  representing  plical  stigma,  and  one  rather  smaller  and  less 
distinct  representing  second  discal:  cilia  white  speckled  with  dark  fuscous, 
towards  tornus  pale  greyish.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  pale  greyish. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  February  and  March  (Swierstra) ; three  specimens. 

Proterochyta  n.g. 

Head  with  appressed  hairs;  ocelli  posterior;  tongue  long.  Antennae  f, 
in  d'  ciliated,  basal  joint  elongate,  rather  swollen,  with  strong  pecten.  Labial 
palpi  moderate,  slender,  smooth,  porrected,  terminal  joint  as  long  as  second, 
pointed.  Maxillary  palpi  rudimentary.  Posterior  tibiae  clothed  with  long 
fine  hairs  above.  Forewings  with  2 from  f , 3 from  angle,  4 absent,  7 and  8 
stalked,  7 to  costa,  11  from  middle.  Hindwings  nearly  1,  lanceolate,  cilia  i|-; 
3 from  angle,  4 absent,  5 rather  approximated,  6 and  7 parallel. 

Type  epicoena  Meyr.,  erroneously  referred  hitherto  to  Elachista ; it  is  rather 
a puzzling  form,  but  may  perhaps  be  regarded  as  a primitive  form  of  this 
family;  the  hindwings  approach  the  Oecopborid  type. 


HYPONOMEUTIDAE 

Prays  citri  Mill. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  January  (Swierstra);  two  specimens.  A widely 
distributed  pest  of  cultivated  Citrus,  not  hitherto  recorded  from  South  Africa. 

EPERMENIADAE 

<w 

Idioglossa  triumphalis  n.sp. 

14  mm.  Head  pale  whitish-bronzy.  Palpi  bronzy-whitish,  rather 
roughened  anteriorly  throughout,  second  joint  somewhat  expanded  towards 
apex  beneath.  Antennae  over  1,  ochreous-whitish.  Thorax  whitish -ochreous, 
anteriorly  suffused  with  ochreous-bronzy.  Abdomen  pale  ochreous,  with 
subbasal,  antemedian,  and  subapical  transverse  lines  of  fuscous  scales.  Fore- 
wings narrow-lanceolate;  deep  ochreous-yellow ; markings  pale  golden- 
metallic  more  or  less  edged  laterally  with  coarse  scattered  dark  fuscous 
scales,  viz.  small  spots  on  costa  at  and  near  base,  a quadrate  spot  in  disc  at 
its  anterior  angle  connected  with  dorsum,  an  oblong  spot  in  disc  before 
middle  and  an  elongate  spot  on  dorsum  beneath  it,  and  rather  large  sub- 
quadrate spots  in  disc  at  f and  f : cilia  ochreous-yellowish.  Hindwings  whitish- 
ochreous;  a small  bronzy-ochreous  spot  on  middle  of  costa,  a spot  crossing 
wing  at  f , and  an  apical  spot,  with  some  coarse  scattered  golden-metallic  and 
dark  fuscous  scales  between  these;  cilia  whitish-cchreous. 

British  S.  E.  Africa,  Bela  Vista,  in  November  (Swierstra);  one  specimen. 

9 

LYONETIADAE 

Opogona  harpalea  Meyr. 

British  S.  E.  Africa,  Bela  Vista,  in  November  (Swierstra);  one  specimen. 
Described  from  Aldabra  Island,  and  not  hitherto  known  from  the  mainland. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


57 


Oinophila  cert  a n.sp. 

£ io -ii  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous,  lower  frontal  tuft  rather  light 
brownish.  Palpi  fuscous.  Antennae  ochreous-whitish,  base  blackish.  Thorax 
whitish-ochreous,  patagia  blackish.  Abdomen  ochreous-grey- whitish.  Fore- 
wings narrow-lanceolate,  very  acute;  blackish;  a strong  irregular-edged 
whitish-ochreous  dorsal  streak  from  base  to  apex,  finely  attenuated  posteriorly 
but  still  very  irregular,  upper  edge  indented  at  f of  wing : cilia  whitish-ochreous, 
on  costa  dark  grey.  Hindwings  light  grey;  cilia  ochreous-grey -whitish. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  December  and  April  (Swierstra);  two  specimens. 
Very  similar  to  the  Indian  oxymoris,  but  in  that  species  the  lower  frontal  tuft 
is  blackish,  and  the  antennae  are  largely  suffused  with  blackish  on  basal 
half,  and  have  several  indistinct  narrow  grey  bands  on  apical  portion. 

TINEIDAE 

Myrmecozela  convallata  n.sp. 

$ 14  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  ochreous-brown.  Abdomen  fuscous. 
Forewings  elongate,  costa  moderately  arched,  apex  obtuse,  termen  obliquely 
rounded;  ochreous-brown,  with  about  eight  irregular  transverse  partially 
coalescing  dark  fuscous  streaks,  and  some  additional  marks  from  costa:  cilia 
dark  grey,  base  spotted  with  brownish.  Hindwings  dark  purple-grey;  cilia 
grey,  with  indistinct  darker  subbasal  shade. 

Transvaal,  Moorddrift,  in  December  (Swierstra);  one  specimen.  Veins 
7 and  8 of  one  forewing  are  stalked,  of  the  other  separate  as  usual  in  the  genus. 

Lysitona  n.g. 

Head  rough-haired;  ocelli  posterior;  tongue  rudimentary.  Antennae  f, 
in  $ simple,  basal  joint  moderate,  with  projecting  tuft  of  scales  anteriorly. 
Labial  palpi  moderate,  porrected,  second  joint  loosely  scaled,  with  some 
projecting  lateral  bristles  at  apex,  terminal  joint  about  as  long  as  second, 
tolerably  pointed.  Maxillary  palpi  short,  porrected,  loosely  scaled.  Posterior 
tibiae  clothed  with  long  hairs  above.  Forewings  with  rough  scale-tufts  on 
surface;  2 from  angle,  4 absent,  7 to  costa,  11  from  before  middle.  Hindwings 
f , lanceolate,  cilia  2;  2-4  parallel,  5 and  6 stalked,  6 to  costa,  7 parallel. 

A derivative  of  Tinea. 

Lysitona  euryacta  n.sp. 

<?n  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white.  Palpi  dark  fuscous,  apex  of  joints  white. 
Abdomen  whitish-ochreous  irrorated  with  grey.  Forewings  elongate,  narrow, 
costa  slightly  arched,  apex  pointed,  termen  extremely  obliquely  rounded; 
brownish  sprinkled  with  blackish  ; a broad  white  irregular-edged  stripe  occu- 
pying costal  half  of  wing  from  base  to  f , costal  edge  blackish  from  base  to 
near  middle,  and  with  a slight  elongate  mark  of  ground  colour  beyond  middle; 
quadrate  grey  blotches  extending  from  dorsum  to  white  streak  before  and 
beyond  middle  of  dorsum  and  on  tornus,  edged  with  blackish  irroration,  and 
a spot  on  middle  of  termen:  cilia  pale  brownish -ochreous,  towards  base  with 
a few  blackish  specks.  Hindwings  rather  dark  grey;  cilia  light  greyish  - 
ochreous. 

British  S.  E.  Africa,  Bela  Vista,  in  November  (Swierstra);  one  specimen. 
Crypsithyris  insolita  n.sp. 

<$  14  mm.  Head  pale  ochreous.  Palpi  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  pale  ochreous, 
patagia  dark  fuscous  except  apex.  Abdomen  brownish,  segmental  margins 
whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched, 


5« 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


apex  obtuse,  termen  very  obliquely  rounded;  2-4  approximated,  5 and  6 
short-stalked,  7 and  9 stalked,  8 absent;  light  ochreous,  coarsely  and  irregu-  j 
larly  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous;  costa  suffused  with  dark  fuscous  anteriorly; 
an  oval  subhyaline  spot  in  disc  before  middle;  plical  and  second  discal  stigmata 
approximated,  represented  by  round  cloudy  dark  fuscous  spots:  cilia  pale  j 
ochreous,  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  with  2-7  separate;  light 
grey;  cilia  pale  greyish -ochreous,  with  indistinct  grey  median  shade. 

British  S.  E.  Africa,  Bela  Vista,  in  November  (Swierstra) ; one  specimen. 

Phyciodyta  n.g. 

Head  rough-haired;  ocelli  posterior;  tongue  obsolete.  Antennae  §,  in 
serrulate,  pubescent,  basal  joint  short,  without  pecten.  Labial  palpi  moder- 
ately long,  ascending,  second  joint  beneath  with  very  long  dense  rough 
projecting  tuft  and  numerous  long  lateral  projecting  bristles,  terminal  joint 
shorter,  slender,  pointed.  Maxillary  palpi  short,  filiform,  porrected.  Posterior 
tibiae  clothed  with  long  hairs  above.  Forewings  with  numerous  small  tufts 
of  rough  scales;  1 b furcate,  2 from  angle,  7 to  costa,  7-9  approximated, 

11  from  before  middle,  secondary  cell  well-marked.  Hindwings  1,  elongate- 
ovate,  cilia  § ; 2—7  separate,  nearly  parallel. 

Belongs  to  the  Hapsifera  group. 

Phyciodyta  neritis  n.sp. 

17-20  mm.,  o 28  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  whitish -ochreous, 
second  joint  suffused  with  brownish  and  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous  except 
apical  edge,  terminal  joint  with  basal  band  and  supramedian  ring  of  blackish 
irroration.  Thorax  whitish-ochreous  irrorated  with  dull  greenish.  Abdomen 
rather  dark  fuscous,  anal  tuft  mixed  with  whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  elon- 
gate, costa  moderately  arched,  apex  obtuse-pointed,  termen  slightly  sinuate, 
oblique;  pale  greyish-ochreous  suffusedly  irrorated  with  dull  greenish;  some 
small  scattered  blackish  strigulae  along  costa;  a more  or  less  developed  oblique- 
triangular  blackish  blotch  on  base  of  costa,  from  which  sometimes  an  irregular 
blackish  streak  runs  through  middle  of  disc  to  apex;  in  $ three  oblique  dark 
brown  fasciae  from  costa  at  middle,  and  f , reaching  § across  wing,  in 
obscurely  indicated  with  dull  greenish  suffusion  or  obsolete;  two  or  three 
large  cloudy  black  dots  on  costa  at  apex:  cilia  whitish-ochreous  speckled  with 
blackish,  towards  base  tinged  with  greenish,  on  lower  half  of  termen  more 
tinged  with  ochreous.  Flindwings  dark  grey;  cilia  light  grey,  with  darker 
subbasal  line. 

Cape  Colony,  Port  St  John,  in  October  (Swinney);  four  specimens. 
Hapsifera  atrisecta  n.sp. 

$ 21-22  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  pale  greyish-ochreous  finely  speckled 
with  whitish  and  fuscous.  Abdomen  whitish-ochreous  speckled  with  grey. 
Forewings  elongate,  costa  moderately  arched,  apex  rounded,  termen  very 
obliquely  rounded;  7 and  8 stalked,  9 separate;  pale  greyish-ochreous,  irregu- 
larly sprinkled  with  grey,  brownish,  and  dark  fuscous;  indistinct  scattered 
strigulae  of  black  irroration  along  margins;  a blackish  transverse  mark  on 
base  of  costa  terminated  by  a tuft  beneath  fold;  irregular  oblique  incomplete 
black  lines  crossing  wing  before  middle  and  across  end  of  cell,  preceded  by 
some  tufts  of  scales,  beyond  second  some  irregular  black  longitudinal  streaks 
or  mottling  forming  a blotch  on  lower  half  of  wing  extending  to  termen:  cilia 
pale  greyish-ochreous  speckled  with  whitish  and  grey,  and  indistinctly  barred 
with  blackish  irroration.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  greyish-ochreous. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


59 


' British  S.  E.  Africa,  Bela  Vista,  in  November  (Swierstra) ; three  speci- 
mens. Closely  allied  to  the  widely  distributed  rugosella,  with  the  same 
! neuration,  but  that  species  (of  which  I have  seen  numerous  Indian  and  African 
examples)  never  shows  the  black  markings  of  atrisecta. 

Fumea  luticoma  n.sp. 

$ 11  mm.  Head  pale  yellow-ochreous.  Antennal  pectinations  8.  Thorax 
dark  fuscous.  Forewings  elongate,  moderate,  costa  moderately  arched,  apex 
obtuse,  termen  obliquely  rounded;  dark  fuscous,  with  faint  purplish  tinge: 
cilia  concolorous.  Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  fuscous. 

Cape  Colony,  Port  St  John,  in  October  (Swinney);  one  specimen. 

ADELIDAE 

Ceromitia  holosticta  n.sp. 

$ 14-1 5 mm.  Head  light  ochreous,  crown  posteriorly  white,  face  whitish- 
tinged.  Palpi  short,  whitish.  Antennae  whitish  ringed  with  fuscous.  Thorax 
white,  shoulders  with  a dark  fuscous  spot.  Abdomen  grey,  apex  whitish- 
ochreous.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa  moderately  arched,  apex 
obtuse,  termen  very  obliquely  rounded;  8 and  9 sometimes  connate  or  stalked; 
whitish,  transversely  strigulated  with  dark  fuscous;  an  elongate  dark  fuscous 
spot  on  base  of  costa,  less  developed  in  two  rather  narrow  irregular  some- 
times interrupted  dark  fuscous  transverse  fasciae,  first  at  rather  inwards- 
oblique  from  costa,  second  median,  nearly  direct;  second  discal  stigma 
- transverse,  dark  fuscous : cilia  whitish-grey,  mixed  with  whitish  towards  base. 
Hindwings  with  veins  5 and  6 connate  or  approximated;  prismatic-grey; 
cilia  whitish-grey. 

Transvaal,  Pretoria,  in  December  (Swierstra) ; three  specimens. 


A NEW  SPECIES  OF  WARBURGIA  FROM 
THE  TRANSVAAL 

By  Mrs  R.  Pott,  Botanist  of  the  Transvaal  Museum. 

Warburgia  Breyeri  Pott  n.sp.;  a W.  ugandensis  Sprague,  floris  solitariis, 
ovulis  placentis  uniseriatim  afiixis  recedit.  Arbor  15  m.  alta,  cortice  rugoso. 
Ramuli  teretes,  glabri,  cortice  striato  ruguloso,  lenticellis  prominentibus. 
Folia  alterna,  exstipulata,  subsessiles,  penninervia,  coriacea,  glabra,  supra 
nitidula,  subtus  pauce  pallidiora,  dense  pellucido-punctata,  integra,  lanceo- 
lato-oblonga,  5-10  cm.  longa,  1-5-2 -5  cm.  lata,  acuta,  basi  attenuata,  venis 
inconspicuis,  subtus  costa  prominente.  Flores  parvi,  axillares,  solitarii, 
pedunculati,  virides;  pedunculus  circa  2 mm.  longus;  bracteae  circa  0-5  mm. 


longae,  deciduae.  Calyx  persistens,  sepalis  3,  imbricatis,  sub-orbiculatis, 
2 mm.  longis,  3 mm.  latis,  glabris,  pellucido-punctatis,  minute  ciliatis.  Petala 
exteriora  5,  glabra,  pellucido-punctata,  sub-coriacea,  obovata,  concava,  5 mm. 
longa,  3. mm.  lata;  petala  interiora  5,  glabra,  flavescentia,  pellucido-punctata, 
spathulata,  4 mm.  longa,  1-5  mm.  lata.  Tubus  staminalis  circa  3 mm.  longus, 
apice  decemcrenulatus ; stamina  10;  antherae  extrorsae,  1-5  mm.  longae, 
1.5  mm.  supra  basim  tubi  sitae,  longitudinaliter  2-valvatim  dehiscentes. 
Ovarium  oblongo-ovoideum,  2-3  mm.  longum,  1 mm.  diametro,  glabrum, 
apice  fimbriatum;  stigma  subsessile,  subcapitatum,  angulatum,  truncatum; 
placentae  5,  parietales,  pluriovulatae,  ovulis  uniseriatis.  Bacca  immatura 
subglobosa,  basi  attenuata,  10  mm.  diametro,  pericarpio  coriaceo  ruguloso. 

Hab.  Transvaal,  Western  slope  of  Drakensberg,  near  Maboutsie  River, 
Dr  H.  G.  Breyer,  no.  17573  in  Transvaal  Museum  Herbarium.  Flowering 
July  and  August. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


6i 


Text  fig.  2.  Flower  of  Warburgia  Breyeri  Pott. 

(a)  Portion  of  stem  with  inflorescence,  (b)  Flower  with  peduncle,  (c)  Petal,  (d)  Pistil. 
(e)  Sepal.  (/)  Longitudinal  section  of  flower,  (g)  Staminal  tube  with  calyx. 


62 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Tall  tree,  outer  bark  rough,  inner  bark  of  a reddish  colour.  Branches 
terete,  glabrous,  with  ridged  bark  and  prominent  yellowish  lenticels.  Leaves 
alternate,  exstipulate,  subsessile,  glabrous,  glossy  on  upper  side,  a little  lighter 
at  the  back,  densely  pellucid-dotted,  entire,  lanceolate-oblong,  5-10  cm.  long, 
i'5~2‘5  cm.  broad,  broadly-acute,  attenuate  to  the  base,  veins  inconspicuous, 
midrib  prominent  at  the  back. 

Flowers  solitary,  small,  greenish,  on  short,  stout  peduncles  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves;  peduncle  2 mm.  long  with  prominent  scars  of  the  deciduous,  broad- 
based  bracts.  Calyx  persistent;  sepals  3,  overlapping,  roundish,  2 mm.  long, 
3 mm.  broad,  glabrous  pellucid-dotted,  shortly  ciliate  on  the  margin.  Outer 
petals  5,  glabrous,  pellucid-dotted,  rather  thick,  obovate,  concave,  5 mm.  long^ 
3 mm.  broad;  inner  petals  5,  much  thinner  and  lighter  of  colour,  glabrous, 
pellucid-dotted,  spathulate,  4 mm.  long,  1-5  mm.  broad.  Staminal  tube  over- 
topped by  the  inner  petals,  3 mm.  long,  crenulate  at  the  top;  stamens  10; 
anthers  sessile  on  upper  part  of  tube,  1*5  mm.  long,  opening  to  the  outside 
with  longitudinal  slits.  Pistil  enclosed  in  staminal  tube  or  just  protruding, 
glabrous,  fimbriate  at  the  top;  ovary  oblong-ovate;  stigma  subsessile,  sub- 
capitate,  truncate;  placentation  parietal,  placentae  5,  ovules  in  single  rows. 
Young  berry  roundish,  attenuate  to  the  base;  skin  blackish-green,  leathery, 
wrinkled,  full  with  glands,  10  mm.  diam. 

This  new  species  of  Warburgia  is  nearest  W.  ugandensis  Sprague,  but  the 
flowers  are  solitary  and  the  ovules  in  one  row  on  the  placentae.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Dr  H.  G.  Breyer  on  the  Letaba  expedition  of  the  Transvaal  Museum, 
July,  1917.  The  species  is  named  in  honour  of  the  collector.  The  native  name 
of  this  tree  is  " Shibaha.”  The  inner  bark  has  a bitter,  pungent  taste.  It  is  one 
of  the  Fever-trees  of  the  low- veld,  as  the  natives  use  the  bark  as  a remedy 
against  malaria  fever;  they  hold  the  shibaha  in  great  esteem.  Scientific  in- 
vestigation will  soon  show  whether  it  really  possesses  anti-malarial  properties 
or  not. 

Anatomy.  The  cork-cells  have  rather  thin  walls.  Oil-cells  are  found  in 
the  palisade  and  spongy  tissue  of  the  leaf  and  in  the  cortex,  phloem  and  pith 
of  the  stem.  Rosette  crystals  are  plentiful  in  cortex  and  phloem.  The  wood 
is  composed  of  tracheids  with  distinct  bordered  pits  and  scalariform  vessels. 
The  many  medullary  rays  are  1—2  cells  broad.  Petiole  with  3 fascular  bundles” 

The  above-stated  characteristics  agree  well  with  those  given  for  the  family 
of  Canellaceae  in  Engler  and  Prantl’s  Naturliche  Pflanzen-familien,  p.  315, 
hi  Teil,  vi  and  vi  a Abteilung. 


CAMBRIDGE!  PRINTED  BY  J.  B.  PEACE,  M.A.,  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS. 


F 


ANNALS 


MEDEDELINGEN 


OF  THE 


VAN  HET 


TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 


PART  3 containing 

Descriptions  of  New  South  African  Araneae  and 
Solifugae.  By  John  Hewitt.  (With  4 plates 
and  1 3 text  figures) 

Addenda  I,  II,  III.  (With  1 text  figure) 

Descriptions  of  some  New  Mammals.  By  Austin 
Roberts 

Some  Notes  on  Birds,  and  Descriptions  of  New 
Subspecies.  By  Austin  Roberts 


VOLUME  VI 


Issued  April , 1919 


printed  at  tiie  university  press 


CAMBRIDGE,  ENGLAND 


1919 


ANNALS 


MEDEDELINGEN 


OF  THE 


VAN  HET 


TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 


Vol.  6 


Part  3 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  SOUTH  AFRICAN 
ARANEAE  AND  SOLIFUGAE 

By  John  Hewitt 


With  4 plates  and  13  text  figures 


CONTENTS 


Ord.  SOLIFUGAE. 

Blossia  laticosla  sp  nov. 

Blossia  laminicornis  sp.  nov. 

Ord.  ARANEAE. 

Fam.  Aviculariidae. 

Acanthodon  monticoloides  sp.  nov. 
Acanthodon  gracilipes  sp.  nov. 
Acanthodon  hivsutus  sp.  nov. 
Acanthodon  nigropilosus  sp.  nov. 
Acanthodon  mossambicus  sp.  nov. 
Acanthodon  hepburni  sp.  nov. 

Key  to  the  S.  African  species  of 
Acanthodon. 

Heligmomevus  caffer  Pure. 
Galeosoma  mossambicum  sp.  nov. 
Galeosoma  planiscutatum  sp.  nov. 
Galeosoma  vandami  circumjunctum 
var.  nov. 

Galeosoma pluvipunctatum  sp.  nov. 
Galeosoma  coronatum  spheroideum 
var.  nov. 


Galeosoma  vobevtsi  crinitum  var. 
nov. 

Spiroctenus  mar  ley  i sp.  nov. 
Spiroctenus  spinipalpis  sp.  nov. 
Spiroctenus  londinensis  sp.  nov. 
Spiroctenus  curvipes  sp.  nov. 
Pelmatorycter  breyeri  sp.  nov. 
Peimat  or  voter  tookei  sp.  nov. 
Stasimopus  nigellus  Poc. 
Stasimopus  tysoni  sp.  nov. 
Euagrus  caffer  australis  (Pure.). 
Idiothele  gen.  nov. 

Idiothele  nigrofulvus  (Poc.). 
Idiothele  pluridentatum  sp.  nov. 
Pterinochilus  breyeri  sp.  nov. 
Ceratogyrus  brachycephalus  sp . nov . 
Ceratogyrus  dolichocephalus  sp. 
nov. 

Fam.  Zodariidae. 

Diores  godfreyi  sp.  nov. 


5 


64 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Order  SOLIFUGAE. 

Blossia  laticosta  sp.  nov.  (text  fig.  i a-c). 

The  type  of  this  species  is  a single  adult  male  collected  at  Blauwkop,  Zout 
pansberg  dist.,  by  Mr  G.  van  Dam  (io.  viii.  1916).  No  species  of  this  genus  has 
been  hitherto  described  from  the  Transvaal,  and  the  relationships  of  laticosta 
to  any  of  the  species  described  from  adjacent  parts  of  S.  Africa  are  not  very 
obvious:  it  presents  definite  points  of  affinity  to  B.  unguicornis  Purcell,  the 
type  of  which  came  from  Dunbrody,  Uitenhage  dist.  ( Annals  S.  African  Mus. 
11.  p.  214),  but  the  complete  absence  of  shaggy  hairs  from  the  surface  of  the 
flagellum  will  at  once  serve  to  distinguish  the  species. 

Colour.  Headplate,  tergites  and  appendages  with  a dull  reddish  brown 
tinge.  Metatarsus  of  palp  more  darkly  coloured,  and  to  a less  extent  also  the 
distal  half  of  the  tibia. 


Text  fig.  1.  Blossia  laticosta  sp.  nov.  a,  Right  chelicera  of  male  viewed  from  mesial 
side,  b,  Anterior  portion  of  upper  jaw  viewed  from  above,  c,  Distal  portion  of 
flagellum  considerably  magnified,  viewed  from  side  adjacent  to  the  chelicera. 

Headplate.  The  surface  is  covered  with  numerous  short  spinules  and  is 
completely  devoid  of  long  spines  or  bristles:  there  are  several  short  stout 
spines  scattered  about  near  the  margins,  and  a small  group  occurs  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  eyes. 

Tergites.  On  the  three  thoracic  tergites  long  stout  spines  with  bifurcated 
tips  occur.  The  abdominal  tergites  are  devoid  of  long  setae  or  bristles  except 
in  the  last  segment.  A few  short  spines  occur  on  each  of  these  tergites  except 
the  last  and  they  are  weak  on  the  two  penultimate  tergites. 

Pedipalp.  On  the  lower  surface  of  the  metatarsus  on  its  inner  side  is  a row 
of  3 or  4 spines,  and  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  tibia  are  about  half-a-dozen 
spines,  some  of  them  being  slender  and  weak,  the  series  being  not  definitely 
arranged  in  two  rows. 

Chelicerae.  The  upper  surface  carries  stout  spines  most  of  which  are 
slightly  bifurcated  at  the  tip,  some  being  of  moderate  length  and  others  short. 
The  distal  dorsal  bristle  is  stout  at  the  base  and  tapers  finely  to  the  apex,  being 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


65 


completely  devoid  of  lateral  setae  or  spinules  throughout  its  course.  In  the 
upper  jaw  the  two  distal  teeth  are  large,  the  third  of  moderate  size,  the  fourth 
largest:  besides,  there  are  two  rows  of  three  each.  In  the  lower  jaw  are  two 
large  teeth  and  one  intermediate  tooth  of  moderate  size. 

Flagellum.  In  side  view  the  flagellum  is  more  or  less  torpedo  shaped  and 
has  no  stalk.  The  membrane  forms  a closed  cup  in  the  basal  third,  but  in  the 
distal  two-thirds  the  lateral  margins  of  the  membrane  are  merely  infolded 
a little  thus  leaving  a long  broad  opening  on  the  mesial  side  of  the  capsule. 
There  are  no  prickles  or  setae  on  this  membrane,  although  the  distal  edges 
are  slightly  frayed  and  to  a slight  extent  also  the  infolded  edges  proximally. 
There  is  a broad  brown  or  yellow  thickened  rib  running  along  the  membrane 
on  the  side  next  to  the  jaw:  this  is  quite  sharply  defined  distally,  and  its 
bluntly  pointed  apex  projects  a little  beyond  the  distal  margin  of  the  mem- 
brane: towards  the  basal  portion  of  the  flagellum  it  gradually  broadens  out 
and  is  not  very  sharply  differentiated  from  the  thin  colourless  membrane. 

Modified  hairs  of  second  abdominal  sternite.  There  is  a cluster  of  three 
contiguous  pink  fleshy  hairs  on  each  side. 

Measurements.  Total  length  11,  length  of  flagellum  -6,  of  tibia  of  palp  4-5. 

I have  examined  a series  of  forty  adult  males  of  B.  unguicornis  Purcell, 
collected  at  Alicedale  by  Mr  F.  Cruden,  and  find  that  in  each  case  the  modified 
hairs  of  the  second  abdominal  sternite  comprise  two  pairs,  as  described  in  the 
type  of  that  species.  An  examination  of  a retracted  flagellum  in  dorsal  view 
shows  that  the  amount  of  free  membrane  dorsal  to  the  rib  is  very  much  greater 
in  unguicornis  than  in  laticosta.  Female  specimens  which  are  no  doubt  referable 
to  this  species  were  taken  at  N’jelele  River  by  Dr  Breyer  and  Mr  G.  van  Dam 
(24  and  25.  vii.  1916).  They  agree  closely  with  the  male  in  the  dentition  of 
the  chelicerae : the  colour  characters  are  somewhat  similar,  the  distal  segments 
of  the  palp  being  infuscated,  whilst  the  general  colouration  of  the  appendages 
and  head  plate  is  pale  brown,  without  a reddish  tinge.  Total  length  13-5. 

Blossia  laminicornis  sp.  nov.  (text  fig.  2 a-c). 

The  type  of  this  species  is  a single  adult  male  specimen  collected  at  De  Aar 
by  Mr  S.  C.  Cronwright-Schreiner. 

The  species  is  closely  related  to  B.  namaquensis  Purcell  (. Annals  S.  African 
Mus.  11.  p.  212),  taken  at  Steinkopf,  but  seems  to  differ  therefrom  in  the 
dentition  of  chelicerae  and  in  shape  of  flagellum. 

Dentition.  In  the  upper  jaw,  the  third  tooth  is  of  moderate  size,  being  only 
a little  smaller  than  the  first  and  second  teeth.  The  largest  tooth  of  the  single 
series  is  the  fourth.  In  the  basal  portion  of  the  fang,  there  is  an  outer  row  of 
three  rather  small  teeth,  and  an  inner  row  comprising  two  larger  teeth  and  one 
small  one,  the  latter,  which  is  at  the  base  of  the  series,  being  closely  adjacent 
to  one  of  the  large  ones.  In  the  lower  jaw  the  intermediate  tooth  is  of  moderate 
size. 

Flagellum.  This  is  a delicate  membrane  rotatably  attached  at  its  base  to 
the  inner  mesial  surface  of  the  jaw.  It  is  widest  about  the  middle  of  its  length, 
where  its  margins  are  strongly  infolded  on  the  side  away  from  the  jaw:  towards 
the  base,  these  infolded  margins  meet  so  that  the  basal  part  of  the  lamina 
forms  a cup:  distally,  the  membrane  gradually  narrows  into  its  elongated 
apex.  A thick  yellow  longitudinal  rib  runs  the  whole  length  of  the  organ, 
being  slender  and  sharply  defined  distally,  but  broader  and  less  clearly  dis- 
tinguishable from  the  adjacent  membrane  basally.  The  mesial  portion  of  the 


5—2 


66 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


exterior  surface  of  the  membrane  is  closely  studded  with  minute  triangular 
denticles,  except  towards  the  base  and  on  the  narrowed  distal  portion.  The 
margins  for  the  most  part  are  fringed  with  short  stiff  setae  which  also  occur 
on  the  exterior  surface  of  the  infolded  portions  of  the  membrane:  these  are 
essentially  elongated  denticles. 

Distal  dorsal  bristle  of  the  upper  jaw  with  only  a trace  of  short  fine  lateral 
setose  prickles  in  its  distal  part.  It  is  precisely  similar  to  the  other  bristles 
which  occur  on  the  outer  and  upper  surfaces  of  the  upper  jaw:  the  bristle 
figured  in  text  fig.  2 b along  with  the  dorsal  bristle  is  more  distinctly  setose 
along  its  length  than  the  dorsal  bristle.  Near  their  apices  these  bristles  are 
all  quite  smooth. 


Text  fig.  2.  Blossia  laminicornis  sp.  nov.  a,  Right  chelicera  of  male  viewed  from  the 
outer  side,  showing  flagellum  and  some  of  the  long  bristles  which  occur  on  the 
distal  portion  of  the  upper  jaw.  b,  Upper  jaw  of  same  viewed  from  the  mesial 
side,  c,  The  denticles  on  the  surface  of  the  flagellum,  highly  magnified. 

Tergites.  On  the  first  abdominal  tergite,  and  to  a less  extent  on  the  second 
and  third,  there  are  some  short  stout  scattered  spines : on  the  posterior  tergites 
such  spines  do  not  occur,  nor  are  the  numerous  short  cylindrical  bristles  so  long 
as  the  above  mentioned  spines. 

Sternites.  On  the  second  sternite  there  is  a pair  of  long  curved  fleshy  hairs 
on  each  side.  The  hairs  of  each  pair  are  closely  approximated  along  their 
whole  length.  The  pairs  arise  from  adjacent  points,  near  to  the  midline,  and 
cross  each  other  at  their  apices. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


67 


Pedipalp.  The  tibia  of  the  pedipalp  carries  from  three  to  six  spines  on  the 
lower  surface,  and  the  metatarsus  two.  The  cylindrical  bristles  on  the  dorsal 
surface  of  the  tibia  of  the  palp  are  very  short  in  the  basal  half  of  the  segment, 
long  in  the  distal  half. 

Colour.  The  general  colour  is  pale  yellow. 

Measurements.  Total  length  12-2,  length  of  palp  15-5,  length  of  flagellum 
i-i5- 

An  adult  female  captured  at  the  same  time  has  a general  resemblance  to 
the  male,  but  the  limbs  are  shorter  and  weaker.  The  third  tooth  of  the  upper 
jaw  is  of  moderate  size:  the  outer  row  comprises  seven  teeth  and  the  inner 
row  three,  the  two  basal  ones  of  the  latter  being  close  together:  the  inter- 
mediate tooth  of  the  lower  jaw  is  small.  On  the  tibia  of  the  pedipalp  there 
are  four  long  spines  which  are  relatively  weaker  than  in  the  male,  and  two  or 
three  occur  also  on  the  tarsus.  The  surfaces  of  the  body  are  unfortunately  too 
rubbed  for  descriptive  purposes. 

Total  length  11,  length  of  palp  9-4. 


Order  ARANEAE. 

Family  AVICULARIIDAE. 

Acanthodon  monticoloides  sp.  nov. 

The  types  of  this  species  are  single  specimens  of  the  adult  male  and  female 
collected  at  Pigg’s  Peak,  Swaziland,  by  Mr  A.  Roberts  (16.  v.  1916).  It  is 
related  to  A.  monticola  mihi  (. Annals  Trans.  Mus.  v.  p.  185),  but  is  easily 
distinguished  therefrom  in  the  absence  of  spinules  or  spinuliform  setae  on 
coxa  III  in  either  sex. 

Male. 

Chelicerae.  The  inner  row  of  teeth  is  represented  by  a single  fairly  large 
tooth:  the  main  row  has  seven  teeth. 

Pedipalps.  Tarsus  with  one  long  stout  spine  near  the  apex  superiorly  and 
several  weaker  ones.  The  band  of  spines  margining  the  excavation  of  the 
tibia  is  interrupted  in  the  middle:  there  are  nine  or  ten  spines  distally  and 
10-14  proximally. 

Legs.  Coxa  III  with  a strip  of  scattered  setae  along  its  post-ventral 
border,  a few  of  these  setae  being  much  longer  and  rather  stouter  than  the 
rest,  though  none  can  be  described  as  spiniform.  Tibia  I scarcely  stouter  than 
the  patella,  except  near  the  apex,  but  decidedly  stouter  than  the  metatarsus, 
equal  to  the  metatarsus  in  length,  its  distal  tubercle  bearing  a long  flattened 
black  process  with  rather  blunt  apex : there  is  a row  of  3-5  rather  weak  spines 
along  the  outer  side  inferiorly.  Metatarsus  I not  bent  nor  incrassated  in  any 
part  of  its  length,  practically  straight:  on  the  outer  side  inferiorly  is  a row  of 
five  long  and  fairly  stout  spines,  and  on  the  inner  side  inferiorly  are  two  such 
spines.  Tarsus  I with  one  spine  anteriorly  and  one  or  two  posteriorly:  in- 
feriorly it  is  thinly  scopulate.  Tarsi  II— IV  all  scopulate  to  the  base.  Band  of 
spinules  on  anterior  side  of  patella  IV  stretching  over  about  three-fifths  of  the 
length  of  the  segment  and  comprising  only  about  a dozen  spinules.  Patella  III 
with  nine  or  ten  spinules  on  the  anterior  surface,  including  the  several  short 
spines  on  the  apical  edge,  also  with  one  weak  spine  on  the  dorsal  surface  and 
two  or  three  at  the  apex  posterodorsally. 


68 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Sternum  with  three  pairs  of  sigilla,  the  first  pair  being  marginal. 

Carapace.  Length  of  ocular  area  a trifle  greater  than  one-third  of  the 
distance  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  to  the  fovea.  Frontals 
about  one-fifth  of  a diameter  apart,  subequal  to  the  anterior  medians.  Pos- 
terior row  in  a procurved  line,  the  medians  being  about  2J  diameters  apart 
but  hardly  1^  diameters  distant  from  the  laterals. 

Measurements.  Total  length  13,  length  of  carapace  5,  breadth  of  carapace 
4-7,  length  of  tibia  of  first  leg  4-7. 

Female. 

The  principal  characters  of  the  female  are:  sternum  trisigillate,  the  first 
pair  being  a little  removed  from  the  margin:  coxa  III  with  stifiish  setae  along 
the  postventral  border:  tibia  II  with  nine  or  ten  spines  on  its  anterior  side: 
patella  IV  with  the  band  of  spines  on  its  anterior  side  stretching,  with  inter- 
ruptions, almost  to  the  end  of  the  segment : tibia  IV  without  distinct  spines  on 
the  anterior  surface  except  one  or  two  at  the  apex  inferiorly:  chelicerae  with 
one  large  tooth  representing  the  inner  row:  ocular  area  only  very  slightly 
longer  than  one-third  of  the  distance  from  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  to 
the  fovea,  frontal  e}res  about  half  a diameter  apart  but  on  a single  tubercle,  the 
eyes  of  the  posterior  row  being  related  to  each  other  much  as  in  the  female  but 
the  hind  margins  are  more  or  less  in  one  straight  line.  Total  length  24,  length 
of  carapace  9,  breadth  of  carapace  7-7.  The  colour  of  the  female  is  dark  chest- 
nut brown  on  the  carapace  and  appendages,  the  abdomen  also  infuscated : the 
male  has  a yellowish  brown  carapace  and  appendages. 


Acanthodon  gracilipes  sp.  nov. 

Type.  A single  adult  male  from  East  London,  collected  by  Dr  Geo.  Rattray 
in  August  1916.  The  species  is  evidently  closely  related  to  A.  thorelli  O.  P. 
Cambr.,  which  is  indefinitely  located  “ S.  Africa,”  but  seems  to  differ  therefrom 
in  the  character  of  the  frontal  eyes.  It  may  also  prove  to  be  related  to  A. 
kentanicus  Purcell,  a species  which  is  only  known  through  the  female  type 
specimen. 

Carapace.  Anteriorly  it  is  truncated,  thus  differentiating  the  anterior  and 
lateral  margins.  In  front  of  the  fovea  the  carapace  is  rather  strongly  raised, 
and  there  is  no  distinct  groove  between  the  cephalic  and  thoracic  regions;  and 
indeed  all  the  normal  radiating  grooves  of  the  carapace  are  obsolete.  The 
whole  carapace  is  laterally  compressed  except  in  the  posterior  fifth.  Ocular 
area  almost  but  not  quite  as  long  as  two-fifths  of  the  distance  from  the  centre 
of  the  fovea  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace:  frontal  eyes  about  one- 
sixth  of  a diameter  apart,  considerably  larger  than  the  anterior  medians: 
frontal  quadrangle  about  as  wide  in  front  as  behind:  posterior  row  of  eyes 
subequally  spaced,  or  the  distance  between  lateral  and  median  slightly  less 
than  the  distance  between  the  medians:  posterior  margin  of  posterior  row 
situated  in  a straight  or  slightly  recurved  line:  posterior  lateral  eyes  long  and 
large,  being  decidedly  larger  than  the  anterior  medians. 

Legs.  Tibia  I slightly  longer  than  metatarsus  I,  and  not  incrassated,  its 
distal  tubercle  bearing  a short  pointed  process.  Metatarsus  I not  incrassated 
nor  bent  at  any  point,  and  viewed  from  the  side  it  appears  only  very  slightly 
bowed : on  its  outer  side  is  a row  of  five  spines,  but  on  the  inner  side  there  are 
no  spines  nor  stout  bristles  except  the  two  spines  at  the  apex.  Tarsus  I 
scopulate  but  not  very  strongly,  without  spines  on  either  side.  Patella  III 


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69 


with  about  twenty-four  or  twenty-five  short  spines  on  the  anterior  side, 
including  those  on  the  distal  edge,  also  with  a strip  of  about  seven  rather 
longer  ones  dorsally : IV  with  short  spines  over  f—f  of  the  length  of  the  segment. 
Coxa  III  with  a band  of  stiff  setae  on  its  post-ventral  border,  but  the  stiff 
setae  are  sparsely  scattered  in  the  distal  half  of  the  segment,  and  the  band  is 
only  well  defined  in  the  basal  half. 

Pedipalp.  Tibia  about  twice  as  long  as  deep,  the  excavation  with  the  usual 
strip  of  short  spines,  wdiich  may  be  quite  broken  in  the  middle  or  more  or  less 
continuous.  Tarsus  with  a group  of  stout  spines  at  the  apex  superiorly. 

Chelicerae.  The  main  row  of  teeth  includes  5-7  large  teeth  and  one  or  two 
minute  ones  at  the  base  of  the  series : in  addition,  there  is  a single  large  tooth 
on  the  inner  side  of  this  series,  adjacent  to  the  one  or  two  minute  teeth. 

Colour.  Carapace  and  appendages  yellowish  brown:  abdomen  superiorly 
somewhat  infuscated. 

Measurements.  Total  length  13,  length  of  carapace  4-8,  breadth  of  carapace 
3*65,  length  of  tibia  I 5,  of  metatarsus  I 4-4,  of  first  leg  24-4,  of  second  leg  iq-6, 
of  third  leg  17 -8,  of  fourth  leg  25-5. 

Female. 

The  principal  characters  of  the  female  are  as  follows:  coxa  III  with  a tuft 
of  stiff  setae  on  its  post-ventral  border,  but  the  tuft  is  only  compact  in  the 
basal  half  and  even  there  is  not  so  dense  as  in  the  females  of  hirsutus:  sternum 
with  two  pairs  of  sigilla,  the  first  pair  being  slightly  removed  from  the  margin : 
dentition  of  chelicerae  as  in  the  male : length  of  ocular  area  very  slightly  more 
than,  or  subequal  to,  two-fifths  of  the  distance  between  the  anterior  margin  of 
the  carapace  and  the  middle  of  the  fovea : frontal  eyes  about  one-quarter  of  a 
diameter  apart  and  situated  on  a common  tubercle  which  is  grooved  above, 
the  frontal  quadrangle  being  considerably  broader  in  front  than  behind: 
posterior  median  eyes  only  a trifle  nearer  to  the  laterals  than  to  each  other, 
the  posterior  margins  of  the  posterior  row  in  a slightly  recurved  line : anteriorly, 
patella  IV  is  spined  over  f—f  of  its  length : the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace 
is  well  marked  off  from  the  lateral  margin : the  pair  of  long  setae  behind  the 
ocular  area  is  situated  midway  between  the  middle  of  the  fovea  and  the 
anterior  margins  of  the  anterior  median  eyes.  Total  length  15*5,  length  of 
carapace  5-2,  breadth  of  carapace  4*5. 

Acanthodon  hirsutus  sp.  nov. 

The  types  of  this  species  are  four  adult  males  collected  at  East  London  by 
Mr  F.  Cruden  during  June  1915.  The  species  is  related  to  A.  microps  mihi  from 
Grahamstown,  to  A.  gracilipes  sp.  nov.,  and  to  the  Kentani  species  A.  ken- 
tanicus  Purcell.  The  adult  males  of  these  species — except  that  of  hentanicus 
which  is  unknown — can  easily  be  distinguished  by  the  characters  mentioned 
in  the  accompanying  key,  but  the  females  are  less  sharply  differentiated,  and 
the  only  available  points  of  distinction  seem  to  be  those  presented  by  the 
fringe  of  stout  setae  on  the  inferior  surface  of  coxa  III  and  the  ocular  charac- 
ters. 

Carapace.  Anteriorly  it  is  truncated,  the  anterior  and  lateral  margins  being 
well  differentiated.  Except  on  the  head  region,  the  surface  is  depressed.  The 
groove  between  cephalic  and  thoracic  regions  is  well  defined,  over  a portion  of 
its  length  at  least,  and  other  radial  grooves  are  present  on  the  carapace. 

Ocular  area  about  two-fifths  as  long  as  the  distance  from  the  anterior  margin 


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of  the  carapace  to  the  centre  of  the  fovea : frontal  eyes  about  one-quarter  of 
a diameter  apart ; posterior  laterals  nearer  to  the  posterior  medians  than  are  the 
latter  to  each  other : posterior  margins  of  posterior  row  in  a slightly  procurved 
line. 

Legs.  Tibia  I subequal  to  metatarsus  I in  length,  and  only  slightly  in- 
crassated:  distal  tubercle  bearing  a short  pointed  process.  Metatarsus  I is 
slightly  bowed  when  seen  from  the  side : there  is  no  marked  bend  or  incrassation 
in  its  course,  although  there  is  faint  indication  of  a bend  near  the  base  on  the 
inner  side  but  no  spine  in  that  neighbourhood : on  the  inner  surface  there  is  a 
number  of  stout  bristles  or  spiniform  setae  which  are  only  absent  near  the  base 
of  the  segment,  and  distally  there  is  usually  a spine  in  addition  to  the  one  on 
the  apical  edge.  Tarsus  I strongly  scopulate,  with  one  or  two  spines  on  each 
side  or  such  spines  may  be  absent.  Patella  III  with  about  11-18  short  spines 
on  the  anterior  side,  including  those  at  the  distal  edge,  but  without  any 
distinct  spines  dorsally  though  several  stiff  bristles  occur  there : IV  with  short 
spines  over  about  one-half  of  the  length  of  the  segment  and  an  odd  one  or  two 
may  also  occur  in  the  distal  half  of  the  segment.  Coxa  III  with  stifhsh  setae 
on  its  post- ventral  border,  the  setae  being  sparsely  scattered  in  the  distal  half 
and  more  densely  aggregated  proximal! y. 

Pedipalp.  Tibia  about  twice  as  long  as  deep,  the  excavation  margined  by 
a more  or  less  continuous  band  of  spines.  Tarsus  with  one  or  several  weak 
spines  at  the  apex  superiorly. 

Colour.  Carapace  and  legs  pale  yellowish  brown,  abdomen  somewhat 
infuscated  superiorly. 

Measurements.  Total  length  9-8,  length  of  carapace  4-4,  breadth  of  carapace 
3*5,  length  of  tibia  I 3-25,  of  first  leg  18,  of  second  leg  16,  of  third  leg  13*8,  of 
fourth  leg  19. 

Female. 

The  principal  characters  of  the  female  are  as  follows:  coxa  III  with  a 
dense  broad  tuft  of  stiff  setae  on  its  post- ventral  border,  the  setae  being  fairly 
closely  disposed  even  in  the  distal  half  of  the  segment : ocular  area  hardly  two- 
fifths  as  long  as  the  distance  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  to  the 
centre  of  the  fovea,  and  the  pair  of  long  setae  behind  the  ocular  area  is  situated 
nearer  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  anteromedian  eyes  than  to  the  centre  of 
the  fovea:  frontal  eyes  about  ^ of  a diameter  apart,  situated  on  a low 
tubercle  which  is  grooved  above,  the  frontal  quadrangle  broader  in  front: 
posterior  medians  nearer  to  the  laterals  than  to  each  other : posterior  margins 
of  posterior  row  of  eyes  approximately  in  a straight  line : anteriorly,  patella  IV 
is  spined  over  f-f  of  its  length:  anterior  margin  of  carapace  well  marked  off 
from  lateral  margin : two  pairs  of  sternal  sigilla,  the  anterior  pair  submarginal. 
Total  length  20,  length  of  carapace  6-7,  breadth  of  carapace  5-25. 

Acanthodon  nigropilosus  sp.  nov.  (text  fig.  3 a and  b) 

Types.  An  adult  male  and  female  from  Arnhemburg,  Carolina,  collected 
by  Mr  A.  Roberts  (19.  ix.  1915).  The  specific  name  has  reference  to  the  strong 
development  of  blackish  hairs  on  the  appendages  and  sternum  of  the  female. 

The  characters  of  the  adult  male  are  as  follows: 

Colour.  Carapace  and  appendages  for  the  most  part  pale  yellowish  brown : 
abdomen  purplish  above:  the  membrane  adjoining  the  margins  of  the  carapace 
is  also  strongly  tinted  with  purple. 

Pedipalp.  The  tibia  is  about  twice  as  long  as  deep,  its  excavation  being 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


7 1 


bordered  by  a continuous  strip  of  spinules : altogether  there  are  about  thirty- 
two  spinules.  Tarsus  with  one  strong  spine  and  two  weaker  ones  at  the  apex 
superiorly. 

Chelicera.  There  is  a single  series  of  teeth,  at  the  base  of  which  on  the  inner 
side  is  a single  moderate  sized  tooth : the  single  series  comprises  seven  or  eight 
teeth  of  which  only  the  distal  five  are  of  moderate  size,  those  at  the  base  of  the 
series  being  quite  small. 

Legs.  Tibia  I slightly  shorter  than  metatarsus  I,  swollen  but  not  greatly 
so:  the  two  tubercles  near  the  apex  are  large,  but  the  distal  one  has  only 
quite  a short  black  pointed  process  at  its  apex:  inferiorly,  towards  the  posterior 
side,  there  is  a strip  of  about  seventeen  spines,  including  those  on  the  mesial 
part  of  the  lower  surface.  Viewed  from  the  side,  metatarsus  I is  distinctly 
bowed : from  above,  it  presents  a distinct  angular  bend  on  the  inner  side  at  a 
point  situated  about  one-third  of  its  length  from  the  base,  and  at  a point  two- 
thirds  of  the  distance  along  the  segment  there  is  another  bend  but  only  very 
slight  and  hardly  noticeable  except  as  the  point  of  origin  of  a spine,  the  only 
spine  on  the  inner  side  except  that  at  the  apex : inferiorly  there  is  a row  of  three 


Text  fig.  3.  Acanthodon  nigropilosus  sp.  nov.  Tibia  and  metatarsus  of  first  leg  (left 
side),  (a)  from  the  mesial  side,  ( b ) in  dorsal  view. 


spines  towards  the  outer  side  and  two  at  the  apex.  Tarsus  I with  three  spines 
on  the  anterior  side  and  five  on  the  posterior  side,  inferiorly  with  rows  of  setae 
but  not  scopulate.  Tarsus  II-IV  all  scopulate  to  the  base.  Band  of  spinules 
on  anterior  side  of  patella  IV  only  present  in  the  basal  half  of  the  segment  and 
comprising  about  six  or  seven  spinules.  Patella  III  with  about  6-9  spinules  on 
the  anterior  side,  but  none  on  the  dorsal  surface  except  one  or  two  on  the 
distal  edge. 

Carapace.  The  length  of  the  ocular  area  is  barely  one-third  of  the  distance 
from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  to  the  fovea.  Frontal  eyes  about 
one-fifth  of  a diameter  apart;  anterior  medians  subequal  to  the  frontals: 
posterior  row  in  a procurved  line,  the  medians  being  rather  more  than  i| 
diameters  apart  and  a little  more  than  a diameter  distant  from  the  laterals. 

Measurements.  Total  length  9-5  mm.,  length  of  carapace  3-65,  of  tibia  of 
first  leg  275,  of  metatarsus  of  first  leg  3-1. 

The  chief  characters  of  the  adult  female  are  as  follows : 

Legs.  Coxa  III  with  slender  setae  along  the  post- ventral  border.  Tibia  II 
with  10-12  spines  on  its  anterior  side.  Patella  IV  with  the  band  of  spines  on 


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its  anterior  side  stretching  only  half-way  along  the  segment  though  an  odd 
spine  occurs  in  the  naked  area  of  the  distal  half.  Tibia  IV  without  spines  on 
the  anterior  surface. 

Chelicerae  with  a single  row  of  teeth  below  and  at  the  base  thereof  a 
single  rather  large  tooth  internally  situated. 

Ocular  area  subequal  to  or  very  slightly  longer  than  one-third  of  the 
distance  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  to  the  fovea : frontals  about 
one-sixth  of  a diameter  apart,  not  projecting  strongly  from  the  front  margin 
of  the  carapace:  posterior  medians  only  very  slightly  nearer  to  the  laterals 
than  to  each  other,  the  distance  between  the  medians  about  equal  to 
diameters.  The  head  region  of  the  carapace  is  marked  with  three  longitudinal 
blackish  lines,  two  of  them  tangential  to  the  posterior-lateral  eyes,  and  one  of 
them  being  median:  posteriorly  they  terminate  at  a point  about  midway 
between  the  ocular  area  and  the  fovea:  the  membrane  at  the  margins  of  the 
carapace  is  also  deeply  pigmented. 

Measurements.  Total  length  15,  length  of  carapace  4-75,  breadth  of 
carapace  3*75. 

The  female  resembles  that  of  A . crudeni  mihi,  but,  apart  from  the  several 
minor  structural  differences  which  might  not  seem  sufficient  for  specific 
separation  on  female  characters  alone,  the  two  may  be  easily  distinguished  by 
the  darker  pigmentation  of  nigropilosus.  The  males  are  different  in  the 
characters  of  the  first  metatarsus,  which  in  crudeni  is  not  bent  and  is  rather 
more  elongated  than  that  of  nigropilosus. 

Acanthodon  mossambicus  sp.  nov. 

The  types  are  two  adult  males  from  Magude,  Portuguese  E.  Africa, 
collected  by  Mr  G.  van  Dam  (2.  vii.  1915).  The  characters  are  as  follows: 

Colour.  Carapace  and  appendages  pale  yellowish  brown,  abdomen  in- 
fuscated. 

Sternum  with  three  pairs  of  sigilla,  the  first  pair  submarginal. 

Chelicera.  A single  row  of  teeth,  at  the  base  of  which  on  the  inner  side  is  one 
large  tooth,  the  basal  teeth  of  the  main  series  being  small. 

Pedipalp.  The  tibia  is  about  twice  as  long  as  deep,  the  excavation  bordered 
by  stout  spines  or  spinules  which  however  are  absent  in  the  middle : the  distal 
group  includes  about  5-8  spines  and  the  proximal  group  about  8—10. 

Tarsus,  viewed  from  above,  presenting  a distinct  lobe  on  each  side  distally. 

Legs.  Tibia  I very  slightly  shorter  than  metatarsus  I,  swollen  but  not  very 
greatly  so : the  two  tubercles  near  the  apex  are  large  and  the  distal  one  bears 
a long  black  flattened  process  blunt  at  the  tip:  inferiorly,  it  carries  a row  of 
four  spines  on  the  outer  side. 

Metatarsus  I almost  straight,  with  one  or  two  strong  spines  on  the  outer 
side  inferiorly  or  none  at  all  apart  from  those  at  the  apex.  Tarsus  I with  no 
distinct  spines  on  the  anterior  side  and  with  one  or  none  on  the  posterior  side, 
but  on  each  side  long  spiniform  setae  occur:  inferiorly  it  is  thinly  scopulate. 
Tarsi  II— IV  all  scopulate  to  the  base.  Band  of  spinules  on  anterior  side  of 
patella  IV  stretching  over  about  §-§  of  the  length  of  the  segment  and  com- 
prising about  eighteen  spinules.  Patella  III  with  about  12-14  spinules  on  the 
anterior  side,  including  those  on  the  distal  edge,  but  on  the  dorsal  surface 
there  are  only  one  or  two  apart  from  those  at  the  apex.  Coxa  III  with  a patch 
of  stiffish  setae  on  the  inferior  surface  posteriorly. 


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73 


Carapace.  Length  of  ocular  area  subequal  to,  or  very  slightly  greater  than, 
one-third  of  the  distance  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  to  the 
fovea.  Frontal  eyes  about  one-fifth  of  a diameter  apart,  very  slightly  larger 
than  the  anterior  medians:  posterior  row  in  a procurved  line,  the  medians 
being  about  if  diameters  apart  and  about  a diameter  distant  from  the  laterals. 

Total  length  13-25,  length  of  carapace  4-75,  of  tibia  of  first  leg  4-1,  of  meta- 
tarsus of  first  leg  4-5. 

There  is  another  adult  male  example  agreeing  closely  with  the  above  from 
the  junction  of  the  Limpopo  and  Olifants  Rivers,  P.E.A.,  also  collected  by 
Mr  G.  van  Dam  (6.  vii.  1915)-  In  this  example  the  third  pair  of  sternal  sigilla 
is  only  very  faintly  indicated : the  eyes  are  a trifle  larger  than  in  the  types,  the 
anteromedians  being  subequal  to  the  frontals : the  fourth  patella  carries  only 
about  twelve  spinules  on  its  anterior  side. 

The  species  is  no  doubt  related  to  A.  pectinipalpis  Pure,  described  from 
Zululand ; the  characters  of  the  posterior  row  of  eyes  should  serve  to  distinguish 
the  two  forms. 

Female. 

The  collection  includes  no  females  from  Magude,  but  a series  of  small 
specimens  from  the  junction  of  the  Limpopo  and  Olifants  Rivers  and  a single 
one  of  somewhat  larger  size  from  Papai  are  no  doubt  referable  to  mossambicus. 
The  principal  characters  of  the  series  are : sternum  trisigillate : a strip  of  coarse 
setae  on  the  post- ventral  border  of  coxa  III:  ocular  area  slightly  exceeding  in 
length  one-third  of  the  distance  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  to 
the  fovea : frontal  eyes  about  one-quarter  of  a diameter  apart,  or  very  slightly 
more : posteromedian  eyes  rather  more  or  rather  less  than  two  diameters  apart 
and  about  1^  diameters,  or  less,  distant  from  the  posterolaterals : patella  IV 
only  spined  in  its  basal  half  or  three-fifths  anteriorly.  The  ocular  characters 
vary  according  to  the  size  of  the  individual,  the  frontals  being  always  com- 
paratively close  together,  and  the  posterior  medians  being  always  nearer  to 
the  laterals  than  to  each  other. 

. Total  length  of  Papai  specimen  18-5  mm.,  length  of  carapace  5-8,  breadth 
of  same  4-7:  the  largest  specimen  of  the  other  series  has  a carapace  4-75  long. 

Acanthodon  hepburni  sp.  nov. 

Type.  A single  adult  male  example  from  Majuba  Nek,  Herschel  dist.,  C.P., 
collected  by  Mr  Ivan  Hepburn,  B.A. 

It  is  closely  related  to  A . spiricola  Purcell,  found  at  Kentani,  but  can  be 
distinguished  at  once  by  the  characters  of  the  ocular  area. 

Carapace.  Anterior  margin  truncated.  Radiating  grooves  obsolete,  repre- 
sented by  short  shallow  depressions.  Ocular  area  about  as  long  as  one-third  of 
the  distance  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  to  the  centre  of  the  fovea. 
Frontal  eyes  almost  one-third  of  a diameter  apart,  and  fairly  large,  being 
decidedly  larger  than  the  anteromedians,  the  frontal  quadrangle  being  quite 
as  broad  in  front  as  behind : dorsal  cleft  between  the  two  frontal  eyes  fairly 
deep.  Posterior  median  and  posterior  lateral  eyes  closely  approximated,  the 
distance  between  the  medians  being  more  than  twice  the  distance  between 
median  and  lateral : the  posterior  lateral  moderately  long,  but  smaller  in  area 
than  the  anterior  median. 

Legs.  Tibia  I slightly  longer  than  metatarsus  I and  not  incrassated,  its 
distal  tubercle  bearing  a short  pointed  process.  Metatarsus  I is  decidedly 


74 


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bowed  in  side  view,  and,  seen  from  above,  appears  very  slightly  bent  outwards 
at  a point  near  to  the  base : on  the  outer  side  is  a spine  at  the  apex,  and  a few 
bristles  or  stiff  setae  along  the  length  of  the  segment:  on  the  inner  side  is  a 
series  of  bristles,  but  no  spines  except  one  at  the  apex.  Tarsus  I thinly  scopu- 
late  and  without  spines.  Patella  III  with  five  or  six  short  spines  on  the  anterior 
side  superiorly,  including  those  on  the  distal  edge,  but  with  none  dorsally 
except  for  a short  weak  one  near  the  distal  edge.  Patella  IV  with  five  short 
spines  on  the  basal  portion  of  the  segment.  Coxa  III  with  a few  stiff  setae  on 
the  post-ventral  border,  but  these  setae  do  not  form  a conspicuous  tract. 

Pedipalp.  Tibia  about  twice  as  long  as  deep,  the  excavation  armed  with  a 
continuous  strip  of  short  spines:  tarsus  with  one  or  two  weak  spines  at  the 
apex  superiorly. 

Chelicerae.  There  is  a main  row  of  seven  teeth  and  near  the  base  of  the 
series  on  its  inner  side  is  a single  large  tooth. 

Colour.  Carapace  and  appendages  yellowish  brown:  abdomen  superiorly 
slightly  infuscated. 

Measurements.  Total  length  io  (approx.),  length  of  carapace  3-5,  breadth 
of  carapace  2-75,  length  of  tibia  of  first  leg  3,  of  metatarsus  of  first  leg  3-25, 
of  first  leg  16*5,  of  second  leg  13-75.  of  third  leg  11-5,  of  fourth  leg  15-5. 

Female. 

Four  female  examples  from  the  same  source  present  the  following  charac- 
ters: coxa  III  writh  a thin  and  inconspicuous  strip  including  a few  stiffish 
setae  on  its  post- ventral  border : two  pairs  of  sternal  sigilla,  the  first  pair  being 
slightly  removed  from  the  margin : dentition  essentially  similar  to  that  of  the 
male,  the  main  row  comprising  four  large  distal  teeth,  two  small  teeth  and  two 
minute  proximal  teeth,  internal  to  which  is  situated  a single  large  tooth : length 
of  ocular  area  very  slightly  less  than  one-third  of  the  distance  between  the 
anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  and  the  centre  of  the  fovea : frontal  eyes  about 
§— 1 diameter  apart,  situated  on  a common  tubercle  which  is  deeply  grooved 
above,  the  frontal  quadrangle  being  about  as  broad  behind  as  in  front: 
posterior  median  eyes  decidedly  nearer  to  the  laterals  than  to  each  other:  a 
line  tangential  to  the  anterior  median  and  posterior  lateral  eyes  in  front  is  very 
markedly  recurved,  and  the  hind  margins  of  the  posterior  row  are  in  a pro- 
curved  line:  anteriorly,  paMla  IV  is  spined  in  the  basal  half:  anterior  margin 
of  carapace  fairly  well  marked  off  from  the  lateral  margin  and  mesially  it  may 
project  forwards  considerably:  the  pair  of  long  setae  behind  the  ocular  area 
is  situated  a little  further  from  the  middle  of  the  fovea  than  from  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  anterior  median  eyes:  general  colouration  olive  brown.  Total 
length  about  15-5,  length  of  carapace  6,  breadth  of  carapace  4-7,  distance 
from  centre  of  fovea  to  anterior  margin  of  carapace  3-75,  distance  from  centre 
of  fovea  to  hind  margin  of  posterior  median  eyes  2-55. 

The  female  of  A.  spiricola  is  very  similar  thereto,  but  the  ocular  area  is 
still  shorter,  and  the  line  joining  the  anterior  margins  of  the  anterior  median 
and  posterior  lateral  eyes  is  practically  straight.  A full  sized  specimen  has  the 
following  measurements:  length  of  carapace  6-2,  distance  from  centre  of  fovea 
to  anterior  margin  of  carapace  3-9,  distance  from  centre  of  fovea  to  hind  margin 
of  posterior  median  eyes  2-85. 


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75 


j Preliminary  Key  to  the  S.  African  species  of  the  genus  Acanthodon 
(=  Ctenolophus  Purcell  + Gorgyrella  Purcell)  based  on  the  characters  of 
adult  Males. 

1.  Tibia  I longer  than  metatarsus  I. 

(a)  Tibia  of  palp  about  twice  as  long  as  deep,  the  excavation  with  a more 
j or  less  continuous  strip  of  short  spines  arranged  in  a single  row  in  the  middle. 
Band  of  spines  on  anterior  surface  of  patella  IV  stretching  the  whole  length 
of  the  segment  but  in  the  distal  three-fifths  there  is  only  a single  row  and  the 
l!  distal  spine  is  a good  distance  from  its  neighbour;  III  with  about  eighteen 
spinules  anteriorly,  including  those  on  the  distal  edge.  Ocular  area  extending 
over  about  one-third  of  the  distance  between  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
carapace  and  the  fovea:  frontal  eyes  about  one-quarter  of  a diameter  apart  or 
| a trifle  more:  posterior  medians  two  diameters  apart  or  slightly  more  and 
I diameters  or  a little  less  distant  from  the  posterior  laterals.  Tibia  I 4-25  mm. 

1 long,  metatarsus  I 3-75  mm.  (loc.?).  A.  thorelli  O.  P.  Cambr.1 

(. b ) Frontal  eyes  one-sixth  of  a diameter  apart.  (For  other  characters  see 
description.)  [East  London.]  A.  gracilipes  sp.  nov. 

2.  Tibia  I subequal  to  metatarsus  I . 

A.  With  two  pairs  of  sternal  sigilla. 

(a1)  Tibia  I only  slightly  incrassated,  the  distal  tubercle  bearing  a short 
black  pointed  process:  metatarsus  I practically  straight  and  not  incrassated 
or  bent  at  any  point : tarsus  I only  weakly  scopulate,  without  spines  on  either 
side  or  only  one  weak  one  posteriorly.  Patella  III  with  a band  of  about  twenty 
spines  on  its  anterior  surface  and  a strip  of  six  or  seven  weaker  ones  dorsally, 
apart  from  those  on  the  distal  edges;  IV  with  short  spines  over  J-f  of  the 
length  of  the  segment.  Coxa  III  with  a band  of  stiffish.  setae  along  its  post- 
ventral  border.  Tibia  of  palp  a trifle  more  than  twice  as  long  as  deep,  the 
excavation  bordered  by  a continuous  band  of  spinules : tarsus  with  a group  of 
spines  at  the  apex  superiorly.  Ocular  area  extending  a little  more  than  one- 
third  of  the  distance  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  to  the  fovea: 
frontal  eyes  about  one-quarter  of  a diameter  apart,  larger  than  the  anterior 
medians,  the  quadrangle  formed  by  these  four  eyes  being  very  slightly  wider 
in  front.  Length  of  carapace  5-3  mm.,  of  tibia  I 5-15.  (Grahams town.) 

A . microps  Hewitt. 

(b1)  Similar  to  microps  but  smaller  (length  of  carapace  4-5),  and  differing 
as  follows:  metatarsus  I seen  from  the  side  is  distinctly  bowed,  and  the  inner 
lateral  surface  carries  a number  of  stout  bristles  or  spiniform  setae  (wanting 
in  microps ),  only  absent  near  the  base  of  the  segment:  tarsus  I strongly 
scopulate.  (East  London.)  A.  hirsutus  sp.  nov. 

(c1)  Metatarsus  I very  distinctly  curved  proximally  when  seen  from  the 
side,  concave  also  internally  at  the  base  and  slightly  incrassated  internally  at 
the  end  of  the  basal  fourth,  the  eminence  bearing  one  short  spine,  and  3-4 
stout  spiniform  setae.  Excavation  of  tibia  of  palp  furnished  with  a broad 
semicircular  band  of  short  close-set  spinules.  Area  formed  by  the  frontal  and 
anterior  median  eyes  very  slightly  wider  in  front  than  behind.  (Durban.) 

A.  cregoei  Purcell2. 

1 I have  examined  the  type  in  the  British  Museum. 

2 Species  unknown  to  me. 


7 6 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


B.  With  three  pairs  of  sternal  sigilla. 

(a11)  Metatarsus  I only  very  slightly  bowed,  not  bent  nor  incrassated  in  any  j 
part  of  its  length,  carrying  on  the  outer  side  inferiorly  a row  of  five  or  six  spines 
including  those  at  the  apex.  Tibia  I only  a little  stouter  than  the  metatarsus,  j 
its  distal  tubercle  bearing  a long  pointed  black  process.  The  spines  margining 
the  excavation  of  the  tibia  of  the  palp  not  forming  a continuous  band,  the 
strip  being  interrupted  in  the  middle.  Coxa  III  with  a band  of  scattered 
stifhsh  setae  along  its  post-ventral  border,  those  more  basally  situated  being 
shorter  and  more  or  less  subspiniform.  (Magaliesberg,  near  Pretoria.)  [It  is 
related  to  the  species  under  3 A but  the  process  on  the  distal  tubercle  of  tibia  I 
is  more  slender.]  A . monticola  Hewitt. 

(frn)  The  process  on  the  distal  tubercle  of  tibia  I is  strongly  flattened  and 
obtuse  at  the  apex.  Coxa  III  without  subspiniform  setae  in  the  band  of  setae 
on  its  post- ventral  border.  (Pigg’s  Peak.)  A.  monticoloides  sp.  nov. 

3.  Tibia  I shorter  than  metatarsus  I (only  very  slightly  so  in  crudeni). 

A.  Three  pairs  of  sternal  sigilla.  Distal  tubercle  of  tibia  I bearing  an  elongated 
flattened  black  process,  rounded  or  blunt  at  the  end. 

(ain)  Metatarsus  I slightly  bowed  when  viewed  from  the  side  but  not  bent 
nor  incrassated  in  any  part  of  its  length.  Frontal  eyes  about  one-third  of  a 
diameter  apart  or  a trifle  less,  the  frontal  quadrangle  of  the  ocular  area 
broader  behind  than  in  front,  the  posterior  medians  being  much  nearer  to  the 
laterals  than  to  each  other.  (Alicedale.)  A.  abrahami  Hewitt. 

(bni)  Metatarsus  I arcuate  in  its  basal  half,  with  concavity  looking  inwards, 
strongly  bent  in  the  middle.  Frontal  eyes  quite  separate,  about  one-half  a 
diameter  or  more  apart,  the  frontal  quadrangle  being  appreciably  wider 
behind.  (Jansenville.)  A.  ochreolum  Pocock. 

(cHi)  Metatarsus  I with  a distinct  bend  at  a point  about  one-third  of  its 
length  distant  from  the  apex.  Coxa  III  with  a patch  of  sharp  rather  weak 
spinules  in  its  basal  half  posteriorly  below.  (Roodeplaat,  near  Pretoria.) 

A.  schreineri  minor  subsp,  nov. 
(dm)  Metatarsus  I almost  straight  or  very  slightly  curved,  without  con- 
cavity or  thickening  near  the  base  on  the  inner  surface.  Excavation  of  tibia 
of  palp  armed  with  a semicircular  band  of  stout  spines.  Frontal  eyes  very 
close  together,  the  area  formed  by  the  frontal  and  anterior  medians  being 
parallel  sided  or  wider  behind,  the  posterior  medians  almost  or  quite  as  far 
from  the  laterals  as  from  each  other.  (Zululand.)  A.  pectinipalpis  Purcell1. 

(em)  Metatarsus  I almost  straight.  Excavation  of  tibia  of  palp  not  armed 
with  a continuous  strip  of  spines,  but  with  a distal  group  of  5-8  and  a proximal 
group  of  8-10.  Frontal  eyes  about  one-fifth  of  a diameter  apart:  posterior 
medians  about  if  diameters  apart  and  about  a diameter  distant  from  the 
laterals.  (Magude,  P.E.A.)  A . moss ambicus  sp.  nov. 

1 The  Transvaal  Museum  has  an  example  from  Malelane  which  is  perhaps  referable 
to  this  species.  Metatarsus  I has  a slight  but  distinct  bend  about  the  middle  of  its 
length,  and  on  the  outer  side  is  a row  of  three  or  four  spines.  The  excavation  on  the 
palpal  tibia  has  a distal  group  of  8-10  spines  and  a basal  group  of  ten  or  eleven. 

Posterior  median  eyes  quite  ii  diameters  distant  from  the  laterals,  and  about  if 
diameters  apart : frontals  about  one-quarter  of  a diameter  apart.  Length  of  carapace 
6*7 5.  [Coll.  24.  vi.  1916  by  Mr  A.  Roberts.] 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


77 


B.  Only  two  pairs  of  sternal  sigilla.  The  black  process  on  the  distal 
tubercle  of  tibia  I is  short  and  pointed. 

(#iv)  Metatarsus  I not  incrassated  internally  at  any  point,  but  seen  from 
the  side  it  is  curved  near  the  base.  Excavation  of  tibia  of  palp  with  a con- 
tinuous band  of  short  spines.  Ocular  area  extending  scarcely  more  than  one- 
quarter  of  the  distance  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  to  the  fovea : 
frontal  eyes  separated,  about  two-fifths  of  a diameter  apart,  the  frontal 
quadrangle  being  slightly  wider  behind,  the  frontal  and  antero-median  eyes 
subequal  in  area.  (Kentani.)  A.  spiricola  Purcell. 

(6lv)  Similar  to  spiricola,  but  ocular  area  a little  longer,  reaching  almost 
one-third  of  the  distance  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  to  the  Centre 
of  the  fovea:  frontal  eyes  decidedly  larger  than  the  anteromedians.  (Majuba 
Nek,  Herschel  dist.)  A.  hepburni  sp.  nov. 

(civ)  Metatarsus  I decidedly  curved  and  there  is  a slight  incrassation  on 
the  inner  side  near  the  base,  this  thickened  region  being  without  spines  although 
superiorly  and  laterally  stifiish  bristles  extend  therefrom  up  to  near  the  apex 
of  the  segment.  Excavation  of  tibia  of  palp  with  a more  or  less  continuous 
band  of  short  spines*  weak  in  the  middle.  Frontal  eyes  very  close  together, 
the  area  formed  by  the  frontals  and  anterior  medians  being  much  wider  behind 
than  in  front.  Ocular  area  extending  about  one-third  of  the  distance  from  the 
anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  to  the  fovea.  Seen  from  above,  the  lateral 
and  front  margins  of  the  carapace  form  a fairly  sharp  curve  anteriorly,  the 
anterior  margin  not  being  strongly  truncated.  A small  form  with  carapace 
only  3 mm.  long.  (Based  on  two  specimens  collected  at  East  London  by  Mr  F. 
Cruden,  the  type  of  the  species  occurring  near  Grahamstown.) 

A.flaveolum  Poc.  (var.)1. 

(diy)  Metatarsus  I slightly  incrassated  internally  near  the  base,  the 
thickened  region  being  beset  with  stiff  bristles  but  no  spines:  seen  from  the 
side  it  is  curved  near  the  base.  Band  of  short  spines  bordering  the  excavation 
of  the  tibia  of  the  palp  broken  a little  in  the  middle.  Carapace  not  strongly 
truncated  anteriorly.  Frontal  eyes  very  close  together,  the  area  formed  by 
frontals  and  anterior  medians  being  very  distinctly  wider  behind  than  in 
front:  ocular  area  a trifle  longer  than  one-third  of  the  distance  from  the 
anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  to  the  fovea.  (Alicedale.) 

A.  crudeni  Hewitt. 

(<2iv)  Metatarsus  I with  a weak  but  distinct  angular  bend  on  the  inner  side 
at  a point  about  one-third  of  its  length  from  the  base,  and  at  a point  two-thirds 
of  the  distance  along  the  segment  is  another  bend  but  only  very  slight  and  hardly 
noticeable  except  as  the  point  of  origin  of  a spine.  Tibia  I swollen  but  not 
greatly  so.  Tarsus  I with  three  spines  on  the  anterior  side  and  five  on  the 
posterior  side.  Frontal  eyes  about  one-fifth  of  a diameter  apart,  the  frontal 
quadrangle  being  decidedly  wider  behind  than  in  front.  (Arnhemburg, 
Carolina  dist.)  A.  nigropilosus  sp.  nov. 

1 The  female  closely  resembles  flaveolum  from  Grahamstown,  the  frontal  eyes 
being  very  near  together  on  a strongly  raised  common  tubercle  which  projects 
forwards  anteriorly  and  has  no  median  cleft  superiorly  or  only  a slight  one.  The 
length  of  the  ocular  area  is  about  one-third  of  the  distance  from  the  anterior  margin 
of  the  carapace  to  the  fovea,  being  very  slightly  greater  than  in  typical  flaveolum. 


78 


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Heligmomerus  caffer  Purcell  ? sp. 

A very  fine  female  example  was  taken  at  Ma  Shangani  (4.  viii.  1916)  by 
Mr  G.  van  Dam.  The  carapace  is  13-9  mm.  long  and  12-75  broad.  The  distance  , 
between  the  posterior  median  eyes  is  almost  twice  as  great  as  the  distance 
between  posterolateral  and  posteromedian.  It  thus  appears  to  be  different  1 
from  the  Moorddrift  and  Bulawayo  forms  previously  recorded. 

Galeosoma  mossambicum  sp.  nov.  (text  fig.  4 a and  b ). 

Types.  A series  of  female  examples  from  Mazambo  and  from  Papai, 
localities  in  Portuguese  East  Africa,  collected  by  Mr  G.  van  Dam  in  July  1915. 
The  species  is  closely  related  to  G.  vandami  mihi  (text  fig.  4 c ),  from  the 
n 


Text  fig.  4.  a,  Galeosoma  mossambicum  sp.  nov.  Abdominal  shield  in  side  view,  b,  Galeo- 
soma mossambicum  sp.  nov.  Abdominal  shield  in  dorsal  view,  c,  Galeosoma 
vandami  Hwtt.  Abdominal  shield  in  side  view  of  specimen  from  Griffin  Mine, 
Leydsdorp.  d,  Galeosoma  planiscutalum  sp.  nov  Abdominal  shield  in  half  side 
view,  e,  Galeosoma  covonatum  Hwtt.  Abdominal  shield  in  side  view. 

Abdominal  shield.  The  upper  surface  is  lightly  and  fairly  uniformly  convex : 
its  outline  is  almost  a regular  oval,  except  that  in  front  there  is  a distinct  angle 
on  either  side,  the  front  portion  being  less  strongly  curved  than  the  corre- 
sponding portion  posteriorly.  The  marginal  surfaces  are  well  marked  off  from 
the  upper  surface  all  round,  the  line  of  junction  being  marked  by  a distinct 
ridge  which  in  front  is  quite  sharp  though  not  definitely  upturned : the  ridge  is 
only  a little  stronger  posteriorly  than  anteriorly.  Viewed  from  the  side,  the 
marginal  surface  is  considerably  deeper  in  the  middle  than  in  front  or  behind. 
This  marginal  surface  is  composed  of  two  portions  fairly  sharply  marked  off 
from  each  other:  the  anterior  portion  is  not  conspicuously  punctured  nor 
glossy,  being  closely  covered  with  short  fine  hairs ; the  posterior  portion,  which 
extends  forwards  on  either  side  as  far  as  the  anterior  angles  of  the  boundary 
of  the  upper  surface,* is  glossy  and  coarsely  punctured.  The  anterior  dull 
portion  which  occupies  the  whole  depth  of  the  marginal  surface  anteriorly  is 
continued  backwards  along  the  sides  of  the  shield  as  a thin  strip  at  the  base 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


79 


of  the  glossy  portion,  the  two  surfaces  blending  in  the  hind  quarter  of  the 
shield.  At  the  sides,  the  glossy  portion  is  obliquely  inclined  in  relation  to  the 
dull  basal  strip  or  to  the  upper  surface  with  which  latter  it  forms  an  obtuse 
angle.  The  upper  surface  of  the  shield  is  almost  completely  devoid  of  hairs: 
several  occur  on  the  lateral  edges  and  one  or  two  on  the  internal  portions  of 
the  surface.  The  glossy  part  of  the  marginal  surface  is  also  devoid  of  hairs 
except  in  its  posterior  half  where  basally  a fairly  dense  group  of  bristly  hairs 
occurs  on  each  side.  Dorsally,  the  soft  skin  of  the  abdomen  immediately 
anterior  to  the  shield  presents  several  transverse  rows  of  closely  approximated 
short  fine  setae  and  ventrolaterally  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  the 
shield  there  are  numerous  obliquely  arranged  lines  of  setae. 

Measurements.  Total  length  16,  length  of  carapace  7,  breadth  of  carapace 
5 -2,  length  of  shield  measured  along  the  upper  surface  8*4,  breadth  of  shield 
measured  across  upper  surface  6-3,  anterior  depth  of  shield  1-4,  posterior  depth 
of  shield  1-4,  greatest  depth  of  shield  (measured  about  the  middle  point  of  its 
length)  2-2. 

The  adult  specimens  from  Papai  are  noteworthy  in  that  the  glossy  lateral 
and  posterior  surfaces  of  the  shield  are  completely  devoid  of  hairs  which  is  not 
the  case  in  any  of  the  Mazambo  examples. 

Galeosoma  planiscutatum  sp.  nov.  (text  fig.  4 d). 

The  types  of  this  form  are  four  rather  small  female  examples  from  Buffels- 
draai,  Pretoria  dist.,  collected  by  Mr  A.  Roberts  (17.  iv.  1916).  These  specimens 
are  without  doubt  adult,  although  considerably  smaller  than  the  adults  of 
other  known  species.  The  form  of  the  shield  of  any  species  though  very  con- 
stant in  adult  specimens  collected  in  one  locality,  may  vary  considerably 
according  to  the  maturity  of  the  individual  and  eventually  it  may  be  found 
impossible  to  distinguish  between  the  various  species  except  in  the  fully  adult 
stages.  The  species  here  described  belongs  to  the  group  which  includes  palli- 
dum, pilosum  and  hirsutum. 

Shield.  The  upper  surface  is  broadly  oval  or  almost  round  in  outline  and 
quite  flat,  except  near  the  margin  where  it  is  strongly  upturned  all  round : it  is 
fairly  regularly  covered  with  shallow  punctuations  the  largest  of  which  are  a 
pair  situated  at  points  about  one-third  or  two-fifths  of  the  total  length  distant 
from  the  posterior  end,  the  distance  between  these  sigilla  being  about  half  the 
distance  of  either  from  the  margin  of  the  surface  or  at  any  rate  not  so  great  as 
that  distance : anteriorly,  there  may  or  may  not  be  another  pair  of  sigilla  but 
in  any  case  they  are  not  so  distinct,  their  distance  apart  being  equal  to  or 
somewhat  greater  than  their  distance  from  the  posterior  pair  but  much  greater 
than  their  distance  from  the  margin  of  the  surface.  The  general  surface  carries 
numerous  short  fine  setae  but  no  long  ones:  on  the  upturned  edge  however 
there  are  longer  stifhsh  setae.  The  marginal  surface  is  fairly  uniform  through- 
out, being  pitted  and  somewhat  roughened,  not  polished:  in  the  anterior  half 
it  is  hairy,  but  only  very  sparingly  so  in  the  posterior  half  except  just  at  the 
posterior  extremity:  it  is  for  the  most  part  at  right  angles  to  the  upper  surface 
except  posteriorly  where  the  two  surfaces  are  more  acutely  inclined  to  each 
other.  The  depth  of  the  marginal  surface  is  relatively  small  and  is  least 
posteriorly.  In  front  of  the  shield  superiorly  the  soft  skin  of  the  abdomen 
presents  well  defined  rows  of  setae. 

Carapace.  There  is  a very  long  stiff  bristle  arising  from  between  the  antero- 
median eyes,  a pair  of  shorter  and  weaker  ones  between  the  posteromedians, 
a single  weak  one  just  behind  the  frontal  eyes,  and  a pair  of  long  ones  behind 

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the  ocular  area  just  about  midway  between  the  median  weak  bristle  and  the 
fovea. 


Measurements.  Length  of  carapace  47,  breadth  of  carapace  3-6,  length  of 
upper  surface  of  shield  6-5,  breadth  of  upper  surface  of  shield  5*8,  anterior 
depth  of  shield  1-2,  posterior  depth  of  shield  -8. 


Mr  A.  Roberts  has  collected  at  New  Mukelneuk  two  quite  small  examples 
of  G.  hirsutum  which  in  the  flatness  and  shape  of  the  upper  surface  dosely 
resemble  the  species  now  described : they  differ  in  the  pronounced  hairiness  of 
the  shield  and  in  the  much  greater  depth  of  the  marginal  surface.  The  re- 
semblance to  planiscutatum  is  still  more  pronounced  in  three  minute  specimens 
from  New  Mukelneuk:  these  have  the  flat  upper  surface  quite  devoid  of  stiff 
hairs  though  fairly  long  delicate  hairs  occur  there. 


A flat  upper  surface,  bounded  all  round  by  an  upturned  edge,  is  also  met 
with  in  some  specimens  from  Lyttelton  Junction  and  from  Garstfontein : these 
differ  from  planiscutatum  in  the  greater  depth  of  the  marginal  surface  and  in 
the  absence  of  distinct  rows  of  setae  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  abdomen, 
anterior  to  the  shield. 


Galeosoma  vandami  Hwtt.  var.  nov.  circumjunctum  (text  fig.  4 c,  PI.  IV,  figs./ 
and  g ). 

This  form  is  founded  on  two  subadult  and  one  j uvenile  specimen  taken  at 
N'Wanedzi  River,  Zoutpansberg  dist.,  by  Mr  G.  van  Dam  (18.  vii.  1916).  It 
differs  from  the  typical  form  of  vandami  in  that  the  ridge  separating  the  two 
surfaces  is  quite  complete  all  round,  being  well  developed,  upturned,  and  quite 
sharp  anteriorly.  The  upper  surface  is  also  a little  more  flattened  than  in  that 
form,  but  a more  characteristic  feature  of  the  present  specimens  is  the  occur- 
rence of  three  pairs  of  long  bristly  hairs,  each  hair  arising  from  a slight  eminence 
on  the  dorsal  surface:  the  position  of  these  is  indicated  on  PI.  IV,  figs. /and g. 

Apart  from  these,  the  upper  surface  of  the  shield  is  devoid  of  long  hairs, 
though  numerous  very  fine  short  hairs  occur  there.  Similar  long  hairs  occur 
in  the  typical  form  of  vandami,  but  the  hair  pits  from  which  they  arise  are  not 
raised  or  scarcely  so : sometimes  four  pairs  of  stiff  setae  are  present. 

.Measurements.  Total  length  18;  length,  of  upper  surface  of  shield  8; 
breadth  of  upper  surface  of  shield  7*5;  depth  of  marginal  surface  anteriorly 
1-5;  depth  of  marginal  surface  posteriorly  1-15;  distance  of  base  of  first  hair 
from  anterior  margin  of  shield  2*8,  of  second  hair  from  anterior  margin  5,  of 
third  hair  6-4. 

I take  this  opportunity  of  giving  more  complete  measurements  of  the 
shield  of  vandami  than  were  included  in  the  description  of  that  species: 
specimen  from  Griffin  Mine  (PI.  IV,  fig.  e),  length  of  upper  surface  of  shield  8-5, 
breadth  of  upper  surface  7-5,  depth  of  marginal  surface  anteriorly  1*9,  depth 
of  marginal  surface  posteriorly  -8,  depth  of  marginal  surface  about  the  middle 
of  its  length  17. 

In  a series  of  six  specimens  from  Gravelotte  the  ridge  of  the  shield  is 
usually  quite  obsolete  anteriorly:  in  one  or  two  cases  it  is  weakly  indicated,  the 
marginal  region  in  front,  as  elsewhere,  including  a glossy  and  punctured 
secondary  surface  as  well  as  the  primary  marginal  surface. 

Two  specimens  referable  to  this  species  have  been  taken  recently  at 
Ngwaribango,  Letaba  River,  about  twenty -five  miles  N.W.N.  of  Leydsdorp: 
they  are  approximately  typical,  but  the  shield  is  large  and  the  marginal 
surfaces  well  defined  and  deep  although  the  ridge  of  separation  is  not  stronger 


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than  usual:  the  depth  of  the  marginal  surface  at  about  the  middle  of  its 
length  is  2-15,  and  at  this  point  the  two  surfaces  are  well  inclined:  the  punc- 
tuations of  the  marginal  and  dorsal  surfaces  are  not  very  coarse  and  do  not 
tend  to  merge  in  pairs  forming  coarser  pits. 

A single  example  from  Shiny  (about  twenty-seven  miles  E.  of  Gravelotte) 
probably  represents  a distinct  variety.  It  is  more  coarsely  punctured  on  the 
marginal  and  dorsal  surfaces  than  in  other  forms  of  the  species,  and  the 
punctures  tend  to  run  together  into  larger  pits.  The  marginal  surfaces  are  not 
deep,  and  the  ridge  of  separation  is  absent  anteriorly.  The  depth  of  the 
marginal  surface  at  about  the  middle  of  its  length  is  i-8,  the  two  surfaces 
being  very  obliquely  inclined  to  each  other  at  this  point:  greatest  length  of 
shield  9-3. 

A fairly  typical  example  was  taken  at  Silwane  (about  thirty-three  miles  E. 
of  Gravelotte)  by  Mr  G.  van  Dam.  This  was  accompanied  by  two  very  small 
specimens  which  differ  from  the  larger  adult  example  in  presenting  sharply 
defined  and  continuous  marginal  surfaces,  and  very  flat  dorsal  surfaces : three 
or  four  pairs  of  stiff  setae  occur  on  the  dorsal  surface  as  in  adults. 

Galeosoma  pluripunctatum  sp.  nov.  (PI.  IV,  fig.  d ). 

The  type  is  a single  adult  female  example  from  Mooi  Vley,  Rustenburg 
dist.  (W.  Powell).  It  is  closely  .related  to  schreineri  from  De  Aar,  and  vandami 
from  the  neighbourhood  of  Leydsdorp,  and  may  be  regarded  as  a connecting 
link  between  those. two  species.  The  upper  surface  of  the  shield  is  however 
more  closely  and  finely  pitted  than  in  either  of  the  above,  and  this  constitutes 
the  most  distinguishing  character  of  the  species.  That  surface  is  quite  devoid 
of  long  stiff  hairs  or  bristles  except  for  a pair  in  the  anterior  half — in  schreineri 
long  stiffish  hairs  are  fairly  numerous — and  except  for  the  punctures  is  levelled 
smooth  and  glossy.  The  marginal  ridge  between  the  upper  and  lateral  surfaces 
is  on  the  whole  like  that  of  schreineri : posteriorly  it  is  sharp  and  slightly  up- 
turned, whilst  anteriorly  it  is  practically  obsolete  as  a distinct  ridge  though 
there  is  a well  defined  angle  between  upper  and  marginal  surfaces,  this  angle 
amounting  to  only  a trifle  more  than  90°  mesially.  (In  schreineri  (PI.  IV,  fig.  c ) 
the  ridge  itself  though  blunt  is  perfectly  distinct  anteriorly  and  the  anterior  angle 
mesially  is  considerably  more  than  90° : in  typical  vandami  the  ridge  is  absent 
and  the  angle  not  well  defined.)  The  upper  surface  of  the  shield  is  only 
moderately  convex,  being  more  flattened  than  in  typical  vandami  or  schreineri. 
The  distance  between  the  posterior  median  eyes  is  only  a trifle  greater  than 
the  distance  between  the  posterior  median  and  posterior  lateral:  thus  it 
approaches  schreineri  rather  than  vandami,  apparently.  However,  ocular 
characters  are  not  altogether  trustworthy  when  dealing  with  a limited  amount 
of  material. 

Measurements.  Total  length  17,  length  of  upper  surface  of  shield  8*9, 
breadth  of  same  8-25,  depth  of  marginal  surface  anteriorly  1*75,  depth  of  same 
posteriorly  i-i,  depth  of  same  at  the  middle  of  its  length  1*65. 

Galeosoma  coronatum  Hewitt  (text  fig.  4 e,  PI.  IV,  fig.  a). 

Two  female  examples,  representing  a fairly  distinct  variety,  have  been 
taken  on  the  town  lands  adjoining  the  experimental  farm  at  Potchefstroom 
(G.  van  Dam  and  A.  Roberts).  In  the  original  description  of  this  species  it 
should  have  been  stated  that  a true  primary  marginal  surface  is  present  on  the 
shield,  but  is  moderately  deep  only  in  front  where  it  is  clearly  separated  from  the 
more  glossy  coarsely  punctured  adjacent  surface,  although  a sharply  defined 


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'boundary  ridge  is  not  present:  this  marginal  surface  rapidly  narrows  in  passing 
ventralwards  but  is  continuous  throughout  as  a more  or  less  definite  though 
very  narrow  marginal  strip  free  of  coarse  punctuations.  There  is  also  a much 
deeper  secondary  marginal  surface,  very  coarsely  pitted,  which  in  the  posterior 
half  of  the  shield  is  delimited  by  a distinct  ridge  in  the  type : it  is  glossy  and  i 
hairy  like  the  dorsal  surface,  of  which  indeed  it  is  a part : in  the  Potchefstroom 
specimens,  however,  it  is  less  noticeable  owing  to  the  absence  of  the  ridge  of 
separation  between  dorsal  and  secondary  marginal  surfaces,  but,  on  the  other  . 
hand,  the  primary  marginal  surface  is  rather  more  sharply  defined  but  not 
deeper  than  in  the  type.  The  shield  of  these  Potchefstroom  specimens  is 
decidedly  more  hirsute  than  in  the  type,  thus  approaching  hirsutum,  where, 
however,  the  relationships  of  dorsal  and  lateral  surfaces  are  quite  different. 
Although  the  posterior  ridge  is  absent  in  this  variety  yet,  a deep  secondary 
lateral  surface  may  be  recognised  especially  posteriorly,  and  in  fact,  as  in  the 
typical  form,  constitutes  a complete  but  very  indistinct  girdle,  the  curvature  of 
the  superior  surfaces  being  greatest  along  the  subcircular  line  of  junction:  in 
the  smaller  example,  these  two  surfaces  in  the  mesial  line  posteriorly  may  be 
said  to  be  angularly  inclined  to  each  other  at  about  120°,  the  secondary  mar- 
ginal surface  being  not  curved,  but  in  the  larger  specimen  the  angle  is  greater, 
and  the  two  surfaces  merge  to  a greater  extent.  This  variety  I now  designate 
Galeosoma  coronatum  var.  spheroideum.  Total  length  of  the  shield  10 -8, 
greatest  breadth  8-2,  anterior  depth  of  true  marginal  surface  2-4,  posterior 
depth  of  same  -4. 

Galeosoma  robertsi  Hewitt  (PL  IV,  fig.  b). 

Four  female  examples  have  been  taken  on  the  town  lands  adjoining  the 
experimental  farm  at  Potchefstroom  (G.  van  Dam  and  A.  Roberts).  The  ridge 
separating  dorsal  and  secondary  marginal  surfaces  is  quite  well  developed, 
extending  into  the  anterior  half  of  the  shield.  Otherwise,  they  do  not  differ 
appreciably  from  Pretoria  specimens  of  this  species. 

At  Venterskroon  (about  twenty  miles  S.E.  of  Potchefstroom)  Mr  van  Dam 
has  found  two  specimens  representing  a distinct  form  of  this  species.  These 
examples  chiefly  differ  from  the  typical  form  of  robertsi  in  the  possession  of 
long  hairs  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  shield:  the  hairs  are  rather  sparsely 
distributed,  being  not  quite  so  abundant  as  those  on  the  shield  of  coronatum 
typicum.  This  variety  may  therefore  be  known  as  Galeosoma  robertsi  var. 
crinitum.  The  primary  marginal  surface  in  the  typical  form  of  robertsi  is  quite 
sharply  differentiated  from  the  secondary  marginal  surface,  and,  though 
greatly  reduced  in  depth  except  anteriorly,  is  nevertheless  continuous  through- 
out uninterrupted  by  punctuations  or  furrows:  in  the  Venterskroon  specimens 
the  two  surfaces  are  not  so  sharply  separated,  and  posteriorly  the  primary 
surface  disappears  altogether,  the  whole  depth  of  the  shield  being  coarsely 
pitted  or  furrowed  posteriorly.  The  shape  of  the  shield  on  the  whole  agrees 
with  that  of  robertsi  typicus. 

This  variety  does  not  differ  greatly  from  typical  coronatum,  and  may  prove 
to  be  completely  connected  therewith  by  intermediates:  at  present,  the  two 
seem  separable  in  the  position  of  the  posterior  ridge  delimiting  the  upper  and 
secondary  marginal  surfaces:  in  the  shield  of  robertsi,  when  viewed  from  the 
side,  this  ridge  is  approximately  in  a line  with  the  anterior  ridge  separating 
the  dorsal  and  marginal  surfaces:  in  coronatum  the  posterior  ridge  is  on  a 
higher  level  at  its  anterior  extremity,  the  depth  of  the  marginal  surfaces  there 
being  greater  than  one-third  of  the  transverse  distance  between'the  ridges  of 


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83 


the  two  sides.  Again,  in  the  typical  form  of  coronatum,  the  secondary  marginal 
surface,  characterised  by  much  coarser  and  more  sparsely  disposed  pits  than 
the  dorsal  surface,  completely  encircles  the  dorsal  surface,  although  its  anterior 
portion  is  mainly  distinguishable  on  account  of  the  characteristic  punctuations : 
in  robertsi  the  secondary  marginal  surface  does  not  completely  encircle  the 
dorsal  surface,  being  quite  unrecognisable  anteriorly. 

Measurements . Length  of  shield  10-5,  breadth  of  shield  8,  depth  of  marginal 
surface  anteriorly  1-9,  depth  of  marginal  surface  posteriorly  1. 

I Spiroctenus  marleyi  sp.  nov.  (text  fig.  5). 

The  type  of  this  species  is  a single  adult  male  example  collected  at  Eshowe, 
Zululand,  by  Mr  H.  W.  Bell-Marley  who  kindly  presented  it  to  the  Albany 
Museum.  It  is  related  to  spinipalpis  but  can  be  easily  distinguished  therefrom 
through  the  characters  of  the  palp  and  first  leg:  for  example,  metatarsus  I is 
quite  devoid  of  a scopula. 

Legs.  Tarsus  IV  with  scopular  hairs  along  the  whole  length  of  the  segment 
on  each  side.  Metatarsus  I almost  straight,  with  two  spines  at  the  apex  in- 
teriorly, three  spines  on  the  anterior  surface,  four  on  the  posterior  surface,  and 
one  or  none  mesially  below,  but  no  scopula,  and  metatarsi  II— IV  are  also 
devoid  of  a scopula:  II  is  spined  much  like  I but  there  are  three  spines  at  the 
apex  inferiorly.  Tibia  I with  a pair  of  distal  spur-bearing  tubercles,  the  more 


Text  fig.  5.  Spiroctenus  marleyi  sp.  nov.  Distal  segments  of  male  palp  seen 

from  mesial  side. 

distal  tubercle  with  one  curved  and  comparatively  slender  spur  at  the  apex 
and  a curved  spine  at  the  base ; the  other  tubercle  very  weak,  bearing  a slender 
sigmoidly  curved  spur:  in  addition,  there  are  three  spines  on  the  anterior 
surface,  five  on  the  inferior  surface,  one  of  which  is  apically  situated,  but  none 
on  the  posterior  surface.  Tibia  II  with  three  spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly, 
two  on  the  anterior  surface  and  five  on  the  inferior  surface:  III  with  three 
spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly,  three  or  four  on  the  anterior  surface,  three  on  the 
lower  surface  and  three  or  four  on  the  posterior  surface.  Patella  I with  one  or 
two  weak  spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly,  II  with  2-0,  III  with  a row  of  three  short 
strong  spines  on  the  anterior  surface  and  below  this  row  there  are  two  longer 
but  weaker  spines,  IV  with  two  spines  on  the  anterior  surface  and  one  or  two 
setiform  spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly. 

Labium  and  basal  portions  of  maxillae  armed  with  small  elongated  black 
cusps:  there  are  about  fourteen  on  the  labium. 

Chelicerae  with  eight  or  nine  teeth  in  the  inner  row:  the  outer  row  includes 
six  sn?.all  teeth  and  a number  of  minute  ones  at  the  base  of  the  series:  the 
distal  tooth  of  tl*e  outer  row  is  in  a line  with  the  fourth  from  the  distal  end  of 
the  inner  row,  or  the  interval  between  fourth  and  fifth. 


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Posterior  spinners  with  the  apical  segment  about  half  as  long  as  the  pen- 
ultimate segment. 

Carapace  as  long  as' the  metatarsus  and  tarsus  of  the  first  leg,  and  about 
equalling  the  metatarsus  and  one-third  of  the  tarsus  of  the  fourth  leg. 

Pedipalp.  Tibia  with  an  inferolateral  row  of  three  spines  widely  separated 
from  each  other,  on  the  inner  side : of  these,  the  middle  one  is  longest  and  the 
proximal  one  weakest:  on  the  same  side  there  is  also  a more  dorsally  situated 
spine  near  the  apex  of  the  segment.  Patella  with  a single  weak  spine  or  strong- 
bristle  near  the  apex  on  the  inner  side.  Femur  with  three  strong  spines 
superiorly  near  the  distal  end. 

Colour.  Appendages  dull  brown,  carapace  dark  chestnut  brown,  abdomen 
infuscated  superiorly. 

Measurements.  Total  length  10-5,  length  of  carapace  4-6,  breadth  of  carapace 
3*2,  length  of  metatarsus  of  first  leg  2-65,  length  of  metatarsus  of  fourth  leg  4. 

A single  female  example  obtained  at  the  same  time  has  the  following 
characters:  dentition  essentially  similar  to  that  of  male,  the  inner  main  row 
having  nine  or  ten  moderate  sized  teeth  in  a series  which  is  interrupted  in 
several  places  by  an  intervening  minute  tooth:  the  outer  row  includes  5-8 
rather  small  teeth  in  a continuous  series,  at  the  base  of  which  is  a number  of 
minute  denticles,  the  distal  tooth  of  the  outer  row  being  opposite  to  the 
interval  between  the  third  and  fourth  inner  teeth  counting  from  the  apex: 
labium  with  ten  cusps : maxilla  with  about  twenty-two  cusps : fovea  procurved : 
patella  III  with  a row  of  five  stout  spines  along  the  anterior  surface,  the  most 
basal  one  being  very  short:  posterior  sternal  sigilla  slightly  more  than  twice 
their  length  apart:  metatarsus  I with  two  apical  spines  inferiorly  and  two 
along  the  outer  side  below:  the  two  anterior  pairs  of  tarsi  are  scopulate,  but 
not  densely  so,  and  metatarsi  I and  II  are  not  scopulate:  apical  segment  of 
posterior  spinners  slightly  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  penultimate  segment : 
the  claws  on  all  the  legs  have  the  usual  double  series  of  teeth,  but  the  more 
distal  row  is  composed  of  two  or  three  very  small  teeth. 

Colour.  Carapace  and  appendages  brown : abdomen  infuscated  superiorly, 
with  numerous  unarranged  pale  spots  which  break  up  the  original  dark  tree 
pattern. 

Total  length  15,  length  of  carapace  5-15. 

The  absence  of  scopulae  on  the  anterior  metatarsi  of  the  female  is  note- 
worthy, for,  in  females  of  all  other  species  of  this  genus  known  to  me,  a scopula 
occurs  on  the  distal  portion  of  the  first  metatarsus  at  any  rate:  it  is  just 
possible  that  the  specimen  now  described  is  immature,  and  that  a few  scopular 
hairs  may  occur  in  the  adult  female. 

Spiroctenus  spinipalpis  sp.  nov.  (text  fig.  6 a and  b,  PL  III,  fig.  b). 

This  species  is  based  on  an  adult  male  example  from  the  hill  above  Ruby 
Creek,  Swaziland,  where  it  was  collected  by  Mr  A.  Roberts  (18.  v.  1916).  It 
can  be  distinguished  at  once  from  any  of  the  described  species  of  Spiroctenus 
through  the  presence  of  strong  spines  on  the  tibia  of  the  palp.  It  is  probably 
closely  related  to  the  Barberton  species  described  by  me  under  the  name  of 
Paromostola  (?)  pardalina  ( Records  Albany  Museum,  11.  p.  424),  of  which  only 
the  female  is  known  (PI.  Ill,  fig.  a). 

Legs.  Tarsus  IV  scopulate  almost  to  the  base  on  each  side.  Metatarsus  I 
almost  straight,  being  only  slightly  bowed  towards  the  base  in  side  view,  with 
two  spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly,  three  spines  on  the  anterior  surface  and  four 


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on  the  posterior  surface,  one  of  them  in  each  case  being  situated  near  the  apex : 

!|  it  is  scopulate  in  the  distal  third.  Metatarsus  II  is  similarly  spined  but  is  not 
scopulate,  nor  is  there  a scopula  on  III  or  IV.  Tibia  I with  a pair  of  distal  spur- 
bearing tubercles,  the  more  distal  tubercle  with  one  curved  black  spur  at  the 
apex  and  a curved  spine  at  its  base,  the  other  tubercle  comparatively  weak,  its 
spur  being  sigmoidly  curved:  in  addition,  there  is  a row  of  three  long  spines 
along  the  anterior  surface,  about  eight  on  the  lower  surface  including  one  at 
the  apex,  also  one  on  the  posterior  surface.  Tibia  II  with  three  spines  at  the 
I apex  inferiorly,  six  on  the  lower  surface,  three  on  the  anterior  surface,  but  none 
on  the  posterior  surface:  III  with  three  spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly,  also  five 
or  six  on  the  lower  surface,  two  on  the  anterior  surface  and  three  on  the 
posterior  surface.  Patella  I with  two  spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly,  II  with 
only  one  spine  thus  situated,  III  with  a row  of  three  short  spines  on  the  anterior 
surface,  IV  without  spines. 


Text  fig.  6.  Spivoctenus  spinipalpis  sp.  nov.  a,  Palp  of  adult  male  seen  from  outer 
side,  b,  Portion  of  same  seen  from  inner  side. 


Labium  and  basal  portions  of  the  maxillae  armed  with  numerous  very 
minute  elongated  cusps.  Altogether  there  are  about  thirty-six  such  cusps  on 
the  labium. 

Chelicerae  with  nine  teeth  in  the  inner  row,  the  apical  one  being  small  and 
the  third  from  the  base  minute,  or  with  ten  teeth  altogether  the  third  and  the 
fifth  being  minute:  the  outer  row  extends  nearly  as  far  as  the  inner  row  and 
includes  eight  small  teeth  and  about  six  minute  ones  at  the  base  of  the  series. 

Pedipalps.  At  the  apex  of  the  tibia  on  its  outer  side  is  a row  of  three  very 
stout  spines : on  the  inner  side  distally  there  is  a single  fairly  strong  spine  and 
a similar  spine  occurs  more  ventrally,  quite  near  to  the  apex  and  in  the  same 
longitudinal  line  with  two  stouter  bristles  of  the  ventral  tuft. 


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Posterior  spinners  with  the  apical  segment  about  half  of  the  length  of  the 
penultimate  segment. 

Carapace  about  as  long  as  the  metatarsus  and  three-fourths  of  the  tarsus  of  j 
the  first  leg,  and  as  long  as  the  metatarsus  and  one-fourth  of  the  tarsus  of  the 
fourth  leg.  The  deep  part  of  the  fovea  has  a short  median  posterior  prolonga-  | 
tion,  being  more  or  less  T-shaped.  The  ocular  tubercle  is  well  marked  off  from 
the  general  surface  of  the  carapace.  The  lateral  margins  of  the  carapace  are 
fringed  with  stiff  bristles  which  are  strongest  and  most  numerous  in  the 
posterior  half.  The  greater  portion  of  the  carapace  is  glabrous  but  there  are  a 
few  setae  in  the  mesial  region  between  the  ocular  tubercle  and  the  fovea,  and 
scattered  stiff  setae  or  weak  bristles  occur  generally  over  the  posterior  portion 
of  the  carapace. 

Colour.  Carapace,  abdomen,  chelicerae  and  basal  part  of  palps  and  legs  as 
far  as  the  patellae  are  very  dark  brown : patellae  and  more  distal  segments  of 
legs  and  palps  pale  brown.  The  abdomen  is  infuscated  inferiorly. 

Measurements.  Total  length  13-2,  length  of  carapace  5-3,  breadth  of  cara- 
pace 4-1,  length  of  metatarsus  I 3*35,  of  metatarsus  IV  4-8. 

Spiroctenus  londinensis  sp.  nov.  (text  fig.  7 a and  b). 

This  species  is  based  on  an  adult  male  and  a series  of  females  collected  at 
East  London  by  Dr  Rattray  and  Master  Rattray.  The  adult  male  was  taken 
during  August  1916:  it  resembles  the  male  described  by  me  from  Pt.  Alfred 
(. Records  Albany  Mus.  11.  p.  467)  under  the  name  of  Spiroctenus  armatus  but 
differs  therefrom  in  the  characters  of  the  first  leg.  The  female  resembles  those 
of  Bessia  fossoria  Poc.  and  Bessia  minor  mihi,  differing  from  the  latter  in  the 
dentition  of  the  chelicerae  and  from  the  former  in  the  smaller  number  of  cusps 
on  the  labium. 

Legs.  Tarsus  IV  scopulate  to  the  base  on  each  side.  Metatarsus  I slightly 
bowed  in  side  view,  with  two  spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly,  one  or  two  long 
stout  spines  on  the  anterior  surface,  also  three  on  the  posterior  surface,  two 
of  the  latter  being  situated  inferiorly:  it  is  thickly  scopulate  in  the  distal  third. 
Metatarsus  II  has  two  spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly,  one  or  two  on  the  anterior 
surface  and  two  inferoposteriorly : it  is  thickly  scopulate  in  the  distal  third. 
Metatarsus  III  has  several  scopular  hairs  near  the  apex  inferiorly  but  IV  is 
quite  devoid  thereof.  Tibia  1 with  a pair  of  distal  spur-bearing  tubercles,  the 
more  distal  tubercle  with  two  stout  flattened  spurs  at  the  apex,  one  of  which 
is  about  twice  as  long  as  the  other:  the  other  tubercle  is  only  slightly  elevated, 
and  bears  at  the  apex  a strong  flattened  spur:  in  addition,  this  segment  bears 
a number  of  spines,  viz.  six  on  the  lower  surface  including  one  at  the  apex,  a 
row  of  two  or  three  on  the  anterior  surface  but  none  on  the  posterior  surface. 
Tibia  II  with  three  spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly,  three  on  the  lower  surface, 
and  two  or  three  on  the  anterior  surface  but  none  on  the  posterior  surface: 
III  with  three  spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly,  also  three  on  the  lower  surface, 
two  on  the  posterior  surface  and  one  or  two  dorsally  but  none  on  the  anterior 
surface.  Patella  I with  one  or  no  spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly,  II  likewise, 
III  with  a single  very  short  spine  on  the  anterior  surface,  IV  without  spines. 

Labium  and  basal  portions  of  the  maxillae  armed  with  rather  numerous 
minute  cusps.  Altogether  there  are  thirty-eight  such  cusps  on  the  labium. 

Chelicerae  with  about  thirteen  teeth  in  the  inner  row:  the  outer  row  is 
composed  of  minute  teeth  and  extends  not  quite  half-way  along  the  main  series. 

Posterior  spinners  with  the  apical  segment  about  three-fifths  as  long  as  the 
penultimate  segment. 


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8 7 


Palp.  On  the  inner  (anterior)  surface  of  the  tibia  are  two  long  but  rather 
weak  spines  and  many  of  the  bristles  forming  the  tuft  on  the  ventral  surface 
I of  this  segment  are  spiniform. 

Sternum.  The  second  pair  of  sigilla  is  not  deeply  sunk  in  depressions. 

Carapace  about  as  long  as  the  metatarsus  and  three-fifths  of  the  tarsus  of 
the  fourth  leg,  and  a trifle  longer  than  the  combined  metatarsus  and  tarsus  of 
the  first  leg.  The  deep  part  of  the  fovea  is  slightly  procurved.  The  lateral 
margins  of  the  carapace  are  fringed  with  bristles  which  are  most  numerous  in 
the  posterior  half.  The  surfaces  are  for  the  most  part  devoid  of  setae  but  some 
occur  in  the  posterior  half,  a few  occur  on  the  mid-line  between  the  fovea  and 
the  ocular  tubercle,  others  along  lines  radiating  from  the  fovea  and  some  fine 
hairs  occur  on  the  lateral  portions  of  the  head  region. 


Text  fig.  7.  a,  Dentition  of  chelicera  in  female  of  Spiroctenus  londinensis  from  East 
London,  b,  Tibia  and  metatarsus  of  first  leg  of  adult  male  Spiroctenus  londinensis 
from  East  London,  viewed  from  inner  side,  c,  Same  in  adult  male  Spiroctenus 
minor  Hwtt.  from  Alicedale.  d,  Same  in  adult  male  Spiroctenus  armatus  Hwtt. 
from  Pt.  Alfred. 


Colour.  Carapace  dark  brown,  chelicerae  and  femora  of  legs  and  palps 
blackish  brown;  the  remaining  segments  of  the  legs  and  palps  are  reddish 
brown  except  the  tarsi  and  metatarsi  which  are  a little  darker,  those  of  the 
first  two  pairs  of  legs  being  about  the  same  tint  as  the  carapace.  Upper  surface 
of  abdomen  dull  yellowish  with  infuscations  which  are  somewhat  indefinitely 
shown,  being  obscured  by  the  black  bristly  hairs  which  cover  the  surface:  in 


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the  posterior  half  there  is  however  distinct  indication  of  thin  dark  cross  stripes. 
Sternum  and  lower  surfaces  of  appendages  pale  reddish  brown : abdomen  pale 
inferiorly. 

Measurements.  Total  length  22,  length  of  carapace  8,  breadth  of  carapace 
6-15,  length  of  metatarsus  I 5,  of  metatarsus  IV  6-35. 

The  more  important  characters  of  the  female  are  as  follows:  the  inner 
series  of  teeth  on  the  fang  groove  includes  about  fifteen  large  or  moderate 
sized  teeth  forming  a long  but  somewhat  irregular  row : the  outer  group  includes 
numerous  minute  teeth  in  four  or  five  rows,  the  whole  group  extending  less 
than  half-way  along  the  main  series:  labium  with  about  thirty -five  cusps: 
patella  III  with  one  or  two  very  short  but  stout  spine’s  on  the  anterior  surface: 
fovea  procurved. 

The  palps  and  legs  are  pale  brown,  becoming  dark  on  the  distal  segments : 
the  carapace  is  castaneous,  the  chelicerae  blackish  brown.  The  abdomen  is 
infuscated  superiorly,  and  has  numerous  small  indistinct  pale  spots : ventrally 
it  is  pale. 

Total  length  27,  length  of  carapace  10,  breadth  of  carapace  7,  length  of 
fourth  metatarsus  6. 

I am  indebted  to  Dr  Rattray  for  the  following  information  on  the  nests  of 
this  species.  The  lids  of  the  female  nests  are  of  the  same  remarkable  type  as 
that  described  by  Mr  F.  Cruden  for  Bessia  minor  (S.  African  Journ.  of  Science , 
1916,  p.  606,  PI.  28,  figs,  g,  h and  T).  The  hinge  of  attachment  is  very  long  and 
curved : there  is  also  a well-developed  hinge  down  the  middle  of  the  lid  as  if  it 
had  been  made  in  two  distinct  halves  which  were  afterwards  united  together. 
When  the  lid  is  wide  open,  its  two  halves  are  in  the  same  plane:  when  closed 
down,  they  form  an  angle  of  about  120°  with  each  other.  The  two  halves  of 
the  lid  are  not  weighted  in  any  way,  thus  differing  from  that  of  minor.  Claw 
and  fang  marks  are  not  localised  in  any  one  spot  on  the  lower  surface.  The 
tubular  retreat  is  deep,  passing  downwards  for  a distance  of  about  six  or  seven 
inches,  the  lower  portion  being  free  of  web  and  lodged  amongst  the  entangled 
roots  of  adjacent  shrubs.  Each  nest  may  have  two  lids,  as  in  minor,  but  more 
frequently  has  only  one.  The  male  was  found  in  a lidless  tubular  retreat. 

Spiroctenus  curvipes  sp.  nov.  (text  fig.  8 a-c,  PI.  Ill,  figs,  d and  e). 

This  species  is  founded  on  one  adult  male  and  a series  of  female  examples 
collected  at  Klipspruit,  Utrecht  dist.,  by  Mr  J.  Breyer.  It  is  most  probably 
nearly  related  to  S.  personatus  Simon,  from  Delagoa  Bay  ( Actes  Soc.  Lin. 
Bordeaux,  xlii.  1888),  the  description  of  which  is  too  incomplete  for  specific 
recognition:  however,  judging  from  Simon’s  reference  to  the  colouration  of  the 
abdomen  and  to  the  characters  of  the  metatarsus  and  tibia  of  the  first  leg  in 
that  species,  it  seems  likely  that  the  two  are  distinct. 

The  characters  of  the  male  are  as  follows : 

Colour.  Anterior  portion  and  sides  of  carapace  pale  with  a reddish  tinge, 
hinder  portion  dark.  Legs  dark,  almost  black,  except  the  coxae  of  the  first 
two  pairs  which  are  reddish  yellow.  Inferiorly,  the  sternum  and  all  the  coxae 
are  reddish  yellow.  Abdomen  dark  above  with  somewhat  indistinct  darker 
cross  stripes  broken  in  the  middle;  inferiorly  pale. 

Legs.  The  surfaces  are  rather  thickly  clothed  with  long  hairs  or  bristles. 
Tarsus  IV  not  scopulate.  Metatarsus  I rather  strongly  curved,  with  two  spines 
at  the  apex  inferiorly,  three  on  the  inner  surface  the  largest  and  stoutest  of 
which  is  situated  at  the  bend  and  is  itself  strongly  curved,  also  three  or  four 


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on  the  outer  surface.  Metatarsus  II  with  two  spines  on  the  inner  side,  one  at 
; the  apex  inferiorly,  one  long  weak  one  on  the  lower  surface  in  the  basal  half 
and  one  or  two  on  the  outer  surface.  Metatarsus  I and  II  only  scopulate  in  the 
I distal  two-fifths  inferiorly,  III  in  the  apical  fifth  or  fourth,  IV  not  at  all. 
Tibia  I with  a pair  of  distal  spur-bearing  tubercles,  the  more  distal  tubercle 
with  only  one  spur  apically  situated  and  without  spur  or  spine  at  its  base: 
ventrally,  this  segment  also  bears  four  or  five  long  spines  several  of  which  may 
be  rather  slender.  Tibia  II  with  three  spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly,  four  long 
ones  on  the  inferior  surface,  one  on  the  anterior  surface,  and  two  on  the 
posterior  surface  : III  with  three  at  the  apex  inferiorly,  also  four  or  five  on  the 
lower  surface,  two  on  the  anterior  surface  and  four  on  the  posterior  surface, 
one  of  the  latter  being  situated  dorsally  near  the  base  of  the  segment  and 
another  quite  near  to  the  apex.  Patellae  I and  II  with  a single  spine  at  the 
apex  inferiorly:  III  with  a row  of  three  strong  spines  on  the  anterior  surface, 
also  one  weaker  one  on  the  inferior  portion  of  that  surface  near  the  apex: 
IV  with  one  or  two  long  and  very  slender  spines  on  the  anterior  surface. 


Text  fig.  8.  Spiroctenus  cuvvipes  sp.  nov.  a,  Tibia  and  metatarsus  of  first  leg  of  adult 
male,  b,  Dentition  of  female  (small  specimen),  c.  Sternum  of  adult  male  to  show 
the  position  of  the  sigilla  and  the  sense  organs. 


Posterior  spinners  with  the  apical  segment  about  half  or  three-fifths  of  the 
length  of  the  penultimate  segment. 

Chelicerae  with  eight  or  nine  teeth  in  the  inner  row,  the  three  or  four  large 
teeth  at  the  distal  end  of  the  series  being  crowded  together  and  those  at  the 
base  far  apart,  the  one.  or  two  teeth  in  the  middle  of  the  series  being  much 
smaller  than  the  others : there  is  also  a shorter  outer  row  of  five  small  teeth. 

Labium  and  maxillae  muticous. 

Carapace  about  equal  in  length  to  the  metatarsus  and  half  of  the  tarsus  of 
the  fourth  leg,  just  exceeding  the  tarsus  and  metatarsus  of  the  first  leg.  Fovea 
slightly  procurved.  Sides  of  carapace,  especially  posteriorly,  strongly  fringed 
with  long  black  bristles,  and  the  general  surface  except  on  the  radial  depressions 
is  sparsely  covered  with  short  bristles  posteriorly  or  hairs  anteriorly. 


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Posterior  sternal  sigilla  elongated,  rather  more  than  two  diameters  apart 
and  about  three-fifths  of  a diameter  distant  from  the  sternal  margin.  There  is 
no  pit-like  depression  on  the  sides  of  the  sternum.  Besides  the  larger  sigilla 
of  normal  position,  there  are  several  pairs  of  small  ones,  all  situated  remote 
from  the  margin  (see  fig.).  These  are  no  doubt  sensory  structures,  essentially 
similar  to  the  lyriform  organs  that  occur  on  the  legs.  The  same  structures 
occur  in  the  males  of  5.  zebrina  Purcell. 

Abdomen.  Anteriorly,  the  upper  surface  carries  a number  of  long  black 
bristles  and  long  stiff  hairs  backwardly  directed. 

Measurements.  Total  length  n mm.,  length  of  carapace  4-1  mm. 

The  more  important  characters  of  the  female  are  as  follows:  dentition  of 
chelicerae  resembling  that  of  the  male,  the  teeth  being  arranged  in  two  rows, 
the  larger  inner  row  including  one  or  two  small  teeth  in  the  middle  of  the 
series,  those  more  basally  situated  being  rather  widely  separated  from  each 
other  whilst  the  distal  group  includes  three,  four,  or  five  teeth  crowded  to- 
gether (see  fig.) : labium  with  5-7  cusps,  maxillae  with  24-28  cusps:  the  tarsi 
of  the  two  anterior  pairs  of  legs  are  well  scopulate  and  likewise  also  the  meta- 
tarsi but  to  a less  extent,  the  scopula  of  the  first  metatarsus  stretching  the 
whole  length  of  the  segment  on  one  side  at  any  rate:  metatarsus  I with  two 
apical  spines  inferiorly  and  two  along  the  outer  side  below : paired  tarsal  claws 
with  an  outer  basal  row  of  three  well-developed  teeth,  the  more  distal  one 
longest,  but  the  inner  distal  row  is  ill-developed,  being  represented  by  three 
or  four  small  teeth  on  tarsus  I and  by  one  small  tooth  or  none  at  all  on  tarsus 
IV : patella  III  with  a row  of  three  (occasionally  two)  stout  spines  along  the 
anterior  surface:  fovea  procurved:  apical  segment  of  posterior  spinners  rather 
more  than  half  as  long  as  the  penultimate  segment.  In  the  largest  example  the 
posterior  sternal  sigilla  are  about  a diameter  distant  from  the  sternal  margin 
and  a little  more  than  a diameter  apart.  The  carapace  and  legs  are  pale 
olivaceous  but  on  the  mesial  area  of  the  cephalic  region  there  are  black  hairs 
sparsely  scattered  although  the  cephalic  portion  is  paler  than  the  rest  of  the 
carapace:  abdomen  with  dark  oblique  cross  stripes  on  each  side  superiorly 
except  in  front  where  it  is  uniformly  infuscated,  but  ventrally  and  laterally 
it  is  pale.  Total  length  21  mm.,  length  of  carapace  6-5  mm. 

This  species  is  at  once  separated  from  any  of  those  described  by  Dr  Purcell 
under  the  generic  name  Hermachastes  by  the  dentition  of  the  chelicerae. 
Unfortunately  there  is  no  reference  to  this  character  in  the  description  of 
5.  personatus.  There  can  be  little  doubt,  however,  but  that  Simon’s  species, 
the  genotype  of  Spiroctenus,  is  referable  to  the  section  which  includes  Homo- 
stola  zebrina  Pure.  (PI.  Ill,  fig.  c),  and  the  species  just  described. 

The  Transvaal  Museum  has  a series  of  adult  females  with  young,  from 
Madjabesane,  fourteen  miles  from  Komati  Poort,  which  are  perhaps  identical 
with  personatus.  In  this  series  we  find  the  following  characters : abdomen  dark, 
mottled  with  pale  spots ; chelicerae  with  two  rows  of  teeth  somewhat  as  in  cur - 
vipes ; labium  with  5—15  cusps:  posterior  sternal  sigilla  about  1-1^  diameters 
apart,  or  appreciably  more  in  young  specimens ; posterior  spinners  with  apical 
segment  about  half  as  long  as  the  middle  segment;  fovea  procurved;  patella  III 
with  a group  of  stout  spines  along  the  anterior  surface ; metatarsus  I with  two 
spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly  and  in  addition  with  one  or  two  along  the  lower 
surface  on  its  outer  side.  This  is  very  near  to  my  5.  punctatus  ( Annals  Durban 
Mus.  1.  p.  222)  from  Ngxwala  Hill,  N.  Zululand.  Recently,  Mr  A.  Roberts  has 
taken  female  examples  apparently  identical  with  the  Madjabesane  species  at 
Wvldesdale,  Swaziland. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


9* 


Pelmatorycter  breyeri  sp.  nov.  (text  fig.  9,  PI.  II,  fig.  c). 

The  type  of  this  species  is  an  adult  male  collected  at  Klipspruit,  Natal,  by 
Mr  J.  W.  F.  Breyer.  The  species  is  closely  related  to  my  P.  nudus  ( Annals 
Transvaal  Mus.  v.  p.  192),  described  from  Little  Wonderboom,  but  differs 
therefrom  chiefly  in  the  presence  of  distinct  scopulae  on  all  the  metatarsi, 
whereas  in  nudus  scopulae  are  quite  absent  from  metatarsi  III  and  IV. 

Pedipalp.  Pressed  forwards,  the  palp  extends  to  a point  about  two-fifths 
of  the  distance  along  tibia  I.  Maxilla  with  a pair  of  denticles  at  the  antero- 
basal  angle  interiorly. 

Chelicerae  with  nine  teeth  in  the  inner  row. 

Legs.  Tarsus  I with  a single  spine  near  the  apex  on  the  posterior  side, 
II  with  3-5  spines  on  the  posterior  side,  III  with  six  or 
seven  spines  on  the  anterior  side  and  three  or  four  on  the 
posterior  side,  IV  with  about  six  on  the  anterior  side  and 
two  on  the  posterior  side.  Metatarsus  I with  three  spines 
at  the  apex  interiorly  and  two  on  the  lower  surface,  II  with 
three  at  the  apex  and  four  or  five  on  the  lower  surface,  IV 
with  about  eleven  spines  on  the  lower  and  anterior  surfaces, 
besides  those  at  the  apex,  and  with  two  on  the  posterior 
surface.  Tibia  I interiorly  with  three  spines  at  the  apex, 
seven  on  the  inferior  surface,  four  on  the  anterior  surface, 
one  of  which,  the  basal  one,  being  very  small,  and  one  on 
the  posterior  surface  near  the  base.  Patella  III  with  about 
twenty  spines  on  the  anterior  surface  but  only  two  on  the 
dorsal  surface ; IV  completely  without  spines.  Tarsal  clawsof 
fourth  leg  with  five  internal  (mesial)  teeth  and  three  or  two 
external  teeth.  Tarsus  IV  broadly  and  densely  scopulate. 

The  scopula  of  metatarsus  III  is  only  present  in  the 
apical  fifth,  but  of  IV  in  the  distal  two-fifths  of  the  length 
of  the  segment. 

Posterior  spinners.  Apical  segment  about  as  long  as  the 
middle  segment. 

Posterior  sternal  sigilla  large,  pear-shaped,  hardly  dia- 
meters apart  and  not  quite  half  a diameter  distant  from 
the  sternal  margin. 

Carapace.  The  surface  is  corrugated  throughout,  except  along  the  grooves 
and  along  the  mesial  portion  anterior  to  the  fovea. 

Colour.  Chelicerae  and  carapace  very  dark  brown,  almost  black  : legs  brown  : 
abdomen  with  purplish  infuscation  superiorly. 

Total  length  13-7,  length  of  carapace  5,  breadth  of  carapace  3-7. 

Female. 

A large  and  a small  female  of  this  species  were  also  collected  by  Mr  Breyer. 
The  former  has  a total  length  of  22  mm.,  the  carapace  is  6*6  long,  and  4*7  broad. 
Its  more  important  characters  are  as  follows : 

Coxa  III  with  a distinct  tuft  of  long  stiff  setae  on  its  post- ventral  border: 
posterior  sternal  sigilla  rather  less  than  their  length  apart,  and  about  half  a 
length  distant  from  the  sternal  margin:  maxillae  with  three  well-developed 


Text  fig.  9.  Pei- 
mat orycter  breyeri 
sp.  nov.  Portion 
of  male  palp. 


92 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


i 


denticles  at  the  anterobasal  angle  interiorly:  chelicerae  with  eight  or  nine 
teeth  in  the  inner  row,  several  being  minute : posterior  spinners  with  the  apical 
segment  subequal  to  or  very  slightly  longer  than  the  middle  segment : abdomen  ; 
elongated  but  not  greatly  so : claws  of  fourth  tarsus  with  two  or  three  teeth  on 
each  side. 

The  carapace  is  dark  olivaceous,  the  chelicerae  blackish  brown,  the  patellae 
and  more  distal  segments  of  the  legs  pale,  abdomen  with  purplish  infuscation 
above  except  for  a small  four-sided  spot  situated  mesially  at  a point  about 
one-fourth  of  its  length  distant  from  the  anterior  end  of  the  abdomen. 

In  another  specimen,  also  from  Klipspruit,  the  distance  between  the 
sigilla  is  a trifle  less  than  the  distance  between  a sigillum  and  the  sternal  margin, 
the  two  sigilla  being  barely  half  a diameter  apart. 

Pelmatorycter  tookei  sp.  nov. 

This  species  is  founded  on  five  adult  male  examples  taken  at  Peddie  by 
Mr  B.  Marais.  It  is  named  after  Mr  W.  M.  B.  Tooke,  B.A.,  who,  not  long  ago, 
arranged  and  identified  the  tick  collection  of  the  Albany  Museum  and  rendered 
assistance  to  that  institution  in  various  other  ways. 

It  is  related  to  P.  nudus  mihi  and  P.  breijeri  sp.  nov.  It  is  easily  distin- 
guished from  the  latter  through  the  weaker  development  of  scopulae  on  the 
metatarsi,  and  through  the  stronger  spinulation  of  metatarsus  I:  it  differs 
from  nudus  in  that  the  fourth  tarsus  is  densely  and  broadly  scopulate  whereas 
there  is  no  true  scopula  on  tarsus  IV  of  nudus. 

Pedipalp.  Pressed  forwards,  the  palp  extends  to  a point  about  half  way 
along  tibia  I,  or  less.  Maxilla  without  denticles  at  the  anterobasal  angle 
inferiorly.  No  spine  at  the  apex  of  the  femur  anteriorly. 

Chelicerae  with  seven  or  eight  teeth  in  the  inner  row. 

Legs.  Tarsus  I with  2— n short  spines  inferiorly  and  one  weaker  one  on  the 
posterior  side  near  to  the  apex,  II  without  spines  inferiorly  and  with  one,  two, 
or  none  on  the  posterior  side,  III  with  2—6  spines  on  the  anterior  side  and  0-4 
on  the  posterior  side,  IV  with  4-8  anteriorly  and  5-12  posteriorly.  Metatarsus  I 
with  three  fairly  long  spines  at  the  apex  inferiorly  and  on  the  lower  surface 
there  is  a more  or  less  distinct  double  row  of  spines  comprising  altogether  8—17, 
the  spines  of  the  inner  (anterior)  row  being  shorter  and  weaker  but  generally 
more  numerous  than  those  of  the  outer  row:  II  with  three  at  the  apex  and  4-7 
on  the  lower  surface,  also  usually  one  on  the  anterior  surface.  Patella  III  with 
two  strong  spines  on  the  upper  surface  and  one  or  two  weaker  ones  may  also 
be  present:  there  is  also  the  usual  group  of  spines  on  the  anterior  surface. 

Tarsus  IV  rather  swollen  and  broadly  scopulate  inferiorly,  and  all  the  other 
tarsi  are  scopulate.  Metatarsi  III  and  IV  only  feebly  scopulate  quite  near  to 
the  apex:  I and  II  weakly  scopulate  in  the  apical  third.  Tarsal  claws  of  fourth 
leg  with  two  well-developed  rows  of  teeth,  each  comprising  about  5—7  teeth. 

Posterior  sternal  sigilla.  About  i|— 2 diameters  apart  and  about  half  a 
diameter  distant  from  the  sternal  margin. 

- 

Carapace.  Viewed  under  a hand  lens  the  surface  seems  uniformly  smooth 
throughout,  but  not  polished.  Examined  under  a low  power  of  a compound 
microscope  it  is  seen  to  be  minutely  and  densely  shagreened  over  many 
isolated  portions  of  its  surface,  a narrow  longitudinal  strip  of  such  shagreen 
occurring  on  each  side  of  the  mesial  line  of  the  head  region  behind  the  eyes. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


93 


Posterior  spinners.  Terminal  segment  subequal  to  or  very  slightly  longer 
than  the  middle  segment. 

Colour.  Carapace  and  chelicerae  brown,  sometimes  with  a dull  red  tinge 
on  the  head  region,  but  usually  very  darkly  pigmented : legs  brown : abdomen 
infuscated  above  and  below,  or  somewhat  paler  below  than  above. 

Measurements.  Total  length  11-7,  length  of  carapace  4,  breadth  of  cara- 
pace 3. 

It  may  eventually  seem  advisable  to  separate  generically  this,  and-  other 
species,  characterised  by  the  presence  of  horned  femora  in  the  adult  male;  in 
such  case  a new  name  will  have  to  be  framed,  as  there  is  no  evidence  that  a 
horned  femur  occurs  in  either  of  Simon’s  species  of  Ancylotrypa.  However, 
no  basis  for  division  can  be  discovered  in  the  characters  of  the  females. 

Stasimopus  nigellus  Poc. 

The  Transvaal  Museum  has  a series  of  four  adult  male  and  numerous 
female  examples  of  this  species  from  Venterskroon,  taken  March  31,  1917,  by 
Messrs  A.  Roberts  and  G.  van  Dam. 

The  females  agree  closely  with  that  described  by  me  from  Kroonstad  under 
the  name  of  S.  dreyeri  and  are  perhaps  specifically  identical  therewith.  The 
band  of  spinules  on  the  upper  surface  of  metatarsus  I extends  over  scarcely 
more  than  one-fifth  to  about  one-third  of  the  dorsal  length  of  the  segment  and 
is  generally  quite  twice  as  long  as  that  at  the  apex  of  the  tibia.  Tibia  of  palp 
with  spinules  apically  above,  but  metatarsus  III  without  spines  or  spiniform 
setae  at  apex  below.  The  distance  between  anterior  lateral  and  anterior  median 
eyes  is  rather  less  than  the  long  diameter  of  the  former.  Length  of  carapace 
10  mm.:  breadth  of  carapace  8-8. 

The  males  are,  I think,  specifically  identical  with  5.  nigellus  Poc.  There  is, 
however,  no  trace  of  a scopula  at  the  apex  of  metatarsus  I.  Pressed  forwards, 
the  palp  reaches  about  one-quarter  of  the  distance  along  metatarsus  I.  Patella 
of  palp  only  a little  longer  than  patella  I.  Tarsus  III  may  be  quite  devoid  of 
spines  on  the  anterior  surface,  or  may  have  four  or  five  weak  ones.  Patella  III 
with  2-5  short  spines  on  the  anterior  surface.  Anterior  median  eyes  about  a 
diameter  apart,  or  slightly  more. 

This  is  easily  distinguished  from  S.  minor  mihi,  a Bloemfontein  species,  by 
the  measurements  of  the  palp  in  comparison  with  those  of  the  first  leg. 

Length  of  carapace  4-7,  breadth  of  carapace  4-2,  length  of  patella  of  palp 
2 -5,  length  of  patella  I 2,  of  tibia  13-7. 

The  type  example  of  5.  minor  has  the  following  measurements : patella  of 
palp  2-8,  patella  I 1-9,  tibia  13-1. 

Stasimopus  tysoni  sp.  nov. 

This  species  is  founded  on  a series  of  specimens  collected  at  Port  Alfred, 
including  one  adult  male  presented  by  Mr  W.  Tyson  and  some  adult  female 
examples  from  various  donors  (Misses  E.  and  L.  Britten,  Mr  F.  Salisbury). 

The  male  is  comparatively  large,  agreeing  in  size  with  that  of  schonlandi 
Poc.  from  Grahamstown,  and  of  spinipes  mihi  from  East  London:  the  female 
is  rather  small,  being  considerably  smaller  than  adults  of  schonlandi.  The 
characters  of  the  male  are  not  very  distinctive : it  agrees  closely  with  the  males 
of  spinipes  and  of  schonlandi  in  the  elongation  of  the  segments  of  the  palps  and 


94 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


anterior  legs : it  differs  from  the  latter  in  that  the  first  metatarsus  is  not  spined 
over  the  mesial  portion  of  its  inferior  surface,  as  well  as  in  the  ocular  characters, 
and  from  the  former  in  the  stronger  development  of  spines  on  the  anterior 
surface  of  patella  III  and  possibly  also  the  weaker  spinulation  of  tarsus  I may 
serve  to  distinguish  it  from  spinipes. 

The  female  approaches  schonlandi  rather  than  spinipes  in  the  ocular 
characters,  but  differs  from  the  former  in  the  weaker  development  of  spinules 
on  the  upper  surface  of  metatarsus  I : it  differs  from  spinipes  in  the  absence  of 
spinules  from  the  distal  portion  of  the  tibia  of  the  palp. 

The  female  also  seems  to  present  considerable  points  of  resemblance  to  the 
Port  Elizabeth  species  S.  castaneus  Purcell,  which  was  based  on  a single  female 
example.  The  relationship  of  these  two  species  to  each  other  cannot  be 
determined  until  male  and  further  adult  female  examples  of  castaneus  are 
available.  For  the  present  it  must  suffice  to  separate  them  mainly  on  the 
ocular  characters,  and  judging  from  a female  example  taken  near  to  the  beach 
at  North  End,  Pt.  Elizabeth,  the  band  of  spinules  on  the  upper  surface  of 
metatarsus  I is  more  strongly  developed  in  castaneus,  reaching  one-quarter  of 
the  length  of  the  segment. 

Male. 

The  keels  of  the  carapace  are  very  much  flattened : the  raised  area,  repre- 
senting the  lateral  keel,  is  broadly  and  finely  plicated  transversely,  the  plicated 
area  extending  forwards  to  the  anterior  border  of  the  carapace  but  posteriorly 
only  to  a point  about  midway  between  the  anterior  margin  and  the  fovea.  The 
median  keel  is  also  plicated  in  its  anterior  portion  up  to  the  region  of  the 
anterior  median  eyes:  it  is  distinct  throughout  and  posteriorly  can  be  traced 
to  the  fovea  as  a faint  and  somewhat  irregular  ridge.  The  concavities  included 
between,  these  ridges  are  very  shallow,  almost  obsolete. 

Anterior  median  eyes  rather  less  than  a diameter  apart,  and  the  distance 
between  the  anterolateral  and  anteromedian  eyes  is  a trifle  less  than  the 
distance  between  the  anteromedians. 

Tarsus  I with  4-6  spines  anteriorly,  and  6-7  on  the  posterior  side.  Meta- 
tarsus I without  trace  of  scopula,  and  no  spines  over  the  mesial  portion  in- 
teriorly. Patella  III  with  a strip  of  comparatively  numerous  and  fairly  strong 
spines  extending  from  base  to  apex  on  the  anterior  side,  those  near  the  distal 
edge  being  longest  and  strongest.  There  is  a group  of  strong  spines  at  the  distal 
end  of  tibia  III  anteriorly.  Anterior  surface  of  tarsus  IV  with  spines  through- 
out its  length,  except  in  the  basal  fifth  or  sixth : posteriorly  with  eight  or  nine 
spines. 

The  upper  surfaces  of  the  body  and  appendages  are  black,  except  the  distal 
portions  of  the  legs  and  palps  which  are  brown. 

Length  of  carapace  7 -8,  breadth  of  carapace  7,  length  of  patella  of  palp 
2-85,  of  patella  I 3-25,  of  tibia  I 5. 

Female. 

There  are  no  spinules  at  apex  of  tibia  of  palp  superiorly,  and  no  spines  nor 
spiniform  setae  (sometimes  two  or  three  bristles)  at  apex  of  metatarsus  III 
inferiorly.  The  patch  of  spinules  on  the  upper  surface  of  metatarsus  I ex- 
tends over  about  one-sixth  (occasionally  as  much  as  one-fifth)  of  the  length  of 
the  segment,  and  this  patch  is  rather  longer  than  that  at  the  apex  of  tibia  I. 
On  the  inferior  surface  of  metatarsus  IV  are  usually  several  weak  spines 
which  are  ventral  members  of  the  band  on  the  anterior  surface:  these  are  not 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  95 


constant  in  position  and  number.  The  ocular  characters  are  variable : generally, 
the  length  of  the  anterior  lateral  eyes  is  subequal  to  the  intervening  distance 
between  anterolateral  and  anteromedian,  but  in  the  largest  example  slightly 
exceeds  that  distance,  and  sometimes  is  a trifle  less.  Length  of  metatarsus  I 
subequal  to,  or  in  the  largest  specimen  appreciably  exceeding,  the  width  of  the 
ocular  area.  Distance  between  anterior  and  posterior  lateral  eyes  decidedly 
less  than  the  long  diameter  of  the  former  in  the  largest  example ; in  most  other 
examples  they  are  subequal,  but  sometimes  the  anterior  lateral  is  a little 
shorter  than  its  distance  from  the  posterior  lateral. 

Measurement  of  largest  female:  length  of  carapace  10-3,  breadth  of  cara- 
pace 9,  length  of  first  metatarsus  3-4,  breadth  of  ocular  area  3-2. 

This  species  will  probably  prove  to  be  very  limited  in  distribution.  It  is 
quite  distinct  from  either  of  the  two  known  to  me  from  Grahamstown  ( schon - 
landi  Poc.,  and  a species  doubtfully  identified  as  patersonae  mihi).  It  seems 
well  separated  from  the  large  species  artifex  Poc.  which  is  known  only  from 
female  specimens  taken  in  the  Bathurst  district  at  Rokeby  Park  and  at  Sea 
View*  near  Kleinemond.  It  is  different  from  the  Peddie  species,  the  males  of 
which  are  very  much  smaller  than  that  of  tysoni.  Possibly,  these  forms  may 
ultimately  be  found  to  be  linked  together  by  intermediates : on  the  other  hand, 
it  is  now  certain  that  two  related  species  may  coexist  in  the  same  limited  area, 
as  is  the  case  at  Grahamstown,  so  that  these  various  forms  may  really  be  stable 
entities. 

Evagrus  cajfer  Pocock  var.  australis  Purcell  (text  fig.  10  a and  b ). 

The  species  from  Dunbrody  described  by  Dr  Purcell  as  Thelechoris  australis 
now  seems  to  be  a variety  of  caffer.  Since  my  former  notes  were  written  [A  finals 
Durban  Mus.  vol.  1.  p.  132),  Mr  Cruden  has  presented  to  the  Albany  Museum  a 
series  of  males  from  Alicedale:  so  far  as  the  sexual  characters  are  concerned, 
these  cannot  be  satisfactorily  separated  from  caffer  as  found  at  Durban.  The 
characters  of  the  Alicedale  males  are  as  follows : 

Pedipalp  short,  when  pressed  forwards  scarcely  reaching  the  distal  margin 
of  patella  I : bulb  pyriform,  passing  gradually  into  the  spine  which  tapers  to  a 
point  at  the  apex  where  it  is  slightly  curved,  the  basal  part  of  the  spine  being 
broadly  curved : tarsus  short  and  without  spines : tibia  longer  than  the  patella, 
expanded  below  and  beset  on  all  the  surfaces  with  long  curved  stout  bristles 
or  setiform  spines,  except  on  each  side  in  the  proximal  half  and  inferiorly  on 
the  outer  side,  three  of  the  inferior  spines  on  the  inner  side  being  a little 
stouter  than  the  rest:  long  spiniform  setae  also  occur  on  the  upper  surface  of 
the  patella,  and  on  the  distal  edge  inferiorly,  and  others  on  the  posteroinferior 
edge  of  the  femur,  each  arising  from  a minute  tubercle. 

Tibia  II  on  the  anteroinferior  edge  with  a very  strong,  forwardly  projecting, 
compressed,  process,  situated  about  two-fifths  of  the  length  of  the  segment 
from  its  distal  margin,  the  process  bearing  two,  three,  four  or  five  black,  sharp 
pointed,  claw-like,  tubercles. 

Metatarsus  II  with  a fairly  strong  obtuse  projection,  tipped  with  a spine, 
on  the  ventral  surface  at  a point  about  one-third  of  the  length  of  the  segment 
from  its  base:  this  segment  measured  on  the  mid-dorsal  line  is  much  longer 
than  tibia  II.  Tibiae  and  metatarsi  of  all  the  legs  armed  inferiorly  and  at  the 
sides  with  long  spines.  Tarsi  spined  at  the  sides  and  thinly  scopulate  below. 

Dorsal  surface  of  abdomen  with  numerous  long,  outstanding,  bristly  setae, 
as  well  as  golden  hairs,  and  similar  stout  setae  occur  on  the  legs. 


7 


g6  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


The  dental  series  of  the  chelicera  has  large  and  small  teeth  arranged  more 
or  less  alternately  in  a well-defined  row:  a few  minute  denticles,  external 
thereto,  near  the  base  of  the  series,  represent  the  outer  row. 

Measurements.  Total  length  13*5,  length  of  carapace  5*2,  of  tibia,  metatarsus 
and  tarsus  of  fourth  leg  ii*8,  of  tibia,  metatarsus  and  tarsus  of  second  leg  8, 
of  metatarsus  of  second  leg  measured  along  mid-dorsal  line  3*2,  of  tibia  of 
second  leg  measured  along  mid-dorsal  line  2-3,  posterior  spinners  7-6. 

The  characters  of  the  male  palp  are  very  different  from  those  of  Ischnothele 
(=  Thelechoris) , which  is  not  known  to  occur  in  S.  Africa,  south  of  the  Limpopo: 
the  male  of  an  East  African  species  of  this  genus  (/.  karschi  B.  and  L.)  has 


Text  fig.  10.  Evagrus  australis  (Purcell),  a,  Distal  portion  of  male  palp,  b,  Tibia 
and  metatarsus  of  second  leg  of  male  seen  from  below  (note  that  in  dorsal  or 
lateral  view  the  metatarsus  appears  much  longer  than  the  tibia). 

been  well  figured  recently  by  L.  Berland  ( Voyage  de  Ch.  Alluaud  et  R.  Jeannel 
en  A frique  orientale  (1911-1912).  Resultats  scientifiques.  Arachnida,  111.  Paris, 

1914)- 

A species  of  Ischnothele  has  been  described — but  very  imperfectly — by 
R.  I.  Pocock  from  Mashonaland. 

Subfamily  Barychelinae. 

Idiothele  gen.  nov. 

This  new  generic  name  is  provisionally  applied  to  a trap-door  spider  which 
seems  to  be  related  to  Harpactirella  Purcell,  and  to  Brachionopus  Poc.,  differing 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


97 


from  either  in  the  presence  of  well-developed  feathery  scopulae  on  the  external 
surfaces  of  the  chelicerae  in  the  female.  I may  remark,  in  passing,  that  the  two 
genera  just  mentioned  seem  to  me  identical.  The  genus  also  resembles  Pterino- 
chilus  Pocock,  differing  therefrom  in  the  shortness  of  the  terminal  segment  of 
the  posterior  spinners  and  in  the  smaller  area  occupied  by  the  cheliceral 
scopulae.  Although  the  absence  of  scopulae  on  the  chelicerae,  apparently  in 
both  sexes,  is  a character  specially  emphasized  by  Dr  Purcell  in  diagnosing  the 
genus  Harpactirella,  there  is  just  a possibility  that  it  may  eventually  seem 
desirable  to  extend  the  definition  of  that  genus  so  as  to  include  the  species  now 
described. 

The  generic  and  even  the  family  characters  are  very  elusive,  and  I am 
satisfied  that  no  useful  purpose  is  served  by  maintaining  the  Barychelidae  and 
Theraphosidae  as  distinct  families.  A certain  amount  of  evidence  in  favour  of 
the  union  of  these  two  groups  may  be  found  in  the  writings  of  those  leading 
authorities  who  have  nevertheless  recognised  them  as  distinct  families. 
Dr  Purcell,  in  his  original  description  of  Harpactirella1,  referred  that  genus  to 
the  family  Theraphosidae,  but  subsequently 2 regarded  it  as  referable  to  the 
Barychelidae,  apparently  on  account  of  the  presence  of  a rastellum.  The 
rastellum  is  however  a very  weak  one,  similar  in  fact  to  that  found  in  species 
of  the  Theraphosid  genus  Pterinochilus,  and,  in  any  case,  such  a character, 
which  varies  so  greatly  amongst  trap-door  spiders  and  is  merely  an  adaptation 
for  boring  into  hard  ground,  should  not  be  given  the  importance  of  a family 
distinction  in  my  opinion. 

A spider  described  by  Mr  R.  I.  Pocock  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Grahams- 
town  under  the  name  of  Pterinochilus  schonlandi* , and  thus  referred  by  him  to 
the  family  Theraphosidae,  seems  to  me  in  all  probability  identical  with  the 
species  from  Dunbrody  described  by  Dr  Purcell  under  the  name  of  Harpactirella 
magna 4.  Mr  Pocock’s  type  specimen  is  an  adult  male,  now  in  the  collection  of 
the  British  Museum,  and  when  determining  the  material  in  the  Albany  Museum 
I availed  myself  of  the  kindness  of  Mr  S.  Hirst  to  obtain  further  particulars 
regarding  that  type : according  to  the  latter  authority,  the  chelicera  of  Pterino- 
chilus schonlandi  has  a scopula  on  both  inner  and  outer  surfaces,  which  by  the 
generic  definitions  of  Pocock  and  Purcell  will  exclude  it  from  both  Pterinochilus 
and  Harpactirella.  Dr  Purcell’s  type  of  H.  magna  is  a female,  the  description 
being  exactly  applicable  to  females  in  our  collection  which  were  taken  along 
with  males  I now  refer  to  P.  schonlandi.  These  females  on  the  other  hand  have 
no  scopula  on  the  inner  surface  and  can  hardly  be  described  as  scopulate  on 
the  outer  surface  of  the  chelicerae : there  is  however  a well-developed  compact 
patch  of  long  silky  hairs  on  the  superior  portion  of  that  surface.  In  our  male 
specimens  of  the  same  species,  this  patch  is  much  denser  and  may  rightly  be 
described  as  a scopula,  whilst  the  patch  on  the  inner  surface  distally  is  also 
decidedly  a scopula. 

The  genus  now  described  may  possibly  prove  to  be  a near  ally  of  the 
Mozambique  species  Leptopelma  dubia  Karsch5:  that  species  is  however 
markedly  different  in  its  toothed  claws. 

The  types  of  the  new  genus  are  five  female  specimens  collected  at  Malelane, 
Barberton  dist.,  by  Mr  Austin  Roberts  (24.  vi.  1916).  These  I now  suspect  to 

1 Trans.  S.  African  Phil.  Soc.  xi.  p.  340.  1902. 

2 Annals  S.  African  Mus.  in.  p.  101.  1903. 

3 Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  7.  vi.  p.  318.  1900. 

4 Annals  S.  African  Mus.  in.  p.  102.  1903. 

5 Monat.  Konig.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1878  p.  314  Taf.  1,  fig.  1. 


7—2 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


be  referable  to  a species  described  from  Barberton  by  Mr  R.  I.  Pocock  under 
the  name  of  Pterinochilus  nigrofulvus  {Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  7.  1.  p.  317):  the 
description  of  that  species  is  however  very  inadequate  for  identification  pur-  ' 
poses  and,  if  I am  right  in  my  determination,  the  colour  characters  cited  in 
that  description  are  inaccurate.  The  determination  is  mainly  based  on  the 
following  points : locality  datum,  the  length  of  the  metatarsus  of  the  fourth  leg 
in  the  female,  and  the  character  of  the  spine  of  the  palpal  organ  in  the  adult 
male. 

Idiothele  nigrofulvus  (Pocock)  (text  figs.  11  and  12  a,  PI.  II,  fig.  b). 

Ocular  tubercle.  . Subrotund,  a trifle  broader  than  long,  separated  from  the 
anterior  margin  of  the  carapace  by  a distance  equal  to  about  one-half  or  even 
a trifle  more,  of  the  length  of  the  tubercle.  Anterior  row  of  eyes  strongly 
procurved.  Distance  between  the  lateral  eyes  equal  to  about  two-thirds  or 
only  one-half  of  the  length  of  the  anterior  laterals,  and  subequal  to  the  length 
of  the  posterior  laterals  or  only  about  two-thirds  that  length.  Posterior 
medians  occupying  about  half  the  area  of  the  posterior  laterals,  more  or  less. 
Distance  between  anterior  medians  subequal  to  the  diameter  of  a median.  1 
The  posterior  medians  are  very  close  to  the  anterior  medians  and  to  the 
posterior  laterals,  being  at  any  rate  not  more  than  one-third  of  a diameter 
distant  from  the  latter,  nor  more  than  half  a diameter  from  the  former:  they 
are  the  smallest  of  the  whole  group,  being  very  much  smaller  than  the  anterior 
medians. 

Carapace.  Fovea  a narrow  slit,  transverse  or  very  slightly  procurved. 
Length  of  carapace  subequal  to  the  patella,  tibia  and  one-third  of  the  meta- 
tarsus of  the  first  leg;  or  to  the  tibia,  metatarsus,  and  almost  half  of  the  tarsus 
of  that  leg;  or  to  the  metatarsus  and  two-thirds  of  the  tarsus  of  the  fourth  leg. 

Legs.  Tibia  I with  one  or  two  apical  spines  inferiorly;  II  with  two  spines  at 
the  apex  inferiorly;  III  with  two  and  IV  also  with  three  or  two  spines  similarly 
situated  but  a little  stronger  than  those  on  I or  II.  Metatarsi  I or  II  without 
spines;  III  with  three  at  the  apex  inferiorly,  one  on  the  lower  surface  basally 
on  the  inner  side,  two  on  the  anterior  surface  and  one  on  the  posterior  surface ; 

IV  with  three  at  the  apex  inferiorly  and  two  on  the  ventral,  anterior  and 
posterior  surfaces.  The  scopulae  of  the  tarsi  and  metatarsi  are  very  dense  and 
broad,  being  plainly  visible  from  above.  The  tarsal  scopulae  are  all  entire, 
that  of  IV  having  scattered  black  setae  mesially,  but  the  scopula  is  not  divided 
thereby.  Metatarsus  IV  is  completely  divided  by  a narrow  mesial  strip  of 
setae,  but  all  the  other  metatarsal  scopulae  are  undivided:  the  scopulae  of 
I and  II  do  not  reach  quite  to  the  base,  that  of  III  is  absent  from  the  basal 
third,  of  IV  from  the  basal  two-fifths  of  the  segment.  Tibia  I a trifle  longer 
than  the  metatarsus  (measured  along  the  mid-dorsal  line)  but  decidedly 
shorter  than  the  distance  between  the  fovea  and  the  ocular  tubercle.  Tarsal 
claws  muticous. 

Chelicerae.  Inner  dental  series  with  nine  or  ten  strong  teeth:  there  is  an 
outer  series  of  minute  teeth  stretching  rather  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
main  row.  Rastellum  composed  of  long  stiff  setae.  There  is  a large  thick 
scopula  on  the  outer  surface  of  each  chelicera  the  greatest  depth  of  which  is 
subequal  to  or  only  slightly  greater  than  that  of  the  naked  area  beneath  it. 
There  are  about  5 or  6 long  but  weak  stridulatory  bristles  on  the  outer  surface 
most  of  which  are  situated  inferiorly,  near  to  the  bristles  which  fringe  the  fang 
groove. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


99 


Labium  with  about  fifty  teeth  in  four  or  five  irregular  rows.  Basal  portion 
of  maxilla  with  numerous  teeth  at  the  anterior  corner : in  the  largest  specimen 
there  are  between  sixty  and  seventy,  but  fewer  in  smaller  specimens. 

Posterior  spinners.  The  basal  segment  is  only  a little  longer  than  the  two 
terminal  segments  taken  together,  the  length  of  which  is  subequal  to  the 
breadth  of  the  ocular  tubercle.  The  terminal  segment  is  conical  and  only  a 
trifle  shorter  than  the  penultimate  segment. 

Colour.  Sternum,  ventral  portions  of  coxae  of  legs  and  palps,  and  ventral 
portion  of  abdomen  black.  Carapace  brown,  with  a number  of  well-developed 
pale  radiating  stripes  due  to  short  appressed  yellowish  brown  hairs  (golden  in 
the  young)  which  also  form  a well-marked  border  to  the  carapace : the  brown 
areas  between  the  stripes  are  clothed  with  short  appressed  dark  brown  hairs. 
Abdomen  superiorly  finely  mottled  with  indistinct  small  yellow  spots,  and 
bearing  an  ill-defined  dark  tree  pattern : there  is  a pair  of  rather  conspicuous 
dark  blotches  in  the  anterior  portion  near  to  the  mid-line : the  abdomen  has  a 
thick  covering  of  shorter  appressed  hairs  some  of  which  are  dark  brown  and 
others  yellow,  and,  in  addition,  there  is  a number  of  long  projecting  stiffish 
yellow  hairs  rather  sparsely  distributed.  The  legs  are  pale  ashy  brown,  being 
well  covered  with  short  appressed  pale  hairs,  and  in  addition  with  some  scat- 
tered longer  hairs  which  are  dark  brown  in  their  basal  portion,  becoming  pale 
distally.  There  are  no  definite  fringes  of  long  hairs  on  the  lower  parts  of  the  legs. 

Measurements.  Total  length  40,  length  of  carapace  13-8,  breadth  of  cara- 
pace 1 1 *75,  breadth  of  ocular  tubercle  2-1,  length  of  first  leg  40-5,  of  second  leg 
38*5,  of  third  leg  37-2,  of  fourth  leg  46,  of  tibia  I 6-6,  of  tibia  II  5-8,  of  tibia  IV 
7-5,  of  metatarsus  I 6-25,  of  metatarsus  IV  10*3. 

More  recently,  a still  larger  specimen  has  been  received  from  Malelane : its 
measurements  are:  carapace  length  15-8,  carapace  breadth  12-9,  distance  from 
fovea  to  anterior  margin  of  carapace  10-5,  distance  from  fovea  to  hind  margin 
of  ocular  tubercle  8,  length  of  metatarsus  of  fourth  leg  11*9.  The  length  of 
metatarsus  IV  compared  with  the  distance  between  the  fovea  and  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  carapace  seems  to  be  a good  character. 

The  proportion  between  the  length  of  the  carapace  and  that  of  the  terminal 
segments  of  the  fourth  leg  is  not  however  an  absolutely  constant  character,  at 
any  rate  when  the  material  includes  specimens  of  different  size  and  age.  In 
one  example,  otherwise  of  subadult  proportions,  the  carapace  is  just  about 
equal  in  length  to  the  metatarsus  and  tarsus  of  the  fourth  leg. 

The  adult  male  of  this  species  is  represented  in  the  collection  by  a specimen 
from  Hectorspruit  (F.  Streeter,  5.  v.  1911).  In  general  characters  it  resembles 
the  female  fairly  closely.  The  carapace  presents  well-marked  pale  radial 
stripes:  the  hinder  half  of  the  abdomen  superiorly  has  about  five  pale  trans- 
verse stripes:  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  abdomen,  coxae  and  sternum  are 
infuscated  but  the  femora  and  more  distal  segments  of  the  legs  are  quite  pale 
inferiorly. 

The  measurements  are  as  follows:  total  length  28-5,  length  of  carapace 
11-15,  breadth  of  carapace  9-4,  distance  from  fovea  to  anterior  margin  of 
carapace  7-35,  distance  from  fovea  to  posterior  margin  of  ocular  tubercle  5-7, 
length  of  tibia  I 6-15,  of  tibia  IV  7,  of  metatarsus  I 6-30,  of  metatarsus  IV  10. 

The  length  of  the  carapace  is  subequal  to  that  of  the  tibia  together  with 
three-fourths  of  the  metatarsus  of  the  first  leg. 

The  distance  between  the  anterior  median  eyes  is  subequal  to  the  diameter 
of  an  eye,  and  the  distance  between  anterior  median  and  anterior  lateral  is 


100 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


decidedly  less  than  the  diameter  of  the  anterior  median.  At  the  apex  of  the 
tibia  of  the  palp  there  is  a slender  straight  spine-bearing  projection  on  the 
inner  side  and  a spine  on  the  outer  side. 

It  is  very  probable  that  Pterinochilus  crassispina  Purcell,  based  on  an  adult 
male  from  the  Motopo  dist.,  Matabeleland,  will  prove  to  be  referable  to  this 
genus. 

The  Transvaal  Museum  has  an  adult  male  Idiothele  from  Wolmaranstad. 
It  agrees  closely  with  Dr  Purcell’s  description  of  Pterinochilus  crassispina, 
more  especially  with  the  Vryburg  specimens  of  that  species.  The  more  impor- 
tant measurements  are: 


Text  fig.  ii.  Idiothele  nigrofulvus  Poc.  Portion  of  palp  of  adult  male. 

Length  of  carapace  13-7,  breadth  of  carapace  11*2,  length  of  tibia  I 6-8, 
length  of  metatarsus  I 7-15,  of  tibia  IV  7-7,  of  metatarsus  IV  12,  distance  from 
fovea  to  hind  margin  of  ocular  tubercle  6-9. 

The  distance  between  the  anterior  median  eyes  is  a trifle  greater  than  the 
diameter  of  an  eye  and  that  between  anterior  median  and  anterior  lateral  is 
subequal  to  the  diameter  of  the  median. 

The  differences  between  the  males  of  this  species  and  of  I.  nigrofulvus  do 
not  seem  to  be  very  great.  The  carapace  is  more  uniformly  brown  in  this 
species,  and  the  eyes  are  relatively  smaller,  also  the  shape  of  the  carapace  is 
slightly  different,  that  of  nigrofulvus  being  broader  in  proportion  to  its  length : 
the  general  proportions  of  the  leg  segments  are  however  very  similar,  and  the 
palpal  organ  seems  much  the  same  in  the  two  forms.  It  is  probable  that  the 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


ioi 


Vryburg  and  Wolmaranstad  form  will  prove  to  be  distinct  from  the  type  as* 
described  by  Dr  Purcell  from  the  Motopo  dist.,  for  minor  differences  seem  to  be 
presented  in  the  proportions  of  the  tibia  and  metatarsus  of  the  first  leg. 

Nest.  The  females  of  nigrofulvus  were  found  by  Mr  Roberts  in  tubular 
retreats  provided  with  a well-developed  trap-door.  The  door  is  very  large  but 
thin,  becoming  very  delicate  and  flexible  at  the  margin  which  presumably 
overlaps  the  entrance  to  the  retreat:  the  shape  is  subcircular  or  more  or  less 
D-shaped.  The  area  of  a large  specimen  is  about  equal  to  that  of  a five-shilling 
piece. 


Idiothele  pluridentatum  sp.  nov.  (text  fig.  12  b). 

The  type  of  this  species  is  a single  female  specimen  from  Nuanetsi  River, 
Zoutpansberg  dist.,  collected  by  Mr  G.  van  Dam,  15.  vii.  1916. 


Text  fig.  12.  Outer  surface  of  right  chelicera  of  {a)  Idiothele  nigrofulvus  { Poc.),  ( b ) Idio- 
thele pluridentatum  sp.  nov.  to  indicate  the  position  of  the  scopulae  and  stridulatory 
bristles  in  each.  (These  bristles  are  represented  as  stouter  than  they  actually  are : 
they  are  very  similar  to  the  long  red  bristles  which  fringe  the  inferior  margin  of 
the  chelicera.) 


It  differs  from  I.  nigrofulvus  in  the  following  respects : 

Ventral  surfaces  paler,  the  abdomen  being  devoid  of  infuscation  inferiorly, 
and  the  coxae  are  only  slightly  infuscated,  whilst  the  sternum  is  dark  brown 
instead  of  black. 


Carapace  as  long  as  the  metatarsus  and  tarsus  of  the  fourth  leg. 

The  long  stridulatory  bristles  on  the  chelicerae  are  rather  more  strongly 
developed,  an  upper  series,  well  removed  from  the  bristles  which  fringe  the 
fang  groove,  being  present.  The  cusps  on  the  maxilla  at  its  antero-basal 
corner  inferiorly,  are  more  numerous  and  much  more  compactly  disposed, 
the  whole  group  including  rather  more  than  a hundred  cusps. 

The  radial  markings  on  the  carapace  are  not  so  strongly  defined  as  there 
is  not  much  differentiation  between  pale  hairs  and  dark  hairs,  the  carapace 
being  mostly  clothed  with  pale  hairs  although  dark  hairs  do  occur : these  hairs 
are  longer  than  those  on  the  carapace  of  nigrofulvus  and  the  surface  has  a more 
shaggy  appearance.  The  ocular  tubercle  is  rather  less  than  half  its  length 
distant  from  the  front  margin  of  the  carapace. 

Measurements.  Total  length  32,  length  of  carapace  ii-6,  breadth  of  cara- 


102 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


pace  8-75,  length  of  first  leg  32,  of  second  leg  29,  of  third  leg  27-5,  of  fourth  leg 
34-8,  of  fourth  metatarsus  7-4,  of  fourth  tibia  5-6,  of  first  metatarsus  4-8,  of 
first  tibia  4-9,  distance  from  fovea  to  anterior  margin  of  carapace  7-5,  distance 
from  fovea  to  hind  border  of  ocular  tubercle  6-i. 

According  to  Mr  van  Dam’s  note,  this  species  is  also  a trap-door  maker, 
the  nest  being  “like  that  of  a large  Acanthodon,  the  hinge  of  the  lid  20  mm. 
long.” 

The  numerous  densely  disposed  cusps  on  the  maxilla  would  appear  to  be 
the  most  distinctive  character  of  the  species.  In  this  respect  it  differs  from  the 
Malelane  specimens  of  nigrofulvus  and  from  a Tsessebe  specimen  which  pre- 
sumably belongs  to  crassispina : in  a large  female  from  Barkly  West,  however, 
there  are  also  numerous  cusps  on  the  maxilla  but  hardly  so  many  as  in  the 
form  now  described.  The  type  of  pluridentatum  is  perhaps  immature  but  the 
cusps  on  the  maxilla  are  not  likely  to  decrease  with  age. 

In  the  Tsessebe  specimen  of  crassispina,  the  carapace  is  15-5  mm.  long  and 
the  distance  from  the  fovea  to  its  anterior  margin  slightly  exceeds  the  length 
of  the  fourth  metatarsus:  the  Barkly  West  specimen,  with  carapace  16  mm. 
long,  has  the  length  of  the  fourth  metatarsus  subequal  to  the  distance  from 
the  fovea  to  the  anterior  margin  of  the  carapace.  In  both  specimens  the 
ventral  surface  of  the  abdomen  is  blackened  like  the  sternum. 

Pterinochilus  breyeri  sp.  nov. 

This  species  is  founded  on  one  large  female  and  a half-grown  specimen 
taken  at  Malelane,  Barberton  dist.,  by  Mr  A.  Roberts,  the  former  dated  Feb. 
1915,  the  latter  19.  vi.  1916. 

The  smaller  example  is  about  the  same  size  as  the  type  female  of  P. 
nigrofulvus  Pocock,  but  is  clearly  different  therefrom  in  the  shortness  of  the 
fourth  metatarsus.  The  most  noteworthy  feature  of  the  species  is  however 
the  absence  of  heavy  fringes  of  hairs  on  the  legs : such  heavy  fringes  are  specially 
well  developed  on  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  tibiae  of  the  first  two  pairs  of  legs 
in  the  large  species  of  Pterinochilus 1 found  in  the  Zoutpansberg,  Waterberg 
and  Rustenburg  districts.  The  ventral  surfaces  of  the  sternum  and  coxae  bear 
numerous  long  red-brown  hairs  projecting  at  right  angles  from  the  surfaces, 
but  there  is  no  velvet  such  as  occurs  in  the  Zoutpansberg  species,  these  red- 
brown  hairs  being  much  more  sparsely  disposed  than  the  shorter  hairs  which 
compose  the  velvet  of  the  latter  species.  The  slit  of  the  fovea  is  narrow  and 
quite  shallow : at  its  anterior  margin  the  surface  of  the  carapace  rises  up  con- 
siderably above  the  bottom  of  the  fovea,  but  posteriorly  the  level  of  the 
carapace  scarcely  rises  above  the  lowest  part  of  the  excavation.  In  the  large 
specimen,  radiating  lines  on  the  carapace  are  not  sharply  indicated  for  the 
general  surface  is  covered  with  yellow  hairs  which  occur  over  the  interradial 
regions  as  well  as  along  the  radii,  but  are  not  so  thickly  disposed  in  the  former 
areas : in  the  small  specimen  the  radiating  lines  are  decidedly  well  developed 
and  besides  the  numerous  golden  yellow  hairs  the  carapace  bears  some  whitish 

1 I presume  this  is  the  same  as  P.  junodi  Simon,  described  from  the  Zoutpans- 
berg dist.  (Rev.  Suisse  Zool.  xit.  p.  66,  1904).  It  may  possibly  be  the  same  as  P.  vorax 
Poc.,  which,  according  to  E.  Strand,  is  a synonym  of  P.  constrictos  Gerst.,  the  species 
being  of  very  wide  range  in  East  Africa  and  recorded  by  Strand  from  Bulawayo, 
Victoria  Falls  and  various  localities  in  Mozambique. 

For  a list  of  the  recorded  species  of  this  genus  and  a key  to  the  specific  characters 
see  L.  Berland  in  Voyage  de  Ch.  Alluaud  et  R.  Jeannel  en  Afrique  orientale  (1911-1912) . 
Resultats  scientifiques.  Arachnida  in.  Paris,  1914. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


103 


ones,  mostly  situated  near  to  the  fovea,  and  these  in  passing  along  the  inter- 
radii become  brownish.  Ventrally,  the  black  colouration  occurs  over  the 
sternum,  the  coxae  of  the  legs  and  palp,  the  basal  portions  of  the  first  two 
pairs  of  legs  as  far  as  the  basal  half  of  the  first  tibia  and  the  basal  third  of  the 
second  tibia  and  over  the  whole  of  the  palp  except  the  tarsus. 

Measurements.  Total  length  50-5,  length  of  carapace  20,  breadth  of  cara- 
pace 14-25,  distance  from  fovea  to  anterior  margin  of  carapace  13,  distance 
from  fovea  to  posterior  margin  of  ocular  tubercle  io-i,  length  of  metatarsus  I 9, 
of  metatarsus  IV  11-75,  of  tibia  I 9-35,  of  tibia  IV  9,  of  apical  segment  of 
posterior  spinners  3,  of  middle  segment  thereof  2,  of  basal  segment  3-6,  length 
of  ocular  tubercle  2-2,  breadth  of  ocular  tubercle  2-4. 

There  are  other  female  specimens  in  the  Transvaal  Museum  from  Hector- 
spruit  (F.  Streeter). 

Ceratogyrus  brachycephalus  sp.  nov.  (PI.  I,  figs.  a-c). 

The  types  of  this  species  are  four  female  examples  collected  at  N’jelete 
River,  Zoutpansberg  dist.,  by  Mr  G.  van  Dam  during  August  1916. 

Colour.  The  general  colour  of  carapace  and  appendages  is  light  brown. 
Anteriorly,  the  upper  surface  of  the  abdomen  is  dark  brown  with  numerous 
small  pale  spots,  but  more  posteriorly  it  is  pale  brown  with  indications  of  thin 
dark  cross  stripes.  Ventrally,  the  sternum  and  coxae  of  the  appendages  are 
blackish : the  femora,  and  to  a less  extent  the  remaining  segments  of  the  first 
two  pairs  of  legs  and  of  the  palp,  except  the  scopulated  segments,  are  deeply 
infuscated : the  abdomen  also  is  deeply  infuscated  except  on  the  lung  opercula 
and  genital  sternite. 

Carapace.  This  is  decidedly  longer  than  the  metatarsus  and  tarsus  of  the 
fourth  leg,  and  much  longer  than  the  tibia  and  metatarsus  of  the  first  leg.  No 
trace  of  pale  radial  stripes.  The  horn  arising  from  the  fovea  is  very  large  and 
is  directed  horizontally  forwards,  the  apex  being  not  much  elevated  above  the 
level  of  the  carapace  anterior  thereto:  it  reaches  forwards  to  a point  not  far 
from  the  ocular  tubercle,  its  distance  therefrom  being  subequal  to  § of  the 
breadth  of  the  horn.  The  excavation  of  the  fovea  also  extends  forwards  con- 
siderably, the  horn  being  partly  sunk  therein  and  not  rising  freely  from  the 
carapace  except  slightly  just  at  the  apex  (in  one  specimen  however  not  even 
at  the  apex) . The  horn  varies  in  size,  being  sometimes  considerably  longer  than 
metatarsus  I,  at  other  times  subequal  thereto. 

Legs.  Tibia  I very  slightly  longer  than  metatarsus  I and  subequal  to 
tibia  IV. 

Measurements.  Total  length  about  53  mm.,  length  of  carapace  19-5, 
breadth  of  carapace  15,  length  of  horn  8,  breadth  of  horn  4-5,  length  of  tibia  I 

8- 8,  length  of  metatarsus  I 8-2,  of  metatarsus  IV  11,  of  tibia  IV  8-8,  length 
of  apical  segment  of  posterior  spinners  3-2,  breadth  of  ocular  tubercle  2-15. 
In  another  specimen  with  carapace  18-8  mm.  long,  the  horn  measures  7-2  x 
4-35:  a third  example  with  carapace  18-5  mm.  long  has  a horn  measuring 

9- 3  x 4-4. 

The  Albany  Museum  has  specimens  of  this  form  from  Tsessebe  (E.  C. 
Wilmot),  and  it  is  noteworthy  that  another  species  was  taken  in  the  same 
neighbourhood  by  Mr  Wilmot:  this  latter  seems  very  near  to  C.  darlingi 
Pocock,  described  from  Enkeldoorn,  a locality  no  miles  S.  of  Salisbury  ( Proc . 
Zool.  Soc.  1897,  p.  754,  PI.  XLII,  fig.  5 and  PI.  XLIII,  figs.  1-1  a). 


104 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Ceratogyrus  dolichocephalus  sp.  nov.  (PI.  I,  fig.  d and  PI.  II,  fig.  a). 

The  types  are  two  female  specimens  from  Victoria,  S.  Rhodesia,  collected 
by  Miss  S.  E.  A.  Ambrose  and  Master  R.  H.  Ambrose. 

Colour.  The  general  colour  of  body  and  appendages  dorsally  is  brown.  The 
long  hairs  have  a rufous  tinge : this  is  very  marked  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
abdomen  in  its  hinder  half.  The  carapace  has  conspicuous  thin  pale  radial 
stripes.  Ventrally,  the  sternum  and  coxae  of  legs  and  palps  are  blackish  brown : 
the  femora  of  the  first  two  pairs  of  legs  and  of  the  palps  are  also  very  dark,  the 
patellae  and  tibiae  being  brown.  The  ventral  surface  of  the  abdomen,  in- 
cluding the  lung  opercula,  is  dark  brown  but  the  genital  sternite  is  yellow. 

Carapace  longer  than  the  tibia  and  metatarsus  of  the  first  leg  and  sub- 
equal to  the  tibia  and  metatarsus  of  the  fourth  leg.  The  horn  of  the  fovea  is 
not  separated  off  from  the  rest  of  the  carapace  by  a continuous  groove  all 
round  its  base,  for  the  limiting  groove  is  U-shaped,  and  the  horn  thus  appears 
to  be  a backward  extension  of  the  head  region:  the  head  region  from  the 
ocular  tubercle  to  the  horn  is  fairly  well  raised  from  the  rest  of  the  carapace, 
and  in  side  view  the  outline  of  this  region  is  practically  a straight  line  from 
the  hind  margin  of  the  ocular  tubercle  to  the  end  of  the  horn,  the  latter  being 
only  a trifle  raised  above  that  line.  The  apex  of  the  horn  is  obtuse,  and  pos- 
teriorly descends  suddenly  so  that  the  horn  presents  practically  no  free  ventral 
portion. 

Legs.  The  tibia  of  the  first  leg  is  decidedly  longer  than  the  metatarsus  of 
that  leg,  and  just  a trifle  longer  than  the  tibia  of  the  fourth  leg. 

Measurements.  Length  of  carapace  20-9,  breadth  of  carapace  16-1,  distance 
from  anterior  margin  of  carapace  to  apex  of  the  foveal  horn  16-8,  distance  from 
anterior  margin  of  carapace  to  the  U-shaped  groove  margining  the  tubercle 
12-5,  distance  from  base  of  tubercle  to  hind  margin  of  the  carapace,  measured 
along  the  median  line  3-9,  length  of  tibia  I 10,  of  tibia  IV  9*6,  of  metatarsus  I 9, 
of  metatarsus  IV  11-5,  breadth  of  foveal  horn  4,  length  of  apical  segment  of 
posterior  spinners  3-1,  breadth  of  ocular  tubercle  2-65. 

The  Albany  Museum  has  a specimen  of  this  form  from  Salisbury,  collected 
by  Mr  C.  von  Hirschberg. 

The  species  is  of  particular  interest  as  it  seems  to  be  primitive  with  regard 
to  the  characters  of  the  foveal  horn,  and  connects  the  more  typical  species  of 
Ceratogyrus  with  those  of  Pterinochilus . It  clearly  points  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  genus  Ceratogyrus  originated  from  a Pterinochilus-like  ancestor  which 
had  a strongly  procurved  fovea.  The  characters  of  a male,  which  presumably 
belongs  to  this  species,  afford  almost  convincing  evidence  of  this,  for  the 
adult  male  is  quite  devoid  of  a tubercle  as  such,  this  organ  being  represented 
by  the  undifferentiated  portion  of  the  cephalothorax  which  is  included  within 
the  U-shaped  groove  of  the  strongly  procurved  fovea. 

Male. 

Mr  C.  von  Hirschberg  has  collected  what  seems  to  be  the  male  of  this  species 
at  Salisbury.  But  for  the  fact  that  it  was  taken  in  the  same  neighbourhood  as 
a large  female  of  dolichocephalus , I would  have  hesitated  to  refer  it  to  this 
species  or  even  to  the  genus  Ceratogyrus.  However,  it  may  prove  to  be  identical 
with  C.  marshalli  Pocock,  also  taken  at  Salisbury  ( Proc . Zool.  Soc.  1897,  p.  754* 
PI.  XLIII,  figs.  2-2  h),  but  according  to  Pocock’s  description  and  figure  that 
species  has  a distinct,  but  small,  foveal  tubercle. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


105 


Our  Salisbury  male  has  the  following  measurements:  total  length  35-75, 
length  of  carapace  14-5,  greatest  breadth  of  carapace  11-5,  breadth  of  carapace 
anteriorly  5-25,  "distance  from  anterior  margin  of  carapace  to  posterior  end  of 
“tubercle”  9-4,  breadth  of  U-shaped  groove  of  fovea,  measured  anteriorly 
2-15,  length  of  tibia  I 9-1,  of  tibia  IV  8-5,  of  metatarsus  I 8-7,  of  metatarsus  IV 
11,  of  apical  segment  of  posterior  spinners  2-25.  The  length  of  the  fourth 
metatarsus  thus  very  decidedly  exceeds  the  distance  from  the  anterior  margin 
of  the  carapace  to  the  end  of  the  foveal  tubercle:  such  is  not  the  case  in  the 
Umtali  male,  where  in  fact  the  distance  from  the  anterior  margin  to  the  tip 
of  the  tubercle  slightly  exceeds  the  length  of  the  fourth  metatarsus. 

The  carapace  is  unfortunately  too  rubbed  for  description  of  the  hair 
covering:  apparently,  pale  radial  stripes  were  present.  The  upper  surfaces  of 
body  and  appendages  are  more  or  less  ashy  brown,  the  distal  margins  of  the 
segments  of  the  legs  and  palps  from  the  femora  onwards  being  fringed  with 
white  hairs.  The  upper  surfaces  are  nowhere  rufous  or  ferrugineous.  Apparently, 
nothing  very  distinctive  is  found  in  the  palpal  characters  nor  in  those  of  the 
first  leg.  It  may  be  noted  that  the  process  at  the  apex  of  tibia  I is  strongly 
curved  outwards,  and  the  spine  it  bears  is  also  curved.  The  spine  of  the  bulbal 
organ  is  moderately  long,  curved,  and  drawn  out  suddenly  to  a point  at  the 
apex. 

The  narrowness  of  the  carapace  anteriorly  will  perhaps  prove  to  be  dis- 
tinctive of  the  species:  in  the  specimen  now  described  the  carapace  is  com- 
pressed laterally  in  its  anterior  portions,  whereas  in  males  of  other  species  it 
seems  to  be  more  depressed. 

Family  ZODARIIDAE. 

Diores  godfreyi  sp.  nov.  (text  fig.  13  a-c). 

The  type  is  a single  adult  female  example  taken  at  Somerville  C.  P.  by  the 
Rev.  R.  Godfrey  who  writes  of  it:  “the  spider  was  found  inside  a nest  built 
exactly  after  the  pattern  of  a false  scorpion’s,  a nest  of  small  pieces  of  grit 
lying  hemispherically  on  a stone  with  a slender  silken  lining  on  the  inside  of 
the  hemisphere  and  on  the  enclosed  surface  of  the  stone.”,*  Similar  nests  have 
been  found  by  Mr  F.  Cruden  at  Alicedale,  the  species  of  that  locality  being 
referable  apparently  to  D.  bivittatus  Simon.  The  Somerville  species  differs 
from  bivittatus  in  the  following  characters : size,  colour  pattern,  and  form  of 
epigyne. 

Colour.  The  abdomen  superiorly  is  dark  purplish,  and  its  posterior  half 
has  five  short  transverse  pale  stripes  which  are  restricted  to  the  mesial  region: 
the  most  anterior  stripe  is  chevron-shaped  and  the  second  one  is  distinctly 
bowed  in  the  middle:  posteriorly,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  vent,  is  a pale 
patch  formed  by  fusion  of  several  posterior  stripes.  Lower  surfaces  of  abdomen 
whitish.  Carapace  and  legs  straw  coloured. 

Ocular  area  very  similar  to  that  of  bivittatus  but  the  anterior  median  eyes 
are  not  quite  so  large  as  in  that  species:  the  distance  between  the  anterior 
medians  is  f of  the  diameter  of  an  eye,  whereas  in  bivittatus  it  is  about  one- 
quarter  of  a diameter. 

Pedipalp.  There  are  no  distinct  spines  on  the  palp  but  spiniform  setae 
occur  on  the  tarsus,  two  of  which  are  rather  stronger  than  the  rest.  The  claw 
is  longer  and  stronger  than  that  figured  by  Simon  for  bivittatus,  or  than  in 
Alicedale  specimens  which  I refer  to  that  species. 


io6 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Epigyne.  There  is  a mesial  dark  brown  glabrous  area  considerably  broader 
than  long,  with  strongly  curved  surface.  There  is  no  pocket  or  depression  on 
this  surface,  except  in  the  pair  of  minute,  backwardly  directed,  deeply  pig- 
mented clefts  which  form  the  anterior  termination  of  the  furrows  that  con- 
stitute the  lateral  boundaries  of  the  area.  The  epigyne  of  the  Alicedale  species 
has  a deep  and  broad  mesial  pouch,  separated  from  the  genital  opening  by  a 
narrow  raised  bridge  which  connects  the  convexities  of  the  two  sides. 

Measurements.  Total  length  3-75,  length  of  carapace  1-65,  breadth  of  cara- 
pace 1 -i. 


Text  fig.  13.  a,  Diores  godfreyi  sp.  nov.  Palp  of  female,  b,  Eyes  of  same,  c,  Epigyne 
of  same,  d,  Epigyne  of  Diores  bivittatus  Sim.  from  Alicedale. 


Mr  E.  Simon  described  several  species  of  this  genus,  and  gave  a key  to  the 
characters  of  the  seven  species  then  known,  in  his  account  of  the  spiders 
collected  by  Dr  L.  Schultze  in  S.W.  Africa  ( Denkschr . med.  nat.  Ges.  zu  Jena, 
xvi.  p.  185,  1910). 

D.  godfreyi  seems  to  belong  to  the  group  of  triangulifer  from  Damaraland, 
transvaalicus  from  Hamman’s  Kraal,  and  vittipes  from  Stellenbosch,  species 
only  known  to  me  from  Simon’s  descriptions.  In  these  species,  as  in  vittatus, 
the  six  hinder  patellae  are  armed  with  spinules  superiorly,  but  in  godfreyi  no 
spinules  occur : instead,  there  are  rather  numerous  short,  more  or  less  spiniform 
setae.  The  third  patella  of  vittatus  from  Alicedale  has  a number  of  similar 
stout  setae  and  in  addition  about  twenty  short  strong  spinules. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VI,  Pt.  3 


Plate  I 


a-c.  Three  females  of  Ceratogyrus  brachycrphalus  sp.  nov.,  from  N’jelele  River. 
d.  Female  of  Ceratogyrus  dolichocephalus  sp.  nov.  from  Victoria. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VI,  Pt.  3 Plate  11 


Female  of  Pelmatoiycter  breyeri  sp.  nov.  from  Klipspruit. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VI,  Pt.  3 


Plate  III 


a.  Female  of  Spiroctenus pardalina  (Hwtt.)  from  Wyldesdale. 

b.  Male  of  Spiroctenus  spinipalpis  sp.  nov.  from  Ruby  Creek  hill. 

c.  Male  of  Spiroctenus  zebrina  (Purcell)  from  Ruby  Creek. 
d and  e.  Spiroctenus  curvipes  $ and  <$. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VI,  Pt.  3 


Plate  IV 


a.  Galeosoma  coronation  spheroideum. 

b.  Galeosoma  robertsi  crinitum. 

c.  Shield  of  Galeosoma  schreineri  (Hwtt.)  from  De  Aar,  in  face  view.  Enlarged. 

d.  Shield  of  Galeosoma  pluripunctatum  sp.  nov.,  from  Mooi  Vley. 

e.  Shield  of  Galeosoma  vandami  (Hwtt.)  from  Griffin  Mine. 

f and  g.  Shields  of  Galeosoma  vandami  circumjunctum  var.  nov.  from  N’Wanedzi 
River. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


107 


ADDENDUM  I 

Acantho don  flaveolum  Poc. 

The  adult  male  of  the  typical  form  of  flaveolum  was  taken  recently  in 
Grahamstown  by  Mr  J.  van  Dam  (15.  ix.  1918).  Frontal  eyes  about  L of  a 
diameter  apart,  the  anterior  ocular  quadrangle  wider  behind  than  in  front, 
the  ocular  area  approximately  J as  long  as  the  distance  from  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  carapace  to  the  fovea.  All  the  tarsi  scopulate:  tarsus  I with  a 
spine  on  each  side.  Metatarsus  I only  very  slightly  longer  than  tibia  I,  and 
only  slightly  curved  near  the  base,  but  without  distinct  incrassation  at  any 
point:  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  segment  there  are  no  distinct  bristles,  but 
stiffish  hairs  occur,  and  towards  the  apex  are  two  long  spines.  Excavation  of 
tibia  of  palp  with  a continuous  semicircular  group  of  spinules  or  short  spines, 
the  basal  portion  being  best  developed : altogether,  there  are  about  thirty 
such  spinules.  Carapace  4 mm.  long. 

ADDENDUM  II 


Spiroctenus  londinensis  sp.  nov. 

I have  recently  received  specimens  of  a closely  related  species  from 
Hogsback,  Amatola  Mts.,  also  collected  by  Dr  G.  Rattray.  These  are  pre- 
sumably referable  to  Hermachastes  flavopunctatus  Pure.  ( Annals  S.  Af.  Mus. 
hi.  p.  98,  1903).  The  species  is  evidently  a member  of  the  Bessia  group.  Its 
dentition  resembles  that  of  londinensis . There  is  an  inner  row  of  about  thirteen 
teeth  arranged  along  a curved  line,  and  a basal  group  of  very  minute  teeth 
on  the  outer  side.  Patella  III  has  usually  three  spines  on  the  anterior  surface, 
sometimes  four,  or  even  only  two:  immature  specimens  of  londinensis  may 
also  have  three  spines  on  this  segment.  The  Hogsback  females  are  consider- 
ably smaller  than  adults  from  East  London,  the  carapace  being  only  6-4  mm. 
long:  in  a specimen  of  similar  size  from  East  London  the  hairs  of  the  ab- 
dominal surfaces  are  much  longer  and  stronger  than  in  flavopunctatus , but 
otherwise  the  two  seem  much  alike. 


ADDENDUM  III 

(With  i text  figure.) 

In  reply  to  Mr  Tucker’s  criticisms1  of  my  statements  and  conclusions  on 
spider  systematics : 

p.  79.  He  is  correct  in  objecting  to  the  association  of  Moggridgea  seticoxa , 
coegensis  and  nigra  under  the  heading  “Coxa  II  with  a distinct  posterobasal 
group  of  shorter  an$  more  densely  crowded  (often  spiniform)  setae  interiorly.  ” 
The  original  MS  read  Coxa  III  (not  II).  The  alteration  was  made  by  the 
printer.  I may  add  that  the  whole  paper  (in  Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  vol.  v. 
no.  2)  is  stultified  by  numerous  quite  palpable  printer’s  errors,  no  proofs 
having  been  submitted  to  the  writer. 

1 “On  some  South  African  Aviculariidae  (Arachnida).  Families  Migidae,  Cteni- 
zidae,  Diplotheleae  and  Dipluridae.”  By  R.  W.  E.  Tucker,  B.A.,  in  Annals  S. 
African  Mus.  vol.  xvn.  pp.  79-138.  It  is  an  important  paper,  and  well  illus- 
trated. In  quoting  from  that  paper  the  italics  are  mine. 


io8 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


pp.  84-87.  In  passing,  it  may  be  noted  that  Mr  Tucker’s  descriptions  of 
the  two  new  species  of  Stasimopus,  based  on  adult  males,  should  be  supple- 
mented by  comparative  or  absolute  measurements  of  the  palpal  segments  I 
and  of  the  segments  of  the  first  leg.  Such  data  are  of  primary  importance. 

p.  97.  Under  the  heading  of  Homostola  zebrina  Purcell,  Mr  Tucker  says: 
“This  species  has  been  included  by  Hewitt  as  a synonym  of  Spiroctenus : 
but — “it  seems  fairly  clear  that  Purcell’s  zebrina  is  rightly  referred  to  the  genus 
Homostola,  and  further  that  it  is  not  synonymous  with  Spiroctenus.”  In  a 
further  note  on  p.  136,  in  reference  to  my  later  work  on  Spiroctenus  ( Homostola ) 
zebrina,  he  adds:  “I  have  examined  Hewitt’s  specimens  both  male  and  female 
and  consider  them  to  be  true  Homostola  sp.  zebrina  and  can  hardly  agree  that  they 
are  Spiroctenidae  though  the  two  genera  have  much  in  common .” 

Now  firstly,  although  Mr  Tucker  speaks  with  confidence  regarding  the 
actual  identity  of  the  genus  Homostola  Simon,  yet  there  is  considerable  un- 
certainty on  the  matter:  I have  never  seen  any  specimen  agreeing  with  the 
description  of  the  genotype  H.  vulpecula,  nor  had  Dr  Purcell  when  he  described 
zebrina : certainly,  Simon’s  description  of  the  generic  characters  “Ungues 
postici  serie  unica  dentium  6-7  inaequalium  armati”  and  “metatarsi  antici.  . . 
parce  et  minutissimi  aculeati”  does  not  readily  admit  of  the  inclusion  of 
zebrina  therein. 

As  regards  the  relation  between  H.  zebrina  Purcell  and  the  genus  Spiro- 
ctenus, Mr  Tucker’s  remarks  are  truly  ambiguous:  he  admits  that  “the  genera 
have  much  in  common,”  yet  alluding  to  actual  specimens  of  zebrina  that  I 
lent  him,  “can  hardly  agree  that  they  are  Spiroctenidae.”  What  does  this 
mean? 


The  chief  point  at  issue  is  the  taxonomic  value  of  the  sternal  sigilla.  In 
Simon’s  great  work,  the  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Araignees,  this  character  was 
utilised  in  separating  large  groups  of  genera  from  each  other,  and  later 
workers  still  seem  to  regard  the  character  with  favour.  On  the  other  hand, 
I am  convinced  that  its  value  in  classification  has  been  greatly  over-rated. 
The  size  and  position  of  the  posterior  sigilla  varies  considerably  during  the 
lifetime  of  the  same  individual  in  various  species  of  Pelmatorycter : the  genera 
Pelmatorycter  and  Ancylotrypa  as  redefined  by  Mr  Tucker,  represent  the  oppo- 
site extremes  of  sigilla  variation,  yet  are  completely  linked  up  by  inter- 
mediate forms,  and  the  relationship  existing  between  extreme  types  is  borne 
out  by  a study  of  the  nests  they  construct.  (See  account  of  nests  of  Pelma- 
torycter crudeni  and  P.  parvus — which  latter  would  be  called  Ancylotrypa 
by  Mr  Tucker — in  5.  Afr.  Journal  of  Science,  1916,  July.) 

My  views  will  be  understood  from  the  accompanying  figure,  which  is  an 
exact  copy  of  that  published  in  Mr  Tucker’s  paper  and  used  by  him  to 
emphasize  the  essential  difference  between  Pelmatorycter  and  Ancylotrypa. 
The  figures  A — D represent  the  sterna  with  sigilla  of  the  males  of  four  distinct 
species.  A and  C are  referred  by  Mr  Tucker  to  the  genus  Ancylotrypa:  this 
well  illustrates  the  fact  that  the  number  of  sigilla  does  not  signify,  as  a generic 
character.  B and  D are  referred  by  Mr  Tucker  to  the  genus  Pelmatorycter: 
these  considered  either  alone,  or  in  conjunction  with  A and  C,  show  that 
position  of  sigilla  is  also  of  little  value.  There  remains  only  to  be  considered 
the  shape  of  the  posterior  sigilla,  for  it  happens  that  both  species  chosen  to 
represent  Pelmatorycter  have  sigilla  with  pointed  tails : however,  his  descrip- 
tion of  that  genus  commences  “ Posterior  sternal  sigilla  large,  oval  or  pear- 
shaped,  and  median  to  submedian  in  position.”  As  regards  actual  size,  the 
character  is  too  variable  to  be  admitted  as  a basis  for  generic  separation.  It 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


109 


should  be  added  that  Mr  Tucker  has  evidently  recognized  these  facts,  for  in 
writing  under  the  heading  “Systematic  value  of  sternal  sigilla”  he  says  of 
these  genera:  “In  specimens  of  both  genera  available  for  examination  great 
similarity  exists,  and  the  posterior  sternal  sigilla  show  less  divergence  than  in 
other  genera  discussed.” 

It  is  possible  that  the  species  I have  hitherto  grouped  together  into  the 
large  genera  Acanthodon,  Spiroctenus,  and  Pelmatorycter,  may  be  capable 
of  segregation  into  natural  groups,  for  which  the  establishment  of  generic  or 
subgeneric  names  will  be  merely  a matter  for  individual  opinion : but  I doubt 
if  such  division  can  be  made  solely  on  female  characters.  The  secondary 
sexual  characters  of  adult  males  may  furnish  a more  solid  basis  for  such 
subdivision.  Some  of  the  species  included  by  Mr  Tucker  in  the  genus 
Ancylotrypa  have  a striking  character  in  the  horny  processes  of  the  male 
palps,  but  other  species  of  that  “genus”  are  completely  devoid  of  such  pro- 
cesses. As  pointed  out  in  my  accompanying  paper,  characters  of  considerable 
constancy  throughout  whole  groups  of  species  are  found  in  the  tibial  tubercles 


of  the  first  leg  of  male  Acanthodons.  Still,  as  an  index  of  affinity,  secondary 
sexual  characters  are  apt  to  prove  erratic,  and  for  this  reason  I regard  them 
for  the  most  part  as  of  subgeneric  value  only. 

p.  1 12.  Mr  Tucker,  after  remarking  that  a number  of  female  specimens 
from  Stellenbosch  strongly  resemble  Hermacha  nigra  and  are  apparently 
closely  allied  to  it,  adds:  “it  is  no  doubt  a young  example  of  this  species 
which  was  described  by  Simon  as  Damarchodes  purcelli ” and  then  says 
“Damarchodes  is  considered  by  Purcell  to  be  synonymous  with  Hermacha: 
Hewitt  however  thinks  it  allied  to  Pelmatorycter.”  What  I actually  wrote 
was : “ Damarchodes  is  founded  on  a Stellenbosch  species  which  is  not  known 
to  me:  many  of  its  characters,  according  to  the  description,  would  seem  to 
ally  it  with  Pelmatorycter  yet  it  must  differ  therefrom,  apparently,  in  that 
the  claws  of  the  anterior  tarsi  are  armed  with  a single  series  of  teeth  and  the 
cephalothorax  is  crebre  sericeo-pubescens.” 

p.  1 19.  In  dealing  with  the  problematical  genus  Thelechoris,  Mr  Tucker 
places  together  specimens  from  Durban,  Grahamstown  and  Cookhouse  under 
the  name  of  Thelechoris  australis  Purcell,  the  type  of  which  came  from 
Dunbrody:  now  the  Durban  specimens,  as  pointed  out  by  me  some  years  ago 
{Annals  Durban  Mus.  vol.  1.  p.  132),  are  identical  with  the  species  Evagrus 
caffer  Pocock,  and  a new  generic  name  may  have  to  be  created  for  the  species. 

p.  126.  In  a somewhat  lengthy  historical  account  of  the  vicissitudes  of  the 
names  Idiops  and  Acanthodon,  Mr  Tucker  complains  that  I still  make  use  of 
the  latter  name.  He  thinks  it  should  now  be  abandoned. 

It  is  true  that  M.  Simon  in  the  appendix  to  his  great  work  has  placed 
the  two  names  as  synonymous  because  the  ocular  characters  have  no  generic 


no 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


value,  and  that,  so  long  ago  as  1870,  Mr  O.  P.  Cambridge  made  the  same  j 
suggestion,  but  in  both  instances  the  accompanying  propositions  are  so 
obviously  untenable  that  one  may  reasonably  hesitate  to  accept  their  view  on  j 
this  point:  and  indeed,  Mr  Tucker  himself  rejects  the  simultaneous  proposal 
of  M.  Simon  to  restrict  the  use  of  the  generic  name  Idiops  to  the  tropical 
American  species.  Idiops  and  Acanthodon  were  not  founded  on  specimens 
of  the  same  sex ; there  seems  to  be  no  evidence  that  they  came  from  the  same 
part  of  Brazil — a rather  large  country — and  though  apparently  only  two 
Idiopine  genera  are  recorded  from  that  part  of  the  world  it  is  very  probable 
that  more  do  occur.  Petrunkevitch  in  his  recent  Index  Catalogue  of  American 
Spiders  remarks  thus : “ especially  the  tropical  countries  of  Central  and  South 
America  will  yield  for  a long  time  to  come  an  inexhaustible  amount  of  new 
forms.”  Less  than  a generation  ago,  only  one  Idiopine  genus  was  recorded 
from  S.  Africa:  since  then,  half-a-dozen  genera  have  been  recognized,  all 
founded  on  characters  of  female  specimens.  It  is  important  to  note  that 
amongst  Idiopine  spiders  the  females  afford  better  generic  characters  than 
males,  and  that  males  of  related  genera,  being  more  generalized  than  females 
(except  as  regards  purely  sexual  characters),  are  very  easily  confused  together, 
in  spite  of  the  fact  that  in  specific  differentiation  the  males  provide  more 
tangible  characters : to  illustrate  this,  I need  only  mention  that  males  of  Galeo- 
soma  are  almost  completely  devoid  of  the  one  character  which  so  markedly 
distinguishes  the  genus,  and  thus  are  very  like  males  of  Acanthodon.  It 
seems  to  me  therefore  that  the  identity  of  Idiops  with  Acanthodon  should  be 
regarded  as  sub  judice. 

Again,  I have  previously  explained  in  what  sense  I employed  these  terms 
Idiops  and  Acanthodon  (. Annals  Durban  Mus.  1.  p.  225):  in  thus  limiting  the 
generic  groups,  I have  merely  followed  Dr  Purcell  (Trans.  S.  Afr.  Phil.  Soc.  \ 
xv.  p.  1 1 8),  but  on  ascertaining  that  S.  African  females  referable  to  the  genus 
Ctenolophus  are  generically  identical  with  the  type  of  Acanthodon,  I have 
not  hesitated  to  abandon  the  name  Ctenolophus  in  favour  of  Acanthodon. 
Assuming  the  correctness  of  Mr  Tucker's  statement  in  the  following  extract 
from  his  account,  it  would  seem  that  Idiops  and  Acanthodon  may  each  be 
maintained  in  their  original  sense  with  propriety:  “It  may  be  mentioned 
that  Ctenolophus  and  Idiops  differ  in  one  respect,  namely,  the  latter  has  two 
rows  of  teeth  on  the  cheliceral  groove  whilst  the  outer  row  is  represented  in 
Ctenolophus  by  minute  denticles  only : this  by  itself  is  perhaps  hardly  sufficient 
for  separation,  though  fairly  constant,  but  would  no  doubt  serve  to  divide  the 
group  into  two  main  classes.” 

On  this,  I may  remark  that  all  we  require  of  a character  for  generic  purposes 
is  constancy : a small  character  is  more  important  than  a large  one,  if  it  is  more 
constant. 

As  a matter  of  fact,  this  dentition  character  presents  intermediates 
between  the  Ctenolophus  type  and  that  to  which  the  term  Idiops  was  re- 
stricted by  Dr  Purcell.  When  but  few  species  were  known,  it  was  easy  enough 
to  limit  such  groups  as  Ctenolophus,  Idiops,  and  Gorgyrella,  but  the  more 
we  increase  our  knowledge  of  the  fauna,  the  more  we  realise  the  impossibility 
of  drawing  sharp  lines  between  the  genera.  However,  as  a matter  of  conveni- 
ence it  seems  better  to  retain  the  names  Acanthodon  and  Idiops  for  alternative 
names),  either  as  genera  or  as  subgenera:  for  the  two  groups  have  some 
geographical  significance.  Various  species  of  Acanthodon  are  known  from 
the  Cape  Province,  but  not  a single  Idiops:  on  the  other  hand,  the  Indian 
species  seem  to  be  true  Idiops  (cp.  I.  biharicus  Gravely). 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


hi 


Mr  Tucker’s  proposal  to  establish  a new  genus,  Segregara,  on  those 
ij  Acanthodons  (excluding  Gorgyrella)  which  have  three  pairs  of  sigilla,  only 
adds  to  the  difficulties  of  systematists,  and  is  open  to  the  still  more  serious 
objection  that  it  conveys  an  impression  of  discontinuity  which  actually  does 
not  exist.  I am  quite  satisfied  that  in  a natural  system  of  classification  the 
species  which  “ are  distinct  in  the  possession  of  3 pairs  of  small  marginal 
sigilla”  should  not  be  generically  separated  from  those  otherwise  similar 
species  which  have  only  two  such  pairs.  Acanthodon  microps  usually  has  two 
pairs  of  sigilla,  but  occasionally  has  three  pairs.  The  very  first  species 
mentioned  by  Mr  Tucker  as  referable  to  his  genus  Idiops,  as  thus  restricted, 
will  witness  against  the  advantage  of  basing  genera  on  meristic  variations — 
the  trisigillate  form  is  primitive — of  this  kind,  for  I have  a specimen  of 
spiricola  which  on  one  side  presents  three  sigilla,  but  on  the  other  side  only  two. 

It  is  admitted  however  that  the  position  of  sigilla  relative  to  the  margin 
of  the  sternum  is  of  rather  more  importance,  and  thus  the  genus  Gorgyrella 
has  better  claims  for  recognition.  Still,  a study  of  the  Transvaal  species  has 
convinced  me  of  the  impossibility  of  separating  genera  on  this  character. 
There  seems  to  me  no  justification  for  generically  separating  Acanthodon 
transvaalensis  from  schreineri  as  proposed  by  Mr  Tucker.  My  conclusions  are 
also  supported  by  habitudinal  characters.  There  is  a small  Transvaal  form  of 
Gorgyrella  which  I can  only  recognize  as  a variety  {minor)  of  schreineri 1: 
only  recently  have  I learnt,  from _ Mr  G.  van  Dam,  that  this  spider  has  a 
remarkable  type  of  lid,  closely  resembling  that  of  abrahami 2 (the  type  of 
Segregara).  We  know  that  considerable  differences  are  found  amongst  the 
lids  of  the  different  members  of  a genus,  but  it  seems  most  improbable  that 
species  which  agree  together  in  making  a lid  so  characteristic  as  that  of 
abrahami  can  belong  to  different  genera. 

Lastly,  Mr  Tucker’s  speculations  on  the  generic  migrations  and  origins  of 
the  Idiopeae  are  by  no  means  convincing.  He  says : “ Now  Pocock,  writing  on 
the  geographical  distribution  of  the  Ctenizidae  {P.Z.S.  1903)  considers  that 
Idiops  reached  South  America,  not  from  N.  America  but  from  Africa.  This 
and  the  general  geographical  distribution  of  the  Idiopeae  indicate  that  Tropical 
Africa  was  the  seat  of  origin  of  the  group.”  And  again : “ Finally,  Gorgyrella  can 
also  be  regarded  as  an  off-shoot  from  form  (A)  and  it  is  important  in  that  it 
lends  support  to  the  theory  of  the  South  African  origin  of  the  Idiopeae  in  that 
it  is  found  in  S.  Africa  alone.”  This  interpretation  of  the  great  diversity  of 
form  that  obtains  in  Southern  Africa  may  happen  to  be  actually  correct,  but 
is  certainly  not  adequately  supported  by  facts.  The  Idiopine  fauna  in  most 
parts  of  its  extensive  range  through  the  warmer  parts  of  the  world  has  scarcely 
been  touched,  and  we  know  absolutely  nothing  whatever  of  its  geological 
history.  To-day,  Africa  is  the  headquarters  of  Antelopes,  yet  H.  F.  Osborn 
tells  us  “it  is  probable  that  the  Antelopes  together  with  the  entire  stock  of 
Cavicornia,  including  the  Bovinae,  or  cattle,  originated  in  Asia.”  (See  his 
Age  of  Mammals.) 

The  apparent  absence  of  Idiopine  genera  from  the  south-west  parts  of  the 
Cape,  and  from  Madagascar,  will  probably  be  more  generally  interpreted  as 
signifying  the  comparatively  recent  arrival  of  this  group  in  Africa. 

Any  attempt  to  correlate  the  evolution  of  the  group  as  a whole  with  the 
known  facts  of  distribution  must  be  of  very  doubtful  value,  so  long  as  the 
available  data  are  so  very  imperfect. 

1 See  G.  van  Dam  and  A.  Roberts  in  Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  vol.  v,  p.  223. 

2 See  F.  Cruden  in  S.  Afr.  Journal  of  Science,  July  1916. 


8 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  SOME  NEW  MAMMALS 

By  Austin  Roberts 

During  last  year  a large  number  of  mammal  specimens  were  added  to  the 
Transvaal  Museum  collection,  amongst  which  are  a few  apparently  not  yet 
described.  Besides  these,  the  following  rare  species  were  secured: 

Myotis  tricolor  (Temminck)  at  Venterskroon,  Potchefstroom,  collected  by 
Museum  staff. 

Cloeotis  percivali  Thomas.  Pretoria,  collected  by  Museum  staff. 


Rhinolophus  darlingi  Andersson.  Pretoria,  Museum  staff. 

Rhinolophus  geoffroyi  A.  Smith  ( Zool . Journ.  iv.  p.  433,  1829),  Lormarins 
(Paarl),  and  Klaver,  C.  P.,  taken  by  Museum  staff.  This  name  apparently 
takes  precedence  over  that  of  Rhinolophus  augur  Andersson  ( Ann . and  Mag. 
N.H.  ser.  7,  vol.  xiv.  p.  380,  1904),  by  which  it  has  been  commonly  known 
since  the  date  of  its  description. 

Crocidura  cyanea  Duvernoy.  Lamberts  Bay,  C.  P.,  taken  by  Museum  staff. 

Viverra  civetta  Schreber.  Rustenburg  District,  taken  by  W.  Powell,  and  low 
veld  of  Zoutpansberg  District,  taken  by  Museum  staff. 

Mungos  grandis  (Thomas).  Rustenburg  District,  taken  by  W.  Powell. 

Heliosciurus  flavivittus  (Peters) . Myiai,  40  miles  south-east  of  Daressalaam, 
E.  Africa.  This  species  was  quite  common  at  this  place,  where  Paraxerus  cepapi 
(A.  Smith)  was  also  quite  common,  and  a specimen,  of  which  the  skull  was 
unfortunately  lost,  was  also  obtained.  H.  flavivittus  was  very  readily  dis- 
tinguishable in  life  by  the  broad  white  lateral  stripe. 


Epimys  namaquensis  grahami  mihi.  Lormarins  (Paarl),  Klaver,  and 
Lamberts  Bay.  This  species  was  originally  described  from  Namaqualand, 
and  it  is  therefore  surprising  to  find  the  larger  subspecies  recently  described 
from  Grahamstown  occurring  so  far  west.  It  was  rare  at  all  these  localities. 


Cistugo  lesueuri  sp.  nov. 

This  genus  was  first  described  by  Thomas  [Ann.  and  Mag.  N.H.  ser.  8, 
vol.  x.  pp.  204-206,  1907)  on  a single  specimen  taken  in  Angola.  Apparently 
no  more  specimens  have  since  been  collected,  and  it  is  therefore  pleasing  to 
be  able  to  record  yet  another  specimen  from  so  far  south,  and  apparently 
representing  another  species.  The  present  one  differs  most  markedly  from 
Cistugo  seahrae  in  size,  the  cranial  and  external  characters  seemingly  differing 
but  little ; there  appear  to  be  no  glands  on  the  wing,  however,  and  the  colour- 
ation is  somewhat  different,  both  of  which  may  eventually  prove  to  be  of 
little  importance.  C.  seahrae  is  described  as:  “General  colour  dull  drab,  the 
bases  of  the  hairs  everywhere  slaty,  the  tips  above  drab,  below  whitish. 
Membranes  brown,  with  whitish  edges,  the  light-coloured  reticulations 
conspicuous.”  In  the  present  species,  the  base  of  the  hair  is  black,  the  upper 
parts  as  far  as  the  crown  terminally  “honey-yellow”  (Ridgway,  1912),  the 
under  parts  as  far  as  the  chin  much  paler,  yellowish  white.  The  top  of  the 
head  shows  less  of  the  yellowish  colour  and  merges  into  the  dark  brown  which 
characterises  the  face.  Hair  on  the  edge  of  the  wing  membrane  merging  from 


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113 


the  yellow  of  the  back  to  brown  externally. ' Ears  and  nose  almost  naked, 
the  former  more  thickly  haired  at  the  base  posteriorly.  The  specimen  being 
a dried  skin  cannot  be  accurately  described  as  regards  the  ears ; but  apparently 
the  tragus  is  almost  straight  on  its  inner  margin,  the  outer  margin  convex. 
In  the  teeth,  which  are  worn,  the  inner  anterior  cusp  of  P4  is  in  line  between 
the  same  cusps  of  P3  and  M1. 

The  following  comparative  measurements  will  serve  to  show  the  difference 
in  size : 


Cistugo 

Cistugo 

seabrae 

lesueuvi 

Head  and  body 

40 

47 

Tail  ...  

40 

43 

Tibia  and  hind  foot  (c.u.)  ... 

18-2 

19-5 

Ear 

12 

13 

Skull : greatest  length 

13*2 

14 

Brain  case  ... 

6-6 

7 

Front  of  canine  to  back  of  M3  ... 

4-6 

5-3 

Forearm 

32*5 

34-5 

Third  metacarpal 

3i-5 

33-8 

First  phalanx 

10-7 

it 

Second  phalanx 

9-7 

io-8 

Type,  old  $,  T.  M.  no.  2286,  taken  at  Lormarins,  Paarl  District,  15th 
September,  1917,  by  J.  S.  Le  Sueur,  Esquire,  by  whom  it  was  rescued  from 
a cat. 

Eptesicus  melckorum  sp.  nov. 

With  the  general  characters  of  E.  capensis  (A.  Smith),  but  differing  there- 
from in  its  much  longer  tail  and  larger  size;  the  tail  measures  40—45  mm.  as 
against  only  30-34  mm.  in  E.  capensis,  the  forearm  35*5-37  as  against  32-36, 
and  the  skull  14-5-15  as  against  14.  In  colouration  the  upper  parts  are 
externally  “ avellaneous  ” (Ridgway)  with  the  base  of  the  hair  brown,  and 
the  under  parts  paler,  tending  to  white,  with  the  base  of  the  hair  darker 
brown. 

Type,  adult  $,  T.  M.  no.  2283,  taken  at  Kersfontein,  Berg  River,  Cape 
Province,  21st  November,  1917.  Also  four  more  adults  and  a very  young 
specimen  captured  at  the  same  time  in  a loft. 

Dimensions:  Head  and  body  53,  tail  40,  hind  foot  (c.u.)  7,  ear  15  mm. 
Forearm  37;  pollex  (c.u.)  5-5;  3rd  digit,  metacarpal  36,  1st  phalanx  13-2, 
2nd  12-8,  3rd  9-9;  4th  digit,  metacarpal  35,  1st  phalanx  12-2;  5th  digit, 
metacarpal  35-8,  1st  phalanx  10-5.  Tibia  14.  Tragus  (dry)  on  the  outer 
margin  6-3,  breadth  2. 

Chrysochloris  minor  sp.  nov. 

A small  species  apparently  most  closely  allied  to  C.  asiatica  (L.),  but  differ- 
ing therefrom  in  its  much  smaller  size.  Of  about  the  same  size  as  C.  wintoni 
Broom,  but  differing  therefrom  in  having  the  skull  of  the  same  shape  as  that 
of  asiatica.  Colouration  much  as  in  C.  asiatica,  specimens  from  Cape  Town  and 
the  Frenchhoek  valley,  but  with  a more  conspicuous  sheen  of  metallic  violet. 
Claws  of  the  forefeet  longer  and  narrower  than  in  asiatica  in  proportion  to  the 
size  of  the  species,  the  claws  measuring:  1st  4 mm.,  2nd  6-5,  3rd  11  x 4 (as 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


114 


against  11  x 5 in  asialica),  4th  1-5.  Length  of  the  head  and  body;  measured 
in  the  flesh,  94  mm.;  hind  foot  (s.u.)  11.  The  skull  similar  to  that  of  asiatica 
in  outline,  though  smaller,  but  with  the  palate  not  extending  behind  the 
hindmost  molar.  The  upper  canine  and  foremost  premolar  are  in  contact, 
otherwise  the  position  of  the  teeth  is  the  same  as  in  asiatica.  Dimensions  of 
the  skull  are:  greatest  length  22-1  mm.;  basilar  length  21-2;  greatest  width 
17;  greatest  height  11-3;  interorbital  width,  posteriorly  7,  anteriorly  7*8; 
length  of  upper  tooth  row,  from  front  of  incisors  to  back  of  M3,  9-5 ; breadth 
of  palate  outside  last  premolar  8;  length  of  palate  to  base  of  incisors  9; 
greatest  length  of  mandible  14-7;  length  of  mandibular  tooth  row  7-8. 

Type,  adult  $,  with  fully  developed  mammae,  taken  in  the  sandveld  at 
Klaver,  on  the  Olifants  River,  Cape  Province,  22nd  September,  1917.  The 
mammae  are  as  in  asiatica,  one  pair  situated  midway  between  the  fore  and 
hind  legs,  and  one  pair  inguinal. 

Mungos  pulverulentus  maritimus  subsp.  nov. 

Intermediate  between  M . pulverulentus  (Wagner)  and  M.  ruddi  Thomas, 
the  colouration  tending  to  that  of  ruddi,  but  with  only  a slight  trace  of  black, 
in  some  individuals,  at  the  tip  of  the  tail.  The  colouration  varies  somewhat 
in  individuals,  a character  also  noted  of  specimens  from  Knysna,  but  is  on 
the  whole  of  a much  more  tawny  reddish  on  the  back  and  particularly  on  the 
tail;  the  base  of  the  hair  is  pale  grey  on  the  back,  as  compared  with  dark 
brown  to  grey  brown  in  pulverulentus , while  the  tail  shows  very  little  brown 
banding,  this  giving  way  to  a more  uniform  tawny  brown ; the  hands  and  feet 
and  face  are  also  much  lighter  brown.  In  the  skull  also,  this  subspecies  appar- 
ently forms  a link  between  the  two  forms  so  far  regarded  as  distinct  species, 
but  which  must  now  be  regarded  as  merely  subspecies.  For  purposes  of 
comparison,  a specimen  taken  at  Lormarins,  Paarl  District,  has  been  taken 
as  typical,  and  the  measurements  of  the  series,  together  with  those  given  for 
ruddi,  are  as  follows: 


Paarl 

Lamberts 

Bay 

Port 

Nolloth 

Head  and  body  ... 

325 

325-360 

347 

Tail  

280 

285-325 

315 

Hind  foot 

62 

62-68 

69 

Ear 

25 

16-25 

26 

Skull: 

Greatest  length 

67-3 

66-72 

69 

Basilar  length  ... 

61 

61*5-65 

— 

Zygomatic  width 

35*5 

35-39 

39’5 

Interorbital  constriction 

13-5 

14*6-15*2 

16*5 

Length  P4 

7'3 

7'3 -7*5 

7 

Greatest  diameter  P4  . . . 

9 

8*4-8-7 

8 

„ „ M2 

4’5 

3*8-4 

3-6 

Type,  adult  $ , Lamberts  Bay, 

T.  M.  2136, 

1 6th  October, 

1917.  Mammae 

3 abdominal  pairs  = 6.  Six  specimens  in  the  series  from  same  locality,  from 
which  the  above  measurements  have  been  taken. 

Otomys  silberbaueri  sp.  nov. 

A member  of  the  O.  laminatus  group,  with  nine  laminae  in  M3  and  seven 
in  Mj ; but  differing  therefrom  in  its  very  dark  colouration  and  larger  size. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


ii5 


Colouration:  base  of  the  hair  on  the  whole  of  the  upper  parts  dark  slaty 
black,  the  external  portion  tawny  and  terminally  glossy  green;  the  eyes  are 
surrounded  by  an  ill-defined  ring  of  reddish  tawny,  and  the  snout  is  more 
yellowish;  below  the  base  of  the  fur  is  greyer,  the  tips  whitish,  the  sides 
merging  from  the  colouration  of  the  back  to  the  paler  colour  of  the  under- 
parts.  Fore  feet  greyish  white,  hind  feet  greyish  tawny,  darker  on  the  sides 
and  toes,  and  merging  up  the  limbs  to  the  darker  colour  of  the  back.  Tail 
dorsally  black,  laterally  and  ventrally  uniform  dull  white.  Dorsally  in  general 
effect  the  colour  is  darker  than  in  the  darkest  specimens  of  Otomys  irroratus. 
The  skull  does  not  differ  materially  from  that  of  O.  laminatus,  but  the  tooth 
row  is  very  much  larger,  the  upper  molars  measuring  11  mm.  as  against  10  in 
laminatus.  Dimensions,  taken  in  the  flesh:  length  of  the  head  and  body 
172  mm.,  tail  no,  hind  foot  (s.u.)  34,  ear  24.  Skull:  greatest  length  44-5; 
zygomatic  width  22;  width  of  brain  case  16-5;  interorbital  width  5;  nasals, 
length  20,  breadth  7-8;  length  of  upper  molar  series  (crowns)  11;  diastema 
9-5;  length  of  bullae  7,  width  (including  meatus)  8-5. 

Type,  old  T.  M.  no.  2259,  taken  at  Lormarins,  Paarl  District,  7th 
September,  1917.  Specimens  of  Otomys  irrovatus  were  captured  in  the  same 
marsh 


SOME  NOTES  ON  BIRDS,  AND  DESCRIPTIONS 
OF  NEW  SUBSPECIES 

By  Austin  Roberts 

During  an  expedition  to  the  Cape  Province  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
topotypes  of  various  species,  some  new  and  quite  unexpected  forms  were 
secured.  These  were  unexpected  inasmuch  as  the  avifauna  of  that  Province 
is  said  to  have  been  thoroughly  worked,  and  the  records  hereafter  given  serve 
to  show  the  folly  of  such  statement. 

Amongst  the  records  of  importance  the  following  may  be  noted : 

Crithagva  leucopteva  Sharpe.  A single  adult  $ was  obtained  at  Lormarins 
in  the  Paarl  District,  one  of  a small  party,  the  rest  of  which  flew  off  towards 
the  mountains  after  I had  secured  the  one;  a shower  of  rain  prevented  me 
from  following  the  others.  There  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  validity  of  this 
species  as  the  immature  of  C.  albogularis , which  it  comes  nearest  to,  have  the 
rump  yellow  as  in  the  adults. 

Cryptillas  victovini.  A specimen  was  secured  in  the  scrub  on  the  Groot 
Drakenstein  Mountains.  So  far  this  species  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
recorded  from  so  far  west.  Its  call-note  is  similar  to  that  of  Bvadypterus 
barvatti  of  the  Drakensberg. 

Bvadypterus  babaeculus  (Vieillot) . A specimen  of  this  species  was  obtained 
in  the  rushes  on  the  Berg  River  at  Kersfontein.  Reichenow  has  referred  • 
B.  barvatti  Sharpe  to  this  species  and  Stark  and  Sclater  have  referred 
Lusciniola  gvacilivostvis  (Hartlaub)  to  it.  All  writers  have  so  far  been  able  to 
recognize  Bvadypterus  bvachyptevus  (Vieillot)  from  Knysna;  but  owing  to 
their  not  knowing  that  the  call-notes  of  bvachyptevus  and  babaeculus  are  the 
same,  some  confusion  has  existed  as  to  the  identity  of  the  latter.  Levaillant, 
who  first  collected  these  birds,  figured  and  described  them,  recorded  bvachy- 
ptevus from  Outeniqua  only,  but  babaeculus from  both  Verloren  Vlei  (not  far 
from  Berg  River)  and  Outeniqua  (Knysna).  This  has  probably  also  been  a 
cause  of  error,  the  explanation  of  which  is  very  likely  that  he  himself  collected 
the  bird  at  Verloren  Vlei  and  noted  its  call-note,  which  he  probably  remem- 
bered also  to  have  heard  at  Knysna;  on  the  other  hand  he  frequently  mentions 
in  his  Travels  the  assistance  rendered  to  him  in  collecting  by  his  faithful  Klaas, 
so  we  may  reasonably  conclude  that  Klaas  obtained  the  Knysna  specimen 
and  informed  him  of  its  feeble  power  of  flight.  Support  is  lent  to  this 
explanation  by  the  fact  that  he  does  not  mention  the  call-note  of  B.  bvachy- 
ptevus. As  a matter  of  fact  the  habitat,  habits  and  call-notes  of  the  two 
species  are  the  same,  the  only  difference  between  them  being  that  B.  babae- 
culus is  a much  darker  bird,  as  shown  by  the  coloured  figure  supplied  by 
Levaillant. 

Bvadypterus  transvaalensis  sp.  nov. 

Lighter  coloured  in  general  effect  than  specimens  of  B.  bvachyptevus  from 
Knysna,  but  differing  more  markedly  in  the  shortness  of  the  bill.  In  bvachy- 
ptevus and  babaeculus  culmen  measures  over  15  mm.  and  the  length  of  the  bill 
from  the  anterior  corner  of  the  nasal  hollow  to  the  tip  9-10  mm.  as  against 
less  than  14  and  less  than  8-5  mm.  respectively,  in  the  Transvaal  specimens, 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


ii  7 


Type,  adult  d,  in  breeding  plumage,  taken  at  Wakkerstroom,  on  25th 
October,  1909.  Also  two  similar  specimens  from  the  same  place.  “Iris  yellow- 
ish brown;  maxilla  brown,  mandible  pater;  tarsi  and  feet  dark  flesh  colour. 
Length  in  the  flesh  158  mm.”  Wing  60,  tail  63,  tarsus  20,  culmen  13. 

Dryodromas  fulvicapilla  silberbauer  subsp.  nov. 

Differs  from  the  typical  D.  fulvicapilla  from  the  eastern  districts  of  the  • 
Cape  Province  in  being  altogether  darker  coloured,  the  crown  only  slightly 
more  inclined  to  reddish  than  the  back  (which  is  also  darker  than  in  typical 
specimens),  the  throat  and  belly  less  white,  on  the  former  hardly  noticeably 
whitish. 

Type,  adult  $ , taken  at  the  foot  of  the  Groot  Drakenstein  Mountains,  on 
the  estate  of  C.  C.  Silberbauer,  Esquire,  “Lormarins,”  in  the  Paaii  District, 
in  September,  1917.  Also  another  similar  specimen  taken  at  the  same  time. 

“ Iris  dull  tan  yellow;  bill  flesh  coloured,  culmen  and  tip  brown;  tarsi  and  feet 
flesh  coloured.  Length  in  the  flesh  116  mm.”  Wing  46,  tail  42,  tarsus  17-5, 
culmen  10-5. 

Note.  Females  of  the  typical  birds  are  paler  than  males,  so  that  possibly 
the  males  of  this  more  western  subspecies  are  still  darker  than  the  females 
secured. 

Euplectes  capensis  macrorhynchus  subsp.  nov. 

Differs  from  the  typical  E.  capensis  from  Cape  Town  and  neighbouring 
districts  in  having  an  even  larger,  or  in  fact,  an  enormously  powerful,  bill, 
the  culmen  in  the  type  measuring  21  mm.  in  an  adult  male  in  full  breeding 
plumage,  as  against  only  18-19  mm.  This  measurement  alone,  however,  does 
not  give  an  impression  of  the  increase  in  size,  for  the  breadth  and  depth  are 
still  greater  in  proportion.  In  an  immature  $ taken  about  the  same  time  and 
place,  the  culmen  is  20-5  mm.  Type,  adult  $ in  breeding  plumage,  taken  at 
Klaver  on  the  Olifants  River,  Cape  Province,  October,  1917.  Also  an  im- 
mature d* 

Careful  measurements  of  the  long  series  of  specimens  shows  an  extra- 
ordinary constancy  in  the  length  of  the  culmen  amongst  specimens  from  given 
ranges,  and  there  is  shown  to  be  a graded  (though  not  intergrading)  increase 


in  size,  of  which  the  following  will  give  a clear  idea. 

Klaver  ...  ...  ...  ...  macrorhynchus  20-5-21 

Cape  Town  and  Paarl  ...  ...  capensis  18-19 

Knysna  ...  ...  ...  ...  ? 16-5-17 

Drakensberg  (Natal  to  Sabie)  .. . approximans  I5~I5,5 

and  of  Euplectes  xanthomilas 

Woodbush  ...  ...  ...  — 15-16 

Beira  and  Boror  ...  ...  — • 13-5-14 


Mirafra  apiata  adendorffi  subsp.  nov. 

Differs  from  the  typical  Mirafra  apiata  (Vieillot)  in  its  larger  size,  less 
rufous  outer  and  inner  margins  to  the  primaries,  and  more  rufous  head  and 
back.  There  is  only  a faint  trace  of  black  markings  on  the  feathers  of  the  nape 
and  head  generally,  while  on  the  back  the  rufous  is  much  more  conspicuous, 
perhaps  the  effect  of  wear,  but  nevertheless  much  more  extended  than  in 
typical  birds. 


ri8 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Type,  adult  taken  on  the  tableland,  several  thousand  feet  above  the 
Olifants  River  at  Klaver.  It  is  much  larger  than  an  adult  male  taken  at 
Lormarins  and  three  others  from  Knysna  and  Grahamstown.  Compared 
with  the  first  the  dimensions  are  as  follows : 


Total 

Length 

Wing 

Tail 

Tarsus 

Culmen 

Klaver 

160 

87 

62 

23 

13-5 

Lormarins 

155 

77 

58 

20 

12-5 

Proctopus  nigricollis  gurneyi  subsp.  nov. 

Gurney  (Ibis,  1868,  p.  263  and  1869,  p.  303)  pointed  out  that  the  South 
African  Eared  Grebe,  which  breeds  here,  differed  from  European  specimens 
in  being  smaller  and  having  the  ear  coverts  pater.  This  I am  able  to  confirm 
from  an  adult  $ in  nuptial  dress,  taken  at  Lamberts  Bay.  The  bill  is  appar- 
ently broader,  though  slightly  shorter  than  in  European  specimens,  and  the 
ear  coverts  are  almost  entirely  glossy  straw  yellow,  with  only  a wash  of 
chestnut  on  the  lower  fourth.  I therefore  confer  this  name  upon  the 
S.  African  birds  in  recognition  of  one  who  contributed  much  to  our  knowledge 
of  birds  in  S.  Africa. 

Type,  from  Lamberts  Bay,  November,  1917,  in  Transvaal  Museum 
Collection. 


CAMBRIDGE:  PRINTED  BY  J . B.  PEACE,  M.A.,  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 


ANNALS 

MEDEDELINGEN 

OF  THE 

VAN  HET 

TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 

VOLUME  VI 

PART  4 containing 

Addendum  to  the  First  Check-list  of  the  Flower- 
ing Plants  and  Ferns  of  the  Transvaal  and 
Swaziland.  By  Mrs  R.  Pott,  Botanist  of  the 
Transvaal  Museum. 

NUV  4 1932  &)) 

N A 

Issued  September , 1920 

PRINTED  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 

CAMBRIDGE,  ENGLAND 

i •'  ’ ; ',1  1 '■ 


. 


- 


ANNALS  MEDEDELINGEN 

OF  THE 

VAN  HET 

TRANSVAAL 

MUSEUM 

Vol.  6 

Part  4 

ADDENDUM  TO  THE  FIRST  CHECK-LIST  OF 
THE  FLOWERING  PLANTS  AND  FERNS  OF 
THE  TRANSVAAL  AND  SWAZILAND 

By  Mrs  R.  Pott,  Botanist  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 
PREFACE. 

This  Addendum  to  the  First  Check-list  of  the  Flowering  Plants  and  Ferns  of 
the  Transvaal  and  Swaziland,  published  May,  1912,  in  the  Annals  of  the 
Transvaal  Museum , Vol.  111.  No.  3,  is  chiefly  based  upon  records  from  the 
Transvaal  Museum  Herbarium.  Further  are  included  those  records  given  in 
the  parts  of  the  Flora  Capensis  and  the  Flora  of  Tropical  Africa,  those  in  the 
issues  of  the  Kew  Bulletin,  the  Journal  of  Botany,  the  second  edition  of  Sim’s 
Ferns  of  South  Africa,  the  Beitrage  zur  Kenntnis  der  Afrikanischen  Flora, 
Annals  of  the  Bolus  Herbarium,  etc.,  published  since  1912. 

This  Addendum  is  far  from  complete,  but  it  is  only  given  as  a first  one, 
which  will  be  followed  by  others. 

The  flora  of  the  Transvaal  is  very  rich  and  many  parts  of  the  country  are 
either  poorly  or  not  at  all  botanically  investigated  ; e.g.  every  collection  of 
plants,  sent  to  the  Transvaal  Museum  Herbarium  from  Messina  (Z.),  where 
Archdeacon  Rogers  has  collected  to  such  a great  extent,  has  added  new 
records  to  the  Transvaal  Flora.  But  even  amongst  collections  from  non- 
tropical  parts  of  the  Transvaal  I often  found  new  records,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  probably  new  species  amongst  those  plants  I only  identified  as  far  as  the 
genus.  The  latter,  of  which  there  are  a good  many  in  the  Transvaal  Museum 
Herbarium,  I have  not  included  in  this  list,  unless  it  is  a genus  new  to  the 
flora. 

The  ferns  in  the  First  Check-list  I altered  according  to  Sim’s  second 
edition  of  the  Ferns  of  South  Africa,  the  genus  Lotononis  is  split  up  into  Loto- 
nonis  and  Pearsonia,  and  in  the  Orchids,  the  Gramineae,  the  Loranthaceae, 
the  Crassulaceae,  the  Leguminosae  and  the  Euphorbiaceae  many  alterations 
in  the  names  had  to  be  made  to  bring  this  List  up  to  date.  Here  and  there 
synonyms  have  been  eliminated. 

Incomplete  as  this  List  is,  I expect  it  to  be  of  use  to  the  many  workers  in 
systematic  Botany  we  have  at  present  in  the  Transvaal. 

R.  P. 


9 


120 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


GLEICHENIACEAE. 

Gleichenia  linearis  (Burm.)  Clarke.  Is  G.  dichotoma  Willd.  of  first  List. 

HYMENOPHYLLACEAE. 

Hymenophyllum  Marlothii  Brause.  Kaapsche  Hoop,  Wager. - 
H.  tunbridgense  Sm.  Kaapsche  Hoop,  Wager. 

H.  fnmarioides  Willd.  Is  H.  rarum  R.Br.  of  first  List. 

Trichomanes  montanum  Hook.  Is  T.  pusilhim  Sw.  of  first  List. 

SCHIZAEACEAE. 

Schizaea  pectinata  (L.)  Sw.  Kaapsche  Hoop,  Wager  T.M.H.  1484. 

CYATHEACEAE. 

Hemitelia  capensis  (L.f.)  Klf.  Barberton,  Thorncroft,  371;  Burtt-Davy,  4559. 

POLYPODIACEAE. 

Cystopteris  fragilis  (L.)  Bernh.  Mavieriestad  (E.),  Mrs  Pott,  4861. 

Aspidium  cicutarium  (L.)  Sw.  Macmac,  Ayres;  Modjadjes  (Ptbg.),  Dec.,  Rogers, 
18,103. 

Polystichum  aculeatum  (L.)  Schott.  Barberton,  J.  Thorncroft;  Pilgrim’s  Rest,  Miss 
Collins. 

P.  aristatum  (Forsk.)  Presl.  Is  Aspidium  aristatum  Sw.  of  first  List. 

P.  luctuosum  Moore.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5574;  Thorncroft,  T.M.H.  104; 
The  Downs,  Ptbg.,  Junod,  4044. 

P.  MacLeaii  (Bkr.)  Diels,  Is  Aspidium  MacLeaii  Bak.  of  first  List. 

P.  pungens  (Klf.)  Presl.  Is  Aspidium  aculeatum  Sw.  var.  pungens  of  first  List. 
Cyrtomium  falcatum  (L.f.)  Pr.  Is  Aspidium  falcatum  Sw.  of  first  List. 

Dryopteris  africana  (Desv.)  C.  Chr.  Barberton,  Miss  Williams,  T.M.H.  790. 

D.  athamantica  (Kze.)  O.  Ktze.  Is  Nephrodium  athamanticum  Hook,  of  first  List. 
D.  bergiana  (Schl.)  O.  Ktze.  Is  Nephrodium  bergianum  Bak.  of  first  List. 

D.  Buchanani  (Bkr.)  O.  Ktze.  Is  Nephrodium  Buchanani  Bkr.  of  first  List. 

D.  crenata  (Forsk.)  O.  Ktze.  Is  Nephrodium  crenatum  (Forsk.)  Sim  of  first  List. 

D.  elongata  (Sw.)  Sim.  Is  Nephrodium  Filix-Mas  Rich.  var.  elongatum  of  first  List. 
D.  gongylodes  (Schk.)  O.  Ktze.  Is  Nephrodium  unitum  R.Br.  of  first  List. 

D.  inaequalis  (Schl.)  O.  Ktze.  Woodbush,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  4674;  Pilgrim’s  Rest, 
Rogers,  14,377. 

D.  lanuginosa  (Willd.)  C.  Chr.  Is  Nephrodium  catopteron  Hook,  of  first  List. 

D.  mauritiana  (Fee)  C.  Chr.  Zoutpansberg,  Nelson,  358. 

D.  mollis  (Jacq.)  Hieron.  Is  Nephrodium  molle  Desv.  of  first  List. 

D.  prolifera  (Retz.)  C.  Chr.  Is  Polypodium  proliferum  Presl.  of  first  List. 

D.  silvatica  (P.  and  R.)  C.  Chr.  Is  Polypodium  unitum  Hook,  of  first  List. 

D.  thelypteris  (L.)  A.  Gray.  Is  Nephrodium  Thelypteris  Desv.  of  first  List. 
Microlepia  speluncae  (L.)  Moore.  Is  Davallia  speluncae  Bkr.  of  first  List. 

Blechnum  attenuatum  (Sw.)  Mett.  Is  Lomaria  attenuata  Willd.  of  first  List. 

B.  capense  (L.)  Schlt.  Pilgrim’s  Rest,  Rogers,  18,673;  The  Downs  (Ptbg.),  Rogers, 
21,945- 

B.  punctulatum  Sw.  Kaapsche  Hoop,  Wager. 

B.  tabulare  (Thb.)  Kuhn.  Is  Lomaria  boryana  Willd.  of  first  List. 

Asplenium  abyssinicum  Fee.  Magaliesberg,  Sanderson. 

A.  bipinnatum  (Forsk.)  C.  Chr.  Is  A.  rutaefolium  Kze.  of  first  List. 

A.  cuneatum  Lam.  var.  splendens  Kze.  Woodbush,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  798;  Pilgrim’s 
Rest,  Miss  Collins,  T.M.H.  905. 

A.  lunulatum  Sw.  Is  A.  erectum  Bory  of  first  List. 

A.  lunulatum  Sw.  var.  gracile.  Is  A.  erectum  Bory  var.  lobatum  of  first  List. 

A.  platyneuron  (L.)  Oakes.  Mavieriestad  (E.),  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4860. 

A.  praemorsum  Sw.  Is  A.  furcatum  Thb.  of  first  List. 

A.  theciferum  (H.B.K.)  Mett.  Is  Davallia  concinna  Schrad.  of  first  List. 

Athyrium  scandicinum  (Willd.)  Presl.  Is  Asplenium  aspidioides  Schlt.  of  first  List. 
Gymnogramme  aurea  Desv.  Is  C.  argentea  Mett.  var.  aurea  of  first  List. 

Ceterach  cordatum  (Thb.)  Desv.  Is  Gymnogramme  cordata  Schlt.  of  first  List. 

C.  cordatum  (Thb.)  Desv.  var.  pinnatifidum  Sim.  Heidelberg,  Miss  Leendertz,  1077; 

Zeerust,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  985. 


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121 


Ceropteris  calomelanos  (L.)  Und.  Transvaal,  Herb.  Bolus. 

Pellaea  dura  (Willd.)  Bkr.  Magaliesberg,  Burke;  Rosehaugh,  Sim. 

P.  Goudotii  (Kze.)  C.  Chr.  Is  P.  pectiniformis  Baker  of  first  List. 

P.  hastata  (Thb.)  Prtl.  Is  P.  calomelanos  Link,  of  first  List. 

P.  pteroides  (L.)  Prtl.  Kaapsche  Hoop,  Wager. 

P.  quadripinnata  (Forsk.)  Prtl.  Is  P.  consobrina  Hook,  of  first  List. 

P.  viridis  (Forsk.)  Prtl.  Is  P.  hastata  Link,  of  first  List. 

Doryopteris  concolor  (L.  and  F.)  Kuhn.  Is  Pellaea  geraniaefolis  Fee  of  first  list. 
Adiantopsis  capensis  (Thb.)  Fee.  Is  Cheilanthes  capensis  Sw.  of  first  List. 

Hypolepis  sparsisora  (Schrad.)  Kuhn.  Haenertsburg,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4672;  Selati 
Poort,  Junod,  4430. 

Pteris  biaurita  L.  Is  P.  quadriaurita  Retz.  of  first  List. 

P.  dentata  Forsk.  Is  P.  flabellata  Thb.  of  first  List. 

Pteridium  aquilinum  (L.)  Kuhn.  Is  Pteris  aquilina  L.  of  first  List. 

Polypodium  loxogramme  Mett.  Is  Gymnogramme  lanceolata  Hook,  of  first  List. 

P.  polypodioides  (L.)  Hitch.  Is  P.  incanum  Sw.  of  first  List. 

Elaphoglossum  conforme  (Sw.)  Schott,  var.  latifolium  Sim.  Kaapsche  Hoop,  Wager. 
E.  petiolatum  (Sw.)  Urban.  Is  Acrostichum  viscosum  Sw.  of  first  List. 

MARSILIACEAE. 

Marsilia  macrocarpa  Presl.  var.  biloba  (Willd.)  Sim.  Transvaal,  Burtt-Davy. 

SELAGINELLACEAE  . 

Selaginella  depressa  A.  Br.  Rosehaugh,  Sim;  Magaliesbergen,  Mrs  Pott,  3711. 

TAXACEAE. 

Podocarpus  gracillimus  Stapf.  Houtboschberg,  Nelson,  423. 

APONOGETON ACE AE . 

Aponogeton  natalense  Oliv.  Bronkhorstspruit,  Oct.,  Janse,  T.M.H.  9870;  Carolina, 
Sept.,  Roberts,  T.M.H.  15,873. 

HYDROCHARITACEAE. 

Lagerosiphon  muscoides  Harv.  var.  major.  Vaal  River,  Nelson,  69;  Standerton, 
Oct.,  Schlechter,  3464;  Middelburg,  Nov.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  9862. 

GRAMINEAE. 

Eriochrysis  pallida  Munro.  Is  Saccharum  munroanum  Hack,  of  first  List. 

Eulalia  sericea  Stapf.  Is  Pollinia  villosa  Spreng.  of  first  List. 

Ischaemum  purpurascens  Stapf.  Lijdenburg,  Wilms,  1679. 

Trachypogon  plumosus  Nees.  Is  Trachypogon  polymorphus  Nees  var.  capensis  Hack, 
of  first  List. 

Amphilophis  glabra  Stapf.  Is  Andropogon  intermedius  R.Br.  var.  punctatus  Stapf. 
of  first  List . 

A.  insculpta  Stapf.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5541. 

Monocymbium  ceresiiforme  Stapf.  Is  Andropogon  ceresiaeformis  Nees  of  first  List. 
Schizachyrium  semiberbe  Nees.  Is  Andropogon  hirtiflorus  Kunth  var.  semiberbis 
Stapf.  of  first  List. 

Andropogon  Schinzii  Hack.  Johannesburg,  Pillans,  1822. 

Sorghum  verticilliflorum  Stapf.  Is  Sorghum  halepense  Nees  var.  effusum  of  first  List. 
S.  versicolor  J.  N.  Anderson.  Rustenburg,  Burtt-Davy,  9305. 

S.  purpureo-sericeum  Aschers.  and  Schweinf.  Is  Andropogon  purpureo-sericeus  Hack, 
of  first  List. 

Hyparrhenia  rufa  Stapf.  Is  Cymbopogon  rufus  (Kth.)  Rendle  of  first  List. 

H.  hirta  Stapf.  Is  Cymbopogon  hirtus  (L.)  Stapf.  of  first  List. 

H.  Ruprechtii  Fourn.  Is  Cymbopogon  Ruprechtii  (Hack.)  Rendle  of  first  List. 
Themeda  triandra  Forsk.  Is  T.  Forskalii  Hack,  of  first  List. 

Digitaria  diagonalis  Stapf.  Pretoria,  Jan.,  Miss  Leendertz,  1090. 

D.  horizontalis  Willd.  White  River,  March,  Rogers. 

D.  longiflora  Pers.  Woodbush,  Jan.,  Wager,  T.M.H.  12,582. 

D.  monodactyla  Stapf.  var.  explicata  Stapf.  Various  localities. 

D.  tricholaenoides  Stapf.  Various  localities. 

Panicum  obscurum  Stapf.  Pretoria,  March,  Miss  Leendertz,  4417. 


9—2 


122 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Panicum  stagninum  Koenig.  Potchefstroom,  March,  Miss  Leendertz,  3266. 

P.  subulifolium  Mez.  Haenertsburg,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4802. 

P.  typhurum  Stapf.  Woodbush,  Jan.,  Wager,  T.M.H.  13,858. 

Brachiaria  brizantha  Stapf.  Is  Panicum  brizanthum  Hochst.  of  first  List. 

B.  Isachne  Stapf.  Is  Panicum  Isachne  Roth  of  first  List. 

B.  nigropedata  Stapf.  Is  Panicum  nigropedatum  Munro  of  first  List. 

B.  regularis  Stapf.  Shilovane,  Junod,  123. 

B.  serrata  Stapf.  Is  Panicum  serratum  Spreng.  of  first  List 
Pennisetum  typhoideum  Rich.  Spelonken,  Nelson,  83. 

Sporobolus  discoporus  Nees.  Sixmiles  Spruit,  Oct.,  Schlechter,  3580. 

S.  pectinatus  Hack.  var.  coloratus.  Johannesburg,  April,  Mrs  Hutton,  253. 
Eragrostis  aspera  Nees.  Onderstepoort,  T.M.H.  14,808. 

E.  tenella  Stapf.  var.  plumosa.  Maxaben,  March,  Schlechter,  4659;  Pietersburg,  April, 
Rogers;  Kaapsche  Hoop,  March,  Rogers,  20,825. 

CYPERACEAE. 

Scirpus  dioecus  Boeck.  Warmbaths,  Aug.,  Miss  Leendertz,  1168. 

S.  griquensium  C.B.C1.  Spitskop  (E.),  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5230. 

Bulbostylis  trichobasis  C.B.C1.  Pretoria,  Nov,  Miss  Leendertz,  1646. 

ARACEAE. 

Zantedeschia  aethiopica  Spreng.  Mavieriestad  (E.),  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  5290. 

Z.  albomaculata  Baill.  Volksrust,  Jan.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  9286. 

Z.  melanoleuca  Engl.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Thorncroft,  T.M.H.  2758;  Duivelskloof,  Dec., 
Mrs  Haar,  T.M.H.  10,457;  Hlatikulu  (Sw.),  Nov,,  Miss  Collins,  T.M.H.  13,660. 

JUNCACEAE. 

Juncus  gracilis  N.E.Br.  Near  Modderfontein,  Conrath.  1173. 

J.  lomatophyllus  Spreng.  Haenertsburg,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott;  Barberton,  Oct.,  Thorn- 
croft, 1041. 

LILIACEAE. 

Sandersonia  aurantiaca  Hook.  Hlatikulu  (Sw.),  Jan.,  Miss  Stewart,  T.M.H.  9522. 
Anthericum  erythrorrhizum  Conrath.  Modderfontein,  Conrath,  777. 

Kniphofia  sarmentosa  Kunth.  Modderfontein,  Conrath. 

Aloe  aculeata  Pole-Evans.  Zoutpansberg,  Pienaar  and  Wickens. 

A.  afiinis  Berg.  Lijdenburg,  Aug.,  Wilms,  T.M.H.  10,168. 

A.  Barbertoniae  Pole-Evans.  Barberton,  Thorncroft;  Swaziland,  Davis. 

A.  davyana  Schonl.  Pretoria,  May,  Miss  Leendertz,  166. 

A.  globuligemma  Pole-Evans.  M’Phathlele  Location  (Z.),  Wickens  and  Pienaar. 

A.  longibracteata  Pole-Evans.  Near  Lijdenburg,  Pole-Evans. 

A.  Marshallii  Wood  and  Evans.  Piet  Retief,  Dec.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  12,038. 

A.  myriacantha  R.  and  S.  Barberton,  May,  T.  Thorncroft,  T.M.H.  4345;  Pilgrim’s 
Rest,  Feb.,  Miss  Collins,  T.M.H.  9897. 

A.  petricola  Pole-Evans.  Nelspruit,  Pole-Evans;  Elandshoek  and  Kaap  Valley, 
Thorncroft. 

A.  Pienaarii  Pole-Evans.  Smit’s  Drift  (Ptbg.),  Jan.,  Pienaar. 

A.  pretoriensis  Pole-Evans.  Pretoria,  June,  Miss  Leendertz,  618;  Miss  Collins,  T.M.H. 

7137;  Lijdenburg;  Barberton  and  Lebombo  Mountains. 

A.  sessiliflora  Pole-Evans.  Barberton,  Wickens,  Thorncroft. 

A.  Simii  Pole-Evans.  Near  Sabie,  Jan.,  Sim. 

A.  suprafoliata  Pole-Evans.  Swaziland,  Davis;  Lebombo  Range,  Warner;  Forbes 
Reef,  Roberts. 

A.  Thorncroftii  Pole-Evans.  Barberton,  Sept.,  Thorncroft. 

A.  Verecunda  Pole-Evans.  Near  Haenertsburg,  Dec.,  Pienaar. 

A.  Wickensii  Pole-Evans.  M’Phathlele  Location  (Z.),  Wickens  and  Pienaar. 
Sanseviera  deserti  N.E.Br.  Messina,  Sept.,  Rogers,  T.M.H.  18,813. 

S.  guineensis  Willd.  Is  S.  thyrsiflora  Thunb.  of  first  List. 

AMARYLLIDACEAE. 

Pancratium  spec.  Messina,  Dec.,  Rogers,  T.M.H.  19,337;  Pienaarsrivier;  Lijdenburg. 


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123 


DIOSCOREACEAE. 

Dioscorea  dregeana  Baker.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5457;  Waterval  Onder,  Dec. 
and  Feb.,  Rogers,  14,300,  14,477. 

IRIDACEAE. 

Gladiolus  aurantiacus  Klatt.  Hlatikulu  (Sw.),  Oct.,  Miss  Stewart,  T.M.H.  10,247; 

Piet  Retief,  Nov.,  Miss  Collins,  T.M.H.  13,626. 

G.  brachyphyllus  Bol.  f.  Selati  Railway,  June,  Rogers,  11,807. 

G.  inclusus  Bol.f.  Pilgrim’s  Rest,  Dec.,  Rogers,  14,311. 

G.  magaliesmontanus  Bol.  f.  Magaliesberg,  near  Aapies  River,  Nov.,  Schlechter,  3627. 
G.  marginatus  Bol.  f.  Near  Lijdenburg,  Jan.,  Wilms,  T.M.H.  6457. 

G.  pretoriensis  O.  Ktze.  Pretoria,  Jan. -March,  Schlechter,  4151,  Miss  Leendertz, 
603;  Zeerust,  Jan.,  Mrs  Pott,  4406. 

G.  purpureo-auratus  Hook.  f.  Volksrust,  Jan.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  9290. 

G.  varius  Bol.  f.  Pilgrim’s  Rest,  March,  Rogers,  14,601. 

G.  varius  Bol.  f.  var.  brevifolius.  Saddleback  Mountain  (Barb.),  Feb.,  Galpin,  828. 

G.  varius  Bol.  f.  var.  elatus.  Barberton,  March,  Galpin,  860. 

MUSACEAE. 

Musa  Davyae  Stapf.  Houtboschberg,  Burtt-Davy. 

ZINGIBERACEAE. 

Kaempferia  Ethelae  Wood.  Barberton,  Steytler  in  Herb.  Bolus,  6396;  Nelspruit, 
Wilhelm,  4163;  Spelonken,  Mingard,  19;  New  Agatha,  Reckenzaan,  6095; 
Groot  Letaba,  Swierstra,  T.M.H.  2497. 

ORCHIDACEAE. 

Holothrix  Reckii  Bolus.  Koedoes  Poort  (Pr.),  Sept.,  L.  Reck,  Col.  Herb.  1003 ; Pretoria, 
Sept.,  Miss  Leendertz,  258;  Knoppiesfontein  (R.),  Sept.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  7207. 
Brachycorythis  Junodiana  Kranzl.  Shilovane,  Junod,  2784. 

B.  ovata  Ldl.  Is  Platanthera  ovata  (Ldl.)  Schltr.  of  first  List. 

B.  pubescens  Harv.  Is  Platanthera  Brachycorythis  Schltr.  of  first  List. 

B.  Schlechteriana  Kranzl.  Transvaal,  Schlechter. 

B.  Tysoni  Bolus.  Is  Neobolusia  Tysoni  Schltr.  of  first  List. 

Habenaria  Barbertoni  Kranzl.  and  Schltr.  Barberton,  Culver,  81;  Koedoes  Poort, 
Reck,  165;  Ermelo,  Miss  Leendertz,  3115. 

H.  bicolor  Conrath  and  Kranzl.  Modderfontein,  Conrath,  1083. 

H.  foliosa  Reichb.  f.  Is  H.  polyphylla  Kranzl.  of  first  List. 

H.  Galpini  Bolus.  Near  Johannesburg,  Galpin,  392;  near  Lij denburg,  Wilms,  1356, 

_ 1383- 

H.  incurva  Rolfe.  Transvaal,  Galpin,  392. 

H.  orangana  Reichb.  f.  Belfast,  Burtt-Davy,  1298;  between  Pilgrim’s  Rest  and 
Sabie  Falls,  Burtt-Davy,  5061;  Bamboo  Mountain,  Drakensberg,  Miss  Doidge, 
5573  j Wakkerstroom,  Jan.,  Roberts,  T.M.H.  12,774. 

H.  polypodantha  Reichb.  f.  Krokodilpoort  (Pr.),  April,  Breyer,  T.M.H.  13,843. 

H.  Rehmanni  Bolus.  Woodbush,  Rehmann,  5780;  near  Barberton,  Culver,  74. 

H.  Tysoni  Bolus.  Is  H.  dregeana  Ldl.  var.  Tysoni  of  first  List. 

H.  umvotensis  Rolfe.  Umvoti  Creek,  Barberton,  Culver,  30,  Galpin,  954. 

Bonatea  antennifera  Rolfe.  Potchefstroom,  McLea  in  Herb.  Bolus,  3028;  Koedoes 
Poort  (Pr.),  Reck,  38,  58;  Groenkloof,  near  Pretoria,  Burtt-Davy,  2430;  near 
Potgietersrust,  Burtt-Davy,  5631. 

B.  Boltoni  Bolus.  Barberton,  Culver,  18;  Houtbosch,  Schlechter,  4381. 

Satyrium  Atherstonei  Reichb.  f.  Is  S.  trinerve  Ldl.  of  first  List. 

S.  wilmsianum  Kranzl.  Spitskop  (Lij.),  Wilms,  1380. 

Schizochilus  Gerrardi  Bolus.  Devils  Knuckles  (Lij.),  Wilms,  1385. 

S.  Rehmanni  Rolfe.  Woodbush,  Rehmann,  5849;  near  Lijdenburg,  Atherstone; 
Macmac,  Mudd. 

S.  strictus  Rolfe.  Is  Platanthera  Zeyheri  (Sd.)  Schltr.  of  first  List. 

S.  transvaalensis  Rolfe.  Near  Lijdenburg,  Atherstone;  Macmac,  Mudd;  Graskop, 
Burtt-Davy,  1464. 

Brownleea  Nelsoni  Rolfe.  Transvaal,  Nelson,  16. 


124 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Monodenia  lydenbergensis  Kranzl.  Crocodile  River  (Lij.),  Wilms,  1364. 

Disa  laeta  Reichb.  f.  Is  D.  Culveri  Schltr.  of  first  List. 

D.  pulchra  Sond.  Hlatikulu  (Sw.),  Miss  Stewart. 

Disperis  cardiophora  Harv.  Transvaal,  Sanderson. 

D.  ermelensis  Rolfe.  Near  Ermelo,  Todd  in  Herb.  Wood,  3176. 

D.  Nelsonii  Rolfe.  Houtbosch  Mountains,  Nelson,  493. 

Eulophia  aculeata  Spreng.  Barberton,  Culver,  86. 

E.  Bakeri  Rolfe.  Near  Johannesburg,  Baker. 

E.  calanthoides  Schltr.  Near  Nylstroom,  Burtt-Davy,  2011;  Potgietersrust,  Rogers, 
T.M.H.  2500. 

E.  inaemoena  Kranzl.  Shilovane,  Junod,  2587. 

E.  latipetala  Rolfe.  Houtbosch,  Bolus,  10,975. 

E.  Nelsoni  Rolfe.  Pretoria  district,  Nelson,  297;  Spitskop  (E.),  Scheepers,  T.M.H. 
15-024. 

E.  papillosa  Schltr.  Barberton,  Thorncroft,  T.M.H.  4857;  Mrs  Pott,  5382. 

E.  Rehmanni  Rolfe.  Houtbosch,  Rehmann,  5845. 

E.  stenantha  Schltr.  Elandspruit  Mountains,  Schlechter,  4004. 

E.  Stewartiae  Rolfe.  Hlatikulu  (Sw.),  Miss  Stewart,  41. 

E.  Watkinsonii  Rolfe.  Ermelo,  Watkinson;  near  Barberton,  Galpin,  509;  Swaziland, 

Miss  Stewart,  42. 

Lissochilus  Rehmannii  Rolfe.  Aapies  River,  Rehmann,  4297;  Pretoria,  McLea  in 
Herb.  Bolus,  5819  a,  Miss  Tennant,  4040;  Koedoes  Poort,  near  Pretoria,  Reck, 
T.M.H.  1004. 

L.  transvaalensis  Rolfe.  Tzaneen  (Ptbg.),  Burtt-Davy,  2900. 

L.  Wakefieldii  Reichb.  f.  and  S.  Moore.  Potgietersrust,  Miss  Leendertz,  1929. 

PIPERACEAE. 

Peperomia  retusa  A.  Dietr.  var.  ciliolata  C.DC.  Barberton,  Jan.,  Janse,  T.M.H. 
9876;  Belfast,  Dec.,  Miss  Leendertz,  2938. 

ULMACEAE. 

Chaetachme  aristata  Planch.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5699. 

C.  microcarpa  Rdle.  Potgietersrust,  May,  Rogers,  T.M.H.  17,732. 

MORACEAE. 

Ficus  ingens  Miq.  Limpopo  Valley,  Umkiva,  Hutchins,  14 

F.  mallotocarpa  Warb.  Limpopo  Valley,  Hutchins,  17. 

{Ficus  Galpinii  Warb.  of  first  List. 

F.  Dinteri  Warb.  of  first  List. 

F.  Schinziana  Warb  of  first  List. 

URTICACEAE. 

Fleurya  peduncularis  Wedd  of  first  List  is  a synonym  of  F.  capensis  Wedd. 

LORANTHACEAE. 

Loranthus  Galpinii  Schinz.  Barberton,  Nov.,  Miss  Williams,  T.M.H.  7668;  Kaap 
River  Valley,  Galpin,  896. 

L.  garcianus  Engl.  Komati  Poort,  Kirk,  75. 

L.  kalachariensis  Schinz.  Potgietersrust,  Tr.  Col.  Herb,  4557;  Swaziland,  Miss  Stewart, 
T.M.H.  8897;  Buffelskraal,  Palala  (Wg.),  July,  Dr  Breyer  in  T.M.H. 

L.  Kirkii  Oliv.  Messina,  Dec.,  Rogers,  22,122. 

L.  kraussianus  Meisn.  var.  transvaalensis  Sprague.  Is  L.  kraussianus  Meisn.  of  first 
List. 

L.  Moorei  Sprague.  Near  Barberton,  Moore. 

L.  namaquensis  Harv.  of  first  List  is  a synonym  of  L.  olaefolius  Cham,  and  Schl. 

L.  olaefolius  Cham,  and  Schl.  Various  localities. 

L.  olaefolius  Cham,  and  Schl.  var.  Leendertziae  Sprague.  Potgietersrust,  Aug.,  Miss 
Leendertz,  1142. 

L.  quinquenervis  Hochst.  Transvaal,  Sanderson. 

L.  rubromarginatus  Engl.  Is  L.  glabriflorus  Conrath  of  first  List. 

Viscum  combreticola  Engl.  Is  V.  dichotomum  Harv.  of  first  List. 


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125 


santalaceae. 

Thesium  asterias  A.  A.  Hill.  Various  localities. 

T.  Burkei  A.  W.  Hill.  Various  localities. 

T.  costatum  A.  W.  Hill.  Various  localities. 

T.  cytisoides  A.  W.  Hill.  Waterval  Onder,  Jan.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  6767. 

T.  floribundum  A.  W.  Hill.  Various  localities. 

T.  goetzeanum  Engl.  Heidelberg,  Schlechter,  4792;  Houtbosch,  Bolus,  11,158,  11,159. 
T.  gracilarioides  A.  W.  Hill.  Barberton,  Galpin,  543;  Swaziland,  Saltmarshe  in  Herb 
Galpin,  1048. 

T.  gypsophiloides  A.  W.  Hill.  Near  Barberton,  Galpin,  758, 

T.  hirsutum  A.  W.  Hill.  Heidelberg,  Gilfillan,  244. 

T.  impeditum  A.  W.  Hill.  var.  rasum.  Pretoria,  Rehmann,  4544;  Suikerbosch  Rand, 
Schlechter,  3507 

T.  Junodii  A.  W.  Hill.  Shilovane,  Junod,  1301;  Haenertsburg,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  4778. 
T.  magalismontanum  Sond.  Various  localities. 

T.  natalense  Sond.  Shilovane,  Junod,  749;  near  Lijdenburg,  Schlechter,  3953; 

Bethal,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  3623. 

T.  Nationae  A.  W.  Hill.  Rustenburg,  Miss  Nation,  266. 

T.  palliolatum  A.  W.  Hill.  Potgietersrust,  Bolus,  11,008. 

T.  resedoides  A.  W.  Hill.  Warmbaths,  Sept.,  Miss  Leendertz,  1335,  1353. 

T.  spartioides  A.  W.  Hill.  Brugspruit,  Nov.,  Schlechter,  3754;  Vereeniging,  Nov., 
Mrs  Pott,  3940. 

T.  triflorum  Thunb.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5510;  Shilovane,  Junod,  523. 

T.  utile  A.  W.  Hill.  Various  localities. 

OLACACEAE. 

Ximenia  caffra  Sond.  Various  localities. 

AMARANTACEAE. 

Guilleminea  illecebrioides  Kth.  Warmbaths,  Jan.,  Miss  Leendertz,  2010. 
Hermbstaedtia  capitata  Schinz.  Sandfontein,  Jan.,  Schlechter,  4239;  Warmbaths, 
Jan.,  Miss  Leendertz,  2017. 

Pupalia  atropurpurea  Moq.  Johburg,  Rogers,  1314;  Pietersburg,  Rogers,  13,639. 
Psilotrichum  africanum  Oliv.  Komati  Poort,  Rogers. 

PHYTOLACCACEAE. 

Giesekia  pharnaceoides  L.  var.  pedunculata  Oliv.  Rogers,  20,018. 

G.  pentadecandra  E.  Mey.  Various  localities. 

Limeum  glomeratum  E.  and  Z.  Standerton,  Jan.,  Mrs  Pott,  4104. 

AIZOACEAE. 

Mollugo  hirta  Th.  Rogers,  19,446. 

M.  hirta  Th.  var.  virens  Fzl.  Moss  and  ^Rogers,  67. 

M.  verticillata  L.  Rogers,  19,488. 

Trianthema  pentrandrum  L.  Rooiplaat  (Pr.),  March,  Miss  Leendertz,  776;  Warm- 
baths, Jan.,  Miss  Leendertz,  2005;  Rustenburg,  Oct.,  Mrs  Pott,  3440;  Swaziland, 
Nov.,  Miss  Stewart,  T.M.H.  10,234. 

T.  transvaalense  Schinz.  Madsaba,  March,  Schlechter,  4876;  Haenertsburg,  Nov., 
Mrs  Pott,  4785. 

Mesembrianthemum  hamatum  L.  Bolus.  Heidelberg,  Nov.,  Miss  Leendertz,  2460; 

Bloemhof,  Roe  in  Herb.  Bolus,  13,484. 

M.  nubigenum  Schltr.  Magaliesberg,  Oct.,  Mrs  Pott,  3738. 

Pharnaceum  pentandra  Retz.  Komati  Poort,  Rogers,  12,623. 

P.  Zeyheri  Sond.  Magaliesberg,  Burke  and  Zeyher. 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 

Cerastium  dregeanum  Fzl.  Spitskop  (E.),  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5117. 

Dianthus  micropetalus  Ser.  Various  localities. 

RANUNCULACEAE. 

Knowltonia  glabricarpellata  Hutch.  Kl.  Olifant  River,  Schlechter,  3825. 


126 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Ranunculus  Baurii  McOwan.  Various  localities. 

R.  Cooperi  Oliv.  of  first  List  is  a synonym  of  R.  Baurii  McOwan. 

Thalictrum  minus  L.  Vaalriver,  Nelson,  71;  Vereeniging,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  3753. 

MENISPERMACEAE. 

Coccolus  villosus  DC.  Blauwkop  (Z.),  July,  Dr  Breyer;  Silwane’s  location  (Ptbg.), 
July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,581. 

Stephania  discolor  Spreng.  Barberton,  Thorncroft,  637. 

ANONACEAE. 

Hexalobus  senegalensis  A. DC.  Waterpoort  (Z.),  Sept.,  Rogers,  21,545. 

PAPAVERACEAE. 

Fumaria  Mundtii  Spreng.  Mavieriestad  (E.),  Nov.,  in  shady  kloof,  Mrs  Pott,  5133. 

CRUCIFERAE. 

Arabis  perfoliata  Lam.  Goede  Hoop  Farm  (E.),  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5134. 

Brassica  pachypoda  Thellung.  Various  localities. 

Roripa  nudiuscula  (E.  Mey)  Thellung.  Pretoria,  Rehmann,  4234;  Suikerboschrand, 
Schlechter,  3483;  Shilovane,  Junod,  1334. 

CAPPARIDACEAE. 

Cleome  chilocalyx  Oliv.  Rayton  (Pr.),  Rogers,  12,906. 

Capparis  transvaalensis  Schinz.  Prope  Mailas  Kop,  Schlechter,  4512. 

Cadaba  natalensis  Sond.  Barberton,  June,  Thorncroft,  T.M.H.  2482. 

Maerua  rigida  R.Br.-  Komati  Poort,  Nov.,  Rogers,  T.M.H.  13,283. 

CRASSULACEAE. 

Cotyledon  trigyna  Burch.  Various  localities. 

C.  Wickensii  Schonl.  Smit’s  Drift,  Wickens;  Zoutpansberg,  Hardenberg,  T.M.H. 
12,990. 

Kalanchoe  glandulosa  Hochst.  var.  tomentosa.  Nylstroom,  May,  Rogers,  T.M.H. 
2508;  Spelonken,  Nov.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  8162;  Hlatikulu  (Sw.),  June,  Miss 
Stewart,  T.M.H.  8840. 

K.  Junodii  Schinz.  Shilovane,  Junod. 

K.  sexangularis  N.E.Br.  Barberton,  Thorncroft. 

Crassula  Cooperi  Rgl.  var.  Krugersdorp,  Jan.,  Jenkins,  10,369  T.M.H. 

C.  filamentosa  Schonl.  Fairy  Glen  (Pr.),  March,  Miss  Leendertz,  1121;  Houtbosch, 
Rehmann,  5966. 

C.  inaequalis  Schonl.  Hlatikulu  (Sw.),  March,  Miss  Stewart,  108,  T.M.H.  9624. 

C.  natans  Thb.  (Forma  obovata).  Belfast,  Jan.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  6780. 

C.  pectinata  Conrath.  Modderfontein,  Conrath,  287. 

C.  peploides  Harv.  Lijdenburg,  Oct.,  Dr  Wilms,  T.M.H.  6473. 

C.  perfoliata  L.  var.  Barberton,  June,  Thorncroft,  T.M.H.  10,393. 

C.  transvaalensis  O.K.  Is  C.  subulata  Hook,  of  first  List. 

C.  Vaillantii  (Willd.)  Schonl.  Hooge  Veld,  Rehmann,  6688. 

ROSACEAE. 

Alchemilla  Wilmsii  Engl.  Near  Middelburg,  Wilms,  458;  Middelburg,  Nov.,  Jenkins, 
T.M.H.  9837;  Ermelo,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  4945;  Belfast,  Dec.,  Miss  Leendertz,  2697. 
Rubus  rigidis  Sm.  Heidelberg,  Dec.,  Miss  Leendertz,  1069;  Rustenburg,  Oct.,  Mrs 
Pott,  3380;  Barberton,  Nov.,  Miss  Williams,  T.M.H.  7658. 

R.  rigidis  Sm.  var.  chrysocarpus.  Near  Pretoria,  Nov.,  Miss  Leendertz,  661;  Groot 
Olifants  River,  Nov.,  v.  Niekerk,  T.M.H.  7563. 

Sanguisorba  muricata  Spach.  Bethal,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  3570. 

LEGUMINOSAE. 

Albizzia  nearest  A.  anthelmintica  Bronqn.  Waterpoort  (Z.),  Sept.,  Rogers,  21,504. 
A.  hypoleuca  Oliv.  Komati  Poort,  Dec.,  Rogers,  22,246. 

Acacia  Benthami  Rochbr.  Is  A.  arabica  Willd.  var.  kraussiana  of  first  List. 

A.  Karroo  Hayne.  Is  A.  horrida  Willd.  of  first  List. 


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127 


Acacia  ferox  Bth.  I 

A.  heteracantha,  Burch.  >-  of  first  List  are  doubtful  species. 

A.  rehmanniana  Schinz  J 

Erythrophloeum  guineense  Don  (as  far  as  material  to  hand).  Mashishimale  (Z.), 
March,  T.M.H.  19,423. ' 

Cassia  holosericea  Fresen.  Newington  (Ptbg.),  Rogers,  22,504;  Moss  and  Rogers,  36. 
Pleiospora  (Phaenohoffmannia)  Bolusii  Dumm.  Houtbosch,  Bolus,  10,995. 

P.  cajanifolia  Harv.  Various  localities. 

P.  gracilior  Dumm.  McLea  in  Herb.  Bolus,  5621. 

P.  holosericea  Schinz.  Various  localities. 

P.  latebracteolata  Dumm.  Various  localities. 

P.  macrophylla  Diimm.  Macmac,  Atherstone. 

P.  paniculata  Diimm.  Houtbosch,  Bolus,  11,034. 

P.  obovata  Schinz.  Houtbosch,  Rehmann,  6249;  Waterval  Boven,  Feb.,  Rogers, 
14,468. 

P.  obovata  Schinz  var.  brevepedunculata  Diimm.  Macmac,  Atherstone. 

Lotononis  Bainesii  Baker.  Various  localities. 

L.  calycina  Bth.  var.  acuta  Diimm.  Lijdenburg,  Wilms,  272,  273. 

L.  calycina  Bth.  var.  hirsutissima  Diimm.  Various  localities. 

L.  dichiloides  Sond.  Mavieriestad  (E.),  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5071. 

L.  Gerrardi  Diimm.  var.  transvaalensis.  Kl.  Olifant  River,  Schlechter,  3809. 

L.  humilior  Diimm.  Lijdenburg,  Wilms,  274. 

L.  lanceolata  Bth.  Johannesburg,  Rand,  mi;  Belfast,  Dec.,  Miss  Leendertz,  2866. 
L.  laxa  E.  and  Z.  var.  multiflora  Diimm.  Various  localities. 

L.  Marlothii  Engl.  Christiana,  Nelson,  197. 

L.  pulchra  Diimm.  Lijdenburg,  Wilms,  280. 

L.  sericoflora  Diimm.  Standerton,  Rehmann,  6802;  Standerton,  Jan.,  Mrs  Pott, 
4101;  Ermelo,  Feb.,  Miss  Leendertz,  3036. 

L.  solitudinis  Diimm.  Carolina,  Nov.,  Rademacher,  T.M.H.  7271. 

L.  transvaalensis  Diimm.  Various  localities. 

L.  Wilmsii  Diimm.  Between  Middelburg  and  Crocodile  River,  Wilms,  277. 

L.  Woodii  Bolus.  Standerton,  Rehmann,  6794. 

Pearsonia  aristata  Diimm.  Is  Lotononis  aristata  Schinz  of  first  List. 

P.  Atherstonei  Diimm.  Various  localities. 

P.  filifolia  Diimm.  Is  Lotononis  filifolia  Bolus  of  first  List. 

P.  marginata  Diimm.  Is  Lotononis  marginata  of  first  List. 

P.  multiflora  Diimm.  Is  Lotononis  multiflora  Schinz  of  first  List. 

P.  multiflora  Diimm,  var.  Stewartii  Diimm.  Swaziland,  Miss  Stewart. 

P.  podalyriaefolia  Diimm.  Swaziland,  Saltmarshe  in  Herb.  Galpin,  989. 

P.  propinqua  Diimm.  Lijdenburg,  Wilms,  261;  near  Middelburg,  Wilms,  261  c. 

P.  Rogersii  Diimm.  Is  Lotononis  Rogersii  Kensit  of  first  List. 

P.  sessilifolia  Diimm.  Is  Lotononis  sessilifolia  Harv.  of  first  List. 

P.  swaziensis  Diimm.  Is  Lotononis  swaziensis  Bolus  of  first  List. 

Melolobium  Wilmsii  Harms.  Between  Drakensbergen  and  Pretoria,  Wilms,  302 
Crotalaria  distans  Bth.  Silwane’s  location,  July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  18,652. 

C.  grantiana  Harv.  Madsaba,  March,  Schlechter,  4585. 

C.  lanceolata  E.  Mey.  Barberton  district,  different  collectors  in  T.M.H. 

C.  maxillaris  Klotzsch.  Near  Pretoria,  March,  Miss  Leendertz,  761;  Zeerust,  Jan., 
Mrs  Pott,  4369;  Potchefstroom,  March,  Miss  Leendertz,  3199. 

C.  Monteiroi  Taub.  Selati,  July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  18,653. 

C.  natalitia  Meisn.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5337;  Hlatikulu  (Sw.),  June,  Miss 
Stewart,  T.M.H.  8978. 

C.  petiolaris  Franch.  var.  australis  Bak.  f.  Pietersburg,  Bolus,  10,375 
C.  pilulicarpa  Taub.  var.  Schinzii  Bak.  f.  Pietersburg,  Bolus,  10,915. 

C.  Schinzii  Bak.  f.  Sandriver,  Schlechter,  4589. 

C.  spartioides  DC.  Matebe  Valley,  Holub;  Zeerust,  Jan.,  Mrs  Pott,  4258. 

C.  spinosa  Hochst.  var.  Schlechteri  Bak.  f.  Magaliesberg,  Nov.,  Schlechter,  3675; 

Beestkraal  (R.),  Dec.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  6973. 

C.  squarrosa  Schinz  var.  Dinteri  Bak.  f.  Transvaal,  Schlechter,  4263. 

Argyrolobium  longifolium  Walp.  Various  localities. 

A.  Muddii  Diimm.  Macmac,  Mudd. 


9—5 


128 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Argyrolobium  Wilmsii  Harms.  Lijdenburg,  Wilms,  257. 

Bnchenroedera  viminea  Presl.  Farm  Nooit  Gedacht  (E.),  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5070. 
Lotus  nearest  L.  arabicus  L.  Messina,  Dec.,  Rogers,  20,702. 

Indigofera  rufescens  E.  Mey.  Spitskop  (E.),  Dec..,  Mrs  Pott,  5083. 

I.  stricta  L.  Pretoria,  Jan.,  Miss  Leendertz,  551. 

Psoralea  Wilmsii  Harms.  Various  localities. 

Teramnus  labialis  Spr.  Lijdenburg,  Wilms,  T.M.H.  5890;  Pretoria,  Dec.,  Miss 
Leendertz,  460;  Shilovane,  March,  Junod,  T.M.H.  4930. 

Tephrosia  macropoda  E.  Mey.  Haenertsburg,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4636;  Hlatikuku  (Sw.), 
Miss  Stewart,  T.M.H.  9533;  Nelspruit,  Dec.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,873. 

T.  nubica  Baker.  Waterpoort  (Z.),  Sept.,  Rogers,  21,524. 

Sesbania  punctata  DC.  Macoutsie,  July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  18,664. 

S.  tetraptera  Hochst.  Brakrivier,  March,  Schlechter,  4620. 

Lessertia  perennans  DC.  var.  sericea.  Germiston,  Rogers,  12,199  c. 

L.  perennans  DC.  var.  polystachya  Harv.  Is  L.  polystachya  Harv.  of  first  List. 
Astragalus  burkeanus  Bth.  Koedoes  Poort,  May,  Miss  Leendertz,  627;  Haenertsburg, 
Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4519;  The  Downs  (Ptgb.),  Dec.,  Rogers  and  Moss. 

Desmodium  dregeanum  Bth.  Shilovane,  March,  Junod,  T.M.H.  5284. 

D.  natalitium  Sond.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5334. 

Dalbergia  melanoxylon  Guill.  and  Perr.  Komati  Poort,  Dec.,  Rogers,  22,171;  Moss 
and  Rogers,  580. 

Mucuna  urens  DC.  Shilovane,  Junod,  2393. 

Rhynchosia  komatiensis  Harms.  Between  Spitskop  and  Komati  River,  Wilms,  374. 
R.  secunda  E.  and  Z.  Carolina,  Dec.,  Rademacher,  T.M.H.  10,491;  Ermelo,  Feb., 
Miss  Leendertz,  3120;  Rustenburg,  Oct.,  Mrs  Pott,  3431. 

Pueraria  ficifolia  L.  Bolus.  Is  Rhynchosia  ficifolia  Bth.  of  first  List. 

P.  Rogersii  L.  Bolus.  Selati  Railway,  Rogers,  11,806. 

GERANIACEAE. 

Geranium  incanum  L.  Various  localities. 

G.  incanum  L.  var.  Farm  Goede  Hoop,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  4971. 

Pelargonium  Bowkeri  Harv. 

P.  reniforme  Curt.  Wolmaransstad,  Feb.,  Rogers,  22,704;  Boksburg,  Jan.,  Breyer, 
T.M.H.  15,519. 

P.  zonale  Willd.  Waterval  Onder,  Rogers,  632. 

ERYTHROXYLACEAE. 

Erythroxylon  caffrum  Sond.  Near  Barberton,  Oct.,  Thorncroft,  1045. 

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 

Tribulus  Zeyheri  Sond.  On  lands  of  Mapagoni  (Z.),  July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  16,044; 
Messina,  March,  Rogers,  19,373. 

CONN  AR  ACE  AE. 

Cnetis  natalensis  Planch,  and  Sond.  Haenertsburg,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4477. 

RUTACEAE. 

Fagara  Davyi  Verdoorn.  Woodbush,  Grenfell  in  Col.  Herb.  1094;  Pototato  Bush 
(Ptbg.),  Burtt-Davy,  1166;  Eastwood  in  Col.  Herb.,  1298;  Forbes’s  Reef  Bush 
(Sw.),  Burtt-Davy,  2753. 

F.  Thorncroftii  Verdoorn.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Thorncroft  in  T.M.H.  9616. 

F.  capensis  Thunb.  Is  Xanthoxylon  capense  Harv.  of  first  List. 

Thamnosma  africanum  Engl.  The  Downs  (Ptbg.),  Nov.,  Rogers,  22,000. 

Toddalia  aculeata  Lam.  Modjadjes  (Ptbg.),  Dec.,  Rogers,  18,119. 

T.  natalensis  Sond.  Waterpoort  (Z.),  Sept.,  Rogers,  21,542;  Kaapsche  Hoop,  Aug., 

Rogers,  T.M.H.  18,798. 

BURSERACEAE. 

Commiphora  species.  New  species  collected  at  Messina  by  Archdeacon  Rogers. 

C.  lugardae  N.E.Br.  Messina,  March,  Rogers,  20,762. 

MELIACEAE. 

Turraea  obtusifolia  Hochst.  Rustenburg,  Feb.,  van  Dam,  T.M.H.  16,517;  Nelspruit, 


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129 


Dec.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,692;  Geelhoutkop  (Wg.),  Jan.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H. 
17,826;  Kaapsche  Hoop,  March,  Rogers,  20,828. 

T.  nilotica  Kotshy.  Free  State  Mine  (Z.),  June,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,571;  The 
Downs,  Nov.,  Rogers,  T.M.H.  18,935  (in  fruit). 

POLYGALACEAE. 

Polygala  hispida  Burch.  Vlakfontein  (E.),  Rogers,  11,522. 

P.  Rehmanni  Chodat. 

P.  rigens  A. DC. 

Muraltia  azorella  Chod.  Lijdenburg. 

M.  conjuncta  Chod.  Swazieland,  Galpin,  531. 

M.  empetroides  Chod.  Houtbosch. 

EUPHORBIACEAE. 

Monadenium  Lugardae  N.E.Br.  Great  Letaba,  near  Birthday  Road.  June.  Dr 
Breyer  in  T.M.H. 

Elaeophorbia  acuta  N.E.Br.  Transvaal,  Burtt-Davy. 

Euphorbia  Bolusii  N.E.Br.  Near  Middelburg,  Bolus,  9767. 

E.  clavigera  N.E.Br.  Near  Bremersdorp  (Sw.),  Burtt-Davy,  3010. 

E.  enormis  N.E.Br.  Pietersburg,  Marloth,  5144 
E.  epicyparissias  E.  Mey.  Is  E.  involucrata  E.  Mey  of  first  List. 

E.  Evansii  Pax.  Near  Barberton,  Evans;  Potgietersrust,  Burtt-Davy,  5657, 

E.  glaucella  Pax.  Waterpoort  (Z.),  Rogers,  22,505. 

E.  Gueinzii  Boiss.  Various  localities. 

E.  hirta  L.  Is  E.  pilulifera  of  first  List. 

E.  hypericifolia  L.  Shilovane,  Junod,  644;  Kaap  Muiden,  Thorncroft,  758;  Hlatikulu 
(Sw.),  July,  Miss  Stewart,  T.M.H.  8868. 

E.  inaequilatera  Sond.  Is  E.  sanguinea  Hochst.  of  first  List. 

E.  ingens  E.  Mey.  Near  Barberton,  Pole-Evans,  2919,  2931;  Potgietersrust,  Burtt- 
Davy,  2200,  5658. 

E.kraussianaBernh.  var.  /3.  Houtbosch,  Rehmann,  5913 ; Barberton,  Dec.,  Thorncroft, 
768;  Mrs  Pott,  5441;  The  Downs  (Ptbg.),  July,  Rogers,  20,358. 

E.  natalensis  Bernh.  Ermelo,  Burtt-Davy,  5402;  Tzaneen,  Nov.,  Rogers,  12,580. 

E.  neopolycnemoides  Pax  and  Hoffm.  Various  localities. 

E.  Tirucalli  L.  Moorddrift,  Oct.,  Miss  Leendertz,  2245;  Potgietersrust,  Madge,  8443; 
Marloth,  5146;  Burtt-Davy,  1700;  Mafutane,  Bolus,  12,279;  Komati  Poort, 
June,  Rogers. 

E.  transvaalensis  Schltr.  Is  E.  Galpini  Pax  of  first  List. 

E.  trichadenia  Pax.  Various  localities. 

E.  truncata  N.E.Br.  Various  localities. 

Bridelia  cathartica  Bertol.  Komati  Poort,  Kirk,  100;  Rogers,  T.M.H.  16,007;  Barber- 
ton, Pole-Evans,  2945. 

B.  mollis  Hutch.  Various  localities. 

B.  stipularis  Blume  in  first  List  is  an  Indian  species. 

Croton  Gubouga  S.  Moore.  Olifants  River  (Lg.),  Pole-Evans;  Pietersburg  district 
(specimens  in  fruit  in  T.M.H.). 

C.  subgratissimus  Prain.  Is  C.  gratissimus  Burch,  of  first  List. 

C sylvaticus  Hochst.  Modjadjes  (Ptbg.),  Rogers,  18,120. 

Fliiggea  microcarpa  Blume.  Barberton,  Thorncroft,  Rogers,  Mrs  Pott;  Potgietersrust 
Sept,  and  Jan.,  Miss  Leendertz,  1244,  1940. 

Jatropha  pseudoglandulifera  Pax.  Messina,  Dec.,  Moss  and  Rogers,  78. 

Cluytia  affinis  Sond.  Pietersburg  and  Lijdenburg  districts. 

C.  hirsuta  E.  Mey.  Various  localities. 

C.  laxa  Eckl.  Lijdenburg,  Wilms,  1318;  Barberton,  Galpin,  934. 

C.  monticola  S.  Moore.  Various  localities. 

C.  virgata  Pax  and  Hoffm.  Various  localities. 

Acalypha  angustata  Sond.  Many  localities. 

A.  caperonioides  Baill.  Many  localities. 

A.  caperonioides  Baill.  var.  Galpini  Prain.  Barberton,  Galpin,  1106. 

A.  ciliata  Forsk.  Shilovane,  Junod,  2188,  1028. 

A.  depressinervia  K.  Schum  Is  A.  Schinzii  Pax  of  first  List. 


130  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Acalypha  glabrata  Thb.  Crocodile  River  (Pr.),  Feb.,  Miss  Leendertz,  716;  Barberton, 
Dec.  Mrs  Pott,  5507;  Shilovane,  Junod,  1100. 

A.  glabrata  Thb.  var.  latifolia  Mull.  Arg.  Goedgedacht,  March,  Schlechter,  4602; 
Barberton,  Jan.,  Miss  Thorncroft,  T.M.H.  4328;  Krokodilpoort  (Pr.),  May, 
Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  13,852. 

A.  glabrata  Thb.  var.  pilosa  Pax.  Near  Goedgedacht,  Schlechter,  4602  partly. 

A.  punctata  Meisn.  Various  localities. 

A.  punctata  Meisn.  var.  longifolia  Prain.  Various  localities. 

A.  punctata  Meisn.  var.  Rogersii  Prain.  Various  localities. 

A.  segetalis  Mull.  Arg.  Various  localities. 

A.  senensis  Klotz.  Various  localities. 

A.  Wilmsii  Pax.  Various  localities. 

Adenocline  acuta  (Thb.)  Baill.  Mavieriestad  (E.),  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4961;  Barberton, 
Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5491. 

Plukenetia  africana  Sond.  Palalariver  (Wg.),  Jan.,.  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  18,071. 
Dalechampia  Kirkii  Prain.  Komati  Poort,  Kirk,  60. 

Ctenomeria  capensis  Harv.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  .5494. 

Tragia  afhnis  Mull.  Arg.  Vaal  River,  Zeyher,  1526. 

T.  incisifolia  Prain.  Near  Komati  River,  Bolus,  9779;  Komati  Poort,  Schlechter, 
11,781. 

T.  natalensis  Sond.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5497. 

T.  Rogersii  Prain.  Waterval  Onder,  Oct.,  Rogers,  T.M.H.  2597. 

T.  Sonderi  Prain.  Crocodile  River,  Burke;  Magaliesberg,  Zeyher  and  Burke;  near 
’Mbabane  (Sw.),  Bolus,  12,290. 

Phyllanthus  Rogersi  Hutch.  Haenertsburg,  Rogers,  19,023. 

ANACARDIACEAE. 

Heeria  pulcherrima  Oliv.  The  Downs  (Ptbg.),  Nov.,  Rogers,  22,005. 

Odina  velutina  Rich.  Messina,  Dec.,  Rogers,  22,119. 

Rhus  Coriacea  Engl.  Is  R.  magalismontana  Sond.  of  first  List. 

R.  gracillima  Engl.  Is  R.  filiformis  Schinz  of  first  List. 

R.  villosa  L.f.  of  first  List  is  included  in  R.  incana  Mill. 

HIPPOCRATEACEAE. 

Hippocratea  obtusifolia  Roxb.  Waterpoort  (Z.),  Sept.,  Rogers,  21,544. 

MELIANTHACEAE. 

Bersama  transvaalensis  Turrill.  Barberton,  Thorncroft,  817. 

RHAMNACEAE. 

Phylica  paniculata  Willd.  Transvaal. 

VITACEAE. 

Cissus  capensis  Willd.  Rietfontein  (Ptbg.),  Sept.,  Miss  Leendertz,  833;  Elandshoek, 
Sept.,  Rogers,  T.M.H.  4848. 

C.  fragilis  E.  Mey.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5694. 

TILIACEAE. 

Corchorus  hirsutus  L.  Geelhoutkop  (Wg.),  Jan.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,821;  Messina, 
Sept.,  Rogers,  19,356;  Wyliespoort  (Z.),  Feb.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  19,572. 

C.  tridens  L.  Motepe,  March,  Schlechter,  4627;  Rooiplaat  (Pr.),  Feb.,  Dr  Breyer, 
T.M.H,  15,176  ; Barberton,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5629. 

Grewia  rhytidophylla  K.  Schum.  Messina,  Moss  and  Rogers,  17,101. 

G.  villosa  Willd.  Messina,  Moss  and  Rogers,  77. 

MALVACEAE. 

Abutilon  angulatum  Mast.  Shilovane,  March,  Junod,  T.M.H.  5261;  Ngelelle  River 
(Z.),  July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  16,024. 

Hibiscus  aponeurus  Spr.  and  Hutch.  Joes  Luck,  near  Barberton,  Miss  Thorncroft, 
Nov.,  T.M.H.  4989;  Nelspruit,  Dec.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,961. 

H.  diversifolius  L.  Selati  Railway,  Rogers,  2708, 

H.  lunariifolius  Wall.  Various  localities. 

H.  surattensis  L.  Hlatikulu  (Sw.),  June,  Miss  Stewart,  T.M.H.  13,953. 

H.  ternatus  Mast.  Letsitele,  Rogers,  2673 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


131 


STERCULIACEAE. 

Melhania  prostrata  DC.  Is  M.  rostrata  DC.  of  first  List. 

Dombeya  rotundifolia  Harv.  Is  D.  densiflora  of  first  List. 

Hermannia  comosa  Burch.  Christiania,  Nelson,  200. 

H.  grisea  Schinz.  Near  Brakriver,  March,  Schlechter,  4631. 

H.  grosseserrata  Schinz.  Matye,  March,  Schlechter,  4628. 

H.  macowanii  (Szyszy.)  Schinz.  Marabastad,  March,  Schlechter,  4683. 

Stercuiia  triphaca  R.Br.  Ngelelle  River  ( Z .),  July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  16,009;  Water- 
poort  (Z.),  Sept.,  Rogers,  21,535. 

ELATINACEAE; 

Bergia  suffuticosa  Fzl.  Messina,  Sept.,  Rogers,  19,303. 

CANELLACEAE. 

Warburgia  Breyeri  Pott.  Near  Macdutsie  River,  July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,573. 

FLACOURTIACEAE. 

Trimeria  trinervis  Harv.  Mavieriestad  (E.),  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  5115. 

Scolopia  Mundtii  (Arn.)  Warb.  Farm  Nooit  Gedacht  (E.),  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5097. 

S.  Zeyheri  Arn.  Derde  Poort  (Pr.),  July,  Miss  Leendertz,  190. 

TURNERACEAE. 

Wormskioldia  glandulifera  Klotzsch.  Griffin  Mine  (Z.),  Jan.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H. 
15,629;  Messina,  June,  Rogers,  19,405. 

W.  serrata  Hochst.  Maxaben,  March,  Schlechter,  4671;  Messina,  March,  Rogers, 
20,823. 

PASSIFLORACEAE. 

Tryphostemma  arenophilum  Pott.  Warmbaths,  Jan.,  Miss  Leendertz,  2062. 

Adenia  glauca  Schinz.  Magaliesberg,  between  Kameelpoort  and  Elandsriver,  Reh- 
mann,  4799;  Vygeboompoort  (Wg.),  Oct.,  van  Dam,  T.M.H.  13,715. 

A.  multiflora  Pott.  Baviaanspoort  (Pr.),  Dr  Fehrson,  T.M.H.  13,786. 

A.  Schlechteri  Harms. 

A.  stenophylla  Harms.  Lijdenburg,  Dec.,  Wilms,  941. 

A.  Wilmsii  Harms.  Lijdenburg,  Nov.,  Wilms,  961;  August,  Wilms,  1897. 

THYMELAEACEAE. 

Lasiosiphon  canoargentea  C.  H.  Wright.  Near  Lijdenburg,  Wilms,  1298;  MacLea  in 
Herb.  Bolus,  3020. 

L.  hoepfnerianus  Vatke.  Vereeniging,  Leslie. 

L.  similis  C.  H.  Wright.  Warmbaths,  Sept.,  Miss  Leendertz,  1314. 

L.  Wilmsii  C.  H.  Wright.  Near  the  Vaal  River,  Wilms,  1299;  near  Crocodile  River, 
Wilms,  1299  b. 

Arthrosolen  polycephalus  C.  A.  Mey.  Sterkstroom  River,  Burke,  517;  Bloemhof, 
July,  Barrett-Hamelton,  T.M.H.  6410. 

A.  sericocephala  Meisn.  Various  localities. 

A.  variabilis  C.  H.  Wright.  Various  localities. 

Gnidia  fastigiata  Rendle  var.  hirsuta  Pearson.  Johannesburg,  Rand,  899. 

G.  linoides  Wikstr.  Pretoria,  Burtt-Davy,  685;  Rustenburg,  Miss  Pegler,  977. 

G.  ovalifolia  Meisn.  Macmac,  Mudd. 

G.  pinifolia  L.  Magaliesberg,  Burke. 

LYTHRACEAE. 

Ammannia  salsuginosa  Guill.  and  Perr.  Magalaquena  River,  April,  Schlechter,  4771; 
Komati  Poort,  April,  Rogers,  T.M.H.  4795;  Swaziland,  Sept.,  Miss  Stewart, 
T.M.H.  10,650;  Nelspruit,  Dec.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,712. 

Nesaea  sagittifolia  (Sond.)  var.  glabrescens.  Transvaal,  Rehmann,  6796. 

. MYRTACEAE. 

Eugenia  pusilla  N.E.Br.  Near  Amsterdam  (E.),  Forbes. 

MELASTOMACEAE. 

Dissotis  princeps  Triana.  New  Agatha,  June,  Rogers,  18,890. 


132 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


HALORHAGIDACEAE. 

Serpicula  repens  L.  Haenertsburg,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4759. 

UMBELLIFERAE. 

Alepidea  basinuda  Pott.  Woodbush,  Nov.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  7443;  Haenertsburg, 
Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4656. 

A.  comosa  Diimm.  Modderfontein,  Conrath,  321. 

A.  Jacobsziae  Diimm.  Lijdenburg,  April,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  10,331. 

A.  Jenkinsii  Pott.  Middelburg,  Nov.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  9858. 

A.  longeciliata  Schinz.  Between  Middelburg  and  Crocodile  River,  Wilms,  567; 

Carolina,  Nov.,  Rademacher,  T.M.H.  8197. 

Bupleurum  Mundtii  Cham,  and  Schl.  Zeerust,  March,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  11,662; 
Waterval  Boven,  June,  Rogers;  Crocodile  River,  Dec.,  Schlechter,  3917. 

OLEACEAE. 

Jasminum  transvaalense  Sp.  Moore.  Modjadjes  (Ptbg.),  Rogers,  18,108. 

ASCLEPIADACEAE. 

Raphionacme  divaricata  Harv.  var.  /3.  Various  localities. 

Tacazzea  apiculata  Oliv.  var.  benedicta.  Komati  Poort,  Nov.,  Rogers,  12,633. 
Schizoglossum  cordifolium  E.  Mey.  Haenertsburg,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4650;  Tzaneen, 
Nov.,  Rogers,  12,480. 

S.  robustum  Schltr.  var.  pubiflorum  N.E.Br.  Godwan  River,  Feb.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H. 
i°.399;  Spitskop  (E.),  Jan.,  Scheepers,  T.M.H.  15,046;  Pretoria,  Jan.,  Miss 
Collins,  T.M.H.  12,658. 

Pachycarpus  macrochilus  N.E.Br.  Goede  Hoop  (E.),  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  4895. 

P.  plicatus  N.E.Br.  Spitskop  (E.),  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5241. 

Sisyranthus  imbertis  Harv.  Haenertsburg,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4649;  Mavieriestad, 
Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4901. 

Ceropegia  multiflora  Baker,  var.  latifolia  N.E.Br.  Pretoria,  Jan.,  March,  Mrs  Pott, 
4740,  4825. 

C.  Thorncroftii  N.E.Br.  Barberton,  Thorncroft;  Kaap  Valley,  March,  J.  Thorncroft, 

T.M.H.  11,359. 

Tavaresia  Barklyi  N.E.Br.  var.  grandiflora.  Louis  Trichardt,  Gettleffl,  T.M.H. 
11,459- 

Huernia  carnosa  Stent.  Zilikats  Nek,  Magaliesberg,  Pole-Evans,  11,020  in  U.D.A. 
Herbarium. 

H.  transvaalensis  Stent.  Crocodile  River,  Magaliesberg,  Pole-Evans. 

H.  zebrina  N.E.Br.  Near  Komati  Poort,  van  Dam,  T.M.H.  15,635. 

Davalia  polita  N.E.Br.  Zeerust,  Jan.,  Mrs  Pott,  4353. 

D.  transvaalensis  Schltr.  var.  parviflora  L.  Bolus.  Near  Naboomspruit,  Galpin,  8467. 
Stapelia  Gettleflii  Pott.  Louis  Trichardt,  Gettleffl,  T.M.H.  9643. 

CONVOLVULACEAE. 

Dichondra  repens  Forst.  Zeerust,  Jan.,  Mrs  Pott,  4170;  Wolhuterskop,  Nov.,  Miss 
Nunns,  T.M.H.  18,772;  Spelonken,  Feb.,  Junod,  38. 

Ipomoea  bathycolpos  Hall.  var.  sinuato-dentata.  Lijdenburg,  Jan.,  Wilms,  T.M.H. 
5808;  Geelhoutkop  (Wg.),  Jan.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,799. 

I.  magnusiana  Schinz.  Various  localities. 

I.  palmata  Forsk.  Waterval  Boven,  Nov.,  Rogers,  18,512;  Blauwkop  (Z.),  Aug. 
Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  16,035. 

Jacquemontia  capitata  G.  Don.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5476;  Lomato  River, 
April,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  9913. 

Merremia  angustifolia  Hook.  f.  Various  localities. 

M.  pinnata  Hall.  f.  Nelspruit,  Oct.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,704. 

BORAGINEAE. 

Heliotropium  zeylanicum  Lam.  Lekker  Kraal,  Jan.,  Krantz,  T.M.H.  6421 ; Spelonken, 
Sept.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  8157;  Swaziland,  July,  Miss  Stewart,  T.M.H.  8814; 
Great  Letaba,  June,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,576;  Ngelelle  (Z.),  July,  Dr  Breyer, 
T.M.H.  16,038. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


133 


VERBENACEAE. 

Lantana  Camara  L.  Pretoria,  Oct.,  Mrs  Pott,  5710. 

Vitex  mooiensis  Pearson  var.  Rudolphi.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5683;  Nelspruit, 
Oct.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  18,350. 

V.  harveyana  Pearson.  Komati  Poort,  Nov.,  Rogers,  T.M.H.  13,278. 

LABIATAE. 

Plectranthus  Thorncroftii  Sp.  Moore.  Barberton,  J.  Thorncroft,  Herb.  Rogers, 
16,987. 

Thorncroftia  longiflora  N.E.Br.  Joes  Luck,  near  Barberton,  April,  Thorncroft,  795. 
Leucas  glabrata  R.Br.  Various  localities. 

Salvia  africana  L.  Pilgrim’s  Rest,  July,  Rogers. 

SOLANACEAE. 

Solanum  bifurcum  Hochst.  Haenertsburg,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4498. 

S.  aculeastrum  Dun.  Haenertsburg,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4653. 

S.  nodiflorum  Jacq.  Barberton,  Oct.,  Thorncroft,  1043. 

SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

Harveya  crispula  Conrath.  Irene,  Conrath,  966. 

Sphenandra  viscosa  Bth.  of  first  List  is  a synonym  of  Sutera  caerulea  Hiern. 

BIGNONIACEAE. 

Markhamia  acuminata  K.  Schum.  Messina,  March,  Rogers,  20,767. 

PEDALIACEAE. 

Sesamum  alatum  Thonn.  Swaziland,  July,  Miss  Stewart,  T.M.H.  8819;  Nelspruit, 
Nov.,  Rogers,  T.M.H.  3036;  Messina,  March,  Rogers,  20,848. 

Sesamothamnus  Lugardii  N.E.Br.  Messina,  Dec.,  Rogers,  22,116. 

GESNERACEAE. 

Streptocarpus  pusillus  Harv.  Volksrust,  Jan.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  9311;  Belfast,  Dec., 
Miss  Leendertz,  2679;  Mavieriestad  (E.),  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  5005;  Barberton, 
Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  5456. 

S.  denticulata  Turrill.  Barberton,  Feb.,  Thorncroft,  T.M.H.  18,283. 

ACANTHACEAE. 

Thunbergia  dregeana  Nees.  Nelspruit,  Feb.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,895. 

Hygrophila  Rehmannii  Schinz.  Between  Elandsriver  and  Klippan,  Rehmann,  5056. 
Dyschoriste  Rogersii  Sp.  Moore.  Transvaal,  Rogers,  12,876. 

Crabbea  pedunculata  N.E.Br.  Waterval  Boven,  Nov.,  Rogers,  18,509. 

C.  velutina  Sp.  Moore.  Vygeboomspruit  (Z.),  June,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  18,658. 
Blepharis  Clarkei  Schinz.  Blauwberg,  March,  Schlechter,  4657;  Warmbaths,  Jan. 

Miss  Leendertz,  2048;  Majuba’s  Kloof  (Ptbg.),  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4776. 

B.  transvaalensis  Schinz.  Blauwberg,  March,  Schlechter,  4655;  Rooiplaat  (Pr  ), 
March,  Miss  Leendertz,  784. 

Crossandra  subacaulis  C.B.C1.  Tzaneen,  Nov.,  Rogers,  12,583. 

Anisotes  Rogersiae  Sp.  Moore.  Messina,  Rogers,  19,349. 

A.  sessiliflorus  C.B.C1.  Between  Ngelelle  and  Nuanetsi,  July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H. 
16,082;  Messina,  March,  Rogers,  20,842. 

Dicliptera  zeylanica  Nees.  Harmony  Block  (Ptg.),  July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,568. 
Disperma  transvaalense  C.B.C1.  Elandsriver,  Rehmann,  4892. 

Ecbolium  nearest  E.  amplexicaule.  Komati  Poort,  Jan.,  Rogers,  22,488. 

Monechma  Welwitschii  C.B.C1.  Messina,  March,  Rogers,  20,843. 

Rhinacanthus  spec.  Messina,  Feb.,  Rogers,  22,599. 

RUBIACEAE. 

Oldenlandia  macrophylla  DC.  Haenertsburg,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  4818;  Komati  Poort, 
Nov.,  Rogers,  T.M.H.  13,287;  Nelspruit,  Dec.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,720. 
Gardenia  resiniflua  Hiern.  Messina,  Aug.,  March,  Rogers,  19,489,  20,181. 

Tricalysia  floribunda  (Harv.)  K.  Schum.  Komati  Poort,  Nov.,  Rogers,  T.M.H.  13,284. 

T.  bracteata  Hiern.  Waterpoort  (Z.),  Sept.,  Rogers. 


134  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Pachystigma  pygmaea  Schltr.  Is  Vangueria  pygmaea  Schltr.  of  first  List. 

Pavetta  assimilis  Sond.  Various  localities. 

Spermacoce  natalensis  Hochst.  Various  localities. 

DIPSACEAE. 

Cephalaria  attenuata  R.  and  S.  var.  /3.  Standerton,  Jan.,  Mrs  Pott,  4052;  Onderste 
Poort,  Feb;,  ex  Theiler’s  Lab.;  Messina,  March,  Rogers,  20,862. 

Scabiosa  transvaalensis  Sp.  Moore.  Pilgrim’s  Rest,  Dec.,  Rogers,  14,361,  14,999; 
Spitskop,  Wilms,  619. 

CUCURBITACEAE. 

Melothria  acutifolia  Cogn.  Elandsriver,  Rehmann,  4904,  4905. 

Cucumis  africanus  L.  var.  acutilobus  Cogn.  Transvaal,  Rehmann,  5169,  6311. 

C.  hirsutus  Sond.  var.  dissectus  Cogn.  Transvaal,  Rehmann,  6310. 

Trochomeria  Hookeri  Harv.  var.  quinquepartita  Cogn.  Transvaal,  Rehmann,  6304. 
T.  pectinata  Cogn.  var.  subintegrifolia  Cogn.  Transvaal,  Rehmann,  6309. 
Corrallocarpus  sphaerocarpus  Cogn.  (3,  scaberrimus  Cogn.  Boschveld,  Rehmann,  4953, 
5i70- 

C.  sphaerocarpus  Cogn.  y,  subhastatus  Cogn.  Klippan,  Rehmann,  5160. 
Raphanocarpus  spec.  Griffin  Mine  (Z.),  Jan.,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  19,725. 

C AMPANUL  ACE  AE . 

Wahlenbergia  multiflora  Conrath.  Modderfontein,  Conrath,  563. 

W.  gracillima  Sp.  Moore.  On  the  Selati  River,  between  Komati  Poort  and  Letaba 
River,  Rogers,  2684. 

Cyphia  Rogersii  Sp.  Moore.  Modjadjes  (Ptbg.),  Rogers,  18,212. 

COMPOSITAE. 

Erlangea  spec.  Hlatikulu  (Sw.),  May,  Miss  Stewart,  T.M.H.  12,872;  The  Downs 
(Ptbg.),  Nov.,  Rogers,  21,932. 

Vernonia  cineria  Less.  The  Downs  (Ptbg.),  July,  Rogers,  20,115. 

V.  crataegifolia  Hutch.  Barberton,  Galpin,  1350;  Lijdenburg,  April,  Jenkins,  T.M.H. 
10,329. 

V.  dregeana  Sch.  Bip.  Nooit  Gedacht  (E.),  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  4880;  Piet  Retief,  Oct., 
Miss  Collins,  T.M.H.  13,950. 

V.  glabra  Vatke.  Various  localities. 

V.  mespilifolia  Less.  Barberton,  Dec.,  Thorncroft,  T.M.H.  9609;  Hlatikulu  (Sw.), 
March,  Miss  Stewart,  T.M.H.  9632. 

V.  pinifolia  Less.  Piet  Retief,  Dec.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  10,950;  Volksrust,  Jan.,  Jenkins, 
T.M.H.  11,036.  . 

V.  primulina  Hoffm.  Harmony  Block  (Ptbg.),  June,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,566. 

V.  Randii  Sp.  Moore.  Various  localities. 

V.  Schlechteri  O.  Hoffm.  Lijdenburg,  Aug.,  Wilms. 

Dichrocephala  latifolia  DC.  Lijdenburg,  April,  Wilms,  T.M.H.  6446. 

Felicia  elorigatus  Thb.  var.  Messina,  March,  Rogers,  20,752. 

F.  lutea  N.E.Br.  Various  localities. 

Psiadia  arabica  J.  and  Sh.  Messina,  Rogers,  20,002. 

Nidorella  depauperata  Harv.  Various  localities. 

N.  hirta  DC.  Lijdenburg,  Jan.,  Wilms,  T.M.H.  5804. 

Conyza  pinnatifida  Less.  Groenkloof  (R.),  Dec.,  van  Dam,  T.M.H.  12,003. 

Blumea  aurita  DC.  Ngelelle  River  (Z.),  July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  16,089. 
Helichrysum  epapposum  Bolus.  ’Mpone  Berg,  March,  Schlechter,  4735. 

H.  eriophorum  Conrath.  Irene,  Conrath,  432. 

H.  floccosum  Klatt.  Various  localities. 

H.  steneopterum  DC.  Various  localities. 

H.  umbraculigerum  Less.  Houtboschberg,  March,  Schlechter,  4733;  Shilovane, 
Junod,  2340;  Pilgrim’s  Rest,  April,  Rogers,  18,554. 

H.  undatum  Less.  Various  localities. 

Anaglypha  latifolia  Sp.  Moore.  Pilgrim’s  Rest,  Dec.,  Rogers,  14,319. 

Pentatricha  alata  Sp.  Moore.  Pilgrim’s  Rest,  Rogers,  18,667. 

Monactinocephalus  paniculatus  Klatt.  Houtbosch,  Rehmann,  6068. 

Pegolettia  senegalensis  Cass.  Great  Letaba,  June,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  18,661. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  135 


Calostephane  divaricata  Benth.  Nuanetsi  River,  July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  16,053; 

Silwane’s  location  (Ptbg.),  July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  17,567. 

Geigeria  acaulis  Benth.  and  Hook.  Messina,  Dec.,  Rogers,  22,265. 

G.  aspera  Harv.  Various  localities. 

Eclipta  erecta  L.  Komati  Poort,  June,  Rogers,  T.M.H.  2345. 

Coreopsis  Steppia  Steetz.  The  Downs  (Ptbg.),  July,  Rogers,  20,104. 

Thelesperma  scabiosoides  Less.  Vereeniging,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  3841. 

Lasiospermum  radiatum  Trev.  Vereeniging,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott,  3882. 

Matricaria  multiflora  Fzl.  Sabie,  Nov.,  Rogers,  18,604. 

M.  nigellaefolia  DC.  Nuanetsi  River  (Z.),  July,  Dr  Breyer,  T.M.H.  16,059. 

M.  pilifera  Thell.  Elandspruitbergen,  Schlechter,  3846. 

Schistostephium  saxicola  Hutch.  Johburg,  Gilfillan  in  Herb.  Galpin,  6218;  Modder- 
fontein,  Conrath,  402;  Houtbosch,  Rehmann,  6082. 

S.  villosum  Hutch.  Swaziland,  Hlatikulu,  Miss  Stewart,  77. 

Brachymeris  athanasioides  Hutch.  Is  Pentzia  athanasioides  S.  Moore  of  first  List. 

B.  montana  Hutch.  Various  localities. 

Lopholaena  segmentata  Sp.  Moore.  Lijdenburg,  Jan.,  Wilms,  T.M.H.  10,770; 
Barberton,  Jan.,  J.  Thorncroft,  T M.H.  3962;  Spitskop  (E.),  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott, 

5017. 

Cineraria  lyrata  DC.  Standerton,  Jan.,  Mrs  Pott,  4076;  Vereeniging,  Nov.,  Mrs  Pott, 
3850. 

C.  canescens  Wendl.  var.  Standerton,  Jan.,  Mrs  Pott. 

Senecio  Conrathii  N.E.Br.  Modderfontein,  Conrath,  1202. 

S.  isatideusDC.  Lijdenburg,  March,  Wilms,  T.M.H.  10,769;  Zeerust,  Jan.,  Mrs  Pott, 
4395;  Spitskop  (E.),  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  4876;  Germiston,  Nov.,  Rogers,  12,197. 

S.  Johannesburgensis  Sp.  Moore  var.  dentatus  Volksrust,  Rogers,  19,007. 

S.  latissimifolius  Sp.  Moore.  Pilgrim’s  Rest,  Rogers,  14,946. 

S.  macrophyllus  Phillips.  Houtbosch,  Feb.,  Bolus,  10,993;  Lijdenburg,  Dec., 
Schlechter,  3956. 

S.  Ommannei  Sp.  Moore.  Johannesburg,  Ommanney,  in. 

S.  oxyriaefolius  DC.  The  Downs  (Ptbg.),  Nov.,  Rogers,  21,906. 

S.  panduraefolius  Harv.  Hlatikulu  (Sw.),  March,  Miss  Stewart,  T.M.H.  10,090; 
Lijdenburg,  Nov.,  Wilms,  T.M.H.  6468;  Shilovane,  April,  Junod,  T.M.H.  5282; 
Sabie,  March,  Rogers,  18,649 
S.  pinnulatus  Thunb.  Various  localities. 

S.  rhomboideus  Harv.  Spitskop  (E.),  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  4875. 

S.  subcoriaceus  Schltr.  Bethal,  Dec.,  Mrs  Pott,  3658. 

S.  thyrsoideus  DC.  Graskop,  Oct.,  Thorncroft,  979. 

S.  urophyllus  Conrath.  Modderfontein,  Conrath,  1202. 

S.  vimineus  DC.  Potgietersrust,  Oct.,  Miss  Leendertz,  1235. 

Dimorphotheca  caulescens  Harv.  Various  localities. 

Tripteris  auriculata  Sp.  Moore.  The  Downs  (Ptbg.),  Rogers,  20,243. 

Ursinia  natalensis  N.E.Br.  Barberton,  Jan.,  J.  Thorncroft,  T.M.H.  2830;  Hlatikulu 
(Sw.),  Nov.,  Miss  Stewart,  T.M.H.  9561. 

Venedium  Bellidiastrum  Sp.  Moore.  Standerton,  Rogers,  18,758. 

Berkheyopsis  Rehmannii  Thell.  Between  Elandsriver  and  Klippan,  Rehmann,  5078; 

Elandsriver,  Rehmann,  4962;  Makapansbergen,  Streydpoort,  Rehmann,  5453. 
Berkheya  cousinioides  Sp.  Moore.  Lijdenburg,  Rogers,  14,546. 

B.  polyacantha  Sp.  Moore.  Standerton,  Rogers,  18,459. 

Carduus  pycnocephalus  L.  Volksrust,  Jan.,  Jenkins,  T.M.H.  9932. 

Gerbera  speciosa  Sp.  Moore.  Pilgrim’s  Rest,  Dec.,  Rogers,  14,322. 

G.  natalensis  Sch.  Bip.  of  first  List  is  a synonym  of  G.  viridifolia  Sch.  Bip. 


CAMBRIDGE:  PRINTED  BY  J.  B.  PEACE,  M.A.,  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 


07.  bV  ^ 

ANNALS  MEDEDELINGEN 

OF  THE  VAN  HET 

TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 


VOLUME  VII 


Printed  for  the 

COMMITTEE  OF  THE  TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 
BY  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS, 
CAMBRIDGE,  ENGLAND 


1919-21 


ANNALS 


MEDEDELINGEN 


OF  THE 


VAN  HET 


TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 


VOLUME  VII 


Printed  for  the 

COMMITTEE  OF  THE  TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 
BY  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS, 
CAMBRIDGE,  ENGLAND 


1919-21 


PRINTED  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN 


LIST  OF  CONTENTS 


VOLUME  VII 

PAGE 

Dam,  G.  P.  F.  van 

Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  Zonurus  and  Notes  on  the  Species  of 
Zonurus  occurring  in  the  Transvaal.  (4  Plates)  . . . .239 

Description  of  a New  Variety  of  a South  African  Lizard  of  the  Family 
Geckonidae.  (1  Plate) 244 

Grobbelaar,  C.  S. 

The  Scolopendridae  of  South  Africa.  (28  Text-figures)  . . . 245 

Hewitt,  John 

A Short  Survey  of  the  Solifugae  of  South  Africa.  (8  Plates  and  14 
Text-figures) 1 

Hoepen,  E.  C.  N.  van 

Contributions  to  the  Knowledge  of  the  Reptiles  of  the  Karroo 
Formation: 

5.  A New  Dinosaur  from  the  Stormberg  Beds.  (2  Plates  and  6 

Text-figures)  77 

6.  Further  Dinosaurian  Material  in  the  Transvaal  Museum.  (13 

Plates  and  27  Text-figures)  . ......  93 

Descriptions  of  some  Cretaceous  Ammonites  from  Pondoland. 

(3  Plates) 142 

Janse,  A.  J.  T. 

On  the  South  African  Notodontidae,  with  Descriptions  of  apparently 
New  Genera  and  Species.  (14  Plates)  ......  149 

Wagner,  Percy  A. 

Note  on  a Relic  of  the  Phallus  Cult  among  the  M’Kahtla.  (1  Plate)  262 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  VII 


(New  genera,  subgenera,  species,  subspecies,  and  the  main  reference  in  a series  of 
references  in  heavy-faced  type;  synonyms  are  in  italics.) 


aemilianus,  Holcodiscus,  146,  147 
Aetonyx,  117,  118,  137 
palustris,  117,  137 

afra,  Rhysida,  249  (Figs.  5,  6),  250  (Fig. 

7),  251,  252  (Figs.  8,  9,  11,  12) 
africana,  Henicops,  245,  260 
africanus,  Gryponyx,  87,  101,  102,  103, 
118 

africanus,  Holcodiscus,  146;  PI.  XXVI, 
figs.  3-5 

agramma,  Phyllaliodes,  192;  PI.  I,  figs. 
22-24;  PI.  IV,  figs.  18-19 
Stauropus,  191 
ajax,  Pachysaurus,  102,  136 
albicans,  Pseudorethona,  168,  169;  PI.  I, 
fig.  9;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  1-6 
Rethona,  169 

albicostata,  Scalmicauda,  158,  159,  160; 

PI.  I,  fig.  1 ; PI.  II,  figs.  1-5 
albida,  Antheua,  176,  178 
alcicornis,  Solpuga,  14,  18,  32,  48;  PI.  VII, 
fig-  34 

Alipes,  245,  246,  247 
appendiculatus,  248 
calcipes,  248 
crotalus,  247  (Figs.  1-2) 
grandidieri,  248 
multicostia,  248 
ALIPINAE,  245 
alnifolia,  Trimeria,  163,  170 
alstoni,  Solpuga,  31,  47 
amapondense,  Gaudryceras,  143;  PI. 

XXIV,  figs.  4-5 
Ammonites,  142 
Ammosaurus,  91,  92 
Amyops,  151,  152,  155,  205,  206 

gigas,  206,  207;  PI.  V,  figs.  11-14;  PI. 

VII,  figs.  18-19 
ingens,  206,  207 

Anaphe,  151,  153,  155,  232,  234 
panda,  233 

reticulata,  232,  233;  PI.  XI,  figs.  9-16; 

PI.  XII,  fig.  1 

anastomosis,  Ichthyura,  161 
anceps,  Cormocephalus,  256 
ANCHISAURIDAE,  80,  91,  92,  102 
Anchisaurus,  91,  92 
solus,  92 

angolensis,  Rana,  18 
anodonta,  Zana,  221,  222;  PI.  V,  fig.  22 
Antheua,  150,  151,  152  ftn.,  153,  155  ftn., 
157,  175,  196,  198,  201,  221,  222 


Antheua,  albida,  176,  178 

aurifodinae,  176,  177,  179;  PI.  Ill,  figs. 

. 27-30 

basipuncta,  176,  178 

bicolor,  175,  176,  180,  235;  PI.  I,  fig. 

20;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  24-25 
consanguinea,  177,  180 
croceipuncta,  176,  177,  178;  PI.  I,  fig. 

19;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  19-23 
dimorpha,  155  ftn.,  177,  180;  PI.  I,  fig. 
25;  PL  IV,  figs.  14-17;  PI.  XIII, 
fig.  10 

dimorpha  var.  brunnea,  181;  PI.  XIV, 
fig.  1 

encausta,  176,  177,  179;  PI.  Ill,  figs. 
16-18 

extenuata,  176 

mixta,  176,  182;  PI.  XIII,  fig.  9 
peringueyi,  176,  182 
simplex,  157,  175,  176,  177;  PI.  I,  fig. 
18;  PI.  Ill,  fig.  26 

tricolor,  175,  176,  177,  178,  179;  PI.  I, 
fig.  7;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  10-15 
varia,  179 

Antheua,  176,  183,  222 
Anticyra,  179,  180 
antiquus,  Thecodontosaurus,  91,  92 
apiculatum,  Combretum,  186 
appendiculatus,  Alipes,  248 
Arctiomorpha,  232,  233 
argenteomaculata,  Scalmicauda,  16 1 
argentescens,  Cerura,  17 1,  17 1 ftn. 
aristata,  Chaetacme,  202 
Aristosaurus,  82,  84,  85,  86,  90,  92 

erectus,  77,  78  (Fig.  1),  82  (Fig.  2), 
84  (Fig.  3),  85  (Fig.  4),  86  (Fig.  5), 
90  (Fig.  6),  92;  Pis.  IX-X 
Arthrorhabdus,  253,  259 
formosus,  259  (Fig.  24) 
pygmaeus,  259 
Asanada,  251,  253 

socotrana,  253  (Figs.  13-14) 
Asteroscopus,  235 
Atrasana,  203,  205,  235 
atribasalis,  Stauropus,  19 1 
atrifrons,  Scrancia,  21 1 
atriguttata,  Desmeocraera,  184,  186;  PI. 
IV,  fig.  8 
Stauropus,  186 

aurifodinae,  Antheua,  175,  176,  177,  179, 
198;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  27-30 
Rigema,  179 


2 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


austerus,  Solpuga,  17 
australis,  Gluviopsis,  61 

barberi,  Chelypus,  70,  72 
barbertonensis,  Zonurus,  240;  PL  III 

basalis,  Desmeocraera,  185,  186 
basipuncta,  Antheua,  176,  178 
bechuanica,  Solpuga,  14,  15,  39,  41,  51; 

PL  IV,  fig.  14 
benga,  Scalmicauda,  158 
bernhardi,  Daesia,  53 
betschuanica,  Daesia,  54,  56 
bicolor,  Antheua,  176,  180,  235;  Pl.  I, 
fig.  20;  PL  III,  figs.  24-25 
Chadisra , 180 

bifasciata,  Cerura,  171;  Pl.  XIII,  fig.  8 
bipars,  Chadisra,  200 
Blossia,  3,  5 (Text-fig.  1),  6,  9,  10,  12,  19, 
22,  56,  59 
clunigera,  59,  60 
crepidulifera,  57,  60 
echinata,  58,  59 
falcicornis,  9 

falcifera,  9,  57,  58  (Fig.  10 a),  60 

falcifera,  dolichognathus,  58 

filicornis,  9,  58,  59,  60 

fimbriata,  58,  61 

karrooica,  57,  59 

laminicornis,  57,  61 

laticosta,  59,  60 

litoralis,  57,  60 

maraisi,  58,  59 

namaquensis,  56,  61 

obscura,  22,  59 

setifera,  56,  57,  59 

tricolor,  58,  60 

unguicornis,  19,  56,  60;  Pl.  VII,  figs. 
39-40;  Pl.  VIII,  figs.  44,  46 
bouvieri,  Hemiblossia,  61 
Brachionycha,  235 
punctulata,  235 
Brachystegia,  160  ftn.,  227 
randii,  160  ftn.,  227 
bracteolata,  Trema,  202 
braunsi,  Melanoblossia,  62 
brevicornis,  Cormocephalus,  257 
brevipalpis,  Solpuga,  17,  43 
breyeri,  Zonurus,  239,  241 ; Pis.  I,  II 
Breyeria,  15 1,  153,  i57>  2I3 

dasychiroides,  213,  214;  Pl.  V,  fig.  16; 
Pl.VIII,figs.20-25;Pl.XIV,  fig.  10 
Broomiella , 7,  54 
tineata , 54 

Browni,  Euskelesaurus,  100,  101 

Massospondylus,  103,  118,  122  (Text- 
fig.  22),  123  (Text-figs.  23-24),  124 
(Text-fig.  25),  125  (Text-fig.  26), 
126  (Text-fig.  27) 
Thecodontosaurus,  117,  118,  138 
brunnea,  Antheua  dimorpha,  181;  PL 
XIV,  fig.  1 


brunnea,  Eurystaura,  216;  Pl.  IX,  figs. 
5-9;  Pl.  XIV,  fig.  11 

bucephala,  Phalera,  195,  196 
buddhaicus,  Holcodiscus,  146,  147 

caffra,  Solpuga,  43 

calcaratus,  Cormocephalus,  256  (Fig.  20), 

257 

calcipes,  Alipes,  248 

calliope,  Desmeocraera,  184,  186;  Pl.  IV, 
figs.  4 and  5 
Stauropus,  186 
camelina,  Lophopteryx,  166 
Campyloctys,  151,  153,  158,  219 

gladstonei,  219,  220;  Pl.  V,  fig.  20;  Pl. 
X,  figs.  1-7;  Pl.  XIV,  fig.  13 
canescens,  Desmeocraera,  185, 188;  PL 
XIII,  fig.  14 

capensis,  Euskelesaurus,  136,  137 
Pachydactylus,  244 
Scutigera,  245 
Toreus,  63 
Zonurus,  242 

carinatus,  Massospondylus,  91,  116,  117, 
137,  138 

catocaloides,  Catochria,  235 
Catochria,  235 
catocaloides,  235 

celeripes,  Solpuga,  18,  31,  43,  47;  Pl.  VI, 
fig.  32 

Ceroma,  10,  19,  23,  63,  64 
focki,  64 
inerme,  63,  65 
leppanae,  64 
pallidum,  63,  64 

pictulum,  63  (Text-fig.  11),  64,  65;  Pl. 

V,  fig.  20 
sclateri,  63,  65 

Cerura,  150,  151,  155,  168,  169,  170, 
171  ftn.,  173,  174 
argentescens,  17 1 
bifasciata,  171;  PL  XIII,  fig.  8 
esmeralda,  17 1,  172 
furcula,  170 
marshalli,  171,  173 

spiritalis,  170,  171,  172,  173;  Pl.  I,  fig. 
10;  Pl.  III,  figs.  7-9;  Pl.  V,  figs. 
1-3 

swierstrae,  170  ftn.,  171,  173 
cervina,  Solpuga,  14,  15,  18,  32,  48 
Chadisra , 180 

Chadisra,  150,  151,  152,  153,  155,  155  ftn., 
157,  180,  200,  213 
bipars,  200 

curvilinea,  200,  201;  Pl.  V.  fig.  9;  Pl. 

VI,  figs.  26-28;  Pl.  VII,  figs.  1-6 
persimilis,  201,  202 

rosinaria,  201,  202;  PL  VI,  fig.  26 
semiflava,  201,  202 
uncifera,  201,  202 
Chaetacme,  202 


Index  to  Volume  VII 


3 


Chaetacme  aristata,  202 
chelicornis,  Solpuga,  8,  14,  16,  17,  20,  31, 
38,  39,  41,  43,  Si;  PI-  HI,  fig.  11 
Chelypus,  4,  6,  7,  18,  24,  64,  67,  68,  70, 
72 

barberi,  70,  72 

hirsti,  70,  71  (Text-fig.  13),  72;  PI. 

VIII,  fig.  45 
lennoxae,  70,  72 
Chrysophyllum,  186 
natalense,  186 
viridifolium,  186 

cinerea,  Taeniopteryx,  212;  PI.  VIII, 
figs.  14-19;  PI.  XIV,  fig.  9 
clara,  Epanaphe,  234 
clarilla,  Epanaphe,  234;  PI.  XII,  figs.  9-14 
Cleapa,  177 

clunigera,  Blossia,  59,  60 
collinita,  Solpuga,  14,  18,  33,  48 
Colobopleurus,  253,  259 

devylderi,  259,  260  (Figs.  25,  27) 
parcespinatus,  259,  260  (Figs.  26,  28) 
Combretum,  186,  195 
apiculatum,  186 
gueinzii,  195,  204 

concolor,  Hoplitis,  203,  204;  PI.  XIV, 

figs.  5,  6 

congruata,  Phyctimorpha,  208,  209; 
PI.  XIV,  fig.  7 

consanguinea,  Antheua,  177,  180 
coquinae,  Solpuga,  35,  37,  50 
cordata,  Eugenia,  190 
cordylus,  Zonurus,  242,  243 
Cormocephalus,  245,  253,  255 
anceps,  256 
brevicornis,  257 
calcaratus,  256  (Fig.  20),  257 
dispar,  256 
elegans,  255,  257 

nitidus,  254  (Figs.  16-17),  255  (Figs. 

18-19),  257 
oligoporus,  257 
pseudopunctatus,  257 
setiger,  255,  256 
COSSIDAE,  215 
Cossus,  215 

Crambometra,  151,  153,  158,  218,  220 
derelicta,  218,  219,  220;  PI.  V,  fig.  19; 
PI.  IX,  figs.  18-23;  PI.  XIV,  fig. 
12 

crassimanus,  Solpuga,  17 
crassus,  Hexisopus,  69 
crepidulifera,  Blossia,  57,  60 
croceipuncta,  Antheua,  176,  178;  PI.  I, 
fig.  19;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  19-23 
cro talus,  Alipes,  247  (Figs.  1-2) 
CRYPTOPINAE,  245,  246 
Cryptops,  245 
cultrata,  Solpuga,  38 
cuneicornis,  Solpuga,  52 
Zeriassa,  52,  53 


curvilinea,  Chadisra,  200,  201;  PI.  V,  fig. 
9;  PI.  VI,  figs.  27-28;  PI.  VII,  figs. 
1-6 

Hyperaeschra , 201 
cylindrodon,  Thecodontosaurus,  91 
cymosa,  Dombeya,  202 

Dacetum,  245 

Daesia,  7,  9,  10,  12,  19,  20,  22,  53,  55,  68, 
7i 

bernhardi,  53 
betschuanica,  54,  56 
hottentotta,  54,  56 
kolbei,  54 
leipoldti,  53,  54 

lineata,  9 (Text-fig.  1 a),  53,  54,  55,  56; 
PI.  VI,  figs.  27,  31;  PI-  VIII,  fig.  43 

namaqua,  54,  55 
pallida,  54 
pearsoni,  56 
rhodesiana,  55,  56 
schreineri,  7,  54,  55 
schultzei,  55,  56 
subulata,  53,  55 

DAESIINAE,  10,  20,  22,  66,  68 
darlingi,  Solpuga,  31,  44,  47 
dasychira,  Ramesa,  223 
dasychiroides,  Breyeria,  213,  214;  PI. 
V,  fig.  16;  PI.  VIII,  figs.  20-25;  PI. 
XIV,  fig.  10 

Hoplitis,  203,  204;  PI.  VII,  figs.  7-12 
Datana,  235 
ministra,  235 
ruficollis,  235 
delalandi,  Rana,  67 

derbiana,  Solpuga,  10,  11  (Text-fig.  1 b, 
B,  C),  14,  16,  17,  18,  19,  33,  34,  35 
(Text-fig.  7),  37,  42,  50;  PI.  II,  fig.  4 
derelicta,  Crambometra,  218,  219;  PI.  V, 
fig.  19;  PI.  IX,  figs.  18-23;  PI-  XIV, 
fig.  12 

Desmeocraera,  151, 152,  156,183,  191,  194 
atriguttata,  184,  186;  PI.  IV,  fig.  8 
basalis,  185,  186 

calliope,  184,  186;  PI.  IV,  figs.  4 and  5 
canescens,  185,  188;  PI.  XIII,  fig.  14 
ianthina , 186 
incana,  185,  189 

interpellatrix,  183,  184,  185,  186;  PI.  I, 
fig.  21;  PI.  IV,  figs.  1-3 
octoginta,  188 
pergrisea,  185,  19 1 
platti,  185,  190;  PI.  XIII,  fig.  16 
steniptera,  185,  191;  PI.  IV,  figs.  12 
and  13 

thalassina,  184,  187;  PI.  IV,  fig.  9 
tripuncta,  184,  189;  PI.  XIII,  fig.  15 
varia,  185,  187;  PI.  IV,  fig.  7;  PI.  XIII, 
figs,  n-13 

vernalis,  184,  185,  186,  187;  PI.  IV, 
fig.  6 


4 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Desmeocraera,  173,  174,  184 
hierax,  173,  174,  184 
Desmodium,  178 
incanum,  178 

devylderi,  Colobopleurus,  259,  260  (Figs. 
25,  27) 

dimorpha,  Antheua,  155  ftn.,  177,  180; 
PI.  I,  fig.  25;  PI.  IV,  figs.  14-17;  PI. 
XIII,  fig.  10;  PI.  XIV,  fig.  2 
Dinara,  179 
encausta,  179 

discolor,  Mimusops,  188,  19 1 
dispar,  Cormocephalus,  256 

dissimilus,  Pararethona  hierax,  174 
dolichognathus,  Blossia  falcifera,  58 

(Text-fig.  10  b) 

Dombeya,  202 
cymosa,  202 

Dromicosaurus,  94,  103,  130,  138,  140 
gracilis,  94,  95  (Text-fig.  2),  103,  105 
(Text-figs.  8,  9),  106  (Text-figs.  10, 
11),  107  (Text-fig.  12),  108  (Text- 
figs.  13,  14),  no  (Text-fig.  15),  hi 
(Text-fig.  16),  112  (Text-fig.  17),  113 
(Text-fig.  18),  1 14  (Text-fig.  19),  115 
(Text-fig.  20),  1 16  (Text-fig.  21), 
118,  130,  132,  138;  PI.  XIII,  figs. 
2-8;  Pis.  XIV-XVI 

echinata,  Blossia,  58,  59 
Ekebergia,  195 
meyeri,  195 

elegans,  Cormocephalus,  255,  257 
elegans,  Leucophalera,  199;  PI.  V,  fig. 

8;  PI.  VI,  figs.  22-25;  PI-  XIV,  fig.  4 
encausta,  Antheua,  176,  177,  179;  PI.  Ill, 
figs.  16-18 
Dinara,  179 

Epanaphe,  151,  154,  155,  234 
clara,  234 

clarilla,  234;  PI.  XII,  figs.  9-14 
moloneyi,  234 
ephippiata,  Sirenopyga,  177 
epigonum,  Tetragonites,  144 
erectus,  Aristosaurus,  77,  78  (Fig.  1), 
82  (Fig.  2),  84  (Fig.  3).  85  (Fig.  4),  86 
(Fig.  5),  90  (Fig.  6),  92;  Pis.  IX-X 
erlenbergiensis,  Plateosaurus,  102,  136 
erythronota,  Solpuga,  17,  33,  34,  49 
erythronotoides,  Solpuga,  17,33  (Text- 
fig-  6),  49 

esmeralda,  Cerura,  17 1,  172 
Ethrnostigmus,  245,  247,  248 
trigonopodus,  248  (Figs.  3,  4) 
Eucnemesaurus,  93,  99,  102,  116,  140 
fortis,  93,  95  (Text-fig.  1),  96  (Text- 
figs-  3>  4),  97  (Text-fig.  5),  98  (Text- 
figs.  6,  7),  102,  1 18;  Pis.  XI;  XII; 
XIII,  fig.  1 
Eucorybus,  245 
Eugenia,  190 


Eugenia  cordata,  190 
euprepiaeformis,  Arctiomorpha,  233 
Eurystaura,  15 1,  153,  158,  216 

brunnea,  216;  PI.  IX,  figs.  5-9;  PI.  XIV, 
fig.  11 

Euskelesaurus,  100,  136,  137,  140 
Browni,  100,  137 
capensis,  136,  137 
Eutimia,  183,  221,  222,  235 

fagi,  Stauropus,  194 

Faku,  Holcodiscus,  144;  PI.  XXV,  figs. 

3,  4;  PI-  XXVI,  figs.  I,  2 
falcicornis,  Blossia,  9 
falcifera,  Blossia,  9,  57,  58  (Text-fig.  io«), 
60 

fasciata,  Rana,  67 

ferox,  Solpuga,  13,  15,  18,  30,  31,  32 
(Text-fig.  5),  47 
filicornis,  Blossia,  9,  58,  59,  60 
fimbriata,  Blossia,  58,  61 
flavida,  Pydna,  228  ftn.,  229 
focki,  Ceroma,  64 
fodiens,  Hexisopus,  6,  69 
forbesianum,  Phylloceras,  142 
formosus,  Arthrorhabdus,  259  (Fig.  24) 
Pachydactylus  capensis,  244 
fortis,  Eucnemesaurus,  93,  95  (Text- 
fig.  1),  96  (Text-figs.  3,  4),  97  (Text- 
fig-  5),  98  (Text-figs.  6,  7),  102,  1 18; 
Pis.  XI,  XII;  XIII,  fig.  1 
furcifera,  Solpuga,  14,  18,  25,  45 
furcula,  Cerura,  170 

fusca,  Solpuga,  12,  26,  44;  PI.  VI,  fig.  26 

fuscata,  Polienus,  224,  225;  PI.  XIV, 
fig-  15 

fuscigula,  Rana,  18 
fuscinota,  Scalmicauda,  159 

Galeodes,  69 

GALEODIDAE,  20,  67,  68 
Galona,  151,  152,  156,  157,  205 
pyrrhotricha,  206 

serena,  205,  206;  PI.  V,  fig.  10;  PI.  VII, 
figs.  13-17 
Gargetta,  21 1 
Gaudryceras,  143 

amapondense,  143 ; PI.  XXIV,  figs.  4,  5 
GECKONIDAE,  244 
GEOPHILIDAE,  261 
GEOPHILUS,  261 
giganteus,  Zonurus,  240,  242 
gigas,  Amyops,  206,  207;  PI.  V,  figs.  11- 
14;  PI.  VII,  figs.  18,  19 
Hoplitis,  207 
Melebaeas,  207 
glabrifrons,  Solpuga,  17 
gladstonei,  Campyloctys,  219,  220;  PI. 
V,  fig.  20;  PI.  X,  figs.  1-7;  PI.  XIV, 
fig-  13 

globiceps,  Melanoblossia,  62 


Index  to  Volume  VII 


5 


globicornis,  Solpuga,  u,  13,  18,  27,  30, 
46;  PI.  V,  fig.  21 
Gluviopsis,  19,  21  ftn.,  23,  61 
australis,  61 

gracilis,  Dromicosaurus,  94,  95  (Text- 
fig.  2),  98,  103,  105  (Text-figs.  8,  9), 
106  (Text-figs.  10,  ii),  107  (Text- 
fig.  12),  108  (Text-figs.  13,  14),  no 
(Text-fig.  15),  in  (Text-fig.  16),  112 
(Text-fig.  17),  1 13  (Text-fig.  18),  114 
(Text-fig.  19),  1 15  (Text-fig.  20),  116 
(Text-fig.  21),  1 18,  130,  132,  138;  PI. 
XIII,  figs.  2-8;  Pis.  XIV-XVI 
grandidieri,  Alipes,  248 
Gresslyosaurus,  101,  102,  118,  140 
Plieningeri,  118 
robustus,  1 01,  102 
Grewia,  170 
lasiocarpa,  170 

griseitincta,  Scalmicauda,  159,  160 
griseiviridis,  Stauropus,  19 1 
Gryponyx,  87,  101,  102,  118,  140 
africanus,  87,  101,  102,  103,  118 
transvaalensis,  102,  140 
gueinzii,  Combretum,  195,  204 
Gyposaurus,  91 

hamata,  Solpuga,  14,  15,  39,  51 
HARPACTIRAE,  20 
Harriesi,  Massospondylus,  91,  102,  117, 
136,  137 

hastata,  Solpuga,  12,  17,  42,  52 
Hemiblossia,  5,  10,  19,  23,  61,  62 
bouvieri,  61 
idioceras,  62 
kalaharica,  62 

O’neili,  19,  61,  62;  PI.  Ill,  fig.  5;  PI. 
VIII,  fig.  42 

Hemicormocephalus,  251,  255 
multispinus,  254  (Fig.  15),  255 
Henicops,  245,  260 
africana,  245,  260 
Henosis,  232 

heterogyna,  Scalmicauda,  159;  PI.  I,  fig.  2 
Heterostoma,  245 
HEXISOPODIDAE,  66 
HEXISOPODINAE,  10,  20,  24,  68 
Hexisopus,  5,  6,  10,  18,  24,  66,  71,  72 
crassus,  69 
fodiens,  6,  69 
infuscatus,  69,  70 

lanatus,  69,  71,  72;  PI.  VIII,  fig.  41 
nigrolunatus,  69,  70 
reticulatus,  69,  70 

hierax,  Desmeocraera,  173,  174,  184, 
191 

Pararethona,  17 1 ftn.,  174;  PI.  I,  figs. 
11-16 

hirsti,  Chelypus,  70  (Text-fig.  13),  72; 

PI.  VIII,  fig.  45 
hirta,  Protea,  172 


Holcodiscus,  144,  146 
Aemilianus,  146,  147 
africanus,  146;  PI.  XXVI,  figs.  3-5 
buddhaicus,  146,  147 
Faku,  144;  PI.  XXV,  figs.  3-4;  PI. 

XXVI,  figs.  1,  2 
Kandi,  146,  147 
karapadensis,  146,  147 
madrasinis,  146,  147 
Hoplitis,  151,  152,  156,  203,  207,  235 
concolor,  203,  204;  PI.  XIV,  figs.  5,  6 
dasychiroides,  203,  204;  PI.  VII,  figs. 
7-12 

milhauseri,  203 
phyllocampa,  203,  204 
postica,  203,  204,  205 
Hoplitis , 207 

hostilis,  Solpuga,  7,  8,  13,  14,  15,  16,  17, 
18,  33,  36,  37,  38,  39,  4i,  42,  50;  PI- 
IV,  figs.  16,  17;  PI.  VI,  fig.  29 
hottentotta,  Daesia,  54,  56 
hyaenella,  Zophodiopsis,  233 
Hybocampa,  203 
Hyperaeschra,  165,  201,  202 
Hyperaeschra , 201 
Hypophiala,  151,  152,  156,  192 

melanogramma,  192,  193;  PI.  I,  figs. 
26,  27;  PI.  IV,  figs.  20-24;  PI.  XIV, 
fig-  3 

ianthina , Desmeocraera,  186 
Ichthyura,  150,  15 1,  155,  161 
anastomosis,  161 
lentisignata,  162 

roseotincta,  161,  162,  163;  PI.  I,  fig.  6; 

PI.  II,  figs.  6-10;  PI.  XIII,  fig.  4 
violacearia,  162,  163;  PI.  XIII,  figs.  5,  6 
idioceras,  Hemiblossia,  62 
imitata,  Phalera,  195,  196;  PI.  V,  fig.  5; 
PI.  VI,  figs.  8-14 

impedita,  Stenostaura,  215;  PI.  V,  fig.  17; 

PI.  IX,  figs.  1-4 
impeditus,  Cossus,  215 
incana,  Desmeocraera,  185,  189 
incanum,  Desmodium,  178 
inerme,  Ceroma,  63,  65 
infuscatus,  Hexisopus,  69,  70 
ingens,  Amyops,  206,  207 
Inous,  235 

interpellatrix,  Desmeocraera,  183,  184, 
185,  186;  PI.  I,  fig.  21  ; PI.  IV,  figs. 
i-3 

Stauropus , 185 

jonesi,  Zonurus,  243 

junodi,  Solpuga,  14,  15,  39,  48,  50 

kafulica,  Solpuga  niassa,  73  (Text-fig. 

14) 

kalaharica,  Hemiblossia,  62 
Kandi,  Holcodiscus,  146,  147 


6 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


karapadensis,  Holcodiscus,  146,  147 
karrooica,  Blossia,  57,  59 
KARSCHIINAE,  20,  23,  68 
keyserlingi,  Solpuga,  18 
kolbei,  Daesia,  54 

laminicornis,  Blossia,  57,  61 
lanatus,  Hexisopus,  69,  70,  71,  72;  PL 
VIII,  fig.  41 
lasiocarpa,  Grewia,  170 
lateralis,  Solpuga,  17,  33,  34,  43,  49;  PI. 
V,  fig.  24 

laticosta,  Blossia,  59,  60 
latimanus,  Solpuga,  17 
leipoldti,  Daesia,  53,  54 
lennoxae,  Chelypus,  70,  72 
lentisignata,  Ichthyura,  162 
leppanae,  Ceroma,  64 
lethalis,  Solpuga,  12,  13,  14,  18,  24,  25 
(Text-fig.  2 a),  26 
Leucophalera,  15 1,  152,  157,  199 

elegans,  199;  PI.  V,  fig.  8;  PI.  VI,  figs. 
22-25;  PI-  XIV,  fig.  4 
Leviseuri,  Pedeticosaurus,  77 
lignitea,  Phalera,  196,  197 
lignosa,  Zana,  221 
LIMACODIDAE,  169 
lineata,  Broomiella,  54 

Daesia,  9 (Text-fig.  ia),  53,  54,  56; 
PI.  VI,  figs.  27,  28,  31;  PI.  VIII,  fig. 
43 

Solpuga,  12,  17,  19,  42,  43,  52;  PI.  Ill, 
fig.  7;  PI.  VI,  fig.  33 

Lipophaga,  8,  18,  23,  65,  66  (Text-fig.  12) 
michaelseni,  65 
schultzei,  65 
trispinosa,  65 

LITHOBIIDAE,  245,  260 
litoralis,  Blossia,  57,  60 
Lophopteryx,  150,  151,  158,  165,  166 
camelina,  166 
saturata,  166 

uniformis,  166,  167;  PI.  I,  fig.  8;  PI.  II, 
figs.  18-23 

lydenburgi,  Phalera,  195,  196,  197;  PI.  V, 
fig.  6 

LYMANTRIADAE,  150,  232 
macer,  Solpuga,  17 

macrodonta,  Ramesa,  222,  223;  PI.  V,  fig. 
23 ; PI.  X,  figs.  8-1 1 

macrognathus,  Solpuga  chelicornis, 

15,  41  (Text-fig.  9),  51 
macropoda,  Tephrosia,  18 1 
madrasinus,  Holcodiscus,  146,  147 
magnus,  Pachysaurus,  82 
maraisi,  Blossia,  58,  59 

Solpuga,  17,  33,  49;  PL  V,  fig.  23 
marpissa,  Eutimia , 183,  222,  235 

Zana,  221,  222;  PL  V,  fig.  21;  Pl.  IX, 
figs.  24-29 


marshalli,  Cerura,  17 1,  173 

Solpuga,  14,  15,  16,  17,  36,  38,  39, 
50;  PL  VI,  fig.  30 

Massospondylus,  91,  92,  102,  103,  116, 
117,  118,  122,  123,  124,  125,  126,  136, 
137,  138 

Browni,  103,  118,  122  (Text-fig.  22), 
123  (Text-figs.  23-24),  124  (Text- 
fig.  25),  125  (Text-fig.  26),  126  (Text- 
fig.  27);  Pis.  XVII-XXII 
carinatus,  91,  116,  117,  137,  138 
Harriesi,  91,  102,  117,  136,  137 
mediata,  Ochrostigma,  195 

Stauropus,  194,  195;  Pl.  V,  fig.  4;  PL 
VI,  figs.  1-7 

Melanoblossia,  9,  18,  22,  62 
braunsi,  62 
globiceps,  62 

mclaoogramma,  Hypophiala,  192, 
193;  PL  I,  figs.  26,  27;  PL  IV,  figs. 
20-24;  PL  XIV,  fig.  3 
Melebaeas,  206,  207 
methueni,  Solpuga,  42,  52 
meyeri,  Ekebergia,  195 
michaelseni,  Lipophaga,  65 
milhauseri,  Hoplitis,  203 
Mimusops,  186,  188,  191 
discolor,  188,  191 
obovata,  186,  188 
ministra,  Datana,  235 
minor,  Thecodontosaurus,  92 
mixta,  Asitheua,  176, 182;  Pl.  XIII,  fig.  9 
modesta,  Scrancia,  210 
modestus,  Polienus,  223,  224;  PL  X,  figs. 
12-17 

moloneyi,  Epanaphe,  234 

monteiroi,  Solpuga,  16,  19,  26,  27,  28, 

45;  Pl-  VII,  fig.  38 

morsitans,  Scolopendra,  257  (Figs.  21- 
23),  258 

multibracteata,  Protea,  164,  172 
multicostis,  Alipes,  248 
multispinus,  Hemicormocephalus,  254 
(Fig.  15),  255 
MYRIAPODA,  245 

namaqua,  Daesia,  54,  55 
namaquensis,  Blossia,  56,  61 
natalense,  Chrysophyllum,  186 
nera,  Phylloceras,  142 
Netria,  194 

NEWPORTIIDAE,  245 
niassa,  Solpuga,  18,  73 
nigrescens,  Solpuga,  43 
nigrobraccata,  Solpuga,  43 
nigrolunatus,  Hexisopus,  69,  70 
nigrosparsa,  Polienus,  156,  224,  225; 

Pl.  XIV,  fig.  14 
nitidiceps,  Solpuga,  17 
nitidus,  Cormocephalus,  254  (Figs.  16,  17), 
255  (Figs.  18,  19),  257 


Index  to  Volume  VII 


7 


niveiplaga,  Scalmicauda,  161 
NOCTUIDAE,  235 

noctuiformis,  Pectinophora,  164,  165; 
PL  I,  fig.  7;  PL  II,  figs.  11-17;  Pl. 
XIII,  fig.  7 

NOTODONTIDAE,  149,  15 1,  155,  232, 
235 

Notoxantha,  15 1,  153,  157,  217 

sesamiodes,  217,  218;  PL  V,  fig.  18; 
Pl.  IX,  figs.  10-17 
nubeculosa,  Brachionycha,  235 

obovata,  Mimusops,  186,  188 
obscura,  Blossia,  22,  59 
Ochrostigma,  195 
octoginta,  Desmeocraera,  188 
Stauropus,  19 1 

oligoporus,  Cormocephalus,  257 
O’neili,  Hemiblossia,  19,  61,  62;  Pl.  III, 
fig.  5;  PL  VIII,  fig.  42 

O’Neili,  Prionocentrum,  226;  PL  X, 

figs.  18-22;  Pl.  XI,  fig.  1;  Pl.  XIV, 
fig.  16 

Scalmicauda,  158,  159,  160;  PL  I, 

figs.  4,  5;  Pl.  XIII,  figs.  1-3 
Opisthophthalmus,  17 
orangicus,  Solpuga  coquinae,  37,  50 
ornata,  Rigema,  197,  198;  PL  V,  fig.  7;  Pl. 
VI,  figs.  15-21 

ornithorhyncha,  Solpuga,  42,  52;  PL  V, 
fig.  19 

Osica , 180,  235 
verulama , 180,  235 
OTOSTIGMINAE,  245,  246 
Otostigmus,  246 

Pachydactylus,  244 

capensis  formosus,  244 
capensis  tigrinus,  244;  Pl.  V 
Pachysaurus,  82,  102,  136 
ajax,  102,  136 
magnus,  82 
pallida,  Daesia,  54 
pallidum,  Ceroma,  63,  64 
palustris,  Aetonyx,  117,  137 
panda,  Anaphe,  233 

Pararethona,  150,  15 1,  156,  17 1 ftn., 
173,  184,  191 

hierax,  171  ftn.,  174;  PL  I,  figs.  11-16 
hierax  dissimilus,  174 
parcespinatus,  Colobopleurus,  259,  260 
(Figs.  26,  28) 
pearsoni,  Daesia,  56 
Pectinophora,  150,  151,  158,  164 

noctuiformis,  164,  165;  PL  I,  fig.  7; 
PL  II,  figs,  n-17;  Pl.  XIII,  fig.  7 
Pedeticosaurus,  77 
Leviseuri,  77 

pergrisea,  Desmeocraera,  185,  191 
Stauropus,  19 1 

peringueyi,  Antheua,  176,  182 


persimilis,  Chadisra,  201,  202 
petersi,  Rhysida,  250,  251,  252  (Fig.  10) 
Phalera,  15 1,  152,  157,  195,  198,  199 
bucephala,  195 

imitata,  195,  196;  Pl.  V,  fig.  5;  PL  VI, 
figs.  8-14 
lignitea,  196,  197 

lydenburgi,  195,  196,  197;  PL  V,  fig.  6 
Phalera,  198 

Phycitimorpha,  1 51,  153,  156,  158,  208, 
213 

congruata,  208,  209;  Pl.  XIV,  fig.  7 
stigmatica,  208;  Pl.  VIII,  figs.  1-5;  Pl. 
XIV,  fig.  8 

Phyllaliodes,  15 1,  152,  156,  192 

agramma,  192;  PL  I,  figs.  22-24;  Pl.  IV, 
figs.  18,  19 

phyllocampa,  Hoplitis,  203,  204 
Phylloceras,  142,  143 
Forbesianum,  142 
Nera,  142 
Rogersi,  143 

umzambiense,  142;  PL  XXIV,  figs. 

1- 3 

Velledae,  143 
picta,  Solpuga,  12,  43 
pictulum,  Ceroma,  63  (Text-fig.  11),  65; 
Pl.  V,  fig.  20 

PLATEOSAURIDAE,  80,  91,  92,  102, 
120,  135,  140 

Plateosaurus,  89,  101,  102,  116,  118,  135, 
136,  140 

erlenbergiensis,  102,  136 
poligniensis,  102 
Quenstedti,  118,  135,  136,  140 
Reinigeri,  89,  102,  135 
stormbergensis,  102,  116 
platti,  Desmeocraera,  185,  190;  Pl. 
XIII,  fig.  16 

Plieningeri,  Gresslyosaurus,  118 
plumitarsus,  Polelassothys,  229,  230 
Pl.  XII,  figs.  2-8;  Pl.  XIV,  fig.  17 
Polelassothys,  15 1,  153,  155,  229 

plumitarsus,  229,  230;  PL  XII,  figs. 

2- 8;  Pl.  XIV,  fig.  17 
Polienus,  15 1,  153,  156,  223 

fuscata,  224,  225;  Pl.  XIV,  fig.  15 
modestus,  223,  224;  Pl.  X,  figs.  12-17 
nigrosparsa,  156,  224,  225;  Pl.  XIV, 

. fi?-  14 

poligniensis,  Plateosaurus,  102 
poliostrota,  Somera,  235 
postica,  Atrasana,  204,  205,  235 
Hoplitis,  203,  204,  235 
Prionocentrum,  15 1,  153,  157,  226 
O’neili,  226;  Pl.  X,  figs.  18-22;  PL  XI, 
fig.  1;  PL  XIV,  fig.  16 
Pro  tea,  164,  172 
hirta,  172 

multibracteata,  164,  172 
Pseudoblossia,  65 


8 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


pseudopunctatus,  Cormocephalus,  257 
Pseudorethona,  150,  151,  156,  168 
albicans,  168,  169,  173,  174;  PL  I,  fig. 
9;  PL  III,  figs.  1-6 

pubescens,  Solpuga  chelicornis,  40, 

41,  42,  51;  PI-  II,  fig.  2 
pugalitor,  Solpuga,  28 
punctulata,  Brachionycha,  235 
purcelli,  Zeriassa,  52,  53;  Pl.  VII,  fig.  36 
Pydna,  151,  153,  156,  157,  228 
flavida,  228  ftn.,  229 
rubrifascia,  153,  157,  228  ftn.,  229;  Pl. 
XI,  fig.  3 

rubritincta,  156,  228,  229;  Pl.  XI,  figs. 
2,  4-8 

testacea,  228 

pygmaeus,  Arthrorhabdus,  259 
pyrrhotricha,  Galona,  206 

Quenstedti,  Plateosaurus,  118,  135,  136, 
140 

Ramesa,  15 1,  153,  157,  222 
dasychira,  223 

macrodonta,  222,  223;  PL  V,  fig.  23; 

Pl.  X,  figs.  8-1 1 
tosta,  222 
Rana,  18,  67 
angolensis,  18 
delalandii,  67 
fasciata,  67 
fuscigula,  18 

randii,  Brachystegia,  160  ftn.,  227 
rectus,  Solpuga  lethalis,  14,  18,  24,  25 

(Text-fig.  2b),  44;  Pl.  VII,  fig.  37 
Reinigeri,  Plateosaurus,  89,  102,  135 
Rethona,  169 
albicans,  169 
strigosa,  169 

reticulata,  Anaphe,  232,  233;  PL  XI,  figs. 

9-16;  Pl.  XII,  fig.  1 
reticulatus,  Hexisopus,  69,  70 
Rhagodes,  68,  69  ftn. 

RHAGODINAE,  68 
rhodesiana,  Daesia,  55,  56 
Solpuga,  73 
Rhus,  180 
villosa,  180 

Rhysida,  245,  247,  248,  252 

afra,  249  (Figs.  5,  6),  250  (Fig.  7),  251, 
252  (Figs.  8,  9,  11,  12) 
petersi,  250,  251,  252  (Fig.  10) 

Rigema , 179 

Rigema,  151,  152,  157,  179,  195,  196, 

197 

ornata,  197,  198;  Pl.  V,  fig.  7 
vittata,  197 
woerdeni,  198 

robertsi,  Zonurus,  241;  Pl.  IV 

robustus,  Gresslyosaurus,  101,  102 
Rogersi,  Phylloceras,  143 


roseotincta,  Ichthyura,  161,  162,  163; 
Pl.  I,  fig.  6;  Pl.  II,  figs.  6-10;  Pl. 
XIII,  fig.  4 

rosinaria,  Chadisra,  201,  202;  Pl.  VI,  fig. 
26 

rubrifascia,  Pydna,  153,  157,  228  ftn.,  229; 

Pl-  XI,  fig.  3 

rubritincta,  Pydna,  156,  228,  229;  Pl.  XI, 
figs.  2,  4-8 

rufescens,  Solpuga  chelicornis,  40,  41, 

si;  pi-  11,  fig-  3 

ruficollis,  Datana,  235 
rugosa,  Scutigera,  245 

sagittaria,  Solpuga,  18,  31,  47 
saturata,  Lophopteryx,  166 
Sauropoda,  97 

Scalmicauda,  150,  151,  155,  158 

albicostata,  158,  159,  160;  Pl.  I,  fig.  1; 

Pl.  II,  figs.  1-5 
argenteomaculata,  161 
benga,  158 
fuscinota,  159 
griseitincta,  159,  160 
heterogyna,  159;  PL  I,  fig.  2 
niveiplaga,  161 

O’neili,  158,  159,  160;  Pl.  I,  figs.  4,  5; 
PL  XIII,  figs.  1-3 

schlechteri,  Solpuga,  18,  27,  45;  Pl.  IV, 
fig-  15 

schonlandi,  Solpuga,  13,  16,  18,  29  (Text- 
fig-  4),  46,  73  l 
schreineri,  Daesia,  7,  54,  55 
schultzei,  Daesia,  55,  56 
Lipophaga,  65 
Solpuga,  13,  43 
schweinfurthi,  Solpuga,  18 
sclateri,  Ceroma,  63,  65 
SCOLOCRYPTOPIDAE,  245 
Scolopendra,  245,  253,  257,  258 
morsitans,  257  (Figs.  21-23),  258 
SCOLOPENDRIDAE,  245,  246,  260 
SCOLOPENDRINAE,  245,  246,  251, 
258 

scopulata,  Solpuga,  43 
Scrancia,  15 1,  153,  156,  208,  210 
atrifrons,  21 1 
modesta,  210 

stictica,  210,  21 1 ; PL  V,  fig.  15;  Pl. 
VIII,  figs.  6-13 
Scutigera,  245 
capensis,  245 
rugosa,  245 

semiflava,  Chadisra,  201,  202 
serena,  Galona,  205,  206;  PL  V,  fig.  10; 
PL  VII,  figs.  13-17 

sericea,  Solpuga,  13,  16,  18,  31,  43,  44, 

47;  Pl-  HI,  fig.  6 

serraticornis,  Solpuga,  14,  18,  27,  46 
sesamiodes,  Notoxantha,  217,  218;  Pl.  V, 
fig.  18;  Pl.  IX,  figs.  10-17 


Index  to  Volume  VII 


9 


setifera,  Blossia,  56,  57,  59 
setiger,  Cormocephalus,  255,  256 
simplex,  Antheua,  157,  175,  176,  177;  PI. 

I,  fig.  18;  PI.  Ill,  fig.  26 
Sirenopyga,  175,  177 
ephippiata , 177 

skirtopodus,  Thecodontosaurus,  92,  117, 
138 

socotrana,  Asanada,  253  (Figs.  13,  14) 
SOLIFUGAE,  3,  4,  12,  19,  20,  21,  67, 
69  ftn. 

Solpuga,  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  12,  13  18,  19,  21, 
24,  43,  67,  71,  73 

alcicornis,  14,  18,  32,  48;  PI.  VII,  fig.  34 
alstoni,  31,  47 
austerus,  17 

bechuanica,  14,  15,  39,  41,  51;  PI.  IV, 
fig.  14 

brevipalpis,  17,  43 
caffra,  43 

celeripes,  18,  31,  43,  47;  PL  VI,  fig.  32 
cervina,  14,  15,  18,  32,  48 
chelicornis,  8,  14,  16,  17,  20,  31,  38,  39, 
41,  43,  51;  PI-  HI,  fig.  11 
chelicornis  macrognathus,  15,  41  (Text- 
fig.  9),  5i 

chelicornis  pubescens,  40,  41,  42,  51; 
PI.  II,  fig.  2 

chelicornis  rufescens,  40,  41,  51;  PI.  II, 
fig-  3 

collinita,  14,  18,  33,  48 
coquinae,  35,  37,  50 
coquinae  orangicus,  37 
coquinae  typicus,  50 
crassimanus,  17 
cultrata,  38 
cuneicornis,  52 
darlingi,  31,  44,  47 

derbiana,  10,  11  (Text-fig.  1 b,  B,  C ), 
14,  16,  17,  18,  19,  33,  34,  35  (Text- 
fig.  7),  37,  42,  50;  PL  II,  fig.  4 
erythronota,  17,  33,  34,  49 
erythronotoides,  17,  33  (Text-fig  6),  49 
ferox,  13,  15,  18,  30,  31,  32  (Text-fig. 
5),  47 

furcifera,  14,  18,  25,  45 
fusca,  12,  26,  44;  Pl.  VI,  fig.  26 
glabrifrons,  17 

globicornis,  11  (Text-fig.  1 b,  A),  13,  18, 
27,  30,  46;  Pl.  V,  fig.  21 
hamata,  14,  15,  39,  51 
hastata,  12,  17,  42,  52 
hostilis,  7,  8,  10,  13,  14,  15,  16,  17,  18, 
33,  36,  37,  38,  39,  4i,  42,  So;  Pl.  IV, 
figs.  16,  17;  PL  VI,  fig.  29 
junodi,  14,  15,  39,  48,  50 
keyserlingi,  18 

lateralis,  17,  33,  34,  43,  49;  Pl.  V,  fig.  34 
latimanus,  17 

lethalis,  12,  13.  14,  18,  24,  25  (Text- 
fig.  2 a),  26 


Solpuga  lethalis  rectus,  14,  18,  24,  25 
(Text-fig.  2 b),  44;  Pl.  VII,  fig.  37 
lethalis  typicus,  14,  24,  44 
lineata,  12,  17,  19,  42,  43,  52;  Pl.  III, 
fig.  7;  Pl.  VI,  fig.  33 
macer,  17 

maraisi,  17,  33,  49;  Pl.  V,  fig.  23 
marshalli,  14,  15,  16,  17,  36,  38,  39,  50; 

Pl.  VI,  fig.  30 
methueni,  42,  52 

monteiroi,  16,  19,  26,  27,  28,  45;  PL 
VII,  fig.  38 
niassa,  18,  73 

niassa  kafulica,  73  (Text-fig.  14) 
nigrescens,  43 
nigrobraccata,  43 
nitidiceps,  17 

ornithorhynchus,  42,  52;  PL  V,  fig.  19 
picta,  12,  43 
pugalitor,  28 
rhodesiana,  73 
sagittaria,  18,  31,  47 
schlechteri,  18,  27,  45;  PL  IV,  fig.  15 
schonlandi,  13,  16,  18,  29  (Text-fig.  4), 
46,  73 

schultzei,  12,  43 
schweinfurthi,  18 
scopulata,  43 

sericea,  13,  16,  18,31,43,44,  47;  Pl.  Ill, 
fig.  6 

serraticornis,  14,  18,  27,  46 
serraticornis  umtalica,  28,  46 
spectralis,  17,  33,  49 
spiralicornis,  14,  18,  28,  29,  45,  46;  PL 
V,  fig.  18 

strepsiceros,  14,  18,  28,  29  (Text-fig.  3), 
46;  PL  IV,  fig.  13 
striata,  18,  43 

suffusca,  10,  32,  47;  Pl.  V,  fig.  22 
tookei,  14,  35,  36  (Text-fig.  8),  50 
toppini,  26,  43,  44 
tubicen,  39,  50;  PL  VII,  fig.  35 
Venator,  8,  12,  13,  14,  16,  17,  18,  19,  22, 
25,  26,  27,  30,  39,  45;  Pl.  I,  fig.  1;  Pl. 
IV,  fig.  12 
venosa,  25,  44 

villosa,  16,  17,  39,  41,  42,  51 
vincta,  17,  33,  49 
zebrina,  18,  43 
SOLPUGIDAE,  67,  68 
SOLPUGINAE,  20,  21 
solus,  Anchisaurus,  92 
Somera,  235 
poliostrota,  235 
spectralis,  Solpuga,  17,  33,  49 
sphinx  (cassinea),  Brachionycha,  235 
spiralicornis,  Solpuga,  14,  18,  28,  29,  45, 
46;  Pl.  V,  fig.  18 

spiritalis,  Cerura,  170,  17 1,  17 1 ftn.,  172, 
173;  PL  I,  fig.  10;  Pl.  III,  figs.  7-9; 
PL  V,  figs.  1-3 


10 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


spurcata,  Antheua , 176,  183,  222 
Zana,  235 

Stasimopus,  10,  12,  67 
Stauropus,  151,  152,  155,  184,  191,  194 
agramma,  19 1 
atribasalis,  19 1 
atriguttata,  186 
fagi,  194 
griseiviridis,  19 1 
interpellatrix,  185 

mediata,  184,  194,  195;  PL  V,  fig.  4;  PL 
VI,  figs.  1-7 
octoginta,  19 1 
pergrisea,  19 1 
steniptera , 19 1 
thalassina,  187 

steniptera,  Desmeocraera,  185,  191;  Pl. 
IV,  figs.  12,  13 
Stauropus , 191 

Stenostaura,  151,  153,  155,  212,  215,  216 
impedita,  215;  Pl.  V,  fig.  17;  Pl.  IX, 
figs.  1-4 

stictica,  Scrancia,  210,  211;  Pl.  V,  fig.  15; 
PL  VIII,  figs.  6-13 

stigmatica,  Phycitimorpha,  208;  Pl. 

VIII,  figs.  1-5;  Pl.  XIV,  fig.  8 
stormbergensis,  Plateosaurus,  102,  116 
strepsiceros,  Solpuga,  14,  18,  28,  29 

(Text-fig.  3),  46;  Pl.  IV,  fig.  13 
striata,  Solpuga,  18,  43 
strigosa,  Rethona,  169 
STRIPHNOPTERY GIDAE,  152,  232, 
233 

subulata,  Daesia,  53,  55 
suevicus,  Teratosaurus,  118 
suffusca,  Solpuga,  10,  32,  47;  Pl.  V,  fig.  22 
swierstrae,  Cerura,  170  ftn.,  171,  173 

Taeniopteryx,  15 1,  153,  158,  212 

cinerea,  212;  Pl.  VIII,  figs.  14-19;  Pl. 
XIV,  fig.  9 
Tephrosia,  18 1 
macropoda,  18 1 
Teratosaurus,  118,  140 
suevicus,  1 18 

teres,  Tetragonites,  144;  Pl.  XXV,  figs. 
1,  2 

testacea,  Pydna,  228 
Tetragonites,  144 
epigonum,  144 

teres,  144;  Pl.  XXV,  figs.  1,  2 
Timotheanum,  144 
Thacona , 21 1 

thalassina,  Desmeocraera,  184,  187;  PL 

IV,  fig.  9 
Stauropus,  187 

Thecodontosaurus,  91,  92,  117 
antiquus,  91,  92 
Browni,  117,  118,  138 
cylindrodon,  91 
minor,  92 


Thecodontosaurus  skirtopodus,  92,  117, 
138 

Theropoda,  80,  97,  101,  103,  140 

tigrinus,  Pachydactylus  capensis,  244; 
Pl.  V 

Timotheanum,  Tetragonites,  144 
tookei,  Solpuga,  14,  35,  36  (Text-fig.  8), 
50 

toppini,  Solpuga,  26,  43,  44 
Toreus,  18,  23,  63 
capensis,  63 
tosta,  Ramesa,  222 
Trachycormocephalus,  253,  255 
transvaalensis,  Gryponyx,  102,  140 
Trema,  202 

bracteolata,  202 
Trematoptychus,  245 
tricolor,  Antheua,  175,  176,  177,  178,  179, 
180;  Pl.  I,  fig.  17;  Pl.  Ill,  figs.  10-15 
Blossia,  58,  60 

trigonopodus,  Ethmostigmus,  248  (Figs. 
3,  4) 

Trimeria,  163,  170 
alnifolia,  163,  170 

tripuncta,  Desmeocraera,  184, 189;  PL 

XIII,  fig.  15 

trispinosa,  Lipophaga,  65 
tropidogaster,  Zonurus,  243 
tubicen,  Solpuga,  39,  50;  Pl.  VII,  fig.  35 
typicus,  Solpuga  coquinae,  59 
Solpuga  lethalis,  14,  24,  44 

umtalica,  Solpuga  serraticornis,  28,  46 
umzambiense,  Phylloceras,  142;  Pl. 

XXIV,  figs.  1-3 
uncifera,  Chadisra,  ,201,  202 
unguicornis,  Blossia,  19,  56,  60;  Pl.  VII, 
figs.  39,  40;  PL  VIII,  figs.  44,  46 
uniformis,  Lophopteryx,  166,  167;  Pl.  I, 
fig.  8;  Pl.  II,  figs.  18-23 
Uroplectes,  27 
vittatus,  27 

varia , Antheua,  179 

varia,  Desmeocraera,  185,  187;  Pl.  IV, 

fig.  7;  PL  XIII,  figs.  11-13 
Velledae,  Phylloceras,  143 
Venator,  Solpuga,  8,  12,  13,  14,  16,  17,  18, 
19,  22,  25,  26,  27,  30,  39,  45,  74;  PL 
I,  fig.  1;  Pl.  IV,  fig.  12 
venosa,  Solpuga,  25,  44 
vernalis,  Desmeocraera,  184,  185,  186, 
187;  Pl.  IV,  fig.  6 
verulama,  Osica,  180,  235 
villosa,  Rhus,  180 

Solpuga,  16,  17,  39,  41,  42,  51 
vincta,  Solpuga,  17,  33,  49 
violacearia,  Ichthyura,  162,  163;  Pl. 
XIII,  figs.  5,  6 

viridifolium,  Chrysophyllum,  186 
vittata,  Rigema,  197 


Index  to  Volume  VII 


1 1 


vittatus,  Uroplectes,  27 
vittifer,  Zonurus,  242,  243 

warreni,  Zonurus,  241 
woerdeni,  Phalera , 198 
Rigema,  198 

Zana,  151,  157,  177,  196,  213,  221,  232,  235 
anodonta,  221,  222;  Pl.  V,  fig.  22 
lignosa,  221 

marpissa,  221,  222;  PI.  V,  fig.  21;  PI. 

IX,  figs.  24-29 
spurcata,  176,  235 
zebrina,  Solpuga,  18,  43 
Zeriassa,  12,  19,  21,  52,  53 


Zeriassa  cuneicornis,  52,  53 

purcelli,  52,  53;  PI.  VII,  fig.  36 
Zonurus,  239 

barbertonensis,  240;  PI.  Ill 
breyeri,  239,  241;  Pis.  I,  II 
capensis,  242 
cordylus,  242,  243 
giganteus,  240,  242 
jonesi,  243 
robertsi,  241;  PI.  IV 
tropidogaster,  243 
vittifer,  242,  243 
warreni,  241 
Zophodiopsis,  233 
hyaenella,  233 


PRINTED  BY  WALTER  LEWIS,  M.A.,  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS,  CAMBRIDGE 


,_7,£ 


ANNALS 


MEDEDELINGEN 


OF  THE 


VAN  HET 


TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 


VOLUME  VII 


■'■M  'i- 


PART  i containing 

A Short  Survey  of  the  Solifugae  of  South  Africa. 
By  John  Hewitt.  (With  8 plates  and  14  text 
figures) 

Addendum.  (With  1 text  figure) 


Issued  31  st  October , 1919 


PRINTED  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
CAMBRIDGE,  ENGLAND 

i9r9 


n £ 


ANNALS  MEDEDELINGEN 

OF  THE  VAN  HET 

TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 


Vol.  7 Part  i 


A SHORT  SURVEY  OF  THE  SOLIFUGAE 
OF  SOUTH  AFRICA 

By  John  Hewitt 

With  8 plates  and  14  text  figures 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Introduction  ...........  3 

General  Remarks  on  the  external  structure  of  SOLIFUGAE  . . 4 

External  sexual  differences  .........  8 

Notes  on  specific  characters  . . . . . . . . 12 

Distribution  of  Species  .........  16 

Key  to  the  Genera  of  S.  African  SOLIFUGAE  . . . . . 21 

Genus  Solpuga  Licht.  ..........  24 

Key  to  the  S.  African  species  of  the  Genus  Solpuga  ....  43 

Genus  Zeriassa  Pocock  . . . . . . 52 

Key  to  the  S.  African  species  of  Zeriassa  . . . . . . 53 

Genus  Daesia  Karsch  . • . . . . . . . 53 

Key  to  the  S.  African  species  of  Daesia  . . . . <»  55 

Genus  Blossia  Simon  ........  * * 56 

Key  to  S.  African  species  of  Blossia  .......  59 


1 


2 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


PAGE 

Genus  Gluviopsis  Kraepelin  ..........  61 

Genus  Hemiblossia  Kraepelin  . . . . . . . .61 

Key  to  Species  of  Hemiblossia  . . . . . . . 62 

Genus  Melanoblossia  Purcell  ........  62 

Key  to  Species  of  Melanoblossia  .....  . . 62 

Genus  Toreus  Purcell  .........  63 

Genus  Ceroma  K.  ..........  63 

Key  to  Ceroma  ...........  64 

Genus  Lipophaga  Purcell  .......  65 

Key  to  Lipophaga  ........  65 

Genus  Hexisopus  Karsch  . . . . . . . . . 66 

Key  to  Hexisopus  .........  69 

Genus  Chelypus  Purcell  . . . . . . • • 7° 

Key  to  Chelypus  .........  72 

Addendum  Solpuga  .......  73 

Explanation  of  Plates  . . . . . . • • • 74 

List  of  Recent  literature 


75 


A SHORT  SURVEY  OF  THE  SOLIFUGAE 
OF  SOUTH  AFRICA 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  study  of  the  Solifugae  has  absorbed  a certain  amount  of  attention 
from  Zoologists  for  many  years.  Morphologists  regard  them  with  interest 
because  of  the  retention  of  primitive  characters  in  their  structure,  as  is 
conspicuously  exhibited  in  the  segmentation  of  the  body:  the  sys- 
tematise on  the  other  hand,  is  equally  impressed  by  the  remarkable 
diversity  of  forms  found  within  the  same  genus,  the  variations  of  which 
seem  to  be  promiscuous  and  largely  discontinuous. 

The  Solifuge  fauna  of  S.  Africa  is  particularly  rich:  indeed,  a fauna 
so  abounding  in  genera  and  species  as  that  found  in  the  western  and 
central  portions  of  this  subcontinent  is  not  known  from  any  other  part 
of  the  world. 

For  our  knowledge  of  the  species  we  are  indebted  to  various  workers, 
but  more  particularly  to  Mr  R.  I.  Pocock,  Prof.  K.  Kraepelin  and  Dr  W.  F. 
Purcell.  Mr  Pocock’s  pioneer  papers  on  the  material  in  the  British 
Museum  of  Natural  History  constitute  the  first  important  attempt  to 
make  known  the  great  diversity  that  obtains  within  the  limits  of  this 
order,  and  to  classify  the  genera  and  species.  His  work  considerably 
advanced  the  knowledge  of  this  subject,  but  was  somewhat  marred  by 
the  very  inferior  illustrations  that  accompanied  his  accounts. 

A few  years  later,  Prof.  Kraepelin’s  very  useful  monograph  of  the 
whole  order  was  published  in  Das  Tierreich.  In  this  work  all  the  known 
species  were  described,  and  the  important  characters  as  far  as  possible 
illustrated.  Thus,  it  was,  and  still  is,  quite  indispensable  to  students  of 
this  order,  but  is  no  longer  sufficient  as  a guide  to  the  species  of  the  less 
familiar  genera  such  as  Blossia. 

The  best  contributions  to  our  knowledge  of  S.  African  Solifugae  are 
those  contained  in  Dr  Purcell’s  several  papers,  based  on  the  collections 
of  the  S.  African  Museum.  These  are  sufficiently  accurate  and  detailed 
to  be  accepted  as  a very  reliable  starting  point  in  the  study  of  our  fauna. 

Since  the  appearance  of  the  above  mentioned  works,  various  new 
species  have  been  described  by  the  late  Prof.  Kraepelin  and  by  the 
present  writer.  Kraepelin’s  papers  are  useful  as  presenting  his  final 
accounts  of  the  fauna  of  South-West  Africa  and  of  the  Kalahari. 

During  recent  years  a great  deal  of  additional  material  has  accumu- 
lated in  the  collections  of  the  Museums  of  S.  Africa,  and  although  ade- 
quate material  for  even  a moderately  complete  account  of  the  variation 
exhibited  within  this  order  in  S.  Africa  is  still  unavailable,  yet  I think  a 
sufficient  amount  of  new  data  has  been  obtained  to  justify  the  following 
revision  of  all  the  known  species  and  varieties.  The  imperfections  of  our 
knowledge  will  be  understood  from  the  fact  that  very  many  species  are 
only  known  from  single  specimens. 

The  present  paper,  based  mainly  on  the  collections  of  the  Albany  and 


i — 2 


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Transvaal  Museums,  is  presented  as  a guide  to  the  characters  and  gross 
distribution  of  the  various  genera  and  species  now  known  to  inhabit 
South  Africa,  the  northern  limits  of  which  are  the  Zambesi  and  Cunene 
rivers  on  the  east  and  west  sides  respectively:  all  the  distribution  data 
of  earlier  authors  have  been  incorporated,  but  for  detailed  descriptions 
of  the  various  species  reference  must  be  made  to  the  original  accounts. 

SOME  GENERAL  REMARKS  ON  THE  EXTERNAL 
STRUCTURE  OF  SOLIFUGAE. 

Some  of  the  external  characters  presented  by  the  Solifugae  are  very 
stable:  the  segmentation  of  the  body  and  of  its  appendages  (excluding 
the  tarsi  of  the  legs),  and  the  position  of  the  various  apertures  of  the 
body,  are  thus  not  available  for  systematic  purposes.  The  most  important 
characters  employed  in  the  classification  of  the  S.  African  forms  are: 
The  segmentation  of  the  tarsi  of  the  legs,  the  structure  of  the  male 
flagellum,  the  nature  of  the  dentition,  and  the  modification  of  the  hairs 
and  bristles  which  clothe  the  various  surfaces.  Most  workers  have  also 
attached  considerable  importance  to  the  features  of  the  very  character- 
istic rostrum  or  camerostome1  which  has  the  mouth  at  its  apex,  but  such 
variations  as  do  occur  in  this  structure  amongst  the  various  genera  are 
not  very  striking,  and  seem  to  me  of  doubtful  value  in  a natural  classifi- 
cation. 

The  segmentation  of  the  body  is  described  in  a general  way  in  most 
text  books  of  invertebrate  zoology,  and  can  be  easily  determined  from 
fresh  specimens  or  spirit-preserved  material.  Some  confusion  may  arise 
in  the  case  of  Hexisopus  and  Chelypus  where  the  tergites  of  the  abdomen 
are  not  strongly  chitinised,  and  thus  are  not  easily  distinguished.  A 
source  of  difficulty  may  also  be  found  in  the  segmentation  of  the  thorax, 
the  dorsal  sclerites  of  which  are  much  reduced  in  all  Solifugae.  In  the 
accompanying  figures,  the  relationship  of  these  sclerites  to  the  appen- 
dages has  been  indicated  in  accordance  with  the  views  expressed  by 
Mr  H.  M.  Bernard  in  his  important  treatise  on  the  morphology  of  this 
order  (27). 

It  should  be  mentioned,  however,  that  the  celebrated  arachnologist 
W.  Sorensen  has  recently  presented  a different  interpretation  of  the 
sclerites  behind  the  head-plate  (28).  He  recognises  only  two  thoracic 
tergites,  viz.  those  labelled  as  third  and  fourth  in  this  paper:  according 
to  him,  those  here  labelled  as  first  and  second  cannot  be  true  tergites, 
because  the  elevator  muscles  of  the  appendages  are  not  inserted  thereon. 
Sorensen  thus  interprets  the  structure  of  a solifuge:  head  bearing  four 

1 This  has  been  homologised  by  Croneberg  and  by  Gaskell  (see  The  Origin  of 
Vertebrates,  pp.  222,  223)  with  the  first  antennae  of  Crustaceans:  for  another  view  see 
Bernard’s  monograph.  The  terms  applied  in  this  paper  to  the  various  appendages 
are  those  in  current  use  amongst  Arachnologists,  and  have  no  reference  to  their 
respective  homologies  with  the  appendages  of  other  Arthropods.  I may  remark  that 
the  very  characteristic  chelicerae — sometimes  unfortunately  termed  the  mandibles — 
are  apparently  homologous  with  the  second  antennae  of  Crustaceans  and  with  the 
antennae  of  insects,  whilst  the  pedipalpi  or  palps  are  homologous  with  the  mandibles, 
of  other  Arthropods. 


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5 


pairs  of  appendages,  thorax  with  two  tergites  and  two  pairs  of  appen- 
dages, abdomen  of  u segments,  the  first  of  which  is  greatly  reduced 
whilst  the  second  or  genital  segment  is  largest.  With  regard  to  the 
thoracic  tergites,  I prefer  Bernard’s  view  seeing  that  the  bristly  arma- 
ment of  all  four  sclerites  (the  second  excepted)  in  Blossia  has  much  in 
common  but  differs  from  that  of  the  head-plate : in  short,  they  seem  to 
be  homologous  structures.  The  two  separated  portions  of  the  second 
tergite  are  certainly  devoid  of  spines  or  bristles  in  Blossia,  but  a few 
setae  occur  near  the  anterior  edge  in  Hemiblossia.  It  may  be  added 


Text  fig.  i.  Dorsal  and  lateral  views  of  the  cephalothoracic  region  of  a female 

Blossia  sp. 

that  the  third  tergite,  though  not  divided,  has  its  spines  in  two  separated 
groups. 

For  an  ingenious  hypothetical  explanation  of  the  composition  of  the 
head-plate,  the  reader  is  also  referred  to  Mr  Bernard’s  paper.  Here, 
I only  mention  this  structure  in  order  to  direct  attention  to  variations 
therein.  Amongst  the  various  S.  African  genera  there  are  considerable 
differences  in  the  shape  of  the  head-plate,  the  proportions  of  which  more- 
over may  differ  greatly  in  the  two  sexes  of  the  same  species,  the  female 
being  more  robust  than  the  male.  In  most  genera,  the  lateral  portion, 


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extending  ventralwards  on  each  side,  is  not  very  extensive,  but  in 
Chelypus  and  Hexisopus  the  lateral  extensions  are  quite  strongly  de- 
veloped, and  the  head-region  is  thus  particularly  robust.  Normally,  the 
lower  portion  of  this  lateral  extension  is  separated  from  the  upper  only 
by  a deep  broad  groove,  but  in  Blossia  the  compound  nature  of  the 
structure  is  indicated  by  a well-marked  suture  line,  running  immediately 
ventral  to  the  somewhat  ill-defined  groove  and  separating  off  the  lowest 
portion  of  the  lateral  extension  as  a distinct  sclerite:  the  suture  line  is 
faintly  indicated  also  in  other  genera.  This  sclerite  may  possibly  be  an 
isolated  anterior  portion  of  the  first  tergite,  but  in  Blossia  is  not  com- 
pletely fused  with  the  forward  continuation  of  what  appears  to  be  the 
first  thoracic  tergite.  It  may  also  be  noticed  that  whereas  in  most 
Solifugae  the  anterior  lateral  lobe  of  the  head-plate,  which  is  said  to 
bear  rudimentary  eyes1,  is  only  partially  separated  from  the  main 
plate,  a more  complete  separation  occurs  in  Chelypus,  where  a fairly 
distinct  suture  line  extends  backwards  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
plate. 

The  segmentation  of  the  legs,  excluding  the  tarsi,  is  fundamentally 
similar  throughout  the  order.  Dr  Purcell  in  describing  Hexisopus  (9) 
laid  some  stress  on  the  supposed  fact  that  this  genus  has  a reduced 
number  of  trochanter  segments,  thus  differing  from  all  other  known 
genera.  The  same  view  seems  to  have  been  held  previously  by  Mr  Simon, 
for,  in  his  account  of  Hexisopus  fodiens,  the  trochanter  segments  are 
given  as  two,  and  the  tarsal  segments  also  as  two.  In  Das  Tierreich, 
Purcell’s  views  on  the  homology  of  these  leg  segments  are  mentioned, 
but  Kraepelin  adopts  what  is  undoubtedly  a more  correct  interpretation, 
without  however  presenting  any  reasons  for  his  homologies.  In  most 
Solpugids,  the  distal  trochanter  segment  of  legs  II-IV  is  very  character- 
istic, having  a dorsal  infolding  of  chitin  marked  externally  by  a definite 
line  extending  over  the  length  of  the  segment.  In  Hexisopus,  this  line 
is  scarcely  noticeable,  and  as  the  third  trochanter  of  leg  IV  is  greatty 
elongated,  like  a femur,  whilst  the  true  femur  is  abbreviated,  a confusion 
of  homology  is  not  surprising.  The  third  trochanter  of  leg  IV  in  Chelypus, 
however,  shews  the  dorsal  line  very  distinctly  and  there  can  be  no  doubt 
of  the  identity  of  the  segment.  The  homologies  of  the  leg  segments  can 
also  be  traced  quite  independently  from  the  character  of  the  articula- 
tions, certain  of  which  are  quite  distinctive.  In  a Solpuga,  there  are 
specialised  areas  of  thickened  chitin  arranged  in  pairs  at  particular 
joints,  where  the  movements  of  the  segments  concerned  are  restricted 
to  one  plane,  viz.  between  the  patella  and  tibia  of  the  palp,  between  the 
femur  and  patella,  and  between  the  patella  and  tibia  of  all  the  legs.  In 
the  second  or  third  leg  of  Chelypus  these  can  be  seen  without  difficulty, 
and,  relying  on  this  character  alone,  the  third  leg  of  Chelypus  is  found 
to  have  three  fairly  large  trochanter  segments  but  only  one  tarsal 
segment. 

In  the  terminology  of  the  segments  of  the  legs,  I prefer  to  follow 

1 W.  Sorensen  was  unable  to  find  the  rudimentary  eyes,  nor  could  the  present  writer. 
In  the  recent  edition  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Bvitannica,  E.  R.  Lankester  speaks  of  “a 
pair  of  median  eyes  and  obsolete  lateral  eyes  on  each  side.” 


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Pocock’s  scheme1,  as  given  in  the  Arachnida  volume  of  the  Fauna  of 
British  India,  rather  than  that  adopted  by  Kraepelin  or  the  slightly 
different  one  of  Sorensen:  it  may  be  noted,  however,  that  Pocock’s 
account  is  not  free  from  error,  for  he  represents  legs  II-IV  as  having 
each  the  same  number  of  trochanter  segments.  The  segments  of  the 
palp  are:  coxa,  trochanter,  femur,  patella,  tibia,  and  tarsus,  which 
latter  is  usually  fixed  immovably  to  the  tibia,  is  without  claws,  and  is 
composed  of  one  segment,  excluding  the  rudimentary  segment  or  seg- 
ments found  in  the  terminal  sucker,  which  according  to  Sorensen  is 
morphologically  equivalent  to  the  claw-bearing  plantula  of  a walking 
leg.  The  segments  of  the  legs  are  similar,  but  between  the  coxa  and  the 
femur  there  are  several  trochanter  segments,  viz.  two  in  legs  I and  II, 
and  three  in  legs  III  and  IV : a special  term  is  given  to  the  distal  trochan- 
ter segment  in  each  case,  viz.  the  trochantin,  although  it  is  represented 
both  by  Kraepelin  and  Sorensen  as  “the  basal  joint  of  the  femur/ ’ and 
thus  equivalent  to  the  single  segment  called  trochanter  in  the  palp. 
The  middle  trochanter  segment  of  legs  III  and  IV  is  termed  the  tro- 
chantella.  This  and  the  proximal  segment  to  which  the  term  trochanter 
now  becomes  restricted  are,  according  to  Sorensen,  parts  of  the  coxa — 
a conclusion  which  seems  to  me  very  reasonable  from  consideration  of 
such  a case  as  the  fourth  leg  of  Chelypus.  The  joints  between  trochan- 
tella  and  trochantin,  and  between  trochantin  and  femur,  permit  of  a 
good  deal  of  twisting  of  the  leg,  but,  as  previously  mentioned,  the  next 
two  joints  only  permit  of  movements  in  one  plane.  The  tarsi  of  the  legs 
present  a character  which  varies  considerably  throughout  the  order, 
although  within  the  limits  of  the  same  genus  the  tarsal  characters  are 
generally  very  constant  in  specimens  of  all  ages.  The  segmentation  of 
the  tarsi  is  utilised  as  a very  convenient  generic  character,  the  range  of 
which  is  sufficiently  indicated  in  my  key  to  the  genera. 

In  various  genera,  the  tarsus  of  the  fourth  leg  is  more  numerously 
segmented  than  the  tarsi  of  preceding  legs,  and  as  this  multi-segmented 
condition  is  presumably  secondary,  the  occurrence  of  minor  segmented 
aberrations  from  the  normal  may  perhaps  be  expected.  I believe  that 
such  aberrations  will  prove  to  be  not  very  uncommon.  One  such  has 
even  been  made  the  type  of  a distinct  genus  (Broomiella  Pock.),  for  this 
seems  to  be  founded  on  an  abnormal  specimen  of  Daesia  sehreineri, 
having  a two-jointed  fourth  tarsus  instead  of  the  usual  four-jointed 
tarsus.  I have  also  seen  a male  of  Solpuga  hostilis  from  Doornkop,  in 

1 Nevertheless,  within  the  comparatively  narrow  Lmits  of  the  Arachnida,  the 
homologies  of  the  individual  segments  of  the  legs  amongst  the  various  orders  are  by 
no  means  certain  : whiJst  a uniform  nomenclature  for  the  Arthropoda  as  a whole  seems 
quite  impracticable  on  the  basis  of  homology.  Many  morphologists  believe  that 
a. though  the  palp  in  many  orders  is  6-jointed,  yet  the  segmentation  is  not  strictly 
homologous  throughout  as  Pocock  on  the  other  hand  has  represented  it.  This  view 
is  set  forth  in  Simon’s  important  work  Hisioive  natuvelle  des  Avaignees.  Thus,  a 
patella  of  the  type  found  in  spiders  is  held  to  be  wanting  in  the  Solifugae,  and  it 
must  be  admitted  that  the  nature  of  the  articulations  is  quite  different  in  these  two 
orders:  the  segment  termed  patella  in  this  paper  is  represented  to  be  equivalent  to 
the  combined  patella  and  tibia  of  spiders,  and  the  segment  here  called  tibia  as 
homologous  with  the  metatarsus  of  spiders. 


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which  the  third  leg  on  the  right  side  has  a seven-jointed  tarsus,  like  the 
fourth  leg,  whilst  that  on  the  left  side  is  four-jointed  as  usual:  the  right 
third  leg  is  apparently  not  abnormal  in  any  other  way,  the  basal  portions 
being  like  those  of  a normal  third  leg. 

The  spinulation  of  the  legs  is  also  a very  constant  character  within 
the  same  genus.  Spines  are  most  strongly  developed  in  the  genus 
Solpuga,  where  legs  III  and  IV  are  spined  as  follows:  Fourth  leg,  patella 
with  a pair  interiorly  near  the  apex,  tibia  with  five  (sometimes  six  or 
four)  on  the  anterior  surface,  and  three  (but  varying  from  two  to  five) 
on  the  posterior  surface,  tarsus  with  ten  pairs  interiorly  (or  ii-io)  : 
Third  leg,  patella  with  two  at  the  apex  superiorly  and  three  on  the 
inferior  surface,  including  a pair  at  the  apex,  tibia  with  five  superiorly 
and  three  pairs  inferiorly  (occasionally  4-3  or  4-4),  tarsus  with  seven 
pairs  inferiorly.  The  first  leg  is  completely  devoid  of  spines,  and  the 
second  leg  is  spined  more  or  less  like  the  third  but  the  tibia  may  have 
3*2  or  2-i  spines  ventrally  and  the  tarsus  four  spines  or  none  externally 
above.  These  are  all  strong  spines : in  addition,  there  may  be  shorter  and 
weaker  ones  on  the  second  and  third  tarsi  inferiorly. 

In  all  other  genera  the  number  of  spines  on  the  tarsi  are  fewer:  in 
Daesia,  the  tarsus  of  leg  IV  has  three  pairs  of  spines  infero-laterally. 

EXTERNAL  SEXUAL  DIFFERENCES. 

Externally,  the  sexes  are  distinguished  primarily  on  the  characters 
of  the  first  abdominal  sternite  (it  is  actually  the  second  sternite  according 
to  Sorensen).  This  genital  sternite  is  seen  in  its  simplest  form  in  the  adult 
female  of  the  genus  Lipophaga,  where  the  two  flaps,  representing  a pair 
of  appendages,  remain  quite  distinct  from  each  other  and  either  one  can 
be  raised  independently:  the  posterior  mesial  angle  of  each  flap  is  acute. 
In  other  genera,  these  flaps  are  firmly  united  along  the  midline  by 
membrane:  sometimes,  as  in  Solpuga  Venator,  union  takes  place  along 
the  whole  length  of  the  flaps,  and  their  hind  borders  are  broadly  rounded 
on  each  side : occasionally,  as  in  Solpuga  chelicornis  and  hostilis,  an  acute 
posterior  lobe  at  the  apex  of  each  flap  remains  free,  a condition  which 
presumably  is  more  primitive  than  that  of  Venator.  The  female  genital 
aperture  lies  in  the  soft  skin  posterior  to  and  protected  by  the  sternite, 
and  is  quite  large  in  adults.  In  adult  females  of  Solpuga  there  is  often 
a small  brown  scar  or  several  scars  on  the  anterior  portion  of  the  genital 
sternite  mesially:  this  is  presumably  a mark  made  by  the  male  during 
the  mating  process  and  is  thus  indicative  of  sexual  maturity1. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  genital  aperture  of  the  adult  male  opens  on 
the  surface  of  the  same  sternite.  The  two  halves  are  united  together, 
but  in  the  middle  they  enclose  a pair  of  long  convexly  raised  sclerites 
between  which  mesially  is  the  elongated  slit-like  genital  aperture.  These 
sclerites  occur  in  young  males  as  well  as  in  adults  but  are  much  larger  in 
the  adults  relatively  as  well  as  absolutely. 

1 An  account  of  the  mating  habits  of  Galeodes  is  given  by  R.  Heymons  in  a paper 
entitled  ‘ ' Biologische  Beobachtungen  an  asiatischen  Solifugen”  in  Abh.  Preuss.  Akad. 
Wiss.  Berlin,  1901. 


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9 


Each  half  of  the  genital  sternite  is  actually  a compound  structure  in 
both  sexes : the  parts  of  which  it  is  composed 
are  entirely  fused  together  posteriorly,  but 
anteriorly  the  suture  lines  can  be  easily  re- 
cognised. The  half  sternite  is  therefore  in- 
terpreted by  Bernard  as  derived  from  two 
segments  of  an  appendage  incompletely 
separated  by  interarticular  membrane,  and 
I may  remark  that  the  so-called  segmental 
and  interarticular  regions  are  somewhat 
different  in  their  coverings  of  hair : in  the 
example  figured  (. Daesia  lineata)  the  tri- 
angular interarticular  portion  is  clothed 
only  with  comparatively  short  fine  hairs 
whilst  the  rest  of  the  sternite  bears  also  a 
great  number  of  much  longer  and  stiffer 
setae  which  are  cleft  or  even  trifurcated  at 
the  tips. 

In  most  species,  the  adult  male  is  characterised  by  the  possession  of 
the  flagellum  on  each  chelicera.  This  organ  is  derived  from  a socketed 
bristle,  and  thus  the  rotatable  flagellum  of  a Blossia  presumably  repre- 
sents a more  primitive  condition  than  that  of  Solpuga  which  is  fixed. 
Dr  Purcell  has  described  an  enlarged  feather  bristle  in  the  genus  Melano- 
blossia  as  a flagellum,  and  in  other  genera  could  find  no  flagellum  what- 
ever in  what  appeared  to  be  the  adult  male.  It  now  appears  that  more 
or  less  enlarged  feather  bristles  may  co-exist  with  a true  flagellum  in  the 
genus  Blossia:  this  occurs  in  the  species  B.  falcicornis  and  B.  filicornis, 
where  some  of  the  more  distal  feathered  bristles  of  the  series  on  the 
mesial  surface  of  the  chelicera  are  considerably  longer  and  stronger 
than  those  proximally  situated.  Moreover,  the  position  of  the  point  of 
attachment  of  the  flagellum  relative  to  the  series  of  feather  bristles  is 
very  variable : sometimes  in  the  genus  Blossia  it  is  at  the  distal  end  of 
the  line  of  feather  bristles,  but  in  Blossia  falcifera  it  lies  between  the 
distal  enlarged  bristles  and  the  dental  series,  whilst  in  the  genus  Daesia 
the  base  of  the  flagellum  is  far  removed  from  the  line  of  feather  bristles. 
However,  Sorensen,  after  examining  in  some  detail  the  structure  and 
homology  of  the  flagella  of  several  genera,  concludes  that  morpho- 
logically the  flagellum  is  the  superior  bristle  or  the  two  superior  bristles 
of  the  series. 

I am  satisfied  that  Sorensen's  conclusion  is  quite  correct.  Not  only 
is  the  original  relation  to  the  line  of  feather  bristles  retained  in  the  genus 
Blossia,  but  here  too  the  flagellum  is  primitive  in  form,  being  a greatly 
inflated  bristle  cut  open  along  its  length.  The  genus  Solpuga,  which  is 
far  more  specialised,  affords  confirmatory  evidence,  although  the  flagel- 
lum of  adults  has  little  resemblance  to  a bristle.  The  mesial  surface  of 
the  upper  j aw  of  a very  young  Solpuga  presents  two  long  oblique  series 
of  bristles,  that  adjacent  to  the  cutting  edge  including  about  23  bristles, 
all  feathered  with  the  exception  of  the  distal  one  which  is  fairly  long 
but  simple : the  other  series,  parallel  thereto,  consists  entirely  of  simple 


Text  fig.  1 a.  Genital  sternite  in 
the  adult  female  of  Daesia 
lineata'.  flattened  out.  That 
of  the  male  is  similar,  but  has 
also  a pair  of  elongated  scle- 
rites  mesially. 


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Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


bristles,  the  basal  ones  stout  and  strong  and  the  distal  ones  much  more 
slender.  In  older  specimens,  the  feather  bristles  are  more  numerous  and 
may  occupy  several  rows.  On  examining  a subadult  male  of  S.  derbiana,  as 
yet  without  a flagellum  proper,  I find  near  the  distal  end  of  the  feathered 
series  several  simple  bristles  of  which  one  is  markedly  stouter  than  the 
rest  and  strongly  curved  like  the  feather  bristles.  This  enlarged  bristle, 
which  seems  to  correspond  with  the  single  one  at  the  distal  end  of  the 
feathered  series  of  juvenile  specimens,  is  presumably  destined  to  become 
the  flagellum  at  the  last  moult. 

In  such  genera  as  Blossia  and  Hemiblossia  the  feather  bristles  of  the 
adult,  in  both  sexes,  occupy  only  a single  series  of  about  14-17  : they  are 
all  feathered,  the  distal  ones  often  larger  than,  but  not  so  strongly 
feathered  as,  the  basal  bristles.  Daesia  has  more  numerous  bristles 
arranged  in  a double  row  in  the  adult,  all  being  feathered. 

The  primitive  flagellum  of  the  Daesiinae  is  simply  a membrane  with 
more  or  less  infolded  edges  which  basally  unite  to  form  a cup : the  rota- 
table flagellum  of  Hexisopus  and  of  Ceroma  is  probably  to  be  derived 
therefrom  by  more  extensive  fusion  throughout  its  length,  whereby  the 
free  membrane  becomes  converted  into  a flattened  tubular  shaft:  the 
fixed  flagellum  of  Solpuga  has  a swollen  basal  enlargement  which  prob- 
ably corresponds  to  the  cup-like  base  found  in  Blossia,  and  the  more  or 
less  elongated  shaft  is  usually  if  not  always  perforated  by  a fine  canal 
along  its  length.  The  flagellum  of  Solpuga  is  far  more  variable  in  form 
than  the  primitive  flagella  of  the  Daesiinae  and  Hexisopodinae : in  the 
least  modified  species  such  as  suffusca,  it  lies  on  the  flat  or  convex  upper 
surface  of  the  chelicera,  but  in  various  specialised  forms  of  the  hostilis 
group  the  basal  portions  of  the  flagellum  become  sunk  into  a distinct 
depression  of  the  inner  and  upper  surfaces  of  the  jaw. 

In  the  Daesiinae  the  adult  males  are  often  provided  with  curiously 
modified  bristles  on  the  second  abdominal  sternite:  these  are  absent  in 
females  or  if  present  are  not  so  highly  developed  as  in  males. 

When  bristles  and  spines  occur  over  the  surfaces  of  the  appendages 
and  body  they  are  more  strongly  developed  in  males  than  in  females, 
except  on  the  mesial  surfaces  of  the  jaws. 

Other  secondary  sexual  characters  are  presented  by  the  dentition, 
which  is  often  greatly  modified  in  the  adult  male  but  primitive  in  the 
female : the  malleoli  of  males  are  much  larger  than  those  of  the  females : 
lastly,  males  are  more  slender  than  females,  having  longer  limbs  and 
smaller  bodies  but  the  disparity  in  size  is  not  great. 

The  adult  male  of  Solpuga  has  an  organ  on  the  palp,  viz.  the  Scopula, 
which  is  quite  absent  in  females:.  It  is  composed  of  numerous,  closely 
packed,  short,  feathered  hairs,  which  are  presumably  sensory  in  function. 
It  is  interesting  to  notice  that  a similar  organ  occurs  on  the  tarsi  of  the 
legs  in  the  adult  male  of  Stasimopus  (trap-door  spider),  but  not  in  the 
female.  I have  elsewhere1  presented  reasons  for  regarding  the  Scopula 
of  Stasimopus  as  an  organ  of  smell.  There  is  an  important  difference, 

1 "Note  on  the  occurrence  of  a pedal  nose  in  the  male  of  a trap-door  spider 
(Stasimopus)”  in  South  African  Journal  of  Science,  March,  1917. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


ii 


Text  fig.  i b. 


A.  Mesial  surface  of  upper  jaw  of  young  Solpuga  from  Pretoria  (?  globicornis), 

having  only  3 malleoli : shewing  parallel  rows  of  feather  bristles  and  of  sinple 
bristles. 

B.  Distal  portion  of  upper  jaw  of  subadult  male  of  Solpuga  derbiana  (basal  portions 

only  of  some  of  the  simple  bristles  are  indicated). 

C.  Distal  portion  of  upper  jaw  of  adult  male  of  Solpuga  derbiana. 

[/  = flagellar  bristle,  b = point  of  origin  of  flagellum.] 


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however,  in  the  hairs  of  the  two  Scopulae:  those  of  Stasimopus  are 
simple,  but  truncated  or  more  or  less  trumpet-shaped  at  the  tips  where 
the  protoplasmic  core  comes  into  close  contact  with  the  exterior:  those 
of  Solpuga  are  well  feathered,  and  the  tips  finely  pointed.  If  the  receptive 
portion  of  an  olfactory  organ  must  necessarily  permit  of  direct  contact 
between  living  protoplasm  and  odoriferous  particles,  it  does  not  seem 
probable  that  the  scopula  of  Solpuga  can  subserve  an  olfactory  function. 
Perhaps  the  truncated  bristles  such  as  occur  commonly  on  the  palps 
almost  throughout  the  Solifugae  will  prove  to  be  olfactory.  Although 
I have  not  specially  searched  for  sensory  organs  I may  add  that  organs, 
apparently  of  sensory  function,  have  been  found  by  H.  J.  Hansen1  and 
by  H.  M.  Bernard  and  were  identified  as  Lyriform  organs.  In  the 
Solifugae  they  are  almost  confined  to  the  chelicerae.  In  addition,  there 
are  what  seem  to  be  sensory  organs  near  to  the  cutting  edges  of  the  jaws : 
over  the  surface  of  the  fang  and  on  the  outer  side  of  the  jaw  near  to  the 
row  of  teeth  the  thick  chitin  is  pierced  by  numerous  very  long  canals, 
each  opening  by  a small  pore  on  the  surface.  Similar  organs  occur  in 
great  numbers  on  the  legs  of  various  spiders,  along  with  the  several  more 
complicated  structures  to  which  the  term  " lyriform”  was  originally 
applied. 

NOTES  ON  SPECIFIC  CHARACTERS. 

The  characters  employed  in  the  discrimination  of  species  are 
primarily  those  peculiar  to  the  adult  male.  Although  various  authors 
have  also  attempted  to  distinguish  species  on  female  characters,  and 
have  drawn  up  keys  to  the  species  of  Solpuga  based  mainly  on  such 
characters  as  are  afforded  by  measurements  and  colour,  yet  with  the 
larger  amount  of  material  now  available  it  seems  to  me  quite  impossible 
in  many  cases  to  distinguish  between  the  females  of  closely  allied  species. 
They  are  often  much  more  generalised  than  the  males.  This  is  markedly 
the  case  in  respect  to  the  dentition,  which  is  highly  variable  amongst  the 
males  of  different  species  and  genera,  but  is  essentially  identical  through- 
out the  females  of  many  species  of  Solpuga  and  even  of  widely  different 
genera  such  as  Zeriassa,  Blossia  and  Daesia.  This  type  of  dentition, 
found  both  in  males  and  females  of  Solpuga  Venator  or  of  S.  lethalis,  is 
without  doubt  primitive. 

On  the  dental  characters,  the  females  of  the  genus  Solpuga  can  be 
divided  into  several  groups,  the  largest  including  all  those  species  ex- 
hibiting the  primitive  type  of  dentition;  one  small  aberrant  group 
includes  S.  lineata  and  allies,  which  have  a much  modified  dentition  in 
the  upper  jaw  of  both  sexes,  and  might  with  some  propriety  be  assigned 
the  rank  of  a distinct  genus:  the  two  species  picta  and  schnitzel,  only 
known  from  female  specimens,  constitute  a third  group;  another  little 
group  is  that  of  5.  hastata  and  allies,  and  lastly  the  species  5.  fusca 
differs  from  all  others  in  the  genus  in  the  character  of  two  or  three  inter- 
mediate teeth,  instead  of  one  only,  in  the  lower  jaw.  On  the  other 
characters  found  in  females,  it  is  possible  to  divide  the  genus  a little 

1 “Organs  and  characters  in  different  Orders  of  Arachnids.”  Ent.  Med.  u.  a.  Ent. 
For.  Fr.  Meinert,  1893,  p.  178,  Kjobenhavn. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


13 


further.  These  characters  are:  the  colouration,  which  does  not  vary 
much  within  a species,  being  similar  in  the  two  sexes,  and  fairly  constant 
throughout  large  groups  of  species : the  shape  of  the  hind  borders  of  the 
genital  sternite,  whether  broadly  rounded  on  each  side  or  produced  into 
a pair  of  mesial  lobes,  the  former  condition  being  correlated  on  the  whole 
with  plain  colouration,  and  the  latter  condition  with  strongly  contrasting 
colours  such  as  occur  in  the  hostilis  group:  also,  but  of  somewhat  less 
value  is  the  degree  of  hairiness  of  the  hind  legs,  long  silky  hairs  being 
most  strikingly  developed  in  5.  sericea,  whilst  such  hairs  are  absent  in 
Venator  and  allies  but  more  or  less  strongly  developed  in  the  species  of 
the  hostilis  group:  finally,  the  proportions  in  length  of  the  segments  of 
the  palps,  and  legs,  compared  together  and  with  the  breadth  of  the 
head-plate,  and  the  degree  of  development  of  cylinder  bristles  on  the 
lower  surfaces  of  the  palp  are  characters  which  may  serve  to  distinguish 
the  females  of  certain  species  from  each  other.  But,  having  thus  rele- 
gated a specimen  to  its  natural  group,  it  is  usually  impossible  to  proceed 
further.  Dr  Purcell  has  commented  on  the  difficulty  of  distinguishing 
between  the  adult  females  of  5.  Venator  and  S.  lethalis,  and  I may  add 
that  the  three  species  ferox,  schonlandi  and  globicornis,  though  very 
markedly  distinct  in  the  male  sex,  are  practically  identical  in  females. 
In  this  paper  I have  therefore  largely  ignored  the  females  when  distin- 
guishing between  species,  and  those  species  which  have  been  founded 
only  on  female  specimens  by  previous  authors  are  now  placed  aside  as 
incertae  sedis : most  of  them  can  never  be  identified,  except  through  the 
locality  data. 

The  systematics  of  the  genus  Solpuga  is  largely  a study  of  variation 
in  the  male  flagellum.  This  organ  presents  quite  a bewildering  series  of 
forms  throughout  the  genus,  but  usually  shews  a high  degree  of  constancy 
in  the  same  species.  Many  of  its  forms  shew  no  obvious  relationship  to 
each  other:  indeed,  to  a large  extent  the  variation  appears  to  be  quite 
erratic  and  discontinuous.  Species  which  in  structure  are  practically 
identical  as  females,  and  which  are  no  doubt  closely  related,  may  never- 
theless have  profoundly  different  flagella,  as  is  the  case  in  ferox , schon- 
landi  and  globicornis,  the  flagella  of  which  so  far  as  is  known  are  not  con- 
nected together,  even  indirectly  through  other  species.  It  is  obvious 
therefore  that  as  a guide  to  genetic  affinity  the  characters  of  this  organ 
may  be  of  very  subordinate  value.  Discontinuous  variation  is  noticeable 
in  every  section  of  the  genus,  but  is  accompanied  by  considerable  varia- 
tion of  a continuous  type.  Dr  Purcell  has  remarked  on  the  variation  in 
length  exhibited  by  the  flagellum  of  5.  Venator  in  specimens  from  various 
localities  (9).  In  this  case,  a fairly  wide  range  is  observed,  and  it  might 
be  possible  to  distinguish  several  races  or  local  forms  on  differences  in 
the  length  of  the  shaft,  the  northern  varieties  having  a longer  flagellum 
than  southern  forms.  In  such  a continuous  series,  the  elimination  of  the 
intermediate  forms  would  result  in  the  formation  of  quite  distinct  groups. 
However,  I do  not  know  of  any  pair  of  species  which  differ  from  each 
other  only  in  the  length  of  the  flagellum,  and  as  a matter  of  fact,  the 
observed  variation  in  length  of  the  flagellum  in  most  species  is  limited 
to  a comparatively  narrow  range.  Nevertheless,  in  some  sections  of  the 


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Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


genus,  the  characters  which  distinguish  the  several  forms  commonly 
termed  species  are  not  of  an  essentially  discontinuous  type.  There  is  a 
small  group  of  species,  characterised  by  the  more  or  less  strongly  twisted 
shaft  of  the  flagellum,  and  the  presence  of  serrated  edges  along  some 
portion  of  this  shaft.  These  species  ( spiralicornis , serraticornis  and 
strepsiceros ) seem  to  represent  separate  links  in  a chain  of  continuously 
varying  forms:  a complete  series  of  intermediate  forms  is  not  yet  known, 
but  sufficient  variation  has  been  noted  in  a small  series  of  spiralicornis, 
and  in  several  specimens  of  serraticornis,  to  indicate  that  the  specific 
distinctions,  though  greater  in  magnitude,  are  essentially  of  the  same 
kind  as  those  which  are  now  included  within  the  limits  of  the  same 
species,  and  which  are  clearly  of  the  continuous  type.  I suspect  it  will 
eventually  be  found  that  the  species  cervina,  collinita  and  alcicornis  are 
also  forms  of  one  continuous  series : and  apparently  another  such  series 
is  that  of  lethalis  typicus,  lethalis  rectus  and  furcifera. 

Amongst  the  nocturnal  species,  which  constitute  the  most  primitive 
group  of  the  genus,  it  sometimes  happens  that  the  only  noticeable 
differences  between  species  are  those  of  the  flagellum.  This  is  the  case 
with  S.  lethalis  and  S.  Venator,  for  the  minor  difference  of  dentition  which 
is  also  said  to  distinguish  them  is  not  constant,  and  moreover  is  com- 
monly found  within  the  limits  of  a single  species. 

In  these  nocturnal  species,  the  dentition  of  the  male  greatly  resembles 
that  of  the  female,  and  several  other  characters  of  the  chelicerae,  viz. 
the  strong  development  of  stridulatorv  ridges,  and  the  abundance  of 
well-feathered  bristles  in  both  upper  and  lower  jaws  are  common  to  both 
sexes. 

More  usually,  profound  differences  of  dentition,  or  of  spinulation, 
accompany  the  variations  of  the  flagellum.  Sometimes  indeed,  the 
characters  of  the  flagellum  may  remain  very  constant  throughout  a 
group  of  forms  which  differ  amongst  themselves  in  the  dental  characters. 
This  is  the  case,  at  least  so  far  as  the  shaft  of  the  flagellum  is  concerned, 
throughout  the  species  hostilis,  derbiana,  and  tookei,  the  most  character- 
istic feature  of  the  shaft  being  its  sharp  blade-like  termination : this  same 
blade  with  modifications  also  occurs  in  hamata  and  bechuanica : it  seems 
to  be  quite  constant  in  hostilis,  but  is  variable  in  derbiana,  and  therefore 
cannot  be  regarded  as  an  absolute  unit  character  in  a strict  sense. 

The  variations  of  dentition  in  the  hostilis  group  of  species  are  indeed 
very  numerous.  The  dentition  is  comparatively  constant  within  the 
limits  of  any  one  form,  and  such  forms  as  hostilis  may  have  a fairly  wide 
geographical  range : but,  we  are  still  uncertain  whether  the  various  types 
are  fundamentally  distinct,  or  are  units  of  one  or  several  continuous 
series.  The  occurrence  of  a dentition  so  aberrant  as  that  of  junodi  in  the 
midst  of  an  area  occupied  by  allies  ( hostilis , marshalli)  which  share  the 
most  characteristic  feature  of  quite  a different  dental  type,  is  suggestive 
of  mutational  variation.  On  the  other  hand,  the  additional  material 
received  during  recent  years  has  to  some  extent  served  to  bridge  the 
wide  gaps  which  formerly  seemed  to  separate  types  so  distinct  as 
chelicornis,  hostilis  and  junodi.  The  typical  form  of  chelicornis,  found  in 
the  karroid  portions  of  the  Cape,  is  represented  at  Kakamas  by  a dis- 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


i5 


tinct  variety,  macrognathus,  with  elongated  jaws,  which,  in  the  dentition, 
is  not  very  different  from  hamata  found  in  the  Waterberg  district;  and 
again,  either  of  the  two  latter  forms  can  by  slight  modification  be 
changed  into  bechuanica,  as  found  at  Serowe  in  the  Bechuanaland  pro- 
tectorate ; this  by  reduction  of  the  two  anterior  teeth  leads  on  to  hostilis 
of  the  Transvaal  and  marshalli  of  Mashonaland,  or  by  enlargement  of 
the  same  teeth  to  junodi  of  the  Zoutpansberg  and  Waterberg  districts. 
The  known  facts  seem  to  be  easily  interpreted  as  the  results  of  continuous 
variation,  but  it  is  proper  to  add  that  a complete  series  of  intermediates 
is  unknown,  and  that,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  all  possible  variants 
of  the  dentition  could  be  arranged  within  an  apparently  continuous 
series  arbitrarily  chosen. 

Other  characters  of  systematic  value,  found  amongst  males,  are  the 
spines  or  bristles  on  the  upper  and  outer  surfaces  of  the  chelicerae,  and 
the  tooth  or  keel  which  is  often  present  on  the  dorsal  edge  of  the  mesial 
surface  of  the  upper  fang.  These  characters  in  particular  species  are 
often  highly  developed,  and  present  the  appearance  of  hypertrophied 
structures.  The  dorsal  tooth  of  the  fang  of  ferox,  for  example,  is  very 
markedly  stronger  than  that  of  any  other  species. 

This  hypertrophied  appearance,  which  is  also  exhibited  by  the 
characters  of  the  flagellum  (cp.  that  of  the  cervina  group)  and  of  the 
dentition  (cp.  marshalli)  in  various  species,  seems  to  suggest  that  varia- 
tion, either  continuous  or  discontinuous,  has  proceeded  uncontrolled 
beyond  the  limits  actually  required  by  the  creature  for  the  maintenance 
of  its  race.  That  is  to  say,  it  seems  improbable  that  natural  selection 
can  have  been  the  sole  guiding  factor  in  directing  the  course  of  variation. 
Unfortunately,  this  view  cannot  be  checked  by  an  adequate  body  of 
facts  based  on  acquaintance  with  the  mode  of  life  of  the  various  species. 
The  function  of  the  flagellum  itself  is  unknown:  it  is  not  a weapon  of 
offence  or  defence,  and  according  to  Heymons’  account  of  the  breeding 
habits  in  Galeodes,  is  not  employed  during  the  mating  process.  Never- 
theless, Sorensen  believes  that  the  flagellum  is  eminently  adapted  to  the 
function  of  handling  spermatophores  and  states  emphatically:  “Le 
flagellum  est  l’organe  copulateur  des  Solifuges.”  At  present,  this  is  un- 
supported by  observations  on  the  living  animal,  and  to  me  the  hypo- 
thesis seems  improbable  in  view  of  the  extraordinary  diversity  in  form 
presented  by  the  shaft  and  the  complete  absence  of  the  flagellum  in  some 
genera1. 

1 See  also  R.  I.  Pocock  in  A Monograph  of  the  Terrestrial  Carboniferous  Arachnida 
of  Great  Britain,  1911,  p.  2:  “An  important  factor  in  the  evolution  of  terrestrial 
Arachnida  has  been,  in  my  opinion,  a change  from  the  method  of  pairing,  as  practised 
by  Scorpions,  to  new  and  special  methods,  resulting  in  the  modification  of  a part  of 
one  of  the  prothoracic  limbs  into  an  intromittent  organ,  often  of  great  complexity. 
This  may  be  seen  in  the  Araneae,  where  the  palps  are  modified,  in  the  Solifugae,  where 
the  mandibles  are  modified,  in  some  of  the  Acari,  and  lastly  in  the  Ricinulei,  where 
the  legs  of  the  third  pair  are  modified.  Even  the  Opiliones  possess  very  special 
secondary  reproductive  organs.” 

In  the  Cambridge  edition  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  the  account  of  Arachnida 
by  E.  Ray  Lankester  includes  the  following : “ ? intromittent  organ  of  male  (solifuge) 
lodged  on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  first  pair  of  prosomatic  appendages.” 


i6 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


In  the  hostilis  group  of  species,  which  are  all  diurnal  in  habit,  it  is 
noteworthy  that  the  stridulatory  ridges  on  the  chelicerae  are  usually 
reduced  or  even  quite  absent  in  the  males,  but  are  well  developed  in  the 
females.  Whilst  losing  the  power  to  stridulate, — for  which,  perhaps,  they 
are  compensated  by  increased  speed, — the  males  at  the  same  time  add 
to  their  ornamental  characters:  the  colours  become  more  vivid,  and  the 
fringes  of  long  hair  on  the  legs  more  strongly  developed,  the  adult  male 
of  such  species  as  chelicornis  and  villosa  being  quite  strikingly  handsome. 
But  often,  as  in  derbiana,  females  are  more  brilliantly  coloured  than  males. 
Stridulation  is  only  audible  to  man  in  the  case  of  the  largest  nocturnal 
species,  and  perhaps  does  not  operate  apart  from  mastication  amongst 
most  solifuges.  The  nocturnal  species  shew  no  sexual  differences  in  colour 
ornamentation,  nor  in  hair  development  on  the  legs.  It  is  in  fact  the 
general  rule  in  this  genus,  that  all  the  species  exhibiting  specialisations 
of  structure  or  of  colour,  in  one  sex  or  in  both,  are  diurnal  in  habit: 
the  nocturnal  species  are  all  primitive  in  structure  and  plain-coloured. 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  SPECIES. 

Owing  to  insufficiency  of  material,  the  distribution  of  the  species 
cannot  be  profitably  discussed  except  in  the  case  of  the  genus  Solpuga. 
The  nocturnal  species  of  Solpuga  often  have  a very  wide  range  of  dis- 
tribution. The  common  species  (S.  Venator)  of  the  Karroo  and  Eastern 
Province  of  the  Cape  extends  far  into  South-West  Africa,  and  another 
large  nocturnal  species  (S.  monteiroi ) in  the  northern  parts  of  S.  Africa 
seems  to  extend  its  range  right  across  the  continent  from  Delagoa  to 
Walfish  Bay.  The  common  species  of  Johannesburg  (S.  schonlandi) 
occurs  also  at  Kimberley,  and  in  the  Eastern  Province  of  the  Cape. 

The  diurnal  species  on  the  other  hand  have  usually  a very  limited 
distribution.  Two  diurnal  species  are  only  known  from  the  Cape  Penin- 
sula. No  one  species  is  known  to  range  from  the  Transvaal  to  the  Cape, 
and  the  species  found  near  Pretoria  and  Johannesburg  (S.  hostilis)  does 
not  extend  so  far  as  Kimberley  or  Bloemfontein.  In  Das  Tierreich, 
Kraepelin  records  S.  marshalli  from  Mashonaland  and  from  Durban,  but 
this  is  no  doubt  incorrect.  A partial  exception  to  the  general  rule  is 
found  in  species  which  occupy  a large  area  of  more  or  less  uniform  con- 
ditions. The  handsomely  coloured  S.  chelicornis  thus  ranges  from  Nama- 
qualand  to  the  karroid  regions  of  Eastern  Cape  Province,  though  it 
seems  more  than  likely  that  this  species  is  not  uniform  throughout,  but 
composed  of  a number  of  structurally  distinct  forms.  Solpuga  hostilis , 
again,  enjoys  a fairly  wide  distribution  over  portions  of  the  high  and 
middle  veld  of  the  Transvaal  and  of  adjoining  parts  in  Natal.  A still 
more  extensive  range  has  been  indicated  for  5.  sericea  Poc.,  the  type  of 
which  came  from  Mashonaland,  and  which  has  since  been  recorded  from 
the  Zoutpansberg  district  by  Dr  Purcell,  and  from  several  localities  north 
of  the  Zambesi  by  Mr  Hirst : but  this  case  is  not  so  anomalous  inasmuch 
as  the  species,  though  diurnal  in  habit,  nevertheless  belongs  to  the  large 
primitive  group  which  includes  all  the  nocturnal  species. 

When  the  species  have  been  arranged  into  so  many  natural  groups. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


i7 


according  to  their  structure,  it  is  of  interest  to  see  how  those  groups  are 
distributed  in  nature.  It  is  important  however  to  guarantee  the  accuracy 
of  the  scheme  as  an  index  to  genetic  affinity,  and  for  this  reason  the  data 
presented  by  the  more  specialised  class  of  diurnal  species  can  be  more 
safely  used  than  that  of  the  primitive  nocturnal  species. 

A large  natural  group  of  nine  species,  including  hostilis,  marshalli  and 
derbiana , ranges  over  Southern  Rhodesia,  Transvaal,  Bechuanaland 
Protectorate,  Free  State,  Natal  and  Eastern  Cape  Colony:  it  does  not 
occur  in  Western  Cape  Colony,  the  western  limit,  at  present  known, 
being  at  Somerset  East.  A small  group  somewhat  related  to  this,  but 
distinctly  separated  therefrom  in  structure,  includes  only  the  Capetown 
species  S.  vincta,  the  Little  Namaqualand  species  S.  spectralis,  and  an- 
other western  form  S.  maraisi  found  at  Worcester  and  Stellenbosch. 
Another  small  group,  also  related  to  the  two  just  mentioned,  includes 
erythronota  of  unknown  locality,  erythronotoides  from  Victoria  West,  and 
lateralis  from  the  districts  of  Uitenhage,  Port  Elizabeth,  and  Bathurst. 
A fourth  group  of  diurnal  species,  ranking  as  a well-marked  section, 
includes  the  two  species  chelicornis  and  villosa,  which  range  throughout 
the  karroid  regions  of  the  Cape  into  Little  Namaqualand. 

In  addition,  there  are  two  other  groups  of  diurnal  species,  neither  of 
which  is  directly  related  to  those  already  mentioned.  One  of  them  in- 
cludes hastata  and  two  other  species  which  are  all  from  Great  Namaqua- 
land, and  no  member  of  the  group  is  known  to  occur  elsewhere.  Lastly, 
the  very  distinct  section  comprised  by  lineata  and  its  ally  brevipalpis, 
occurs  widely  distributed  in  the  western  and  central  districts  of  the  Cape, 
excluding  the  Cape  Peninsula:  eastwards,  its  limit  appears  to  be  Alice- 
dale.  All  these  diurnal  groups  seem  to  be  peculiarly  S.  African,  having, 
so  far  as  we  know,  no  representatives  north  of  the  Zambesi. 

It  will  be  seen  therefore  that  the  subcontinent  is  thus  divided  up  into 
so  many  distinct  regions,  each  of  which  is  the  home  of  one  particular 
natural  group  and  that  for  the  most  part  these  regions  do  not  overlap. 
An  exception  to  this  generalisation  is  presented  in  the  case  of  the  lineata 
group,  which  occupies  almost  the  same  region  as  chelicornis.  The  rule, 
however,  only  applies  to  groups  which  are  sufficiently  closely  related: 
lineata  is  so  remote  in  structure  from  chelicornis  as  almost  to  warrant 
generic  separation  therefrom. 

It  is  interesting  to  notice  that  these  geographical  regions  coincide — 
but  not  rigidly  so — with  the  regions  occupied  by  the  natural  groups  of 
other  animals,  belonging  even  to  different  phyla  of  the  animal  kingdom. 
The  eastern  area,  occupied  by  hostilis  and  its  immediate  allies,  is  the 
same  as  that  occupied  by  the  glabrifrons-latimanus  group  of  the  scorpion 
genus  Opisthophthalmus : the  nearest  allies  of  this  group  are:  austerus, 
a Karroo  species  which  agrees  fairly  with  S.  chelicornis  and  villosa  in  its 
range:  macer , a western  species  which  occurs  near  Capetown  extending 
northwards  as  far  as  Worcester  and  Ceres,  and  eastwards  for  some  dis- 
tance along  the  Cape  Coast : crassimanus  which  occurs  in  Little  Namaqua- 
land and  Carnarvon,  and  nitidiceps  its  close  ally  which  occurs  in  the 
Albany,  Uitenhage,  Somerset  East  and  Cradock  districts.  The  almost 
universal  change  of  fauna  experienced  in  passing  through  the  Cape 


2 


i8 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Province  from  east  to  west  is  exhibited  in  more  simple  fashion  by  the 
water  frogs:  the  species  found  at  Grahamstown  is  Rana  angolensis,  the 
same  as  occurs  throughout  the  Transvaal,  Natal,  and  Rhodesia:  quite  a 
different  species  occurs  at  Capetown,  viz.  Rana  fuscigula,  which  is 
characteristic  of  the  western  half  of  Cape  Province. 

Again,  just  as  each  group  of  species  has  its  own  particular  area  of 
distribution,  so  also  each  individual  species  seems  to  have  a special  part 
of  each  large  area  for  its  sole  occupation.  So  far  as  is  known,  two  diurnal 
species  of  Solpuga  never  occur  together,  except  in  the  case  of  species 
which  are  very  distantly  related.  This  fact  may  perhaps  be  held  to 
witness  against  the  mutation  hypothesis  of  species  formation  so  far  as 
this  group  is  concerned. 

Amongst  the  numerous  more  primitive  species  of  Solpuga,  only  a 
few  natural  groups  can  be  recognised  with  certainty.  The  northern 
section  of  black-striped  forms  includes  sericea  of  Mashonaland,  Zoutpans- 
berg  district,  andN.  Rhodesia,  celeripes  of  Salisbury,  striata  of  Damaraland 
and  zebrina  of  the  Taru  desert  in  British  E.  Africa.  The  well-marked 
section  comprising  cervina,  collinita,  and  alcicornis,  belongs  to  the 
western  half  of  the  subcontinent,  being  known  from  Clanwilliam, 
Namaqualand,  Willowmore,  Keetmanshoop  and  Kuruman.  An  equally 
distinct  group  is  that  of  strepsiceros,  spiralicornis,  and  serraticornis  which 
occurs  in  S.  Rhodesia,  Zoutpansberg  and  Barberton  districts;  but,  a near 
relative  of  serraticornis  is  the  species  5.  schlechteri , found  in  Bushmanland 
and  Great  Namaqualand:  other  species  apparently  referable  to  this 
section  range  far  into  tropical  Africa,  one  of  them  keyserlingi  (perhaps  a 
synonym  of  schweinfurthi)  being  known  to  me  from  N.  Nigeria.  The 
group  including  schonlandi , ferox,  globicornis , and  sagittaria,  which  is 
doubtfully  natural,  seems  to  range  almost  over  the  same  area  as  that 
occupied  by  the  hostilis-derbiana  group  but  it  has  relationships  with 
central  African  species,  for  S.  niassa  seems  to  be  an  ally  of  schonlandi. 
The  species  Venator,  lethalis,  lethalis  rectus,  d,ndfurcifera,  are  undoubtedly 
closely  related  and  belong  essentially  to  the  western  portion  of  the  sub- 
continent, Venator  extending  into  the  karroid  region  of  the  Cape.  The 
precise  relationships  of  the  other  species,  and  the  inter-relationships  of 
the  above  groups,  are  too  uncertain  to  justify  any  general  conclusions 
therefrom. 

The  main  facts  concerning  the  distribution  of  the  more  familiar 
genera  are  given  by  Kraepelin  in  Das  Tierreich.  Since  the  publication 
of  that  work,  the  following  new  genera  have  been  described  from  S.  Africa 
by  Dr  Purcell:  Melanoblossia,  Lipophaga,  Toreus,  and  Chelypus.  So  far 
as  we  know,  they  are  all  restricted  to  Southern  Africa,  as  also  is  the 
genus  Hexisopus : further,  all  five  genera  belong  essentially  to  the  western 
region,  which  includes  also  the  Karroo  and  Kalahari.  At  present,  not  a 
single  species  of  any  of  these  genera  is  known  to  occur  in  Natal,  Transvaal, 
Free  State,  or  in  east  Cape  Colony 

Hemiblossia  has  been  recorded  by  Pocock  from  Guatemala,  but  other- 
wise is  only  known  from  S.  Africa:  this  distribution  points  to  great 
antiquity  for  the  genus,  and  is  in  accordance  with  its  primitive  nature. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  19 


Of  the  other  genera  found  in  S.  Africa,  the  most  widely  distributed 
seems  to  be  Gluviopsis,  which  occurs  as  far  north  as  Algiers,  and  extends 
into  Asia  Minor,  Arabia,  Socotra  and  Western  India.  Daesia  also  occurs 
throughout  Africa  (excluding  West  Africa,  from  the  Congo  basin  north- 
wards through  the  coastal  countries  as  far  as  Morocco,  which  regions 
are  all  very  poor  in  Solifugae)  and  extends  into  Palestine  and  Arabia. 

Solpuga  ranges  throughout  Africa,  and  Blossia  seems  to  have  the 
same  range:  Zeriassa  is  only  known  from  the  tropical  parts  of  South 
Africa,  and  from  East  Africa  as  far  north  as  Somaliland.  Ceroma  extends 
from  the  western  region  of  S.  Africa,  northwards  into  East  Africa. 

Only  one  genus,  Solpuga,  is  known  to  me  from  Natal:  however 
Kraepelin  has  recorded  a Blossia  from  “ Moritzburg”  which,  as  Pocock 
suggests,  may  mean  Pietermaritzburg. 

The  distribution  of  Solifugae  is  largely  determined  by  conditions  of 
humidity.  They  avoid  dense  forest,  but  are  common  in  arid  regions,  and 
in  open  bush  country,  such  as  that  of  the  Kalahari.  I am  informed  by 
Mr  E.  C.  Wilmot,  who  writes  from  Tsessebe,  that  a species  of  Solpuga 
(probably  monteiroi ) may  often  be  seen  in  the  act  of  climbing  trees  in 
search  of  Cicadas.  In  the  Albany  district,  they  are  particularly  abundant 
at  Alicedale,  a warm  locality  in  the  valley  of  the  Bushman’s  River,  where 
scrub  and  bush  prevail.  Mr  Frank  Cruden  has  kindly  furnished  me  with 
the  following  brief  notes  on  several  species  found  in  that  locality: 
Hemiblossia  O’neili  is  found  on  light  gravelly  soil  near  the  river,  on  flats 
broken  by  occasional  thornbushes.  They  are  only  seen  during  the  bright 
sunshine  of  a summer’s  day,  and  then  in  considerable  numbers:  they  are 
extremely  active,  and  not  easily  caught,  as  they  seek  refuge  in  small  holes 
and  crevices  on  the  slightest  alarm.  Specimens  may  be  captured  by 
spraying  them  with  dilute  spirits  of  wine,  when  the  creatures  succumb 
at  once. 

Blossia  unguicornis  is  never  seen  in  the  open  during  daytime,  and 
when  exposed  to  light  immediately  seeks  cover.  They  are  found  under 
stones  on  the  flats  and  hill  sides. 

Solpuga  lineatus  occurs  chiefly  among  the  rhenoster  bush  and  other 
scrub,  but  not  in  dense  bush.  On  a summer’s  day  they  may  often  be 
seen  lying  on  stones  exposed  to  the  sun.  They  are  sometimes  found  in 
shallow  earth  cavities  under  stones. 

Solpuga  Venator  occurs  on  open  flats  and  in  broken  scrub  land.  During 
daytime  it  takes  cover  under  large  stones,  but  at  night  may  enter  houses. 

At  Grahamstown  I have  only  found  one  species,  5.  derbiana.  It  occurs 
on  the  open  flats  above  the  town,  frequenting  grass  veld  as  well  as 
stony  lands  covered  with  rhenoster  bush  and  other  short  scrub.  During 
winter  months  these  creatures  hide  below  ground:  they  emerge  in 
numbers  during  the  bright  sunny  days  of  October.  Rapidity  of  move- 
ment is  their  characteristic  habit : they  run  along  the  ground : they  climb 
the  low  bushes  with  ease,  at  times  swinging  from  twig  to  twig  like  long- 
limbed  apes:  they  are  expert  burrowers,  using  the  chelicerae  as  digging 
organs.  Despite  their  speed  they  are  said  to  fall  a ready  prey  to  kestrels. 


2 — 2 


20 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


The  following  notes  are  taken  from  a little-known  paper  entitled 
‘'Some  Arachnids  at  Hanover,  Cape  Colony/'  by  S.  C.  Cronwright- 
Schreiner,  in  the  Popular  Science  Monthly  for  December  1902:  “If  you 
watch  a Solpuga  closely,  you  may  see  its  sides  palpitating  rapidly,  even 
violently,  if  you  hold  it  in  your  hand.  Like  all  active,  high  strung,  quick 
breathing  creatures,  the  Solifugae  perish  almost  instantaneously  when 
immersed  in  spirits,  while  large  scorpions  and  large  Harpactirae  will  live 
for  two  or  three  hours.  They  are  great  burrowers,  but  do  not  make 
regular  holes  apparently,  and  they  lie  dormant  underground  during  the 
winter.  They  are  a feature  of  the  thirsty  veld  and  the  blazing  sun.  The 
‘Tommies'  along  the  railway  sometimes  make  one  of  these  creatures 
fight  with  a scorpion.  They  place  the  combatants  in  some  slippery  vessel 
so  that  they  cannot  run  out.  The  scorpion  is  nearly  always  much  the 
larger  and  heavier  and  has  in  addition  to  its  long  arms  and  powerful 
nippers,  a deadly  sting.  Yet  it  not  infrequently  happens  that  the  jacht- 
spinnekop  comes  off  victorious,  for  it  seizes  the  scorpion  in  its  terrible 
shears  and  tears  a huge  hole  in  it  with  a quickness  and  force  against 
which  the  scorpion  is  often  powerless.  When  one  first  sees  a Solpuga  on 
the  veld,  especially  the  commonest  (S.  chelicornis) , one  can  hardly  believe 
it  is  not  a beautiful  karoo  flower:  touch  it,  and  awa}/  it  darts.  The  Dutch 
call  them  Jacht  Spinnekoppen  or  Haar  Scheerders.  Jacht  Spinnekop 
(hunting  spider)  is  a very  appropriate  name,  for,  to  the  casual  observer 
they  resemble  spiders,  and  they  are  mighty  hunters.  Haar  Scheerder 
(hair  shearer)  is  even  more  oppropriate.  They  are  called  Haar  Scheerders 
because  of  their  two  enormous  shears.  Many  a person  believes  that,  if 
they  get  into  your  hair,  you  will  not  get  them  out  again  until  they  have 
shorn  it  all  oh.'' 

The  S.  African  solifuge  fauna  is  noteworthy  for  the  abundance  of 
diurnal  types.  Text-books  of  Zoology  and  Natural  History  describe 
these  creatures  as  wholly  nocturnal,  and  indeed  this  seems  to  be  actually 
the  case  in  other  parts  of  the  world.  In  Dr  F.  Werner’s  paper  on,  “Scor- 
pions and  Allied  annulated  spiders  of  the  Anglo-Egyptian  Sudan  " and 
in  Mr  Pocock's  account  in  the  Fauna  of  British  India,  the  whole  fauna  is 
represented  as  nocturnal. 

The  following  arrangement  of  the  subfamilies  and  of  the  several 
genera  in  each  subfamily  has  no  claim  to  phylogenetic  importance.  The 
subfamily  Solpuginae  seems  to  be  quite  sharply  separated  from  the  other 
groups  and  I regard  it  as  the  most  specialised.  The  Daesiinae  constitute 
a natural  group  of  which  Daesia  is  probably  the  most  specialised  genus : 
this  subfamily  presents  certain  points  of  affinity  with  the  Galeodidae. 
The  Karschiinae  have  relationships  therewith,  yet  are  well  worthy  of 
distinction  in  my  opinion,  although  Prof.  Kraepelin  finds  difficulty  in 
separating  them  from  the  Daesiinae:  the  subfamily  includes  the  most 
primitive  of  S.  African  Solifugae,  and  indeed  the  genus  Lipophaga  would 
appear  to  be  the  most  generalised  of  all  known  Solifugae.  The  very 
specialised  Hexisopodinae  are  somewhat  isolated  and  their  affinities, 
obscure  but  it  does  not  seem  necessary  to  separate  them  as  a family 
distinct  from  the  Karschiinae  and  Daesiinae. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


21 


Key  to  the  Genera  of  South  A frican  SOLIFUGAE. 

A.  Fourth  leg  with  a pair  of  well-developed  terminal  tarsal  claws. 
These  claws  are  somewhat  larger  than  those  on  the  preceding  legs.  The 
femora  of  the  legs  are  all  long,  much  longer  than  the  trochantin. 

a.  First  leg  without  tarsal  claws1. 

av  Tarsus  of  fourth  leg  with  seven  segments,  of  which  the 
basal  one  is  by  far  the  longest,  being  quite  as  long  as  the  next  four 
segments  together,  the  three  penultimate  segments  being  the 
shortest:  tarsi  of  second  and  third  legs  with  only  four  segments: 
subungual  appendages  of  the  tarsal  claws  small  and  not  strongly 
divaricating.  S.  /.  Solpuginae. 


Subfamily  SOLPUGINAE. 

1 . Tarsus  of  palp  immovably  attached  to  the  tibia,  which  segment  becomes 
somewhat  narrowed  distally  and  on  its  inferior  surface  is  armed  with  numerous 
short  truncated  bristles  and  longer  pointed  ones  but  no  true  spines,  also  in 
the  male  often  with  a very  distinct  scopula  of  short  feathered  hairs:  coxa  of 
palp  with  an  elongated  maxillary  process  projecting  anteriorly  from  the 
ventral  border  mesially:  ocular  tubercle  bearing  a number  of  stiff  bristles  or 
weak  spines,  several  pairs  of  approximately  equal  size  being  directed  anteriorly 
(in  juveniles  one  pair  of  forwardly  directed  spines  is  noticeably  larger  than 
the  others) : anterior  border  of  head-plate  straight  and  the  mesial  longitudinal 
groove  more  or  less  obsolete  in  adults : the  glabrous  area  on  the  mesial  surface 
of  the  basal  part  of  the  chelicera  bearing  a series  of  parallel  stridulatory  ridges, 
which  however  are  occasionally  absent  in  adult  males : the  dental  series  of  the 
upper  jaw  flanked  on  the  inner  surface  and  sometimes  almost  hidden  by  a 
strip  of  numerous  feathered  bristles,  and  parallel  thereto  but  situated  at  a 
little  distance  posteriorly  is  a row  of  forwardly  directed  sharp-pointed  stout 
spines,  usually  7-9  in  males,  but  more  numerous  in  females : dentition  of  upper 
jaw  variable. in  the  single  series,  but  the  lower  jaw  has  always  two  large  teeth 
with  one  (rarely  two  or  three)  intervening  small  tooth;  surfaces  of  body 
hairy,  with  stiffer  setae  on  the  chelicerae  and  head-plate;  in  the  male  long 
spines  often  occur  on  the  chelicerae,  but  never  on  the  tergites:  flagellum  of 
adult  male  with  a stiff  shaft  exhibiting  great  variety  in  shape,  generally 
cylindrical  or  more  or  less  flattened  into  a ribbon;  this  arises  from  the  basal 
enlargement,  a hollow  closed  capsule,  usually  flat  on  the  mesial  side  and  turgid 
on  its  external  side,  and  fixed  immovably  along  its  base  to  the  upper  or 
inner  surface  of  the  upper  jaw:  the  walls  of  the  capsule  are  thickened  along  the 
dorsal  and  hind  margins,  and  the  cavity  is  continued  as  a fine  tubule  into 
the  procurrent  portion  of  the  shaft  which  remains  firmly  attached  to  the 
surface  of  the  jaw  up  to  the  point  where  the  shaft  bends  upwards.  (Species 
usually  of  large  size.) 

Solpuga  Licht. 

2.  Similar  to  Solpuga,  but  the  tibia  of  the  palp  in  the  adult  male  carries 
a number  of  stout  spines  on  its  inferior  surface  as  well  as  a scopula,  which  is 
not  large:  ocular  tubercle  armed  with  two  semicircular  series  of  stiff  bristles, 
the  two  largest  of  which  project  horizontally  forwards. 

Zeriassa  Pocock. 


1 According  to  Kraepelin,  rudimentary  claws  may  occur  in  Gluviopsis. 


22 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


a2.  Tarsus  of  second  and  third  legs  with  1-2  segments,  of  fourth 
leg  with  1-4  segments.  Stridulatory  ridges  of  chelicerae  long  and 
well  developed.  Flagellum  of  male  when  present  is  membranous 
and  expanded,  at  least  in  its  basal  portion,  the  edges  incurved  to 
form  an  open  capsule:  at  the  base  where  it  is  attached  to  the  mesial 
surface  of  the  jaw,  there  is  a ball  and  socket  joint  by  which  it  can 
be  movably  articulated  in  a vertical  plane  around  its  point  of 
attachment.  Anterior  border  of  head-plate  not  quite  straight  but 
more  or  less  curved.  S.  /.  Daesiinae. 


Subfamily  DAESIINAE. 

3.  Second  and  third  legs  with  two  tarsal  segments,  fourth  leg  with  four 

tarsal  segments,  the  basal  one  of  which  is  subequal  to  the  other  three  in  length, 
the  one  next  to  it  being  shortest,  and  the  most  distal  segment  longer  than 
the  penultimate  or  the  antepenultimate.  Tibia  of  second  leg  with  five  dorsal 
spines,  of  third  leg  with  three  dorsal  spines.  Tarsus  of  palp  slightly  movable. 
Tibia  of  palp  without  cylinder  bristles  or  scopula  interiorly  but  with  short 
spines  on  each  side,  three  externally  and  1—3  internally  as  well  as  several 
longer  weak  spines  and  bristles.  Maxillary  process  of  coxa  of  palp  very  short 
and  rounded.  Dentition  of  female  very  like  that  of  Solpuga  Venator : of  male 
very  variable.  The  surfaces  of  the  body  are  not  spiny  but  covered  with  hairs 
and  long  setae  which  may  be  spiniform  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  chelicerae 
and  on  the  hind  border  of  the  head-plate  of  adult  males.  Adult  male  with  a 
rotatable  flagellum,  and  with  a group  of  numerous  modified  hairs  on  the  second 
sternite.  Species  of  moderate  size  and  plain  colouration,  strongly  contrasting 
colours  being  unknown  in  this  genus.  Daesia  Karsch. 

4.  Tarsus  of  second  and  third  legs  composed  of  only  one  segment,  of  fourth 

leg  comparatively  long  and  slender,  composed  of  two  segments  the  distal  one 
of  which  is  much  the  shorter  and  is  quite  freely  movable.  Tibiae  of  second 
and  third  legs  without  a dorsal  row  of  spines.  Head-plate  with  a very  distinct 
mesial  groove,  and  armed  usually  with  short  spines,  prickles,  and  forked 
bristles,  whilst  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  chelicerae  and  the  tergites,  especially 
those  of  the  thorax,  are  armed  with  stiff  setae  and  cylinder  bristles  the  longer 
ones  of  which  are  forked  at  the  tip,  or  in  the  male  with  spines  which  are  often 
very  strong,  the  first  thoracic  tergite  constituting  a narrow  spiny  collar  to 
the  head-plate.  Ocular  tubercle  with  two  stiff  bristles  projecting  horizontally 
forwards.  Tibia  of  palp  inferiorly  with  spines  and  numerous  cylinder  bristles: 
short  cylinder  bristles,  or  long  ones  forked  at  the  tip,  occur  also  on  the  surfaces 
of  the  body  and  appendages  generally.  Maxillary  lobe  of  coxa  of  palp  fairly 
long  and  prominent.  Adult  male  with  a membranous  rotatable  flagellum, 
and  there  are  several  pairs  of  modified  fleshy  hairs  on  the  second  abdominal 
sternite  in  the  male  and  sometimes  also  in  the  female.  Species  of  small  size 
and  plain  colour  (except  B.  obscura).  Blossia  Simon, 

5.  Similar  to  Blossia,  but  flagellum  of  male  is  a flexible  densely  ha  ry  rod, 
not  rotatable  but  directed  forwards  and  hidden  between  the  chelicerae. 
Patella  and  tibia  of  palp  without  spines  inferiorly.  Ocular  tubercle  with  a 
semicircle  of  fine  setae  on  the  mesial  side  of  each  eye.  Anterior  margin  of 
head-plate  almost  semicircular.  Upper  jaw  of  male  strongly  compressed 
laterally,  forming  a vertical  lamina  except  quite  at  the  base. 

Melanoblossia  Purcell. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


23 


6.  Tarsus  of  fourth  leg  comparatively  stout,  especially  in  the  female, 

with  one  or  two  segments,  but  in  the  latter  case  the  two  segments  are  subequal 
in  length  and  not  movably  articulated  with  each  other.  Patella  and  tibia  of 
palp  without  true  spines  below,  the  tibia  being  thickly  studded  all  round  with 
brownish  black  truncated  cylinder  bristles.  Chelicerae  of  male  without  spines 
above,  but  with  long  slender  curved  bristles.  Flagellum  of  male  a large  flat 
rigid  membrane  rotatable  at  its  narrow  end,  bearing  on  its  mesial  surface  a 
delicate  capsule  with  long  slit-like  opening,  and  terminating  at  its  broader 
end  in  slight  exfoliations,  two  of  which  are  more  or  less  like  short  horns: 
second  and  third  sternites  with  numerous  fleshy  hairs.  Species  of  small  size 
and  with  strongly  contrasting  colours.  Hemiblossia  Kraepelin. 

7.  Similar  to  Hemiblossia,  but  patella  and  tibia  of  palp  in  both  sexes 

with  stout  spines  below  in  a double  row.  Tarsus  of  fourth  leg  comprising  only 
one  segment,  which  is  comparatively  slender  (5-6  times  as  long  as  deep). 
Flagellum  membranous,  forming  an  inflated  capsule  open  along  its  mesial 
side.  Second  and  third  sternites  of  male  each  bearing  two  clusters  of  several 
modified  fleshy  hair  structures.  Gluviopsis  Kraepelin. 

b.  Tarsus  of  first  leg  with  a pair  of  small  or  minute  tarsal  claws. 
Flagellum  of  male  when  present  rotatable  (or  fixed  apparently  in 
some  species).  S.  /.  Karschiinae. 


Subfamily  KARSCHIINAE. 

8.  Tarsi  of  legs  II— IV  with  two  freely  movable  segments,  the  basal  one 

five  or  six  times  as  long  as  the  distal  segment,  which  has  very  long,  strongly 
diverging,  subungual  appendages.  Tibiae  of  legs  II  and  III  spined  dorsally, 
but  leg  IV  without  spines.  Tibia  of  palp  more  or  less  cylindrical,  not  attenuated 
distally,  and  without  true  spines  or  scopula  inferiorly,  the  patella  with  five 
very  long  bristles  on  each  side  inferiorly.  Upper  surfaces  of  chelicerae  and 
body  without  strong  spines.  Anterior  margin  of  head -plate  rounded.  Ocular 
tubercle  armed  with  a number  of  fine  bristles  especially  in  front.  Basal  enlarge- 
ment of  flagellum  small  and  not  very  sharply  differentiated  from  the  shaft, 
attached  by  a fairly  large  rotating  joint  (sometimes  fixed?)  to  the  inner 
surface  of  the  jaw,  and  produced  directly  upwards  into  the  shaft:  basally,  it 
is  protected  and  more  or  less  concealed  on  the  mesial  side  by  a fan -like  row  of 
feather  bristles  or  by  several  spines.  Upper  lobe  of  rostrum  evenly  pointed 
at  the  apex,  the  lower  margin  being  not  horizontal  but  inclined  upwards.  Coxa 
of  palp  with  a short  maxillary  process.  Ceroma  Karsch. 

9.  Similar  thereto,  but  adult  male  without  a flagellum.  Upper  lobe  Of 
rostrum  unevenly  pointed,  the  lower  margin  being  horizontal  and  very  slightly 
concave,  and  the  upper  margin  curving  strongly  downwards. 

Toreus  Purcell. 

10.  All  the  legs  with  a single  tarsal  segment  and  small  pul  villus.  The  two 

halves  of  the  genital  sternite  of  the  female  not  united  mesially.  Adult  male 
without  a flagellum  and  no  fleshy  hairs  on  the  second  abdominal  sternite. 
Patella  of  palp  with  strong  spines  inferiorly  in  the  male:  tibia  of  palp  with 
numerous  truncated  cylinder  bristles  inferiorly  especially  in  the  male.  Ocular 
tubercle  with  a pair  of  spines  anteriorly.  Tibia  of  leg  IV  with  slender  spines 
inferiorly  in  the  male:  of  legs  II  and  III  with  four  or  five  stout  dorsal  spines 
also.  Lipophaga  Purcell. 


24 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


B.  Fourth  leg  without  tarsal  claws.  All  the  legs  are  short,  the 
posterior  three  pairs  very  robust,  their  more  distal  segments  strongly 
spined.  In  the  fourth  leg  the  combined  length  of  coxa  and  of  the  three 
trochanter  segments  is  about  equal  to  that  of  the  rest  of  the  limb,  the 
femur  of  this  leg  being  shorter  than  the  trochantin.  Surfaces  of  body 
and  appendages  clothed  with  long  silky  hairs.  Flagellum  of  male  rota- 
tably attached  at  the  small  cup-like  basal  enlargement  to  the  inner 
surface  of  the  upper  jaw.  S.  /.  Hexisopodinae. 


Subfamily  HEXISOPODINAE. 

11.  The  three  distal  segments  of  leg  IV  are  terete,  or  only  slightly  com- 

pressed, and  without  angular  edges.  Pedipalps  not  spined.  Stridulatory  area 
of  chelicerae  with  parallel  ribs.  In  females,  the  mesial  surface  of  the  chelicera 
carries  feathered  bristles  and  stout  simple  bristles,  but  the  males  are  devoid 
of  feather  bristles  and  have  no  long  simple  bristles,  though  dorsally  near 
the  base  of  the  -fang  there  occurs  a dense  patch  of  short  spiniform  setae.  The 
flagellum  of  the  male  is  hidden  between  the  mandibles,  being  attached  to  the 
jaw  far  back,  but  quite  near  to  the  cutting  edge  and  not  far  from  the  angle  of 
the  jaws.  H exisopus  Karsch. 

12.  The  three  distal  segments  of  the  fourth  leg  are  broad  and  more  or 

less  strongly  flattened  with  angular  edges,  and  some  of  the  distal  segments 
of  the  third  and  fourth  legs  have  their  posterior  surfaces  hairless  and  densely 
covered  with  short  granuliform  or  dentiform  spinules.  Distal  segments  of 
pedipalps  strongly  spined.  Inner  surface  of  chelicerae  with  a large  smooth 
area  marked  with  fine  furrows,  which  are  sometimes  more  or  less  reticulately 
arranged,  and  sometimes  more  or  less  in  longitudinal  lines.  (Females  of  this 
genus  unknown.)  Chelypus  Purcell. 


Genus  Solpuga  Licht. 

Solpuga  lethalis  C.  L.  Koch,  1842  [Text  fig.  2 a],  Kraepelin,  in  Das 
TierreicK,  p.  56,  fig.  14.  Purcell,  in  Annals  5.  Af.  Mus.  1,  p.  405,  figs.  19 
and  19  a. 

The  form  described  by  Dr  Purcell,  characterised  by  a well-marked  distal 
sinus  on  the  shaft  of  the  flagellum,  was  recorded  from  the  following  divisions 
in  Cape  Colony:  Malmesbury,  Robertson,  Swellendam,  Paarl,  Worcester, 
Clanwilliam  and  Namaqualand.  In  this  form,  now  termed  5.  lethalis  typicus, 
the  shaft  is  devoid  of  minute  serrations  except  for  an  oblique  band  on  the 
anterior  half  of  the  sinus. 

Kraepelin  records  the  species  from  various  localities  in  S.W.  Africa,  viz. 
Ababis,  Okasise,  Okahandja,  Windhuk,  Rehoboth  and  Spitzkoppe  near  Keet- 
manshoop.  It  is  not  known  from  the  eastern  or  central  districts  of  the  Cape 
Province. 

In  the  male,  the  spines  on  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  chelicerae  are  not  very 
stout. 

Solpuga  lethalis  C.  Koch  var.  nov.  rectus  [PI.  VII,  fig.  37  and  Text  fig.  2 b\. 

This  name  is  applied  to  a form  which  is  chiefly  distinguished  from  typical 
specimens,  as  described  by  Kraepelin  and  Purcell,  in  the  complete  absence  of  a 
distal  sinus  on  the  recurrent  portion  of  the  flagellum.  The  shaft  is  long, 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


25 


extending  back  well  beyond  the  ocular  tubercle,  approximately  reaching  the 
middle  of  the  head-plate:  apically  it  is  bifurcated,  the  upper  portion  being 
longer,  quite  smooth  and  tapering  to  a point,  the  lower  portion  being  short, 
blunt,  and  its  surfaces  well  serrated  along  the  angular  margins.  The  shaft  is 
also  serrulated  along  the  slight  ridges  which  occur  in  its  basal  half,  but  in 
the  distal  half,  where  ridges  are  still  more  marked,  the  serrations  are  absent 
excepting  near  the  apex:  the  surfaces  are  in  fact  comparatively  smooth  in  the 
distal  half  but  roughened  in  the  basal  half. 

The  anterior  bend  of  the  flagellum  is  approximately  midway  between  the 
apex  of  the  fang  and  the  first  tooth.  On  the  inner  upper  margin  of  the  fang, 
near  to  the  anterior  bend,  there  is  a small  tooth. 

Measurements.  Breadth  of  head-plate  11,  length  of  patella  of  palp  17*8, 
of  tibia  and  tarsus  of  palp  17-5,  of  patella  of  fourth  leg  16.  Total  length  of 
recurrent  portion  of  flagellum  16-75. 


Text  fig.  2,  a and  b.  Solpuga  lethalis  Koch,  a,  Distal  portion  of  flagellum  of  typical 
form  from  O’okiep,  viewed  from  the  outer  side  interiorly,  b,  Ditto  of  5.  lethalis 
var.  nov.  rectus  from  Windhuk:  more  enlarged  than  a. 


The  type  of  this  variety  is  a single  male  example  from  Windhuk  (G.  A. 
Thompson),  in.  the  collection  of  the  Transvaal  Museum. 

This  form  was  evidently  known  to  Prof.  Kraepelin:  in  his  last  paper  (3) 
some  reference  was  made  to  the  variability  of  the  flagellum  in  this  species  and 
Venator,  but  unfortunately  no  locality  data  were  given  for  the  varietal  forms 
there  mentioned. 

Solpuga  venosa  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1,  p.  412,  figs.  18  and  18  a. 
Kraepelin,  in  Das  Tierreich,  p.  74,  fig.  41. 

The  type  was  taken  from  a locality  about  twenty  miles  east  of  Pietersburg, 
Zoutpansberg  dist. 

Solpuga  fur cif era  Kraepelin,  1899.  Das  Tierreich,  p.  79,  fig.  56. 

Kraepelin  cites  the  following  localities  in  the  northern  parts  of  S.W.  Africa: 
Osire,  Windhuk,  Rehoboth,  Walfish  Bay.  A description  of  the  female  is  given 
by  the  same  author  (2) . 


26  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Solpuga  fusca  C.L.  Koch,  1842  [PI.  VI,  fig.  26].  Purcell  in  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus. 

1,  p.  417,  figs.  22  and  22  a.  Kraepelin  in  Das  Tierreich,  p.  79,  fig.  54. 

This  species  is  recorded  by  Purcell  only  from  localities  in  the  Cape  Penin- 
sula. It  may  be  noted  that  Kraepelin’s  figure  in  Das  Tierreich  does  not  agree 
with  Dr  Purcell’s  account  in  regard  to  the  position  of  the  anterior  bend  of 
the  flagellum. 

Solpuga  toppini  Hirst,  1916.  Annals  Durban  Mus . 1,  p.  228,  fig.  15. 

The  type  is  from  Ngxwala  Hill,  Ubombo,  Zululand. 

The  Durban  Museum  has  several  large  females  from  the  same  locality 
which  are  probably  referable  to  this  species.  The  general  colour  in  spirits  is 
a dirty  brown  with  olivaceous  tinge,  the  chelicerae  especially  somewhat 
greenish,  tergites  all  blackish,  malleoli  dark-edged.  The  single  series  of  teeth 
in  the  upper  jaw  with  two  small  intermediate  teeth.  Genital  sternite  with 
broadly  rounded  posterior  margins.  There  is  a stronger  development  of  fine 
hairs  on  the  palp  and  legs  than  in  females  of  the  venaior  group,  and  the  head- 
plate  is  rather  more  hirsute.  Measurements:  breadth  of  head-plate  12*5, 
length  of  tibia  and  tarsus  of  palp  11,  of  patella  of  palp  10-3,  of  patella  of 
fourth  leg  10-2,  of  tibia  of  fourth  leg  9.  These  females  are  well  separated  from 
those  of  fusca,  to  which  toppini  seems  to  be  related,  in  that  the  dentition  of 
the  lower  jaw  is  quite  normal  for  the  genus. 

Solpuga  Venator  Pocock  [PI.  I,  fig.  1 and  PI.  IV,  fig.  12],  1897.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat . 

Hist.  6,  xx,  p.  258,  fig.  7.  Purcell  in  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1,  p.  407  and  11,  p.  208. 

The  type  of  this  species  came  from  Kleinpoort  in  the  Eastern  Karroo,  and 
specimens  from  Port  Elizabeth  were  identified  therewith  by  Mr  Pocock. 

Recorded  by  Purcell  from  the  following  divisions  in  Cape  Colony : Namaqua- 
land,  Kenhart,  Carnarvon,  Victoria  West,  Middelburg,  Beaufort  West,  Prince 
Albert,  Sutherland  and  Uitenhage;  also  from  Warmbad  in  Great  Namaland. 
It  is  known  to  me  from : Brakkloof  near  Grahamstown  (Mrs  G.  White) ; Alice 
(Albany  Mus,  coll.) ; Grattans,  Koonap  (E.  Bennett);  Carlisle  Bridge  (F. 
Bowker);  Alicedale  (F.  Cruden);  Longhcpe  (Miss  D.  Cotton);  De  Aar  (S.  C. 
Cronwright-Schreiner) ; Griquatown  (Dr  R.  Broom);  Aus  S.  W.  A.  (female 
examples  in  Kimberley  Mus.).  Kraepelin  records  it  from  the  following 
localities  in  S.  W.  Africa:  Warmbad,  Churutabis,  Keetmanshoop,  Kabus, 
Kuibis,  Luderitzbucht,  Gibeon  and  Rehobo th. 

The  spines  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  chelicerae  are  not  so  strongly 
developed  as  in  monteiroi.  A large  female  from  Keetmanshoop  (G.  V.  Haagner), 
in  the  collection  of  the  Transvaal  Museum,  has  the  following  measurements : 
Width  of  head-plate  15,  length  of  patella  of  palp  16,  of  tibia  and  tarsus  of 
palp  17,  of  fourth  patella  14-75,  °f  fourth  tibia  13-3.  This  specimen  has  a 
single  intermediate  tooth  in  the  single  series  of  the  upper  jaw.  In  a male  from 
Dunbrody  the  single  series  of  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  comprises  four  main 
teeth,  but  on  the  fourth  basally  there  is  a distinct  additional  tooth:  in  speci- 
mens from  Redhouse  a minute  additional  tooth  occurs  between  the  second  and 
third  normal  teeth.  A large  female  example  from  Griquatown  sent  along 
with  an  adult  male  of  Venator  has  two  such  intermediate  teeth,  whereas  the 
male  has  only  one:  this  female  may  be  referable  to  lethalis,  but  the  dentition 
cannot  be  regarded  as  an  infallible  guide  in  distinguishing  these  two  species. 

A female  from  Douglas  has  a single  intermediate  tooth;  males  from  the 
same  locality  may  have  one  such  tooth  or  two,  in  which  case  one  of  them  is 
very  small. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


27 


Solpuga  monteiroi  Pocock,  1895  [PI-  VII,  fig.  38].  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  6,  xvi, 
p.  87.  PI.  IV,  fig.  6 (figure  erroneous).  Also  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  6,  xx. 
p.  257,  fig.  6 on  p.  261. 

The  author’s  second  figure  was  also  incorrect  in  its  representation  of  the 
spiny  armament  of  the  chelicera. 

The  type  came  from  Delagoa  Bay.  Kraepelin  records  it  from  Walfish 
Bay,  and  from  other  localities  in  the  northern  portion  of  South  West  Africa, 
viz.  Windhuk,  Okahandja,  Okakena,  Osire,  and  Grossfontein.  I have  recorded 
it  from  Victoria  Falls,  and  it  is  also  known  to  me  from:  Mt  Temple,  Bechuana- 
land  (T.  C.  Lanham) ; Rooikranz,  Rustenburg  dist.  (Transvaal  Mus.);  Vyge- 
boompoort  in  Waterberg  dist.  (G.  van  Dam);  Tsessebe  (E.  C.  Wilmot) ; Kraai 
Pan  (Kimberley  Mus.) ; Griffin  Mine,  Leydsdorp  (G.  van  Dam) ; and  Newington 
in  N.  E.  Transvaal  (Dr  J.  P.  Fenoulhet). 

The  distribution  of  this  species  appears  to  agree  closely  with  that  of  the 
scorpion  Uroplectes  vittatus  Thor. 

Specimens  from  Mt  Temple  have  a straight  flagellar  shaft,  whilst  those 
from  Tsessebe  have  a shallow  sinuation  thereon  at  a little  distance  from  the 
apex.  In  one  example  from  the  former  locality,  the  basal  enlargement  of  the 
flagellum  is  not  so  elongate  as  in  typical  examples  and  the  spines  on  the 
chelicerae  not  so  strong. 

Female  examples  apparently  referable  to  this  species  are  distinguishable 
from  those  of  Venator,  globicornis , and  allies,  from  the  fact  that  the  patella 
and  tibia  of  the  fourth  leg  are  subequal  in  length:  moreover  the  cylinder 
bristles  on  the  palp  are  comparatively  few,  the  tarsus  being  devoid  thereof 
and  the  femur  having  only  very  few  such  bristles. 

Solpuga  schlechteri  Purcell  [PI.  IV,  fig.  15],  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  41 1, 
figs.  17  and  17  a. 

The  type  came  from  Naroep  in  Great  Bushmanland.  In  Das  Tierreich, 
Prof.  Kraepelin  suggested  that  this  may  be  cospecific  with  serraticornis : it  is 
clear  however  that  such  is  not  the  case,  and  in  Kraepelin’s  most  recent  list 
the  species  is  maintained  on  the  evidence  of  specimens  from  Luderitzbucht 
and  Kuibis,  which  differ  from  Purcell’s  description  only  in  possessing  a single 
intermediate  tooth,  instead  of  two,  in  the  upper  jaw.  We  have  the  species 
from  Kakamas  (Miss  H.  C.  Olivier),  and  from  Keimoes  near  Upington  (S.  M. 
Gadd).  In  the  Keimoes  example  there  is  a single  intermediate  tooth  in  the 
upper  jaw : in  the  Kakamas  specimens  two  such  teeth  are  represented,  although 
the  second  tooth  is  either  a mere  rudiment  or  only  minute. 

The  feather  bristles  of  the  upper  jaw  are  not  strongly  developed:  they 
are  comparatively  numerous  on  the  lower  jaw. 

Solpuga  serraticornis  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  409,  fig.  16. 

The  type  came  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Bulawayo. 

Adult  specimens  from  Bulawayo  have  been  kindly  lent  to  me  by  Dr  G. 
Arnold.  In  both  sexes  the  dorsal  surfaces  are  somewhat  infuscated,  but  not 
deeply  so,  the  pigmentation  extending  over  the  soft  skin  for  some  little  distance 
lateral  to  the  tergites.  In  the  male  the  spines  on  the  upper  and  lateral  surfaces 
of  the  chelicerae  are  numerous  and  long,  but  not  very  stout : the  upper  margin 
of  the  basal  enlargement  of  the  flagellum  is  curved,  not  greatly  elongated. 

In  the  female  there  are  two  intermediate  teeth  in  the  single  series  of  the 
upper  jaw:  cylinder  bristles  occur  on  the  patella,  tibia,  and  tarsus  of  the  palp, 
but  not  many  on  the  patella. 


28 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Measurements  of  adult  female.  Breadth  of  head-plate  14,  length  of  patella 
of  palp  12,  of  tibia  and  tarsus  of  palp  12-5,  of  patella  of  fourth  leg  ii-2,  of 
tibia  of  fourth  leg  10*1. 

A variety  of  this  species,  found  at  Umtali,  was  described  by  me  under 
the  name  of  5.  serraticornis  umtalica  [Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  iv.  p.  162, 
fig.  24).  We  also  have  the  species  from  a locality  in  the  south  of  the  Melsetter 
dist.  (F.  A.  O.  Pym). 

In  umtalica  the  upper  margin  of  the  basal  enlargement  of  the  flagellum  is 
curved:  there  are  numerous  well-feathered  bristles  on  the  lower  jaw,  and  the 
distance  from  the  tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  is  equal  to  i^-if 
times  the  distance  between  the  two  large  teeth : there  is  a dense  group  of  long 
and  strong  spines  on  the  upper  and  outer  surfaces  of  the  chelicera. 

Solpuga  spiralicornis  Puicell  [PI.  V,  fig.  18],  1903.  Novitates  Zoologicae,  x. 
p.  304,  fig.  1. 

The  type  came  from  Shilowane,  near  Leysdorp.  What  seems  to  be  the 
same  species  was  described  by  Mr  S.  Hirst  from  the  Zoutpansberg  dist.,  under 
the  name  of  S.  pugilator  {Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  8,  ix.  p.  232).  It  is  known  to 
me  from  Newington  (Dr  J.  P.  Fenoulhet),  and  the  Transvaal  Museum  has  it 
from  Hectorspruit  (F.  Streeter),  and  Griffin  Mine,  Leysdorp  (G.  van  Dam). 

In  this  species  the  form  of  the  basal  enlargement  varies  somewhat.  In  the 
Newington  specimen  the  upper  margin  of  the  basal  enlargement  is  quite  long 
and  practically  straight : in  the  Griffin  Mine  example  it  is  a little  shorter,  and 
distinctly  curved  on  the  upper  margin.  Moreover,  in  the  latter,  the  terminal 
portion  of  the  shaft  beyond  the  sinus  is  not  so  sharply  pointed  nor  so  straight 
as  in  our  Newington  example.  The  Griffin  Mine  form  is  presumably  typical: 
that  from  Newington  and  Hectorspruit  is  apparently  the  same  as  pugilator 
Hirst,  which  may  thus  rank  provisionally  as  a varietal  form. 

The  characters  of  the  lower  jaw,  however,  seem  to  separate  these  forms 
a little  further:  in  the  Newington  example,  the  fang  is  distinctly  longer  than 
in  other  specimens,  the  distance  from  the  tip  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth 
being  equal  to  1^  times  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth, 
whereas  in  examples  from  Griffin  Mine  and  Hectorspruit  the  proportion  is 
if  times.  In  each  case  there  are  numerous  well-feathered  bristles  on  the 
lower  jaw. 

A female  example  probably  referable  to  spiralicornis  was  also  taken  at 
Griffin  Mine  by  Mr  van  Dam : I refer  it  to  this  species,  rather  than  to  monteiroi, 
which  was  taken  in  the  same  neighbourhood,  on  account  of  the  dark  pigmen- 
tation on  the  abdomen,  a character  found  in  the  male  of  spiralicornis.  The 
soft  skin  between  the  tergites  of  the  abdomen  and  thorax  is  rather  deeply 
infuscated,  and  on  the  abdomen  this  extends  to  some  extent  down  the  sides 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  first  three  or  four  segments : in  the  hinder  half  of 
the  abdomen  the  soft  skin  of  the  sides  is  deeply  infuscated  over  an  extensive 
area  and  also  ventrally  between  the  sternites.  The  head-plate  is  brown,  dark 
brown  near  the  anterior  margin,  the  ocular  tubercle  very  darkly  so.  Palps 
and  legs  pale  yellowish  brown.  Malleoli  not  infuscated.  There  are  two  inter- 
mediate teeth  of  moderate  size  in  the  single  series  of  the  upper  jaw. 

Measurements.  Breadth  of  head-plate  9*25,  length  of  tibia  and  tarsus  of 
palp  11,  of  patella  of  palp  10-35,  °f  tibia  of  fourth  leg  9-3,  of  patella  of  fourth 
leg  9-7. 

Solpuga  strepsiceros  Kraepelin,  1899  [PI.  IV,  fig.  13  and  Text-fig.  3].  Das 
Tierreich,  p.  68,  fig.  31. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


29 


The  locality  cited  by  Kraepelin  is  Delagoa  Bay.  The  species  is  known  to 
me  from  Barberton  (Transvaal  Mus.). 

In  Barberton  specimens,  the  flagellum  has  a spiral  twist,  but  the  spiral  is 
not  an  open  one,  and  the  curves  not  so  pronounced  as  represented  in  Kraepelin’s 
figure  in  Das  Tierreich.  The  serrated  edge  is  not  continued  over  the  whole 
length  of  the  shaft,  but  commences  slightly  posterior  to  the  hind  margin  of 
the  basal  enlargement.  Basal  enlargement  short,  with  curved  upper  margin. 
On  the  upper  surface  of  the  chelicera  there  are  a few  long  slender  spines  and  stiff 
bristles,  but  the  development  of  stout  spines  is  not  nearly  so  pronounced  as  in 
spivalicovnis , and  true  spines  do  not  occur  on  the  outer  surface  of  the  chelicera. 


Text  fig.  3.  Solpuga  stvepsicevos  Kraepelin.  Shewing  terminal  portion  of  right  upper 
jaw,  with  flagellum:  specimen  from  Barberton. 


The  splendid  colouration  of  this  species — head-plate,  palps,  legs  and  sides 
of  abdomen  clothed  with  bright,  golden  yellow  hairs,  tergites  black — serves 
to  distinguish  the  female  from  those  of  related  species.  The  margins  of  the 
malleoli  are  broadly  infuscated  but  not  deeply  so.  The  measurements  of  the 
female  are  as  follows:  breadth  of  head-plate  10*7,  length  of  tibia  and  tarsus 
of  palp  10,  of  patella  of  fourth  leg  9,  of  tibia  of  fourth  leg  7-8. 


Solpuga  schonlandi  Pocock  [Text-fig.  4],  1900.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  7, 
vi.  p.  316. 


The  type  was  recorded  from  Grahamstown,  but  there  are  no  specimens  in 
the  Albany  Museum  from  the  Grahamstown 
neighbourhood.  I have  previously  recorded 
it  from  Kimberley,  from  the  neighbourhood 
of  Johannesburg,  and  from  several  localities 
in  the  Pretoria  district.  It  is  also  known  to 
me  from  Rooispruit  near  Rosmead  (A.  Gib- 
bons) ; Tafelberg  (Miss  A.  Gadd) ; Damplaats 
near  Burghersdorp  (A.  Kruger) ; Vryburg, 

Warrendaleand  Kuruman  (Kimberley  Mus.) ; 

Modder  Riv.  (F.  A.  O.  Pym)  and  Bulawayo 
(Miss  L.  Leppan). 

In  the  male,  there  may  be  either  five  or 
four  teeth  in  the  single  series  of  the  upper 
jaw:  in  the  former  case  the  third  tooth  is 
minute.  The  terminal  fang  is  rather  long, 
curved  slightly  outwards  towards  the  apex, 
and  a little  downwards  at  the  apex : on  the 
inner  edge  superiorly  is  a small  sharp-pointed 
forwardly  projecting  tooth,  situated  much  nearer  to  the  flagellum  than  to 


Text  fig.  4.  Solpuga  schonlandi 
Pocock.  Portion  of  left  chelicera 
of  male,  viewed  from  mesial  side : 
specimen  from  Rooispruit. 


30 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


the  apex  of  the  fang.  The  lower  jaw  has  no  distinct  lateral  keel  on  its  outer 
side  distally:  the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  the  first 
tooth  is  about  equal  to  if—  if  times  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the 
two  large  teeth.  The  basal  enlargement  of  the  flagellum  is  high,  not  produced 
anteriorly:  the  upper  margin  is  acute,  but  does  not  form  a sharp  keel  well 
marked  off  from  the  outer  turgid  portion:  on  its  outer  side  it  is  flanked  by  a 
strong  chitinous  thickening  which  is  continued  obliquely  downwards  into  the 
fang.  The  shaft  is  short,  lightly  curved,  considerably  flattened  at  the  anterior 
bend  in  an  antero-posterior  direction,  but  elsewhere  is  more  or  less  cylindrical, 
gradually  diminishing  in  width  towards  the  apex,  which  is  truncate  with  a 
central  projecting  core.  In  dried  specimens  the  shaft  bends  downwards  over 
the  basal  enlargement,  and  thus  the  apex  becomes  carried  far  back,  distinctly 
behind  the  hind  margin  of  the  basal  enlargement.  There  is  a fairly  strong 
development  of  spines  and  stiff  bristles  on  the  upper  and  outer  surfaces  of  the 
chelicera.  Colour:  head-plate  and  appendages  pale  yellowish,  the  front  margin 
of  the  former  infuscate : abdominal  tergites  pale  brown : malleoli  not  infuscated. 

The  female  has  four  or  five  teeth  in  the  single  series  of  the  upper  jaw: 
upper  and  lateral  surfaces  of  the  chelicera  more  or  less  distinctly  marked  with 
three  darkish  longitudinal  stripes:  hairs  of  abdomen  greyish.  This  latter 
character  will  separate  it  from  the  female  of  Venator  in  which  the  hairs  of  the 
abdomen  are  uniformly  lemon  yellow. 

So  far  as  I can  discover,  the  female  presents  no  structural  or  colour 
characters  which  will  serve  to  distinguish  it  from  globicornis  which  is  common 
in  the  Pretoria  district,  or  from  ferox  which  occurs  in  the  Free  State  and 
Transvaal.  However,  the  relation  between  the  width  of  the  head-plate  and 
the  length  of  the  several  segments  of  the  fourth  leg  may  perhaps  ultimately 
furnish  a guide  to  the  specific  identity  of  adult  examples. 

Measurements.  Total  length,  M,  41:  width  of  head-plate,  F,  12-85:  length 
of  tibia  and  tarsus  of  palp,  M,  13-5,  F,  11-85  : of  patella  of  palp,  M,  13,  F,  io-8: 
of  tibia  of  fourth  leg,  M,  io-8,  F,  9:  of  patella  of  fourth  leg,  M,  11-2,  F,  9-6. 

Solpuga  globicornis  Kraepelin,  1899  [PI.  V,  fig.  21].  Das  Tierreich,  p.  76,  fig.  47. 

This  species  has  been  previously  recorded  by  me  from  various  localities 
in  the  Pretoria  district,  and  with  some  doubt  from  the  Lydenburg  and  Zout- 
pansberg  districts. 

In  the  lower  jaw  of  the  male  the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  fang  to  the 
apex  of  the  first  tooth  is  equal  to  about  if  times  the  distance  between  the 
apices  of  the  two  large  teeth. 

In  the  female,  the  patella  of  the  fourth  leg  seems  to  be  always  longer  than 
the  tibia. 


Measurements  of  several  females  apparently  referable  to  this  species  are 
as  follows: 


Width  of 

Length  of 
tarsus  + 

Length  of 

Length  of 

Length 

head- 

tibia  of 

patella 

patella 

of  tibia 

plate 

palp 

of  palp 

IV 

IV 

Immature  example  from  Pretoria  10-9 

n-3 

10-4 

9-5 

8-8 

Adult  from  Gezina 

I2-I 

12 

11-25 

10 

9-4 

Adult  from  Wonderboom 

...  12-5 

ii-8 

10-65 

9-7 

9-3 

Only  very  few  cylinder  bristles  occur  on  the  tibia  of  the  female  palp: 
there  are  some  also  on  the  tarsus. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


3i 


Solpuga  sericea  Pocock  [PL  III,  fig.  6],  1897.  Annals  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  6,  xx. 
p.  260,  fig.  4. 

The  types  came  from  Gadzima  on  the  Umfnli  River,  Mashonaland. 
Mr  S.  Hirst  records  the  species  from  Petauke  and  from  Alala  Plateau,  localities 
north  of  the  Zambesi.  It  is  recorded  by  Dr  Purcell  from  Shilowane. 

We  have  a female  example  from  Salisbury  (Fr.  J.  O’Neil,  S.J.)  which  is 
probably  referable  to  this  species  (or  possibly  to  celeripes  Hirst).  There  are 
numerous  very  long  silky  hairs  on  the  hind  legs,  a very  unusual  character  in 
females:  the  hairiness  of  the  hind  legs  is  indeed  more  pronounced  than  in 
females  of  chelicornis.  The  hind  borders  of  the  genital  sternites  are  broadly 
rounded.  There  are  two  intermediate  teeth  in  the  single  series  of  the  upper 
jaw.  Measurements:  breadth  of  head-plate  5-1,  length  of  tibia  and  tarsus  of 
palp  6*i,  of  patella  of  palp  5*5,  of  patella  of  fourth  leg  5-7,  of  tibia  of  fourth 
leg  57- 

Solpuga  celeripes  Hirst  [PI.  VI,  fig.  32],  1911.  Manchester  Memoirs,  lvi.  No.  2, 
p.  10,  fig.  2. 

The  type  came  from  Salisbury,  S.  Rhodesia.  The  adult  male  is  the  smallest 
known  to  me  in  this  genus,  the  type  being  11  mm.  long  and  its  head-plate 
3 mm.  broad.  A specimen  in  the  Transvaal  Museum  has  the  following  measure- 
ments: breadth  of  head-plate  3*1,  length  of  tibia  and  tarsus  of  palp  5-7,  of 
patella  of  palp  5-4,  of  tibia  of  fourth  leg  5-7,  of  patella  of  fourth  leg  5-3. 

In  describing  the  species,  Mr  Hirst  remarked  that  the  dark  markings  and 
general  colouration  are  almost  exactly  the  same  as  in  5.  sericea,  but  the  narrow 
yellow  stripe  which  is  present  on  either  side  of  the  dark  central  band  of  the 
dorsal  surface  of  the  abdomen  in  sericea  seems  to  be  absent  (the  abdomen 
being  shrunken) . In  the  specimens  examined  by  me,  however,  the  continuous 
yellow  stripes  are  clearly  present.  The  adult  male  is  remarkable  for  the  relative 
shortness  of  the  fang  of  the  lower  j aw,  the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  fang  to 
the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  being  subequal  to  the  distance  between  the  apices 
of  the  two  teeth. 

Solpuga  alstoni  Purcell,  1901.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  11.  p.  209,  fig.  1. 

The  type  was  taken  at  Eities  in  Gt.  Bushmanland. 

Solpuga  darlingi  Pocock,  1897.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  6,  xx.  p.  259  and  fig.  5, 
p.  261. 

The  type  came  from  Gadzima  on  the  Umfuli  River,  Mashonaland. 

Solpuga  ferox  Pocock  [Text  fig.  5],  1895.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  6,  xvi.  p.  83, 
PI.  4,  fig.  3.  (Kraepelin’s  figure  in  Das  Tierreich  (p.  71)  represents  the 
characters  of  the  male  chelicera  more  correctly  than  that  accompanying 
Pocock’s  original  description,  but  is  also  somewhat  misleading.) 

The  type  is  labelled  Port  Elizabeth,  but  the  record  requires  confirmation 
in  my  opinion.  The  species  has  been  recorded  by  me  from  Kimberley  and 
Rustenburg,  and  I know  of  it  also  from  Venterskroon  (M.  H.  Viljoen) ; 
Kroonstad  (Miss  D.  Chennells);  and  Bloemfontein  (Dr  T.  F.  Dreyer).  The 
Kimberley  Museum  has  it  from  Fourteen  Streams,  Barkly  West,  Taungs, 
Pniel,  and  Wirsing  Siding  as  well  as  from  Kimberley. 

The  male  has  a distinct  keel  on  the  outer  side  of  the  lower  jaw  distally. 

Solpuga  sagittaria  Pocock,  1900.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  7,  v.  p.  299,  figs.  5 and 
5 a.  See  also  Das  Tierreich,  p.  74,  figs.  42  and  43. 

The  locality  cited  for  the  type  is  Mazoe,  Mashonaland. 


32 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Solpuga  suffused  Hewitt  [PI.  V,  fig.  22],  1916.  Annals  Durban  Mus.  1.  p.  217. 

The  locality  of  the  type  is  unknown.  In  both  upper  and  lower  jaw  there  is 
an  exceptionally  strong  development  of  feather  bristles.  The  fang  of  the  lower 
jaw  is  short,  the  distance  from  the  tip  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  being  about 
equal  to  i|  times  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth. 

Solpuga  cervina  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  415,  figs.  21  and  21  a, 
also  11.  p.  208. 

The  type  came  from  Clan  william:  other  specimens  were  recorded  by 
Purcell  from  Stein kopf  in  Namaqualand,  and  females  apparently  referable  to 
this  species  from  Van  Wyk’s  Vlei  and  from  Namies  in  Bushmanland. 


Text  fig.  5.  Solpuga  ferox  Pocock.  Shewing  flagellum  and  terminal  portion  of  left 
upper  jaw  viewed  (a)  from  the  mesial  side,  (&)  from  the  dorsal  side:  specimen 
from  Kimberley. 

Solpuga  alcicornis  Kraepelin  [PI.  VII,  fig.  34],  1914.  Beit.  z.  Kennt.  Land-  u. 
Susswasser fauna  Deutsch-Sudwestafrikas , Skorpiones  u.  Solifugae,  p.  125, 
fig.  2. 

The  type  came  from  Keetmanshoop.  It  is  also  known  to  me  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Kuruman  (F.  A.  O.  Pym)  and  Mt  Temple  (T.  C.  Lanham). 

In  the  Kuruman  specimens,  the  flagellum,  and  with  it  the  terminal  fang 
of  the  upper  jaw,  is  twisted  outwards  away  from  the  main  axis  of  the  jaw. 
The  basal  enlargement  is  high  and  swollen.  There  are  long  stridulatory  ridges 
on  the  chelicerae.  The  upper  surfaces  of  the  chelicerae  bear  long  stout  bristles 
but  no  definite  spines.  The  fang  of  the  lower  jaw  is  short,  the  distance  from 
the  tip  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  being  about  1^  times  as  long  as  the 
distance  between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


33 


Solpuga  collinita  Purcell,  1903.  Annals  S . Af.  Mus.  hi.  p.  3,  fig.  2. 

The  type  came  from  Willowmore  C.  P. 

Solpuga  vincta  C.  L.  Koch,  1842.  Kraepelin,  Das  Tierreich,  p.  63,  fig.  23. 
Purcell,  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  420,  fig.  23. 

It  is  recorded  by  Dr  Purcell  only  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Capetown. 

Solpuga  maraisi  Hewitt  [PI.  V,  fig.  23],  1913.  Records  Albany  Mus.  n.  p.  480, 
Text  fig. 

The  type  came  from  Caledon  C.  P.  The  species  is  also  known  from  Worcester 
(G.  B.  Townshend),  and  Stellenbosch  (C.  S.  Grobbelaar).  On  the  outer  side 
of  the  lower  jaw,  a keel  is  present  near  the  apex  of  the  fang,  but  more  proxi- 
mally  the  lateral  crest  is  obsolete.  The  feather  bristles  of  the  upper  and  lower 
jaws  are  weakly  developed.  The  fang  of  %the  lower  jaw  is  not  greatly  elongated, 
the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  being  about 
twice,  or  a little  less  than  twice,  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the  two 
large  teeth.  Stridulatory  ridges  are  moderately  well  developed  on  the  upper 
jaw: 

Solpuga  spectralis  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  424,  fig.  25. 

The  type  specimen  came  from  Klipfontein,  Namaqualand  division. 

Solpuga  lateralis  C.  L.  Koch  [PI.  V,  fig*  24],  1842.  Kraepelin,  Das  Tierreich, 
p.  61,  fig.  19.  Purcell,  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  425,  fig.  26. 

Dr  Purcell  records  this  species  from  Port  Elizabeth.  It  is  known  to  me 
fromDunbrody  (Fr.  Vogt),  and 
from  Bussacks  near  the  Kareiga 
River  mouth  (Mr  F.  G.  C. 

Graham) . 

In  males  of  this  species, 
the  stridulatory  ridges  of  the 
upper  jaw  are  rather  weakly 
developed,  sometimes  being 
nearly  obsolete.  The  fang  of 
the  lower  jaw  is  moderately 
elongated,  the  distance  from 
its  tip  to  the  apex  of  the  first 
tooth  being  equal  to  about 
2 1 times  the  distance  between 
the  apices  of  the  two  large 
teeth.  The  fang  of  the  upper 
jaw  is  without  a keel  on  its 
mesial  side,  as  occurs  in  hostilis 
and  derbiana,  but  the  keel  is 
represented  by  a prominent  Text  fig.  6.  Solpuga  erythronotoides  sp.  nov.  Den- 
sharply  pointed  tooth.  tition  and  flagellum  of  male,  viewed  from  the 

mesial  side. 

Solpuga  erythronota  Kraepelin, 

1900..  Das  Tierreich,  p.  64,  fig.  24. 

The  type  of  the  species  is  indefinitely  located  S.  Africa. 

Solpuga  erythronotoides  sp.  nov.  [Text  fig.  6]. 

This  species  is  founded  on  a single  male  example  found  at  Victoria  West 
by  Mr  B.  Marais.  It  is  very  closely  related  to  5.  erythronota  Kraepelin,  but 

3 


34 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


seems  to  differ  as  follows : the  flagellum  is  shorter  and  its  anterior  bend  more 
forwardly  situated : there  is  a distinct  interval  between  the  first  and  second 
teeth  of  the  lower  jaw. 

Dentition . The  terminal  fang  of  the  upper  jaw  is  short:  there  are  three 
distinct  anterior  teeth,  the  first  being  small  and  the  second  and  third  of 
moderate  size : there  follows  a long  toothless  interval  terminated  by  the  fourth 
tooth  which  is  small  and  the  fifth  which  is  large  but  not  much  larger  than  the 
third : in  the  double  series,  the  outer  row  has  four  teeth  but  the  inner  one  only 
three,  of  which  the  distal  one  is  largest.  On  the  inner  side  of  the  jaw  dorsally, 
near  to  the  terminal  fang  and  just  in  front  of  the  anterior  bend  of  the  flagellum, 
is  a prominent  sharp  pointed  tooth  terminating  an  abbreviated  keel  or  ridge. 
The  lower  j aw  has  three  teeth,  the  distal  one  largest  and  longest  and  separated 
from  the  small  intermediate  tooth  by  a short  interval.  On  its  outer  side,  a 
sharp  lateral  keel  is  only  present  in  the  distal  fourth,  whence  it  is  continued 
as  a line  of  granules  to  the  base  of  the  jaw.  The  distance  between  the  tip  of 
the  fang  and  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  is  equal  to  about  2\  times  the  distance 
between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth. 

Flagellum.  The  basal  enlargement  is  well  elevated  and  has  a sharply 
keeled  dorsal  margin:  anteriorly  it  is  only  a little  produced,  the  anterior 
bend  being  situated  above  the  third  tooth:  the  recurrent  portion  is  sub- 
cylindrical  and  slender,  except  at  the  anterior  bend  where  it  is  strongly 
flattened  from  front  to  back  though  not  quite  so  broad  as  the  fang  at  this 
point:  it  passes  in  a light  curve  immediately  above  the  basal  enlargement, 
and,  twisting  slightly  outwards,  terminates  in  an  acutely  pointed  apex  a little 
posterior  to  the  hind  margin  of  the  basal  enlargement;  the  length  of  the 
flagellum  occupying  a post-laminar  position  being  much  less  than  the  distance 
between  the  anterior  bend  and  the  hind  margin  of  the  lamina. 

The  stridulatory  area  of  the  chelicera  is  well  developed. 

Colour.  Head-plate  and  appendages  pale  brown:  tibia  and  more  distal 
segments  of  fourth  leg  dark  brown,  and  the  distal  segments  of  the  other  legs 
and  of  the  palp  are  also  more  darkly  coloured  than  the  basal  segments: 
abdominal  tergites  pale  brown  with  some  infuscation  laterally,  but  there  is 
no  strongly  contrasting  pigmentation  on  the  tergites : sides  of  abdomen  clothed 
with  long  pale  hairs:  malleoli  broadly  margined  with  black. 

Measurements.  Total  length  23,  length  of  flagellum  1*7,  of  patella  of  palp, 
5-4,  of  tarsus  and  tibia  of  palp  6-2,  of  patella  of  fourth  leg  5-75,  of  tibia  of 
fourth  leg  5*2. 

This  species,  and  its  near  ally  erythronota,  are  nearly  related  to  5.  lateralis. 

Solpuga  derbiana  Pocock  [PI.  II,  fig.  4 and  Text  fig.  7],  1895.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 

Hist.  6,  xvi.  p.  90,  PI.  IV,  fig.  8. 

The  type  is  labelled  “Interior  of  S.  Africa. ” Dr  Purcell  has  identified 
therewith  a species  common  at  Grahamstown,  and  the  information  kindly 
supplied  to  me  by  Mr  S.  Hirst  regarding  the  characters  of  the  type  specimen 
seems  to  confirm  the  identification.  The  species  is  known  to  me  from  Grahams- 
town, Brakkloof  (Mrs  G.  White),  Peddie  and  Line  Drift  near  Peddie  (B.  Marais), 
Majuba  Nek,  Herschel  dist.  (J.  Hepburn),  and  Damplaats  near  Burghersdorp 
(A.  Kruger). 

The  length  of  the  recurrent  portion  of  the  flagellum  is  greater  than  twice 
the  distance  from  the  anterior  bend  to  the  hind  margin  of  the  basal  enlarge- 
ment: and  the  tip  of  the  flagellum  reaches  to  a point  situated  very  much 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


35 


nearer  to  the  hind  dorsal  margin  of  the  chelicera  than  to  the  hind  margin  of 
the  basal  enlargement.  The  length  of  the  flagellum  will  probably  prove  to  be 
somewhat  variable,  but  I have  not  yet  seen  material  that  can  be  regarded 
as  intermediate  between  this  species  and  coquinae,  which  is  mainly  distin- 
guished therefrom  by  its  shorter  flagellum. 

The  basal  enlargement  of  the  flagellum  is  considerably  elongated,  and  the 
anterior  bend,  which  is  not  markedly  broadened,  lies  immediately  over  the 
second  tooth,  or  even  very  slightly  anterior  thereto.  The  shaft  is  subcylindrical 
almost  throughout,  but  towards  the  tip  there  suddenly  appears  a dark  brown 
sharp  cutting  edge  dorsally:  this  is  usually  very  slightly  raised  above  the 
rounded  surface  of  the  main  portion  of  the  shaft,  but  to  a variable  extent, 
the  cutting  edge  being  more  prominent  in  Peddie  specimens  than  in  examples 
from  Grahams  town,  and  is  scarcely  visible  in  a specimen  from  Brakkloof 
near  Grahamstown.  The  terminal  fang  of  the  lower  jaw  is  not  long,  the 
distance  from  its  tip  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  being  equal  to  about  if-if 
times  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth. 

In  the  female  the  anterior  tergites  are  reddish  brown,  becoming  dark 
brown  or  nearly  black  near  their  lateral  borders:  in  the  sixth  tergite  the 


Text  fig.  7.  Solpuga  devbiana  Pocock.  Shewing  flagellum  and  terminal  portion  of 
left  upper  jaw  viewed  from  mesial  side:  specimen  from  Peddie. 

posterior  border  is  also  infuscated,  and  succeeding  tergites  are  quite  black. 
Sides  of  abdomen  with  pale  hairs.  Sternites  dark  brown  at  their  lateral 
margins,  but  only  very  narrowly  so  anteriorly,  and  more  broadly  so  in  the 
posterior  sternites.  Hind  legs  red,  chelicerae  reddish,  and  head -plate  with  a 
red  tinge.  In  the  male  the  general  colour  is  dull  drown  and  the  tergites  are 
very  dark,  black  behind  and  at  the  sides:  mesial  portions  of  six  anterior 
tergites  brown.  Hind  limbs  brown,  with  well  developed  mane,  the  hairs  thereof 
white  with  j ust  a tinge  of  pale  violet.  Scopula  of  palp  rufous.  Sides  of  abdomen 
whitish. 

A subadult  male,  lacking  the  flagellum,  taken  in  Grahamstown  (15.  xii. 
1918),  greatly  resembles  the  female  in  colour:  it  differs  therefrom  in  the  well 
developed  mane  of  the  hind  leg,  and  the  sides  of  the  abdomen  are  whiter  than 
in  the  female. 

Measurements  of  adult  male  from  Peddie  and  of  adult  female  from  Grahams- 
town: breadth  of  head-plate,  M,  7-1,  F,  8-6:  length  of  patella  of  palp,  M,  7-7, 
F,  6-7:  of  tibia  and  tarsus  of  palp,  M,  7 -8,  F,  7-6:  of  patella  of  fourth  leg, 
M,  6-9,  F,  6-8:  of  tibia  of  fourth  leg,  M,  6-25,  F,  6-1. 

Solpuga  tookei  sp.  nov.  [Text  fig.  8]. 

The  type  of  this  species  is  a single  adult  male  from  Mariannhill,  Natal, 
kindly  presented  to  the  Albany  Museum  by  the  Curator  of  the  Museum  at  the 

3—2 


36  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Trappists  Monastery  near  Pinetown.  It  is  named  after  Lt.  W.  M.  B.  Tooke 
to  whom  the  Albany  Museum  is  indebted  for  the  identification  and  arrange- 
ment of  the  collection  of  ticks  belonging  to  that  institution1. 

The  species  belongs  to  the  group  including  hostilis  White,  and  marshalli 
Poc.,  both  of  which  have  been  recorded  from  the  Durban  neighbourhood  (but 
the  latter  species  quite  erroneously,  I think).  In  the  Mariannhill  specimen, 
the  second  tooth  of  the  upper  jaw  is  quite  large,  and  the  distance  from  the  tip 
of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  this  tooth  is  subequal  to  the  distance  between  the 
apices  of  the  second  and  fourth  teeth:  the  gap  between  the  second  and  third 
teeth  is  in  fact  not  nearly  so  long  as  in  5.  marshalli  Pocock  or  5.  hostilis 
White,  which  latter  species  it  more  closely  resembles  in  the  characters  of  the 
flagellum. 

Dentition.  Upper  jaw  with  a terminal  fang  of  moderate  length,  and  not 
upturned:  first  tooth  small,  second  large,  then  follows  a rather  short  and 
shallow  gap,  third  tooth  rather  small,  fourth  the  largest:  in  the  double  series, 
the  outer  row  comprises  three  moderate  sized  teeth  and  one  small  one  basally 
situated,  whilst  the  inner  row  has  the  first  and  third  teeth  of  moderate  size 


Text  fig.  8.  Solpuga  tookei  sp.  nov.  Portion  of  left  upper  jaw,  with  flagellum, 
viewed  from  mesial  side. 

but  the  second  and  fourth  minute.  In  the  lower  jaw  there  is  a strong  prominent 
crest  on  the  outer  side,  extending  from  apex  to  base.  The  two  major  teeth 
are  both  large  and  the  middle  one  rather  small : between  the  large  distal  tooth 
and  the  small  middle  one,  there  is  a short  but  well-defined  interval.  The  fang 
of  the  lower  jaw  is  not  long,  the  distance  from  the  tip  to  the  apex  of  the  first 
tooth  being  about  if  times  as  long  as  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the 
two  large  teeth.  The  stridulatory  area  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  upper  jaw 
is  ill  developed,  the  ridges  being  short  and  weak,  and  the  whole  area  decidedly 
smaller  than  usual:  there  are  five  ridges  present  and  rudiments  of  two  others. 

Flagellum.  The  basal  enlargement  is  moderately  elongated;  the  anterior 
bend  is  in  the  same  vertical  as  the  first  tooth;  the  shaft  is  narrow  and  sub- 
cylindrical,  passing  backwards  just  above  the  basal  enlargement  and  extending 
to  a point  which  is  a trifle  more  remote  from  the  hind  margin  of  the  basal 
enlargement  than  this  is  from  the  tip  of  the  fang,  thus  not  reaching  so  far 
as  the  hind  margin  of  the  chelicera.  At  the  anterior  bend  the  flagellum  is  not 
broadened,  its  width  being  less  than  half  the  extreme  width  of  the  fang  at 
this  point.  Near  the  tip  of  the  flagellum  it  presents  dorsally  a sharp  cutting 
edge  for  a short  distance. 

1 Since  this  was  written,  my  friend  William  M.  B.  Tooke,  2nd  Lieut.  South 
African  Infantry,  fell  in  action  at  Fampoux,  12th  April,  1917. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


37 


Palp  with  the  tibia  scopulate  below  except  near  the  base,  and  only  thinly 
scopulate  near  the  apex. 

Posterior  legs  carrying  long  hairs  but  they  do  not  seem  to  form  a definite 
mane. 

Colour.  Head-plate,  mandibles,  and  appendages  pale  brown,  the  more 
distal  segments  of  palps  and  legs  dark  brown,  the  infuscation  being  strongest 
on  the  distal  segments  from  the  patella  onwards  of  the  fourth  leg.  Abdominal 
tergites  very  dark,  almost  black  superiorly  throughout,  but  sides  of  abdomen 
clothed  with  pale  yellow  hairs.  Malleoli  not  infuscated. 

Measurements.  Total  length  20,  length  of  flagellum  5-2,  of  patella  of  palp 
5-25,  of  tarsus  and  tibia  of  palp  6,  of  patella  of  fourth  leg  4-7,  of  tibia  of  fourth 
leg  4*55- 

Solpuga  coquinae  Hewitt,  1914.  Records  Albany  Museum,  hi.  p.  9,  fig.  2. 

The  type  came  from  Cookhouse  C.P.  and  we  have  other  specimens  from 
Somerset  East  (E.  Driver),  Longhope  (E.  Abrahamson)  and  a fairly  distinct 
variety  from  Kimberley  (J.  H.  Power)  and  Bloemfontein  (Dr  T.  F.  Dreyer). 

The  flagellum  varies  a little  in  length,  being  a trifle  longer  relatively  in 
large  specimens  than  in  small  ones,  but  the  total  length  of  the  recurrent 
portion  is  never  more  than  twice  the  distance  from  the  anterior  bend  to  the 
hind  margin  of  the  basal  enlargement:  the  apex  is  considerably  nearer  to  the 
hind  margin  of  the  basal  enlargement  than  to  the  posterior  dorsal  margin  of 
the  chelicera.  The  flagellum  is  not  markedly  broadened  at  the  anterior  bend. 

In  specimens  from  Kimberley  and  Bloemfontein  the  flagellum  differs 
only  slightly  from  that  of  the  type,  in  that  the  basal  enlargement  is  a trifle 
deeper,  more  rounded,  and  less  produced  anteriorly,  whilst  the  shaft  is  a little 
longer  and  straighter  but  sometimes  bent  downwards  rather  abruptly  near 
the  tip:  these  minor  differences  are  exhibited  more  particularly  in  the  single 
example  from  Bloemfontein. 

It  is  possible,  however,  to  distinguish  this  form  from  that  of  the  type, 
owing  to  the  greater  length  of  the  fang  of  the  lower  jaw.  In  the  typical  variety, 
the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  is  about 
equal  to  i|— if  times  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth: 
in  the  Kimberley  and  Bloemfontein  specimens,  the  proportion  is  greater, 
being  2-2 1 : 1.  This  form  I now  designate  5.  coquinae  var.  nov.  orangicus. 

The  species  is  smaller  than  5.  hostilis  or  derbiana : the  measurements  of  an 
adult  female  from  Cookhouse  are  as  follows:  breadth  of  head-plate  6-75, 
length  of  tibia  and  tarsus  of  palp  6-7,  of  patella  of  palp  5-6,  of  tibia  of  fourth 
leg  5*6,  of  patella  of  fourth  leg  6. 

The  colouration  is  very  much  like  that  of  hostilis.  In  the  typical  male  all 
the  abdominal  tergites  are  infuscated  throughout,  and  the  sides  of  the  abdomen 
silvery,  but  in  the  Kimberley  and  Bloemfontein  specimens,  one  or  two  of  the 
anterior  tergites  are  dark  brown  not  black.  The  hind  legs  are  more  or  less 
infuscated,  rather  than  red  as  in  hostilis.  In  the  female,  on  each  side  of  the 
anterior  tergites,  which  are  brown,  there  is  a more  or  less  distinct  dark  stripe 
passing  backwards  into  the  blackened  area  posteriorly,  and  along  the  midline 
also  is  a series  of  dark  stripes  but  these  are  in  the  soft  skin  between  the  tergites : 
the  hind  legs  are  red. 


38  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Solpuga  hostilis  White  [PL  IV,  figs.  16  and  17,  and  VI,  fig.  29],  1846.  Pocock 
in  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  6,  xvi.  p.  89,  PI.  IV,  fig.  7.  Purcell  in  Annals  S.  A f. 
Mus.  1.  p.  427,  fig.  27  ( cultvata ). 

The  species  cannot  be  recognised  from  the  original  description  and  figure 
given  in  Methuen’s  Life  in  the  wilderness,  and  the  locality  of  the  type  was 
simply  stated  as  “S.  Africa,  near  the  tropic  of  Capricorn.”  Mr  Pocock,  having 
examined  the  types,  has  specifically  identified  therewith  some  specimens 
from  Estcourt;  and  a species  recorded  from  Durban  and  described  by  Dr 
Purcell  under  the  name  of  5.  cultvata  is  now  regarded  by  Purcell  and  Kraepelin 
as  hostilis.  This  species  is  common  in  the  Transvaal  and  has  been  recorded 
by  me  from  various  localities  in  the  Pretoria  and  Zoutpansberg  districts. 
We  have  a series  of  both  sexes  from  Doornkop  near  Belfast  (R.  Gerhardt). 
An  example  from  Liineburg,  Natal  (W.  Oom)  differs  from  any  of  the  above  in 
that  the  tip  of  the  upper  fang  is  scarcely  up-turned,  and  the  flagellum  is  not 
bent  downwards  near  the  apex. 

In  the  male,  stridulatory  ridges  are  usually  quite  absent  from  the  chelicerae : 
in  a specimen  from  Gezina,  Pretoria,  three  abbreviated  ridges  occur.  The  fang 
of  the  lower  jaw  is  long,  the  distance  from  its  tip  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth 
being  equal  to  about  2^  times  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the  two  large 
teeth.  The  keel  on  the  outer  side  of  the  lower  jaw  of  the  male  is  very  strongly 
developed,  being  much  more  pronounced  than  in.  marshalli.  It  varies  however 
to  some  extent,  but  usually  in  the  basal  portion  of  the  jaw  is  raised  into  quite 
a high  ridge. 

In  the  female  the  anterior  tergites  are  uniformly  reddish  brown,  the 
blackening  of  the  posterior  part  of  the  abdomen  commencing  rather  suddenly: 
in  Transvaal  specimens  black  pigmentation  only  occurs  on  the  last  three 
tergites.  In  specimens  from  Liineburg  the  sides  of  the  anterior  tergites  are 
infuscated,  but  this  blackening  does  not  take  the  form  of  sharply  defined 
blotches  or  stripes  such  as  occurs  in  chelicornis.  Males  have  the  tergites  more 
or  less  infuscated  throughout,  the  mesial  portions  of  the  anterior  tergites 
being  dark  brown  and  the  sides  black:  hind  legs  red  in  both  sexes,  maned 
only  in  the  male.  The  measurements  of  an  adult  female  from  Pretoria  are: 
breadth  of  head-plate  9-1,  length  of  tibia  and  tarsus  of  palp  8,  of  patella  of 
palp  7,  of  tibia  of  fourth  leg  6-5,  of  patella  of  fourth  leg  7-3. 

A very  young  specimen  from  Mfongosi,  Zululand,  has  only  5 joints  on  the 
fourth  tarsus  of  one  side,  but  is  normal  on  the  other  side. 

Solpuga  marshalli  Pocock  [PI.  VI,  fig.  30],  1895.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  6,  xvi. 
p.  91,  PI.  IV,  figs'.  9 and  9 a. 

The  type  came  from  “Fort  Salisbury,  Mashonaland.”  The  species  is  not 
easily  recognised  from  Pocock’s  figures,  whilst  Kraepelin’s  illustration  in  Das 
Tierreich  seems  to  me  referable  to  some  other  species,  and  perhaps  may  not  be 
based  on  Mashonaland  material.  Kraepelin  records  the  species  from  the 
Transvaal  and  from  Durban  but  these  records  may  be  viewed  with  some 
suspicion  in  view  of  possible  confusion  with  hostilis,  and  seeing  that  no 
specimens  of  marshalli  are  represented  in  the  Transvaal  and  Durban  Museums. 
Mr  Hirst  informs  me  that  in  the  type  specimen  the  end  of  the  flagellum  is  very 
finely  pointed,  and  the  edges  near  the  end  very  finely  granular. 

We  have  male  and  female  specimens  from  Salisbury  (Fr.  J.  O’Neil,  and 
C.  von  Hirschberg).  In  the  male,  as  in  the  female,  stridulatory  lamellae  are 
present  on  the  chelicerae  but  are  not  long.  Towards  the  tip  of  the  flagellum 
its  dorsal  edge  is  minutely  serrulated.  The  fang  of  the  lower  jaw  is  not  very 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  39 


long  in  the  male,  the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  the  first 
tooth  being  about  equal  to  if  times  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the 
two  large  teeth. 

The  measurements  of  male  and  female  specimens  are  as  follows:  breadth 
of  head-plate,  M,  7-5,  F,  9:  length  of  tibia  and  tarsus  of  palp,  M,  8-5,  F,  7-9: 
length  of  patella  of  palp,  M,  8-35,  F,  6-65  : length  of  tibia  of  fourth  leg,  M,  7-8, 
F,  6-3:  length  of  patella  of  fourth  leg,  M,  8-4,  F,  7-1. 

This  species  is  more  darkly  coloured  than  hostilis.  The  tergites  are  strongly 
infuscated  in  both  sexes,  but  the  mesial  portions  of  the  anterior  segments  are 
dark  brown  rather  than  black.  The  soft  skin  at  the  sides  of  the  abdomen  is 
somewhat  infuscated,  though  silvery  white  hairs  occur  there.  The  sternites 
are  broadly  infuscated  at  the  sides  in  both  sexes,  but  more  specially  in  the 
male.  Hind  legs  very  dark  brown. 

Soipuga  junodi  Purcell,  1903.  Novitales  Zoologicae,  vol.  x.  p.  304,  fig.  2. 

The  type  came  from  Shilowane,  Zoutpansberg  dist.  and  I have  recorded  it 
from  Vygeboompoort  in  the  Waterberg  dist. 

Soipuga  tubicen  Kraepelin  [PL  VII,  fig.  35],  191 1 . Mit.  a.  d.  Nat.  Mus.  Hamburg, 

xxviii.  p.  102. 

This  is  a Transvaal  species,  but  no  precise  locality  is  known.  There  is  a 
dense  group  of  stout  bristles  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  chelicera,  near  to  the 
basal  enlargement,  and  to  the  end  of  the  shaft.  On  the  inner  side  of  the  upper 
fang  there  is  a very  strong  outstanding  keel,  commencing  at  the  anterior 
bend  and  extending  forwards  beyond  the  first  tooth.  No  distinct  mane  on  the 
hind  legs.  In  the  lower  jaw,  the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex 
of  the  first  tooth  is  equal  to  about  twice  the  distance  between  the  apices  of 
the  two  large  teeth,  or  a trifle  more  than  twice. 

Soipuga  hamata  Hewitt,  1913.  Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  iv.  p.  160,  fig.  22. 

The  type  came  from  Mamiaanshoek  near  Zwagershoek  in  the  Waterberg 
dist.,  and  other  specimens  were  recorded  from  Vygeboompoort  in  the  same 
district. 

The  fang  of  the  lower  jaw  is  very  long,  the  distance  from  the  tip  to  the 
apex  of  the  first  tooth  being  about  three  times  the  distance  between  the 
apices  of  the  two  large  teeth,  or  even  a little  more. 

Soipuga  bechuanica  Hewitt  [PI.  IV,  fig.  14],  1913.  Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  iv. 

p.  1 61,  fig.  23. 

The  type  came  from  Serowe  in  the  Bechuan aland  protectorate.  Stridula- 
tory  ridges  on  the  chelicerae  are  only  weakly  developed  in  the  male.  The 
large  teeth  of  the  lower  jaw  are  widely  separated,  a distinct  interval  occurring 
between  the  distal  tooth  and  the  small  intermediate  tooth:  the  distance  from 
the  tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  the  distal  tooth  is  about  if  times  the  distance 
between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth. 

As  in  chelicornis  and  villosa,  this  species  has  a row  of  four  long  spines  on 
the  outer  side  of  tarsus  II  superiorly:  in  hostilis  and  Venator  distinct  spines  are 
wanting,  being  represented  however  by  bristles  several  of  which  in  marshalli 
are  spiniform. 

Soipuga  chelicornis  A.  Licht.  [PI.  Ill,  fig.  11],  1796.  Kraepelin,  Das  Tierreich, 
p.  59,  fig.  17. 

Of  this  species,  several  varieties  markedly  differing  in  colour  may  be 
recognised. 


40 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Mr  S.  C.  Cronwright-Schreiner,  in  writing  of  the  living  animal  as  found  at 
Hanover,  described  it  as  "of  a most  brilliant  yellow,  with  a heavy  black  band 
down  the  back  of  the  abdomen  while  the  legs  are  covered  with  long  yellow 
hair,  which  in  the  male,  becomes  a distinct  mane  and  is  iridescent.  As  it  lies 
on  the  sand  on  a hot  day,  sparkling  in  the  sunshine,  it  is  a most  exquisite 
creature1.” 

This  variety  I now  designate  5.  chelicornis  var.  pubescens  [PI.  II,  fig.  2]. 
Its  most  marked  character  is  a dense  pile  of  short  pale  hairs  on  the  upper 
surfaces  of  the  patella  and  tibia  of  the  palp  in  the  adult  male,  and  to  a less 
extent  in  the  female.  The  sides  of  the  head-plate  and  chelicerae  are  thickly, 
though  rather  shortly,  bearded.  The  fringes  of  hair  on  the  hind  legs  are 
particularly  heavy,  extending  in  attenuated  form  as  far  as  the  distal  segments 
of  the  tarsi.  The  lateral  black  bands  of  the  abdomen  commence  to  merge  on 
the  fourth  abdominal  tergite,  and  fusion  is  quite  complete  on  the  fifth  tergite. 
The  terminal  fang  of  the  lower  jaw  is  long,  the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the 
fang  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  being  equal  to  about  twice  the  distance 
between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth.  In  the  single  series  of  the  upper 
jaw,  the  distance  between  the  first  and  second  teeth  is  about  1^  times 
the  distance  between  the  second  and  fourth  teeth.  This  variety  is  known  to 
me  from  De  Aar  (S.  C.  Cronwright-Schreiner  and  Miss  E.  Friedlander),  and 
presumably  the  Hanover  specimens  are  referable  thereto.  We  have  female 
examples  which  seem  to  belong  to  the  same  variety  from  Dikkop  Flats  near 
Grahamstown  (Miss  J.  Harris),  and  from  Zandkraal  near  Steytlerville  (Miss 
A.  Geard).  Also,  Dr  Purcell’s  records  from  Namaqualand,  Kenhardt,  and 
Willowmore  divisions  are  probably  based  on  this  variety. 

According  to  Kraepelin’s  account  in  Das  Tierreich,  the  typical  form  of  the 
species  is  coloured  quite  differently,  much  as  in  the  following  form  now 
named  5.  chelicornis  var.  rufescens  [PI.  II,  fig.  3].  This  variety  is  known  to  me 
from  Longhope  (Miss  E.  Abrahamson),  and  Dirkskraal,  Somerset  East  dist. 
(B.  Marais).  The  upper  surfaces  of  the  patella  and  tibia  of  the  palp  are  quite 
devoid  of  the  pile  of  short  hairs  that  occurs  in  pubescens.  The  sides  of  the 
head -plate  and  chelicerae  are  not  bearded.  All  the  hairs  of  the  mane  on  the 
hind  legs  are. white,  at  any  rate  in  their  distal  portions,  but  the  hairs  situated 
on  the  broader  part  of  the  mane  are  magenta  coloured  in  the  basal  half  of 
each  hair.  The  hairs  on  the  sides  of  the  abdomen  are  quite  white.  The  surfaces 
generally  are  dull  brown,  more  darkly  so  on  the  tibia  and  tarsus  of  the  palp: 
the  pale  brown  mesial  area  of  the  abdomen  superiorly  extends  over  the  first 
seven  tergites,  being  bordered  on  each  side  by  a black  stripe,  and  posteriorly 
by  a black  patch  which  covers  the  hind  tergites. 

The  jaw  characters  are  similar  to  those  of  pubescens. 

Another  distinct  variety  occurs  at  Kakamas  (Miss  H.  C.  Olivier).  It  differs 
from  the  two  just  described  principally  in  the  spacing  of  the  teeth  of  the  single 
series  of  the  upper  jaw:  the  distance  between  the  first  and  second  teeth  is  less 
than  the  distance  between  the  second  and  fourth  teeth;  in  the  lower  jaw,  the 
distance  from  the  tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  is  about  equal 
to  if  times  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth.  The  appen- 
dages are  pale  yellowish  (in  spirits) : the  posterior  tergites  are  not  so  deeply 
blackened  as  in  pubescens,  yet  the  infuscation  extends  considerably  forwards, 
the  mesial  pale  brown  area  only  reaching  backwards  over  the  first  four 
abdominal  tergites.  The  mane  of  the  hind  legs  is  not  so  strongly  developed 

1 "Some  Arachnids  at  Hanover,  Cape  Colony,”  by  S.  C.  Cronwright-Schreiner, 
in  the  Popular  Science  Monthly,  December,  1902. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


4i 


as  in  either  of  the  varieties  just  described,  nor  is  there  a conspicuous  pile  of 
short  hairs  on  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  patella  and  tibia  of  the  palp,  although 
numerous  very  short  hairs  occur  there.  This  form  I now  designate  5.  chelicornis 
var.  nov.  macrognathus  [Text  fig.  9].  The  colouration  approaches  that  of  the 
hosiilis  section,  and  the  dentition  is  not  very  different  from  that  of  5.  beckuanica. 

Lastly,  Kraepelin  has  recorded  chelicornis  on  the  evidence  of  a female 
specimen  from  Okawango  in  the  north  of  S.W.  Africa.  It  may  also  be  noted 
that  Kraepelin’s  figure  in  Das  Tierreich  seems  to  indicate  a variety  distinct 
from  any  of  the  above  in  respect  to  the  dentition. 


Text  fig.  9.  Solpuga  chelicornis  macrognathus  var.  nov.  Left  chelicera  of  male  viewed 
from  mesial  side. 

The  measurements  of  the  adult  males  of  the  three  forms  here  distinguished 
are  as  follows : 


var. 

rufescens 

var.  pubescens 

var.  macro- 
gnathus 

Breadth  of  head -plate 

6-i 

8 

5-8 

Length  of  patella  of  palp 

8-2 

io-8 

8-3 

Length  of  tibia  and  tarsus  of  palp 

8-8 

ii-i 

(absent) 

Length  of  patella  of  fourth  leg  . . . 

8-3 

ii-i 

8-5 

Length  of  tibia  of  fourth  leg 

8-4 

I1'3 

8-15 

Solpuga  villosa  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  422,  fig.  24. 

The  type  male  of  this  species  was  indefinitely  located  “S.  Africa.”  Other 
specimens  which  seemed  to  be  referable  thereto  were  recorded  from  Concordia 
in  Namaqualand,  and  from  Fraserburg:  these,  however,  were  apparently 
female  examples,  and  as  such  possibly  indistinguishable  from  chelicornis. 
Subsequently,  Dr  Purcell  regarded  this  species  as  essentially  the  same  as 
chelicornis,  and  Prof.  Kraepelin  al%o  held  the  two  as  cospecific,  though  distinct 
as  varieties.  To  me,  it  seems  well  worthy  of  distinction  from  chelicornis. 
We  have  male  specimens  agreeing  precisely  with  the  description  of  villosa, 
from  Victoria  West  (P.  D.  Morris),  and  from  Tafelberg  (Miss  A.  Gadd). 
Females  from  these  localities  are  easily  distinguishable  from  those  taken 
along  with  the  pubescens  form  of  chelicornis  in  the  colour  pattern  of  the 


42 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


abdomen : in  villosa,  there  are  only  three  pairs  of  black  blotches  on  the  abdomen 
anteriorly,  these  being  followed  immediately  by  the  black  patch  which  covers 
all  the  posterior  tergites:  in  chelicornis  var.  pubescens  there  are  six  or  seven 
pairs  of  black  blotches  in  front  of  the  continuous  bands.  In  both  species, 
the  posterior  abdominal  sternites  are  infuscated  throughout  their  breadth, 
instead  of  at  the  sides  only,  as  in  females  of  hostilis  or  derbiana : the  blackening 
is  more  intense  at  the  sides  however.  The  hind  borders  of  the  genital  plates 
are  considerably  produced  in  both  species. 

The  terminal  fang  of  the  lower  jaw  is  not  quite  so  elongated  as  in  the 
pubescens  form  of  chelicornis , which  this  species  resembles  in  the  possession 
of  a dense  pile  of  short  hairs  on  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  distal  segments  of 
the  palp  in  both  sexes,  but  more  especially  in  males:  the  distance  from  the 
tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  is  about  equal  to  if  times  the 
distance  between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth. 

Solpuga  hastata  Kraepelin,  1899.  Das  Tierreich,  p.  58,  figs.  15  and  16. 

The  type  and  only  known  specimen  is  indefinitely  located  Gt.  Namaland. 

Solpuga  methueni  Hewitt,  1913.  Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  vol.  iv.  p.  153,  fig.  18. 

The  type  came  from  Quibis,  S.W.A.,  near  the  Karasbergen. 

Solpuga  ornithorhyncha  Hewitt  [PL  V,  fig.  19],  1913.  Annals  Transvaal  Mus. 
vol.  iv.  p.  151,  fig.  17. 

The  types  came  from  localities  near  the  Karasbergen,  S.W.A.,  viz. 
Kraikluft,  Narudas  Sud,  and  from  between  Kraikluft  and  Sandmund.  Stridu- 
latory  ridges  are  well  developed  on  the  chelicerae  of  the  male.  The  lower  jaw 
has  numerous  feathered  bristles  on  its  inner  side,  and  on  the  outer  side  is  a 
feeble  but  distinct  ridge  distally.  The  colouration  of  the  abdomen  has  a general 
resemblance  to  that  of  hostilis,  and  the  species  is  no  doubt  diurnal  in  habit. 
The  tergites  are  entirely  brown  except  for  slight  infuscation  in  the  middle, 
which  is  faint  in  the  anterior  segments  but  more  pronounced  posteriorly,  the 
three  posterior  tergites  being  dark  brown  throughout:  the  soft  skin  between 
the  tergites  is  also  blackened  mesially.  On  each  side  of  the  tergites,  the  soft 
skin  is  blackened  as  a continuous  longitudinal  stripe.  Below  this,  the  sides 
are  silvery.  The  sternites  are  infuscated  laterally. 

Solpuga  lineata  C.  L.  Koch  [Pis.  Ill,  fig.  7,  and  VI.  fig.  33],  1842.  Kraepelin, 
Das  Tierreich,  p.  65,  fig.  26.  Purcell,  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  428,  fig.  28. 

Dr  Purcell  records  this  species  from  the  divisions  of  Namaqualand, 
Carnarvon,  Uitenhage,  Robertson  and  Swellendam.  It  is  known  to  me  from 
Alicedale  (F.  Cruden),  Dunbrody  (V.  Powels),  De  Aar  (Miss  E.  Friedlander) 
and  Victoria  West  (B.  Marais). 

Stridulatory  ridges  are  well  developed  on  the  chelicerae  of  the  male.  In 
the  lower  jaw  of  the  male,  the  patch  of  bristles  on  the  inner  surface  includes 
two  or  three  curved  spines  distally,  thus  differing  from  hostilis,  and  most 
other  species,  where  the  patch  is  composed  of  bristles  of  more  uniform  size : the 
stouter  curved  bristles  and  spines  are  mostly  in  a single  line  along  the  lower 
portion  of  the  extensive  patch  of  bristles.  There  are  numerous  feather  bristles 
which,  however,  like  those  of  the  upper  jaw,  are  not  very  densely  feathered. 
There  is  a very  long  interval  between  the  first  and  second  teeth  of  the  lower 
jaw.  On  the  outer  side  of  the  lower  jaw  is  a distinct  keel.  In  the  female  the 
posterior  margins  of  the  genital  sternite  are  rounded. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


43 


Species  incertae  sedis. 

Solpuga  brevipalpis  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  431,  fig.  29. 

The  types  are  female  specimens  from  Naroep  in  Gt  Bushmanland.  It  is 
an  ally  of  5.  lineata. 

Solpuga  cajfr a Vocock,  1897.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  6,  xx.  p.  262. 

The  types,  two  adult  females,  came  from  Estcourt.  The  colour  characters 
are  like  those  of  S.  toppini  Hirst,  from  Ngxwala  Hill,  Zululand. 

Solpuga  nigrescens  Pocock,  1895.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  6,  xvi.  p.  88. 

The  type  is  a female  example  labelled  ‘ ‘ Lower  Zambesi. ' ’ Mr  Pocock  doubt- 
fully identified  therewith  some  specimens  from  the  north-eastern  region  of 
Victoria  Nyanza. 

Solpuga  schultzei  Kraepelin,  1908.  Denks.  d.  med.-nat.  Gesell.  Jena,  xm. 
p.  270,  figs.  2 and  3. 

This  species  is  based  on  a female  example  collected  at  Rooibank  near 
Walfish  Bay.  It  is  closely  related  to  picta — which  according  to  Kraepelin 
includes  nigrobraccata — the  two  species  being  remarkable  in  the  great  elonga- 
tion of  the  jaws,  the  first  tooth  of  the  upper  jaw  being  considerably  removed 
from  the  second  as  well  as  from  the  apex  of  the  jaw.  Apparently  also,  the 
tibia  of  the  second  leg  has  thickened  hairs  instead  of  spines  on  the  dorsal  side 
externally. 

Solpuga  striata  Kraepelin,  1914.  Beit.  z.  Kennt.  Land-  u.  Susswasserfauna 
Deutsch-Sudwestafnkas,  Skorpiones  u.  Solifugae,  p.  124,  fig.  1. 

The  type  specimen,  taken  on  farm  Voigtsland  about  38  km.  east  of 
Windhuk,  is  probably  very  immature,  being  only  11  mm.  long  (without 
mandibles).  Kraepelin  seemed  to  regard  it  as  referable  to  the  group  of 
5.  lateralis  and  allies,  but  I have  no  doubt  that  it  really  belongs  to  the  group 
of  species  including  5.  sericea  Poc.,  5.  zebrina  Poc.  and  5.  celeripes  Hirst,  and 
quite  possibly  is  identical  with  one  of  these.  The  colour  pattern  represented 
in  Kraepelin’s  illustration  is  precisely  similar  to  that  exhibited  by  male  and 
immature  specimens  of  celeripes. 

Solpuga  picta  Kraepelin,  1899.  Das  Tierreich,  p.  81,  figs.  59  and  60.  Purcell, 
Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  431,  fig.  30  (5.  nigrobraccata) . 

The  species  is  merely  located  as  Damaraland. 

Solpuga  scopulata  Karsch,  1880.  Kraepelin,  Das  Tierreich,  p.  60. 

This  species  is  only  known  from  a female  specimen  taken  at  Han  tarn  C.P. : 
it  seems  to  be  very  like  chelicornis  Licht. 


Key  to  the  South  African  species  of  the  genus  Solpuga  Licht.  mainly  based 
on  the  characters  of  adult  males. 

Group  I. 

Dentition  of  upper  jaw  almost  alike  in  the  two  sexes,  the  distal  series 
composed  of  four  or  five  teeth  in  a continuous  row,  not  broken  by  long 
toothless  intervals,  the  first  and  second  teeth  being  relatively  large.  The 


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terminal  fang  of  the  lower  jaw  not  keeled  on  the  outer  side,  or  only 
weakly  so,  and  not  greatly  elongated  in  the  adult  male,  the  distance 
from  the  tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  being  usually  ij 
times,  or  less,  or  at  any  rate  not  greater  than  if  times  the  distance 
between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth : mesial  surface  of  both  upper 
and  lower  jaw  usually  with  fairly  strong  development  of  feather  bristles. 
In  the  male,  the  tibia  of  the  palp  is  scopulate  inferiorly  over  some  portion 
of  its  length:  upper  margin  of  basal  enlargement  of  flagellum  blunt  or 
sharp,  but  not  greatly  compressed  into  a thin  high  keel  (except  perhaps 
in  darlingi) : no  keel  on  the  mesial  surface  of  the  fang  just  in  front  of  the 
anterior  bend  of  the  flagellum.  Posterior  median  angles  of  the  two  halves 
of  the  first  abdominal  sternite  in  the  adult  female  either  rounded  or 
rectangular,  never  produced  into  narrow  lobes.  Posterior  legs  usually 
with  sparsely  disposed  long  hairs  (occasionally  as  in  sericea  with  nume- 
rous very  long  ones),  never  forming  a distinct  mane  in  either  sex.  (Species 
mostly  nocturnal  in  habit  and  plainly  coloured,  being  uniformly  yellow 
or  brown:  only  occasionally  striped  with  black,  or  with  strongly  con- 
trasting colours  on  the  abdomen.) 

A.  Flagellum  slightly  produced  anteriorly,  the  anterior  bend 
situated  fairly  far  forwards,  over  the  first  or  second  tooth:  shaft 
long  and  subcylindrical  over  the  greater  portion  of  its  length  and 
with  a projecting  tooth  near  to  the  apex,  or  distinctly  bifurcated 
distally. 

1.  Flagellum  very  long,  reaching  backwards  as  far  as  the  ocular  tubercle- 
or  a little  further,  strongly  sinuate  not  far  from  the  apex  and  just  proximal 
to  its  lateral  tooth  which  is  short  and  sharp : the  shaft  of  the  flagellum  is  low 
lying,  being  only  just  above  the  basal  enlargement  anteriorly. 

5.  lethalis  typicus  Koch. 

2.  Similar  thereto,  but  shaft  of  flagellum  straight,  not  sinuate,  the 
shorter  apical  branch  ending  bluntly  and  its  surface  minutely  serrulated. 

5.  lethalis  rectus  var.  nov. 

3.  Flagellum  reaching  backwards  beyond  the  middle  of  the  mandible  but 

terminating  some  distance  in-  front  of  the  eye  tubercle,  only  lightly  sinuate 
between  the  apex  and  the  short  sharp  lateral  tooth;  the  apex  laterally  com- 
pressed and  dilated  above  into  a knife-like  edge:  anteriorly,  the  recurrent 
portion  almost  touches  the  basal  enlargement.  5.  venosa  Purcell. 

4.  Flagellum  reaching  backwards  beyond  the  middle  of  the  mandible  but 

not  reaching  the  head-plate,  terminating  in  a short  sharp  subulate  apex  at 
the  base  of  which  a fine  straight  pallid  bristle-like  process  springs  from  the 
upper  edge  and  extends  backwards  beyond  the  apex:  proximally  the  shaft 
lies  close  to  the  basal  enlargement,  which  is  well  elevated:  anterior  bend  of 
flagellum  situated  behind  the  level  of  the  first  tooth  and  nearly  over  the 
second.  Lower  jaw  with  two  or  three  small  intermediate  teeth.  Dorsal  surfaces 
of  body,  head-plate,  and  appendages  strongly  infuscated  throughout  in  both 
sexes.  5.  fusca  C.  L.  Koch. 

5.  Similar  to  fusca,  but  the  spine-like  process  near  the  apex  of  the  flagellum 
much  shorter,  not  extending  as  far  as  the  apex:  anterior  bend  of  flagellum 
situated  almost  immediately  over  the  first  tooth.  Lower  jaw  with  only  one 
intermediate  tooth.  Dorsal  surfaces  somewhat  infuscated.  5.  toppini  Hirst. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


45 


6.  Flagellum  not  quite  reaching  the  head-plate:  towards  the  apex  it 

presents  a distinct  bend  and  then  bifurcates  into  two  sickle-shaped  processes, 
each  finely  pointed  at  the  tip,  the  mesial  and  more  slender  process  carrying 
microscopic  setose  teeth  on  its  surface.  5.  furcifera  Kraep. 

B.  Recurrent  portion  of  flagellum  long,  usually  reaching  as  far 
as  the  ocular  tubercle  or  beyond,  but  not  toothed  nor  bifurcate  at 
the  apex,  nor  serrated  along  its  upper  edge  (or  only  faintly  serrated 
immediately  anterior  to  the  distal  sinus  in  Venator).  The  shaft  is 
broadest  at  the  anterior  bend  but  is  not  strongly  flattened  there. 

7.  Flagellum  strongly  sinuate  near  to  the  apex,  proximally  tying  close 
above  the  basal  enlargement  which  is  comparatively  short  and  its  upper  edge 
arched : the  anterior  bend  lies  over  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  or  a little  anterior 
thereto.  Only  one  small  tooth  between  the  second  and  third  large  ones  of  the 
upper  jaw,  or  if  two  are  present  one  of  them  is  quite  minute. 

S.  venatov  Poc. 

8.  Flagellum  reaching  back  well  beyond  the  ocular  tubercle,  straight 

throughout,  or  slightly  sinuate  towards  the  apex,  the  proximal  portion  situated 
well  above  the  basal  enlargement  which  is  very  long  and  low,  the  upper  edge 
thereof  being  straight  for  quite  a long  distance.  Usually  two  rather  small 
teeth  between  the  second  and  third  large  ones  of  the  upper  jaw,  but  the  first 
of  these  may  be  quite  minute  or  practically  absent.  A very  strong  develop- 
ment of  long  and  straight  stout  spines  on  the  outer  and  upper  surfaces  of  the 
upper  jaw.  - 5.  monteiroi  Poc. 

C.  Procurrent  portion  of  flagellum  short:  shaft  long  and  more 
or  less  cylindrical,  at  any  rate  over  the  first  half  of  its  length,  some- 
times a little  flattened,  finely  serrated  for  some  distance  along  the 
upper  or  lower  edge  distally  or  along  a curved  or  spiral  ridge  (in 
spiralicornis  the  serrated  edge  may  be  very  short  or  perhaps 
obsolete). 

9.  Terminal  fang  of  upper  jaw  very  short,  with  fairly  strong  blunt  internal 
tooth  dorsally  against  which  the  lower  jaw  closes : shaft  of  flagellum  somewhat 
flattened,  more  especially  at  the  anterior  bend  which  is  rather  broad,  reaching 
back  a little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  mandible,  lightly  arched  in  the  distal 
third  and  gradually  tapering  to  a fine  point.  Anterior  bend  of  flagellum  over 
the  first  tooth,  or  the  interval  between  the  second  and  first  teeth.  A fairly 
strong  development  of  long  pointed  spines  on  upper  surface  of  chelicera. 

5.  schlechteri  Purcell. 

Terminal  fang  of  upper  jaw  quite  long,  with  a minute  internal 
tooth. 

10.  Flagellum  reaching  to  a point  between  the  middle  of  the  mandible 
and  the  ocular  tubercle,  bearing  a more  or  less  distinct  denticulate  crest  in 
the  posterior  third  or  fourth  of  its  length:  there  are  usually  two  light  curves 
in  its  course,  a long  one  proximally  and  a short  one  distally  (but  these  are 
sometimes  absolete),  and  between  them  is  a shallow  dorsal  sinus  situated  in 
the  distal  third.  Viewed  from  above,  the  distal  portion  of  the  flagellum  beyond 
the  sinus  is  practically  in  a line  with  the  main  axis,  and  the  shaft  is  not 
abruptly  narrowed  at  the  sinus,  but  tapers  gradually  from  this  region  to  the 
apex.  Anterior  bend  of  flagellum  situated  over  the  second  tooth.  Basal 


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enlargement  high,  not  much  elongated,  the  anterior  upper  margin  being 
rather  lightly  curved,  but  not  forming  an  angle  with  the  posterior  ridge  which 
is  strongly  curved.  5.  serraticornis  Purcell. 

11.  Similar  thereto,  but  flagellum  reaching  as  far  as  the  ocular  tubercle. 

A dense  group  of  long  strong  spines  on  the  upper  and  outer  surfaces  of  the 
chelicera.  S.  serraticornis  var.  umtalica  Hewitt. 

12.  Flagellum  reaching  just  beyond  the  middle  of  the  mandible,  spirally 
twisted,  and  carrying  a spiral  serrated  crest  over  the  distal  two-thirds  of  its 
length  except  near  to  the  tip.  Basal  enlargement  short,  with  curved  upper 
margin.  On  the  upper  surface  of  the  chelicerae  there  are  a few  long  slender 
spines  and  stiff  bristles  but  practical^  no  stout  spines. 

5.  strepsiceros  Kraepelin. 

13.  Somewhat  like  serraticornis,  but  the  denticulate  crest  on  the  flagellum 
feebly  developed,  being  restricted  to  the  inferior  edge  at  the  distal  sinus.  The 
flagellum  is  twisted  as  well  as  curved  at  the  well-marked  distal  sinus : viewed 
from  above,  the  portion  beyond  the  sinus  is  quite  straight,  or  nearly  so,  and 
parallel  with  the  main  portion  of  the  shaft  but  distinctly  external  thereto: 
at  the  distal  end  of  the  sinus,  the  shaft  becomes  rather  suddenly  reduced  in 
thickness,  and  thence  to  the  apex  is  gradually  drawn  out  to  a fine  point.  Basal 
enlargement  somewhat  elongated,  the  upper  margin  being  straight  or  nearly 
so  for  a considerable  distance:  shaft  rather  broad  at  the  anterior  bend,  but 
otherwise  not  flattened.  On  the  lateral  and  upper  parts  of  the  chelicerae  there 
is  a very  strong  development  of  straight  stout  spines. 

5.  spiralicornis  Purcell. 

D.  Recurrent  portion  of  flagellum  very  short,  not  or  scarcely 
extending  back  beyond  the  basal  enlargement,  and  not  strongly 
flattened  over  the  greater  portion  of  its  length : procurrent  portion 
very  short,  the  anterior  bend  situated  over  the  second  tooth,  or 
the  interval  between  the  first  and  second:  on  the  inner  dorsal  edge 
of  the  upper  jaw,  just  in  front  of  the  anterior  bend  of  the  flagellum, 
there  is  a small  or  minute  tooth. 

14.  Flagellum  an  upstanding  process,  shaped  somewhat  like  the  horn  of  a 

rhinoceros,  broad  and  strongly  flattened  from  front  to  back  at  the  anterior 
bend,  tapering  gradually  towards  the  apex  which  is  truncate,  the  central  core 
projecting  out  therefrom  a little:  tip  of  flagellum  situated  just  above  the 
middle  point  of  the  basal  enlargement.  5.  schonlandi  Pocock. 

15.  Flagellum  somewhat  similar,  but  at  the  apex  is  an  enlarged  globose 

swelling,  the  cuticle  of  which  is  minutely  pubescent,  thin,  and  pale,  thus 
markedly  contrasting  with  the  shaft : the  shaft  is  continued  on  the  inner  side 
of  the  swelling  into  a sharp-pointed  flanking  spine : the  shaft  is  short  and  stout, 
being  very  broad  at  the  anterior  bend  where  it  is  flattened  from  front  to  back. 
Long  spines  and  stout  bristles  are  fairly  well  developed  on  the  upper  surface 
of  chelicerae.  5.  globicornis  Kraep. 

E.  Flagellum  not,  or  only  slightly,  produced  anteriorly,  the 
anterior  bend  overlying  the  second  tooth ; recurrent  portion  short, 
strongly  flattened  over  the  greater  portion  of  its  length:  upper  jaw 
on  its  inner  dorsal  edge,  near  to  the  anterior  bend  of  the  flagellum, 
furnished  with  a fairly  conspicuous  tooth,  or  two  small  teeth,  against 
which  the  lower  fang  closes. 


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47 


1 6.  Shaft  of  flagellum  extending  backwards  about  as  far  as  the  basal 

enlargement:  at  the  anterior  bend  it  presents  the  appearance  o.f  a broad  stiff 
membrane:  this  quickly  becomes  much  broader,  but  at  the  same  time  is 
strongly  folded  longitudinally  along  the  middle,  so  that  a transverse  section 
of  the  flagellum  at  about  the  middle  point  of  its  length  would  be  V-shaped, 
the  angle  being  directed  upwards  and  forming  the  upper  margin  of  the  flagellum 
in  side  view.  In  the  apical  third,  the  membrane  tapers  gradually,  the  apex 
being  not  very  sharp,  and  at  a short  distance  therefrom  on  the  inner  side  is  a 
strong  accessory  tooth.  The  single  dorsal  tooth  on  the  inner  side  of  the  fang 
projects  forwards  and  is  long  and  strong.  5.  ferox  Pocock. 

17.  Shaft  of  flagellum  reaching  back  to  a point  which  is  a little  further 

from  the  hind  margin  of  the  basal  enlargement  than  this  from  the  anterior 
bend.  Tip  of  flagellum  pointed  and  barbed  somewhat  like  an  arrowhead:  the 
terminal  portion  is  also  armed  at  the  base  with  two  strong  serrate  teeth,  one 
external  and  the  other  inferior.  5.  sagittavia  Pocock. 

18.  Tip  of  flagellum  nearer  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  basal  enlarge- 

ment than  is  that  margin  to  the  anterior  bend.  Apex  blunt.  At  the  anterior 
bend,  the  shaft  is  very  broad,  becoming  strongly  twisted  as  it  passes  backwards : 
not  far  from  the  apex,  its  upper  edge  presents  a small  sharp  tooth.  On  the 
inner  dorsal  edge  of  the  fang  of  the  upper  jaw,  there  are  two  small  tubercles 
near  to  the  anterior  bend  of  the  flagellum.  5.  suffusca  Hewitt. 

F.  Like  D,  but  flagellum  a little  longer  and  the  anterior  bend 
situated  further  back  over  the  intermediate  small  teeth. 

19.  Recurrent  portion  of  flagellum  reaching  back  a little  beyond  the 
posterior  border  of  the  basal  enlargement,  and  becoming  gradually  attenuated 
at  the  tip : basal  enlargement  with  a high  crest  and  upright  posterior  border. 

5.  darlingi  Poc. 

20.  Recurrent  portion  a little  longer  than  in  darlingi,  running  backwards 

and  upwards  at  an  angle  of  450,  straight  throughout  the  greater  portion  of  its 
length  but  distinctly  sinuate  in  the  distal  fourth,  the  apex  being  directed 
upwards : basal  lamina  not  so  elevated,  its  outline  about  semicircular.  Head- 
plate,  mandibles  and  abdomen  with  black  stripes.  S.  sericea  Poc. 

21.  Flagellum  still  longer,  gradually  tapering  to  a slender  apex,  which  is 

situated  about  midway  between  the  anterior  bend  and  the  ocular  tubercle; 
shaft  doubly  sinuate  from  side  to  side  and  strongly  curved  in  a vertical  plane 
in  its  distal  half,  the  apex  being  directed  downwards.  Basal  enlargement  high 
and  almost  circular  in  outline.  5.  alstoni  Purcell. 

22.  Shaft  of  flagellum  strongly  flattened  over  the  first  portion  of  its  length, 
then  becoming  abruptly  narrowed  distally  so  that  the  apical  third  or  fourth 
is  setiform : total  length  of  recurrent  portion  equal  to  about  twice  the  distance 
between  the  anterior  bend  and  the  hind  margin  of  the  basal  enlargement,  which 
is  rounded  in  outline.  First  tooth  of  lower  jaw  situated  midway  between  the 
second  tooth  and  the  tip  of  the  fang:  lower  jaw  with  feathered  bristles  on  its 
inner  surface.  Upper  jaw  with  no  distinct  tooth  on  the  superior  inner  margin 
near  the  base  of  the  fang.  Dorsal  surfaces  with  blackish  stripes. 

5.  celeripes  Hirst. 

G.  Shaft  of  flagellum  short,  directed  forwards  and  extending 
about  as  far  as  the  tip  of  the  fang  or  even  a little  anterior  thereto, 


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then  curving  upwards  a little  but  not  or  only  slightly  recurved, 
broad  and  strongly  flattened  throughout,  distally  with  several  short 
lobes  or  processes.  In  the  upper  jaw,  the  single  series  includes  two 
anterior  strong  teeth,  followed  by  a short  interval,  and  then  two  or 
three  teeth. 

23.  Flagellum  terminating  in  a short  sharp  strongly  curved  spur,  directed 

outwards  and  upwards,  and  composed  of  two  closely  appressed  pieces : on  the 
outer  edge  of  the  shaft,  near  to  the  apex,  is  an  obtuse  lobe-  like  process,  and  on 
the  inner  edge,  still  nearer  to  the  apex,  is  a curved  filiform  process  minutely 
serrulated  along  its  outer  edge.  5.  cervina  Purcell. 

24.  Similar  thereto,  but  flagellum  terminating  in  a broadly  ovate  lobe, 

with  rounded  apex,  and  provided  with  a straight  acute  process  extending 
outwards  from  the  posterior  upper  part:  the  upper  edges  of  the  lobe  and  its 
process  are  continuouslv  serrated.  5.  collinita  Purcell. 

23.  Shaft  of  flagellum  broadening  out  distally  and  dividing  into  three 
divergent  backwardly  directed  slender  processes,  the  middle  one  of  which  is 
shortest  and  stoutest,  being  straight,  indurated  and  sharply  pointed  at  the 
tip,  the  other  two  being  curved  and  comparatively  weak,  the  shorter  mesial 
one  being  finely  serrulate  above  near  its  apex.  5.  alcicornis  Kraepelin. 


Group  II. 

Dentition  of  the  upper  jaw  very  dissimilar  in  the  two  sexes;  in  the 
female  continuous,  and  closely  resembling  that  of  Group  I;  but  in  the 
adult  male  with  a long  toothless  space  in  the  middle  of  the  single  series 
(except  in  Junodi),  thus  separating  the  teeth  into  two  groups  of  two 
teeth  each,  the  teeth  of  the  distal  group  varying  much  in  size  and 
occasionally  with  an  additional  small  tooth  anteriorly.  Adult  female 
with  the  first  abdominal  sternite  more  or  less  produced  at  the  hind  angles 
mesially  into  a pair  of  narrowed  lobes  (cp.  PI.  Ill,  fig.  11). 

The  species  are  all  diurnal,  and  at  once  distinguished  from  the 
nocturnal  species  of  group  I by  the  strongly  contrasting  colours  of  the 
abdomen,  the  sides  of  which  are  white  or  yellow,  whilst  the  posterior 
tergites  are  black  or  strongly  infuscated,  the  anterior  tergites  being  paler 
mesially  but  usually  becoming  infuscated  laterally,  thus  presenting  a 
dark  lateral  band  on  each  side  which  gradually  merges  with  the  blackened 
area  of  the  posterior  tergites.  The  upper  margin  of  the  basal  enlargement 
of  the  flagellum  of  the  male  is  elevated  into  a sharp  keel:  the  lower  jaw 
usually  has  a very  long  fang,  and  on  the  outer  side  distally  is  a sharp 
keel,  which  is  sometimes  continued  as  a prominent  granular  crest  towards 
the  base  of  the  jaw:  feather  bristles  are  poorly  developed  on  the  inner 
surface  of  the  lower  jaw,  and  are  not  very  well  developed  on  the  upper 
jaw.  Posterior  legs  usually  with  numerous  long  hairs  which  are  some- 
times arranged  in  a distinct  mane  in  adult  males. 

A.  Terminal  fang  of  upper  jaw  without  a long  keel  on  its  mesial 
side,  but  provided  with  a dorsal  forwardly  projecting  tooth  just  in 
front  of  the  anterior  bend  of  the  flagellum,  or  with  an  abbreviated 


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49 


keel.  Flagellum  strongly  flattened  from  front  to  back  at  the  anterior 
bend,  being  as  wide  as  the  fang  itself  at  this  point,  or  nearly  so. 
Shaft  of  flagellum  filiform  throughout. 

26.  Flagellum  reaching  back  a little  beyond  the  ocular  tubercle  and 

slightly  blunted  at  the  tip : the  anterior  bend  situated  far  forwards,  overlying 
the  most  distal  tooth:  basal  enlargement  very  high,  the  whole  upper  margin 
elevated  as  a high  laminar  keel.  On  the  inner  side  of  the  upper  jaw,  near  to 
the  anterior  bend,  is  a distinct  dorsal  tooth  pointing  forwards.  Two  distal 
teeth  of  upper  jaw  moderately  large,  and  in  front  of  these  is  a more  or  less 
distinct  though  minute  additional  tooth.  S.  lateralis  Koch. 

27.  Anterior  bend  of  flagellum  overlying  the  tooth  preceding  the  long 

interval,  the  shaft  terminating  a little  posterior  to  the  hind  margin  of  the 
basal  enlargement.  Three  distal  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw,  the  second  and  third 
being  of  moderate  size.  S.  erythronotoides  sp.  nov. 

28.  Anterior  bend  more  posteriorly  situated,  overlying  the  toothless 
interval:  shaft  reaching  back  about  half  way  along  the  mandible.  Basal 
enlargement  high.  Two  distal  teeth  of  upper  jaw  moderately  well  developed. 

S.  erythronota  Kraepelin. 

B.  Shaft  of  flagellum  not  simply  filiform,  but  more  or  less 
flattened  and  expanded  in  the  distal  portion,  where  the  edges  are 
frayed  out  into  processes  or  deeply  serrated. 

29.  Terminal  fang  of  upper  jaw  with  a dorsal  tooth  but  no  keel  or  only  a 

very  weak  one  on  its  mesial  side.  Flagellum  broad  at  the  anterior  bend, 
which  overlies  the  tooth  preceding  the  long  interval,  reaching  back  about  as 
far  as  the  ocular  tubercle,  and  filiform  over  the  greater  portion  of  its  length, 
but  in  the  terminal  third  it  expands  slightly  into  a lamina  and  divides  into 
two  main  portions,  the  longer  one  being  drawn  out  to  a filament  with  serrated 
margins,  the  shorter  one  ending  abruptly  but  bearing  a short  and  slender 
serrated  extension  running  parallel  to  the  longer  process  just  mentioned.  Two 
distal  teeth  of  upper  jaw  moderately  large.  S.  maraisi  Hewitt. 

30.  Anterior  bend  of  flagellum  overlying  the  toothless  interval,  the  shaft 

reaching  back  beyond  the  middle  of  the  mandible,  being  deeply  and  finely 
serrated  along  its  upper  edge  in  the  distal  half  which  is  much  flattened  from 
the  sides.  Fang  of  upper  jaw  with  an  exceptionally  high  keel  arising  from  the 
upper  surface  along  its  inner  edge,  just  above  the  distal  group  of  teeth  and  in 
front  of  the  flagellum.  S.  spectralis  Purcell. 

31.  Anterior  bend  situated  as  in  spectralis , the  shaft  short,  about  as  long 

as  the  terminal  fang  of  the  lower  jaw,  and  serrated  along  three  edges  in  its 
distal  half  which  is  expanded  except  towards  the  apex.  A thin  upright  blade- 
like keel,  serrated  anteriorly,  and  provided  with  a sharp  forwardly  directed 
tooth  about  the  midde  of  its  length,  occurs  on  the  inner  side  of  the  fang  of 
the  upper  jaw.  5.  vincta  Koch. 

C.  Terminal  fang  of  upper  jaw  grooved  on  its  mesial  side 
superiorly  for  the  reception  of  the  procurrent  portion  of  the  shaft 
of  the  flagellum,  the  groove  continued  in  front  of  the  anterior  bend, 
being  bounded  mesially  by  a long  keel  which  extends  from  the 
anterior  bend  towards  the  tip  of  the  fang.  Flagellum  not  broad  at 
the  anterior  bend,  the  shaft  filiform,  not  expanded. 

a.  Anterior  bend  of  flagellum  posteriorly  situated,  over- 
lying  some  portion  of  the  toothless  interval. 


4 


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32.  The  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  flagellum  to  the  hind  margin  of  the 
basal  enlargement  is  less  than  the  length  of  the  basal  enlargement,  which  is 
much  longer  than  high.  Two  distal  teeth  of  upper  jaw  weak.  In  the  lower  jaw, 
the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  is  about  equal 
to  ij-if  times  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth. 

5.  coquinae  typicus  Hewitt. 

33.  Similar  thereto,  but  fang  of  lower  jaw  longer,  the  distance  from  the 
tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  being  equal  to  about  2-2 \ times 
the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth. 

5.  coquinae  orangicus  var.  nov. 

34.  Flagellum  short,  reaching  back  only  a little  beyond  the  hind  border 
of  the  basal  enlargement,  and  suddenly  expanded  at  its  apex  into  a slender 
funnel  with  obliquely  truncated  margins.  Two  distal  teeth  of  upper  jaw  of 
moderate  size,  the  keel  on  the  inner  side  of  the  fang  strong  and  outstanding. 

5.  tubicen  Krapp. 

b.  Anterior  bend  of  flagellum  more  anteriorly  situated, 
overlying  the  tooth  preceding  the  long  interval,  or  a trifle 
anterior  thereto. 

35.  Flagellum  reaching  back  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  mandible:  basal 
enlargement  much  longer  than  high:  two  distal  teeth  of  upper  jaw  weak. 

5.  derbiana  Pocock. 

36.  Recurrent  portion  of  flagellum  short,  ending  in  a fine  point  just 
posterior  to  the  basal  enlargement  which  has  a high  dorsal  keel.  The  toothless 
interval  of  the  upper  jaw  is  practically  obsolete  as  such,  the  two  distal  teeth 
being  large,  strongly  compressed  and  sublaminate.  The  teeth  of  the  lower 
jaw  are  close  together  near  the  base,  the  fang  being  very  long. 

5.  junodi  Purcell. 

c.  Anterior  bend  of  flagellum  still  more  anteriorly  situated, 
overlying  either  the  most  distal  tooth  or  even  in  front  thereof. 

37.  Flagellum  slender,  reaching  to  the  ocular  tubercle,  sharp-edged  near 

the  apex.  Two  distal  teeth  of  upper  jaw  usually  weak,  but  the  second  may  be 
of  moderate  size.  Viewed  from  the  side,  the  terminal  fang  of  the  upper  jaw  is 
directed  obliquely  upwards  to  a slight  extent,  being  at  an  obtuse  angle  with 
the  main  axis  of  the  jaw.  5.  hostilis  White. 

38.  Flagellum  terminating  in  a slightly  upcurled  point  above  the  ocular 

tubercle,  the  apex  being  very  finely  pointed  but  not  cultrate.  The  shaft  is 
distinctly  flattened  over  a considerable  portion  of  its  length.  Viewed  from  the 
side,  the  short  terminal  fang  of  the  upper  jaw  is  directed  horizontally  forwards 
in  a line  with  the  rest  of  the  jaw,  which  is  itself  greatly  produced  in  the  region 
of  the  extended  toothless  interval.  Two  distal  teeth  of  upper  jaw  of  moderate 
size.  5.  mavshalli  Pocock. 

39.  Flagellum  not  reaching  so  far  as  the  hind  margin  of  the  chelicera, 

its  apex  presenting  a sharp  cutting  edge  for  a short  distance  dorsally.  Toothless 
interval  comparatively  short,  the  distance  from  the  apex  of  the  second  tooth 
to  the  tip  of  the  fang,  being  subequal  to  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the 
second  and  fourth  teeth.  5.  tookei  sp.  nov. 

40.  Flagellum  reaching  to  a point  slightly  posterior  to  the  ocular  tubercle, 
the  distal  fifth  being  bent  strongly  downwards,  the  apex  minutely  forked,  and 
the  indurated  outer  upper  edge  of  the  bent  portion  is  notched  at  a short 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


5i 


distance  from  the  apex.  Two  distal  teeth  of  upper  jaw  large,  the  apex  of  the 
second  tooth  being  just  a trifle  nearer  to  the  apex  of  the  fourth  than  to  the 
tip  of  the  fang,  or  midway  between  the  two.  5.  bechuanica  Hewitt. 

41.  Flagellum  reaching  to  the  ocular  tubercle,  lightly  sinuate  in  its  distal 
fifth,  flattened  from  above  near  the  apex  and  notched  on  the  inner  edge.  First 
tooth  of  upper  jaw  rudimentary,  separated  by  an  interval  from  the  second, 
which  is  large  and  posteriorly  situated,  so  much  so  that  the  distance  from  the 
apex  of  this  tooth  to  the  tip  of  the  fang  is  much  greater  than  the  distance 
between  the  apices  of  the  second  and  fourth  teeth.  5.  hamata  Hewitt. 


Group  III. 

Related  to  II  C,  but  upper  jaw  with  two  rather  long  toothless  spaces 
in  the  single  series  of  teeth.  A very  well  developed  mane  present  on  the 
hind  legs.  Tarsus  II  with  a row  of  four  distinct  spines  on  the  outer  side 
superiorly. 

42.  Flagellum  with  the  anterior  bend  about  in  a line  with  the  mid-point  of 

the  first  toothless  space,  the  recurrent  portion  more  or  less  straight  throughout, 
about  reaching  to  the  hind  edge  of  the  chelicera,  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
basal  enlargement  being  decidedly  anterior  to  the  mid-point  of  the  length  of 
the  flagellum.  S.  chelicornis  Licht. 

a.  A dense  pile  of  short  pale  hairs  on  the  upper  surfaces  of  the 

patella  and  tibia  of  the  palp  in  the  male.  In  the  upper  jaw,  the  distance 
between  the  first  and  second  teeth  is  decidedly  greater  than  the  distance 
between  the  second  and  fourth.  S.  chelicornis  pubescens  var.  nov. 

b.  Similar  thereto,  but  without  a pile  of  short  pale  hairs  on  the 

upper  surfaces  of  the  palp.  5.  chelicornis  rufescens  var.  nov. 

c.  In  the  upper  jaw,  the  distance  between  the  first  and  second  teeth 
is  less  than  the  distance  between  the  second  and  fourth. 

5.  chelicornis  macrognathus  var.  nov. 

43.  Flagellum  reaching  back  to  a point  about  midway  between  the  ocular 

tubercle  and  the  hind  margin  of  the  basal  enlargement,  which  is  about  in  a 
vertical  line  with  the  mid-point  of  the  flagellum;  the  anterior  bend  is  rather 
more  posteriorly  situated,  and  above  it  the  shaft  makes  a bold  high  curve 
(not  depressed  as  in  chelicornis ).  5.  villosa  Purcell. 


Group  IV. 

The  single  series  of  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  presents  no  long  toothless 
intervals,  and  comprises  six  teeth  (or  only  five  when  the  normally  minute 
fourth  tooth  is  obsolete  or  lacking),  of  which  only  the  one  basally  situated 
is  of  large  size,  the  first  tooth  being  small,  the  third  also  small,  and  the 
second  still  smaller.  In  the  lower  jaw,  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  is  nearer 
to  the  tip  of  the  fang  than  to  the  apex  of  the  basal  large  tooth.  Anterior 
bend  of  flagellum  far  forwards,  in  front  of  the  first  tooth,  the  procurrent 
portion  of  the  shaft  not  sunk  into  a groove  of  the  upper  jaw,  so  that  there 
is  no  keel  nor  tooth  on  the  mesial  surface  of  the  terminal  fang.  Tibia  of 

4—2 


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palp  well  scopulate  inferiorly,  the  whole  palp  being  subequal  to  or  only 
very  slightly  shorter  than  leg  III.  Females  also  have  six  teeth  in  the 
single  series  of  the  upper  jaw,  the  first,  third  and  sixth  being  of  large 
size. 

44.  Flagellum  reaching  back  almost  to  the  ocular  tubercle,  in  its  distal 
fourth  flattened  dorso-ventrally  and  ending  in  a flat  lance-like  apex. 

S.  hastata  Kraepelin. 

45.  Similar  thereto,  but  the  terminal  fourth  of  the  flagellum  is  deeply 
grooved  above  and  for  a short  distance  keeled  below. 

5.  ornithorhyncha  Hewitt. 

46.  Flagellum  much  shorter,  presenting  a large  bold  curve  at  the  anterior 
bend,  and  directed  obliquely  upwards  in  a sinuous  line  with  two  curves  in  its 
course,  a short  deeper  one  near  the  apex,  and  a longer  shallower  one  proximally : 
it  reaches  backwards  only  a little  beyond  the  hind  margin  of  the  basal  lamina, 
which  is  remarkable  in  being  produced  upwards  as  a short  outstanding  process. 

5.  methueni  Hewitt. 

Group  V. 

Dentition  of  upper  jaw  similar  in  the  two  sexes,  the  single  series 
comprising  a distal  tooth  at  some  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  fang, 
followed  by  1-3  small  teeth  and  one  large  one,  then  3-5  small  teeth,  and 
finally  another  large  one.  Terminal  fang  of  upper  jaw  with  a fairly  long 
high  ridge  on  its  mesial  side,  starting  near  the  anterior  bend  of  the 
flagellum  and  proceeding  towards  the  tip  of  the  fang.  Terminal  fang  of 
lower  jaw  short,  the  distance  from  the  tip  thereof  to  the  apex  of  the 
first  tooth  being  only  about  1 J times  as  long  as  the  distance  between  the 
apices  of  the  two  teeth.  Tibia  of  palp  not  scopulate  below,  the  whole 
palp  being  decidedly  shorter  than  leg  III. 

47.  Flagellum  reaching  back  a little  behind  the  middle  of  the  mandible, 

flattened  out  in  its  distal  half  which  is  slightly  twisted  and  fringed  along  the 
edges:  anterior  bend  about  on  a level  with  the  second  tooth.  Upper  surfaces 
with  black  stripes.  S.  line  ala  Koch. 

Genus  Zeriassa  Pocock. 

Zeriassa  cuneicornis  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  413,  figs.  20 

and  20  a. 

The  type,  described  under  the  name  of  Solpuga  cuneicornis , came  from 
Southern  Rhodesia. 

Zeriassa  purcelli  Hewitt  [PI.  VII,  fig.  36],  1914.  Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  iv. 

p.  163,  fig.  25. 

This  species  is  only  known  from  Newington,  N.E.  Transvaal. 

The  female  referred  to  in  the  original  description  does  not  belong  to  the 
species.  A small  exampLe  from  Newington,  with  the  two  long  preocular  spines 
characteristic  of  the  genus,  is  no  doubt  the  true  female  of  this  species.  In  this 
specimen,  the  terminal  fang  of  the  upper  jaw  is  comparatively  long,  the  first 
tooth  is  small,  the  second  tooth  is  very  long  and  large,  being  the  longest  in  the 
whole  dental  series,  the  third  is  small,  fourth  of  moderate  size,  and  the  fifth 
large:  this  may  be  regarded  as  completing  the  single  series,  although  the  outer 


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53 


row  of  the  double  series  is  quite  continuous  with  the  single  series.  The  outer 
row  includes  four  teeth  of  which  the  distal  one  is  the  largest,  but  is  not  so 
large  as  the  adjoining  fifth  tooth  of  the  single  series.  The  inner  row  includes 
three  teeth,  of  which  the  first  is  largest  and  is  widely  separated  from  the  second 
as  well  as  from  the  single  series:  the  basal  tooth  is  quite  small.  In  the  lower 
jaw  there  is  only  one  intermediate  tooth.  Both  upper  and  lower  jaw  are 
strongly  compressed  from  side  to  side : the  lateral  distal  keel  on  the  outer  side 
of  the  lower  jaw  thus  becomes  carried  ventralwards,  and  is  not  continued 
into  the  granular  crest  which  runs  along  the  middle  of  the  basal  portion  of  the 
jaw.  The  lower  jaw  has  great  depth,  and  thus  in  side  view  has  a massive 
appearance.  Stridulatory  ridges  are  well  developed  on  the  chelicerae,  number- 
ing about  12  in  the  male,  and  9-10  in  the  female.  Feather  bristles  are  not  well 
developed  on  the  lower  jaw  of  the  male:  it  resembles  that  of  the  female  but 
is  not  so  strong.  The  flagellum  of  the  male  has  various  points  in  common  with 
that  of  cuneicovnis , and  it  may  be  noted  that  the  upper  margin  of  the  basal 
enlargement  is  elongated  in  both,  and  that  the  upper  and  posterior  margins 
are  acutely  inclined  to  each  other,  with  a large  high  keel  at  the  angle.  The 
procurrent  portion  of  the  shaft  lies  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  jaw,  and  is  not 
sunk  into  a groove:  on  the  mesial  side  of  the  fang  superiorly,  just  in  front  of 
the  anterior  bend,  an  ill  defined  ridge  occurs. 

Key  to  the  S.  African  species  of  Zeriassa. 

1.  Shaft  of  flagellum  short,  very  broad  at  the  anterior  bend,  being 
there  almost  twice  the  width  of  the  fang  below  it,  thence  gradually 
narrowing  towards  the  middle  where  a slight  twist  occurs  and  the  shaft 
bends  outwards  slightly,  ending  in  a point  (apparently)  a short  distance 
beyond  the  basal  enlargement.  Basal  enlargement  with  triangular  out- 
line when  viewed  from  the  side.  Dentition  of  single  series  of  upper  jaw 
continuous,  including  five  teeth:  lower  jaw  with  one  intermediate  tooth. 

Z.  cuneicovnis  Purcell. 

2.  Shaft  of  flagellum  very  broad  throughout  its  length,  tapering 

somewhat  up  to  the  distal  twist  but  expanded  a little  near  the  apex, 
which  carries  a short  slender  hook-like  process:  it  extends  only  a trifle 
beyond  the  basal  enlargement.  Upper  jaw  with  six  teeth  in  the  single 
series:  lower  jaw  with  two  intermediate  teeth,  and  the  distance  from 
the  tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  is  subequal  to  the  distance 
between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth.  Z.  purcelli  Hewitt. 


Genus  Daesia  Karsch . 

Daesia  suhulata  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  393,  fig.  12. 

The  type  male  came  from  Van  Wijk’s  Vlei,  Carnarvon. 

Daesia  hernhardi  Pocock,  1900.  Annals  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  7,  vi.  p.  317. 

The  type  is  a female  from  Hex  River  Valley.  The  character  of  spines  and 
ridges  on  the  sides  of  the  abdomen  interiorly,  considered  by  Pocock  to  be 
distinctive  of  this  species,  occurs  also  in  leipoldti,  lineata,  and  probably  also  in 
other  species.  I may  remark  that  these  structures  are  easily  overlooked,  for 
the  sides  of  the  abdomen  are  densely  hairy  and  the  spines  and  ridges  quite 
small.  To  see  them  it  is  necessary  to  stretch  out  the  integument  and  examine 


54 


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under  the  low  power  of  a compound  microscope.  The  ridges  mentioned  by 
Pocock  (7)  occur  in  the  soft  skin  of  the  sides  inferiorly,  immediately  lateral 
to  the  interval  between  sternites  III  and  IV.  The  spines  on  the  soft  skin  of 
various  segments,  as  specified  by  Purcell  (12)  who  described  them  as  “ claw- 
like,”  are  all  quite  slender. 

Daesia  namaqua  Kraepelin,  1899.  Das  Tierreich,  p.  94,  fig.  63. 

The  type  came  from  Gt  Namaqualand,  and  Kraepelin  records  it  also  from 
Steinkopf  in  Little  Namaqualand. 

Daesia  betschuanica  Kraepelin,  1908.  Denk.  med.  nat.  Gesell.  Jena,  xm.  p.  273. 

The  type  male  came  from  Lobatsi. 

Daesia  kolbei  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  391,  fig.  10. 

This  is  founded  on  a female  specimen  from  Bulawayo. 

Daesia  pallida  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  382,  fig.  n. 

The  type  is  a female  specimen  from  the  Kenhart  div.  C.P. 

Daesia  leipoldti  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  388,  fig.  9. 

This  species  is  based  on  female  specimens  from  the  Clan  william  div.  C.P. 

Daesia  hottentotta  Kraepelin,  1899.  Das  Tierreich,  p.  95,  fig.  64. 

According  to  Kraepelin,  this  is  the  commonest  species  of  South  West 
Africa,  and  he  records  it  from  various  localities  in  Damaraland  and  Gt  Nama- 
qualand. 

An  example  from  Mt  Temple,  Bechuan aland  (T.  C.  Lanham)  is  perhaps 
referable  to  this  species.  It  has  a flagellum  like  that  of  lineata,  and  along  the 
middle  is  a dark  midrib.  The  dentition  of  the  upper  jaw  is  not  very  different 
from  that  of  lineata : the  single  series  includes  four  teeth,  of  which  the  first 
and  third  are  of  moderate  size,  being  not  much  smaller  than  the  second  and 
fourth,  and  the  inferior  outline  of  the  fang  is  curved,  not  straight.  The  same 
form  occurs  at  TJpington  (Miss  Lennox). 

Daesia  lineata  Pocock  [Pis.  VI,  figs.  27,  28  and  31,  and  VIII,  fig.  43],  1902. 
Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  7,  x.  p.  7,  PI.  II,  figs.  3,  3 a and  3 b.  = D.  schreineri 
Purcell,  1903,  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  111.  p.  14,  PI.  1,  fig.  11. 

The  type  of  this  species  was  regarded  as  representing  a distinct  genus,  and 
was  described  by  Pocock  under  the  name  of  Broomiella  lineata.  I am  satisfied 
that  Pocock’s  specimen  was  an  aberrant  example  of  the  same  species  as  was 
described  subsequently  by  Purcell  as  D.  schreineri.  The  most  noteworthy 
feature  of  Pocock’s  specimen,  according  to  the  figure,  is  the  small  size  of  the 
fourth  tarsus,  which  apparently  is  shorter  than  the  third,  and  even  the  claw 
of  the  fourth  is  represented  as  shorter  than  that  of  the  third  tarsus.  Now,  in 
the  genus  Daesia,  the  claw  of  the  fourth  leg  is  normally  much  longer  than 
that  of  the  third,  and  so  also  is  the  tarsus  as  a whole,  but  occasionally  excep- 
tions are  found.  The  exceptions  observed  by  me  are  without  doubt  referable 
to  the  specifes  D.  schreineri,  agreeing  with  normal  examples  of  that  species  in 
the  dentition  and  in  the  flagellum,  and  indeed  are  only  remarkable  in  the 
characters  of  the  fourth  leg.  In  an  adult  male  from  Hopetown  tarsus  IV  of  the 
right  side  is  normal,  but  the  left  tarsus  IV  is  two-jointed,  the  whole  leg  being 
shorter  than  that  of  the  right  side,  although  its  basal  segments  bear  five 
malleoli : the  tarsal  claws  of  the  shorter  leg  are  noticeably  short,  being  shorter 
than  those  of  tarsus  III.  and  the  tarsus  as  a whole  is  only  a little  longer  than 


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55 


tarsus  III.  Again,  a small  female  example  from  De  Aar,  where  typical  examples 
of  schreineri  occur,  has  the  left  fourth  leg  normal  throughout,  but  the  right 
leg  is  short  and  its  tarsus  two-jointed  with  quite  short  claws:  there  are  five 
malleoli  as  usual.  The  peculiarities  of  these  aberrant  specimens  are  perhaps 
the  result  of  injury  during  earlier  stages  in  the  life  of  the  individual. 

It  should  be  noted  that  Pocock’s  figure  of  the  flagellum  does  not  represent 
that  organ  so  correctly  as  the  figure  accompanying  the  description  of 
schreineri,  assuming  the  identity  of  the  two  species. 

The  type  of  lineata  came  from  Pearston : that  of  schreineri  from  Hanover. 
We  have  the  species  from  De  Aar  (S.  C.  Cronwright-Schreiner  and  Miss  E. 
Friedlander),  Tafelberg  (Miss  A.  Gadd),  Longhope  (Miss  E.  Abrahamson), 
Zandkraal  near  Steytlerville  (Miss  A.  Geard),  Hopetown  (Miss  Stegmann), 
Smithfield  (Dr  R.  Broom),  and  female  specimens  apparently  referable  thereto 
from  Klerksdale  near  Middelburg  (B.  Marais). 

The  stridulatory  ridges  of  the  chelicerae  are  decidedly  longer  than  in 
Solpuga,  but  are  only  4-6  in  number:  the  bristles  on  the  mesial  surface  are 
much  as  in  Solpuga  and  the  feather  bristles  towards  the  distal  end  of  the 
series  are  not  enlarged.  The  lower  jaw  has  feathered  bristles  on  its  mesial 
surface:  the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  fang  to  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  is 
about  equal  to  i|  times  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the  two  large  teeth: 
the  intermediate  tooth  may  be  present  or  absent  in  male  specimens  from  the 
same  locality.  In  side  view,  the  lower  margin  of  the  terminal  fang  of  the 
upper  jaw  is  quite  straight:  this  seems  to  be  a very  constant  character. 

Rotated  forwards,  the  flagellum  either  just  reaches  the  tip  of  the  fang,  or 
slightly  surpasses,  or  scarcely  reaches  the  tip:  during  life  this  probably  can 
be  rotated  through  an  angle  of  180°,  or  slightly  more,  but  not  very  much  more. 

The  tarsus  of  the  palp  is  slightly  movable  in  both  sexes:  this  is  not  the 
case  in  Blossia. 

Daesia  rhodesiana  Hewitt,  1913.  Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  iv.  p.  165,  fig.  26. 

The  type  male  came  from  Lundi  River,  S.E.  Rhodesia. 

Daesia  schultzei  Kraepelin,  1908.  Denk.  med.  nat.  Gesell.  Jena,  xiii.  p.  274, 
figs.  5 and  6. 

The  type  is  an  adult  male  from  the  Kalahari. 


Key  to  the  S.  African  species  of  Daesia  Karsch. 

1.  Upper  jaw  with  a very  long  slender  toothless  terminal  fang. 
Teeth  of  single  series  absent.  Flagellum  drawn  out  behind  into  a straight 
subulate  shaft  which  exceeds  the  basal  disc  in  length. 

D.  subulata  Purcell. 

2.  Terminal  fang  of  upper  jaw  rather  long,  followed  by  the  single 

series  of  four  teeth — two  fairly  large  ones  in  front,  then  a small  one,  and 
then  a large  tooth.  Flagellum  drawn  out  into  a shaft  which  is  longer  than 
the  disc.  D.  namaqua  Kraepelin. 

3.  Terminal  fang  of  upper  jaw  of  moderate  length  or  short,  the  single 
series  of  teeth  continuous ; the  flagellum  more  or  less  elongated  and  pear- 
shaped,  without  a long  shaft,  though  drawn  out  a little  distally. 


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a.  The  single  series  of  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  comprises  two  large 
ones  in  front,  one  small  intermediate  tooth,  followed  by  a large  tooth. 

D.  hottentotta  Kraepelin. 

b.  Dentition  similar  to  that  of  hottentotta  but  two  small  intermediate 

teeth  in  the  single  series.  D.  pearsoni  Hewitt. 

c.  The  single  series  of  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  comprising  one  small 

one  in  front,  then  a large  one,  then  a small  intermediate  tooth,  and 
finally  a large  one.  D.  lineata  Pocock. 

4.  Terminal  fang  of  moderate  length.  Flagellum  attenuated  distally 
but  not  produced  into  a long  shaft.  Basal  tooth  of  lower  jaw  with  a 
broad  more  or  less  truncated  apex.  In  the  upper  jaw,  the  longest  and 
largest  tooth  is  separated  from  the  distal  tooth  by  a deep  bay : 

a.  This  bay  including  one  small  tooth. 

D.  betschuanica  Kraepelin. 

b.  The  bay  being  quite  toothless.  D.  rhodesiana  Hewitt. 

5.  Terminal  fang  of  upper  jaw  specially  long,  followed  by  a single 
series  comprising  only  two  teeth,  both  of  which  however  are  large. 
Flagellum  continued  beyond  the  capsule  into  a short  dorsal  process  and 
a longer  ventral  one,  connected  together  by  a fold  of  membrane,  the 
latter  process  being  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  capsule. 

D.  schultzei  Kraepelin. 

Genus  Blossia  Simon. 

Blossia  setifera  Pocock,  1900.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  7,  v.  p.  301,  fig.  6. 

The  type  male  came  from  Salisbury,  Mashonaland. 

Blossia  namaquensis  Purcell,  1901.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  n.  p.  211,  fig.  2. 

The  type  male  came  from  Steinkopf,  Namaqualand,  C.P. 

Blossia  unguicornis  Purcell  [Pis.  VII,  figs.  39  and  40,  and  VIII,  figs.  44  and  46], 
1901.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  n.  p.  213,  fig.  3. 

Types  from  Dunbrody,  Uitenhage  div.,  and  the  species  is  also  known 
to  me  from  Alicedale  (F.  Cruden),  Somerset  East  (E.  Driver),  and  Linedrift, 
Peddie  (B.  Marais). 

In  the  male  the  head-plate  is  beset  with  short  spinules,  but  each  eye  is 
protected  on  its  mesial  side  by  a curved  row  of  upstanding  spines:  the 
chelicerae  have  numerous,  rather  short,  sharp  pointed,  stout  spines  and  a few 
long  ones  superiorly,  and  the  thoracic  tergites  are  also  fringed  with  pointed 
spines:  abdominal  tergites  with  very  short  spines  and  weak  spinules,  the 
posterior  one  or  two  tergites  with  slender  setae  which  are  slightly  notched  at 
the  tips:  a few  spines  occur  on  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  trochanters  and 
femora  of  legs  II-IV. 

In  the  females  of  unguicornis , and  probably  of  other  species  also,  the  head- 
plate  is  armed  with  short  spinules  or  prickles,  and  the  tergites  and  chelicerae 
with  spines : these  spines  are  not  so  strong  nor  so  numerous  as  those  of  the 
male,  the  first  tergite  for  example  having  a single  row  of  long  slender  spines 
in  the  female,  but  far  more  numerous,  shorter  and  much  stouter  spines, 
constituting  more  than  one  row,  in  the  adult  male. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


57 


Female  characters  are  by  no  means  constant  throughout  the  genus  Blossia. 
In  a female  from  N.W.  Gordonia,  the  tergites  and  chelicerae  are  armed  with 
long  and  rather  stiff  setae,  but  not  with  spines,  and  the  head-plate  is  devoid 
of  spinules:  moreover,  the  jaws  are  more  slender  and  longer  than  in  females 
of  unguicornis. 

In  this  genus,  modified  fleshy  hairs  on  the  sternites  are  not  confined  to  the 
adult  males,  nor  to  the  second  sternite,  although  most  strongly  developed  on 
that  sternite  in  males.  In  adult  females  of  B.  unguicornis  there  occurs  a mesial 
papilla  on  both  fourth  and  fifth  sternites : this  papilla  is  split  down  the  middle, 
and  carries  on  each  side  a long  pinkish  thickened  hair  like  those  on  the  second 
sternite  of  males,  but  not  nearly  so  stout.  They  also  occur  on  the  same  sternites 
in  the  adult  male. 

Similar  modified  hairs  occur  in  a female  Blossia  (cp.  setifera  Poc.)  from 
Salisbury,  being  found  on  all  three  sternites  II,  IV  and  V:  on  II  there  are  three 
or  four  modified  hairs  on  each  side,  but  in  IV  and  V only  two  hairs  occur  on 
each  side  of  the  midline:  they  are  situated  rather  further  apart  than  in 
unguicornis. 

These  modified  hairs  are  probably  homologous  with  the  stigmatic  combs 
of  the  Galeodidae:  the  combs  of  Galeodes  occur  on  the  second  and  third 
sternites,  and  modified  setae  in  a corresponding  position  are  found  also  on 
the  fifth  sternite. 

Blossia  crepidulifera  Purcell,  1901.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  n.  p.  215,  fig.  4. 

The  type  came  from  Robertson  C.P.,  and  Dr  Purcell  cited  also  several 
records  in  the  Worcester  div. 

Blossia  karrooica  Purcell,  1901.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  11.  p.  217,  fig.  5. 

The  types  were  taken  at  Prince  Albert  C.P. 

Blossia  litoralis  Purcell,  1903.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  in.  p.  4,  fig.  3. 

Types  from  the  western  shore  of  the  Cape  Peninsula. 

Blossia  laminicomis  Hewitt,  1919.  Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  vi.  p.  65. 

The  type  was  taken  at  De  Aar,  C.P.  -» 

The  point  of  origin  of  the  flagellum  is  a little  posterior  and  dorsal  to  the 
distal  end  of  the  row  of  feather  bristles. 

Blossia  falcif era  Kraepelin  [Text  fig.  10  a\,  1908.  Jena.  Denkschr.  xm.  p.  277, 
fig-  8. 

This  species  is  known  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Windhuk : other  localities 
cited  are  Neudamm  and  Tsumab.  I have  previously  recorded  the  species  from 
Quibis  in  Gt  Namaland,  and  it  is  known  to  me  also  from  Douglas  C.P. 
(Dr  R.  Broom).  These  southern  specimens  do  not  agree  absolutely  with 
Kraepelin’s  figure  of  the  type,  but  the  flagellum  is  very  similar  throughout, 
and  I think  it  advisable  to  regard  such  differences  as  occur  in  the  dentition 
as  of  varietal  value  only.  The  lower  jaw  of  the  type,  which  is  figured  with 
five  teeth,  instead  of  four  as  occur  in  the  specimens  examined  by  me,  is  perhaps 
abnormal,  for,  according  to  the  description,  the  type  specimen  presents  con- 
siderable differences  in  this  respect  in  the  jaws  of  the  two  sides.  In  the  upper 
jaw  of  the  type,  the  terminal  fang  is  fairly  large-  the  distance  from  the  tip 
to  that  of  the  first  tooth  being  however  distinctly  less  than  the  distance 
between  the  apices  of  the  fifst  and  fourth  teeth.  The  example  from  Quibis 


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is  not  very  different,  but  the  terminal  fang  is  a trifle  shorter,  the  distance 
from  its  tip  to  that  of  the  first  tooth  being  considerably  less  than  the  distance 
between  the  first  and  fourth  teeth. 

The  male  from  Douglas  is  markedly  different  from  the  above,  the  terminal 
fang  of  the  upper  jaw  being  longer  and  more  slender:  the  distance  between 
the  tip  of  the  fang  and  the  apex  of  the  first  tooth  is  equal  to,  or  very  slightly 
greater  than,  the  distance  between  the  apices  of  the  first  and  fourth  teeth.  This 
variety  may  be  termed  var.  dolichognathus  (Text  fig.  io  b). 

The  distal  dorsal  bristle  in  all  these  specimens  reaches  to  a point  about 
midway  between  the  first  tooth  and  the  tip  of  the  fang,  or  a trifle  nearer  to  the 
first  tooth:  its  surface  is  minutely  prickled  almost  up  to  the  pointed  apex, 
which  tapers  gradually.  On  the  outer  side  of  the  upper  jaw  there  is  an  oblique 
row  of  simple  bristles,  the  bases  of  which  are  in  a line  more  or  less  parallel 
with  the  dental  series.  These  bristles  vary  much  in  length  and  size,  some 
being  quite  short,  others  long : the  most  distal  one,  arising  from  a point  opposite 
to  the  base  of  the  lamina,  is  markedly  stouter  than  the  rest,  and  its  surface  is 
minutely  prickled.  In  the  allied  species  B.  filicornis  mihi,  this  row  of  bristles 


Text  fig.  io,  a and  b.  Blossia  falcifera  Kraepelin.  (a)  Upper  jaw  of  male  from  Quibis, 
viewed  from  outer  side,  (b)  Ditto  of  var.  dolichognathus  from  Douglas. 


is  much  more  uniform,  the  distal  one  being  scarcely  stouter  than  the  second, 
and  the  first  three  have  prickled  surfaces.  In  both  species,  the  slender  apex 
of  the  flagellum  is  upcurled. 

Blossia  fimbriata  Kraepelin,  1914.  Beit.  z.  Kenntnis  d.  Land- it.  Susswasser fauna 
Deutsch-Sudwestaf vikas,  p.  128,  fig.  3. 

The  locality  of  the  type  is  simply  “ Deutsch-Siidwestafrika.”  It  seems  to 
be  very  distinct  from  any  other  species  known  from  S.  Africa. 

Blossia  echinata  Purcell,  1903.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  hi.  p.  16,  PI.  I,  fig.  10. 
The  types  came  from  Hanover  C.P. 

Blossia  maraisi  Hewitt,  1915.  Records  Albany  Mus.  in.  p.  70,  fig.  1. 

The  type  male  came  from  Peddie. 

Blossia  tricolor  Hewitt,  1913.  Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  iv.  p.  156,  fig.  20. 

The  types  were  collected  at  Quibis  in  Gt  Nam  aland. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  59 


Blossia  clunigera  Kraepelin,  1908.  Jena.  Denkschv.  xm.  p.  275,  fig.  7. 

The  type  was  taken  at  Steinkopf  in  Little  Namaqualand. 

Blossia  obscura  Kraepelin,  1908.  Jena.  Denkschv.  xm.  p.  278. 

This  is  based  on  a female  from  Khakea  in  the  Kalahari. 

Blossia Jilicornis  Hewitt,  1913.  Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  iv.  p.  158,  figs.  21  and  22. 

The  types  were  taken  at  Alt  Wasserfall  in  Gt  Namaland. 

Blossia  laticosta  Hewitt,  1919.  Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  vi.  p.  64. 

The  type  was  taken  at  Blauwkop  in  the  Zoutpansberg  dist. 

Key  to  the  S.  African  species  of  the  genus  Blossia  Simon. 

A.  Flagellum  long  and  slender,  widest  near  the  base,  tapering  more 
or  less  gradually  to  the  apex,  and  when  directed  forwards  extending 
considerably  beyond  the  tip  of  the  upper  jaw:  basally,  it  is  membranous 
with  in-curved  edges  forming  a more  or  less  inflated  capsule,  with  a 
greatly  elongated  aperture  on  the  side  adjacent  to  the  jaw:  distally,  this 
gradually  becomes  a flattened  rod. 

a.  On  the  lower  margin  of  the  fang  of  the  upper  jaw,  between 
the  tip  of  the  fang  and  the  first  large  pointed  tooth,  there  is  a tooth- 
like projection  formed  by  a laterally  compressed  obtuse  lamina. 

1.  Distal  dorsal  bristle  with  proximal  half  stout  and  minutely  granular 
(except  at  the  base),  the  distal  half  more  slender,  subulate,  and  smooth. 
Flagellum  suddenly  acuminate  at  the  apex  when  seen  from  the  side. 

B.  karrooica  Purcell. 

2.  Distal  dorsal  bristle  hardly  reaching  so  far  as  the  first  pointed  tooth, 

slender  and  quite  devoid  of  granulation  in  any  portion  of  its  length,  being 
precisely  similar  to  the  other  bristles  of  the  neighbourhood.  Distal  portion 
of  the  flagellum  more  slender  than  that  of  karrooica,  and  not  so  suddenly 
acuminate  at  the  apex.  B.  maraisi  Hewitt. 

b.  No  pronounced  tooth-like  lamina  between  the  tip  of  the 
upper  jaw  and  the  first  large  tooth  (it  is  represented  by  a minute 
tubercle  or  slight  convex  dilatation  in  echinata). 

3.  Distal  dorsal  bristle  short1,  hardly  reaching  so  far  as  the  first  tooth, 

its  surface  minutely  granular.  Basal  half  of  flagellum  of  more  or  less  uniform 
width,  thence  becoming  gradually  attenuated  towards  the  apex  where  it  is 
slightly  hooked.  B.  setifera  Pocock. 

4.  Distal  dorsal  bristle  almost  reaching  to  the  tip  of  the  fang,  its  surface 

minutely  roughened  in  the  distal  half.  Flagellum  with  a broad  basal  half  and 
a rod-like  distal  half  fairly  sharply  differentiated.  Dorsal  edge  of  upper  jaw 
furnished  with  a small  sharp  tooth  which  is  almost  midway  between  the  base 
of  the  distal  dorsal  bristle  and  the  tip  of  the  fang.  B.  echinata  Purcell. 

5.  Distal  dorsal  bristle  strong  and  boldly  curved,  reaching  about  as  far 
as  the  anterior  border  of  the  second  tooth,  tapering  more  or  less  uniformly 
throughout  its  length,  and  not  very  strongly  denticulated  on  any  part  of  its 
surface.  Flagellum  very  much  broader  towards  the  base  than  in  the  distal 

1 This  character  is  inferred  from  the  figure  of  the  type. 


6o 


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portion,  the  whole  structure  being  fairly  regularly  attenuated  from  the 
widened  basal  portion  up  to  the  apex.  The  first  tooth  of  the  upper  jaw  is 
much  nearer  to  the  second  than  to  the  tip  of  the  fang. 

B.  falcifera  Kraepelin. 

6.  Distal  dorsal  bristle  very  stout  in  its  basal  two-thirds,  where  the 

surface  is  rather  strongly  denticulated  except  near  the  base;  then  becoming 
attenuated  rather  suddenly,  the  apical  third  being  slender,  smooth  and  taper- 
ing to  a fine  point.  Flagellum  quite  slender,  being  only  slightly  expanded  at 
the  base,  and  the  distal  half  being  practically  uniform  in  breadth  throughout. 
The  first  tooth  of  the  upper  jaw  is  as  near  to  the  second  as  to  the  tip  of  the 
fang.  B.  filicovnis  Hewitt. 

B.  Flagellum  short,  not  or  scarcely  surpassing  the  end  of  the  fang 
when  directed  forwards,  the  distal  portion  being  expanded  into  a widely 
open  capsule,  more  or  less  oval  or  pear-shaped  in  outline,  and  the  basal 
portion  forming  a distinct  narrow  stalk  of  attachment. 

7.  Distal  portion  of  upper  jaw  with  a long  and  straight  upper  margin, 

the  first  three  teeth  subequal  in  size,  the  third  being  followed  by  a faiily  long 
straight  interval,  the  fourth  tooth  being  small.  Distal  dorsal  bristle  long  and 
straight,  minutely  echinated  m its  distal  half,  which  is  as  stout  as  the  basal 
half.  B.  cvepidulifeva  Purcell. 

8.  Distal  portion  of  upper  jaw  curved  towards  the  apex;  the  single  series 

is  continuous  and  includes  two  strong  pointed  teeth  distally,  followed  by  two 
small  teeth : between  the  more  distal  pointed  tooth  and  the  tip  of  the  fang,  is 
an  inner  blunt  laminate  tooth  paired  with  an  outer  more  conical  tooth. 
Distal  dorsal  bristle  undifferentiated.  B.  litoralis  Purcell. 

9.  Similar  to  crepidulifera,  but  the  distal  portion  of  the  upper  jaw  is 

curved : the  single  series  comprises  two  large  distal  teeth,  a small  third  tooth, 
and  a large  fourth  in  a continuous  series.  B.  clunigeva  Kraepelin. 

C.  Flagellum  a more  or  less  pear-shaped  capsule,  with  a wide 
elongated  opening  over  the  distal  half  or  two-thirds  of  its  length,  the 
basal  funnel-shaped  part  narrowed  but  not  definitely  petiolate. 

10.  Distal  part  of  flagellum  broad,  densely  covered  with  shaggy  hairs. 

Outer  wall  of  flagellum  furnished  with  a strong  well-marked  yellow  axis 
which  terminates  distally  in  a short  sharp  claw.  Second  abdominal  segment 
inferiorly  carrying  two  pairs  of  sickle-shaped  fleshy  hairs  situated  near  the 
midline,  e B.  unguicovnis  Purcell. 

11.  Second  abdominal  segment  inferiorly  with  two  groups  of  three  fleshy 

hairs  near  the  midline.  Flagellum  without  prickles  or  setae  on  its  surface, 
although  the  distal  edges  are  slightly  frayed:  the  yellow  thickened  rib  is 
very  broad,  and  the  amount  of  free  membrane  dorsal  to  it  is  much  less  than 
in  unguicovnis.  B.  laticosta  Hewitt. 

12.  Flagellum  without  a longitudinal  thickened  rib.  Between  the  first 

large  tooth  of  the  upper  jaw  and  the  tip  of  the  fang,  there  is  a small  obtuse 
tooth  (which  is  absent  in  unguicovnis ).  B.  tvicolov  Hewitt. 

D.  Flagellum  like  that  of  C,  but  widest  about  the  middle  of  its  length 
and  gradually  tapering  distally  to  a slender  apex. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


6r 


13.  Lateral  wall  of  flagellum  furnished  along  its  middle  with  a thick 
pale  yellow  longitudinal  rib,  extending  throughout  the  whole  length:  surface 
of  flagellum  thickly  studded  with  prickles  right  up  to  the  apex.  Distal  dorsal 
bristle  becoming  gradually  thinner  towards  the  apex,  and  covered  with  very 
minute  spinules  in  its  distal  part.  Third  tooth  of  upper  jaw  rudimentary. 

B.  namaquensis  Purcell. 

14.  Third  tooth  of  upper  jaw  only  a little  smaller  than  the  first  or  the 

second.  Distal  dorsal  bristle  precisely  similar  to  the  other  bristles  which 
occur  on  the  upper  and  outer  surfaces  of  the  chelicerae,  and  with  only  a trace 
of  short  fine  setose  prickles  on  its  distal  portion.  Surface  of  flagellum  closely 
studded  with  minute  triangular  denticles  except  towards  the  base,  and  on 
the  narrowed  distal  portion.  B.  laminicornis  Hewitt. 

E.  Flagellum  long,  reaching  beyond  the  tip  of  the  fang  when 
directed  forwards;  not  very  broad  in  any  part,  nor  greatly  attenuated 
either  towards  the  apex  or  the  base ; the  cavity  of  the  slightly  expanded 
capsule,  which  occupies  the  distal  portion  of  the  basal  half  of  the 
flagellum,  has  a short  oval  aperture:  the  lancet-shaped  distal  half  of  the 
flagellum  is  lightly  curved,  and  the  membrane  bordering  it  along  the 
upper  or  anterior  margin  is  very  finely  serrated  from  the  capsule  almost 
up  to  the  apex.  B.  fimbriata  Kraepelin.^ 


Genus  Gluviopsis  Kraepelin. 

Gluviopsis  australis  Purcell,  1901.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  n.  p.  219,  fig.  8. 

The  type  came  from  Styrkraal  near  the  Orange  River  in  the  Kenhardt  div. 

This  is  the  only  species  described  from  S.  Africa,  but  Kraepelin  gives  some 
notes  on  a female  example  of  the  genus  from  Swakopmund. 

The  flagellum  of  australis — which  is  only  known  to  me  through  the  descrip- 
tion and  figure — is  more  or  less  oblong  in  shape,  tapering  towards  the  base, 
strongly  compressed  and  bent  outwards  distally,  the  apex  being  very  broadly 
subtruncated  and  lacerated.  There  are  four  large  teeth  in  the  single  series  of 
the  upper  jaw. 

Genus  Hemiblossia  Kraepelin. 

Hemiblossia  bouvieri  Kraepelin,  1899.  Das  Tierreich,  p.  104,  fig.  77. 

This  is  based  on  a single  female  specimen  from  the  upper  Zambesi. 

Hemiblossia  O’neili  Purcell  [Pis.  Ill,  fig.  5 and  VIII,  fig.  42],  1901.  Annals  S.  Af. 
Mus.  11.  p.  217,  figs.  6 and  7. 

This  is  based  on  several  males  and  females  from  Dunbrody  on  the  Sundays 
River.  Also  known  to  me  from  Alicedale  (F.  Cruden),  De  Aar  (S.  C.  Cronwright- 
Schreiner)  and  Kimberley  (Bro.  J.  H.  Power).  A figure  of  the  flagellum  of 
Alicedale  specimens  is  given  by  me  in  Records  Albany  Mus.  vol.  111.  p.  12. 
The  inner  surface  of  the  chelicera  in  both  sexes  has  stridulatory  ridges,  simple 
bristles,  and  feathered  bristles,  as  usual. 


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Hemiblossia  kalaharica  Kraepelin,  1908.  Denk.  med.  nat.  Gesell.  Jena,  xm, 
p.  279. 

The  type  is  a female  from  Khakhea  in  the  Kalahari. 

Hemiblossia  idioceras  Hewitt,  1917.  Ann.  Natal  Mus.  111.  p.  687,  fig.  1 a-c. 

This  is  based  on  an  adult  male  from  Kimberley.  The  species  seems  well 
separated  from  O’neili  in  the  characters  of  the  flagellum,  and  it  is  of  interest 
to  note  that  both  forms  have  been  taken  at  Kimberley. 

Mr  Claude  Fuller  has  taken  this  species  at  Pienaar’s  Riv.  Transvaal:  it 
occurred  in  numbers  within  the  nest  of  a Eutermes.  Mr  J.  H.  Power  also 
found  adult  males  in  a termites’  nest  at  Kimberley,  Nov.  1918. 


Key  to  the  species  of  Hemiblossia  Kraepelin. 

1.  Dorsal  margin  of  flagellum  rather  strongly  curved,  though  not 
quite  semicircular,  and  at  its  distal  end  is  an  independent  process  which 
is  slender,  curved  and  hairy:  the  distal  margin  of  the  flagellum  is  some- 
what flattened  out,  but  not  into  a distinct  foliaceous  appendage. 

H.  O’neili  Purcell. 

2.  Dorsal  margin  of  flagellum  lightly  curved,  distally  with  an  acutely 

pointed  termination : distal  margin  of  flagellum  flattened  out  on  the  side 
adjacent  to  the  chelicera  into  a foliaceous  extension  the  margins  of  which 
are  fringed  with  hairs.  H.  idioceras  Hewitt. 


Genus  Melanoblossia  Purcell. 

Melanoblossia  braunsi  Purcell,  1903.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  in.  p.  6,  figs.  4 and  5. 

The  type  came  from  Willowmore,  and  a juvenile  specimen  was  taken  at 
Hanover. 

Melanoblossia  globiceps  Purcell,  1903.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  in.  p.  8,  fig.  6. 
Type  from  O’okiep  in  Little  Namaqualand. 


Key  to  the  species  of  Melanoblossia  Purcell. 

1.  “ Flagellum  ” inconspicuous,  being  a straight  hairy  rod,  like  the 

setae  immediately  below  it.  Head-plate  moderately  convex,  with 
notched  setae  of  varying  length,  but  not  densely  clothed  with  minute 
cylindrical  bristles.  Six  small  teeth  in  the  single  series  of  the  upper  jaw. 
Second  abdominal  sternite  with  two  pairs  of  long  narrow  pointed  fleshy 
hairs.  M.  braunsi  Purcell. 

2.  “ Flagellum”  similar,  but  much  larger  and  more  conspicuous. 

Head-plate  strongly  convex,  the  posterior  surface  rising  vertically,  the 
surfaces  thickly  covered  with  very  short  and  numerous  blackish  brown 
cylindrical  or  pointed  bristles.  Four  small  recurved  teeth  in  the  single 
series  of  the  upper  jaw.  Second  abdominal  sternite  with  8-12  pairs  of 
filiform  fleshy  hairs.  M.  globiceps  Purcell. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


63 


Genus  Toreus  Purcell. 

Toreus  capensis  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  399,  figs.  15-15  b. 

Originally  described  as  a species  of  Ceroma,  the  genus  Toreus  being  after- 
wards founded  for  its  reception  ( Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  in.  p.  9,  fig.  7,  1903). 

The  type  came  from  the  farm  Bergvliet  in  the  Cape  Peninsula.  According 
to  the  description,  the  most  striking  feature  of  the  species  is  that  presented 
by  the  fang  of  the  upper  jaw,  which  is  long  and  slender  and  divided  into  two 
portions:  the  shorter  basal  portion  is  directed  forwards:  the  longer  distal 
portion,  which  is  a continuation  of  the  median  half  of  the  basal  portion,  is 
bent  sharply  outwards  from  the  base,  forming  a right  angle  with  its  fellow  of 
the  other  jaw.  The  lower  jaw  is  also  strongly  curved  upwards  and  outwards 
at  the  apex.  The  single  series  of  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  is  represented  only 
by  a low  black  crenular  keel  without  any  separate  teeth. 


Text  fig.  11.  Ceroma  pictulum  Pocock.  Mesial  surface  of  upper  jaw,  with  base  of 

flagellum. 

Genus  Ceroma  Karsch. 

Ceroma  sclateri  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  395,  fig.  13. 

The  type  male  came  from  Houwhoek,  Caledon  div.  C.P. 

An  immature  specimen  was  also  recorded  from  Ashton,  Robertson  div. 
It  was  recorded  from  Damaraland  in  Das  Tierreich,  but  this  was  evidently 
an  error,  as  is  now  admitted  by  Kraepelin. 

Ceroma  inerme  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  398,  fig.  14. 

The  type  male  came  from  “ Walfish  Bay.” 

Ceroma  pallidum  Pocock,  1900.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  7,  v.  p.  305,  fig.  7. 

The  type  male  is  from  Garies  in  Little  Namaqualand. 

Ceroma  pictulum  Pocock  [PI.  V,  fig.  20  and  Text  fig.  1 1] , 1902.  Ann.  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.  7,  x.  p.  8,  PI.  II,  fig.  2. 


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The  type  male  was  taken  at  Teafontein  near  Grahamstown.  The  species 
described  by  me  under  the  name  of  C.  leppanae  (. Records  Albany  Museum,  hi. 
p.  io,  fig.  3)  is  probably  referable  to  pictulum,  although  according  to  the  donor 
of  the  specimen  it  came  from  Bulawayo.  Mr  S.  Hirst  has  recently  supplied 
me  with  notes  on  the  type  of  pictulum  as  follows : flagellum  very  long  and  fine, 
reaching  well  beyond  the  hind  margin  of  the  head-plate,  slightly  expanded 
and  truncate  at  the  tip,  the  truncated  edge  being  frayed  out  into  short  pointed 
processes,  visible  under  the  low  power  of  a compound  microscope:  on  the 
second  and  third  legs,  the  patella  has  only  a single  very  short  spine  at  the. 
distal  end,  and  the  tibia  has  three  dorsal  spines. 

In  the  type  of  leppanae,  there  are  no  stridulatory  ridges  on  the  chelicerae: 
the  upper  surfaces  of  the  chelicerae  carry  long  stiffish  bristles:  the  bristles 
protecting  the  base  of  the  flagellum  are  all  feathered : ocular  tubercle  elevated, 
being  slightly  but  distinctly  higher  above  the  head-plate  than  in  Solpuga, 
Daesia,  Blossia  or  Chelypus:  tarsus  IV  not  spined:  claws  of  tarsus  I only  just 
visible  under  a magnification  of  about  10  diameters. 

The  compact  fan  of  feather  bristles,  protecting  the  base  of  the  flagellum, 
arises  from  a short  outstanding  projection  of  the  surface  of  the  chelicera,  and  is. 
presumably  derived  from  the  distal  portion  of  the  series  of  feather  bristles  that 
normally  fringes  the  jaw  in  this  family:  nevertheless  that  series  is  represented 
in  piciulum  by  a row  of  weakly  developed  feather  bristles,  more  basally 
situated,  and  separated  by  an  interval  from  the  fan  of  stout  bristles.  The  fan 
includes  also  one  or  two  weak  spines  or  simple  bristles.  As  usual  there  is  a 
row  of  simple  bristles  parallel  to  that  of  feathered  ones. 

The  shaft  of  the  flagellum  resembles  that  of  Chelypus.  It  is  furrowed  along 
its  length  and  seems  to  be  essentially  a folded  membrane:  basally  the  furrow 
passes  into  a small  inflation  on  the  mesial  side.  It  is  rotatable  at  the  base,  a 
fact  which  seems  to  have  been  overlooked  by  Pocock,  as  well  as  by  myself 
when  describing  leppanae : possibly  the  flagellum  of  other  species  may  be  fixed, 
for  no  one  has  hitherto  recorded  a 'rotatable  flagellum  in  this  genus. 

Ceroma  focki  Kraepelin,  1914.  Beit.  z.  Kenntnis  d.  Land-  u.  Susswasserfauna. 

Deutsch-Sudwestafrikas,  p.  134,  fig.  5. 

The  type  male  is  labelled  Windhuk. 


Key  to  the  S.  African  species  of  Ceroma. 

A.  The  single  series  of  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  composed  of  four  teeth 
in  a continuous  row,  the  third  being  small.  Flagellum  comparatively 
short,  considerably  expanded  in  the  basal  half  but  narrower  towards, 
the  apex. 

1.  Apex  of  flagellum  filiform:  the  basal  expanded  portion  protected  on 

the  mesial  side  by  one  strong  spine  and  beneath  it  two  bristles  which  are  stout 
at  the  base  and  filiform  at  the^apex.  C.  pallidum  Pocock. 

2.  Apical  portion  of  flagellum  stouter,  and  bent  strongly  backwards  into  a 

hook:  on  the  mesial  side,  the  flagellum  is  flanked  by  two  strong  spines  one 
near  the  base  and  one  near  the  apex,  whilst  on  the  outer  side  there  are  three 
stout  spines  near  the  basal  expanded  portion.  C.  focki  Kraepelin. 

B.  The  single  series  of  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  with  only  two  teeth,, 
the  basal  one  much  the  larger,  the  distal  tooth  considerably  separated 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


65 


therefrom,  being  situated  slightty  in  front  of  the  anterior  bend  of  the 
flagellum:  flagellum  long,  reaching  back  well  beyond  the  hind  margin 
of  the  head-plate,  not  expanded  into  a pear-shaped  enlargement  at  the 
base.  Tibiae  II  and  III  with  three  short  stout  dorsal  spines. 

C.  pictulum  Pocock. 

C.  The  single  series  of  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  comprising  two  teeth, 
both  rather  large,  not  appreciably  separated  from  each  other.  Flagellum 
long  and  slender. 

1.  Flagellum  with  a pear-shaped  enlargement  near  the  anterior  bend,  its 

apex  reaching  almost  to  the  hind  margin  of  the  head-plate:  tibiae  II  and  III 
with  thiee  short  stout  spines  dorsally.  C.  sclaieri  Purcell. 

2.  Flagellum  strongly  compressed  laterally  at  the  anterior  bend,  but  at 
the  basal  end  it  is  scarcely  enlarged,  its  apex  reaching  to  the  hind  margin  of 
the  ocular  tubercle:  tibiae  II  and  III  with  several  strong  bristles  dorsally. 

C.  inerme  Purcell. 


Genus  Lipophaga  Purcell. 

Lipophaga  trispinosa  Purcell,  1903.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  in.  p.  11,  fig.  8. 

The  type  came  from  Stompneus  and  Soldatenpost  at  St  Helena  Bay,  C.P. 

Lipophaga  schultzei  Kraepelin,  1908.  Denh.  med.  nat.  Gesell.  Jena,  xm.  p.  280, 
figs.  9-10. 

This  was  originally  described  as  the  type  of  a distinct  genus,  Pseudoblossia 
Krpln.,  since  recognised  by  its  author  as  identical  with  Lipophaga. 

The  types  came  from  Kamaggas  in  Little  Narnaqualand. 

Lipophaga  michaelseni  Kraepelin,  1914.  Beit.  z.  Kennt.  d.  Land-  und  Siiss- 
wasserfauna  Deutsch-Sudwestafrikas,  Skorpiones  und  Solifugae,  p.  132, 

fig.  4. 

The  type  came  from  Luderitzbucht . A female  from  Okahandj  a was  described 
at  the  same  time,  and  referred  with  some  doubt  to  this  species. 

Key  to  the  species  of  Lipophaga  Purcell. 

1.  The  single  dental  series  of  upper  jaw  with  six  teeth,  the  third  and 

sixth  being  largest,  the  first  of  moderate  size.  Terminal  fang  of  upper 
jaw  much  shorter  than  that  of  lower  jaw.  L.  trispinosa  Purcell. 

2.  Similar  to  trispinosa , but  first  tooth  of  upper  jaw  very  much 
larger  than  the  third,  being  in  fact  the  largest  of  the  series. 

L.  michaelseni  Kraepelin. 

3.  Terminal  fang  of  upper  jaw  as  long  as  that  of  the  lower  jaw. 

L.  schultzei  Kraepelin. 

In  Kraepelin’s  definition  of  the  genus  Pseudoblossia,  the  tarsus  of  the 
fourth  leg  is  said  to  be  at  least  six  times  as  long  as  deep,  and  the  first  leg  without 
tarsal  claws:  the  chelicerae  have  stridulatory  ridges  reaching  almost  up  to  the 
middle  of  the  inner  surface,  the  male  with  about  16  such  ridges.  Purcell’s 
definition  of  Lipophaga  includes : tarsus  I with  a pair  of  minute  claws : 
chelicerae  with  a series  of  very  short  ridges  at  the  anterior  edge  of  the  large 
smooth  area. 


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Kraepelin  referred  the  genus  to  the  Daesiinae,  but  Purcell  included  it  in 
the  Karschiinae.  The  species  are  of  moderate  size,  the  adult  male  measuring 
15I-17  mm.  in  total  length,  and  the  female  20^—22. 

A series  of  female  specimens  belonging  to  this  genus  was  taken  recently 
by  Dr  R.  Broom  in  the  Campbell  district:  according  to  Dr  Broom,  the  species 
is  found  over  the  dolomite  area,  extending  from  a point  about  40  miles  north 
of  Campbell  to  30  miles  north-west  of  that  village.  In  these  examples  the 
first  tarsus  is  clawed:  the  tarsus  of  the  fourth  leg  is  about  5-6  times  as  long 
as  deep,  has  no  ungual  appendages,  and  is  rather  densely  clothed  interiorly 
with  stiff  setae:  tibia  III  with  a row  of  three  very  strong  dorsal  spines,  also 
three  weaker  ones  in  a row  posterior  thereto : patella  III  with  one  strong  spine 
at  the  apex  dorsally:  fourth  leg  without  spines:  the  chelicerae  have  about  15 
comparatively  short  stridulatory  ridges,  as  shewn  in  the  adjoining  figure:  the 
single  series  of  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  is  unbroken,  the  first  and  second  teeth 
being  of  moderate  size,  the  third  large,  the  fourth  moderate,  the  fifth  and  sixth 
rather  large ; coxa  of  palp  with  a long  maxillary  process : anterior  margin  of 
head-plate  a little  curved,  upper  surface  with  a well  marked  mesial  groove  and 
armed  with  long  stiff  setae  and  hairs  like  those  on  the  chelicerae,  with  two 


Text  fig.  12.  Lipophaga  sp.  Female  example  frcm  neighbourhood  of  Campbell, 
shewing:  a,  the  stridulatory  ridges  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  chelicera;  b,  the 
jaws  viewed  from  the  outer  side. 

prominent  bristles  in  front  of  the  ocular  tubercle:  the  lateral  portions  of  the 
head-plate  are  separated  off  from  the  mesial  portion  by  a continuous  suture 
as  in  Chelypus:  in  the  interarticular  membrane  between  the  fourth  and  fifth 
sternites  there  is  a distinct  but  minute  median  stigma : sides  of  abdomen  only 
very  sparsely  hairy,  the  hairs  being  stiff  and  outstanding,  with  conspicuous 
pits  arranged  roughly  in  transverse  rows. 

The  largest  example  measures  28  mm.  in  total  length  (including  the 
chelicerae),  the  head-plate  being  5 mm.  broad. 


The  family  Hexisopodidae  was  constituted  by  Mr  R.  I.  Pocock  (Ann. 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  6,  xx.  p.  250)  for  the  reception  of  the  remarkable  genus 
Hexisopus,  which  at  that  time  was  very  imperfectly  known.  The  adult 
male  had  not  been  described  and  one  of  the  two  known  species  was  based 
on  a very  young  specimen,  so  that  a character  now  known  to  be  common 


Genus  Hexisopus  Karsch. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  67 


to  juveniles  throughout  the  order,  viz.  the  presence  of  only  three  malleoli 
on  the  hind  limb,  was  represented  as  characteristic  of  Hexisopus  and 
was  even  included  in  the  definition  of  the  family  Hexisopodidae.  Other 
more  important  characters  were  of  course  mentioned  in  the  original 
definition  and  all  later  writers  have  agreed  in  recognising  the  family. 
The  best  account  of  the  genus  is  that  given  by  Dr  Purcell  (9)  who  sums 
up  the  principal  points  of  distinction  from  the  Solpugidae  as  follows: 
the  absence  of  one  joint  of  the  trochanters  in  each  leg  of  the  three  pos- 
terior pairs : the  absence  of  claws  in  leg  IV : the  extreme  shortness  of  the 
distal  portion  of  leg  IV  in  proportion  to  the  basal  part : the  length  of  the 
distal  segment  of  the  claws  in  legs  II  and  III : the  minuteness  of  the  third 
tarsal  segments  in  these  legs : the  absence  of  subungual  appendages  in 
these  legs:  the  presence  of  a genital  papilla  in  the  male:  the  shortness  of 
the  upper  lobe  of  the  rostrum. 

Prof.  Kraepelin  in  Das  Tierreich  also  relies  mainly  on  the  characters 
of  the  legs  in  distinguishing  this  family  from  the  Solpugidae:  the  great 
length  of  the  segment  now  termed  the  trochantin  and  the  shortness  of 
the  femur  of  the  fourth  leg  is  cited  as  an  important  character,  and  indeed 
the  difference  from  the  other  known  S.  African  genera  in  this  respect  is 
very  striking.  Other  characters  mentioned  by  Kraepelin  in  his  diagnosis 
of  the  family,  in  addition  to  some  of  those  emphasized  by  Dr  Purcell, 
are: — mandibles  with  anastomosing  stridulatory  ridges:  mandible  of 
male  almost  toothless:  ocular  tubercle  conical,  forwardly  projecting,  and 
very  hairy  anteriorly:  characters  of  the  male  flagellum. 

In  my  opinion  none  of  these  characters  can  be  regarded  as  equivalent 
in  importance  to  those  which  distinguish  the  two  main  families  of 
Solifugae,  viz.  the  Galeodidae  and  the  Solpugidae.  The  great  reduction 
in  length  of  the  distal  segments  of  the  legs,  the  strong  development  of 
spines  on  these  segments  and  the  disappearance  of  the  tarsal  claws  of 
the  fourth  leg  are  doubtlessly  to  be  regarded  as  adaptation  characters,  in 
accordance  with  the  burrowing  habit : such  differences  between  Hexisopus 
and  a typical  Solpugid  can  be  compared  with  those  which  exist  between 
our  short  limbed,  stout  bodied,  burrowing  frogs  ( Rana  delalandi  Tschudi) 
and  the  long  limbed,  slender,  grass  frogs  ( Rana  fasciata)  of  the  same 
genus,  and  indeed  are  not  very  much  greater  than  those  which  separate 
the  sedentary  females  of  the  genus  Stasimopus  (trap-door  spider)  from 
the  free-living  adult  male  of  the  same  species.  The  supposed  reduction 
in  number  of  the  trochanter  segments  is  incorrect,  being  based  on  an 
error  of  homology.  The  number  of  tarsal  segments,  the  absence  of  sub- 
ungual appendages  from  the  tarsi  and  the  absence  of  claws  on  legs  IV 
are  characters  of  no  great  importance  in  view  of  the  wide  variation  that 
is  now  known  to  occur  on  the  several  legs  of  true  Solpugids.  The  short- 
ness of  the  upper  lobe  of  the  rostrum  is  apparently  a feature  peculiar  to 
Hexisopus,  and  is  not  found  in  the  closely  related  genus  Chelypus.  The 
stridulatory  area  of  the  chelicerae,  which  in  Chelypus  is  not  ribbed  but 
marked  with  fine  and  quite  irregular  furrows,. seems  to  be  much  more  like 
that  of  a normal  Solpugid  in  some  species  of  Hexisopus  where  parallel 
stridulating  ribs  are  present : in  any  case,  however,  the  character  is  not 
of  great  value  seeing  that  in  the  same  species  of  Solpuga  ribs  may  be 


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fully  developed  in  the  female  but  quite  absent  in  the  male.  The  ocular 
characters  vary  very  considerably  in  the  several  Hexisopodid  species, 
and  even  in  the  same  species  between  male  and  female.  The  dentition 
of  the  chelicerae  is  a most  unsatisfactory  character  from  a systematic  ! 
point  of  view. 

The  differences  between  the  families  Solpugidae  and  Galeodidae  are 
apparently  of  a major- type,  at  any  rate  not  connected  with  habitudinal 
differences.  The  Galeodidae  have  the  stigmata  of  the  second  and  third 
abdominal  segments  opening  beneath  the  posterior  edge  of  the  sternites 
and  protected  by  a pair  of  transversely  elongated  finely  toothed  plates 
the  Serrulae:  the  stalks  of  the  tarsal  claws  are  hairy:  the  tarsus  of  the 
palp  is  freely  articulated  with  the  tibia.  In  the  Solpugidae  there  are  no 
serrulae  protecting  the  abdominal  stigmata  (the  modified  hairs  on  the 
sternites  in  the  Daesiinae  may  be  homologous  therewith),  which  are 
plainly  visible  on  the  posterior  margins  of  the  sternites : the  stalks  of  the 
tarsal  claws  are  not  hairy : the  tarsus  of  the  palp  is  immovably  attached 
to  the  tibia,  or  is  only  slightly  movable  thereon  as  in  Daesia.  In  these 
characters,  the  Hexisopodidae  agree  entirely  with  the  Solpugidae  and 
I therefore  propose  to  unite  the  two  into  one  family,  Solpugidae,  where 
the  Hexisopodid  genera  have  the  subsidiary  rank  of  a subfamily,  the 
Hexisopodinae. 

In  respect  to  the  form  of  the  head-plate  and  of  the  first  thoracic 
tergite,  the  Hexisopodid  genera  seem  to  shew  considerable  resemblance  to 
the  genus  Rhagodes  as  figured  by  Mr  H.  M.  Bernard  in  his  paper  on  the 
‘'Comparative  Morphology  of  the  Galeodidae”  {Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Lon. 
2nd  Ser.  Zoology,  vol.  vi.  PI.  27,  figs.  6 and  7).  These  genera  also  re- 
semble Rhagodes,  more  or  less  clearly,  in  the  dentition  of  the  chelicerae, 
in  the  shortness,  of  the  legs,  in  the  small  size  of  the  eyes,  and  in  the  rather 
large  size  of  the  anal  segment.  Assuming  the  accuracy  of  Mr  Bernard’s 
figure,  there  is  another  interesting  point  in  which  Rhagodes  differs  from 
ordinary  Solpugids  and  tends  towards  Hexisopus : the  claw  of  the  fourth 
leg  is  represented  as  smaller  than  that  of  the  third  leg,  whereas  in  all 
genera  found  in  S.  Africa,  except  Hexisopus  and  Chelypus,  the  claw  of 
the  fourth  leg  is  greater  than  that  of  any  of  the  preceding  legs.  I may 
add  that  the  Rhagodinae  and  Hexisopodinae  will  probably  be  found  to 
occupy  adjoining  geographical  areas,  the  genus  Rhagodes  extending 
southwards  as  far  as  Masailand,  and  the  western  genus  Chelypus  being 
known  to  me  from  North  West  Rhodesia.  However,  in  the  absence  of 
actual  material  for  an  exact  comparison  between  Rhagodes  and  the 
Hexisopid  genera,  it  would  be  unwise  as  yet  to  lay  too  much  stress  on 
these  points,  which  may  prove  to  be  explicable  as  the  results  of  conver- 
gent evolution  rather  than  of  genetic  affinity.  At  present,  indeed,  it  is 
impossible  to  assert  with  any  degree  of  confidence  whether  or  not  the 
Hexisopodid  genera  should  be  regarded  as  derivatives  of  the  same 
immediate  stock  as  gave  rise  to  the  other  Solpugid  genera  in  S.  Africa. 

The  Hexisopodinae  are  probably  more  nearly  related  to  the 
Karschiinae  than  to  either  of  the  other  S.  African  subfamilies. 

I have  observed  one  character  in  Chelypus,  and  less  distinctly  in 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


69 


Hexisopus,  that  does  not  appear  to  be  present  in  the  better  known 
S.  African  genera:  this  is  the  median  tracheal  stigma  of  the  fourth 
abdominal  sternite,  which  however  is  quite  small.  The  same  stigma 
occurs  in  Galeodes,  but  not  in  Rhagodes  according  to  H.  M.  Bernard1. 
I have  noticed  it  in  female  examples  of  the  genus  Lipophaga. 

Hexisopus  lanatus  C.  L.  Koch  [PI.  VIII,  fig.  41],  1842. 

Purcell  in  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  384,  figs.  1-7  b,  also  n.  p.  221. 

Recorded  by  Dr  Purcell  from  localities  in  Namaqualand,  C.P.,  viz.  Gras- 
mond  between  Steinkopf  and  Ramond's  Drift,  and  from  Vuurdood  near 
Ramond’s  Drift,  also  from  Bladgrond  in  Gt  Bushmanland.  Kraepelin  records 
it  from  Keetmanshoop  and  Kabus  in  Gt  Namaland. 

Hexisopus  crassus  Purcell,  1899.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  p.  387,  figs.  8 and  8 a. 
This  is  founded  on  a single  female  example  from  Worcester.  C.P. 

Hexisopus  nigrolunatus  Kraepelin,  1899. 

Das  Tierreich,  p.  15 1,  fig.  117. 

Founded  on  an  adult  male  from  Damaraland. 

Hexisopus  infuscatus  Kraepelin,  1899.  Das  Tievreich,  p.  151,  fig.  118. 

The  type  is  an  adult  male  from  Walfish  Bay. 

The  species  does  not  seem  to  be  very  different  from  lanatus  judging  from 
the  description. 

Hexisopus  reticulatus  Purcell,  1901.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  n.  p.  222,  fig.  9 a and  b. 

The  type  is  an  adult  male  taken  near  the  Orange  River  between  Bysteek 
and  the  Great  Falls  at  Aughrabies. 

Hexisopus  fodiens  Simon,  1887.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  6.  7,  p.  374,  PI.  VI, 
figs.  6 and  7. 

The  type  is  an  immature  example  from  the  Kalahari,  and  presumably  the 
species  is  indeterminable.  Dr  Purcell  has  remarked  on  certain  peculiarities  (9) 
in  Simon’s  figure  of  this  species,  and  I may  add  also  that  the  distal  portion  of 
the  palp  is  represented  with  quite  unique  features — having  apparently  a lobe 
on  the  tarsus,  and  the  latter  freely  articulated  with  the  tibia — which  however 
are  not  referred  to  in  Simon’s  description.  The  figure  is  probably  hopelessly 
inaccurate. 


Key  to  the  species  of  the  Genus  Hexisopus . 

1.  From  the  anterior  edge  of  the  basal  cup,  the  shaft  of  the  flagellum 
passes  forwards,  upwards,  backwards  and  finally  downwards  in  a bold 
curve,  terminating  just  behind  the  base  of  the  lower  jaw,  not  far  from 
the  basal  cup : the  shaft  is  more  or  less  cylindrical  and  tapers  gradually 
to  a slender  apex.  H.  lanatus  C.  L.  Koch. 

1 According  to  Sorensen’s  account,  the  median  spiracle  would  seem  to  be  normally 
present  in  Solifugae.  Hansen  recorded  it  in  the  genus  Rhagodes. 


5—3 


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2.  The  shaft  of  the  flagellum  is  of  more  uniform  thickness  and  does 
not  taper  gradually  to  a slender  apex,  the  distal  end  being  strongly 
compressed,  blade-like,  and  slightly  dilated:  the  shaft  moreover  is  not 
curved  throughout  its  length,  the  upper  portion  being  directed  back- 
wards in  a straight  line  for  a considerable  distance.  Lower  jaw  long, 
slender,  strongly  curved,  with  a small  tooth  behind  the  middle. 

H.  reticulatus  Purcell. 

3.  Towards  the  apex  of  the  flagellum,  the  shaft  presents  for  a short 

distance  a small  membranous  expansion  along  the  lower  side:  this 
terminates  quite  abruptly  near  to  the  distal  end  which  is  drawn  out  to  a 
fine  point.  The  lower  jaw  has  a fairly  large  tooth  with  a horizontal  upper 
edge,  the  distal  end  of  the  tooth  being  nearer  to  the  apex  of  the  jaw  than 
to  its  base.  Upper  jaw  with  two  small  teeth  near  to  the  point  of  origin  of 
the  flagellum.  H.  nigrolunatus  Kraepelin. 

4.  Similar  to  lanatus,  but  tibia  of  palp  with  short  cylinder  bristles 

over  the  whole  extent  of  the  upper  surface,  the  cylinder  bristles  of  the 
lower  surface  being  short  distally,  but  those  near  the  base  of  the  segment 
gradually  become  longer,  exceeding  twice  the  length  of  the  distal  bristles. 
(In  lanatus  the  tibia  of  the  palp,  dorsally  and  ventrally,  is  said  to  carry 
long  hairs,  rather  long  bristles  and  between  them  some  short  isolated 
cylinder  bristles.)  H.  infuscatus  Kraepelin. 


Genus  Chelypus  Purcell. 

Chelypus  barberi  Purcell,  1901.  Annals  S.  Af.  Mus.  n.  p.  224,  fig.  10. 

The  type  is  a male  from  a locality  in  Bechuanaland  about  100  miles  south 
of  the  junction  of  the  Moshowing  with  the  Molopo  Rivers.  The  Transvaal 
Museum  has  a specimen  labelled  Rietfontein,  Gordonia,  which  seems  referable 
to  this  species.  In  this  specimen,  the  chelicerae  are  not  densely  covered  with 
minute  pointed  spinules  on  the  upper  surface,  but  have  short  subspiniform 
setae  and  some  very  minute  spinules.  The  cup-like  basal  enlargement  of  the 
flagellum  narrows  into  a rounded  solid  head  which  fits  closely  into  a hemi- 
spherical depression  on  the  surface  of  the  chelicera. 

Chelypus  lennoxae  Hewitt,  1912.  Records  Albany  Mus.  n.  p.  312. 

The  type  came  from  Upington. 

This  species  is  remarkable  in  its  dark  colouration,  the  hairs  of  the  abdomen 
superiorly  being  brown  or  dark  brown,  and  the  sides  quite  deeply  infuscated : 
the  fourth  femur  is  rather  long  when  compared  with  the  trochantin:  the 
chelicera  has  comparatively  coarse,  black,  pointed  spinules  on  the  outer 
portion  of  the  upper  surface  and  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  outer  surface, 
whilst  a prominent  oblique  patch  of  strong  pointed  spinules  occurs  on  the 
mesial  surface  near  to  the  base  of  the  fang  superiorly:  the  furrows  of  the 
stridulatory  area  are  very  long,  and  in  general  longitudinally  arranged:  a 
distinct  ocular  tubercle  is  not  present,  but  the  area  on  the  mesial  side  of  each 
eye  is  slightly  raised:  the  abdominal  tergites  are  well  defined. 

Chelypus  hirsti  Hewitt  [PL  VIII,  fig.  45  and  Text-fig.  12],  1915.  Annals  Natal 
Mus.  in.  p.  323,  figs.  8 and  9. 

The  types  were  taken  at  Rietfontein  in  Gordonia. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


7i 


The  following  notes  may  be  added  to  the  original  description:  eyes  about 
seven  or  eight  diameters  apart,  being  situated  on  a more  or  less  distinct 
ocular  tubercle  which  is  quite  twice  as  broad  as  long  and  almost  subdivided 
by  a median  depression  into  two  tubercles : this  ocular  region  proj  ects  forwards 
a little  in  front  of  the  more  lateral  portions  of  the  head-plate  but  is  not  nearly 
so  forwardly  produced  as  in  the  males  of  Hexisopus,  where  the  eyes  are  much 
nearer  together  according  to  Purcell’s  accounts.  Inner  surface  of  chelicerae 
without  feathered  bristles,  and  with  no  row  of  spines  nor  even  stiff  bristles  on 
the  upper  jaw:  stridulatory  area  rather  large,  with  a reticulation  of  furrows. 


Text  fig.  13.  Chelypus  hirsti  Hewitt,  a,  Head-plate  and  thoracic  tergites  seen  from 
above,  b,  Head-plate  seen  from  the  side,  c,  Third  leg  viewed  from  its  upper  side 
(this  leg  is  considerably  twisted),  d,  Distal  segments  of  same,  more  enlarged,  in 
ventral  view,  e,  Second  leg  and  / fourth  leg. 

Coxa  of  palps  with  a fairly  prominent  maxillary  lobe : this  is  not  so  long  as 
that  of  Solpuga,  but  is  longer  and  more  conspicuous  than  in  Daesia.  The 
palp  has  very  stout  spines  on  its  surfaces,  four  on  the  tarsus,  about  11  on  the 
tibia,  and  several  on  the  patella.  Claws  of  second  and  third  legs  of  two  seg- 
ments, but  the  basal  segment  is  almost  obsolete,  being  about  one-twelfth  as 
long  as  the  distal  segment:  according  to  Dr  Purcell,  this  character  may  vary 
considerably  amongst  the  individuals  of  the  same  species  {Hexisopus  lanatus). 

The  anal  slit  is  large,  and  the  whole  segment  moderately  large.  A small 
median  spiracle  on  the  fourth  abdominal  sternite,  which  is  also  traceable  in 


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the  male  of  Hexisopus  lanatus  but  only  indistinctly  in  the  female:  thoracic 
spiracles  very  large.  There  is  a general  absence  of  bristles  or  stiff  hairs  on  the 
surfaces  of  body  and  appendages,  but  numerous  long  soft  and  low-lying  hairs 
occur. 

Key  to  the  S.  African  species  of  Genus  Chelypus . 

1.  Shaft  of  flagellum  directed  forwards,  upwards,  backwards,  and 
downwards  in  a bold  curve,  the  apex  bifid,  with  a short  tooth-like  medial 
branch  and  a longer  lateral  branch.  Dorsal  surface  of  upper  jaw  with 
two  very  large  black  tubercles  distally.  Tibia  of  fourth  leg  longer  than 
the  tarsus,  and  broader  than  the  patella,  but  not  lobed : tarsus  of  fourth 
leg  broader  than  long.  Claws  of  second  and  third  leg  composed  almost 
entirely  of  the  distal  segment,  the  proximal  segment  (claw  peduncle) 
being  extremely  short  and  indistinctly  marked  off.  C.  barberi  Purcell. 

2.  Similar  to  barberi  but  flagellum  not  bifid  at  the  apex  but  tapering 

to  a point.  C.  hirsti  Hewitt. 

3.  Dorsal  surface  of  upper  jaw  with  only  one  large  tubercle.  Tibia 

of  fourth  leg  with  a large  rounded  lobe  projecting  externally  and  densely 
covered  with  short  spinules.  Tarsus  of  fourth  leg  longer  than  broad. 
Distal  segment  (claw  proper)  of  tarsal  claw  of  third  leg  less  than  half  the 
total  length  of  the  claw  and  distinct^  marked  off  from  the  proximal 
segment  (claw  peduncle).  C.  lennoxae  Hewitt. 


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73 


ADDENDUM 

Solpuga  niassa  Karsch  var.  nov.  kafulica  [Text  fig.  14]. 

What  seems  to  be  a distinct  variety  of  this  species  is  known  to  me  from 
Kafula  Futa,  N.  Rhodesia  (Rev.  C.  M.  Doke).  The  male  presents  considerable 
features  in  common  with  schonlandi,  and,  I think,  will  probably  prove  to  be 
completely  connected  therewith  by  intermediate  forms.  It  differs  from 
schonlandi  as  follows:  the  flagellum  is  more  slender  and  a little  longer,  the 
apex  reaching  back  beyond  the  hind  border  of  the  basal  enlargement,  the 
recurrent  portion  of  the  shaft  tapering  from  its  commencement,  rather  rapidly 
so  near  the  anterior  bend,  becoming  somewhat  twisted  outwards  distally, 
the  apex  rather  bluntly  pointed  and  with  no  distinct  projecting  core:  the 
terminal  fang  of  the  upper  jaw  has  the  inner  dorsal  tooth  almost  obsolete: 
the  lower  border  of  the  terminal  fang  well  curved.  Only  one  intermediate 
tooth  in  the  single  series  of  the  upper  jaw.  Basal  enlargement  of  flagellum 
markedly  elevated  as  in  schonlandi. 


Text  fig.  14.  Solpuga  niassa  kafulica  sub  sp.  nov.  Left  upper  jaw  of  male  viewed 
from  mesial  side. 

In  the  female,  there  are  indications  of  a second  intermediate  tooth  in  the 
upper  jaw:  this,  which  is  actually  the  third  tooth,  is  much  smaller  than  the 
fourth,  which  again  is  considerably  less  than  either  the  second  or  fifth. 

Measurements:  breadth  of  head-plate  M.  7,  F.  13:  length  of  patella  of  palp 
M.  12,  F.  14:  of  tibia  and  tarsus  of  palp  M.  12-3,  F.  14-8:  of  patella  of  fourth 
leg  M.  10-5,  F.  12-25. 

According  to  Kraepelin/s  figure  of  niassa  in  Das  Tievreich,  the  upper  jaw 
of  the  male  has  two  well  developed  intermediate  teeth,  and  the  flagellum  has 
peculiar  serrations  on  its  shaft,  which  are  not  in  any  degree  represented  in  the 
specimen  from  Kafula  Futa.  The  new  variety  is  related  also  to  5.  rhodesiana 
Hirst  ( Manchester  Memoirs,  lvi.  1911,  No.  2,  p.  8)  which  has  two  intermediate 
teeth  in  the  upper  jaw,  whilst  the  flagellum  is  sharply  pointed  at  the  apex  and 
distinctly  shorter  than  that  of  kafulica. 


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Fig.  i. 


Fig.  2. 
Fig.  3- 
Fig.  4. 


Fig.  5- 
Fig.  6. 
Fig.  7- 
Fig.  8. 
Fig.  9- 

Fig.  10. 
Fig.  11. 


Fig.  12. 
Fig.  13. 
Fig.  14- 
Fig.  15- 
Fig.  16. 
Fig.  17. 


Fig.  18. 
Fig.  19. 

Fig.  20. 

Fig.  21. 

Fig.  22. 
Fig.  23. 
Fig.  24. 


Fig.  25. 

Fig.  26. 

Fig.  27. 
Fig.  28. 
Fig.  29. 
Fig.  30. 
Fig.  31- 
Fig.  32. 
Fig.  33- 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES 

PLATE  I. 

Solpuga  Venator  Poc.  Adult  female  from  Keetmanshoop. 

PLATE  II. 

Solpuga  chelicovnis  Licht,  var.  nov.  pubescens.  Adult  male  from  De  Aar. 

5.  chelicovnis  Licht,  var.  nov.  rufescens.  Adult  male  from  Longhope. 

5.  derbiana  Poc.  Adult  female  from  Grahamstown. 

PLATE  III. 

Hemiblossia  O’neili  Purcell.  Adult  female  from  Alicedale:  enlarged. 
Solpuga  sericea  Poc.  ? sp.  (possibly  celeripes  Hirst).  Female  from  Salisbury. 
S’,  lineata  Koch.  Male  from  Alicedale. 

5.  chelicovnis  Licht,  var.  nov.  rufescens.  Female  from  Dirkskraal. 

5.  Venator  Poc.  Chelicera  of  adult  female  from  Thorn  Kloof  near  Grahams- 
town: enlarged. 

5.  Venator  Poc.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  in  ventral  view. 

S.  chelicovnis  Licht.  Abdomen  of  adult  female  in  ventral  view. 

PLATE  IV. 

Solpuga  Venator  Poc.  Chelicera  of  adult  male  from  Alicedale : enlarged. 

S.  strepsiceros  Kraep.  Chelicera  of  adult  male  from  Barberton:  enlarged. 

S',  bechuanica  Hewitt.  Chelicera  of  adult  male  from  Serowe:  enlarged. 

S.  schlechtevi  Pure.  Chelicera  of  adult  male  from  Keimoes : enlarged. 

S.  hostilis  White.  Ventral  surface  of  trunk  of  adult  male  from  Pretoria. 

S.  hostilis  White.  Ventral  surface  of  trunk  of  adult  female  from  Pretoria. 

PLATE  V. 

Solpuga  spiralicornis  Purcell.  Chelicera  of  adult  male  from  Griffin  Mine, 
Leydsdorp:  enlarged. 

S.  ovnithovhyncha  Hewitt.  Chelicera  of  adult  male  from  the  neighbourhood 
of  Kraikluft:  enlarged. 

Ceroma  pictulum  Poc.  Chelicera  of  adult  male  described  as  C.  leppanae 
mihi:  enlarged. 

Solpuga  globicornis  Kraep.  Chelicera  of  adult  male  from  Pretoria  dist. : 
enlarged. 

S.  suffusca  Hewitt.  Chelicera  of  adult  male:  enlarged. 

S.  mavaisi  Hewitt.  Chelicera  of  adult  male  from  Stellenbosch:  enlarged. 

S.  lateralis  Koch.  Chelicera  of  male  from  Bussacks : enlarged. 

PLATE  VI. 

Zeriassa  puvcelli  Hewitt.  Chelicera  of  female  specimen  from  Newington: 
enlarged. 

Solpuga  fusca  Koch.  Chelicera  of  female  specimen  from  Capetown:  en- 
larged. 

Daesia  lineata  (Pocock).  Chelicera  of  adult  male  from  De  Aar:  enlarged. 

D.  lineata  (Poc.).  Female  example  from  De  Aar. 

Solpuga  hostilis  White.  Chelicera  of  male  example  from  Doornkop : enlarged. 
S.  mavshalli  Poc.  Chelicera  of  adult  male  from  Salisbury:  enlarged. 

Daesia  lineata  (Poc.).  Male  example  from  De  Aar:  enlarged. 

Solpuga  celeripes  Hirst.  Chelicera  of  adult  male:  locality  unknown. 

S.  lineata  Koch.  Chelicera  of  adult  male  from  Alicedale:  enlarged. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


75 


PLATE  VII. 

Solpuga  alcicornis  Kraep.  Chelicera  of  adult  male  from  Kuruman:  enlarged. 
S.  tubicen  Kraep.  Chelicera  of  adult  male  from  locality  unknown:  enlarged. 
Zeriassa  purcelli  Hewitt.  Chelicera  of  male  from  Newington:  enlarged. 

5.  lethalis  rectus  var.  nov.  Chelicera  of  male  from  Windhuk:  enlarged. 

5.  monteiroi  Poc.  Chelicera  of  male  from  Rustenburg  dist. 

Blossia  unguicornis  Purcell.  Adult  female  from  Alicedale:  enlarged. 

B.  unguicornis  Purcell.  Adult  male  from  Alicedale:  enlarged. 

PLATE  VIII. 

Hexisopus  lanatus  Koch.  Male  example  in  ventral  view:  enlarged. 
Hemiblossia  O'neili  Purcell.  Fourth  leg  of  female  example  from  Alicedale: 
enlarged. 

Daesia  lineata  (Poc.).  Ventral  view  of  anterior  portion  of  abdomen  of  male, 
shewing  first  three  sternites  and  basal  segments  of  fourth  leg:  enlarged. 
Blossia  unguicornis  Purcell.  Ventral  view  of  abdomen  of  male:  enlarged. 
Chelypus  hirsti  Hewitt.  Chelicera  of  male  from  Rietfontein,  Gordonia : 
enlarged. 

Blossia  unguicornis  Purcell.  Fourth  leg  of  male  from  Alicedale:  enlarged. 


LIST  OF  RECENT  LITERATURE  ON  THE 
S.  AFRICAN  SOLIFUGAE 

(1)  Kraepelin,  K.  Palpigradi  und  Solifugae,  in  Das  Tierreich,  Lief.  12,  1901. 
(This  work  includes  complete  lists  of  references  to  genera  and  species  then  known  , 
as  well  as  short  descriptions  and  figures.) 

(2)  Skorpione  und  Solifugae,  in  L.  Schultze,  Forschungsreise  im  westl.  und 

Zentr.  Sudafrika • 1903-05.  Jena,  1908,  pp.  247-282. 

(3)  Skorpiones  und  Solifugae,  in  Beitr.  zur  Kenntnis  der  Land-  und  Susswasser- 

fauna  Deutsch-Siidwestafrikas . Hamburg,  1914,  pp.  107-136. 

(4)  Neue  Beitrage  zur  Systematik  der  Gliederspinnen,  in  Mit.  aus  d.  Nat. 

Museum  Hamburg,  xxvm.  pp.  59-107.  1911. 

(5)  Pocock,  R.  I.  On  the  genera  and  species  of  Tropical  African  Solifugae,  in 
Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  6,  xx.  pp.  249-272.  1897.  (This  paper  summarises  the 
differential  characters  of  the  African  species  and  genera  as  known  at  that  time.) 

(6)  On  some  new  or  little  known  Thelyphonidae  and  Solifugae,  in  Ann.  Mag. 

Nat.  Hist.  7,  v.  pp.  294-306.  1900. 

(7)  Some  new  Arachnida  from  Cape  Colony,  in  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  7,  vi.  pp.  316- 
333.  1900. 

(8)  Descriptions  of  some  new  species  of  African  Solifugae  and  Araneae,  in 

Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  7,  x.  pp.  6-27.  1902. 

(9)  Purcell,  W.  F.  New  and  little  known  South  African  Solifugae  in  the  collection 

of  the  South  African  Museum,  in  Ann.  S.  Af.  Mus.  1.  pp.  381-432.  1899. 

(10)  On  some  South  African  Arachnida  belonging  to  the  orders  Scorpiones, 

Pedipalpi  and  Solifugae,  in  Ann.  S.  Af.  Mus.  11.  pp.  137-224.  1901. 

( 1 1 ) Description  of  new  genera  and  species  of  South  African  Solpugidae,  in 

Ann.  S.  Af.  Mus.  ill.  pp.  1-12.  1903. 

(12)  New  Arachnida  collected  by  Mr  S.  C.  Cronwright-Schreiner  at  Hanover, 

Cape  Colony,  in  Ann.  S.  Af.  Mus.  hi.  pp.  13-40.  1903. 

(13)  On  the  Scorpions,  Solifugae  and  a Trapdoor  Spider  collected  by  Rev. 

Henri  A.  Junod  at  Shilouvane  near  Leydsdorp  in  the  Transvaal,  in  Novitates 
Zoologicae,  x.  pp.  303-306.  1903. 


Fig.  34 
Fig.  35 
Fig.  36 
Fig.  37 
Fig.  38 
Fig.  39 
Fig.  4° 


Fig.  41. 
Fig.  42. 

Fig.  43- 

Fig.  44. 
Fig.  45- 

Fig.  46- 


7 6 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


(14)  Hewitt,  J.  Description  of  a new  species  of  Chelypus,  in  Records  Albany  Museum, 
11.  pp.  312,  313.  1912. 

(x5)  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  Arachnida  from  Cape  Colony,  in  Records 

Albany  Museum,  11.  pp.  462-481.  1913. 

(16)  Records  and  descriptions  of  the  Arachnida  collected  by  the  Percy  Sladen 

Memorial  Expedition  to  Great  Namaqualand,  1912-1913,  in  Annals  Transvaal 
Mus.  iv.  pp.  146-159.  1914. 

( 1 7)  Records  of  species  of  Solifugae  in  the  collection  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 

and  descriptions  of  several  new  species  of  the  family  Solpugidae,  in  Annals 
Transvaal  Mus.  tv.  pp.  160-167.  I9I4- 

(18)  Descriptions  of  new  Arachnida  from  S.  Africa,  in  Records  Albany  Mus. 

hi.  pp.  1-37.  1914. 

(19)  Descriptions  of  new  South  African  Arachnida,  in  Records  Albany  Mus. 

hi.  pp.  70-106.  1915. 

(20)  — — New  South  African  Arachnida,  in  Annals  Natal  Mus.  in.  pp.  289-327. 

1915- 

(21)  Descriptions  of  several  species  of  Arachnida  in  the  collection  of  the 

Durban  Museum,  in  Annals  Durban  Mus.  1.  pp.  217-227.  1916. 

(22)  Descriptions  of  new  South  African  Arachnida,  in  Annals  Natal  Mus.  111. 

pp.  687-711.  1917. 

(23)  Description  of  new  South  African  Araneae  and  Solifugae,  in  Annals 

Transvaal  Mus.  vi.  pp.  63-106.  1918. 

(24)  Hirst,  A.  S.  On  a collection  of  Arachnida  and  Chilopoda  made  by  Mr  S.  A. 

Neave  in  Rhodesia,  North  of  the  Zambezi,  in  Manchester  Memoirs,  lvi.  No.  2, 
pp.  1-11.  1911. 

(25)  Descriptions  of  new  Arachnids  of  the  Orders  Solifugae  and  Pedipalpi,  in 

Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  8,  ix.  pp.  229-237.  1912. 

(26)  On  a new  species  of  Solpuga  from  Zululand,  in  Annals  Durban  Museum,  1. 

pp.  228-229.  1916. 

MORPHOLOGICAL. 

(27)  Bernard,  H.  M.  On  the  Comparative  Morphology  of  the  -Galeodidae,  in  Trans. 

Linn.  Soc.  London,  2nd  ser.  Zoology,  vi.  pp.  305-417.  1896. 

(28)  Sorensen,  W.  Recherches  sur  l’anatomie,  exterieure  et  interieure,  des  Solifuges, 

in  Oversigt  o.  d.  K.  d.  Videnskabernes  Selskabs  F orhandlinger , No.  3,  pp.  131- 
215.  1914.  Kjobenhavn. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII , PL  i Plate  II 


Diurnal  Solifugae 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  i 


Plate  III 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  i 


Plate  IV 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  i 


Plate  V 


23 


24 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  i 


Plate  VI 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  i 


Plate  VII 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  i 


Plate  VIII 


« 


45 


ANNALS  MEDEDELINGEN 

OF  THE  VAN  HET 


TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 

VOLUME  VII 

■LjjU  Muse^ 

PART  2 containing 

Contributions  to  the  Knowledge  of  the  Reptiles  of 
the  Karroo  Formation.  By  Dr  E.  C.  N.  van 
Hoepen,  M.I. 

5.  A New  Dinosaur  from  the  Stormberg  Beds. 

(With  2 plates  and  6 text-figures.) 

6.  Further  Dinosaurian  Material  in  the  Transvaal 

Museum.  (With  13  plates  and  27  text- 
figures.) 

Description  of  some  Cretaceous  Ammonites  from 
Pondoland.  By  Dr  E.  C.  N.  van  Hoepen,  M.I. 
(With  3 plates.) 


Issued  March  10 th,  1920 


PRINTED  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
CAMBRIDGE,  ENGLAND 
1920 


0 


ANNALS 


MEDEDELINGEN 


OF  THE 


VAN  HET 


TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 


Vol.  7 


Part  2 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  KNOWLEDGE  OF  THE 
REPTILES  OF  THE  KARROO  FORMATION 


In  November  of  1915  the  Transvaal  Museum  bought  the  remains  of  a small 
Dinosaur  from  a resident  of  Ficksburg.  The  specimen  had  been  discovered  in 
a building-stone  quarry  near  Roosendal,  O.F.S.  This  is  most  probably  the 
same  quarry  in  which  the  small  Pseudosuchian  Pedeticosaurus  Leviseuri  has 
been  found.  During  the  usual  quarrying  work  a stone  was  split  and  found  to 
contain  the  remains  of  some  animal.  The  little  village  of  Roosendal  was  very 
interested  in  the  find  and  in  due  course  photographs  of  the  fossil  were  sent  to 
friends.  One  of  these  photographs  reached  my  friend  Mr  A.  W.  Putterill  of 
Harrismith,  who  sent  it  on  to  me  with  the  necessary  information.  Through 
this  report  the  Transvaal  Museum  eventually  came  into  possession  of  one  of 
its  best  specimens.  I have  therefore  great  pleasure  in  thanking  Mr  Putterill 
for  the  service  he  has  rendered  to  our  institution  in  particular  and  to  science 
in  general. 

It  follows,  from  the  above,  that  the  remains  are  on  two  slabs  of  rock.  They 
consist  of  a nearly  complete  skeleton.  The  skull  is  lost  or  at  least  not  visible, 
for  it  is  not  impossible  that  it  is  present  in  a more  or  less  fragmentary  con- 
dition under  some  of  the  other  bones.  Two  jaw  portions  with  some  teeth  are 
exposed.  The  neck  vertebrae  have  been  crushed  sideways  into  a heap.  All 
the  dorsal  vertebrae  are  more  or  less  articulated  as  also  a fair  number  of 
caudals.  The  front  legs  are  incomplete,  but  the  hinder  extremities  are  very 
well  preserved.  The  shoulder  girdle  is  only  represented  by  two  coracoids  and 
the  proximal  ends  of  the  scapulae,  while  the  pelvis  shows  all  its  constituents 
of  which  some  are  in  very  good  condition.  All  the  bones,  however,  have  been 
much  flattened. 


By  Dr  E.  C.  N.  van  Hoepen,  M.I. 


5.  A NEW  DINOSAUR  FROM  THE  STORMBERG 


With  two  plates  and  six  text-figures 


6 


78 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Skull. 

A large  part  of  a left  maxillary  and  the  front  end  of  probably  the  left  ramus 
of  the  lower  jaw  are  present.  The  length  of  the  lower  maxillary  border  as  pre- 
served is  about  29  mm.  It  bears  six  teeth  or  remnants  of  teeth  and  in  front 
of  the  foremost  one  is  the  crown-tip  of  another  one,  which  was  probably  also 
on  the  maxillary.  Behind  these  six  the  rock  only  shows  a brown  blur  and 
nothing  definite  can  be  made  out.  The  hinder  end  of  the  alveolar  border  is 
only  indicated.  The  front  end  of  the 
maxillary  and  the  greater  part  of  the 
front  border  of  its  nasal  process  are 
covered  by  the  coracoid.  The  anterior 
lower  corner  of  the  antorbital  vacuity 
is  rounded  and  wide-angled.  A portion 
of  the  inner  wing  of  the  nasal  process 
is  still  present. 

The  lower  jaw  portion  is  very  much 
damaged  and  sutures  cannot  be  made 
out.  It  shows  three  teeth  and  fragments 
of  four  others.  Its  lengthis  about  2 5 mm. 

It  seems  as  if  the  maxillary  teeth 
slightly  increase  in  size  forwards.  The 
four  preserved  tips  of  the  dentary  teeth 
occur  at  the  same  level  and  these  four 
teeth  were  therefore  probably  of  equal  length.  The  roots  of  the  two  foremost 
ones  have  been  partially  laid  open  and  a small  replacing  tooth  is  seen  in  front 
of  the  first  one.  Another  young  tooth,  which  is  still  below  the  edge  of  the  sup- 
posed dentary,  was  laid  bare  through  removal  of  part  of  the  bone  and  the  root 
of  the  fourth  tooth  present.  The  crowns  of  the  teeth  are  broad  and  flat  and 
have  the  edges  serrated.  They  are  not  pointed  but  rounded  at  the  top  and  on 
one  side  at  least  there  is  a low  broad  ridge,  which  runs  from  the  base  along 
the  middle  to  the  upper  edge.  The  denticles  of  the  serrated  edge  have  a blunt 
point,  and  the  notches  are  angular.  This  angle  appears  to  be  very  large,  in 
some  cases  where  the  notch  is  clearly  visible  it  shows  an  angle  of  some  6o°. 
In  young  teeth,  however,  the  condition  seems  to  be  different.  The  young  tooth 
below  the  root  of  the  fourth  one  shows  a portion  of  its  edge  with  four  small 
denticles.  In  a lateral  view  these  denticles  are  long  and  cylindrical,  and  before 
being  well  cleaned  of  matrix  the  notches  seemed  to  have  the  shape  of  a long 
stretched  U.  After  the  matrix  had  been  carefully  removed,  however,  it  ap- 
peared that  the  denticles  are  united  to  such  an  extent  that  only  their  tips  are 
free.  The  actual  notch  is  slight  and  nearly  rectangular,  but  continues  on  to 
the  tooth  surface  as  a parallel  concavity  between  the  denticles  for  about  three 
times  its  real  depth.  Length  of  the  crown  of  the  best  preserved  maxillary 
tooth  5 mm.,  breadth  3*5  mm.  In  this  tooth  three  denticles  occupy  the  space 
of  1 mm.  The  crown  of  the  young  tooth  has  a length  of  3*5  mm.  and  its  four 
denticles  stand  on  1*3  mm. 

Cervical  Vertebrae. 

All  the  cervical  vertebrae  have  been  crushed  sideways  into  a heap.  They 
have  been  very  much  flattened  and  broken  and  only  three  are  sufficiently  free 
from  the  others  to  be  of  any  use.  Two  of  these  are  very  long  and  their  place 
seems  to  be  in  the  hinder  region  of  the  neck.  The  length  of  the  centra  of  both 
is  31  mm.  The  ventral  surface  of  one  centrum  is  exposed  and  the  breadth  of 





Fig.  1.  Portion  of  maxillary  and  dentary 
with  teeth  as  preserved.  Nat.  size. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


79 


the  bone  is  9 mm.  This  ventral  surface  is  deeply  concave.  The  breadth  of 
the  hinder  articulation  surface  is  14  mm.;  that  of  the  front  end  is  smaller. 
Nothing  is  visible  of  diapophyses  or  parapophyses.  The  praezygapophyses 
are  short,  pointed  and  wide  apart.  The  postzygapophyses  are  longer.  The 
height  of  the  front  articulation  surface- of  the  vertebra,  where  all  these  dimen- 
sions are  taken  from,  is  10  mm.  The  third  vertebra  is  very  much  shorter  and 
is  the  only  neck- vertebra  showing  a dorsal  spine.  The  height  of  this  vertebra, 
with  its  spine,  measured  in  the  middle  of  its  length  is  19  mm.  The  length  of 
the  spine  ( i.e . from  the  anterior  to  the  posterior  end)  is  18  mm.  The  height 
of  the  hinder  articulation  surface  is  10  mm.  This  seems  to  be  one  of  the  fore- 
most vertebrae  of  the  neck. 

Dorsal  Vertebrae. 


The  total  number  of  dorsal  vertebrae  is  14.  The  vertebra  which  I take  to 
be  the  first  dorsal  is  largely  covered  by  the  coracoids.  It  is  not  impossible, 
although  I think  it  very  improbable,  that  there  is  another  dorsal  vertebra  in 
front  of  this  one. 

The  first  seven  vertebrae  are  still  articulating,  but  the  eighth  is  displaced. 
The  ninth  to  the  fourteenth  are  also  more  or  less  in  juxtaposition.  They  all 
lie  on  their  left  side  and  through  the  splitting  of  the  stone  all  the  vertebrae 
have  been  broken  and  greater  or  smaller  portions  of  each  are  still  in  both 
slabs.  Therefore,  generally  speaking,  no  detail  of  the  outer  surface  of  the 
vertebrae  is  visible.  Their  principal  measurements  are 


Dorsal  vertebra  No.  1 

Length  of  the  centrum 

Height  of  front  articulation  surface 

Height  of  hinder  articulation  surface 

Total  height 

Length  of  dorsal  spine 


3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12  13  14 

20 

21 

23 

24 

24 

24 

26 

28 

29 

15 

15 

16 

17 

15 

15 

15 

15 

17 

19 

36 

37 

37 

38 

39 

39 

37 

40 

16 

19 

22 

22 

22 

21 

From  these  figures  and  from  the  plates  it  will  be  seen  that  the  vertebrae 
do  not  differ  much  in  size.  The  length  of  the  centra  seems  to  increase  slightly 
and  gradually  towards  the  pelvis.  The  dorsal  spines  are  thin,  long  and  low. 
Their  front  upper  corner  is  rounded  and  their  upper  hinder  corner  more  pointed 
and  overhanging.  Their  upper  border  is  evenly  rounded,  and  its  general  direc- 
tion diverges  slightly  backwards  with  the  axis  of  the  centrum.  The  prae- 
zygapophyses project  far  beyond  the  plane  of  the  anterior  articulation  surface 
of  the  centrum.  The  postzygapophyses  are  shorter,  but  still  project  well  be- 
yond the  plane  of  the  posterior  articulation  surface.  There  is  a round  opening 
between  the  praezygapophysis  and  the  anterior  vertebra,  which  apparently 
served  as  an  exit  for  a spinal  nerve.  The  vertebrae  are  amphicoelous,  but  the 
only  articulation  surface  visible  is  the  rather  deep  depression  on  the  hinder 
end  of  the  first  vertebra.  The  neural  arch  is  attached  to  the  centrum  by  a 
suture,  which  is  plainly  visible  in  the  third  to  the  sixth,  the  eighth  to  the 
tenth  and  the  twelfth  vertebra.  This  suture  is  seen  on  the  outer  surface  of 
the  vertebra  as  a zig-zag  line,  the  general  direction  of  which  is  parallel  to  the 
axis  of  the  centrum.  The  amplitude  of  the  undulations  of  this  line  seems  to 
lie  within  certain  limits,  which  are  reached  by  many  individual  waves.  The 
connection  seems  to  have  been  a loose  one  and  could  only  have  prevented  the 
neural  arch  from  moving  in  a direction  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  centrum. 
Apparently  centra  and  neural  arches  became  easily  disconnected,  for  this  is 
more  or  less  the  case  in  five  vertebrae. 

Ribs  are  present  near  all  the  vertebrae  except  the  fourteenth  and  it  is  very 
probable  that  this  vertebra  did  not  bear  ribs.  The  animal  would  then  have 


6—2 


8o  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


a single  lumbar  vertebra.  The  anterior  ribs  are  long  and  slender,  while  the 
posterior  ones  are  short.  In  some  of  the  ribs  the  proximal  end  is  complete 
and  is  seen  to  be  double-headed. 

Sacral  Vertebrae. 

There  is  not  much  visible  of  the  sacral  vertebrae.  The  second  shows  its 
ventral  surface,  while  the  third  shows  its  left  side  and  partly  its  ventral  surface. 
The  posterior  end  of  the  first  sacral  protrudes  from  under  the  proximal  end  of 
the  right  ischium.  The  length  of  the  centrum  of  the  third  sacral  is  15  mm., 
while  that  of  the  second  is  26  mm.  The  anterior  corners  of  the  ventral  surface 
of  the  second  sacral  are  truncated,  probably  by  the  articulation  faces  for  the 
sacral  ribs.  These  truncations  reach  backwards  till  past  the  middle  of  the 
ventral  surface.  A similar  truncation  is  visible  at  the  left  anterior  corner  of 
the  surface  shown  by  the  third  sacral. 

There  is  a large  brown  patch  with  remains  of  bone  to  the  right  of  the 
second  sacral.  I take  this  to  be  the  second  sacral  rib  of  the  right  side.  It  lies 
at  a distance  of  about  1 cm.  from  the  vertebra.  As  preserved,  the  proximal 
end  of  this  rib  is  very  narrow  and  the  distal  end  very  broad.  The  anterior 
edge  shows  the  original  margin  of  the  bone, 'which  is  very  concave.  None  of 
the  other  margins  have  been  preserved,  except  the  anterior  portion  of  the 
distal  margin.  The  anterior  portion  of  the  distal  end  is  very  thin,  and  its 
outer  margin  is  convex ; its  upper  surface  is  concave.  The  upper  surface  of  the 
posterior  portion  of  the  distal  end  seems  to  have  been  convex  and  the  whole 
distal  end  therefore  shows  a wavy  appearance.  The  breadth  of  the  distal  end 
as  preserved  is  31  mm.  and  that  of  the  proximal  end  14  mm.  The  length  of 
the  rib  as  preserved  is  20  mm.  Behind  the  second  there  are  remains  of  the 
third  sacral  rib.  This  is  accompanied  by  its  fellow  on  the  other  side  of  the 
third  sacral  vertebra.  Both  ribs  lie  at  a distance  of  about  1 cm.  from  the 
vertebra.  They  are  very  badly  preserved,  but  the  contour  of  the  distal  end 
of  the  right  rib  seems  to  be  complete  on  the  slab  figured  on  Plate  IX.  The 
anterior  and  posterior  margins  of  the  ribs  are  concave  and  the  distal  end  is 
broad.  Its  outer  margin  is  convex.  The  third  sacral  rib  is  very  much  narrower 
than  the  second.  The  length  of  the  rib  on  the  right  is  21  mm.,  the  breadth 
of  its  distal  end  14  mm.  and  that  of  its  proximal  end  7 mm. 

The  third  sacral  vertebra  has  been  identified  as  such  through  analogy  with 
other  Anchisauridae  and  Plateosauridae . The  specimen  itself  does  not  show 
any  character  which  would  class  it  immediately  as  sacral;  on  the  contrary, 
its  size  and  the  shape  and  size  of  its  sacral  ribs  agree  so  closely  with  the 
corresponding  properties  of  the  first  caudal  vertebrae,  that  without  the  know- 
ledge of  other  Theropoda  one  would  without  doubt  regard  it  as  the  first  caudal. 
Moreover,  there  is  some  doubt  with  regard  to  the  second  sacral.  There  is  a 
slight  suggestion  in  its  shape  that  it  represents  two  coalesced  vertebrae;  if 
these  are  the  first  and  second  sacrals,  then  it  is  difficult  to  conclude  what  the 
small  bone  may  be  which  protrudes  from  under  the  right  ischium.  Its  con- 
vexity and  its  convex  free  border  strongly  suggest  the  hinder  end  of  a lower 
surface  of  a vertebra.  Could  it  perhaps  be  a fifteenth  dorsal?  I doubt  it  and 
therefore  I have  regarded  it  as  the  first  sacral.  However,  what  is  here  called 
second  sacral  may  be  the  coalesced  second  and  third.  But  this  is  very  im- 
probable, because  of  the  first  sacral  not  being  coalesced.  Moreover,  the  second 
sacral  rib  seems  to  form  an  unbroken  series  with  what  has  been  styled  the 
third  sacral  rib  and  the  first  three  transverse  processes;  the  actual  third  sacral 
rib  would  then  be  missing.  I do  not  see  any  reason  which  forces  one  to  this 
conclusion,  and  therefore  I have  described  these  bones  as  above.  Still  it  is 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  8i 


very  probable  that  the  third  sacral  rib  was  too  short  to  reach  the  ileum,  not- 
withstanding normal  backward  convergence  of  the  ilea.  However,  this  may 
be  explained  in  the  same  way  as  certain  differences  in  Theropod  sacra  by 
v.  Huene  (31,  p.  281).  As  appears  from  many  loose  sutural  connections,  our 
animal  is  a young  individual,  and  has  not  yet  reached  the  stage  of  life  in  which 
it  possesses  a true  third  sacral  vertebra. 

Caudal  Vertebrae. 

Of  the  caudal  vertebrae  only  twelve  have  been  preserved.  The  first  two 
caudals  are  present.  The  first  caudal  lies  immediately  behind  the  last  sacral 
and  the  second  caudal  behind  the  first.  Then  follows  a large  gap.  After  this 
comes  a series  of  eight  vertebrae.  Two  more  vertebrae  can  be  recognised  in 
a jumbled  up  mass  at  the  end  of  this  series. 

The  centrum  of  the  first  caudal  has  a length  of  15  mm.  That  of  the  second 
cannot  be  accurately  measured,  because  it  has  split  obliquely.  It  is  also  diffi- 
cult to  measure  the  height  of  the  centra,  but  the  dimension  seems  to  be  slightly 
less  or  equal  to  the  length.  The  lower  portion  of  the  hinder  articulation  surface 
of  both  centra  has  been  obliquely  truncated  to  form  an  articulation  surface 
for  the  haemapophysis.  In  the  second  caudal  it  is  clearly  visible  that  the 
lower  portion  of  the -front  articulation  surface  bends  slightly  backwards.  The 
transverse  processes  of  the  right  side  have  both  been  disjointed  and  their 
impressions  lie  at  a distance  of  about  2-5  cm.  from  their  respective  vertebrae. 
They  lie  in  a row  with  the  second  and  third  sacral  ribs.  The  process  of  the 
first  caudal  has  a length  of  18  mm.  and  a breadth  of  10  mm.  These  measure- 
ments of  that  of  the  second  caudal  are  respectively  16  mm.  and  10  mm.  Both 
processes  show  great  resemblance  to  the  third  sacral  rib. 

The  series  of  eight  vertebrae  is  from  the  middle  region  of  the  tail.  The 
centra  are  very  long  and  low  and  they  all  show  their  lower  surface  and  that 
of  their  right  transverse  process.  The  dorsal  spines  of  all  these  vertebrae  are 
embedded  in  the  rock  and  invisible.  The  centra  are  so  much  flattened,  that 
it  is  impossible  to  give  any  detail.  The  articulation  surfaces  of  the  centra 
project  beyond  their  sides  and  lower  surface.  The  transverse  processes  are 
remarkable  for  their  broad  attachment  to  the  centrum.  In  the  first  vertebrae 
of  the  series  they  are  practically  attached  to  the  whole  length  of  the  centrum, 
while  in  the  last  the  attachment  is  still  about  two-thirds  of  this  length.  The 
distal  three-fifths  of  the  process  has  parallel  sides,  but  those  of  the  proximal 
end  diverge  towards  the  centrum.  The  process  was  apparently  supported  by 
lateral  ridges.  There  are  indications  that  the  front  lateral  ridge  of  the  process 
was  in  touch,  in  all  the  vertebrae  of  the  series,  with  the  praezygapophysis. 
Haemapophyses  are  attached  to  all  these  vertebrae  and  still  in  situ. 

Measurements  from  the  first  vertebra  in  the  series  to  the  last : 

Length  of  centrum  17,  17,  18,  18,  18,  18,  19,  19  mm. 

Length  of  transverse  process  18,  19,  18,  15,  15,  15,  — , 12  mm. 

Length  of  haemapophyses  40,  37,  31,  31  mm. 

Breadth  of  their  distal  ends  7,  7,  7,  7 mm. 

In  front  of  the  first  vertebra  of  the  series  lies  another  haemapophysis,  which 
through  its  position  gives  the  impression  of  having  belonged  to  the  first  pre- 
ceding vertebra.  This  haemapophysis  has  a length  of  42  mm.  Four  or  five 
other  haemapophyses  are  scattered  about,  one  of  which  is  perfect.  This  has 
a length  of  45  mm.  The  distal  end  of  all  these  haemapophyses  is  broad  and 
very  thin.  The  proximal  end,  distal  to  the  foramen,  is  narrower  and  thicker. 
The  foramen  of  the  longest  haemapophysis  has  a height  of  7 mm.  and  a breadth 

1 These  numbers  refer  to  the  list  of  literature  at  the  end  of  the  article. 


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of  5 mm.  The  articulation  surface  of  this  bone  has  a breadth  of  io  mm.  The 
scattered  haemapophyses  belong  to  the  missing  vertebrae  between  the  second 
caudal  and  the  series  of  eight.  It  seems  as  if  the  vertebrae  in  the  mass  near 
the  end  of  the  series  belong  to  the  proximal  portion  of  the  tail,  but  no  re- 
markable features  are  visible. 

Shoulder  Girdle. 


The  scapulae  are  completely  embedded  in  the  rock.  The  right  scapula  only 
shows  an  indeterminable  edge  and  the  left  only  what  are  probably  its  articu- 
lation surfaces.  One  of  these  surfaces  has  a more  or  less  triangular  contour 
and  this  is  probably  the  articulation  surface  for  the  humerus.  The  other  is  for 
the  contact  with  the  coracoid.  Both  surfaces  are  concave  and  they  meet  at 
an  obtuse  angle. 

Both  coracoids  are  present.  Half  of  the  left  coracoid,  however,  is  hidden 
by  the  one  of  the  right  side.  Both  bones  only  show  their  lateral  surface,  and 
therefore  nothing  can  be 
made  out  of  their  thickness 
or  their  marginal  surfaces. 

The  contour  of  the  right 
coracoid  is  complete.  The 
scapular  border  of  the  cora- 
coid is  not  straight,  for  slight- 
ly above  its  junction  with 
the  glenoidal  border  it  is 
deeply  indented.  This  in- 
dentation has  a length  of 
12  mm.  and  a maximum 
depth  of  3 mm.  Further 

upwards  the  contour  line  pjg  2.  Aristosauruserectus.  Right  and  left  coracoid 
bends  slightly  forwards.  The  and  proximal  surface  of  left  scapula.  The  border 

upper  border  is  not  well  pre-  behind  the  supracoracoidal  foramen  in  the  left 

served  but  seems  to  be  hori-  coracoid  is  not  clearly  visible.  About  nat.  size, 
zontal ; it  would  then  make  a nearly  right  angle  with  the  front  border.  The  upper 
portion  of  the  front  border  is  straight;  below  the  level  of  the  middle  of  the 
bone  it  curves  backwards;  the  lower  front  border  of  the  bone  is  straight.  The 
glenoidal  border  is  fairly  straight  and  meets  the  lower  portion  of  the  front 
border  practically  at  right  angles.  The  surface  of  this  coracoid  is  fairly  flat 
and  one  would  scarcely  take  notice  of  some  slight  undulations  if  the  left  cora- 
coid were  not  present.  The  visible  portion  of  that  bone  is  not  flat  for  it  shows 
a rather  deep  concavity  on  its  outer  surface,  running  from  the  hinder  end  of 
its  glenoidal  border  upwards.  The  supracoracoidal  foramen  is  situated  in  this 
concavity,  which  continues  past  this  opening.  The  lower  corner  of  both  inner 
and  outer  surface  of  this  coracoid  bulges  outwards.  Both  peculiarities  are  also 
seen  in  the  right  coracoid,  but  in  a much  less  degree.  As  the  bones  are  now 
reduced  to  the  thinness  of  paper,  it  is  not  impossible  that  the  described  un- 
dulations are  due  to  original  differences  in  the  thickness  of  the  bone.  However, 
it  must  be  remembered,  that  the  bulge  in  these  coracoids  is  in  practically  the 
same  position  as  the  tuberositas  coracobrachialis  described  by  v.  Huene  on 
the  coracoid  of  Pachysaurus  magnus  (3,  p.  149). 

The  upper  and  front  portion  of  the  bone  is  much  thinner  than  the  lower 
and  hinder  portion.  The  greatest  height  of  the  right  coracoid  is  43  mm.  and 
its  greatest  breadth  32  mm.  Both  coracoids  have  a foramen  supracoracoideum. 
It  is  fairly  large  and  situated  close  to  the  middle  of  the  scapular  border.  Its 


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83 


diameter  is  about  3 mm.  and  the  distance  from  the  scapular  border  is  between 
2 and  3 mm. 

Humerus. 

Both  humeri  are  present.  Their  proximal  ends  are  fairly  well  preserved, 
but  their  distal  ends  are  poor.  The  very  broad  proximal  end  is  hollow  in  front 
and  convex  behind.  Its  upper  border  is  convex  and  its  upper-lateral  border 
slightly  so.  There  is  no  distinct  demarcation  between  the  upper  end  of  the 
processus  lateralis  and  the  upper  border  of  the  bone.  The  lateral  border  of 
the  humerus  is  strongly  concave  immediately  below  the  processus  lateralis. 
The  medial  border  of  the  proximal  end  is  concave  throughout.  There  are 
indications  that  the  caput  humeri  was  not  situated  on  the  extreme  medial 
end  of  the  upper  border.  The  breadth  of  the  proximal  end,  measured  from 
the  lower  corner  of  the  processus  lateralis  to  the  upper  medial  end,  is  45  mm. 
in  the  left  and  52  mm.  in  the  right  humerus. 

The  shaft  is  very  narrow;  at  its  narrowest  place  it  measures  9 mm.  in  the 
left  humerus.  All  that  can  be  said  of  the  distal  end  is,  that  the  condyli  project 
forwards  and  do  not  make  themselves  apparent  on  the  hinder  surface.  The 
length  of  the  humerus  differs  considerably  in  the  two  specimens.  The  right 
humerus  measures  93  mm.  in  length  and  the  left  only  80  mm.  The  length  of 
the  left  humerus  is  most  probably  reduced  by  crushing,  as  it  stands  nearly 
vertically  on  the  general  plane  of  the  remains.  The  lower  end  of  the  processus 
lateralis  lies  53  mm.  above  the  distal  end  in  the  left  humerus  and  58  mm.  in 
the  right  one. 

Ulna  and  Radius. 

There  is  not  much  left  of  these  two  bones.  Only  those  of  the  right  side 
have  been  preserved  and  these  are  really  nothing  more  than  impressions.  The 
proximal  end  of  the  ulna  is  broad.  The  line  marking  its  articulation  surface 
is  not  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  bone,  and  therefore,  what  is  most 
probably  the  hinder  portion  of  this  end,  is  higher  than  the  front  portion.  The 
breadth  of  this  end  of  the  impression  is  18  mm.  (this  would  in  reality  be  the 
thickness  of  the  bone).  Distally  this  dimension  is  gradually  reduced  towards 
the  middle  of  the  shaft,  which  has  a breadth  of  9 mm.  Then  the  breadth 
increases  again  towards  the  distal  end,  which  may  have  been  as  broad  as  the 
proximal  end.  The  total  length  of  the  bone  is  64  mm. 

The  impression  of  the  radius  has  a proximal  breadth  of  10  mm.  and  a 
distal  breadth  of  14  mm.,  while  the  shaft  has  a breadth  of  8 mm.  The  total 
length  of  the  bone  is  58  mm.  The  line  marking  the  proximal  end  of  the  im- 
pression seems  to  be  concave,  so  that  probably  the  proximal  articulation 
surface  was  hollow,  at  least  near  the  side  which  made  the  impression. 

Carpus. 

The  remains  of  probably  four  carpalia  are  present  and  still  in  their  original 
position,  but  they  are  so  fragmentary  that  nothing  can  be  said  about  them. 

Ileum. 

Both  ilea  are  present.  The  left  ileum  is  visible  from  the  medial  side.  Its 
contour  is  complete,  but  most  of  the  surface  of  the  bone  has  broken  off  and 
portions  of  the  upper  part  of  the  bone  are  only  represented  by  impression. 
The  right  ilehm  is  badly  preserved.  It  is  visible  from  the  ventral  side  and  its 
position  is  more  or  less  vertical  to  the  plane  of  the  remains.  Therefore  it  has 
suffered  greatly  from  crushing; 

The  ileum  consists  of  a large  plate,  which  is  slightly  longitudinally  convex 
as  seen  from  the  medial  side,  and  which  has  a short  anterior  and  a long  pos- 


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terior  process,  a long  and  slender  preacetabular  process  and  a short,  thick 
postacetabular  process.  The  upper  portion  of  the  ileum  is  very  thin,  the  lower 
portion  is  thicker.  The  upper  border  is  convex.  The  spina  iliaca  anterior 
terminates  in  a sharp  point,  while  the  spina  posterior  is  broad  and  its  end 
truncated.  There  is  a low  ridge  on  the  medial  surface  of  the  hinder  end  of 
the  ileum.  This  ridge  starts  behind  the  middle  of  the  bone  and  is  continued 
on  to  the  spina  posterior.  It  is  situated  very  near  to  the  lower  border  of  the 
spina  and  is  practically  parallel  with  it.  The  hinder  border  between  the  spina 
posterior  and  the  processus  postacetabularis  is  straight.  The  length  of  this 
straight  border  is  21  mm.  The  open  acetabulum  cuts  into  the  ileum  to  a depth 
of  17  mm.  and  a breadth  of  41  mm.  Above  the  acetabulum  the  medial  surface 
of  the  ileum  shows  a deep  fold,  that  is  to  say,  here  the  lower  portion  of  the 
ileum  is  bent  inwards  on  the  upper  portion.  This  groove  corresponds  with  the 
crista  supraacetabularis  on  the  lateral  surface.  4The  medial  surface  between 
this  groove  and  the  acetabular  border  is  convex.  The  articulation  surface  may 
therefore  be  concave.  Groove  and  acetabular  border  are  nearest  to  each  other 
at  the  root  of  the  processus  praeacetabularis.  From  this  point  border  and 


Fig.  3.  Aristosaurus  erectus.  Medial  view  of  the  left  ileum.  About  nat.  size. 

groove  diverge  backwards.  From  the  position  of  the  groove  one  would  con- 
clude that  the  acetabular  surface  extends  from  the  crista  supraacetabularis 
inwards  and  very  much  downwards  and  therefore  also  forms  a lateral  articu- 
lation surface. 

The  processus  praeacetabularis  is  slightly  narrower  near  its  junction  with 
the  body  of  the  bone  than  near  its  extremity.  It  reaches  much  further  for- 
wards than  the  spina  anterior.  Between  the  two  there  is  a deep  and  wide 
notch.  The  length  of  the  processus  praeacetabularis,  measured  from  the  base 
of  this  notch,  is  36  mm.  The  distance  between  the  end  of  the  spina  iliaca 
anterior  and  that  of  the  spina  iliaca  posterior  is  75  mm.  The  height  of  the 
ileum,  measured  from  the  lower  end  of  the  processus  postacetabularis  to  the 
upper  border,  is  46  mm. 

Pubis. 

The  pubes  are  beautifully  preserved.  The  right  pubis  is  complete,  except 
for  its  lateral  distal  corner,  of  which,  however,  the  impression  is  present.  The 
left  pubis  is  broken  in  two,  the  proximal  half  being  in  one  slab  and  the  distal 
half  in  the  other.  There  is  no  indication  that  the  pubes  were  fused  together 
medially.  This  does  not  exclude  the  possibility  that  they  were  actually  fused, 
because  of  the  medial  borders  of  both  bones  only  a very  small  portion  of  that 
of  the  right  pubis  is  preserved. 


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85 


The  length  of  the  right  pubis  is  in  mm.  Its  breadth  at  the  downward 
fold  is  27  mm.  The  narrowest  part  of  the  pubic  plate,  which  is  near  its  distal 
end,  measures  17  mm.,  while  the  breadth  of  the  distal  end  is  20  mm.  The 
lateral  border  of  the  pubic  plate  is  thick  and  its  medial  border  is  paper  thin. 
The  right  pubis  does  not  show  the  thickening  of  the  distal  end,  but  in  the 
left  one  it  is  clearly  visible.  The  whole  lateral  border  of  the  pubis  is  concave. 
The  medial  border  is  straight.  The  upper  surface  of  the  pubic  plate  is  concave, 
at  least  near  its  proximal  end.  The  left  pubis  shows  plainly  that  lower 
surface  of  the  pubic  plate  is  convex.  The 
proximal  medial  corner  of  the  pubic  plate  is 
bent  downwards  and  at  right  angles  to  the 
larger  portion  of  the  bone.  The  angle  is 
rounded.  The  pubic  neck  continues  from  the 
proximal  lateral  corner  of  the  pubic  plate  to 
the  articulatio  ileo-pubica.  The  narrowest 
place  of  the  pubic  neck  has  a breadth  of 
11  mm.  in  the  right  pubis  and  a breadth  of 
10  mm.  in  the  left  one.  It  is  situated  at 
22  mm.  and  18  mm.  from  the  articulatio 
ileo-pubica  in  the  right  and  left  pubis  respec- 
tively. There  is  not  much  twist  left  in  the 
neck  of  the  right  pubis,  through  the  crushing 
of  the  bone.  Its  upper  portion,  however, 
still  makes  a considerable  angle  with  the 
pubic  plate.  The  medial  side  of  the  neck  of 
the  left  pubis  bends  down  more  and  more  as 
it  approaches  the  proximal  end  of  the  bone. 

The  upper  surface  of  the  proximal  end  finally 
makes  an  angle  of  about  45 0 with  the  upper 
surface  of  the  pubic  plate.  The  upper  border 
of  the  processus  subacetabularis  makes  an 
angle  of  slightly  less  than  90°  with  the  lateral 
border  of  the  pubis.  The  breadth  of  the  pubis 
across  the  processus  subacetabularis  is  25  mm. 

The  height  of  the  processus  subacetabularis 
is  much  less  at  its  lower  than  at  its  upper 
end.  At  its  lower  end  the  processus  subace- 
tabularis is  bent  hooklike  at  an  angle  of 
about  90°  in  the  direction  of  the  distal  end 
of  the  bone.  The  termination  of  the  lower 
end  is  not  abrupt;  the  upper  border  of  the  Fig.  4.  Aristosaurus erectus.  Upper 
processus  subacetabularis  rounds  off  gradually  anterior  view  of  right  pubis, 
into  the  lower  border  of  the  hooklike  process.  About  nat.  size. 

Continuing  distally,  this  process  bends  gradually  more  and  more  to  the 
medial  side,  until  it  unites  with  the  extreme  end  of  the  bent  down  proximal 
medial  corner  of  the  pubic  plate.  The  breadth  of  this  process  at  its  middle  is 
between  2 and  3 mm.  Nothing  is  visible  of  the  upper  surfaces  of  the  proximal 
end  of  the  pubis.  The  neck  of  the  pubis,  the  processus  subacetabularis,  the 
hooklike  process  and  the  proximal  end  of  the  pubic  plate  surround  a large 
pubic  foramen.  It  is  situated  nearest  to  the  lower  border  of  the  proximal  end. 
Its  shape  differs  slightly  in  the  two  bones.  In  both  it  is  elongated,  and  has 
a broad  upper  end.  In  the  right  pubis  the  lower  end  of  the  foramen  is  sharply 
pointed  and  the  whole  foramen  pear-shaped;  the  upper  end  of  this  pear  lies 


86 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


between  the  lower  end  of  the  hooklike  process  and  the  bent  down  proximal 
medial  corner  of  the  pubic  plate;  its  broad  base  lies  more  proximally,  in  the 
direction  of  the  middle  of  the  upper  border  of  the  bone.  In  the  left  pubis  the 
lower  end  of  the  foramen  is  not  so  sharply  pointed.  The  greatest  breadth  of 
both  foramina  is  8 mm.  In  the  right  pubis  this  breadth  is  situated  at  about 
4 mm.  from  its  broad  end,  whereas  in  the  left  pubis  this  breadth  is  retained 
for  a distance  of  8 mm.  from  the  broad  end.  The  total  length  of  the  foramen 
is  1 8 and  21  mm.  in  the  left  and  right  pubis  respectively. 

Ischium. 

Both  ischia  are  preserved.  Their  condition,  however,  is  very  poor.  Por- 
tions of  the  two  bones  are  in  both  slabs.  The  contour  of  the  right  ischium  is 
complete. 

The  length  of  the  bone  is  102  mm.  The  bones  are  of  course  flattened,  but 
the  right  ischium  still  seems  to  show  that  the 
and  that  the  proximal  plate  as  a whole  is 
slightly  bent  outwards.  The  upper  anterior 
edge  of  the  plate  is  bent  out  farther  than  the 
upper  posterior  corner  or  the  lower  anterior 
edge  of  the  plate.  The  proximal  plate  has  a 
total  breadth  of  43  mm.  Its  posterior  portion 
is  thicker  than  its  anterior  portion.  The  medial 
surface  of  the  proximal  plate  is  concave  an- 
teriorly; posteriorly  the  surface  is  not  pre- 
served. The  breadth  of  the  process  is  13  mm. 

At  the  anterior  border  the  process  is  thin  and 
at  the  posterior  border  it  is  thick.  Distally 
the  posterior  border  is  straight;  its  proximal 
half  is  concave,  except  for  a small  portion 
near  its  upper  end,  which  is  convex.  As  the 
two  bones  were  separated  from  each  other 
before  fossilisation  and  both  of  them  are 
present  in  their  full  length,  they  cannot  have 
been  co-ossified  at  their  distal  end.  The  anterior 
border  of  the  process  is  fairly  straight.  Just 
below  the  anterior  border  of  the  proximal  plate 
it  is  concave.  This  point  lies  37  mm.  below  the 
junction  of  the  posterior  with  the  anterior 
portion  of  the  upper  border.  The  anterior 
border  of  the  proximal  plate  is  very  slightly 
convex.  Proximally  it  bends  gradually  into 
the  anterior  portion  of  the  upper  border.  There 
is  no  processus  subacetabularis  ischii.  The 
upper  border  of  the  ischium  consists  of  an 
anterior  and  posterior  portion,  which  meet  each 
other  at  an  obtuse  angle.  The  posterior  portion 
makes  an  acute  angle  with  the  posterior  border 
of  the  ischium.  It  is  fairly  straight,  but  at  its 
posterior  end  it  is  slightly  concave.  This  con- 
cave part  corresponds  with  the  articulation 
surface  for  the  ileum.  The  anterior  portion 
is  straight  in  its  upper  part  and  rounds  off  into  the  anterior  border 
of  the  ischium.  The  posterior  portion  of  the  upper  border  has  a length  of 


downward  process  is  straight 


ischium,  with  impressions 
of  its  lateral  side.  About 
nat.  size. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  87 


26  mm.  The  impression  of  the  lateral  side  of  the  bone  shows  some  grooves 
and  the  bone  must  therefore  have  had  fine  ridges  on  this  surface,  indicated 
by  the  lines  in  fig.  5. 

A reconstruction  of  the  pelvis  shows  a-  remarkable  feature.  If  the  three 
bones  are  fitted  together  with  the  upper  proximal  corner  of  the  pubis  against 
the  end  of  the  processus  praeacetabularis  and  the  upper  posterior  corner  of 
the  ischium  (its  articulation  surface)  against  the  end  of  the  processus  post- 
acetabularis,  then  pubis  and  ischium  can  meet  in  such  a way  that  the  lower 
proximal  corner  of  the  pubis  rests  against  the  anterior  portion  of  the  upper 
border  of  the  ischium,  where  the  upper  border  rounds  off  into  the  anterior 
border  of  the  bone.  In  this  position  both  ischium  and  pubis  would  be  greatly 
directed  downwards  and  only  slightly  forwards  and  backwards  if  the  line 
connecting  the  spinae  is  placed  horizontally.  However,  the  concave  upper 
medial  border  of  the  pubis  and  the  convex  upper  anterior  border  of  the  ischium 
suggest,  in  the  light  of  the  fact,  that  for  example  in  Gryponyx  africanus 
(4,  p.  297)  pubes  and  ischia  form  a complete  symphysis  right  through,  that 
in  our  case  the  connection  between  the  two  bones  may  have  been  greater.  In 
order  to  find  out  whether  this  suggestion  lay  within  the  bounds  of  possibility, 
models  were  made  in  plasticine  of  the  preserved  shapes  of  the  bones.  As  the 
thickness  of  the  bones  would  have  to  be  deduced  by  comparison  with  com- 
pletely known  bones  and  as  the  thickness  would  not  really  affect  the  general 
argument,  these  plasticine  models  were  made  of  uniform  thickness.  A recon- 
struction of  the  pelvis  with  the  help  of  these  models  now  showed,  that  if  the 
ilea  were  placed  so,  that  they  diverged  forwards  and  also  slightly  downwards 
and  the  pubes  in  a plane,  it  was  possible  to  place  the  ischia  in  such  a way 
that  their  upper  anterior  border  nearly  fitted  into  the  concave  upper  posterior 
border  of  the  pubes.  There  would  be  a complete  fit  if  the  lower  anterior  portion 
of  the  proximal  plate  of  the  ischium  were  bent  slightly  more  inwards  and  the 
upper  posterior  corner  of  the  pubis  slightly  more  outwards.  The  whole  fossil 
has  suffered  greatly  from  pressure  and  both  ischia  and  pubes  are  lying  flat  in 
the  slabs.  It  is  therefore  nearly  certain  that  they  have  lost  at  least  some  of 
their  original  curvature.  We  may  therefore  conclude,  that  in  this  animal 
pubes  and  ischia  had  very  probably  a complete  suture,  from  the  distal  end 
of  the  pubes  to  the  distal  end  of  the  ischia.  The  distal  ends,  of  both  bones 
would  then  come  still  nearer  to  each  other  than  was  already  assumed  above. 

Femur. 

Both  femora  are  present.  The  left  one  shows  its  hinder  aspect,  but  only 
an  impression  of  the  front  side  of  its  distal  end.  The  right  femur  is  seen  from 
the  medial  side.  The  bones  are  badly  preserved,  for  both  are  more  or  less  split 
in  two  and  very  much  flattened. 

The  length  of  the  left  femur  is  137  mm.  The  breadth  of  the  proximal  end, 
measured  from  the  tip  of  the  caput  femoris  to  the  lateral  end  of  the  proximal 
surface,  is  33  mm.  Its  thickness  as  shown  in  the  right  femur  is  21  mm.  The 
caput  femoris  projects  far  inwards.  Its  height  at  the  medial  end  is  10  mm. 
At  the  extreme  medial  lower  end  of  the  caput  there  is  a very  small  hooklike, 
downward  process,  which  may  perhaps  be  interpreted  as  the  section  of  a rim 
along  its  lower  border.  The  line  of  the  proximal  surface  makes  nearly  a right 
angle  with  the  lateral  line.  There  is  a slight  thickening  near  the  upper  edge 
of  the  left  femur,  which  may  perhaps  indicate  the  position  of  the  trochanter 
minor.  The  centre  of  this  thickening  is  situated  at  about  13  mm.  from  the 
medial  end  of  the  caput  femoris.  The  trochanter  major  is  not  visible.  Al- 


88 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


though  very  much  damaged,  the  trochanter  quartus  is  still  recognisable.  As 
preserved,  the  distance  of  its  upper  end  from  the  proximal  end  of  the  bone 
is  41  mm.  In  the  perfect  specimen  this  distance  may  have  been  2 or  3 mm. 
shorter.  The  trochanter  is  too  much  damaged  to  measure  its  length.  It  is 
situated  much  closer  to  the  medial  than  to  the  lateral  side.  The  lower  end  of 
the  trochanter  is  further  away  from  the  medial  side  than  the  upper  end.  The 
fossa  intercondyloidea  is  not  visible.  The  anterior  surface  of  the  distal  end  is 
slightly  concave  in  the  middle.  The  border  of  the  bone  between  the  anterior 
surface  and  the  distal  surface  is  also  slightly  concave.  The  length  (antero- 
posterior measurement)  of  what  may  be  the  condylus  lateralis,  measured  from 
the  anterior  surface  to  the  extreme  tip  of  the  condylus,  is  33  mm.  The  section 
through  the  distal  surface  shown  by  the  right  femur  does  not  show  any 
obliquity  to  the  axis  of  the  bone ; only  the  posterior  end  of  this  line  is  slightly 
elevated.  The  breadth  of  the  distal  end  is  28  mm.  The  shaft  of  the  femur 
has  a minimum  breadth  of  17  mm.  in  the  middle.  The  minimum  thickness  of 
the  bone  is  16  mm.,  also  in  the  middle.  As  seen  from  behind  the  femur  is 
straight,  but  the  lateral  view  of  the  right  femur  shows  a pronounced  sigmoidal 
shape. 

Tibia. 

Both  tibiae  are  preserved,  but  the  surface  of  the  bones  is  badly  damaged. 
They  both  show  their  medial  side.  The  proximal  end  is  very  large  and  the 
shaft,  as  seen  sideways,  is  straight.  The  length  of  the  left  tibia  (see  fig.  6)  is 
126  mm. ; that  of  the  right  one  129  mm.  The  length  of  the  head  is  36  mm.  in 
the  left  and  38  mm.  in  the  right  tibia.  The  line  of  the  proximal  surface,  which 
passes  from  behind  upwards  and  forwards,  curves  gradually  into  the  line  of 
the  anterior  surface  in  the  left  tibia.  In  the  right  one,  which  is  plainly  damaged 
at  this  point,  these  two  lines  meet  at  an  acute  angle.  Considering  both  bones, 
it  seems  that  the  tuberositas  tibiae  did  not  protrude  much.  Distally  the 
proximal  end  becomes  rapidly  thinner  and  passes  into  the  shaft.  No  thick- 
ening is  visible  of  the  distal  end.  The  medial  border  of  the  distal  surface  is 
straight  and  at  right  angles  to  the  shaft.  The  thickness  of  the  distal  end  of 
both  bones  is  15  mm.  The  thickness  of  the  shaft  remains  practically  the  same 
as  that  of  the  distal  end  till  past  its  middle,  where  the  shaft  becomes  gradually 
thicker  towards  the  proximal  end.  The  line  of  the  anterior  surface  of  the  bone 
is  very  slightly  concave  and  the  line  of  the  posterior  surface  is  strongly  concave 
in  its  proximal  half. 

Fibula. 

Only  the  right  fibula  is  visible.  It  is  seen  from  the  front,  but  its  whole 
surface  is  very  much  damaged.  Its  length  is  122  mm.  The  bone  is  slightly 
convex  outwards.  The  breadth  of  the  bone  in  the  middle  is  7 mm.  and  at  its 
lower  end  17  mm.  The  proximal  end  is  partly  covered  by  the  tibia.  The  line 
of  the  distal  surface  is  at  right  angles  to  the  line  of  the  lateral  surface. 

Tarsalia. 

The  right  tarsus  is  complete  and  remains  of  the  left  one  are  also  present. 
Of  course  all  the  bones  are  flattened  and  only  show  one  side. 

The  astragalus  of  the  right  foot  has  a length  of  29  mm.  and  a breadth  of 
12  mm.  It  shows  probably  its  upper  surface,  but  this  has  only  partly  been 
preserved.  Its  hinder  border  is  thin.  The  upper  surface  is  divided  into  three 
concave  portions  by  two  feeble  ridges,  which  start  at  the  front  border,  about 
8 mm.  apart  and  diverge  backwards. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


89 


That  which  is  still  present  of  the  calcaneum  is  triangular.  The  edge  which 
is  turned  towards  the  astragalus  has  a length  of  10  mm.  The  front  edge  has 
the  same  length  and  is  slightly  concave.  The  lateral  angle  seems  to  be  more 
pointed  than  the  two  inner  ones. 

The  distal  tarsalia  probably  also  show  their  upper  surface.  The  cuboid  is 
the  largest  of  the  three.  Its  length  is  15  mm.  and  the  breadth  of  that  of  the 
left  foot  is  10  mm.  It  has  a triangular  shape  and  the  line  of  what  may  be  its 
hinder  surface  is  convex  and  forms  the  longest  side  of  the  triangle.  In  the 
right  foot  it  turns  its  sharpest  angle  outwards,  but  in  the  left  inwards;  how- 
ever, in  the  left  foot  the  tarsalia  seem  to  be  displaced  (see  fig.  6).  Cunei- 
forme  III  and  II  are  both  too  deep  in  the  matrix  to  say  anything  about  them 
with  certainty. 

Foot. 

Both  feet  are  preserved.  All  the  bones  are  flattened,  although  the  right 
foot  is  slightly  better  in  this  respect  than  the  left  one.  An  impression  with 
part  of  the  bone  of  the  left  foot  is  present  in  both  slabs. 

Metatarsal  I is  not  visible  in  the  right  foot;  the  left  one  has  a length  of 
38  mm.  and  distally  a breadth  6f  14  mm.  Its  proximal  end  seems  to  be  narrow. 
The  lateral  side  of  the  distal  end  of  the  flattened  bone  is  broad  and  rounded, 
while  its  medial  side  forms  an  angle  at  a short  distance  from  the  extreme 
distal  end.  This  corresponds,  therefore,  with  a large  rounded  lateral  head  and 
a small  medial  one  as  described  by  v.  Huene  for  example  in  Plateosaurus 
Reinigeri  (3,  p.  28).  As  in  that  species,  the  axis  of  the  articulation  surface  for 
the  first  phalanx  would,  therefore,  not  be  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the 
metatarsal,  but  turned  slightly  inwards.  This  is  actually  the  case,  for  the 
distal  end  of  the  first  phalanx  stands  off  inwards.* 

Metatarsal  II  has  a length  of  59  mm.  Its  proximal  end  is  cut  off  straight. 
The  lateral  side  of  this  end  is  hollow  and  forms  a sharp  ridge  with  the  flat 
hinder  surface.  The  medial  side  is  not  visible,  but  is  probably  also  hollow  to 
receive  the  proximal  end  of  metatarsal  I,  which  partly  covers  it.  The  length 
of  the  hinder  border  of  the  proximal  surface  is  about  10  mm.  The  shaft  is 
straight  and  has  a width  of  9 mm.  at  its  narrowest  part.  The  distal  end  is 
also  cut  off  straight.  It  cannot  be  made  out  whether  the  axis  of  the  distal 
articulation  surface  was  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  bone  or  not.  Pro- 
bably, however,  its  medial  end  was  slighty  higher  than  its  lateral  one,  for  the 
axis  of  the  first  phalanx  deviates  slightly  inwards  from  the  direction  of  the 
axis  of  metatarsal  II.  The  distal  end  has  a breadth  of  about  15  mm. 

Metatarsal  III  has  a length  of  66  mm.  It  is  more  slender  than  metatarsal  II. 
Its  proximal  end  has  a breadth  of  17  mm.  and  shows  on  its  hinder  surface  a 
slight  longitudinal  ridge,  possibly  marking  the  extent  to  which  it  covered 
metatarsal  IV.  The  shaft  is  straight  and  measures  at  its  narrowest  part  9 mm. 
Near  the  distal  end  the  medial  side  of  the  shaft  is  concave  and  the  lateral 
side  convex.  The  breadth  of  the  distal  end  is  14  mm.  The  axis  of  the  distal 
articulation  surface  is  not  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  bone,  as  its  medial 
end  is  slightly  higher  than  its  lateral  one. 

Metatarsal  IV  has  a length  of  60  mm.  It  is  a much  more  slender  bone 
than  metatarsal  III.  The  breadth  of  its  distal  end  is  12  mm.  The  distal  arti- 
culation surface  is  not  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  bone.  Its  lateral  end 
is  higher  than  its  medial  end.  It  rounds  off  gradually  into  the  lateral  side  of 
the  bone.  The  impression  of  its  dorsal  surface  shows  a broken  off  knob  of 
matrix,  which  entered  into  the  lateral  collateral  pit. 

Metatarsal  V has  a length  of  30  mm.  Its  proximal  end  is  broad  and  its 


90  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


distal  end  a blunt  point.  The  proximal  end  has  a breadth  of  more  than  13  mm. 
Laterally  on  the  front  surface  there  is  a ridge  which  runs  towards  the  distal 
end. 

All  phalanges  are  represented. 


Fig.  6.  Aristosaurus  erectus.  Left  foot  seen  from  above.  The  first  phalanx  of  the 
first  digit  shows  its  medial  collateral  pit;  the  other  phalanges  show  the  im- 
pressions of  the  deepened  sides  of  their  distal  ends.  Slightly  reduced. 

I,  1 lies  flat  down  on  the  slab,  but  shows  its  complete  medial  collateral  pit 
and  nothing  of  its  lateral  one.  It  may  therefore  be  concluded  that  the  distal 
end  of  the  phalanx  is  turned  slightly  outwards.  The  claws  are  only  slightly 
curved.  The  second  toe  deviates  slightly  inwards  and  the  fourth  slightly 
outwards  from  the  third. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


9i 


Measurements  of  the  phalanges  in  millimetres 

length 

prox. 

breadth 

dist. 

breadth 

1st  digit  1st  phalanx 

23 

14 

— 

2nd 

30 

— 

— 

2nd  ,,  1st  ,, 

24 

14 

!4 

2nd  ,, 

22 

12 

10 

3rd 

3rd  ,,  1st  ,, 

at  least  26 
24 

15 

13 

2nd  ,, 

17 

13 

12 

3rd 

15 

10 

10 

4th 

4th  ,,  1st 

at  least  28 
22 





2nd 

13 

— 

IO 

3rd 

11 

— 

8 

4th 

10 

— 

— 

5th 

5th  ,,  1st  ,, 

at  least  23 
7 

— 

__ 

Discussion. 

The  nearest  relations  of  our  form  are  amongst  the  Plateosauridae  and 
Anchisauridae,  and  it  is  clear  that  it  belongs  to  either  the  one  or  the  other. 
Th ^^Plateosauridae  are  all  medium  sized  to  large  Dinosaurs  with  fifteen  dorsal 
vertebrae,  whereas  our  form  is  small  and  has  most  probably  fourteen  dorsal 
vertebrae,  agreeing  in  this  respect  with  the  Anchisauridae.  There  is  further 
agreement  with  the  Anchisauridae  in  the  relation  of  the  lower  arm  to  the 
humerus;  radius  and  ulna  are  longer  than  half  the  humerus.  The  length  of 
the  shaft  of  the  humerus  stands  to  the  length  of  the  whole  humerus  as  58  : 93 
or  0-62.  This  relation  brings  our  form  in  close  proximity  of  Thecodontosaurus 
antiquus.  Taking  all  these  facts  into  consideration  it  seems  clear  that  our 
form  is  an  Anchisaurid. 

Comparison  with  Anchisaurus  shows  that  the  dorsal  vertebrae  are  com- 
paratively longer,  and  that  the  pubes  of  the  two  forms  differ  greatly.  Masso- 
spondylus  is  a much  larger  form.  The  distal  ends  of  its  ischia  are  coalesced, 
and  each  is  more  or  less  triangular  in  section.  In  our  form  the  distal  ends  of 
the  ischia  are  flattened  through  pressure,  but  it  is  difficult  to  accept  that  their 
section  was  originally  triangular.  Moreover,  they  are  not  coalesced.  The  re- 
lations of  the  ileum  of  Massospondylus  carinatus  (2,  PI.  XV)  are  different 
from  those  in  our  form,  for  it  is  longer  than  the  latter  with  regard  to  its  shortest 
height  above  the  acetabulum.  Relatively  the  dorsal  vertebrae  of  our  form 
are  longer  than  those  of  Massospondylus  carinatus.  The  relation  of  the  lengths 
of  the  metatarsals  in  Massospondylus  Harriesi  (4,  p.  303)  is  different  from  that 
in  our  form.  In  Massospondylus  Harriesi  metatarsal  II  is  longer  than  meta- 
tarsal IV,  whereas  in  our  form  metatarsal  II  is  shorter  than  metatarsal  IV. 

In  comparing  with  A mmosaurus  (3,  p.  304)  and  Gyposaurus  (1  and  4,  p.  293) 
I need  only  refer  to  the  great  difference  in  the  ilea. 

The  only  other  genus  of  the  family  is  Thecodontosaurus.  Superficially  there 
is  great  resemblance  between  our  form  and  the  known  species  of  Thecodonto- 
saurus. A closer  study,  however,  reveals  remarkable  differences. 

A comparison  of  the  ileum  of  our  form  with  that  of  Thecodontosaurus 
antiquus  (3,  Pis.  LXXXII  and  LXXXIV)  shows  that  in  the  latter  the  spina 
posterior  is  much  more  produced.  The  acetabulum  cuts  deeper  into  the  ileum  of 
our  form,  which  resembles  the  Plateosauridae  in  this  respect.  The  highest  point 
of  the  acetabular  concavity  is  situated  much  nearer  towards  the  middle  of  the 
bone  than  in  our  form,  and  this  is  another  point  of  resemblance  with  the  Plateo- 
sauridae. The  ileum  of  our  form  is  manifestly  different  from  that  of  Theco- 
dontosaurus cylindrodon  (3,  PI.  LXXXIV),  and  also  in  the  direction  of  the 
Plateosauridae. 


92  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


The  pubis  of  our  form  differs  considerably  from  that  of  Thecodontosaurus 
antiquus  (3,  PI.  LXXXV),  as  far  as  the  latter  is  known.  In  our  form  the 
lateral  edge  of  the  pubis  is  regularly  concave,  whereas  in  Thecodontosaurus 
antiquus  its  upper  end  is  sigmoidal.  There  is  also  great  difference  in  the  shape 
of  the  pubic  foramina.  The  shape  of  the  proximal  end  of  the  ischium  of 
Thecodontosaurus  antiquus , as  far  as  preserved  (3,  p.  209,  fig.  228),  is  quite 
different  from  that  of  our  form,  a difference  which  is  best  understood  from  a 
comparison  of  the  figures. 

Another  difference  becomes  conspicuous  when  the  length  of  the  humerus 
is  expressed  in  lengths  of  dorsal  vertebrae.  Taking  one  of  the  hinder  vertebrae 
v.  Huene  came  to  the  following  results  (3,  p.  309) : In  Thecodontosaurus  anti- 
quus the  humerus  is  about  five  times  as  long  as  the  vertebra,  and  in  The- 
codontosaurus skirtopodus  about  four  and  a half  times.  In  our  form  the  length 
of  the  eleventh  dorsal  vertebra  is  29  mm.  The  length  of  the  right  humerus  is 
93  mm.,  which  means  that  the  humerus  is  only  3*2  times  as  long  as  the  vertebra. 
Therefore,  the  humerus  of  our  form  is  relatively  much  shorter  than  that  of 
Thecodontosaurus  antiquus  and  of  Thecodontosaurus  skirtopodus. 

There  is  great  difference  between  the  ischium  of  Thecodontosaurus  minor 
(5,  p.  469)  and  that  of  our  form. 

The  points  of  difference  enumerated  above  show  sufficiently  that  our  form 
does  not  belong  to  any  of  the  known  genera  of  the  Anchisauridae.  It, 
therefore,  represents  a new  genus,  for  which  I propose  the  name  Aristosaurus 
n.g.  with  the  species  Aristosaurus  erectus  n.  sp. 

Aristosaurus  erectus  is  much  more  highly  specialised  than  Thecodontosaurus, 
Ammosaurus,  Anchisaurus  and  even  than  M assospondylus . The  build  of  the 
pelvis,  and  especially  the  position  of  the  ischium,  shows  adaptation  to  a 
usually  bipedal  mode  of  locomotion.  The  same  may  be  concluded  from  the 
far  forward  position  of  the  acetabular  concavity  in  the  ileum.  The  position 
of  the  trochanter  quartus  seems  to  be  very  low  down  on  the  femur.  Its  upper 
end  is  41  mm.  from  the  proximal  end  of  the  bone.  The  length  of  the  trochanter 
is  at  least  18  mm.  Therefore  the  lower  end  of  the  trochanter  is  situated  at 
more  than  59  mm.  from  the  proximal  end  of  the  bone,  which  means  very  near 
to  the  middle  of  the  femur.  However,  conclusions  may  not  be  drawn  from 
this  fact,  because  exact  measurements  cannot  be  obtained. 

The  humerus  is  much  shorter  in  relation  to  the  body  than  in  the  other 
Anchisauridae.  The  anterior  extremity  is  also  relatively  much  shorter  in 
relation  to  the  posterior  one  than  in  all  other  Anchisauridae  excepting 
Anchisaurus  solus.  As  in  the  Plateosauridae  the  tibia  of  Aristosaurus  is  much 
longer  than  the  humerus.  This  is  also  the  case  in  Anchisaurus  solus.  In  the 
other  Anchisauridae  it  is  the  reverse.  All  this  tends  to  show  that  Aristo- 
saurus is  an  Anchisaurid,  highly  specialised  in  the  direction  of  the  Plateo- 
sauridae, and  of  the  bipedal  mode  of  locomotion. 


Literature. 

1.  Broom,  R.  On  the  South  African  Dinosaur  ( Hortalotarsus ).  Trans.  S.  Afr.  Phil. 

Soc.  vol.  xvi.  pp.  201-206,  PI.  hi.  Cape  Town,  1905. 

2.  Huene,  F.  von.  Ueber  die  Dinosaurier  der  aussereuropaeischen  Trias.  Geol.  u. 

Pal.  Abh.,  herausg.  v.  E.  Koken,  N.F.  Bd.  vm.  H.  2.  Jena,  1906. 

3.  Huene,  F.  von.  Die  Dinosaurier  der  europaeischen  Triasformation.  Geol.  u. 

Pal.  Abh.,  herausg.  v.  E.  Koken,  Suppl.-Bd.  1.  Jena,  1907-1908. 

4.  Broom,  R.  On  the  Dinosaurs  of  the  Stormberg,  South  Africa.  Ann.  S.  Afr.  Mus. 

vol.  vii.  Pt.  iv.  No.  13,  pp.  291-308,  Pis.  xiv-xvii.  London,  July  5th,  1911. 

5.  Haughton,  S.  H.  A new  Dinosaur  from  the  Stormberg  Beds  of  South  Africa. 

Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  Ser.  ix.  vol.  2,  No.  12,  pp.  468-469.  London,  Dec.  1918. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus  Vol.  VII,  Pt  2 


Plate  IX 


Aristosaurus  erectus. 

Slab  on  which  the  animal  lies  with  its  ventral  side  downwards.  This  therefore 
gives  a dorsal  view  of  the  animal.  0*193  x nat-  size. 


| 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  X 


The  covering  slab  of  the  one  in  PI.  IX.  This  gives  a ventral  view  of  the 
animal  and  the  right  side  of  the  plate  corresponds  therefore  with  the 
left  side  of  the  animal.  0*214  x nat.  size. 


Aristosaurus  erectus. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


93 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  KNOWLEDGE  OF  THE 
REPTILES  OF  THE  KARROO  FORMATION 

By  Dr  E.  C.  N.  van  Hoepen,  M.I. 

6.  FURTHER  DINOSAURIAN  MATERIAL  IN  THE  TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM. 

With  13  plates  and  27  text-figures. 

Eucnemesaurus  fortis  n.g.  et  sp. 

The  remains  to  be  described  under  this  name  were  collected  by  myself  from 
a red  mudstone,  probably  belonging  to  the  Red  Beds,  on  the  farm  Zonderhout, 
near  the  railway  station  of  Slabberts.  High  above  the  locality  is  a krans  of, 
probably,  Cave  Sandstone.  The  remains  consist  of  the  proximal  half  of  a 
femur,  a complete  tibia,  a proximal  portion  of  a pubis,  portions  of  dorsal  and 
caudal  vertebrae  and  some  fragments. 

Dorsal  Vertebrae. 

There  are  portions  of  three  dorsal  vertebrae.  One  centrum  belonging  to 
the  region  between  the  tenth  and  the  fourteenth,  a portion  of  a neural  arch, 
which  belongs  to  one  of  the  vertebrae  from  the  seventh  backwards,  and  a 
neural  arch  which  probably  belongs  to  the  sixth  vertebra. 

The  neural  arch  of  the  sixth  vertebra  is  very  much  weathered.  The  anterior 
supporting  ridge  is  narrow  and  in  its  turn  supported  by  a smaller  ridge,  which 
starts  near  its  upper  end,  runs  downwards  and  nearly  parallel  to  the  posterior 
supporting  ridge  and  disappears  before  reaching  the  centro-neural  suture. 
There  are  deep  cavities  on  both  sides  of  this  ridge.  The  sutural  surface  of  the 
centro-neural  suture  shows  a transverse  groove  in  the  middle.  The  breadth 
of  the  neural  canal  is  1*5  cm.  posteriorly  and  2 cm.  anteriorly.  Its  height 
above  the  sutural  surface  is  2-5  cm. 

In  the  other  neural  arch  there  is  probably  only  one  supporting  ridge  for 
the  processus  transversus.  It  is  too  fragmentary  to  merit  detailed  description. 
The  centrum  (PI.  XII,  figs.  3 and  4)  is  large.  Its  length  is  about  10-5  cm.  It 
has  suffered  from  pressure,  for  one  side  is  longer  than  the  other  and  its  lower 
surface  shows  signs  of  compression.  The  height  of  its  anterior  and  posterior 
articulation  surface  is  1 1 - 5 cm.  The  breadth  of  the  anterior  surface  is  12  cm.  and 
of  the  posterior  surface  it  may  have  been  13  cm.,  but  this  cannot  be  measured, 
because  the  right  border  of  the  posterior  end  is  broken  off.  The  posterior 
articulation  surface  is  more  concave  than  the  anterior  one.  There  is  a deep 
longitudinal  groove  on  both  sides  of  the  centrum  and  above  its  middle.  There 
is  a large  knob  on  the  upper  anterior  corner  of  the  side  of  the  centrum;  this 
is  a portion  of  the  anterior  supporting  ridge  of  the  processus  transversus.  The 
thickness  of  this  knob  suggests  that  this  vertebra  may  be  the  thirteenth  or  the 
fourteenth.  The  articulation  surfaces  of  the  centro-neural  suture  are  broad. 
A ridge  runs  transversely  across  their  middle.  The  breadth  of  these  surfaces 
in  the  middle  is  3 cm.  The  neural  canal  is  very  deep  in  the  middle  of  the 
vertebra.  The  bottom  of  the  deepest  part  is  divided  in  two  by  a ridge.  The 
breadth  of  the  neural  canal  in  the  middle  is  1*3  cm.  Its  depth  below  the 
centro-neural  sutural  surface  is  3 cm. 


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Caudal  Vertebrae. 

Remains  of  four  caudal  vertebrae  are  present  (PI.  XIII,  fig.  i).  One  of  these 
is  apparently  the  greater  part  of  the  fourth  caudal.  Its  distal  articulation 
surface  is  broken  off.  The  concave  anterior  articulation  surface  has  a height  ! 
of  9 cm.  and  a breadth  of  8-5  cm.  Its  lower  border  is  much  thicker  and  broader 
than  the  sides;  this  is  for  articulation  of  the  haemapophysis.  The  centrum  is 
thickest  immediately  below  the  transverse  processes,  where  it  measures  5 cm. 
The  sides  converge  downwards,  and  as  far  as  can  be  made  out,  the  lower 
surface  is  rounded.  If  the  anterior  articulation  surface  is  placed  vertically, 
the  upper  surfaces  of  the  broken  off  transverse  processes  slope  backwards  and 
downwards.  The  praezygapophyses  are  broken  off.  The  anterior  edge  of  the 
processus  spinosus  starts  somewhat  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  bone  and 
slopes  upwards  and  backwards.  This  front  edge  is  concave.  The  section  of 
the  base  of  the  process  is  wedge-shaped.  The  base  of  the  transverse  process 
is  very  broad.  It  starts  at  about  3 cm.  from  the  anterior  edge  of  the  centrum. 

Its  thickness  on  the  left  side  is  i*8  cm. 

Two  others  are  from  the  middle  caudal  region  and  perhaps  from  the 
twelfth  to  the  sixteenth.  The  posterior  one  of  the  two  has  lost  its  anterior  half 
and  its  dorsal  spine.  Its  concave  posterior  articulation  surface  has  a height  of 
6 cm.  and  a breadth  of  5 -5  cm.  The  hinder  border  of  the  left  transverse  process 
lies  2 cm.  in  front  of  the  hinder  border  of  the  centrum.  The  anterior  one  of 
the  two  has  lost  a piece  of  its  anterior  articulation  surface.  The  length  of  its 
centrum  is  7-8  cm.  above  and  6*2  cm.  below.  The  anterior  articulation  surface 
is  more  concave  than  the  posterior  one,  but  this  may  be  due  to  the  developing, 
because  there  was  scarcely  any  difference  between  the  bone  and  its  incrusta- 
tion. The  transverse  process  is  attached  about  0-5  cm.  in  front  of  the  posterior 
border  of  the  Centrum.  The  height  of  the  anterior  articulation  surface  is  6 cm. 
The  height  of  the  posterior  surface  is  slightly  less  and  its  breadth  5-3  cm. 

The  fourth  vertebra  belongs  to  the  end  of  the  middle  caudal  region.  It  is 
too  much  weathered  to  give  any  detail.  The  length  of  the  centrum  was  at 
least  6 cm.  and  its  height  at  least  3-5  cm.  There  is  a transverse  process  which 
has  a proximal  breadth  of  2 cm.  The  processus  spinosus  stands  on  the  distal 
half  of  the  bone. 

Pubis. 

Two  pieces  of  the  left  pubis  are  preserved,  the  distal  and  the  proximal  end. 
The  proximal  end  (PL  XI,  figs.  3 and  4,  and  text-fig.  1)  consists  of  the  neck 
with  the  processus  subacetabularis.  The  distal  end  of  the  piece  still  belongs 
to  the  pubic  plate.  The  inner  side  of  this  end  is  bent  down.  The  section  at 
the  distal  fracture  is  a flat  oval,  the  inner  end  of  which  is  elongated  and  ulti- 
mately broken  off.  The  neck  gives  the  impression  of  being  peculiarly  short. 

Its  section  differs  greatly  from  that  of  the  pubic  neck  of  Dromicosaurus  gracilis 
described  hereafter.  Through  lack  of  material  and  literature  it  could  not  be 
made  out  whether  this  difference  is  of  family  value.  There  is  no  demarcation 
between  an  anterior  and  a medial  surface  of  the  neck.  A section  shows  a 
regularly  convex  line  from  the  medial  border  of  the  neck  over  the  medial  and 
anterior  surfaces  to  its  lateral  border.  The  neck  has  a distinct  lateral  surface, 
which  broadens  rapidly  into  the  lateral  surface  of  the  proximal  end,  and  which 
narrows  down  rapidly  into  the  lateral  border  of  the  plate.  This  lateral  surface 
of  the  neck  rounds  off  broadly  into  the  hinder  surface,  which  is  concave  in 
all  directions.  The  greatest  breadth  of  the  neck,  from  the  inner  to  the  lateral 
border,  is  6 cm.,  while  its  greatest  thickness,  measured  at  the  upper  fracture 
(see  PI.  XI),  is  3 cm.  The  inner  portion  of  the  neck  is  thin  and  bent  backwards. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


95 


The  lateral  border  of  the  neck  is  slightly  concave  forwards.  This  border 
broadens  out  proximally  into  the  broadly  rounded  upper  anterior  corner  of 
the  bone.  The  medial  surface  of  the  upper  end  is  convex  antero-posteriorly, 
but  concave  from  above  downwards.  Its  lateral  surface  is  concave.  The  arti- 
culatio  ileo-pubica  is  broad  and  slightly  twisted.  The  upper  anterior  portion 


Text-fig.  i.  Outline  of  transverse  section 
through  left  pubic  neck  of  Eucneme- 
saurus  fortis  in  the  region  of  the 
proximal  fracture  (PL  XI) . Seen  from 
the  distal  end.  The  anterior  border 
is  above  and  the  medial  border  on  the 
left-hand  side.  Nat.  size.  The  slight 
concavity  in  the  lower  border  deepens 
rapidly  towards  the  distal  end. 


Text-fig.  2.  Outline  of  transverse 
section  through  left  pubic 
neck  of  Dromicosaurus  gra- 
cilis near  the  upper  end  of 
the  foramen  obturatorium. 
Seen  from  the  distal  end. 
The  anterior  border  is  above 
and  the  medial  border  on  the 
left-hand  side.  Nat.  size. 


of  the  lateral  border  of  the  proximal  surface  is  higher  than  that  of  the  medial 
border,  while  the  lower  posterior  portion  of  the  lateral  border,  just  before 
reaching  the  groove,  is  lower  than  the  corresponding  medial  border.  The 
processus  subacetabularis  is  broken  off  through,  the  groove  on  the  proximal 
surface.  This  groove  has  a depth  of  1*5  cm.  and  does  not  reach  the  medial 
border.  The  medial  border  of  the  proximal  surface  is  evenly  convex,  while 
the  lateral  border  is  slightly  concave.  One  gets  the  impression  from  the 
proximal  end  that  its  posterior  portion  is  slightly  twisted  to  the  lateral  side. 
The  fractured  end  of  the  processus  subacetabularis  shows  a convex  lateral 
and  a slightly  concave  medial  border.  Taken  generally,  the  section  at  this 
end  is  triangular. 

The  distal  end  (text-figs.  3 and  4)  is  very  much  weathered.  A portion  of 
the  rounded  lateral  side  is  still  visible.  Its  breadth  as  preserved  is  proximally 
9 cm.  and  distally  7-5  cm.  Its  thickness  is  3-5  cm.  The  greatest  breadth  of 
the  distal  surface  as  preserved  is  4-5  cm.  The  medial -hinder-lateral  border  of 
the  distal  surface  forms  practically  half  a circle.  Its  front  border  is  straight. 
The  distal  surface  makes  an  acute  angle  with  the  anterior  surface.  I wish  to 
lay  stress  on  the  fact  that  the  anterior  surface  is  the  only  one  which  is  not 
weathered. 


Femur. 

Only  the  proximal  half  of  the  left  femur  is  preserved  (PI.  XII,  fig.  1 and 
text -fig.  5).  The  piece  is  broken  off  through  the  trochanter  quartus.  The 


7—2 


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Text-fig.  3.  Eucnemesaurus  fortis.. 
Outline  of  distal  surface  of 
left  pubis.  The  anterior  bor- 
der is  below,  the  lateral 
border  to  the  left,  x A. 


length  of  the  bone  as  preserved  is  26-5  cm.  The  breadth  of  the  proximal  end, 
measured  from  the  medial  end  of  the  caput  femoris  to  the  lateral  side,  is 
15-5  cm.  Its  maximum  thickness,  measured 
medially  to  the  trochanter  minor,  is  9 cm.  The 
caput  femoris  is  directed  inwards;  it  has  a 
breadth  of  8-5  cm.  and  a height  of  8-5  cm. 

The  proximal  surface  is  convex,  rough  and 
pitted,  and  forms  an  angle  with  the  lateral 
side.  The  trochanter  minor  lies  on  the  hinder 
surface  and  very  near  to  the  border  of  the 
proximal  surface.  It  is  a thick  broad  boss, 
the  middle  of  which  is  situated  at  8-5  cm. 
from  the  medial  end  of  the  caput  femoris  and 
at  6*5  cm.  from  the  lateral  side  of  the  bone;  in 
this  therefore  it  differs  from  the  trochanter  minor  of  most  Plateosauridae  y 
which  is  there  situated  much  nearer  to  the  medial  than  to  the  lateral  side. 

The  height  of  the  trochanter  minor  is  1 cm.,  

its  length  is  about  6 cm.  and  its  breadth  about 
5 cm- 

The  upper  end  of  the  trochanter  major  is 
situated  at  a distance  of  12  cm.  from  the 
proximal  end  of  the  bone.  The  ridge  of  the 
trochanter  is  worn  away,  but  it  is  still  plainly 
visible  that  its  lateral  side  formed  a deep, 
broad  groove  with  the  general  surface  of  the 
bone.  The  height  of  the  trochanter  near  its 
proximal  end  as  preserved  is  2*5  cm.;  it  may 
originally  have  been  1 cm.  higher.  The  length 
of  the  trochanter  is  about  10  cm.  The  femur  is  broader  and  thinner 
between  its  proximal  end  and  the  trochanter  major  than  further  downwards. 
A broad  thick  ridge  runs  from  the  trochanter  major  downwards  apparently 
in  the  direction  of  the  condylus  medialis.  This  ridge  continues  upwards  from 
the  trochanter,  but  diminishes  gradually  in  height  and  loses  itself  at  about 
midway  between  the  trochanter  and  the  proximal  end  of  the  bone.  The  ridge 
is  concave  on  its  medial  side  opposite  the  trochanter  major.  The  trochanter 
does  not  lie  on  the  top  of  the  ridge,  but  is  situated  on  its  lateral  side.  The 
medial  side  of  the  anterior  surface  of  the  bone  is  concave  as  far  as  preserved. 
The  lateral  side  of  the  anterior  surface,  below  the  trochanter  major,  is  convex. 
The  medial  side  of  the  proximal  end  of  the  bone  is  concave,  while  its  lateral 
side  is  slightly  convex.  Therefore,  the  upper  end  of  the  bone  is  turned  slightly 
inwards.  The  hinder  surface  of  the  proximal  end  was  originally  flat;  now  it 
is  irregularly  concave  through  pressure.  Opposite  the  trochanter  quartus  it 
rounds  off,  over  the  lateral  side,  into  the  anterior  surface.  Higher  up,  the 
lateral  side  is  flatter  and  its  borders  with  the  anterior  and  posterior  surfaces, 
are  more  conspicuous. 

The  trochanter  quartus  begins  at  a distance  of  17-5  cm.  from  the  proximal 
end  of  the  bone.  Only  a small  portion  of  the  trochanter  is  present;  the  lower 
half  of  the  trochanter  and  the  whole  of  its  upper  edge  are  lost.  The  portion 
preserved  has  a maximum  height  of  4 cm.  Its  breadth  at  the  base,  just  above 
the  fracture,  is  about  5-5  cm.  The  medial  side  of  the  trochanter  is  concave 
and  the  lateral  side  convex.  Nothing  is  visible  of  a second  upper  ridge,  but 
this  may  be  due  to  crushing.  The  trochanter  is  situated  nearer  to  the  medial 
than  to  the  lateral  side  of  the  bone.  The  breadth  of  the  diaphysis  over  the 


Text-fig.  4.  Eucnemesaurus  fortis  _• 
Outline  of  longitudinal  sec- 
tion of  distal  end  of  left  pubis. 
Distal  border  to  the  right, 
anterior  border  below,  x i. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  97 


trochanter  is  9 cm.  Its  thickness,  measured  from  the  top  of  the  upper  end  of 
the  trochanter  quartus  as  preserved  to  the  top  of  the  ridge  on  the  anterior 
surface,  is  12  cm. 

The  section  of  the  bone,  which  is  revealed  at  the  fractured  end,  is  re- 
markable. The  fractured  surface  has 
been  polished  and  its  photcfgraph  is 
given  in  fig.  2 of  PI.  XII.  It  shows  a 
thick  wall  of  substantia  compacta 
which  is  clearly  lamellar.  Sharply 
defined  from  this  is  an  inner  mass 
of  substantia  spongiosa.  Only  a small 
portion  of  the  whole  section  is  not 
occupied  by  bony  matter.  Here  we 
have,  therefore,  a Theropod  femur  of 
practically  solid  structure.  Zittel  in 
his  “Handbuch”  (1)  states  on  p.  718 
that  the  limb-bones  of  all  Thero- 
poda  are  hollow  and  were  perhaps 
filled  with  air.  In  Eastman’s  Text- 
book it  is  stated  in  the  diagnosis  of 
the  Sub-Order  Theropoda  (3,  p.  227) 
that  the  limb-bones  are  hollow,  v. 

Huene,  in  his  great  work  “Die 
Dinosaurier  der  europaischen  Trias- 
formation,”  compares  the  Theropoda 
with  the  Sauropoda  on  p.  346,  and 
says:  “The  limb-bones  of  the  Sauro- 
poda are  not  tube-like,  but  nearly 
completely  massive,  whereas  those  of 
the  Theropoda  are  hollow.”  In  the 
second  edition  of  Zittel’s  handbook 
in  191 1 , Broili  states  in  the  diagnosis 
of  the  Sub-Order  Theropoda  that  the 
limb-bones  are  mostly  tube-like. 

Probably,  therefore,  Broili  knew  of 
Theropod  limb-bones  which  were  not 
hollow,  and  our  femur  now  adds  to  the  evidence. 

Tibia. 

The  left  tibia  (PI.  XI,  figs.  1 and  2,  and  text-figs.  6 and  7)  is  complete. 
It  has  a very  large  proximal  articulation  surface  and  a straight  shaft.  The 
bone  was  found  in  five  pieces,  which  all  fitted  neatly  together.  The  total 
length  of  the  bone  is  46  cm*  The  head  of  the  tibia  has  a length  of  19-5  cm., 
measured  from  the  hinder  end  of  the  medial  condylus  to  the  anterior  edge  of 
the  tuberositas  tibiae.  Its  greatest  breadth,  transverse  to  this  grea^st  length, 
is  13-5  cm.  The  length  of  the  lateral  side  of  the  head  is  about  15  cm.  An- 
teriorly the  head  of  the  tibia  has  a laterally  directed  process,  the  tuberositas 
tibiae.  The  lateral  border  of  the  proximal  articulation  surface  is  slightly  con- 
vex at  the  tuberositas,  more  convex  around  the  lateral  condylus  and  sharply 
concave  in  between.  The  medial  border  runs  from  the  tuberositas  tibiae  in- 
wards and  curves  gradually  backwards;  the  posterior  part  of  this  border  is 
not  so  convex  as  the  anterior  portion.  The  posterior  border  is  convex  behind 
each  condylus  and  notched  in  the  middle ; this  notch  is  still  filled  with  matrix. 


Text-fig.  5.  Eucnemesaurus  fortis.  Outline 
of  the  posterior  view  of  the  proximal 
end  of  the  left  femur,  showing  the 
position  of  the  trochanter  minor  and 
the  upper  end  of  the  trochanter  quartus . 
x 4. 


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The  proximal  articulation  surface  is  roughly  convex,  with  small  concavities 
in  its  anterior  portion.  The  lateral  posterior  side  of  the  surface  is  lower  than 
the  medial  posterior  corner  and  this  again 
is  slightly  lower  than  the  anterior  end. 

The  hinder  border  is  overhanging.  The 
shape  of  the  proximal  articulation  surface 
is  given  in  text-fig.  6.  The  shaft  narrows 
down  quickly  immediately  below  the 
head.  The  distal  end  is  transversely 
broad.  The  medial  one-third  of  the  distal 
articulation  surface  is  more  or  less  flat 
and  slopes  very  slightly  from  its  anterior 
edge  backwards  and  downwards.  The 
anterior  part  of  this  surface  is  convex. 

The  lateral  part  of  the  distal  articulation 
surface  consists  of  an  anterior  and  a 
posterior  portion.  The  anterior  portion, 
which  is  the  distal  surface  of  the  pro- 
cessus tibiae  anterior  distalis,  occupies  a 

much  higher  position  than  the  posterior  Text-fig.  6.  Eucnemesaurus  fortis.  Left 

portion,  which  is  the  distal  surface  of  the  t‘bia-  Outline  of  proximal  articula- 
r . , ,.  . ..  /-p.1  tion  surface  seen  from  above, 

processus  tibiae  posterior  distalis.  The  Laterai  side  to  the  left,  x J. 
distal  surface  of  the  processus  posterior 

is  continuous  with  the  medial  portion  of  the  articulation  surface.  It  slopes 
upwards  from  the  lateral  to  the  medial  side  and  from  the  anterior  towards 
the  posterior  border.  As  the  processus 
posterior  is  rather  weathered,  especially 
laterally,  the  last  fact  might  be  due  to 
this  cause.  If  it  is  original,  it  would  be 
a marked  difference  with  the  tibia  of 
Dromicosaurus  gracilis,  where  the  sur- 
face slopes  upwards  from  the  posterior 
towafds  the  anterior  border.  The  medial 
end  of  the  distal  surface  of  the  processus 
anterior  slopes  down  gradually  towards 
the  medial  portion  of  the  articulation 
surface,  with  which  it  j oins  up  by  means 
of  a broadly  convex  ridge.  The  distal 
face  of  the  processus  anterior  slopes  from 
its  medial  end  upwards  and  outwards  and  from  its  anterior  border  backwards 
and  slightly  upwards.  Medially  the  processus  posterior  is  slightly  broader  than 
the  processus  anterior.  It  is  bluntly  pointed  towards  the  lateral  side.  Laterally 
it  is  bent  very  slightly  forwards.  Both  ends  of  the  distal  surface  of  the  pro- 
cessus anterior  are  broad,  but  the  inner  end  is  slightly  broader.  The  lateral 
end  of  the  processus  does  not  project  further  outwards  than  the  processus 
posterior.  The  highest  point  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  processus  anterior  is 
situated  46  mm.  above  the  lowest  part  of  the  processus  posterior.  The  sulcus 
malleoli  tibiae  is  very  deep.  This  sulcus  begins  rather  far  above  the  processi 
and  passes  down  between  them  towards  the  hinder  border  of  the  processus 
anterior.  The  greatest  breadth  of  the  distal  end,  parallel  to  the  front  border, 
is  14*5  cm.  The  front  border  is  laterally  slightly  concave  and  medially  convex. 
The  medial  border  makes  an  acute  angle  with  the  anterior  border  and  an 
obtuse  angle  with  the  posterior  border.  The  anterior  medial  corner  is  globose; 


Text-fig.  7.  Eucnemesaurus  fortis.  Left 
tibia.  Outline  of  distal  articulation 
surface  seen  from  below.  Lateral 
side  to  the  left,  x J. 


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its  medial  and  anterior  sides  are  slightly  overhanging.  The  medial  border 
rounds  off  into  the  posterior  one.  The  greatest  breadth  of  the  medial  side  is 
ii  cm.  The  posterior  border  converges  slightly  with  the  anterior  border  to- 
wards the  lateral  side;  its  length  is  io  cm.  The  distance  from  the  anterior 
medial  corner  of  the  distal  end  to  the  lateral  end  of  the  processus  posterior 
is  nearly  16  cm. 

A broad  high  ridge  runs  down  from  the  tuberositas  tibiae  in  the  direction 
of  the  anterior  medial  corner  of  the  distal  end,  but  disappears  in  the  lower 
half  of  the  bone.  The  lateral  anterior  edge  of  the  distal  end  is  broadly  rounded 
below.  Higher  up  the  edge  becomes  a fairly  sharp  ridge,  which  disappears 
above  the  middle  of  the  bone.  There  is  a broad  low  boss  on  the  lateral  side 
of  the  bone,  below  the  notch  in  the  lateral  border  of  the  proximal  surface. 
Its  highest  point  lies  about  8-5  cm.  below  the  notch.  The  surface  of  the  bone 
being  generally  crushed,  no  further  particulars  can  be  given.  The  thickness 
of  the  bone  in  the  middle  is  7 cm.  and  its  breadth  at  this  place  5-5  cm.  Both 
dimensions  were  originally  somewhat  larger.  The  thickness  of  the  distal  end 
is  slightly  more  than  9*5  cm.  At  the  middle  fracture  the  bone  shows  a thick 
wall  of  substantia  compacta  but  no  substantia  spongiosa.  The  central  cavity 
is  fairly  large. 

There  are  three  fragments  of  the  same  specimen  which  could  not  be  identi- 
fied with  certainty.  One  of  these  is  probably  a piece  of  the  shaft  of  a femur. 
Another  piece  might  be  identifiable  if  better  material  were  present  for  com- 
parison. The  third  piece  is  an  end  of  a large  bone.  The  surface  at  the  end  has 
a length  of  17-5  cm.  and  a breadth  of  11  cm.  At  one  end  the  sides  of  this 
surface  meet  at  an  acute  angle;  at  the  other  end  its  border  is  broadly  rounded. 
The  shaft  becomes  rapidly  narrower  and  at  a distance  of  10  cm.  from  the  end 
its  breadth  is  8-5  cm.  Its  thickness  at  this  point  may  be  about  5 cm.  The 
only  bones  it  could  belong  to  are  the  ischia  and  the  fibulae.  For  the  distal 
end  of  the  ischium  it  is  far  too  large,  but  for  the  distal  end  of  the  fibula  it 
also  seems  too  large.  Its  shape  is  exactly  what  one  would  expect  of  the  distal 
end  of  the  fibula.  * 

Two  other  bones  were  found  in  the  same  locality,  which  belong  to  a much 
larger  animal.  One  is  a fragment  of  a tibia  and  the  other  of  a coracoid.  The 
tibial  fragment  was  found  loose  on  the  same  spot  as  the  remains  described 
above.  It  has  probably  broken  away  from  higher  strata.  The  coracoid  was 
found  loose  on  a very  much  higher  level  and  was  probably  originally  in  the 
same  conglomeratic  bank  as  the  tibial  fragment. 

The  fragment  of  the  tibia  is  the  lateral  portion  of  the  head  of  the  right 
bone.  It  has  a length  of  22  cm.  corresponding  with  about  13  cm.  in  the  tibia 
of  Eucnemesauvus . In  comparison  with  the  head  of  the  Eucnemesauvus  tibia 
the  head  under  discussion  may  have  had  a total  length  of  33  cm. 

The  coracoid  consists  only  of  the  foramen  supracoracoideum  with  some 
bone  substance  around  it.  It  is  apparently  a right  coracoid.  The  foramen 
passes  upwards  and  inwards.  Its  outer  opening  is  oval  shaped,  having  a 
width  of  3-5  cm.  and  a height  of  2-8  cm.  The  inner  surface  below  and  behind 
the  foramen  is  concave,  the  outer  surface  convex.  The  thickness  of  the  bone 
immediately  behind  the  foramen  is  3 cm.  It  becomes  thinner  towards  the 
scapular  border.  Immediately  in  front  of  the  foramen  the  bone  has  a thickness 
of  6-5  cm.  Both  these  bones  indicate  Theropodous  Dinosaurs  of  tremendous 
size. 

Discussion. 

The  described  remains  of  the  smaller  animal  show  Plateosaurid  characters, 
and  especially  is  the  tibia  so  typically  Plateosaurid  that  I do  not  hesitate  in 


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placing  the  described  form  in  that  family.  It  will,  however,  be  necessary  to 
compare  it  with  the  different  forms  grouped  together  under  this  name  and 
with  those  without  fixed  position;  perhaps  also  with  some  Anchisaurid. 

The  South  African  Plateosaurid  Euskelesaurus  is  known  by  some  frag-  j 
mentary  remains.  Only  a few  of  the  bones  can  be  used  in  comparison  and 
among  these  the  femur  is  the  most  important.  Now  the  femur  of  Euskele- 
saurus Browni  is  incomplete,  both  ends  being  broken  off  and  only  the  diaphysis 
with  the  trochanter  major  and  trochanter  quartus  being  present.  Comparison 
is  therefore  rather  difficult. 

In  Euskelesaurus  Browni  the  trochanter  major  lies  15  cm.  below  the  present 
proximal  end  of  the  femur.  From  the  figure  given  by  v.  Huene  (4,  p.  30)  it 
is  manifest  that  the  upper  end  of  the  trochanter  quartus  lies  from  26  cm.  to 
28  cm.  below  the  proximal  end  of  the  bone.  In  our  form  the  distances  of 
trochanter  major  and  trochanter  quartus  from  the  proximal  end  are  12  cm. 
and  17-5  cm.  respectively.  From  these  measurements  can  easily  be  deduced 
that  in  Euskelesaurus  Browni  the  trochanter  quartus  lies  relatively  lower  than 
in  our  form.  Of  course  the  relation  will  change  if  the  missing  portion  of  the 
head  is  added.  Now  one  cannot  say  exactly  how  much  of  the  head  is  missing, 
but  let  us  for  one  moment  suppose  that  the  relations  were  the  same  in  both 
bones.  To  get  the  same  relations  as  in  our  form,  9 cm.  would  have  to  be  added 
to  the  proximal  end  of  the  femur  of  Euskelesaurus  Browni.  The  distance  of 
both  trochanters  from  the  proximal  end  would  then  be  24  cm.  and  35  cm. 
respectively;  these  distances  would  therefore  be  twice  the  same  distances  in 
our  form.  v.  Huene  estimates  that  not  much  more  than  5 cm.  is  missing  from 
both  ends  together,  and  9 cm.  is  therefore  far  above  his  estimate.  The  distal 
end  of  the  Euskelesaurus  femur  is  missing  and  if  some  10  cm.  are  added  for 
the  missing  part  the  whole  bone  would  then  have  a length  of  9 + 65  + 10  = 84  cm. 
According  to  the  above  relations  our  femur  would  have  to  be  half  the  size  of 
the  Euskelesaurus  bone  and  therefore  have  a length  of  at  the  most  42  cm. 
That  is  at  least  4 cm.  shorter  than  the  tibia ! On  the  other  hand  the  lower 
end  of  the  trochanter  quartus  in  our  form  was  situated  at  least  28  cm.  from 
the  proximal  surface.  This  distance  can  .certainly  have  been  greater.  In 
Euskelesaurus  Browni  the  lower  end  of  the  trochanter  quartus  lies  about 
40  cm.  below  the  present  proximal  end,  and  if  9 cm.  are  added  to  this  end,  the 
distance  of  the  trochanter  quartus  from  it  will  be  49  cm.  To  get  comparable 
results  the  same  length  as  above  must  be  maintained,  viz.  84  cm.  The  lower 
end  of  the  femur  will  therefore  measure  35  cm.  If  the  same  relations  existed 
in  the  two  bones,  the  length  of  the  portion  of  our  femur  below  the  lower  end 
of  the  trochanter  quartus  would  be  28  x 35  : 49  or  20  cm.  The  total  length  of 
our  femur  would  then  be  at  least  48  cm.  Only  one  thing  can  follow  from  these 
different  results  for  the  length  of  our  femur  and  that  is,  that  our  premise  of 
the  same  relations  in  the  two  bones  is  wrong.  The  conclusion  that  the  tro- 
chanter quartus  of  Euskelesaurus  Browni  lies  relatively  lower  than  the  one  of 
our  form  is  right. 

The  sections  through  and  near  the  pubic  neck  of  Euskelesaurus  Browni 
(4,  p.  29)  are  quite  different  from  those  of  our  form.  There  are  ridges  on  the 
lower  surface  of  the  neck,  which  are  absent  in  our  form.  The  shape  of  the 
proximal  surface  of  the  pubis  is  also  different.  The  head  of  the  tibia  of  Euskele- 
saurus Browni  has  a greater  lateral  concavity.  There  seems  also  to  be  great 
difference  in  the  distal  end,  but  the  figures  given  by  v.  Huene  are  not  quite 
clear.  According  to  the  text  (4,  p.  32)  the  posterior  border  of  the  distal  end 
of  the  tibia  in  Euskelesaurus  Browni  is  much  longer  than  the  anterior  border. 

In  our  form  this  is  just  the  reverse,  v.  Huene  mentions  that  the  type  of 


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tibia  of  Euskelesaurus  Browni  also  occurs  in  Gresslyosaurus  robustus  of  Beben- 
hausen  near  Tubingen.  The  distal  end  of  the  tibia  of  Gresslyosaurus  robustus 
is  figured  and  described  on  pp.  134  and  135  of  v.  Huene’s  great  work  on 
European  Dinosaurs  (5).  In  the  explanation  of  fig.  133  it  is  stated  that  the 
lower  border  of  the  figure  corresponds  with  the  anterior  border  of  the  distal 
end ; this  lower  border,  however,  is  much  longer  than  the  upper  border,  which 
would  then  correspond  with  the  posterior  border  of  the  distal  end.  According 
to  this  figure,  therefore,  the  anterior  border  of  the  distal  end  would  be  longer 
than  the  posterior  border,  as  in  all  other  Triassic  Theropoda.  Again,  the  ex- 
planation of  fig.  134  states  that  the  figure  gives  a postero-lateral  view  of  the 
same  distal  end.  From  this  figure  it  is  apparent  that  the  lateral  end  of  the 
processus  anterior  is  higher  than  that  of  the  processus  posterior  and  that  both 
these  processes  correspond  with  the  anterior  and  posterior  border  respectively 
of  fig.  133.  Now,  if  one  compares  the  plate  figure  of  this  distal  end  on  PI.  LIV, 
which  is  given  in  front  view,  with  the  text-figures,  it  will  be  found  that  the 
processus  anterior  is  identical  with  the  processus  anterior  of  the  text-figures, 
further  that  the  processus  posterior  projects  further  downwards  than  the  pro- 
cessus anterior  and  that  the  whole  posterior  breadth  of  the  bone  is  hidden 
behind  the  anterior  breadth.  The  three  figures  are  therefore  identical  among 
themselves  and  they  show  the  same  build  of  the  distal  end  of  the  tibia  as  in 
all  other  Triassic  Theropoda.  The  description  in  the  text,  however,  is  quite 
different.  It  is  stated,  that  the  posterior  medial  angle  of  the  distal  end  is 
acute  and  projects  further  to  the  medial  side  than  the  anterior  angle;  in  the 
figure,  however,  the  posterior  medial  angle  is  obtuse,  while  the  anterior  one 
is  acute  and  projects  further  to  the  medial  side.  It  is  also  stated  in  the  text 
that  the  hinder  convex  border  has  a length  of  15-5  cm.  However,  the  con- 
vexity and  the  dimension  correspond  with  the  anterior  border  of  the  figures. 
As  the  figures  correspond  with  the  general  build  of  the  distal  end  of  the  tibia 
in  Theropodous  Dinosaurs,  I can  only  conclude  that  some  mistake  must  have 
entered  into  the  description. 

A comparison  with  Gryponyx  africanus  as  described  by  Broom  (7)  is  very 
difficult.  It  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  compare  the  proximal  end  of  the 
pubis  of  our  form  with  that  of  Gryponyx,  especially  with  regard  to  the  shape 
of  the  neck,  but  from  the  description  it  is  quite  impossible  to  do  so,  for  Dr 
Broom  only  states  that  “The  upper  end  of  the  pubis  is  large  and  fairly  flat/' 
and  “It  has  a large  nearly  round  pubic  foramen.”  Mr  S.  H.  Haughton  of 
Cape  Town,  however,  has  very  kindly  furnished  me  with  the  necessary  in- 
formation. It  appears  that  the  pubic  neck  of  Gryponyx  africanus  is  very 
broad  and  flat,  being  nearly  three  times  as  broad  as  thick.  Another  very 
desirable  comparison  is  that  of  the  tibiae.  The  tibia  of  our  form  is  typically 
Plateosaurid.  This  is  especially  shown  by  the  shape  of  the  head.  Dr  Broom 
describes  the  tibia  of  Gryponyx  africanus  as  follows:  “The  tibia  has  a larger 
head  than  appears  to  be  the  case  in  Plateosaurus,  but  otherwise  presents  no 
special  interesting  features.  The  total  length  of  the  bone  is  447  mm.  and  the 
proximal  end  measures  163  mm.  by  71  mm.”  That  is  all.  Nothing  about  the 
shape  of  the  proximal  nor  of  the  distal  end.  Only  a few  measurements  to  work 
with.  It  appears  that  our  tibia  is  1-3  cm.  longer.  Its  head  however  is  3 cm. 
longer  and  6 cm.  broader.  Therefore  the  tibia  of  our  form  has  a very  much 
larger  head  than  that  of  Gryponyx  africanus.  A figure  of  the  tibia  of  Gryponyx 
africanus  has  been  given  (7,  PI.  XIV,  fig.  4)  and  in  the  explanation  this  is 
called  an  “outer  view  of  left  tibia.”  In  an  outer  view  the  sulcus  malleoli 
should  be  visible.  It  is,  however,  not  shown  in  the  figure.  It  would  be  re- 
markable if  this  tibia  did  not  possess  such  a sulcus.  There  is,  however,  no 


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reason  whatever  to  accept  such  a condition,  for  the  figure  is  not  an  outer 
view  of  the  left  tibia,  but  an  inner  view  of  the  right  one.  The  following  points 
will  demonstrate  this  conclusion:  A lateral  view  would  not  only  show  the 
sulcus  malleoli  but  also  the  proximal  articulation  surface,  because  the  latero- 
posterior  corner  is  the  lowest  part  of  the  head  of  the  tibia  in  Plateosauridae 
and  Anchisauridae.  Neither  of  these  two  are  visible  in  the  figure.  The  border 
between  the  side  figured  and  the  distal  surface  is  horizontal,  as  is  the  case 
with  the  medial  border  of  the  distal  end  of  the  tibia  in  all  Triassic  Theropods. 
In  the  figure  the  anterior  border  of  the  distal  end  passes  from  the  anterior 
end  of  this  horizontal  border  upwards  and  forwards  (the  anterior  border  of 
the  proximal  end  is  on  the  left-hand  side) . In  an  outer  view  of  the  left  tibia, 
in  which  the  anterior  surface  of  the  bone  is  visible,  the  anterior  border  of  the 
distal  surface  would  pass  from  the  left  end  of  the  horizontal  medial  border 
upwards  and  backwards.  An  inner  view  of  the  left  tibia  and  an  outer  view 
of  the  right  one  would  have  their  anterior  surface  on  the  right-hand  side. 
Dr  Broom  does  not  give  the  distances  of  the  trochanters  from  the  proximal 
end  of  the  femur.  Taken  from  the  figure,  the  upper  end  of  the  trochanter 
major  lies  at  a distance  of  io  cm.,  and  the  upper  end  of  the  trochanter  quartus 
at  a distance  of  18  cm.  from  the  proximal  end  of  the  bone.  In  our  femur, 
therefore,  the  trochanter  major  is  situated  relatively  lower  than  in  Gryponyx 
africanus. 

A comparison  with  Plateosaurus  stormbergensis  Broom  (9,  p.  162)  is  practi- 
cally impossible  from  the  “ descrip tion.”  Dr  Broom  mentions  three  bones, 
the  metacarpale,  the  femur  and  the  pubis.  Of  the  femur  the  length,  the 
breadth  of  the  distal  end  and  the  distance  from  the  proximal  end  to  the  top 
of  the  median  trochanter  are  given  as  principal  measurements.  Essentially 
the  description  of  this  bone  consists  of  the  statement  that  it  agrees  very 
closely  with  the  femora  of  existing  species  of  Plateosaurus.  The  existence  of 
this  close  agreement  is  greatly  appreciated,  so  much  so,  that  one  develops  an 
irresistible  wish  to  know  exactly  how  this  femur  differs  from  those  described 
before.  However,  to  arrive  at  this  knowledge,  it  is  necessary  to  have  among 
others  another  principal  measurement,  the  distance  of  the  trochanter  major 
from  the  proximal  end,  which  Dr  Broom  does  not  give.  I conclude,  from  the 
figure  of  the  femur  of  Plateosaurus  stormbergensis  (9,  p.  164),  that  the  proximal 
end  of  the  femur  in  our  form  is  more  massive  than  in  the  type  from  the 
Stormberg. 

The  head  of  the  tibia  of  our  form  is  relatively  much  broader  than  that  of 
M assospondylus  Harriesi. 

A comparison  of  the  tibia  of  our  form  with  that  of  the  European  Plateo- 
sauridae shows  that  the  tibial  head  of  our  form  is  relatively  much  bigger  than 
that  of  Plateosaurus  Reinigeri  and  that  the  relations  of  the  head  of  the  tibia 
in  Plateosaurus  erlenbergiensis,  Plateosaurus  poligniensis , Gresslyosaurus  robus- 
tus  and  in  Pachysaurus  ajax  are  quite  different  from  those  in  our  form. 

It  follows  from  the  above  considerations  that  the  present  form  is  new  and 
belongs  to  a new  genus.  I therefore  propose  to  call  it  Eucnemesaurus  fortis 
n.g.  et  sp.  (ev  = good,  nv^pr]  = tibia,  o-avpos  = lizard;  fortis  — strong). 

Gryponyx  transvaalensis  Broom. 

Through  the  kindness  of  Dr  Broom  the  Transvaal  Museum  now  possesses 
the  type  specimens  of  Gryponyx  transvaalensis.  These  consist  of  a claw- 
phalanx  and  the  distal  end  of  a metatarsale.  The  claw  has  been  described  by 
Dr  Broom  as  belonging  to  the  first  digit  of  the  right  manus  (8,  p.  82,  fig.  3). 
The  clawphalanx  is  high  and  strongly  curved.  Its  right  side  is  somewhat 


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103 


weathered,  but  it  is  still  plainly  visible  that  the  groove  for  the  claw  on  the 
right  side  lies  slightly  deeper  than  that  on  the  left.  There  is  a broad  ridge  on 
each  side  below  this  groove.  The  highest  part  of  this  ridge  on  the  right  side 
lies  so  far  below  its  middle  line,  that  it  forms  a fairly  sharp  lower  edge  to  the 
right  side  of  the  bone.  The  highest  part  of  the  ridge  on  the  left  side  .of  the  bone 
follows  the  middle  line  of  the  ridge.  The  ridge  on  the  right  side  passes  further 
backwards  than  that  on  the  left.  There  is  a broad,  thick,  boss  in  front  of  the 
middle  of  the  articulation  surface  on  the  left  side.  That  on  the  right  side  is 
broken  away.  This  boss  is  separated  from  the  ridge  in  front  of  it  by  a broad 
groove,  which  passes  downwards  and  then  backwards  above  the  tuberositas 
for  the  flexor  tendon ; upwards  the  groove  is  continuous  with  the  groove  for 
the  claw.  The  greater  part  of  the  tuberositas  for  the  flexor  tendon  is  broken 
away.  The  articulation  surface  has  completely  disappeared  by  weathering. 
If  compared  with  the  clawphalanx  of  the  first  finger  of  Massospondylus 
Browni  described  hereafter,  it  will  be  noticed  that  what  is  called  here  right 
and  left  corresponds  with  medial  and  lateral  respectively  there.  This  therefore 
means,  that  the  claw  is  not  of  the  right  manus  as  stated  in  the  original  descrip- 
tion, but  of  the  left.  I do  not  think  that  it  belongs  to  the  same  species  as 
Massospondylus  Browni,  because  the  proximal  end  of  the  lateral  side  ridge 
lies  relatively  much  higher,  with  regard  to  that  of  the  medial  side,  than  the 
proximal  end  of  the  lateral  side  ridge  in  Massospondylus  Browni.  Whethet  it 
belongs  to  the  genus  Gryponyx  I am  unable  to  say  at  present.  Dr  Broom 
mentions  “the  vascular  groove”  and  one  is  led  to  believe  that  only  one  such 
groove  is  present.  This,  however,  is  not  so,  for  although  the  medial  side  of 
the  bone  is  weathered,  one  can  still  distinctly  trace  the  groove  on  that  side. 
In  the  description  of  Gryponyx  africanus  (7,  p.  296)  Dr  Broom  states  of  the 
clawphalanx  of  the  first  finger:  “On  the  radial  side  is  a marked  vascular 
groove.”  As  the  statement  stands,  one  concludes  that  such  a groove  is  not 
present  on  the  “ulnar  side.”  However,  I very  much  doubt  the  truth  of  such 
a conclusion  and  until  it  is  contradicted  I will  accept  Gryponyx  africanus  to 
have  a clawphalanx  of  the  first  finger  with  two  grooves  for  the  claw,  as  in  all 
other  Triassic  Theropoda. 

The  distal  end  of  the  metatarsale  has  been  described  as  that  of  the  second 
bone  of  the  right  foot.  The  breadth  of  the  distal  end  is  3-8  cm.  and  its  thick- 
ness 2-4  cm.  The  medial  end  of  the  axis  of  the  articulation  surface  is  slightly 
higher  than  its  lateral  end.  The  middle  of  the  posterior  surface  immediately 
above  the  articulation  surface  is  concave.  Laterally  it  is  bordered  by  a ridge, 
which  runs  upwards  from  the  lateral  lower  corner  of  the  surface  and  practi- 
cally parallel  to  the  lateral  side.  The  medial  posterior  process  of  the  distal 
end  is  short  and  directed  about  just  as  much  outwards  as  inwards.  The 
anterior  surface  shows  a slight  thickening  above  the  middle  of  the  articulation 
surface,  bounded  above  by  a very  shallow,  half-moon  shaped  concavity.  On 
the  lateral  border  of  the  anterior  surface  this  concavity  is  bounded  by  a broad 
low  boss,  which  forms  at  the  same  time  the  upper  anterior  knob-like  process 
of  the  border  of  the  lateral  collateral  pit.  This  pit  has  an  upper,  a lower  and 
an  anterior  outlet.  The  section  at  the  fractured  end  is  broad  laterally  and 
narrow  medially.  Some  of  the  characters  of  the  bone,  as  for  example  the  ridge 
on  the  posterior  surface  and  the  section  of  the  shaft,  point  to  a second  metatar- 
sale, but  others,  as  for  example  those  of  the  anterior  surface,  point  to  a third 
metatarsale.  At  present  I am  unable  to  decide  the  point. 

Dromicosaurus  gracilis  n.g.  et  sp. 

The  following  remains  were  collected  by  myself  from  the  Red  Beds  of 


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Nauwpoort  Nek,  Bethlehem  District.  The  exact  locality  is  about  ioo  yards 
above  the  road  from  Bethlehem  to  Clarens  as  it  passes  through  Nauwpoort 
Nek  and  on  its  right-hand  side  coming  from  Bethlehem.  The  remains  consist 
of  fragments  of  humerus  and  radius,  a fairly  complete  neck-vertebra,  some 
caudal  vertebrae,  the  pubes,  the  ischia,  a femur,  a tibia,  a fibula  and  some 
foot-bones. 

Neck  Vertebrae. 

One  neck- vertebra  is  preserved.  It  belongs  to  the  anterior  region  of  the 
neck  and  may  possibly  be  the  third  vertebra  (PI.  XVI,  fig.  3).  A portion  of 
the  neural  arch  with  the  processus  spinosus  is  broken  off.  Its  left  side  is  still 
partially  covered  by  matrix.  It  is  cracked  in  different  places  and  a broad 
crack  affecting  the  length  is  now  filled  with  matrix.  The  length  of  the  centrum 
as  preserved  is  7-6  cm.  Height  of  its  anterior  articulation  surface  4-7  cm. 
Height  of  its  posterior  articulation  surface  5-1  cm.  Breadth  of  the  anterior 
and  posterior  articulation  surfaces  4-6  cm.  and  4-7  cm.  respectively.  The 
lower  surface  of  the  centrum  is  deeply  concave,  the  deepest  part  of  this  con- 
cavity lying  about  3 cm.  behind  the  anterior  surface;  the  height  of  the  centrum 
is  here  about  3 cm.  and  its  breadth  about  2 cm.  Both  the  articulation  surfaces 
of  the  centrum  are  deeply  concave.  The  left  praezygapophysis  projects  far 
forwards  and  its  articulation  surface  is  perfectly  horizontal. 

Caudal  Vertebrae. 

There  are  remains  of  some  eight  caudal  vertebrae  (PI.  XVI,  fig.  1).  They 
probably  all  belong  to  the  anterior  caudal  region  and  are  very  badly  preserved. 
The  two  biggest  centra  (PI.  XVI,  fig.  1 a)  have  a length  of  5 cm.  and  a height 
of  6 cm.  Their  upper  breadth  is  about  4*5  cm.  The  lower  end  of  their  distal 
articulation  surface  is  strongly  recurved  for  the  articulation  of  the  haemapo- 
physis.  The  lower  surface  of  the  centrum  is  narrow  and  fairly  flat;  there  may 
have  been  a very  slight  groove,  but  it  is  not  visible  now.  The  next  following 
in  size  (PI.  XVI,  fig.  ib)  is  only  represented  by  the  upper  half  of  its  centrum 
with  its  dorsal  spine.  One  praezygapophysis  is  preserved.  It  is  long  and  its 
articulation  surface  slopes  inwards  and  downwards.  The  postzygapophyses 
are  short  and  situated  high  up  behind  the  dorsal  spine.  Their  articulation 
surfaces  have  the  same  slope  as  of  the  praezygapophysis.  The  end  of  the 
dorsal  spine  is  broken  off;  as  preserved,  its  length  is  5-5  cm.  It  is  narrow  and 
thick,  breadth  and  thickness  measuring  2 cm.  and  1 cm.  respectively,  just 
above  the  postzygapophyses.  The  fourth  and  fifth  vertebrae  are  slightly 
smaller  than  the  third,  but  do  not  show  any  remarkable  features.  The  other 
remains  belong  to  three  smaller  vertebrae,  the  smallest  of  which  has  a length 
of  5-5  cm.,  while  its  articulation  surfaces  have  a height  of  3-8  cm.  The  lower 
ends  of  both  articulation  surfaces  are  strongly  recurved.  The  lower  side  of 
the  centrum  is  grooved  (PI.  XVI,  fig.  1 c).  The  proximal  end  of  a haemapo- 
physis  is  preserved.  The  breadth  of  its  upper  end  is  3-5  cm.  and  the  length 
of  its  articulation  surface  is  2-7  cm.  This  must  be  one  of  the  most  anterior 
haemapophyses,  for  it  fits  exactly  on  to  one  of  the  large  centra. 

Humerus. 

The  distal  end  of  the  left  humerus  is  preserved  in  a fragmentary  condition, 
but  the  bone  has  apparently  not  suffered  from  pressure.  The  bone  is  broken 
off  beneath  the  processus  lateralis  (PI.  XIV,  fig.  6 and  text-figs.  8 and  9).  The 
lateral  side  of  the  shaft  is  also  lost.  The  proximal  plate  must  have  made  an 
angle  of  nearly  90°  with  the  plane  of  the  distal  end.  A narrow,  high,  rounded 
ridge  runs  from  the  extreme  end  of  the  condylus  lateralis  upwards  to  the  lower 


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105 


end  of  the  crista  radialis.  The  broad  ridge  running  upwards  from  the  condylus 
medialis  seems  to  reach  the  medial  side  of  the  processus  lateralis.  The  anterior 
surface  between  these  two  ridges  is  strongly  concave ; in  its  distal  part  this 
concavity  contains  a circular  depression.  The  anterior  surface  of  the  distal 
end  is  concave.  The  breadth  of  the  distal  end  is  9 cm.  Thickness  medial 
condyle  3-9  cm.,  breadth  5 cm.  Thickness  lateral  condyle  4-3  cm.,  breadth 


Text-fig.  9.  Dromicosaurus  gra- 
cilis. Distal  end  of  left  hume- 
rus. Outline  of  distal  surface 
seen  from  below.  Medial  side 
to  the  left.  Less  than  x 


2*9  cm.  The  articulation  surface  of  the  lateral  condyle  is  divided  into  two 
facets,  an  outer,  which  is  directed  downwards  and  inwards,  and  an  inner, 
which  is  directed  downwards  and  outwards,  meeting  in  a ridge,  which  runs 
through  the  middle  of  the  distal  surface  of  the  condyle  and  parallel  to  its 
lateral  side.  The  lateral  condyle  leans  over  to  the  lateral  side  and  the  medial 
surface  of  the  medial  condyle  is  also  directed  forwards  and  sidewards.  The 
distal  surface  of  the  medial  condyle  is  convex;  its  medial  portion  is  weathered. 

Radius. 

The  proximal  end  of  the  left  radius  is  present  (PI.  XIII,  figs.  5 and  6).  The 
length  of  the  articulation  surface  is  4-7  cm.  and  its  breadth  is  2-7  cm.  The 
surface  is  cylindrically  concave,  and  the  axis  of  this  cylinder  is  directed  from 
the  anterior  end  of  the  antero-medial  border  to  the  posterior  end  of  the 
postero-lateral  border.  The  concavity  is  deepest  at  its  anterior  end,  where  it 
makes  the  deepest  notch  in  the  border.  The  posterior  part  of  the  antero- 
medial border  and  the  anterior  part  of  the  postero-lateral  border  are  both 
drawn  upwards;  the  former  is  slightly  higher  than  the  latter.  The  edges  of 
the  articulation  surface  are  broad  and  rounded. 


Pubis. 

When  the  fossil  was  discovered  the  pubes  were  still  in  situ , but  all  the 
covering  matrix  had  completely  weathered  away.  The  proximal  end  of  the 
right  pubis  was  lost.  The  upper  inner  corner  of  the  plate  of  the  left  pubis 
was  present,  but  the  portion  which  is  bent  downwards  at  this  corner  was 
absent.  As  preserved,  the  foramen  obturatorium  was  therefore  not  completely 
closed.  The  anterior  corner  of  the  proximal  end  was  weathered.  The  remainder 


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of  both  bones,  right  up  to  their  distal  ends,  was  cracked,  but  otherwise  perfect. 
The  distal  two-thirds  of  the  bones  showed  a remarkable  feature.  The  two 
plate-like  portions  of  the  pubes  were  coalesced  along  the  middle  and  formed 
only  one  bone.  No  division  between  the  two  pubic  plates  could  be  found. 
Through  the  cracks  it  was  apparent  that  the  pubic  plate  was  very  thin 
along  its  middle  line.  During  excavation  everything  was  done  to  keep 
the  pubes  intact,  and  they  were  even  got  out  on  a lump  of  rock,  which 
was  placed  in  a box.  While  I was  busy  with  the  excavation  of  the  further 
remains,  somebody  else  was  kind  enough  to  meddle  with  the  transport  of 
this  valuable  specimen.  It  was  placed  on  the  head  of  a Kaffir-boy  who  took 
it  down  hill  and  overturned  the  box  into  a wheelbarrow  before  it  could  be 
prevented. 

After  the  pieces  had  been  fitted  together  as  far  as  possible  the  two  pubes 
appeared  as  figured  on  PI.  XVI,  figs.  4 and  5.  The  length  of  the  most  com- 
plete of  the  two,  the  left  pubis,  cannot  be  accurately  given,  for  the  distal  end 
cannot  be  fitted  on  to  the  remainder.  The  length  of  the  bone  as  preserved, 
without  the  distal  end,  is  34  cm.  Then  comes  a gap,  which  may  have  a length 
of  5 mm.  medially  and  of  about  2-5  cm.  laterally.  The  distal  end  has  a medial 
length  of  6-5  cm.  and  a lateral  length  of  8 cm.  The  total  length  of  the  bone 
may  therefore  have  been  42  cm.  It  is  very  improbable  that  the  length  of  the 
gap  was  greater,  for  I am  under  the  impression  that  the  two  pieces  of  bone 
were  separated  medially  by  a crack 
filled  up  with  matrix.  Laterally  of 
course  a piece  of  bone  has  been 
lost.  The  distal  ends  of  both  pubes 
show  their  complete  breadth.  If 
they  are  placed  alongside  of  each 
other  the  maximum  breadth  of  the 
pubic  plate  of  the  combined  bones  Text-fig.  10.  Dromicosaurus  gracilis.  Outline 
at  the  distal  end  would  be  16-5  cm.  of  section  through  middle  portion  of  left 
The  breadth  of  the  plate  would  publS  seen  the  distal  end.  Nat.  size, 
have  been  less  in  the  middle,  because  the  distal  ends  have  lateral  projections. 
The  pubic  plate  is  thickest  near  its  lateral  side.  The  lateral  border  is  fairly 
sharp,  but  the  bone  thickens  rapidly  from  this 
border  inwards.  It  attains  its  maximum  thickness 
before  the  middle  of  the  bone  is  reached  and  it 
then  thins  out  gradually  towards  the  medial  line, 
where  the  extremely  thin  bone  was  coalesced  with 
its  fellow  (text-fig.  10).  The  maximum  thickness 
of  the  left  half  of  the  pubic  plate  above  its  middle 
is  2-5  cm.  Near  its  distal  end  the  thickness  is  less 
than  2 cm.  A piece  of  the  present  medial  edge  of 
the  bone  has  a thickness  of  3 mm.  The  distal  end 
is  very  much  thickened,  that  is  to  say,  the  hinder 
surface  of  the  distal  end  bulges  considerably  back- 
wards. The  anterior  surface  of  this  end  is  slightly 
concave,  through  a slight  thickening  of  the  distal  border.  The  lateral  side  bends 
slightly  outwards  at  the  distal  end.  The  distal  surface  is  very  broad,  because  of 
the  thick  end  (text-figs.  11  and  12).  The  hinder  surface  is  concave  from  above 
downwards  immediately  above  the  distal  surface.  The  maximum  thickness  of 
the  distal  end  which  lies  midway  between  the  sides  is  3-5  cm.  The  maximum 
breadth  of  the  distal  surface  is  nearly  5 cm.  The  distal  surface  is  convex  and 
its  lateral -hinder-medial  border  is  half  a circle.  The  anterior  border  is  straight. 


Text-fig.  11.  Dromicosaurus 
gracilis.  Outline  of  lon- 
gitudinal section  through 
distal  end  of  left  pubis. 
The  anterior  border  is 
below,  x 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  107 


This  half  circle  and  the  front  border  lie  in  a plane  which  makes  an  acute 
angle  with  the  anterior  surface  of  the  pubic  plate. 

Nothing  is  present  of  the  bent-down  portion  at  the  inner  proximal  corner 
of  the  pubic  plate.  A broken  edge  indicates  how  far  this  bent-down  portion 
continued  towards  the  proximal  end.  From  here 
the  pubic  neck  continues  towards  thearticulatio 
ileo-pubica.  The  section  of  the  neck  is  triangular 
as  shown  in  text-fig.  2.  The  lateral  border  of  the 
neck  is  a continuation  of  the  lateral  border  of 
the  plate,  it  is  only  slightly  concave  forwards. 

The  hinder-outer  surface  of  the  neck  is  slightly 
convex.  The  neck  has  an  anterior  surface  and 
an  inner  surface,  which  stand  at  right  angles  to  Text-fig.  12.  Dvomicosaurus 
each  other.  The  anterior  surface  rounds  off  gracilis.  Outline  of  distal 

broadly  into  the  inner  surface.  Both  surfaces  are  surface  of  pubis  seen  from 

concave  from  above  downwards.  The  distance 

between  the  lateral  border  and  the  inner  posterior  border  of  the  neck  is  4 cm . 
The  upper  anterior  corner  of  the  bone  and  the  articulatio  ileo-pubica  are 
weathered  away.  The  thickness  of  the  head  at  the  upper  anterior  end  is 
about  5 cm.  The  processus  subacetabularis  is  not  only  bent  downwards  at 
right  angles  to  the  neck,  but  its  general  direction  is  also  practically  perpen- 
dicular to  the  pubic  plate.  The  medial  border  of  its  upper  surface  is  fairly 
straight.  The  proximal  portion  of  this  upper  surface  has  a high  boss  on  its 
lateral  border.  The  distal  portion  shows  a deep  concavity,  which  does  not 
affect  the  medial  border,  but  which  continues  over  the  lateral  border.  The 
medial  surface  of  the  processus  is  concave  in  all  directions  and  strongly  so 
from  above  downwards.  Its  general  section  is  triangular.  The  length  of  the 
processus  is  about  7-5  cm.  The  breadth  of  its  upper  surface  is  less  than 
4-5  cm.  The  distal  end  of  the  processus  subacetabularis  is  fiat  and  has  a 
process  which  is  directed  downwards,  forwards  and  inwards.  This  process 
stands  practically  at  right  angles  to  the  processus  subacetabularis.  Distally 
it  turns  more  and  more  inwards;  its  section  is  triangular.  The  lower  end  of 
the  hinder  surface  of  this  process  is  damaged.  The  upper  border  of  the 
triangular  articulatio  ischio-pubica,  which  is  covered  with  small  knobs  and 
pits,  has  a breadth  of  about  4-5  cm.  Its  height  as  far  as  preserved  is  about 
the  same.  The  breadth  of  the  foramen  obturatorium  is  17  mm.  Its  length 
was  more  than  3 cm. 

Ischium. 

Both  ischia  are  present,  but  they  are  very  much  broken.  The  left  ischium 
is  fairly  complete,  but  it  is  broken  in  two  and  the  parts  are  joined  by  a thick 
band  of  matrix.  The  thin  upper  anterior  portion  is  badly  broken  and  the 
extreme  distal  end  is  lost.  The  distal  end  of  the  right  ischium  is  complete, 
but  its  proximal  end  is  lost  (PI.  XV,  fig.  4). 

If  the  bones  are  combined,  it  will  be  found  that  the  length  of  the  ischium 
is  34  cm.  The  distal  portion  is  straight  and  the  proximal  plate  is  turned 
slightly  outwards.  The  breadth  of  the  proximal  plate  with  the  processus 
subacetabularis  (PL  XV,  fig.  6)  is  11  cm.  A small  piece  of  the  posterior  portion 
of  the  proximal  end  is  broken  off  and  the  bone  has  suffered  somewhat  from 
pressure.  The  original  total  breadth  may  therefore  have  been  12  cm.  The 
posterior  portion  of  the  proximal  surface  has  a breadth  of  6*5  cm.  as  pre- 
served. However,  from  this  must  be  deducted  1 cm.  for  a seam  of  matrix, 
which  passes  in  a sagittal  direction  through  the  posterior  portion  of  the  upper 


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end.  of  the  bone.  The  original  breadth  was,  therefore,  5-5  cm.  The  surface  is 
covered  with  numerous  small  knobs  and  pits.  The  outer  border  of  this  portion 
is  formed  by  a long  posterior  and  a short  anterior  sharp  edge,  which  stand 
nearly  at  right  angles  to  each  other.  The  vertex  of  this  angle  is  high  and 
projects  to  the  lateral  side.  The  medial  border  of  this  surface  passes  upwards 
and  forwards  and,  after  reaching  a point  opposite  the  angle  on  the  lateral 
border,  downwards  and  forwards.  There  is  a high  boss  on  the  proximal  surface 
at  the  angle  between  these  two  medial  borders.  The  medial  and  lateral  angles 
of  the  border  lie  exactly  opposite  each  other.  The  surface  posterior  to  these 
two  angles  serves  for  articulation  with  the  processus  postacetabularis  ilei.  In 


gracilis.  Left  ischium. 
Outline  of  thearticulatio 
ischio-pubica  seen  from 
in  front.  Nat.  size. 


Text-fig.  14.  Dromicosaurus  gra- 
cilis. Right  ischium.  Outline 
of  distal  surface  seen  from  the 
distal  end . The  medial  border 
to  the  left.  Nat.  size. 


1 


I 


front  of  the  medial  boss  is  a small  triangular  surface,  which  is  bordered  in 
front  by  a ridge ; this  ridge  is  a continuation  of  the  anterior  part  of  the  lateral 
border  and  runs  obliquely  across  the  proximal  surface,  meeting  the  medial 
border  further  downwards  than  its  starting  point.  Distally  to  this  ridge  is 
the  processus  subacetabularis  ischii.  The  medial  border  of  this  processus  is 
extremely  thin  and  slightly  concave  upwards.  The  upper  surface  of  the  pro- 
cessus is  concave.  The  edge  with  the  lateral  surface  is  rounded.  The  lateral 
surface  of  the  processus  is  convex  from  above  downwards.  The  medial  surface 
of  the  whole  proximal  end  is  strongly  concave  from  above  downwards.  The 
distal  end  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  processus  makes  an  acute  angle  with 
the  articulation  surface  for  the  pubis.  The  articulatio  ischio-pubica  has  a 
triangular  shape  (text-fig.  13)  and  the  surface  is  covered  with  small  knobs 


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109 


and  pits.  Its  upper  border  has  a length  of  3-5  cm.;  the  height  of  the  triangle 
is  about  5 cm.  The  articulatio  pubica  makes  an  angle  of  about  6o°  with  the 
articulatio  iliaca  and  an  angle  of  about  40 0 with  the  general  long  axis  of  the 
ischium.  The  articulatio  iliaca  makes  an  angle  of  less  than  25 0 with  the 
general  long  axis  of  the  bone.  The  thin  anterior  portion  of  the  plate  is  damaged 
and  its  edge  is  broken  off.  Probably  this  edge  was  fairly  straight  or  slightly 
convex  between  the  lower  end  of  the  processus  subacetabularis  and  the  place 
where  the  proximal  and  the  distal  portions  of  the  ischium  form  a curve.  The  thin 
anterior  portion  terminates  at  a distance  of  about  12  cm.  below  the  proximal 
end.  The  posterior  portion  of  the  plate  is  thicker  than  the  anterior  portion. 
A few  centimetres  below  the  articulation  surface  its  thickness  is  18  mm.  A 
broad  groove  starts  at  a short  distance  (1*5  cm.)  below  the  articulation  surface 
on  the  posterior  edge  of  the  lateral  side.  Through  the  twisting  of  the  distal 
portion  of  the  bone  the  groove  soon  passes  on  to  its  hinder  surface.  It  cannot 
be  made  out  how  far  this  groove  runs  downwards.  The  distal  end  of  the 
ischium  has  a flat  hinder  surface.  Its  section  is  triangular  (text-fig.  14).  The 
medial  sides  of  the  two  distal  ends  lie  against  each  other  and  although  they 
are  proximally  separated  by  matrix,  the  two  bones  seem  to  be  coalesced  dis- 
tally.  The  specimen  is  slightly  pressed  sideways,  but  probably  the  two  hinder 
surfaces  lie  in  a plane.  The  two  lateral  surfaces  meet  in  a ridge.  The  distal 
end  is  thickened.  The  border  of  the  distal  surface  projects  posteriorly,  laterally 
and  anteriorly  (PI.  XV,  fig.  5).  The  distal  surface  is  probably  convex.  The 
breadth  of  the  hinder  surface  near  the  middle  is  3-5  cm.  and  the  thickness  at 
the  same  spot  3 cm.  The  greatest  breadth  of  the  distal  end  of  the  right  ischium 
is  more  than  4 cm.  Its  thickness  is  nearly  9 cm. 

Femur. 

The  left  femur  is  preserved  (PI.  XIII,  figs.  2 — 4,  and  text-fig.  15),  but  in  a 
rather  weathered  condition.  The  caput  femoris  is  broken  off  and  in  its  lower 
half  the  femur  was  badly  broken  in  two  places.  The  pieces  were  fitted  to- 
gether by  myself  and  joined  with  plaster  of  Paris.  The  length  of  the  bone 
has  not  been  influenced  by  these  joints.  It  would  not  be  exact  to  call  the 
curvature  of  the  diaphysis  sigmoidal.  Its  middle  portion  is  certainly  convex 
forwards,  but  its  upper  end  is  not  concave  forwards  as  is  usual,  only  less 
convex  than  the  middle  portion. 

The  length  of  the  bone  is  49*5  cm.  The  breadth  of  the  proximal  end  cannot, 
of  course,  be  given.  The  preserved  portion  of  the  proximal  end  rounds  off 
into  the  lateral  side;  from  opposite  the  upper  end  of  the  trochanter  major 
the  lateral  side  bends  more  and  more  inwards  till  near  the  proximal  end, 
where  the  convexity  becomes  greater  to  pass  over  into  the  proximal  surface. 
The  trochanter  minor  was  on  the  piece  which  is  broken  off  and  lost.  The 
trochanter  major  is  broken  off.  The  upper  end  of  the  broken  surface  is  situated 
at  a distance  of  7-5  cm.  from  the  proximal  end  of  the  bone,  and  the  lower  end 
of  the  trochanter  at  a distance  of  13-5  cm.  from  the  same  end.  Between  the 
lateral  side  of  the  preserved  portion  of  the  trochanter  and  the  general  surface 
of  the  bone  there  is  a broad  groove.  The  femur  is  broad  and  thin  between 
its  proximal  end  and  the  trochanter  major;  further  downwards  it  becomes 
thicker.  A broad  ridge  starts  at  the  fractured  edge  of  the  proximal  end,  and 
coming  from  the  direction  of  the  caput  femoris  runs  towards  the  trochanter 
major.  In  passing  the  trochanter  it  turns  in  the  direction  of  the  condylus 
medialis.  The  highest  point  of  this  ridge  lies  immediately  below  the  trochanter 
major;  its  height  diminishes  towards  the  proximal  end  and  towards  the  distal 
end,  in  the  latter  case  to  such  an  extent  that  it  loses  itself  on  the  medial  side 


8 


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below  three-fifths  of  the  length  of  the  bone.  The  trochanter  major  does  not 
lie  on  the  top  of  the  ridge,  but  is  situated  on  its  lateral  side.  Immediately 
below  and  medial  to  the  lower  end  of  the  trochanter  major  the  top  of  the  ridge 
shows  a broad,  flat,  rough  surface.  Lower  down  the  top  of  the  ridge  is  rounded 
and  rough,  the  roughness  narrowing  down  towards  the  middle  of  the  bone, 
where  it  disappears.  The  surface  of  the  bone  enclosed  between  the  medial 
side  and  the  ridge,  as  far  down  as  the  upper  end  of  the  trochanter  quartus, 
is  concave.  The  lateral  side  of  the  anterior  surface  of  the  bone,  below  the 
lower  end  of  the  trochanter  major  and  exactly  opposite  the  whole  length  of 
the  trochanter  quartus,  is  slightly  concave.  A large  oval  foramen  nutritivum, 
length  8 mm.,  breadth  4 mm.,  is  situated  on  the  lateral  side  of  the  top  of  the 
ridge  and  still  within  the  rough  surface,  at  a distance  of  11  cm.  from  the  upper 
end  of  the  trochanter  major.  The  medial  side  of  the  proximal  end  is  hollow. 
This  concavity,  with  the  curve  in  the  ridge  and  the  convexity  of  the  lateral 
side,  marks  the  inward  bend  of  the  proximal  end  of  the  femur.  The  hinder 
surface  of  the  proximal  end  is  flat.  Opposite  the  upper  end  of  the  trochanter 
quartus  it  rounds  off  over  the  lateral  side  of  the  bone  into  the  anterior  surface. 
Higher  up,  however,  from  opposite  the  middle  of  the  trochanter  major  up  to 
the  proximal  end  of  the  lateral  side,  it  rounds  off  into  an  elongated,  flattish, 
lateral  surface.  This  lateral  surface  is  separated  from  the  anterior  surface  by 
a heightened  narrow  ridge. 

The  trochanter  quartus  begins  at  a distance  of  about  14-5  cm.  from  the 
proximal  end  of  the  bone.  It 
terminates  at  a distance  of  about 
21-5  cm.  from  that  end.  The  height 
of  the  trochanter,  as  preserved,  is 
3 cm.  Its  upper  edge  is  broken  off 
and  at  the  most  it  could  have  been 
0-5  cm.  higher.  The  medial  side  of 
the  trochanter  is  overhanging;  the 
lower  end  of  the  lateral  side  is  steep, 
but  the  slope  of  its  upper  end  is 
much  less.  These  two  portions  of 
the  lateral  side  meet  in  a clearly 
visible  rounded  ridge,  which  runs  in 
the  direction  of  the  upper  outer  cor- 

ner  of  the  proximal  end  and  seems  Text-fig.  15.  Dromicosaurus  graphs.  Left 
^ femur.  Outline  of  distal  end  seen  from 


below.  Medial  side  to  the  right. 


to  continue  further  upwards  than 
the  much  higher  medial  ridge  of  the 
trochanter.  The  whole  trochanter  is  situated  nearer  to  the  medial  than  to  the 
lateral  side  of  the  bone ; moreover,  the  upper  end  lies  nearer  to  the  medial  side 
than  the  lower  end  and  therefore  the  edge  of  the  trochanter  lies  in  the  direction 
of  the  condylus  lateralis.  Medially  to  the  trochanter  quartus  there  is  a large, 
flat,  rough  surface,  which  has  apparently  served  for  the  attachment  of  muscles. 
It  looks  mostly  inwards  and  only  slightly  backwards.  A ridge  starts  at  the 
upper  end  of  this  surface,  and  runs  from  the  lateral  side  on  to  the  posterior 
surface  in  the  direction  of  the  lateral  corner  of  the  proximal  end,  passing 
well  above  the  upper  end  of  the  trochanter  quartus,  where  it  terminates.  The 
breadth  of  the  diaphysis  over  the  trochanter  quartus  is  6-5  cm.  Its  thickness, 
measured  from  the  top  of  the  lower  end  of  the  trochanter  to  the  top  of  the 
ridge  on  the  anterior  surface,  just  above  the  foramen  nutritivum,  is  8*5  cm. 
At  about  18  cm.  above  the  distal  end  these  dimensions  are  7-5  cm.  and  3-5  cm. 
respectively.  The  thickness  of  the  distal  end,  measured  from  the  anterior 


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hi 


surface  to  the  lower  end  of  the  fossa  intercondyloidea,  is  3-5  cm.  Its  thickness 
over  the  condylus  medialis  is  8-i  cm.  and  over  the  condylus  lateralis  9 cm. 

The  upper  end  of  the  fossa  intercondyloidea  is  damaged.  It  starts  at  least 
12  cm.  above  the  distal  end.  The  condylus  medialis  is  damaged;  its  breadth 
as  preserved  is  5 cm.  Its  height  is  about  6*5  cm.  The  condylus  lateralis  is 
much  narrower;  its  breadth  is  3*3  cm.  The  breadth  of  the  distal  end  (text- 
fig.  15)  is  about  11*5  cm.  The  distal  articulation  surface  is  full  of  cracks  and 
could  not  be  well  cleaned  of  matrix.  The  lateral  side  of  the  distal  end  is  hollow 
and  the  hinder  end  of  the  condylus  lateralis  stands,  out  slightly  to  the  lateral 
side.  The  anterior  surface  of  the  distal  end  is  hollow  along  its  middle.  Seen 
from  the  front  it  seems  as  if  the  lateral  side  of  the  bone  runs  slightly  further 
downwards  than  the  medial  side.  The  diaphysis  is  hollow.  The  bone  only 
forms  a thin  shell  round  a very  large  cavity. 

Tibia. 

Only  the  right  tibia  is  preserved  and  that  in  perfect  condition.  It  has  a 
large  proximal  articulation  surface  and  a straight  shaft  (PI.  XIV,  figs.  1 — 3,  and 
text-figs.  16  and  17).  During  its 
excavation,  the  bone  of  the  diaphysis 
parted  in  small  fragments  from  the 
filling  of  its  cavity;  however,  all  the 
pieces  were  fitted  and  glued  together 
on  the  spot.  The  total  length  of  the 
bone  is  3 7 • 5 cm . The  head  of  the  tibia 
(text-fig.  16)  has  a length  of  13  cm., 
measured  from  the  hinder  end  of  the 
medial  condylus  to  the  edge  of  the 
anterior  crest.  Its  greatest  breadth, 
transverse  to  this  greatest  length,  is 
8-5  cm.  The  length  of  the  lateral  side 
of  the  head  is  9 cm.  Anteriorly  the 
head  of  the  tibia  has  a laterally 
directed  process,  the  tuberositas  Text-fig.  16.  Dromicosaurus  gracilis.  Right 
tibiae.  The  lateral  border  of  the  tibia.  Outline  of  proximal  surface  seen 
proximal  articulation  surface  is  di-  above-  Lateral  side  to  the  right, 

rected  straight  backwards  from  the 

tuberositas  tibiae,  but  before  reaching  the  lateral  condylus  it  becomes  slightly 
concave;  the  remainder  of  this  border  is  convex.  The  medial  border  runs  from 
the  tuberositas  tibiae  inwards  and  curves  slightly  backwards  until  at  about 
3-5  cm.  from  the  anterior  end  the  convexity  becomes  greater.  It  diminishes 
again  at  about  5 cm.  from  the  anterior  end;  from  this  point  further  backwards 
the  medial  border  is  only  slightly  curved,  but  the  convexity  is  greater  around 
the  condylus  medialis.  The  posterior  border  is  slightly  convex  behind  each 
condylus  and  notched  in  the  middle.  The  proximal  articulation  surface  shows 
a large  shallow  concavity  above  the  medial  condylus ; another  large  concavity 
is  situated  on  the  anterior  end,  while  the  upper  surface  of  the  lateral  condylus 
is  convex.  The  lateral  posterior  side  of  the  surface  is  slightly  lower  than  the 
medial  posterior  side.  From  the  hinder  border  the  articulation  surface  goes 
steeply  upwards  and  forwards.  The  hinder  border  is  overhanging;  it  rounds 
off  abruptly  into  the  lateral  border;  its  medial  end  is  slightly  damaged.  The 
shaft  narrows  down  quickly  immediately  below  the  head. 

The  distal  end  is  transversely  broad.  The  medial  one-third  of  the  distal 
articulation  surface  is  flat  and  slopes  slightly  from  its  anterior  edge  backwards 

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and  downwards.  The  lateral  part  of  the  distal  articulation  surface  consists  of 
an  anterior  and  a posterior  portion  (text-fig.  17).  The  anterior  portion,  which 
is  the  distal  surface  of  the  processus  tibiae  anterior  distalis,  occupies  a much 
higher  position  than  the  posterior  portion,  which  is  the  distal  surface  of  the 
processus  tibiae  posterior  distalis.  The  distal  surface  of  the  processus  posterior 
is  continuous  with  the  medial  portion  of  the  articulation  surface.  It  slopes 
upwards  from  the  lateral  to  the  medial  side  and  from  the  posterior  towards 
the  anterior  border.  The  medial  portion  of  the  articulation  surface  is  con- 
nected with  the  distal  surface  of  the  processus  anterior  by  means  of  a short 
and  very  steep  surface.  The  distal  face  of  the  processus  anterior  slopes  from 
its  medial  end  upwards  and  outwards,  and  from  its  anterior  border  backwards 
and  slightly  upwards.  Medially  the  processus  posterior  is  nearly  as  broad  as 
the  processus  anterior.  Towards  the  lateral  side  it  becomes  narrower  and  it 
terminates  in  a point.  This  end  is  bent  very  slightly  forwards.  Both  ends  of 
the  distal  surface  of  the  processus  anterior  are  broad,  but  the  inner  end  is 
slightly  broader.  Apparently,  the  lateral  end  of  the  processus  anterior  does 
not  project  further  outwards  than  the  processus  posterior.  The  highest  point 
of  the  lower  surface  of  the  processus  anterior 
is  situated  37  mm.  above  the  lowest  part  of 
the  processus  posterior.  There  is  a slightly 
concave  surface  (sulcus  malleoli  tibiae)  imme- 
diately behind  the  lateral  end  of  the  processus 
anterior.  This  surface  passes  downwards  be- 
tween the  processi  and  is  continuous  with  the 
concave  upper  anterior  surface  of  the  processus 
posterior ; it  passes  inwards  for  a short  distance 
only.  The  breadth  of  the  distal  end,  along 
the  front  border  of  the  articulation  surface,  is 
82  mm.  This  front  border  is  laterally  slightly 
concave  and  medially,  where  a small  piece  of 
the  edge  is  broken  off,  it  is  slightly  convex. 

The  medial  border  makes  an  acute  angle  with 

the  anterior  border  and  an  obtuse  angle  with  the  posterior  border.  The 
borders  round  off  into  each  other.  The  breadth  of  the  medial  side,  measured 
parallel  to  the  medial  border,  is  56  mm.  The  posterior  border  converges 
slightly  with  the  anterior  border  towards  the  lateral  side;  its  length  is  60  mm. 
The  distance  from  the  anterior  medial  corner  of  the  distal  end  to  the  lateral 
end  of  the  processus  posterior  is  1 mm.  longer  than  to  that  of  the  processus 
anterior. 

A broad  high  ridge  runs  down  from  the  tuberositas  tibiae  in  the  direction 
of  the  anterior  medial  corner  of  the  distal  end.  It  does  not  reach  this  corner, 
however,  for  it  terminates  at  about  6 cm.  above  the  distal  end.  The  surface 
between  the  lower  end  of  this  ridge  and  the  distal  end  of  the  bone  is  concave. 
The  lateral  anterior  edge  of  the  distal  end  is  broadly  rounded  below.  Higher 
up  the  edge  becomes  a fairly  sharp  ridge ; then  again  the  ridge  becomes  broad 
and  low  and  finally  disappears  above  the  middle  of  the  bone.  There  is  a broad, 
oval  and  very  low  boss  on  the  lateral  side  of  the  bone,  below  the  notch  in  the 
lateral  border  of  the  proximal  surface;  its  upper  end  lies  about  4 cm.  below 
the  notch  and  its  lower  end  about  8 cm.  Its  breadth  is  about  2-5  cm.  The 
thickness  of  the  bone  in  the  middle  is  5-5  cm.  and  its  breadth  at  this  place 
about  4 cm.  The  thickness  of  the  distal  end  is  about  5 cm. 


Text-fig.  17.  Dromicosaurus  gra- 
cilis. Right  tibia.  Outline  of 
distal  surface  seen  from  the 
distal  end.  Anterior  border 
below.  Lateral  side  to  the 
right,  x T 


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113 


Fibula. 

Of  the  fibulae  only  the  right  bone  has  been  found  and  this  is  in  excellent 
condition.  It  has  a length  of  34*5  cm.  v.  Huene  has  already  pointed  out 
that  one  can  readily  ascertain  whether  the  fibula  belongs  to  the  left  or  to  the 
right  side.  The  lateral  side  of  the  proximal  end  is  convex.  The  thin  and  low 
portion  of  the  proximal  end  is  anterior,  the  thick  portion  posterior. 

In  the  following  description  the  bone  is  so  placed  that  the  inner  border 
of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  proximal  articulation  surface  is  directed  straight 
backwards  (PI.  XV,  figs.  1 — 3).  The  proximal  articulation  surface  is  convex 
from  side  to  side  and  its  anterior  portion  is  bent  inwards 
(text-fig.  18).  The  whole  surface  is  covered  with  irregular 
grooves  and  ridges.  The  anterior  portion  of  the  proximal 
end  of  the  bone  is  strongly  directed  inwards;  it  is  really 
a high,  thin,  anterior  process.  Its  most  anterior  point  lies 
far  below  the  articulation  surface.  The  lateral  surface  of 
the  posterior  portion  of  the  proximal  end  is  evenly  convex. 

That  of  the  anterior  portion  is  slightly  concave.  Between 
these  two  portions  the  lateral  surface  is  strongly  convex. 

The  posterior  portion  of  the  medial  surface  is  flat;  its 
anterior  portion  is  slightly  concave.  There  is  a broad  low 
boss  slightly  below  the  middle  of  the  inner  surface  of  the 
proximal  end.  From  the  posterior  corner  of  the  proximal 
end  a broad  ridge  passes  downwards  and  inwards  for  a short 
distance;  it  narrows  down  quickly  and  ends  opposite  the 
middle  of  the  broad  boss  on  the  inner  surface.  The  greatest 
breadth  of  the  proximal  end  is  7-7  cm.  Its  greatest  thickness 
is  2-8  cm.  The  thickness  of  the  bone  over  the  broad  boss  is 
3 cm.  The  shaft  narrows  down  rapidly  immediately  below  the  head.  At  a dis- 
tance of  9 cm.  from  the  proximal  end  the, breadth  of  the  bone  has  diminished  to 
3*5  cm.  and  the  thickness  to  2-1  cm.  At  a distance  of  15  cm.  from  the  proximal 
end  the  breadth  of  the  bone  is  reduced  to  3 cm.,  but  the  thickness  has  in- 
creased and  is  at  this  spot  3 cm.  The  greatest  horizontal  dimension  of  the 
shaft  at  this  distance  from  the  proximal  end  is  3*4  cm.  This  is  due  to  a broad, 
high  ridge  on  the  lateral  surface  of  the  bone.  This  ridge  starts  very  gradually 
at  a distance  of  about  9-5  cm.  from  the  proximal  end  on  the  anterior  border 
of  the  lateral  side  of  the  bone.  It  ends  at  about  19  cm.  from  the  proximal 
end.  The  distal  end  of  the  ridge  is  situated  in  the  middle  of  the  lateral  surface 
of  the  shaft.  The  posterior  side  of  the  ridge  is  slightly  concave  at  its  upper 
end,  but  at  its  lower  end  it  passes  gradually  into  the  posterior  surface  of  the 
bone.  The  anterior  side  of  the  ridge  is  slightly  concave.  The  anterior  edge  of 
the  bone  passes  down  as  a low  ridge  along  the  medial  side  of  this  concave 
surface.  There  is  a large  oval  depression  on  the  anterior  surface  of  the  bone, 
medial  to  the  low  ridge  just  mentioned  and  looking  slightly  inwards.  The 
medial  side  of  this  depression  is  slightly  elevated  above  the  medial  surface. 
The  upper  and  lower  ends  of  the  depression  lie  at  a distance  of  12  cm.  and 
15  cm.  respectively  from  the  proximal  end.  Slightly  below  the  oval  depression 
the  low  ridge  subsides  into  the  general  surface  of  the  bone.  At  a short  distance 
from  the  depression  the  anterior  edge  again  assumes  a ridgy  appearance. 
This  ridge,  however,  is  not  a continuation  of  the  preceding  ridge,  for  the  lower 
end  of  the  latter  lies  higher  than  and  lateral  to  the  upper  end  of  the  former. 
This  ridge  runs  downwards  for  a short  distance  and  then  also  subsides  into 
the  general  surface  of  the  bone.  A foramen  nutritivum  of  about  6 mm.  length 


micosauvus  gra- 
cilis. Right 
fibula.  Outline 
of  proximal  end 
seen  from  above. 
Medial  side  to 
the  left,  x A. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


114 


and  2 mm.  breadth  is  situated  on  the  medial  surface,  at  a short  distance  below 
the  oval  depression.  The  hinder  surface  of  the  bone  is  narrow  and  rounded. 
The  edge  between  the  hinder  surface  and  the  medial  surface  is  rounded  in  its 
upper  two-thirds.  At  the  upper  end  of  its  lower  third  it  forms  a short,  sharp 
and  low  ridge,  the  lower  end  of  which  lies  10  cm.  above  the  distal  articulation 
surface.  From  this  ridge  two  diverging  ridges  run  towards  the  distal  end. 
The  posterior  one  is  low,  broad  and  rounded  at  its  upper  end ; at  its  lower  end 
it  is  a high  and  broad  ridge,  the  edge  of  which,  however,  is  broken  off.  As  the 
medial-posterior  side  of  the  distal  end  is  weathered,  one  cannot  be  sure  whether 
this  ridge  reached  the  border  of  the  articulation  surface ; there  are  indications 
that  it  did  not.  The  anterior  ridge  is  also  low,  broad  and  rounded  at  its  upper 
end,  but  its  lower  end  is  high  and  narrow,  this  being  the  result  of  the  medial 
and  anterior  surfaces  meeting  at  an  acute  angle.  This  ridge  runs  right  down 
to  the  antero-medial  corner  of  the  distal  end.  The  medial  surface  between 
the  two  ridges  is  concave.  The  posterior  and  anterior  surfaces  of  the  distal 
end  are  narrow  and  slightly  convex  in  horizontal  section.  In  a vertical  direction 
they  are  concave,  especially  the  anterior  surface.  The  lateral  surface  of  the 
distal  end  is  narrow  and  very  convex  in  horizontal  section ; 
it  is  slightly  concave  from  above  downwards.  The  distal 
articulation  surface  (text-fig.  19)  has  somewhat  the  shape 
of  an  oval.  Its  long  axis  makes  an  angle  of  slightly  more 
than  450  with  the  sagittal  line.  Its  anterior  end  lies 
medially  and  its  posterior  end  laterally.  The  articulation 
surface  is  covered  with  irregularities  but  is  generally  flattish. 

It  slopes  from  the  antero-medial  end  downwards  to  the 
postero-lateral  end.  The  difference  in  height  of  the  two 
corners  is  about  16  mm.  The  postero-medial  border  is 
weathered,  but  was  probably  an  evenly  convex  line  from 
the  antero-medial  end  to  the  postero-lateral  end.  The 
border  of  the  postero-lateral  end  is  broadly  rounded,  that 
of  the  antero-medial  end  bluntly  pointed.  There  is  a short, 
straight  anterior  border  running  from  the  antero-medial 
end  outwards  till  past  the  middle  of  the  distal  end.  The 
front  border  is  connected  by  another  straight  border  with 
the  postero-lateral  end.  The  distance  from  the  antero-medial  corner  to  the 
postero-lateral  corner  is  6-2  cm.  The  breadth  of  the  distal  end  as  preserved 
is  3*3  cm.  The  diaphysis  is  bent  and  concave  medially.  At  a distance  of 
20  cm.  from  the  proximal  end  the  breadth  of  the  shaft  (transverse  dimension) 
is  2-5  cm.  and  the  thickness  2-6  cm. 

Foot. 

The  foot  is  represented  by  some  well-preserved  fragments. 

Metatarsale  I is  represented  by  two  pieces,  one  of  which  is  the  proximal 
end  of  the  right  bone  (text-fig.  20).  Its  breadth  is  5 cm.  and  its  thickness 
2*4  cm.  The  length  of  the  piece  is  5-5  cm.  There  is  a narrow  ridge  in  front 
which  passes  into  the  rounded  anterior  surface  of  the  shaft  before  reaching 
the  end  of  the  piece.  A broad  ridge  runs  downwards  from  the  middle  of  the 
lateral  border  of  the  proximal  articulation  surface;  it  reaches  the  anterior 
border  of  the  shaft  at  the  fractured  end.  Posteriorly  the  bone  has  a broad 
rough  edge.  Further  downwards  this  edge  is  smooth  and  passes  into  the 
rounded  posterior  surface  of  the  shaft.  There  is  a slight  angle  between  the 
rough  and  the  smooth  surface.  The  medial  surface  bends  to  the  lateral  side 
near  the  posterior  border.  The  proximal  surface  is  hollow  in  the  middle; 


Text-fig.  19.  Dro- 
micosaurus  gra- 
cilis. Rightfibula. 
Outline  of  distal 
end  seen  from 
below.  Anterior 
border  above. 
Medial  side  to 
the  right,  -x 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


ii5 


this  cavity  passes  forwards  and  outwards  and  over  the  anterior  lateral 
border. 

The  other  piece  is.a  fragment  of  the  distal  end  of  the  right  bone  (PL  XIII, 
fig.  8).  The  globose  part  of  the  articulation 
surface  has  a thickness  of  2-7  cm.  The  lateral 
collateral  pit  has  a tremendous  size.  It  has  a 
length  of  2 cm.  and  a breadth  of  1-2  cm.  Its 
upper  anterior  and  lower  posterior  ends  are 
open.  The  cavity  has  a more  or  less  cylindrical 
shape.  That  this  piece  must  belong  to  the  right 
bone  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  its  latero- 
posterior  surface  is  concave  close  to  the  medial 
fracture,  which  concavity  is  a portion  of  the 
large  concavity  on  the  latero-posterior  surface, 
well-known  from  other  first  phalanges.  The 
antero-medial  surface  of  the  bone  is  separated 
by  a ridge  from  the  articulation  surface. 

Metatarsale  II  is  only  represented  by  the 
proximal  end  of  the  right  bone  (text-fig.  20). 

The  proximal  articulation  surface  has  the  shape  of  a quadrangle.  All 
four  sides  of  this  quadrangle  are  concave.  The  medial  side  is  deepest  in 
the  middle,  while  the  deepest  place  of  the  lateral  side  lies  nearer  to  the  hinder 
border.  The  lengths  of  the  different  borders  of  the  proximal  surface  are: 
medial  5-7  cm.,  lateral  approximately  6 cm.,  posterior  4-1  cm.  and  anterior 
approximately  3 cm.  Ridges  run  from  the  corners  of  the  proximal  surface 
downwards  on  to  the  shaft.  The  upper  end  of  the  antero-lateral  ridge  is 
weathered  away,  but  very  probably  it  was  sharp.  The  antero-medial  ridge 
is  rounded.  The  base  of  the  postero-medial  ridge  is  broader  than  that  of  the 
postero-lateral  one.  The  proximal  surface  of  this  last  ridge  is  slightly  lower 
than  that  of  the  former  one.  The  postero-lateral  ridge  stands  further  out  from 
the  bone  than  the  postero-medial  one.  The  anterior  border  of  the  proximal 
surface  overhangs  the  anterior  surface  of  the  bone.  The  length  of  the  piece 
is  4 cm. 

Metatarsale  III.  There  is  one  piece  which,  I take  it,  belongs  here,  viz. 
the  distal  end  of  the  right  bone.  Its  medial  side  is  missing  (PI.  XIV,  fig.  4). 
The  lateral  side  has  a thickness  of  2-4  cm.  The  lateral  collateral  pit  is  very 
deep.  Its  hinder  edge  has  a small  process  behind  the  middle  of  the  pit  and 
its  anterior  edge  has  two  knob-like  processes  with  a groove  in  between.  The 
upper  knob-like  process  is  separated  from  the  process  on  the  hinder  edge  by 
a deep  groove.  A rounded  ridge  passes  on  the  anterior  surface  inwards  and 
slightly  upwards  from  the  upper  knob-like  process.  The  anterior  surface  is 
slightly  concave  between  this  ridge  and  the  articulation  surface.  I am  not 
quite  certain  of  the  identification  of  this  bone. 

The  last  bone  of  this  collection  is  also  difficult  to  identify.  It  is  probably 
the  proximal  end  of  the  left  ulna  and  although  there  is  no  certainty  on  this 
point  I will  here  describe  it  as  such.  The  length  of  the  piece  (PI.  XIV,  fig.  5) 
is  nearly  8 cm.  Its  antero-medial  side  is  weathered.  As  preserved,  the  length 
of  the  lateral  border  of  the  proximal  surface  (text-fig.  21)  is  3-6  cm.  The 
length  of  its  posterior  border  is  5 cm.  The  length  of  its  antero-medial  border 
was  greater  than  5-6  cm.  The  proximal  surface  is  divided  into  two  portions 
by  a high  ridge,  which  passes  over  the  surface  from  the  middle  of  the  posterior 
to  the  middle  of  the  antero-medial  side.  The  portion  of  the  proximal  surface 
which  lies  medial  and  posterior  to  this  ridge  is  convex  and  slopes  down  towards 


Text-fig.  20.  Dr omicosaurus  gra- 
cilis. Metatarsale  I and  II 
of  the  right  side.  Outline  of 
proximal  end  of  the  bones, 
seen  from  the  proximal  side. 

x i- 


ri6  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


the  postero-medial  corner  of  the  surface.  The  portion  of  the  proximal  surface 
which  lies  lateral  and  anterior  to  the  ridge  slopes  more  strongly  forwards  and 
is  concave  medially.  The  posterior  border  of  the  surface  is  concave  laterally 
and  convex  medially.  The  lateral  border  overhangs  the  lateral  surface  of  the 
shaft.  The  antero-medial  corner  is  slightly  lower  than  the  postero-lateral  one. 


Text-fig.  2 1 . Bromicosaurus  gracilis . 
Outline  of  the  proximal  end  of 
the  left  ulna(P),  seen  from  the 
proximal  side.  Posterior  side  to 
the  left  and  lateral  side  above. 

x i- 


If  this  is  actually  the  proximal  end  of  the  left  ulna,  then  a large  portion  of  the 
antero-medial  angle  of  the  head  has  worn  away. 

Discussion. 

It  will  not  be  necessary  to  compare  with  the  Plateosaurid  Eucnemesaurus , 
for  the  present  form  is  plainly  an  Anchisaurid. 

The  trochanter  quartus  of  our  form  lies  relatively  much  deeper  than  that 
of  Plateosaurus  stormbevgensis. 

A comparison  with  Massospondylus  carinatus  is  difficult,  because  most  of 
the  type  remains  are  fragments.  The  head  of  the  pubis  shows  some  important 
differences.  In  the  first  place  the  length  of  the  head  of  the  pubis  of  Masso- 
spondylus .carinatus  as  figured  by  v.  Huene  (4,  p.  38,  fig.  51),  and  measured 
from  the  articulatio  ischio-pubica  straight  across  to  the  anterior  surface,  is 
9-6  cm.  In  our  form  the  upper  anterior  portion  of  the  head  is  damaged.  As 
preserved,  the  length  of  head  and  processus  subacetabularis  together  is  7-1  cm. 
In  the  above  the  total  length  of  the  undamaged  head  was  estimated  at  7-5  cm. 
It  can  certainly  not  have  been  more  than  8 cm.  It  appears,  therefore,  that 
the  pubic  head  of  Massospondylus  carinatus  is  longer  than  that  of  our  form. 
It  is,  however,  apparent  from  the  femur  that  our  form  is  a bigger  animal  than 
the  type  of  Massospondylus  carinatus.  The  pubic  head  is,  therefore,  relatively 
much  longer  than  that  of  our  form.  The  thickness  of  the  head  is  about  half 
that  of  our  form.  The  section  of  the  neck  of  the  pubis,  which  has  the  shape 
of  a very  elongated  oval  with  pointed  ends,  differs  considerably  from  that  of 
the  present  form. 

The  coalesced  portion  of  the  ischia  shows  different  sections  to  that  of  the 
form  just  described.  Sections  of  the  coalesced  portion  in  our  form  are  tri- 
angular everywhere,  they  do  not  even  approach  the  rounded  form  of  the 
distal  end  of  the  Massospondylus  fragment. 

The  length  of  the  femur  of  Massospondylus  carinatus  is  estimated  at  43  cm. 
The  length  of  the  lower  portion  below  the  trochanter  quartus  is  about  22  cm. 
In  our  form  these  lengths  are  49-5  cm.  and  28  cm.  Our  femur,  therefore,  is 
longer.  In  the  femur  of  Massospondylus  carinatus,  however,  the  trochanter 
major  lies  9 cm.  below  the  proximal  end,  while  in  our  form  this  distance  is 
only  7-5  cm.  The  breadth  of  our  femur  above  the  trochanter  major  is  7*5  cm. 
and  its  thickness  there  is  3-6  cm.  (the  bone  is  not  crushed).  In  Massospondylus 
carinatus  these  dimensions  are  7 cm.  and  4-4  cm.  respectively.  These  dimen- 
sions show,  therefore,  different  relations  in  the  two  bones. 

The  tibia  of  Massospondylus  carinatus  is  not  complete.  However,  the 
proximal  and  distal  ends  are  preserved,  v.  Huene  gives  the  following  measure- 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  117 


ments  of  the  head:  length  of  the  medial  side  n cm.,  of  the  lateral  side  9-5  cm. 
and  greatest  breadth  7-5  cm.  (4,  p.  42).  These  dimensions  in  our  form  are 
13  cm.,  9 cm.  and  8*5  cm.  respectively.  From  these  measurements  it  will  be 
clear  that  the  relations  of  the  two  bones  are  different.  In  Massospondylus 
carinatus  the  distal  end  of  the  tibia  has  the  following  dimensions:  length 
anterior  border  6 cm.,  medial  border  4-5  cm.,  posterior  border  less  than  4 cm. 
and  lateral  border  4 cm.  In  our  form  these  dimensions  are  respectively  8*2  cm. , 
5-6  cm.,  6 cm.  and  4*2  cm.  In  Massospondylus  carinatus  the  medial  border  of 
the  distal  end  is  longer  than  the  posterior  border,  in  our  form  it  is  the  reverse. 
The  above-mentioned  differences  may  be  regarded  as  sufficient  to  exclude  our 
form  from  the  genus  Massospondylus. 

Massospondylus  Harriesi  is  very  much  smaller  than  our  form.  The  distal 
end  of  its  femur,  measured  from  the  lower  end  of  the  trochanter  quartus,  is 
15*5  cm.  In  our  form  this  portion  measures  28  cm.  The  proximal  end  of  the 
tibia  of  Massospondylus  Harriesi  measures  10-2  cm.  x 5-2  cm.  If  the  same 
relations  existed  in  our  form  as  in  Massospondylus  Harriesi  the  tibial  head 
of  the  last  should  have  a length  of  13  x 15-5  : 28  = 7-2  cm.  The  head  of  the 
tibia  of  Massospondylus  Harriesi  is  therefore  much  longer  than  in  our  form. 
Length  and  breadth  of  the  head  of  the  tibia  in  our  form  are  13  cm.  and 
8-5  cm.  respectively.  If  the  same  relations  existed,  the  breadth  of  the  head 
of  the  tibia  in  Massospondylus  Harriesi,  with  regard  to  its  length,  should  be 
8-5  x 10-2  : 13  = 6-67  cm.  Therefore,  the  head  of  the  tibia  in  Massospondylus 
Harriesi  is  relatively  narrower  than  in  our  form. 

A comparison  with  Aetonyx  palustris  is  difficult,  because  what  is  present 
in  the  one  is  missing  in  the  other  (7,  p.  304).  In  Aetonyx  palustris  the  width 
of  the  lower  end  of  the  humerus  is  5-7  cm.  In  our  form  it  is  9 cm.  The  length 
of  the  humerus  in  Aetonyx  is  17-4  cm.  If  the  same  relations  exist  in  our  form, 
the  length  of  our  humerus  should  be  17-4x9:  5-7  = 27-5  cm.  In  Aetonyx 
palustris  the  lower  end  of  the  delto-pectoral  ridge  lies  10 -i  cm.  from  the  upper 
end  of  the  bone.  This  measurement  and  the  length  of  the  bone  have  been 
verified  in  the  figure  and  were  found  to  be  correct.  The  distance  of  the  lower 
end  of  the  delto-pectoral  ridge  from  the  distal  end  of  the  bone,  measured  in 
the  figure,  is  9-2  cm.  This  may  be  slightly  more  in  reality  through  fore- 
shortening, and  also  because  of  the  damaged  condyle.  With  the  same  rela- 
tions the  lower  end  of  the  delto-pectoral  ridge  in  our  form  -should  lie  at  a 
distance  of  9 x 9-2  : 5-7  =^i4-4  cm.  from  the  distal  end.  With  regard  to  the 
curvature  at  the  upper  end  of  our  fragment  and  after  comparison  with  other 
humeri,  I come  to  the  conclusion  that  it  must  lie  at  a distance  of,  at  the  very 
most,  13  cm.  from  the  distal  end.  However,  with  a slightly  longer  upper  end 
the  total  length  of  the  bone  would  then  come  near  the  result  obtained  above. 
In  Aetonyx  palustris  the  proximal  width  of  the  second  metatarsale  is  2-5  cm. 
and  that  of  the  third  metatarsale  2-6  cm.  It  could  not  be  made  out  whether 
Dr  Broom  means  the  greatest  dimension  of  the  proximal  ends  or  the  breadth 
along  one  of  the  borders  of  the  bones.  From  the  description  of  Massospondylus 
Harriesi,  however,  I conclude  that  the  greatest  dimension  is  meant.  In  our 
form  the  greatest  dimension  of  these  two  ends  is  6-7  cm.  and  5-6  cm.  respect- 
ively. The  greatest  breadth  of  our  metatarsale  II  is  4-1  cm.  and  of  metatar- 
sale III  3-6  cm.  In  both  cases,  therefore,  the  proximal  end  of  our  metatar- 
sale II  is  larger  than  that  of  metatarsale  III,  whereas  in  Aetonyx  palustris 
the  proximal  end  of  metatarsale  III  is  only  slightly  wider  than  that  of  meta- 
tarsale II. 

The  head  of  the  tibia  is  relatively  shorter  in  Thecodontosaurus  skirtopodus 
than  in  our  form  (4,  p.  44).  The  femora  of  Thecodontosaurus  Browni  (2,  p.  124 


n8 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


and  4,  p.  46)  are  much  more  curved  than  in  our  form.  In  Thecodontosaurus 
Browni  the  femur  has  a length  of  24  cm.  and  the  lower  end  of  the  trochanter 
quartus  lies  11  cm.  below  the  proximal  end.  In  our  form  these  measurements 
are  49*5  cm.  and  21-5  cm.  respectively,  and  it  easily  follows  that  the  trochanter 
quartus  lies  relatively  higher  in  our  form  than  in  Thecodontosaurus  Browni „ 
The  trochanter  major  lies  also  relatively  higher  in  our  form. 

Although  our  tibia  is  shorter  than  that  of  Gryponyx  africanus,  its  head  is 
absolutely  broader.  The  relations  of  the  head  of  the  tibia  in  Gryponyx  afri- 
canus are  altogether  different  from  those  in  our  form.  The  shape  of  pubis  and 
ischium  is  also  quite  different. 

A comparison  of  the  ischium  of  the  present  form  with  the  well-preserved 
one  of  Teratosaurus  suevicus  H.  v.  Meyer  (5)  shows  that,  where  the  last  is 
twice  as  long  as  broad,  the  ischium  of  our  form  is  more  than  three  times  as 
long  as  broad.  Casually  connected  with  this  greater  relative  breadth  is  the 
fact  that  the  articulation  surfaces  of  the  ischium  of  Teratosaurus  suevicus 
make  much  greater  angles  with  each  other  and  with  the  shaft  of  the  bone 
than  in  our  form.  In  the  present  form  the  articulatio  iliaca  makes  an  angle 
of  less  than  25 0 with  the  long  axis  of  the  ischium.  The  articulatio  pubica 
makes  an  angle  of  about  40°  with  the  long  axis  of  the  ischium  and  of  about 
6o°  with  the  articulatio  iliaca.  In  Teratosaurus  suevicus  these  different  angles 
are  respectively  550,  750  and  130°. 

If  we  compare  the  fibula  of  the  present  form  with  that  of  Plateosaurus 
Quenstedti,  we  are  at  once  struck  by  the  great  difference  between  the  two. 
The  proximal  end  of  our  fibula  has  a large  posterior  process,  while  the  pos- 
terior border  of  the  upper  end  of  the  fibula  of  Plateosaurus  Quenstedti  is  evenly 
rounded.  The  shaft  in  our  form  becomes  a narrow  rod  in  the  middle,  while 
in  the  fibula  of  Plateosaurus  Quenstedti  it  is  proximally  very  broad  and  distally 
only  slightly  narrower.  The  medial  view  of  the  distal  end  of  the  fibula  of 
Plateosaurus  Quenstedti  does  not  show  the  medial  ridge  of  our  form.  The 
anterior  ridge  of  our  form  is  broad  distally,  but  it  does  not  bear  a smooth 
surface  as  in  Plateosaurus  Quenstedti.  Our  fibula  also  differs  from  Gresslyo- 
saurus  cf.  Plieningeri  through  its  large  proximal  posterior  elongation. 

It  appears,  therefore,  that  the  present  form  is  new  and  belongs  to  a new 
genus.  The  form  is  allied  to  Aetonyx  and  Massospondylus  and  is,  therefore, 
an  Anchisaurid.  I propose  to  call  this  new  form  Dromicosaurus  gracilis  n.  g. 
et  sp.  (8pofui<6<;  = quickly  walking).  The  slender  leg  must  have  enabled  the 
animal  to  go  quicker  than,  for  example,  Eucnemesaurus  and  also  implies  a 
more  slender  form. 

Massospondylus  Browni  Seeley. 

The  remains  which  are  being  described  under  this  name  have  been  dis- 
covered on  the  farm  St  Fort  (Letsoanastad  No.  528  of  1905  map  of  Bethlehem 
District)  by  its  owner,  Mr  H.  Walker,  who  very  generously  presented  them 
to  our  institution.  They  consist  of  a vertebral  column,  front  and  hind  legs, 
pectoral  and  pelvic  girdle,  all  of  one  animal.  The  exact  spot  of  the  occurrence 
is  in  the  Red  Beds  on  the  boundary  between  Clifton  and  St  Fort  immediately 
to  the  north  of  an  old  road  through  a Nek  crossing  this  boundary,  the  Nek 
lying  to  the  north  of  a hill  which  projects  into  the  big  bend  of  the  Little 
Caledon  River  on  St  Fort.  The  spot  lies  about  ten  feet  below  the  thick  banks 
of  the  Cave  Sandstone.  A good  search  was  made  for  the  skull  and  a portion 
of  the  neck,  which  could  not  have  been  removed  by  weathering,  but  nothing 
further  was  found. 


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119 


Cervical  Vertebrae. 

Five  of  the  neck  vertebrae  have' been  preserved.  They  form  an  unbroken 
series,  the  last  of  which  is  at  the  same  time  the  last  neck  vertebra  (PI.  XXI, 
fig.  3).  They  are  all  in  very  bad  condition,  flattened  and  crushed,  and  the  last 
one  is  nearly  unrecognisable.  The  lengths  of  their  centra  are,  from  the  anterior 
one  backwards,  9 cm.,  9 cm.,  7-5  cm.,  7*5  cm.  and  ? cm.  As  preserved  the  first 
and  second  of  the  series  are  slightly  keeled,  especially  anteriorly  and  posteriorly. 
The  third  and  fourth  are  more  strongly  keeled,  although  their  lower  borders 
are  still  concave.  The  fifth  is  strongly  keeled,  but  that  is  all  that  can  be  said 
about  it.  Most  of  the  dimensions  are  useless,  and  the  general  appearance  of 
the  vertebrae  will  be  best  understood  from  the  figures.  The  breadth  of  the 
dorsal  spine  in  the  first  four  vertebrae  is  respectively  about  5 cm.,  about  6 cm., 
about  5 cm.  and  4-5  cm.  The  praezygapophyses  of  the  second  vertebra  have  a 
length  of  about  4-5  cm.  The  articulation  surfaces  of  all  the  zygapophyses  con- 
verge downwards.  There  is  a slight  ridge  on  the  neural  arch,  just  above  and 
parallel  with  the  neural  suture.  Posteriorly  this  ridge  is  evenly  rounded,  but 
in  the  third  vertebra  its  lower  side  is  hollow  over  about  two-thirds  of  its 
length  starting  in  front,  and  it  forms,  therefore,  a downward  leaning  crista 
over  this  distance.  In  the  more  anterior  vertebrae  this  crista  is  shorter.  The 
diapophysis  is  situated  on  the  anterior  portion  of  this  crista.  It  is  not  pre- 
served. The  parapophysis,  which  is  situated  near  the  anterior  edge  of  the 
centrum,  is  either  broken  off  or  covered  by  the  proximal  end  of  a rib.  Some  of 
the  ribs  of  the  neck  vertebrae  are  in  good  preservation.  The  tuberculum 
branches  off  from  near  the  proximal  end  of  the  rib  under  an  acute  angle.  Its 
articulating  end  is  broken  off  in  most  instances ; a portion  of  it  is  preserved  in 
one  rib  and  it  is  shown  to  be  hollow  upwards.  In  this  specimen  its  length  is 
2 cm.  This  rib  probably  belongs  to  the  fourth  vertebra  of  the  series;  its 
probable  fellow  is  also  present.  The  capitulum  is  an  inward  process,  which  is 
not  given  off  at  the  extreme  proximal  end  of  the  rib,  but  slightly  distal  to  it. 
The  rib  therefore  has  a small  anterior  process  in  front  of  the  base  of  the 
capitulum.  The  capitulum  is  a thick  round  process  directed  forwards  and 
inwards,  with  an  expanded,  circular,  hollow  articulation  surface.  In  the  ribs 
which  probably  belong  to  the  fourth  vertebra  of  the  series  its  length  is  5 and 
7 mm.  and  the  breadth  of  its  articulation  surface  8 mm.  The  length  of  the 
capitulum  of  the  third  vertebra  is  3 mm.  and  the  breadth  of  its  articulation 
surface  9 mm.  In  the  second  vertebra  the  rib  has  a capitulum  with  a cup- 
shaped articulation  surface  attached  to  its  inner  side  and  near  its  end.  The 
ribs  were  so  long  when  they  were  found  that  their  thin  distal  ends  projected 
beyond  the  hinder  ends  of  the  vertebrae.  The  right  rib  of  the  first  vertebra 
still  shows  a length  of  8-5  cm.  and  both  ends  are  broken  off. 

Dorsal  Vertebrae. 

All  the  dorsal  vetebrae  have  been  preserved,  but  in  such  a bad  condition 
that  the  exact  number  of  dorsals  cannot  be  given  with  absolute  certainty. 
If  the  remains  of  a vertebra  behind  the  last  neck  vertebra  are  those  of  the 
first  dorsal,  then  the  second  dorsal  is  only  represented  by  its  zygapophyses. 
From  the  third  onwards  the  series  is  complete.  It  is  difficult  to  decide  which 
vertebra  is  the  last  dorsal.  If  the  above  assumption  is  right,  then  the  fifteenth 
of  the  series  was  the  first  between  the  ilea.  For  reasons  which  will  be  stated 
later,  I take  this  vertebra  to  be  the  first  sacral.  The  number  of  dorsals  there- 
fore is  14,  if  the  assumption  of  the  first  dorsal  is  right.  It  is  not  impossible, 
although  very  improbable,  that  a vertebra  is  missing  between  the  last  neck 


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vertebra  and  what  is  here  called  the  first  dorsal.  It  is  also  possible  that  more 
than  one  vertebra  is  missing  between  the  first  and  the  third  dorsal.  This, 
however,  is  also  very  improbable,  for  the  fossil  was  excavated  by  myself  and 
there  was  sufficient  space  for  one  vertebra  only  at  this  spot.  It  is  therefore 
fairly  certain  that  the  fossil  did  not  have  more  than  fourteen  dorsal  vertebrae. 

The  postzygapophyses  of  the  first  dorsal  are  very  long,  their  length  being 
2 cm.  Those  of  the  second  and  third  are  slightly  shorter,  while  those  of  the 
fourth  have  a length  of  i*2  cm.  The  processus  spinosus  of  the  fourth  vertebra 
has  a height  of  3 cm.  while  its  length  is  slightly  more  than  3 cm.  The  length 
of  the  centrum  of  the  fourth  vertebra  is  about  5 cm. ; that  of  the  sixth,  the 
ninth,  the  tenth,  the  twelfth  and  the  thirteenth  is  about  the  same.  All  the 
vertebrae  are  so  flattened,  however,  that  it  is  impossible  to  give  accurate 
dimensions,  and  the  above  are  only  given  to  assist  one  in  getting  some  idea 
of  the  size.  The  eighth  vertebra  shows  a thick  and  nearly  vertical  posterior 
supporting  ridge  of  the  processus  transversus.  The  ninth  shows  also  the 
narrow  anterior  one,  which  slopes  forwards  and  downwards;  at  its  anterior 
end  lies  the  large  parapophysis.  In  the  tenth  vertebra  (PI.  XXI,  fig.  2)  the 
posterior  supporting  ridge  is  thick  and  connects  the  processus  transversus 
with  the  posterior  edge  of  the  centrum.  The  anterior  supporting  ridge  lies 
nearly  horizontal.  At  its  anterior  end  and  at  the  base  of  the  praezygapophysis 
lies  the  large  parapophysis,  completely  above  the  centro-neural  suture.  In 
the  eleventh  vertebra  the  posterior  supporting  ridge  is  thick  and  the  anterior 
ridge  thin,  but  the  last  is  shorter  than  in  the  tenth  vertebra.  In  the  twelfth 
vertebra  the  posterior  supporting  ridge  is  thick  and  the  anterior  one  thin; 
the  anterior  one  is  shorter  than  in  the  eleventh  dorsal  and  to  such  an  extent 
that  the  transverse  process  and  the  parapophysis  are  nearly  touching  each 
other.  The  processus  spinosus  of  the  tenth  vertebra  has  a height  of  3-7  cm. 
and  a breadth  of  4*4  cm. 

Sacral  Vertebrae. 

The  three  sacral  vertebrae  have  also  been  preserved,  but  they  are  in  the 
same  condition  as  the  dorsals.  The  second  sacral  is  the  longest;  its  length  is 
5-4  cm.  That  of  the  first  sacral  is  4-4  cm.  and  that  of  the  third  3-8  cm.  These 
three  vertebrae  were  found  between  the  ilea.  In  the  Plateosauridae  the  second 
sacral  is  the  longest  and  for  this  reason  I take  the  longest  of  the  present  three 
to  be  the  second  sacral.  The  vertebra  in  front  of  it  must  then  be  the  first 
sacral  and  the  one  anterior  to  that  the  last  dorsal. 

Caudal  Vertebrae. 

An  unbroken  series  of  eleven  caudal  vertebrae  has  been  preserved  (PI.  XX, 
fig.  5).  The  first  caudal  is  only  represented  by  an  anterior  and  a posterior 
piece  of  its  centrum.  Haemapophyses  are  present  on  all  the  caudals  beginning 
with  the  first,  except  on  the  fourth  from  which  it  is  missing.  I cannot  be 
quite  sure  that  there  is  nothing  missing  between  the  last  sacral  and  what  I 
call  the  first  caudal,  because  there  was  a slight  fault  in  the  rock  which  had 
displaced  the  two  bones  with  regard  to  each  other.  I think  it  very  unlikely, 
however,  that  a vertebra  is  missing  between  them.  The  first  caudal  was 
wedge-shaped.  The  length  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  centra  and  their  anterior 
height  is  as  follows:  second  caudal  4 cm.  and  4-5  cm.,  third  4 cm.  and  4 cm., 
fifth  4-8  cm.  and  3-7  cm.,  sixth  4-5  cm.  and  3-4  cm.,  seventh  4-5  cm.  and 
3-4  cm.,  ninth  4*2?  cm.  and  2*8  cm.,  eleventh  4*3  cm.  and  2-6  cm.  Through 
the  crushing  of  the  vertebrae,  which,  however,  is  not  so  great  as  in  the  dorsals, 
these  measurements  do  not  give  the  actual  size  of  the  original  uncrujshed 
bones;  they  are,  however,  not  far  out,  and  they  give  some  idea  of  the  relative 


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size  of  the  vertebrae.  From  the  second  caudal  onwards  the  lower  surface  of 
all  the  centra  is  grooved.  This  groove  is  more  clearly  visible  in  the  sixth  to 
the  eleventh  caudal.  The  groove  is  deep  in  its  posterior  end,  where  it  cuts 
slightly  into  the  lower  margin  of  the  posterior  articulation  surface.  The 
transverse  processes  are  broad  and  thin;  they  are  directed  outwards,  back- 
wards and  upwards.  Their  base  is  still  broad  in  the  last  vertebra.  The  dorsal 
spines  are  high  and  narrow;  even  the  dorsal  spine  of  the  third  caudal  only 
attains  a breadth  of  1*7  cm.  in  its  upper  end,  which  is  much  less  than  half 
that  of  the  tenth  dorsal.  Its  length  was  about  6 cm.  The  dorsal  spines  of  the 
sixth  to  the  tenth  caudal  are  preserved.  There  is  an  interval  between  them 
and  the  praezygapophyses.  Their  anterior  edge  is  sharp.  The  length  of  the 
seventh  is  nearly  6 cm. ; that  of  the  tenth  nearly  4-5  cm.  The  posterior  edge 
of  the  dorsal  spine  is  a sharp  ridge  above,  but  below  this  sharp  ridge  runs  into 
a groove  formed  by  the  backward  projecting  lower  end  of  the  sides  of  the 
spine.  The  praezygapophyses  are  long  and  stand  out  forwards  and  upwards. 
Their  articulation  surfaces  are  perpendicular  in  the  sixth  to  the  tenth  caudal 
(the  others  are  not  or  too  badly  preserved)  and  each  is  parallel  with  its  fellow. 
The  postzygapophyses  are  short  and  are  situated  high  up  behind  the  dorsal 
spine. 

The  haemapophysis  of  the  first  caudal  has  lost  its  proximal  and  its  distal 
end.  As  preserved  its  length  is  9-5  cm.  That  of  the  second  caudal  has  lost 
its  distal  end  only  and  its  length  as  preserved  is  1 1 cm.  There  is  a deep  groove 
downwards  from  the  proximal  end  on  the  anterior  and  on  the  posterior  edge. 
The  haemapophysis  of  the  ninth  caudal  was  also  longer  than  11  cm.  The 
proximal  end  has  two  articulation  surfaces,  a larger  anterior  one  and  a narrow, 
half-moon  shaped  posterior  one.  The  two  surfaces  stand  in  such  a way  that, 
when  they  are  applied  to  the  vertebra,  the  axis  of  the  haemapophysis  makes 
an  angle  of  about  45 0 with  the  axis  of  the  vertebra. 

Shoulder  Girdle. 

Scapula  and  coracoid  of  the  right  side  are  present,  but  also  in  very  bad 
condition. 

The  scapula  (PI.  XVII,  fig.  1)  has  a length  of  25-5  cm.  Its  breadth  at  the 
narrowest  place  in  the  middle  is  3-8  cm.  Its  breadth  at  the  distal  end  cannot 
be  given  accurately  for  the  upper  corner  is  broken  off ; as  preserved  it  is  5-2  cm. ; 
it  may  originally  have  been  7 cm.  The  breadth  at  the  proximal  end,  from  the 
top  of  the  processus  deltoideus  as  preserved  to  the  lower  border  of  the  facies 
glenoidalis  pro  humero,  is  8-5  cm.;  originally  this  may  have  been  10-5  cm. 
The  thickness  of  the  scapula  at  its  distal  end  is  0-9  cm.  Near  the  lower  border 
of  the  curved  portion  the  thickness  is  1-7  cm.  The  thickness  of  the  bone  at 
the  articulation  surface  for  the  humerus  is  2-8  cm.  The  distal  edge  is  broken 
off  and  nothing  is  visible  of  a thickening  at  this  border.  This  may  also  be 
the  result  of  crushing.  The  processus  deltoideus  is  broken  off.  There  is  an 
indication  of  a circular  depression  in  front  of  the  processus  deltoideus,  but 
there  is  not  a trace  of  a distal  sharp  edge  to  this  depression.  The  articulation 
surface  for  the  humerus  is  broad.  Its  inner  portion  projects  further  downwards 
and  forwards  than  its  outer  portion.  The  distal  end  of  the  scapula  is  straight; 
in  its  proximal  half,  however,  the  bone  is  curved  with  the  concavity  inwards. 

The  coracoid  (PI.  XVII,  fig.  1)  is  an  outwardly  convex  and  inwardly  concave 
plate.  A large  piece  of  its  upper  portion  is  lost.  The  upper  portion  is  thin 
and  the  lower  portion  thicker.  The  articulation  surface  for  the  humerus  is 
too  much  damaged  for  description  and  the  articulation  surface  for  the  scapula 
is  covered  by  that  bone.  The  foramen  supracoracoideum  lies  at  a distance  of 


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f 


5 -5  cm.  above  the  lower  border.  It  is  a round  opening  of  about  9 mm.  dia- 
meter. The  foramen  passes  obliquely  through  the  bone,  upwards,  backwards 
and  inwards. 


Humerus. 


Both  humeri  have  been  preserved,  but  both  have  suffered  much  from 
pressure.  The  proximal  plate  of  the  right  humerus  has  been  flattened  and 
broadened,  while  the  plate  of  the  left  one  has  been  compressed.  The  shaft  of 
the  right  humerus  has  been  twisted. 

The  length  of  the  humerus  is  20-5  cm.  in  the  left  (PI.  XVII,  figs.  2 and  3) 
and  21-5  cm.  in  the  right  bone.  The  broad  surfaces  of  the  distal  end  of  the 
humerus  make  an  angle  with  those  of  the  proximal  plate.  The  thick  medial 
border  of  the  proximal  plate  is  concave.  The  caput  humeri  is  not  situated  at 
the  extreme  end  of  the  medial  border,  but  it  lies  more  inwards  on  the  upper 
border,  of  which  it  forms  the  highest  point.  From  here  the  upper  border  runs 
outwards  and  downwards  to  the  lateral  side.  The  fossa  bicipitis  lies  below 
this  border  and  is  bounded  medially  by  the  thick  medial  edge  and  laterally 
by  the  convexity  of  the  crista  radialis.  It  does  not  pass  on  to  the  shaft.  The 
crista  radialis  projects  from  the  lower  endTrf,  the  lateral  side  of  the  plate. 
Its  height  is  about  o-6  cm.,  and  its  length  about  5 cm.  The  upper  end  of  the 
crista  stands  out  from  the  rest  of  the  lateral  border  towards  the  medial  side 
and  consequently  the  medial  surface  of  the  crista  and  a portion  of  the  plate 
near  it  is  convex.  The  posterior  surface  of  the  plate  is  convex,  except  the 
portion  medial  to  the  caput  humeri,  which  is  concave,  and  the  posterior 
surface  of  the  crista,  which  is  also  concave.  There  is  a circular  depression  on 
the  posterior  surface  inwards  of  and  slightly  above  the  lower  end  of  the  crista. 
This  cavity  is  not  accidental,  for  it  is  present  in  the  same  position  in  both 
bones  (fig.  2 of  PI.  XVII  shows  it  plainly).  The  lower  end  of  the  crista  radialis 
lies  at  a distance  of  11  cm.  from  the  distal  end  of  the  condylus  lateralis.  The 
distance  between  the  upper  end  of  the  crista  and  the  medial  upper  corner  of 
the  bone  is  10  cm.  in  the  left  bone  and  is  nearly  12*5  cm.  in  the  right  one.  It 
seems  as  if  the  dimensions  of  the  left  bone  are  nearer  to  the  original. 

The  breadth  of  the  shaft  at  its  narrowest  place  is  2-5  cm.  Its  thickness 
there  is  3-3  cm.  (left  bone).  The  breadth  of  the  distal  end  is  7-4  cm.  in  the 
left  and  7 cm.  in  the  right 
bone.  The  distal  end  of 
both  bones  (text-fig.  22) 
is  flattened  and  therefore 
broader  than  originally. 

A rounded  ridge  runs  from 
the  lower  end  of  the  crista 
radialis  right  to  the  distal 
edge  of  the  condylus  later- 
alis. A broad,  low  ridge 

passes  from  the  condylus  Text-fig.  22.  Massospondylus  Bvowni.  Left  humerus. 

medialis  upwards  on  the  Out!ine  ?f  dist^  ®nd.  seen  from  below-  Anterior 
, f.  border  above.  Nat.  size, 

shaft  and  disappears  near 

the  middle  of  the  bone.  Between  these  two  ridges  the  anterior  surface  of 
the  distal  end  is  strongly  concave.  This  concavity  becomes  narrower  and 
shallower  upwards  and  disappears  in  the  middle  of  the  shaft.  The  posterior 
surface  of  the  distal  end  is  concave  along  its  middle,  but  it  seems  that  this 
concavity  is  at  least  greatly  exaggerated  by  pressure.  The  condyles  are  not 
produced  backwards  and  they  stand  out  slightly  anteriorly.  The  articulation 


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123 


surface  stands  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  bone.  The  ulnar  condyle  is 
broad  and  not  thick,  the  radial  condyle  is  narrow  and  thick.  Thickness  of  the 
ulnar  condyle  2-5  cm.,  of  the  radial  condyle  3-5  cm.  Breadth  of  the  ulnar 
condyle  about  3 cm.  and  of  the  radial  condyle  1-5  cm.,  all  of  the  left  humerus. 

Ulna  and  Radius. 


Both  lower  arms  are  present.  Ulna  and  radius  of  the  right  arm  have 
suffered  badly  from  pressure.  Those  of  the  left  arm  have  also  suffered,  but 
they  are  in  better  condition  than  those  of  the  right. 

Ulna.  The  left  ulna  (PI.  XVIII,  figs.  2 and  4)  has  a length  of  14  cm.  The 
postero-medial  edge  of  the  bone  has  a sig- 
moidal shape,  its  upper  end  being  convex  and 
its  lower  end  concave  inwards  and  forwards; 
the  antero-lateral  edge  is  proximally  concave 
outwards,  in  the  middle  straight  or  slightly 
convex  and  its  lower  end  again  concave 
towards  the  lateral  side.  The  proximal  end 
is  slightly  bent  forwards  and  runs  out  an- 
teriorly into  a sharp  point.  The  posterior 
portion  of  the  proximal  end  is  much  higher 
than  the  anterior  portion,  the  difference  in 
height  being  1-7  cm.  This  portion  is  dome- 
shaped ; in  front  of  it  lies  the  concave  articula- 
tion surface.  The  antero-medial  border  of  the 

proximal  surface  (text-fig.  23)  is  sigmoidal.  ft  ulna.^OuUine 


of  proximal  end  seen  from 
above.  Anterior  end  below 
and  antero-medial  border  to 
the  left.  Nat.  size. 


Its  anterior  end  is  convex;  in  the  middle  it  is 
concave  and  its  extreme  posterior  end  is 
convex.  The  lateral  border  of  the  proximal 
surface  is  slightly  concave,  while  the  hinder 
border  is  convex  backwards  and  upwards.  The  proximal  surface  has  a 
triangular  shape.  The  anterior  angle  is  very  sharp;  the  postero-medial  angle, 
formed  by  the  antero-medial  border  and  the  hinder 
border,  is  also  acute,  but  broadly  rounded,  while  the 
latero-posterior  angle,  formed  by  the  posterior  and 
lateral  borders,  is  obtuse.  The  shaft  is  concave  below 
the  lateral  border  of  the  proximal  surface.  Below 
the  posterior  border  the  surface  of  the  shaft  is  concave 
in  one  bone  and  convex  in  the  other;  it  seems  that 
the  concavity  is  wholly  due  to  pressure  and  that, 
therefore,  the  bone  was  originally  convex  in  this 

region.  In  both  cases  the  latero-posterior  angle  of  ^ assos^on ' 

the  proximal  surface  and  the  surface  of  the  shaft  for 
a short  distance  beneath  it  stand  out  from  the  bone 
backwards  and  outwards.  The  antero-medial  border 
of  the  proximal  surface  has  a length  of  5*4  cm.>  the 
lateral  border  a length  of  4 cm.  and  the  hinder  border 
a length  of  3-2  cm.  The  thickness  of  the  bone,  taken  over  the  latero-posterior 
angle,  is  2*4  cm.  The  antero-medial  surface  of  the  bone  is  concave  from  the 
antero-lateral  border  to  the  postero-medial  border.  Whether  this  was  originally 
so  in  the  middle  of  the  shaft  is  not  certain.  The  postero-medial  edge  of  the  whole 
bone  is  broadly  rounded ; a large  portion  of  its  upper  end  is  rough  and  served 
for  the  attachment  of  muscles.  The  upper  part  of  the  antero-medial  surface 
is  covered  with  short  longitudinal  grooves,  which  probably  served  for  the 


dylus  Browni.  Left 
ulna.  Outline  of  distal 
end  seen  from  below. 
Medial  end  to  the  left, 
posterior  border  be- 
low. Nat.  size. 


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attachment  of  ligaments.  At  its  narrowest  place  the  shaft  has  a breadth  of 
2*3  cm.  and  a thickness  of  i-2  cm.  The  distal  end  (text-fig.  24)  has  a breadth 
of  37  cm.  and  a thickness  of  1-9  cm.  Its  anterior  end  is  turned  to  the  lateral 
side  and  its  posterior  end  to  the  medial  side.  Its  long  axis  makes  an  angle  of 
about  25 0 with  the  long  diameter  of  the  proximal  end.  The  distal  articulation 
surface  has  two  facets.  The  postero-lateral  part  of  the  articulation  surface 
passes  somewhat  upwards  on  to  the  shaft.  The  antero-medial  edge  of  the 
distal  end  of  the  bone  has  two  longitudinal  ridges,  separated  by  a groove. 
The  postero-lateral  ridge  is  high,  the  antero-medial  one  forms  the  slightly 
prominent  border  of  the  antero-medial  surface. 

Radius.  The  radius  (PI.  XVIII,  figs.  1 and  3)  has  a greatest  length  of  13-3  cm. 
The  antero-lateral  edge  of  the  bone  has  a length  of  12-3  cm.  The  proximal 
end  of  the  radius  is  broad  and  thin  (text- 
fig.  25).  Its  breadth  is  3-6  cm.  This  was 
originally  a few  millimetres  more,  for  the 
postero-medial  corner  of  the  proximal  end 
is  broken  off.  Its  thickness  is  17  cm.  The 
proximal  articulation  surface  is  concave 
from  the  high  posterior  end  of  the  antero- 
medial border  to  the  slightly  lower  anterior 
end  of  the  postero-lateral  border.  The 
breadth  of  the  shaft  at  its  narrowest  place 
is  i-8  cm.  and  its  thickness  1*3  cm.  The 
distal  articulation  surface  has  a length  of 

3-5  cm.  (text-fig.  25)  and  a breadth  of  Text-fig.  25.  Massospondylus Browni. 
i*9  cm.  The  fairly  flat  surface  slopes  from 
the  postero-medial  corner  downwards  to 
the  antero-lateral  end.  Both  the  antero- 
lateral and  the  postero-medial  edges  are 
concave,  but  the  antero-lateral  one  is  convex  at  the  distal  end.  This  gives 
the  impression  that  the  distal  end  is  bent  slightly  backwards  and  to  the 
medial  side.  The  distal  end  of  the  antero-lateral  edge  bears  a sharp  ridge, 
which  runs  from  the  articulation  surface  upwards  for  a short  distance,  and 
which  leans  forwards.  The  postero-medial  edge  of  the  distal  end  is  fairly  sharp. 


Left  radius.  Outline  of  proximal 
and  distal  end  seen  from  above 
and  below  respectively.  Anterior 
border  above.  Nat.  size. 


Carpus. 

Two  carpalia  are  preserved  in  both  hands.  Those  of  the  right  hand,  how- 
ever, are  fragmentary.  A large  flat  bone  was  situated  behind  the  first  meta- 
carpale  and  is  apparently  the  first  carpale.  A small  bone  was  situated  lateral 
to  this  one  and  was  evidently  displaced.  It  is  most  probably  the  second 
carpale.  Both  bones  have  been  completely  covered  by  cartilage. 

First  carpale  (PL  XVII,  fig.  5).  The  breadth  of  the  bone  is  4 cm.  This  may 
have  been  slightly  greater,  for  the  extreme  upper  medial  corner  is  broken  off. 
Its  height  is  2-5  cm.,  its  medial  thickness  i-i  cm.  and  its  lateral  thickness 
o-8  cm.  The  medial  portion  of  the  anterior  surface  is  convex  in  its  lower  half, 
while  its  upper  half  is  concave.  The  lateral  portion  of  the  anterior  surface  is 
also  concave.  The  two  concave  surfaces  are  separated  by  a rounded  ridge. 
The  lateral  concave  surface  occupies  about  one-third  of  the  anterior  surface. 
The  posterior  surface  is  convex.  The  upper  edge  of  the  bone  is  slightly  da- 
maged. The  medial  edge  is  thick,  and  convex  forwards,  inwards  and  down- 
wards. The  lower  edge  is  broad  and  in  its  middle  lies  a pit,  probably  for  the 
attachment  of  a ligament.  The  lateral  edge  is  thin  and  projects  towards  the 
lateral  side  in  its  middle.  The  upper  edge  was  thin.  This  bone  can  be  fitted 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  125 


on  to  the  proximal  end  of  the  first  metacarpale  in  such  a way  that  the  upper 
edge  of  the  bone  lies  at  the  same  level  as  the  upper  edge  of  the  proximal 
articulation  surface  of  the  first  metacarpale.  In  this  case  the  lower  and  the 
medial  edges  of  the  carpale  project  downwards  beyond  the  lower  edge  of  the 
articulation  surface  of  the  metacarpale.  The  ridge  on  the  anterior  surface  of 
the  carpale  will  then  lie  on  the  lateral  proximal  edge  of  the  metacarpale,  so 
that  the  whole  concave  lateral  portion  of  the  anterior  surface  of  the  carpale 
projects  beyond  the  lateral  side  of  the  metacarpale. 

Second  carpale  (PI.  XVII,  fig.  6).  The  greatest  dimension  of  the  bone  is 
2*5  cm.  When  fitted  in  position,  this  dimension  runs  from  above  downwards 
and  inwards.  Its  breadth  is  13  cm.  Its  thickness  below  is  1 cm.  and  above  it 
ends  in  a sharp  edge.  Its  posterior  surface  is  convex  and  its  anterior  surface 
concave.  Its  nearly  square  lower  surface  is  flat  and  has  a pit  in  the  middle 
for  the  attachment  of  a ligament. 

The  second  metacarpale  fits  exactly  with  its  convex  posterior  surface  into 
the  concave  lateral  portion  of  the  anterior  surface  of  the  first  metacarpale. 
Its  upper  end  lies  in  this  case  near  the  lateral  production  of  the  lateral  border 
of  the  first  metacarpale,  and  its  lower  surface  lies  practically  in  the  same 
plane  as  the  lower  proximal  edge  of  the  first  metacarpale.  The  two  ligament 
pits  are  then  exactly  opposite  each  other.  When  the  second  metacarpale  is 
now  fitted  into  place,  it  will  be  found  that  its  proximal  surface  lies  practically 
at  the  same  level  as  that  of  the  first  metacarpale.  The  second  carpale  appears 
to  be  situated  between  the  second  metacarpale  and  the  first  carpale,  while 
on  its  medial  side  it  touches  the  first  metacarpale  and  on  its  lateral  side  would 
probably  touch  the  third  carpale. 

Hand. 

Both  hands  are  complete,  but  the  left  one  is  much  better  preserved  than 
the  right.  The  hand  will  be  described  as  if  it  were  stretched  out  with  the 
palmar  side  downwards.  Compare  also  PI.  XVIII,  fig.  5,  PI.  XIX,  fig.  1 and 
text-figs.  26  and  27. 

Metacarpale  I can  easily  be  recognised  from  the  others  by  its  remarkable 
shape  (text-figs.  26  and  27).  The  proximal  articulation  surface  has  a quad- 
rangular shape.  The  two  lateral  corners  of  this 
quadrangle  are  drawn  out  and  far  apart,  while 
the  two  medial  corners  are  rounded  and  close 
together.  The  shaft  is  very  short.  Two  ridges 
run  towards  the  distal  end  from  the  lateral 
corners  of  the  proximal  end.  The  ridge  starting 
at  the  lower  lateral  corner  is  sharp  and  high  and 
ends  in  the  middle  of  the  shaft.  The  superior 
lateral  ridge  is  also  high  and  sharp,  but  it  runs 
right  down  to  the  distal  end,  where  it  branches 
around  the  lateral  collateral  pit.  The  lower 
medial  corner  of  the  proximal  articulation 
surface  is  nearer  to  the  distal  end  than  other 
parts  of  the  surface.  The  axis  of  the  distal 
articulation  surface  is  not  parallel  with  that  of 
the  proximal  surface.  Its  lateral  end  is  higher 
and  its  medial  end  lower  than  in  the  proximal 
axis  and  moreover  the  lateral  end  projects  much 
further  distally  than  the  medial  end.  The  distal 
end  is  therefore  twisted  to  the  medial  side.  The  two  portions  of  the  distal 


Text-fig.  26.  Massospondylus 
Browni.  Metacarpale  I of 
the  left  hand.  Outline  view 
from  above  and  slightly 
medial,  showing  the  extent 
to  which  it  was  covered 
with  cartilage.  Nat.  size. 


9 


126 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


articulation  surface  are  divided  by  a groove.  The  two  collateral  pits  are 
deep.  The  articulation  surface  runs  right  round  on  the  lower  border  of  the 
medial  collateral  pit.  The  lateral  portion  is  drawn  out  to  a point  above  the 
lateral  collateral  pit  and  also  below  it.  The  lower  surface  is  sharply  concave 
immediately  behind  the  groove  dividing  the  portions  of  the  articulation 
surface. 

Metacarpale  II  is  the  longest.  Its  proximal  articulation  surface  is  tri- 
angular (text-fig.  27).  The  whole  surface  is  convex.  Laterally  it  runs  out 
into  a narrow  strip.  This  is  the  proximal  face  of  a very  high,  thin  ridge, 
which  subsides  on  the  shaft  before  reaching  the  distal  end.  A ridge  runs  from 
one  of  the  corners  of  the  proximal  surface  over  the  upper  surface  of  the  bone 
towards  the  distal  end,  and  disappears  before  reaching  the  middle  of  the  shaft. 
The  lower  surface  of  the  proximal  end  has  a broad,  low  ridge,  which  starts 
near  the  proximal  surface  and  runs  towards  the  middle  of  the  shaft.  There 
is  a small  concavity  on  both  sides  of  this  ridge.  The  inferior  part  of  the  distal 
end  is  much  broader  than  the  superior  part,  for  the  medial  collateral  pit  opens 
upwards  and  inwards.  Both  collateral  pits  are  deep.  A division  of  the  distal 
articulation  surface  is  only  indicated.  The  articulation  surface  passes  much 
further  on  to  the  lower  than  on  to  the  upper  surface  of  the  bone.  The  distal 
end  is  twisted  somewhat  to  the  lateral  side. 


Text-fig.  27.  Massospondylus  Browni.  Left  hand.  Outline  in  relative  position  of 
proximal  ends  of  metacarpalia.  Metacarpale  V is  deformed  and  could  not  be 
fitted  into  position.  Nat.  size. 

Metacarpale  III.  This  is  shorter  and  much  more  slender  than  II.  Its 
proximal  articulation  surface  is  also  triangular.  The  three  ridges  running  from 
the  corners  of  the  proximal  surface  along  the  sides  and  upper  surface  of  the 
shaft  towards  the  distal  end  subside  in  the  shaft  before  reaching  its  middle. 
The  lateral  portion  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  proximal  end  is  concave;  its 
narrower  medial  portion  is  occupied  by  a broadly  rounded  ridge,  which  sub- 
sides in  the  middle  of  the  shaft.  The  inferior  part  of  the  distal  end  is  broader 
than  the  upper  part,  because  both  collateral  pits  open  upwards.  The  articu- 
lation surface  passes  further  on  to  the  lower  than  on  to  the  upper  surface  of 
the  bone.  The  distal  end  is  twisted  somewhat  to  the  lateral  side. 

Metacarpale  IV  is  more  slender  than  III.  Both  its  ends  are  relatively 
thicker.  The  proximal  end  has  a triangular  shape  (text-fig.  27),  but  the  upper 
angle  does  not  lie  in  the  middle  of  the  upper  surface  as  in  the  metacarpalia  II 
and  III,  but  on  the  extreme  medial  side.  The  upper  angle  is  a thick  rounded 
knob,  which  continues  on  to  the  shaft  for  a very  short  distance  only.  The 
lower  medial  angle  is  sharp  and  it  sends  a very  short,  sharp  ridge  forwards. 
The  lateral  angle  is  broadly  rounded.  The  distal  end  is  narrow  and  thick. 
The  upper  and  lower  breadth  is  practically  the  same.  The  shaft  has  a tri- 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


127 


angular  section  with  a vertical  medial  side.  The  distal  end  is  slightly  twisted 
to  the  medial  side. 

Metacarpale  V is  different  in  the  two  hands,  but  the  left  has  suffered  from 
pressure  and  the  right  has  completely  escaped  this  misfortune  (text-fig.  27). 
The  proximal  end  has  a triangular  shape  of  the  same  type  as  that  of  meta- 
carpale IV,  only  narrower  and  higher.  The  upper  angle,  which  lies  on  the 
extreme  medial  side  of  the  upper  surface,  is  very  broadly  rounded.  The 
lateral  corner  is  also  very  broadly  rounded.  The  lower  medial  corner  is  sharp 
and  narrow;  between  this  corner  and  the  upper  one  lies  a concave  surface. 
The  proximal  articulation  surface  is  greatly  convex,  except  the  lower  portion, 
which  is  concave.  The  upper  corner  passes  further  forward  on  the  shaft  than 
any  other  portion  of  the  articulation  surface.  The  distal  end  is  convex.  Later- 
ally it  runs  out  into  a knob-like  point;  medially  it  is  broadly  rounded.  A 
section  of  the  shaft  is  more  or  less  triangular,  with  a nearly  vertical  medial 
side  and  a convex  lower  one.  The  longest  dimension  of  the  distal  articulation 
surface  stands  from  above  downwards  and  inwards.  This  metacarpale  does 
not  possess  collateral  pits. 

Phalanges.  The  first  phalanx  of  the  first  digit  is  a remarkable  bone.  Its 
distal  end  is  twisted  nearly  45 0 on  its  proximal  end.  The  proximal  articulation 
surface  has  a trapezoidal  shape.  Its  lateral  side,  however,  is  convex  and  its 
medial  side  is  concave  above  and  convex  below.  The  lower  medial  corner  of 
the  surface  is  tongue-shaped  and  projects  far  to  the  medial  side.  The  whole 
surface  is  deeply  convex;  it  is  divided  into  two  unequal  portions  by  a slight 
ridge;  the  lateral  portion  is  the  larger,  the  medial  portion  only  consisting  of 
a narrow  strip  along  its  concave  border  and  of  the  tongue-shaped  lower  corner. 
The  lower  border  is  slightly  concave  below  the  end  of  the  ridge  over  the 
articulation  surface.  The  distal  end  is  pulley-shaped.  The  groove  between 
the  two  portions  stands  obliquely  from  above  downwards  and  inwards.  Its 
lateral  side  projects  further  forwards  than  its  medial  side,  but  the  medial 
portion  of  the  articulation  surface  passes  further  backwards  on  the  lower 
surface  than  the  lateral  portion.  The  lateral  collateral  pit  is  deeper  than  the 
medial  one. 

Excepting  the  claws,  the  phalanges  of  the  second  and  third  fingers  have 
all  the  same  general  shape.  The  contour  of  the  proximal  surface  of  all  these 
phalanges  is  trapezoidal.  The  proximal  articulation  surface  of  II,  1 and  III,  1 
is  deeply  hollow  and  not  divided  by  a ridge.  The  upper  posterior  end  of  the 
phalanges  does  not  project  far  backwards.  The  lateral  side  of  their  distal  end 
projects  further  forwards  than  the  medial  side.  The  distal  end  of  II,  1 is 
twisted  to  the  lateral  side,  that  of  III,  1 slightly  so.  There  is  a slight  con- 
cavity behind  the  anterior  articulation  surface  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
bone.  The  lateral  collateral  pit  is  deeper  than  the  medial  one. 

As  in  the  foot  there  is  no  pit  behind  the  articulation  surface  on  the  upper 
surface  of  all  the  penultimate  phalanges  of  the  hand.  The  proximal  articula- 
tion surface  of  both  penultimate  phalanges  of  the  second  and  third  fingers  is 
divided  into  two  portions  by  a ridge.  The  lateral  portion  is  broader  than  the 
medial  one.  The  penultimate  phalanx  of  the  second  finger  differs  from  that  of 
the  third,  except  in  size,  through  the  upper  portion  of  the  medial  border  of 
the  proximal  surface  being  concave  in  the  former  and  straight  in  the  latter. 
A further  difference  is,  that  in  the  penultimate  phalanx  of  the  second  finger 
the  lateral  side  of  the  distal  articulation  surface  passes  slightly  further  down- 
wards than  the  medial  side,  whereas  in  the  penultimate  phalanx  of  the  third 
finger  this  is  just  the  reverse.  Both  phalanges  have  a broad  and  thick  upper 
posterior  process.  The  distal  articulation  surface  of  both  phalanges  passes 


9—2 


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much  further  backwards  on  the  lower  than  on  the  upper  surface.  Their  lateral 
collateral  pit  is  deeper  than  their  medial  one. 

The  second  phalanx  of  the  third  finger  has  a divided  proximal  articulation 
surface.  There  is  no  pit  behind  the  distal  articulation  surface  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  bone,  and  contrary  to  the  condition  in  the  penultimate  phalanges 
of  the  second  and  third  fingers,  where  one  side  of  the  distal  end  does  practically 
not  project  beyond  the  other,  the  lateral  side  of  the  distal  end  of  this  phalanx 
projects  beyond  its  medial  side.  The  lateral  collateral  pit  is  deeper  than  the 
medial  one.  The  lateral  portion  of  the  distal  articulation  surface  of  II,  i,  III,  i 
and  III,  2 is  broader  than  the  medial  portion. 

The  fourth  and  fifth  fingers  are  remarkable.  The  fourth  has  only  three 
phalanges  and  the  fifth  only  two.  The  phalanges  of  both  fingers  can  be  re- 
cognised by  their  plainness.  None  of  them  has  a superior-posterior  process. 
The  first  phalanx  of  the  fourth  finger  has  an  evenly  concave  proximal  articu- 
lation surface.  The  distal  articulation  surface  is  evenly  convex;  there  is  no 
pit  behind  it  on  the  upper  surface.  The  second  phalanx  has  an  evenly  concave 
proximal  and  an  evenly  convex  distal  articulation  surface.  There  is  no  pit  on 
the  upper  surface.  The  collateral  pits  are  represented  by  very  slight  con- 
cavities, bordered  below  by  a knob-like  process.  The  endphalanx  of  this 
finger  is  a remarkable,  small,  three-edged  body.  Two  of  the  edges  border  the 
very  slightly  concave  articulation  surface.  The  third  edge  forms  the  sides  and 
the  anterior  end  of  the  bone.  The  first  phalanx  of  the  fifth  finger  has  an 
oval-shaped  evenly  concave,  proximal  articulation  surface.  It  stands  some- 
what obliquely  on  the  axis  of  the  bone,  the  superior  border  lying  further 
forwards.  The  distal  articulation  surface  is  evenly  convex  and  its  lower 
lateral  side  sends  a small  process  backwards  below  the  collateral  pit.  The 
endphalanx  of  the  fifth  finger  has  the  same  general  shape  as  the  endphalanx 
of  the  fifth  digit  of  the  foot.  Its  proximal  articulation  surface  is  oval-shaped 
and  very  slightly  concave.  It  stands  obliquely  on  the  axis  of  the  bone  for  its 
superior  edge  lies  much  further  forwards  than  its  inferior  one.  The  inner  edge 
of  the  bone  is  straight  and  the  outer-anterior  one  evenly  convex  from  the 
inner-anterior  end  to  the  outer-posterior  end.  The  anterior  portion  and  part 
of  the  outer  portion  of  this  edge  has  been  covered  with  cartilage. 

The  clawphalanx  of  the  first  finger  is  high  and  strongly  curved  (PI.  XVII, 
fig.  4).  The  groove  for  the  claw  lies  slightly  deeper  on  the  medial  than  on  the 
lateral  side.  There  is  a broad  ridge  on  each  side  below  this  groove.  The  highest 
part  of  this  ridge  on  the  medial  side  lies  below  its  middle  line,  while  the 
highest  part  of  the  lateral  ridge  follows  the  middle  line  of  the  ridge.  The 
proximal  ends  of  both  ridges  terminate  some  distance  in  front  of  the  articula- 
tion surface  by  a low,  sharp,  curved  ridge.  The  medial  ridge  passes  further 
backwards  than  the  lateral  one.  The  distal  end  of  the  medial  ridge  lies  slightly 
higher  than  that  of  the  lateral  one.  There  is  a broad  thick  "boss  on  both  sides 
in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  articulation  surface.  The  boss  on  the  lateral  side 
is  thicker  and  is  situated  higher  up  the  side  of  the  bone  than  the  medial  one. 
The  bosses  are  separated  from  the  just  mentioned  ridges  on  their  respective 
sides  by  a broad  groove.  These  grooves  pass  downwards  and  backwards  above 
the  boss  for  the  flexor  tendon,  where  they  become  deep  and  narrow,  and  con- 
tinuing come  very  near  to  each  other  behind  it.  Upwards  they  are  continuous, 
with  the  grooves  for  the  claw.  The  tuberositas  for  the  flexor  tendon  is  divided 
into  two  portions  by  a longitudinal  groove,  which  lies  to  the  lateral  side  of 
the  middle  line  on  the  lower  surface.  The  lateral  portion  of  the  tuberositas, 
which  lies  higher  on  the  lateral  side  than  the  inner  portion  on  the  medial  one, 
is  high  and  narrow,  while  the  inner  portion  is  low  and  broad.  As  in  all  these 


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129 


clawphalanges,  the  articulation  surface  is  divided  by  a vertical  ridge  into  two 
parts,  of  which  in  this  case  the  medial  one  is  slightly  broader  in  its  lower  end 
than  the  lateral  one.  Through  the  position  of  the  distal  articulation  surface 
of  the  preceding  phalanx,  the  clawphalanx  must  lie  obliquely  from  above 
downwards  and  inwards.  The  clawphalanges  of  the  second  and  third  fingers 
are  much  less  curved.  The  lateral  groove  for  the  claw  is  slightly  higher  than 
the  medial  one,  although  the  difference  in  height  is  scarcely  noticeable  in  the 
third  clawphalanx. 

Measurements  of  metacarpalia  and  phalanges  of  the  left  hand  in  centi- 
metres (for  the  fifth  metacarpale  those  of  the  right  hand  have  been  sub- 
stituted) : 


Length 

Proximal 

Distal 

Breadth 

Thickness 

Breadth 

Thickness 

I 

4-2 

3-4 

2-4 

inf. 

3‘4 

sup. 

3-3 

i*7 

I,  I 

3*5 

3-2 

2-7 

2*2 

1-2 

2-1 

I,  2 

6-3 

i-6 

3-4 

— 

— 

— 

II 

5-6 

3*2 

i-6 

2-6 

i*7 

i-8 

II,  I 

2-8 

2-5 

2 

2-1 

1’4 

i-6 

II,  2 

2-7 

i-9 

i*9 

1-7 

1 

i-6 

IT  3 

4-6 

1‘3 

2 

— 

— 

— 

III 

5-i 

2-6 

1*2 

2 

i*3 

1-2 

III,  I 

2-3 

i*9 

i‘4 

i-8 

1-2 

I-I 

III,  2 

i*9 

i*6 

i*5 

i-6 

I-I 

I-I 

III.  3 

i-8 

i*4 

i-3 

i-3 

o-8 

I 

III,  4 

3-i 

i-4 

1 

— 

— 

— 

IV 

4‘3 

i-8 

i-6 

i*5 

i*3 

I-I 

IV,  1 

i-8 

i*4 

1 

1-2 

1 

0-9 

IV,  2 

1*2 

o-9 

0-9 

I 

o-6 

o-6  * 

IV,  3 

o-6 

o-7 

o-5 

— 

— 

— 

V 

2-8 

1-7 

i-6 

i'5 

1 

V,  i 

i-6 

i-3 

o-8 

1 

o-6 

V,  2 

1 

o-7 

o-5 

- 

- 

0-3 

A few  millimetres  are  missing  from  the  extreme  end  of  the  clawphalanx 
of  the  first  finger.  The  length  of  its  lower  surface  has  been  taken  for  the  length 
of  the  ultimate  phalanx  of  the  fourth  finger. 

Ileum. 

Both  ilea  are  preserved,  but  they  have  suffered  greatly  from  pressure. 
The  ileum  is  a broad  plate  with  a short  spina  anterior  and  a long  spina  pos- 
terior (PI.  XIX,  fig.  2) . The  acetabulum  cuts  deep  into  the  bone  and  is  bordered 
in  front  by  a long  processus  praeacetabularis  and  behind  by  a short  processus 
postacetabularis.  The  upper  portion  of  the  ileum  is  thin,  the  lower  portion 
thicker.  Both  spina  anterior  and  posterior  are  directed  outwards  and  the 
outer  surface  of  the  bone  is  therefore  concave.  The  length  of  the  bone  from 
the  spina  iliaca  anterior  to  the  spina  posterior  is  19-9  cm.  in  the  left  and  nearly 
21  cm.  in  the  right  ileum.  The  upper  border,  which  is  damaged,  is  convex. 
The  outer  surface  of  both  spinae  and  of  the  upper  border  as  far  as  preserved 
is  coarse,  and  has  apparently  served  for  the  attachment  of  muscles.  This 
coarse  surface  is  especially  large  on  the  spina  posterior.  The  hinder  end  of 
the  spina  posterior  is  truncated.  Nothing  can  be  said  of  the  medial  surface 
of  the  bone,  for  in  both  cases  it  is  covered  by  matrix  and  other  bone  material, 
which  could  not  be  removed.  The  height  of  the  ileum,  from  the  processus 


I3° 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


postacetabularis  to  the  upper  border,  is  13  cm.  in  the  left  and  13-5  cm.  in  the 
right  ileum.  The  acetabular  notch  has  a depth  of  5 cm.  and  a breadth  of  10  cm. 
in  the  left  ileum.  The  crista  supra-acetabularis  projects  to  the  lateral  side  as 
a sharp,  thin  ridge  from  the  proximal  two-thirds  of  the  processus  praeacetabu- 
laris.  Probably  it  continued  right  down  to  the  distal  end  of  the  processus 
praeacetabularis.  This  ridge  becomes  thicker  and  lower  on  the  iliac  plate, 
where  it  dies  out  before  reaching  the  processus  postacetabularis.  The  ace- 
tabular surface  has  a breadth  of  3 cm.  in  the  left  ileum  and  of  4 cm.  in  the 
right  one.  It  is  concave  in  all  directions.  The  inner  border  of  the  acetabular 
surface  is  a sharp  ridge . The  processus  praeacetabularis  reaches  further  forwards 
than  the  spina  iliaca  anterior.  There  is  a deep  notch  between  the  two,  which 
is  much  wider  in  the  right  than  in  the  left  ileum,  probably  a result  of  pressure. 
The  length  of  the  processus  praeacetabularis  is  9-5  cm.  There  are  two  sacral 
ribs  (?)  on  the  medial  side  of  the  right  ileum.  The  posterior  one  is  situated 
on  the  hinder  border  of  the  bone,  and  both  have  been  pressed  into  the  bony 
matter  of  the  ileum.  They  are  just  where  one  expects  the  crista  medialis. 
The  acetabulum  of  the  left  ileum  gives  one  the  impression  that  in  the  natural 
position  of  the  bone  the  end  of  the  spina  iliaca  anterior  was  situated  nearly 
perpendicularly  above  the  head  of  the  femur. 

Pubis. 

Both  pubes  are  present,  but  in  a very  bad  condition.  The  distal  portion 
of  the  right  pubis  is  missing.  The  processus  subacetabularis  and  the  down- 
ward bent  portion  at  the  upper  inner  corner  of  the  pubic  plate  of  both  pubes 
are  missing  (PI.  XIX,  fig.  3) . When  found  the  pubes  were  lying  parallel  and  near 
to  each  other,  but  there  was  no  bony  connection  between  the  pubic  plates. 
However,  it  seems  not  improbable  that  the  pubic  plates  were  originally 
coalesced.  The  medial  borders  of  both  plates  are  fractured  over  their  whole 
length.  Although  very  much  flattened,  the  right  pubis  still  shows  that  the 
neck  has  an  anterior  and  a medial  surface,  which  round  off  broadly  into  each 
other.  The  lateral  posterior  surface  of  the  neck  is  convex.  The  inner  border 
of  the  neck  is  sharp.  The  shape  of  the  neck  is,  therefore,  essentially  the  same 
as  that  of  the  pubis  of  Dromicosaurus  gracilis . The  length  of  the  right  pubis 
as  presefved  is  28  cm.  The  breadth  of  the  pubic  plate  in  the  middle,  as  pre- 
served, is  more  than  4 cm. 

Ischium. 

The  proximal  portions  of  both  ischia  are  present.  They  are  completely 
flattened  out  and  so  crushed  generally,  that  it  will  suffice  to  figure  them 
(PI.  XIX,  fig.  4).  It  seems,  however,  that  the  articulatio  iliaca  made  a much 
larger  angle  with  the  general  long  axis  of  the  bone  than  in  Dromicosaurus 
gracilis. 

Femur. 

Both  femora  are  present,  but  they  are  badly  crushed.  The  left  femur 
(PI.  XX,  figs.  1 and  2)  was  broken  in  several  places,  but  the  pieces  were  fitted 
together  and  joined  with  plaster  of  Paris  by  myself;  these  fractures  have  had 
no  influence  on  the  length  of  the  bone.  Both  bones  are  curved  sigmoidally, 
concave  above  and  convex  below  towards  the  front.  Most  of  the  curvature, 
however,  has  been  crushed  out  of  the  right  femur.  The  length  of  both  femora 
is  35  cm.  The  breadth  of  the  proximal  end,  measured  from  the  tip  of  the  caput 
femoris  to  the  lateral  side,  is  10  cm.  in  the  left  and  9-5  cm.  in  the  right  femur. 
These  measurements  are  of  course  very  much  exaggerated  through  the  crushing 
of  the  bone.  The  original  breadth  can  easily  have  been  1 cm.  less.  The  caput 
femoris  is  directed  inwards;  as  preserved  its  height  is  about  4 cm.  and  its 


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131 


breadth  about  2 cm. ; originally  the  breadth  may  have  been  greater  than  the 
height.  The  proximal  surface  is  convex  and  forms  an  angle  with  the  lateral 
side.  The  trochanter  minor  lies  on  the  hinder  surface  at  the  border  of  the 
proximal  surface  and  nearer  to  the  medial  end  of  the  caput  femoris  than  to 
the  lateral  side  of  the  bone.  The  upper  end  of  the  trochanter  major  is  broken 
off  in  both  bones.  It  was  situated  at  a distance  of  6*2  cm.  from  the  proximal 
end  in  the  left  femur;  this  distance  is  5-5  cm.  in  the  right  bone.  There  is  a 
broad,  deep  groove  between  the  lateral  side  of  the  trochanter  and  the  general 
surface  of  the  bone.  The  height  of  the  trochanter,  as  preserved  in  the  left 
femur,  is  9 cm.  The  lower  end  of  the  trochanter  is  not  visible.  Between  its 
proximal  end  and  the  trochanter  major  the  femur  was  broader  and  thinner 
than  further  downwards.  Both  bones  are  so  badly  crushed  that  nothing  can 
be  seen  of  the  ridge,  which  in  other  femora  runs  from  the  trochanter  major 
towards  the  condylus  medialis.  The  lateral  side  of  the  proximal  end  is  slightly 
convex  and  the  medial  side  concave.  Therefore  the  proximal  end  of  the  femur 
is  slightly  bent  inwards. 

The  trochanter  quartus  begins  at  a distance  of  9 cm.  from  the  proximal 
end  in  the  right  femur.  This  distance  is  10  cm.  in  the  left  one.  It  terminates 
at  a distance  of  15-5  cm.  in  the  right  and  16-5  cm.  in  the  left  femur  from  the 
proximal  end  of  the  bone.  This  lower  end  lies  at  a distance  of  18-5  cm.  in  the 
left  and  19*5  cm.  in  the  right  bone  from  the  distal  end.  The  height  of  the 
trochanter  is  2 cm.  Its  medial  side  is  steep  and  its  lateral  side  less  so.  The 
proximal  end  of  the  trochanter  forms  a very  pronounced  ridge ; a second  ridge, 
medial  to  this  first  one,  is  only  indicated  by  a slightly  greater  convexity  of 
the  lateral  side  of  the  trochanter.  The  trochanter  is  situated  nearer  to  the 
medial  than  to  the  lateral  side  of  the  bone.  Its  lateral  side  is  convex  and  its 
medial  side  concave.  The  fossa  intercondyloidea  begins  at  about  11  cm.  above 
the  distal  end.  Its  upper  end  lies  nearer  to  the  medial  than  to  the  lateral  side 
of  the  bone,  and  its  lower  end  is  slightly  further  away  from  the  medial  side. 
The  condylus  medialis  has  a breadth  of  2-8  cm.  in  the  left  femur  and  a breadth 
of  2*4  cm.  in  the  right  one.  In  the  right  femur  the  condyles  have  been  pressed 
very  much  to  the  medial  side  and  flattened;  in  the  left  one  they  have  been 
slightly  pressed  to  the  lateral  side.  The  height  of  the  condylus  medialis  is 
3-8  cm.  It  projects  about  3 cm.  from  the  bottom  of  the  fossa  intercondyloidea. 
The  condylus  lateralis  has  a breadth  of  2-4  cm.  in  the  right  femur.  Its  height 
is  about  3 -5  cm.  and  it  projects  about  2-5  cm.  from  the  bottom  of  the  fossa 
intercondyloidea.  The  breadth  of  the  distal  end  of  the  bone  is  about  9 cm. 
in  both  femora.  The  distal  articulation  surface  stands  obliquely  on  the  axis 
of  the  bone,  that  is  to  say,  if  this,  surface  is  placed  horizontally,  then  the  axis 
of  the  bone  is  directed  from  below  upwards  and  backwards.  The  anterior 
surface  of  the  lower  end  is  slightly  concave.  The  lateral  surface  is  hollow  and 
the  condylus  lateralis  stands  out  slightly  to  the  lateral  side. 

Tibia. 

Both  tibiae  are  preserved,  but  in  a very  bad  condition.  The  proximal  end 
of  the  right  tibia  (PI.  XX,  fig.  3)  is  distorted  and  that  of  the  left  flattened  to 
less  than  finger  thickness.  As  preserved,  the  length  of  the  bone  is  30-5  cm. 
The  head  of  the  left  tibia  has  now  attained  a length  of  about  12  cm.  and  a 
thickness  of  1-3  cm.  at  its  anterior  end  and  of  3 cm.  at  its  posterior  end.  The 
head  of  the  right  tibia  has  a length  of  8-5  cm.  measured  from  the  hinder  end 
of  the  condylus  lateralis  (!)  to  the  anterior  portion  of  the  medial  border.  Its 
breadth  is  5 cm.  I give  these  measurements,  which  are  of  no  value  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  animal  they  belong  to,  for  reasons  which  will  be  discussed 


132 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


hereafter.  The  tuberositas  tibiae  of  the  right  tibia  is  still  visible.  The  lateral 
condylus  of  the  right  tibia  is  flattened  and  now  forms  a kind  of  lateral  posterior 
process.  The  concave  portion  in  the  lateral  border  of  the  proximal  articulation 
surface  is  slightly  deepened,  but  the  notch  in  the  hinder  border  has  been 
greatly  exaggerated  through  pressure.  The  articulation  surface  slopes  from 
behind  upwards  and  forwards.  The  shaft  becomes  narrower  from  the  head 
downwards.  The  distal  end  is  transversely  broad;  the  bones  are  so  badly 
crushed  that  it  is  useless  to  say  more  about  them.  As  far  as  can  be  made  out, 
they  have  the  same  general  shape  as  other  Thevopod  tibiae. 

Fibula. 


Of  the  left  fibula  only  the  proximal  end  is  present.  The  right  fibula  is 
complete,  but  has  suffered  much  from  pressure.  The  original  curvature  of 
the  bone  is  completely  flattened  out.  The  fibula  has  the  same  general  shape 
as  the  fibula  of  Dromicosaurus  gracilis.  Its  length  is  30  cm.  The  high  ridge 
on  the  shaft  of  the  fibula  of  Dromicosaurus  gracilis  is  still  visible  in  this 
specimen  as  a faint  low  ridge.  The  antero-medial  corner  of  the  distal  end  is 
broken  off.  The  fibula  is  figured  in  fig.  4 of  PI.  XX. 

Tarsalia. 

Fragments  of  the  tarsalia  of  the  left  and  the  right  side  are  present,  but 
they  are  too  badly  preserved  to  study  in  detail. 

Foot. 

The  right  foot  is  complete  (PL  XXI,  fig.  1 and  PL  XXII),  and  of  the  left 
foot  the  first  two  toes  are  present.  All  the  bones,  and  especially  the  metatar- 
salia,  have  suffered  from  pressure. 

Metatarsale  I has  a length  of  9-3  Cm.  in  the  right  and  9-6  cm.  in  the  left 
foot.  The  bone  of  the  right  foot  is  more  flattened  than  that  of  the  left.  As 
preserved  the  proximal  breadth  of  the  right  bone  is  4 cm.  and  that  of  the 
left  3-6  cm.  The  thickness  of  this  end  is  1*2  cm.  and  1*3  cm.  respectively. 
Posteriorly  the  proximal  end  of  the  bone  has  a broad  rough  edge,  which  passes 
further  downwards  into  the  smooth  posterior  surface  of  the  shaft.  There  is 
a slight  angle  between  the  rough  and  the  smooth  edge.  Proximally  the  lateral 
surface  bends  towards  the  medial  side  near  the  posterior  border.  Nothing  is 
visible  of  a ridge  on  the  medial  side  of  the  proximal  end,  but  this  may  be  due 
to  pressure.  The  shaft  narrows  down  to  a breadth  of  2 cm.  and  2*4  cm.  and 
a thickness  of  1-5  cm.  and  i-i  cm.  in  the  left  and  right  bones  respectively. 
The  axis  of  the  distal  articulation  surface  stands  obliquely  on  the  axis  of  the 
bone ; the  medial  posterior  end  of  the  surface  is  much  higher  than  the  lateral 
anterior  end.  Further  the  axis  is  directed  from  the  front  backwards  and 
somewhat  to  the  medial  side.  The  antero-medial  part  of  the  articulation 
surface  is  undivided.  Below  and  behind  it  consists  clearly  of  two  portions, 
a large,  globose,  antero-lateral  one  and  a narrow,  transversely  elongated, 
medial  portion,  which  sends  a long  narrow  process  upwards,  backwards  and 
to  the  lateral  side.  There  is  a deep  concavity  between  the  globose  portion  of 
the  articulation  surface  and  its  hook-like  process  on  the  postero-lateral  surface 
of  the  bone.  On  the  under  surface  the  two  portions  of  the  articulation  surface 
are  divided  by  a very  shallow,  broad  groove. 

Metatarsale  II  has  a length  of  14  cm.  The  proximal  articulation  surface 
has  the  shape  of  a quadrangle.  All  four  sides  of  this  quadrangle  are  concave. 
The  deformation  makes  it  impossible  to  say  which  side  of  the  bone  is  more 
concave  than  the  other.  The  lateral  border  of  the  proximal  surface  has  a length 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


133 


of  3-6  cm.,  the  medial  border  a length  of  3-9  cm.,  the  posterior  border  a length 
of  3-1  cm.  to  3-3  cm.  and  the  anterior  border  a length  of  2-6  cm.  Ridges  run 
from  the  corners  of  the  proximal  surface  downwards  on  to  the  shaft.  The 
upper  end  of  the  antero-lateral  ridge  is  very  thin  and  sharp;  the  antero- 
medial ridge  is  rounded ; the  two  posterior  ridges  stand  out  prominently  but 
are  deformed.  All  these  ridges  submerge  into  the  rounded  edges  of  the  shaft. 
There  is  a small  tuberositas  on  the  lateral  border  of  the  anterior  surface  near 
the  middle  of  the  shaft.  At  its  narrowest  part  the  shaft  has  a breadth  of 
2-5  cm.  and  2-3  cm.  and  a thickness  of  1-5  cm.  and  1-7  cm.  in  the  right  and 
left  bones  respectively.  The  distal  articulation  surface  does  not  stand  at  right 
angles  to  the  shaft,  its  medial  end  being  higher  than  its  lateral  end.  As  pre- 
served, the  breadth  of  the  distal  end  of  the  right  bone  is  3-8  cm.,  its  lateral 
thickness  r6  cm.  and  its  thickness  at  the  medial  side  2-2  cm.  The  medial 
thickness  of  the  distal  end  of  the  left  bone  is  2-5  cm.  The  articulation  surface 
passes  higher  up  on  the  medial  side  of  the  anterior  surface  of  the  bone  than 
on  the  lateral  side.  Posteriorly  the  medial  side  of  the  distal  end  has  a back- 
wardly  directed  process,  the  lower  surface  of  which  is  a backwardly  directed 
process  of  the  articulation  surface.  The  middle  of  the  posterior  surface  of  the 
distal  end  is  slightly  concave.  The  greatly  elongated  lateral  collateral  pit  is 
much  deeper  than  the  medial  one.  The  anterior  surface  of  the  distal  end  is 
smooth. 

Metatarsale  III  has  a length  of  15-5  cm.  The  proximal  articulation  surface 
has  a triangular  shape.  The  bone  is  very  much  flattened,  but  as  preserved, 
the  hinder  angle  lies  towards  the  medial  side.  The  two  anterior  angles  lie 
close  together.  As  the  medial  anterior  ridge  is  broken  off  the  lengths  of  the 
medial  and  anterior  borders  of  the  proximal  surface  cannot  be  given,  but  as 
preserved  they  are  each  approximately  2-5  cm.  The  lateral  border  has  a length 
of  4-7  cm.  The  two  medial  ridges  converge  downwards  and  subside  into  the 
medial  side  of  the  shaft.  At  this  point  the  medial  side  of  the  shaft  is  slightly 
convex.  The  lateral  side  of  the  shaft  shows  a small  tuberositas  a short  distance 
above  this  medial  convexity.  The  lateral  ridge  disappears  earlier  into  the 
lateral  side  of  the  shaft.  At  its  narrowest  part  the  shaft  has  a breadth  of 
2-3  cm.  and  a thickness  of  1-3  Cm.  The  axis  of  the  distal  articulation  surface 
does  not  stand  at  right  angles  to  the  shaft,  its  medial  end  being  higher  than 
its  lateral  end.  The  breadth  of  the  distal  end  is  3-6  cm.,  its  lateral  thickness 
1-7  cm.  and  its  medial  thickness  1-9  cm.  The  middle  of  the  posterior  surface 
of  the  distal  end  is  concave.  Posteriorly  the  medial  side  of  the  distal  end  has 
a backwardly  directed  process,  the  lower  surface  of  which  forms  a backward 
prolongation  of  the  articulation  surface.  The  anterior  surface  of  the  distal 
end  shows  a peculiar  feature.  The  centre  above  the  articulation  surface  is 
convex.  Around  and  above  this  convexity  there  is  a half-moon  shaped  con- 
cavity. Above  this  is  the  flat  anterior  surface  of  the  shaft.  Both  collateral 
pits  are  deep,  but  the  lateral  one  is  deeper. 

Metatarsale  IV  has  a length  of  14  cm.  As  preserved  the  proximal  portion 
is  very  thin;  its  anterior  surface  is  convex  and  its  posterior  surface  is  concave. 
Its  greatest  thickness  here  is  i-i  cm.  and  its  breadth  6 cm.  The  bone  has 
suffered  greatly  from  pressure  and  is  quite  out  of  shape.  A ridge  runs  down 
its  anterior  surface  and  starting  near  the  middle  of  the  upper  end  reaches  the 
medial  side  above  the  middle  of  the  shaft.  At  this  point  it  forms  an  elongated 
knob  on  the  side  of  the  shaft.  At  its  narrowest  part  the  shaft  has  a breadth 
of  2-4  cm.  and  a thickness  of  1 cm.  The  lateral  end  of  the  distal  articulation 
surface  is  situated  much  higher  than  the  medial  end.  Anteriorly  the  breadth 
of  the  articulation  surface  is  2-5  cm.,  posteriorly  it  is  3*1  cm.  The  reason  of 


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this  difference  is,  that  the  hinder  border  of  the  lateral  collateral  pit  stands 
out  very  far  laterally.  There  is  no  medial  collateral  pit,  the  medial  surface 
of  the  distal  end  being  evenly  concave.  Posteriorly  the  medial  side  of  the 
distal  end  forms  a sharp  ridge,  the  lower  surface  of  which  joins  up  with  the 
articulation  surface.  The  posterior  surface  of  the  distal  end  is  concave  along 
its  middle. 

Metatarsale  V.  A small  piece  of  the  distal  end  of  metatarsale  V is  broken 
off.  As  preserved  the  whole  length  of  the  bone  is  7 cm.  The  whole  length  may 
have  been  7-5  cm.  Proximally  the  bone  is  very  broad  and  thin.  Its  breadth 
here  is  4-3  cm.  Laterally  the  thickness  of  the  proximal  end  is  1-5  cm.,  but 
towards  the  medial  side  it  rapidly  thins  down  to  0*7  cm.  Its  medial  edge  is 
sharp.  The  medial  end  of  the  upper  border  of  this  thin  portion  is  bent  slightly 
backwards;  the  medial  border  runs  downwards,  forwards  and  outwards.  The 
anterior  surface  is  convex,  the  posterior  concave.  The  hinder  lateral  ridge  is 
sharp  and  runs  downwards  dnd  to  the  medial  side.  At  the  lower  end  of  this 
ridge  the  bone  has  a breadth  of  1*5  cln.  and  a thickness  of  1-3  cm.  A broad 
low  ridge  starts  at  this  spot  on  the  lateral  surface  and  runs  downwards  and 
forwards. 

All  the  phalanges  have  been  preserved.  In  the  following  table  their 
measurements  are  given  in  centimetres : 


Length 

Proximal 

Distal 

Breadth 

Thickness 

Breadth 

Thickness 

I,  I 

5 

3-4 

2-3 

ant. 

i-5 

post. 

2-8 

2-1 

I,  2 

7-8 

2-2 

3'4 

— 

. — 

— 

II,  I 

6 

3’3 

2-4 

2-6 

3-4 

i-9 

II,  2 

4 

2-9 

2-3 

i-7 

2*5 

i*9 

II,  3 

±6-8 

i-8 

2-8 

— 

- — - 

III,  I 

6 

3*7 

2-1 

2-5 

3'3 

i*7 

III,  2 

4’3 

3 

2 

2 

2-8 

i-6 

HI.  3 

3-5 

2*6 

i*8 

i*5 

2-3 

i-6 

III,  4 

1 — 

2*1 

2 

— 

: — 

— 

IV,  1 

4-6 

3*2 

i-8 

2 

3 

i-5 

IV,  2 

3'5 

2-8 

i*8 

i-8 

2-7 

i*4 

IV,  3 

3 

2-6 

i'7 

i-6 

2-4 

i*4 

IV,  4 

2-7 

2-2 

i-6 

1-2 

2-1 

i-3 

IV,  5 

5*i 

i*7 

i-8 

— 

— 

— 

v,  i 

i-8 

i-5 

o*8 

— 

— 

o-5 

Remarks.  The  anterior  breadth  of  the  distal  end  has  been  measured  across 
the  upper  anterior  boundary  of  the  articulation  surface.  The  first  phalanges 
can  be  recognised  by  the  fact  that  their  proximal  articulation  surfaces  are 
evenly  concave  and  that  the  hinder  border  of  this  surface  is  straight,  at  all 
events  not  projecting  upwards  in  the  centre.  All  the  penultimate,  phalanges 
have  in  common  that  the  distal  ends  of  their  anterior  surfaces  are  evenly 
concave  and  not  pitted.  These  two  characters,  therefore,  separate  I,  1 from 
all  other  phalanges.  Moreover  the  distal  end  of  I,  1 is  twisted  slightly*  to  the 
lateral  side.  The  posterior  border  of  the  proximal  articulation  surface  is 
higher  than  the  anterior  one.  The  distal  articulation  surface  is  unsymmetrical 
and  the  articulation  ridges  of  this  end  run  much  further  upwards  on  the 
posterior  than  on  the  anterior  surface. 

The  proximal  articulation  surface  of  the  second,  third  and  fourth  pha- 
langes and  claws  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  a ridge  and  corresponds  with 


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135 


the  pulley-shaped  articulation  surface  of  the  preceding  phalanx.  The  middle 
of  both  its  anterior  and  its  posterior  border  projects  upwards,  however  an- 
teriorly more  strongly  than  posteriorly.  This  anterior  upper  process  is  strong- 
est in  II,  2.  The  first  claw  is  more  bent  than  the  others.  All  the  claw- 
phalanges  are  unsymmetrical.  The  medial  portion  of  the  articulation  surface 
of  clawphalanges  I,  II  and  III  is  smaller  than  the  lateral  portion.  In  claw- 
phalanx  IV  I could  see  no  difference  in  size.  Clawphalanges  I,  II  and  III 
hang  over  towards  the  lateral  side.  Clawphalanx  IV  hangs  slightly  over 
towards  the  medial  side.  In  clawphalanges  I and  II  the  edge  between  the 
lateral  surface  and  the  lower  surface  is  rounded,  while  the  edge  between  the 
medial  surface  and  the  lower  surface  is  a sharp  ridge.  In  clawphalanx  III 
both  edges  are  sharp,  although  the  medial  edge  is  sharper.  In  clawphalanx  IV 
the  edges  are  narrow  rounded  ridges,  the  one  exactly  like  the  other.  In  claw- 
phalanges I — III  the  groove  for  the  claw  lies  deeper  on  the  medial  than  on  the 
lateral  side.  In  clawphalanx  IV  the  medial  groove  may  be  very  slightly  higher 
than  the  lateral  one. 

The  phalanx  of  the  fifth  toe  has  a remarkable  shape.  It  is  a flat  bone, 
the  shape  of  which  is  generally  triangular.  What  is  probably  the  proximal 
end  has  a breadth  of  i-6  cm.  and  a thickness  of  0-9  cm.  What  is  probably  its 
medial  side  has  a length  of  i*8  cm.  and  is  concave.  If  this  is  the  right  position 
of  the  bone,  which  I do  not  doubt,  for  the  endphalanx  of  the  fifth  finger  has 
this  position  and  has  the  same  general  shape  as  the  present  bone,  the  anterior 
and  lateral  sides  form  an  evenly  convex  border.  The  antero-lateral  surface 
is  smooth  and  gives  the  impression  of  having  been  covered  with  cartilage. 
Its  posterior  border  goes  slightly  further  down  than  its  anterior  border.  The 
anterior  and  posterior  surfaces  of  the  bone  are  concave. 

Discussion. 

While  comparing  the  bones  of  the  lower  arm  with  those  of  the  Plateo- 
sauvidae  as  described  by  v.  Huene  (5),  it  was  found  that  there  were  certain 
differences  which  required  an  explanation.  There  is  one  point  which  can  be 
decided  without  difficulty  and  that  is,  which  of  the  three  angles  of  the  tri- 
angular head  of  the  ulna  is  the  anterior  one.  The  articulation  surface  is  of 
course  anterior  to  the  high  olecranon-like  process  and  the  angle  below  it  must 
be  the  anterior  angle.  This  angle  lies  between  the  two  long  sides  of  the  triangle. 
If  the  ulna  of  both  arms  of  our  specimen  is  placed  with  the  anterior  angle 
forwards,  it  will  be  found  that  the  longest  side  of  the  triangular  head  lies  on 
the  medial  side.  According  to  description  with  text-figure  of  ulna  and  radius 
of  Plateosauvus  Reinigeri  v.  Huene  it  seems  to  be  different  at  least  in  this 
species.  Here  the  longest  side  of  the  triangular  head  lies  on  the  lateral  (antero- 
lateral) side  of  the  bone,  and  the  angle  between  the  two  long  sides  of  the 
triangle  lies  on  the  lateral  side.  The  figured  right  ulna  of  Plateosauvus  Reinigeri 
would  have  to  turn  90°  on  its  axis  to  place  the  narrow  angle  of  its  upper  end 
in  front  of  the  remainder  of  the  head.  If  the  narrow  angle  of  the  ulnar  head 
of  Plateosauvus  Reinigeri  were  pointing  forwards,  its  contour  would  be  placed 
in  the  same  position  as  the  contour  of  the  head  of  our  right  ulna  and  one 
would  therefore  conclude  that  the  described  ulna  of  Plateosauvus  Reinigeri 
is  also  a right  one,  which  it  actually  is. 

Let  us  now  compare  the  ulna  of  our  form  with  the  description  and  text- 
figures  of  the  ulna  of  Plateosauvus  Quenstedti  v.  Huene.  In  the  text  (/.  c.  p.  36) 
it  is  stated  that  the  anterior  angle  lies  between  a lateral  side  (the  longest) 
of  9 cm.  length  and  a medial  side  of  7 cm.  length.  The  posterior  side  has  a 
length  of  6 cm.  An  upper  view  is  given  of  the  left  ulna  in  the  text-figure.  Its 


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anterior  angle  is  therein  directed  downwards,  the  upper  horizontal  border  is 
the  posterior  side,  while  the  long  lateral  side  of  the  head  lies  on  the  right-hand 
side  of  the  figure.  If  an  upper  view  of  our  left  ulna  is  placed  alongside  of  this 
text-figure,  it  will  be  seen  that  while  the  anterior  angle  is  directed  downwards 
and  the  hinder  border  lies  away  from  the  reader,  the  longest  border  is  situated 
on  the  left-hand  side  of  the  figure.  However,  if  an  upper  view  of  the  right  ulna 
of  our  specimen  be  placed  alongside  of  the  upper  view  of  the  left  ulna  of 
Plateosaurus  Quenstedti , it  will  be  seen  that  the  two  figures  are  identical. 
Moreover,  in  an  adjoining  text-figure  the  lateral  side  is  shown  of  the  left  ulna. 
This  lateral  side  is  identical  with  the  medial  side  of  our  right  ulna.  These 
considerations  would  lead  to  the  conclusion  that,  what  is  supposed  to  be  the 
left  ulna  of  Plateosaurus  Quenstedti  is  really  the  right  one.  With  the  ulna  of 
Plateosaurus  erlenbergiensis  v.  Huene  it  is  the  same  thing.  What  is  described 
as  the  head  of  the  left  ulna  corresponds  with  the  head  of  our  right  one.  What 
is  called  the  right  ulna  of  Pachysaurus  ajax  v.  Huene  on  p.  143,  l.c.  would  be 
the  left  one  according  to  our  specimen. 

From  the  above  may  be  concluded  that  the  shape  of  the  head  of  the  right 
ulna  of  Plateosaurus  Reinigeri  is  not  identical  with  the  contour  of  any  of  the 
mentioned  right  ulnar  heads;  that  it  would  be  identical  with  the  contour  of 
the  right  ulnar  head  of  our  form  if  it  were  turned  90°  on  its  axis;  that  the 
contour  of  the  left  ulnar  heads  of  Plateosaurus  Quenstedti,  Plateosaurus  erlen- 
bergiensis and  Pachysaurus  ajax  is  identical  with  that  of  the  right  side  of 
our  form. 

On  p.  59  l.  c.  v.  Huene  gives  a figure  and  a description  of  the  left  radius 
of  Plateosaurus  erlenbergiensis ; the  figure  presents  a medial  view.  The  anterior 
portion  of  the  medial  border  of  the  proximal  end  and  the  posterior  portion  of 
its  lateral  border  are  shown  to  be  high.  A medial  view  of  the  left  radius  of 
our  specimen  shows  the  posterior  part  of  the  medial  border  and  the  anterior 
part  of  the  lateral  border  to  be  high.  The  contour  of  a reflected  image  of  the 
lateral  side  of  our  left  radius  is,  however,  identical  with  the  contour  of  the 
medial  side  of  the  left  radius  of  Plateosaurus  erlenbergiensis ; or,  in  other  words, 
the  contour  figure  of  the  medial  side  of  the  left  radius  of  Plateosaurus  erlen- 
bergiensis is  identical  with  the  contour  of  a lateral  view  of  our  right  radius. 
These  considerations  would  therefore  lead  to  the  conclusion,  that  what  is 
styled  left  radius  of  Plateosaurus  erlenbergiensis  is  really  the  right  one. 

Dr  Broom  gave  a figure  of  the  left  ulna  of  M assospondylus  Harriesi 
(7,  PI.  XVI,  fig.  15)  and  it  clearly  shows  that  the  long  side  of  the  triangular 
head  lies  medial,  while  the  angle  between  the  two  short  sides  lies  on  the 
lateral  side.  This  is  therefore  in  full  agreement  with  the  ulnae  in  our  specimen. 

I would  like  to  point  out  that  our  specimen  was  taken  out  of  the  matrix 
by  myself  and  that  no  interchanging  of  bones  could  have  taken  place.  The 
left  arm  was  out  of  the  matrix  and  every  bone  labelled  and  packed  away  long 
before  the  right  arm  was  discovered.  Moreover,  weathering  agencies  have  had 
a different  effect  on  the  two  arms,  all  the  bones  of  the  left  arm  now  having 
a reddish  colour,  while  all  those  of  the  right  arm  are  white.  Besides,  the  bones 
of  the  left  arm  have  only  suffered  slightly  from  pressure,  while  nearly  all  the 
bones  of  the  right  arm  are  badly  crushed.  Therefore,  even  apart  from  my 
statement,  there  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  bones  did  not  get  mixed  up. 

I have  given  the  measurements  of  the  heads  of  the  tibiae,  because  I would 
like  to  prove  the  folly  of  describing  fragments  in  such  a crushed  and  flattened 
condition  under  new  generic  and  specific  names.  If  the  heads  of  the  above 
described  tibiae  had  been  found  separate  one  could  never  have  proven  them 
to  belong  to  the  same  nor  to  different  species.  However,  for  example  Euskele- 


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137 


saurus  capensis  Lydekker  sp.  is  based  on  a fragment  of  a tibia,  which  is 
crushed  and  flattened  out  of  recognition.  Nobody  will  ever  be  able  to  prove 
that  this  species  differs  from  Euskelesaurus  Browni.  The  only  result  of  such 
work  can  be,  that  science  is  for  ever  burdened  by  meaningless  names  and 
synonyms. 

With  regard  to  the  affinities  of  this  specimen,  it  will  be  clear  from  the 
different  ilea  that  it  does  not  belong  to  Gryponyx. 

Comparison  with  Massospondylus  carinatus  shows  immediately  that  its 
ileum  has  practically  the  same  shape  as  that  of  our  form.  Length  and  height 
of  the  bone  in  our  form  are  20  cm.  and  13  cm.  and  in  Massospondylus  carinatus 
22  cm.  and  about  14  cm.  The  relations  in  the  two  bones  are  therefore  also 
practically  the  same.  Our  individual  may,  however,  have  been  slightly 
smaller.  Pubis  and  ischium  of  our  specimen  are  too  much  damaged  to  allow 
of  comparison  with  those  bones  of  Massospondylus  carinatus.  The  femur 
portion  below  the  trochanter  quartus  in  Massospondylus  carinatus  measures 
about  22  cm.  and  the  distance  of  its  trochanter  major  below  the  proximal 
end  is  9 cm.  In  the  femur  of  our  specimen  these  distances  are  18-5  cm.  and 
6*2  cm.  Relatively,  therefore,  the  trochanter  major  lies  considerably  higher 
in  our  form  than  in  Massospondylus  carinatus.  The  tibia  of  the  present 
specimen  is  too  much  crushed  to  be  used  in  a comparison.  The  humerus  of 
Massospondylus  carinatus  is  only  known  from  fragments,  and  radius  and  ulna 
are  altogether  unknown.  Metacarpale  I of  Massospondylus  carinatus  is  rela- 
tively slightly  broader  than  that  of  our  form.  The  first  phalanx  of  the  second 
finger  is  proportionately  longer  than  in  our  form  and  the  fifth  metacarpale  is 
proportionately  broader.  The  first  phalanx  of  the  second  toe  of  Massospon- 
dylus carinatus  has  the  same  length  as  that  of  our  form  but  is  much  broader. 

Comparison  with  Massospondylus  Harriesi  (7,  p.  299).  The  humerus  of 
this  type  seems  to  be  slightly  longer  than  that  of  our  specimen.  At  any  rate, 
the  distance  from  the  lower  end  of  the  pectoral  ridge  to  the  furthest  part  of 
the  distal  end  is  12-5  cm.  in  Massospondylus  Harriesi,  whereas  it  is  11*5  cm. 
in  our  form  (11  cm.  up  to  the  distal  end  of  the  condylus  lateralis).  Radius 
and  ulna  of  Massospondylus  Harriesi,  however,  are  both  slightly  shorter  than 
in  our  form.  The  first  metacarpale  of  our  form  is  absolutely  longer  and  narrower 
than  that  of  Massospondylus  Harriesi:  In  Massospondylus  Harriesi  the  first 
phalanx  of  the  first  digit  is  longer  than  its  metacarpale,  in  our  form  this  is 
the  reverse.  The  first  claw  of  Massospondylus  Harriesi  is  longer  than  that  of 
our  form.  There  are  numerous  small  differences  in  the  other  phalanges  of  the 
hand.  The  distal  portion  of  the  femur  of  Massospondylus  Harriesi,  measured 
from  the  lower  end  of  the  trochanter  quartus,  is  15-5  cm.  In  our  form  this 
portion  measures  18-5  cm.  The  metatarsalia  of  Massospondylus  Harriesi  are 
all  shorter  than  those  of  the  present  specimen,  but  where  metatarsale  I is 
more  than  6 mm.  shorter,  metatarsale  II  is  only  2 mm.  and  metatarsale  III 
only  1 mm.  shorter.  The  relations  are  therefore  different.  All  the  phalanges 
of  the  foot  of  our  form  are  longer  than  those  of  Massospondylus  Harriesi,  but 
•also  relatively  more  slender. 

The  relations  of  the  humerus  of  Aetonyx  palustris  are  practically  the  same 
as  in  our  form,  but  the  radius  is  relatively  smaller.  Relative  to  the  first 
metacarpale,  the  first  claw  of  Aetonyx  palustris  is  much  longer  than  in  our 
form  (the  distal  width  of  the  first  metacarpale  as  given  by  Broom  (7,  p.  305, 
PI.  XV,  fig.  12)).  In  Aetonyx  palustris  the  first  metacarpale  is  practically  as 
broad  as  long;  in  our  form  the  breadth  is  much  less  than  the  length.  In 
Aetonyx  palustris  the  second  phalanx  of  the  second  finger  is  longer  than  the 
first  and  the  third  phalanx  of  the  third  finger  is  longer  than  the  second. 


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138 


In  our  form  this  is  the  reverse.  Similar  differences  can  be  found  in  the 
foot. 

The  lengths  of  the  metatarsalia  of  Thecodontosaurus  shirtopodus  show  rela- 
tions to  each  other  which  differ  from  those  of  our  form. 

Only  the  femora  are  known  of  Thecodontosaurus  Browni.  If  the  femur  of 
Thecodontosaurus  Browni  and  that  of  the  present  specimen  are  given  the  same 
length  as  that  of  Dromicosaurus,  and  the  lower  end  of  the  femur  of  Masso- 
spondylus*carinatus  be  given  the  same  length  as  the  lower  end  of  the  Dromico- 
saurus femur,  then  the  other  measurements  become  as  tabulated  below  (in 
centimetres) : 


Dromicosaurus  gracilis 
Thecodontosaurus  Browni 
Present  specimen 
Massospondylus  carinatus 


These  measurements  show  that  there  is  a fairly  big  difference  between  the 
femora  of  Dromicosaurus  gracilis  and  of  Thecodontosaurus  Browni,  and  also 
between  those  of  our  present  specimen  and  of  Massospondylus  carinatus.  The 
difference,  however,  between  the  femur  of  Thecodontosaurus  Browni  and  that 
of  the  present  form  is  very  slight.  The  difference  is  so  slight  that,  together 
with  the  consideration  that  our  specimen  is  badly  preserved,  I do  not  feel 
myself  justified  in  ascribing  them  to  different  species. 

The  genus  to  which  they  belong  cannot  be  Dromicosaurus.  Except  the 
difference  in  the  femora,  there  is  a great  difference  in  the  relation  of  femur 
and  tibia.  The  tibia  is  relatively  much  longer,  with  regard  to  the  femur,  in 
the  present  form  than  in  Dromicosaurus . As  preserved,  the  articulatio  iliaca 
of  the  ischium  of  the  present  form  makes  a much  larger  angle  with  the  general 
long  axis  of  the  bone  than  that  of  Dromicosaurus.  It  is  difficult  to  conceive 
that  this  could  be  the  result  of  pressure  alone.  The  proximal  hollow  surface 
between  the  articulatio  iliaca  and  the  articulatio  ischio-pubica  seems  to  be 
relatively  larger  in  Dromicosaurus . Could  the  required  genus  be  Massospon- 
dylus? It  is  difficult  to  say.  The  ileum  of  Massospondylus  carinatus  is  practi- 
cally the  same  as  in  the  present  form,  but  the  trochanter  major  lies  relatively 
so  much  lower  in  Massospondylus  carinatus.  However,  this  is  the  only  prin- 
cipal difference  which  I could  find.  Considering  the  bad  condition  of  the 
present  specimen  I think  it  will  be  better  to  place  it  in  the  genus  Massospon- 
dylus and  keep  it  there  till  it  can  be  definitely  proven  to  belong  somewhere 
else. 

Some  time  ago  our  collector  at  Harrismith  found  some  Dinosaurian  remains 
on  the  commonage.  They  consist  of  a vertebra  and  some  phalangeal  bones, 
and  although  they  could  not  be  identified  as  to  genus  or  species,  they  are 
here  described  because  they  are  so  well  preserved  and  because  the  vertebra 
shows  a remarkable  vertical  ridge,  running  upwards  from  the  articulation 
surface  for  the  capitulum  costae.  There  is  no  indication  whatever  that  these 
bones  belong  to  one  individual. 


Length 

Proximal 
end  to 
. trochanter 
major 

Proximal 
end  to 
lower  end 
trochanter 
IV 

Lower  end 
trochanter 
IV  to 
distal  end 

49-5 

7'5 

21-5 

28 

49-5 

8-25 

227 

26-8 

49-5 

877 

23-34 

26-16 

— 

11  -5 

— 

28 

Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


139 


Vertebra. 

The  vertebra  is  the  first  dorsal  (PI.  XXIII) . The  length  of  its  centrum  near 
the  neural  suture  is  7-2  cm.  The  distance  between  the  lower  ends  of  the  articu- 
lation surfaces  is  7*7  cm.  The  height  of  the  anterior  articulation  surface  6-7  cm. 
and  its  breadth  is  about  5 cm.  The  height  of  the  posterior  articulation  surface 
is  6-2  cm.  and  its  breadth  5-4  cm.  The  centrum  possesses  a tremendously 
narrow  keel,  the  lower  border  of  which  is  nearly  straight.  The  articulation 
surface  for  the  capitulum  costae  lies  slightly  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the 
centrum  and  borders  on  the  centro-neural  suture.  It  also  lies  nearly  straight 
below  the  large  concavity  under  the  processus  transversus.  It  is  a deeply 
concave  surface,  which  is  bordered  by  a high  wall,  and  which  is  open  behind. 
Its  hinder  margin,  however,  lies  higher  than  the  nearest  surface  of  the  centrum 
and  is  therefore  a ridge.  This  ridge  continues  upwards  and  through  its  sig- 
moidal shape  its  upper  end  lies  straight  above  the  middle  of  the  parapophysis. 
Here  it  is  prominent,  but  its  height  diminishes  as  it  continues  until  it  dis- 
appears well  between  the  two  downward  ridges  from  the  processus  transversus 
and  nearer  to  the  anterior  than  to  the  posterior  one.  There  is  a small  knob 
immediately  below  the  parapophysis.  Both  transverse  processes  have  been 
broken  off,  the  left  one  near  its  origin,  and  the  right  one  in  such  a way  that 
the  hinder  border  of  its  distal  end  is  still  preserved.  The  processus  is  directed 
slightly  backwards  and  what  is  left  of  its  upper  surface  slopes  outwards  and 
slightly  upwards.  The  processus  is  supported  below  by  two  ridges,  which 
diverge  downwards  under  an  acute  angle.  The  outer  edge  of  the  posterior 
ridge  is  thicker  and  stands  further  outwards  than  that  of  the  anterior  ridge. 
The  distal  end  of  the  processus  may  have  been  triangular  and  is  much  thicker 
than  its  proximal  end.  The  lower  angle  of  this  triangle  is  prolonged  into  a 
small,  downwardly  directed  knob.  The  spaces  between  the  processus  trans- 
versus and  the  zygapophyses  are  roofed  in  by  a thin  sheet  of  bone.  The  space 
between  the  supporting  ridges  of  the  processus  and  these  bony  roofs  is  occupied 
by  deep  pits,  the  hinder  one  of  which  is  deeper  than  the  anterior  one.  The 
whole  upper  surface  of  these  bony  roofs  and  of  the  processus  transversus, 
which  is  flat  as  far  as  preserved,  slopes  forwards  and  downwards.  There  are 
also  supporting  ridges  below  the  zygapophyses.  All  the  supporting  ridges  of 
one  side  form  together  the  letter  W.  The  praezygapophyses  are  broken  off. 
The  postzygapophyses  project  beyond  the  articulation  surface  of  the  centrum. 
Their  articulation  surfaces  converge  downwards  under  an  acute  angle.  There 
is  a deep  groove  between  the  postzygapophyses  which  runs  forwards  and  cuts 
into  the  hinder  edge  of  the  processus  spinosus.  The  processus  spinosus  is  very 
narrow  and  thick;  its  upper  end  is  damaged.  Both  articulation  surfaces  of 
the  centrum  are  concave,  however,  the  hinder  one  more  so  than  the  anterior 
one.  The  neural  canal  has  an  anterior  height  of  2-1  cm.  and  breadth  of  2-6  cm. 
and  a posterior  height  of  2-4  cm.  and  breadth  of  1-9  cm.  In  the  middle  its 
height  is  about  4*5  cm.  and  its  breadth  about  1-9  cm. 

Foot. 

There  is  a proximal  end  of  metatarsale  III.  The  proximal  surface  is 
slightly  concave.  The  anterior  border  is  broken  off.  The  medial  border  is 
fairly  straight  and  slightly  convex  in  its  hinder  portion.  Length  of  medial 
border  5-2  cm.,  of  anterior  border  3-2  cm.  and  of  lateral  border  probably 
about  4-5  cm.  Length  of  whole  piece  5 cm. 

The  first  phalanx  of  the  first  left  toe.  The  bone  has  apparently  not  suffered 
from  pressure.  Length  5-8  cm.,  proximal  breadth  3-5  cm.,  proximal  thickness 


140 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


3-2  cm.,  distal  posterior  breadth  2-8  cm.,  distal  anterior  breadth  i-6  cm.,  distal 
thickness  2-4  cm.  The  contour  of  the  proximal  articulation  surface  is  trape- 
zoidal. The  posterior  border  is  much  higher  than  the  anterior  one.  The  lateral 
side  of  the  articulation  surface  is  deeper  than  the  medial  side.  The  distal  end 
is  greatly  twisted  to  the  medial  side.  The  contour  of  the  distal  end  is  also 
trapezoidal.  It  is  not  symmetrical.  The  articulation  surface  passes  higher 
upwards  posteriorly  than  anteriorly  and  its  medial  side  projects  further  back- 
wards. The  collateral  pits  are  large. 

Another  phalanx  is  the  first  of  the  second  right  toe.  It  is  a first  phalanx 
because  of  its  evenly  concave  proximal  articulation  surface.  It  is  one  of  the 
right  side  because  the  lateral  portion  of  its  distal  articulation  surface  projects 
further  downwards.  It  cannot  be  the  first  phalanx  of  the  first  toe,  because  of 
the  pit  on  the  distal  end  of  the  anterior  surface  and  because  of  the  depth  of 
this  pit  and  the  thickness  of  the  proximal  end  as  compared  with  the  proximal 
breadth.  I take  it  to  be  the  first  phalanx  of  the  second  toe.  Length  5-5  cm., 
proximal  breadth  3-7  cm.,  proximal  thickness  3*5  cm.,  distal  posterior  breadth 
3-4  cm.,  distal  anterior  breadth  2-4  cm.  and  distal  thickness  2-5  cm.  The  axis 
of  the  practically  cylindrical  proximal  articulation  surface  is  not  parallel  with 
the  hinder  border  of  this  surface,  but  converges  with  it  towards  the  lateral 
side.  This  means  that  the  bone  is  slightly  turned  to  the  medial  side,  when 
it  occupies  its  natural  position.  The  medial  portion  of  the  pulley-shaped  distal 
articulation  surface  projects  further  backwards  than  the  lateral  portion. 

Results. 

The  main  results  from  the  preceding  work  are  here  enumerated : 

1.  Two  new  genera  of  the  Theropoda  have  been  described. 

2.  Another  form  has  been  doubtfully  referred  to  a very  little  known 
species. 

3.  A redescription  is  given  of  Gryponyx  transvaalensis  Broom. 

4.  A remarkable  difference  has  been  found  between  the  pubic  neck  of  the 
Plateosaurid  Eucnemesaurus  and  that  of  the  Anchisaurid  Dromicosaurus.  It 
could  not  be  ascertained  whether  this  difference  is  of  family  value. 

5.  The  femur  of  Eucnemesaurus  disproves  the  generality  of  the  rule  that 
Theropod  limb-bones  are  hollow.  Perhaps  this  rule  should  be  restricted  to 
Anchisaurids. 

6.  v.  Huene  draws  attention  to  the  peculiar  shape  of  the  distal  end  of 
the  tibia  of  Euskelesaurus  and  of  Gresslyosaurus.  Both  these  tibiae  differ  from 
all  other  Theropoda . It  has  now  been  shown  that  the  published  figures  of 
the  tibia  of  Gresslyosaurus  agree  with  the  tibia  of  all  other  Theropoda,  but 
disagree  with  the  accompanying  description. 

7.  The  Anchisaurid  Dromicosaurus  is  shown  to  have  distally  coalesced 
pubes,  a fact  hitherto  regarded  typical  of  the  Plateosauridae. 

8.  A great  difference  is  shown  to  exist  between  the  ischium  of  the  Anchi- 
saurid Dromicosaurus  and  that  of  the  Plateosaurid  Teratosaurus.  Could  this 
difference  be  of  family  value? 

9.  Another  great  difference  is  pointed  out  between  the  Anchisaurid 
Dromicosaurus  and  Plateosaurus  Quenstedti.  Could  this  also  be  of  family 
value? 

10.  What  has  been  accepted  to  be  the  left  lower  arm  of  European  Plateo- 
saurids  is  shown  to  be  really  the  right  lower  arm. 


PLATES  XI  to  XXIII 


PLATE  XI. 

Eucnemesaurus  fortis. 


Fig.  i. 
„ 2. 
„ 3- 

» 4- 


Lateral  view  of  left  tibia,  x \ . 

Posterior  view  of  left  tibia,  x | . 

Medial  view  of  upper  end  of  left  pubis,  x 
Anterior  view  of  upper  end  of  left  pubis. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  XI 


PLATE  XII. 

FAicnemesauYUs  fortis. 

Fig.  i . Lateral  view  of  upper  half  of  left  femur.  The  upper  ends  of  the 
trochanter  major  and  the  trochanter  quartus  are  well  visible. 
Slightly  more  than  x 

,,  2.  View  of  polished  lower  end  of  the  femur  of  fig.  i.  Natural  size. 

,,  3.  Right  side  view  of  centrum  of  dorsal  vertebra,  x L 

,,  4.  Upper  view  of  centrum  of  dorsal  vertebra,  x 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  XII 


PLATE  XIII. 


Eucnemesaunis  fortis. 

1.  Left  side  view  of  caudal  vertebrae.  About  J nat.  size. 

Dromicosaurus  gracilis. 

2.  Anterior  view  of  left  femur  x The  foramen  nutritivum  is 

well  shown  above  the  middle  of  the  bone. 

3.  Lateral  view  of  left  femur,  x 

4.  Posterior  view  of  left  femur,  x 

5.  Postero-lateral  view  of  proximal  end  of  left  radius.  Slightly 

more  than  x 

6.  Proximal  articulation  surface  of  left  radius.  Nat.  size.  The 

anterior  end  is  at  the  left-hand  side 

7.  Lateral  view  of  the  distal  end  of  the  right  metatarsale  III. 

Slightly  more  than  x 

8.  Lateral  view  of  the  distal  end  of  the  right  metatarsale  I 

Slightly  more  than  x 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  XIII 


PLATE  XIV. 


Dromicosaurus  gracilis. 

Fig.  i.  Anterior  view  of  right  tibia.  Slightly  more  than  x 
,,  2.  Lateral  view  of  right  tibia.  Slightly  more  than  x 
„ 3.  Posterior  view  of  right  tibia.  Slightly  more  than  x ^ . The  head 
is  very  much  foreshortened  in  this  figure,  but  its  correct 
shape  and  position  will  be  clear  after  comparison  with  figs. 

1 and  2. 

,,  4.  Anterior  view  of  the  distal  end  of  the  right  metatarsale  III.  x ^ . 

,,  5.  Lateral  view  of  the  proximal  end  of  the  left  metatarsale  III.  x 

.,  6.  Anterior  view  of  the  distal  half  of  the  humerus.  Slightly  more 

than  x 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus . Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  XIV 


! 


5 


6 


PLATE  XV. 

Dromicosaurus  gracilis. 

Fig.  i.  Lateral  view  of  right  fibula,  x L 
,,  2.  Anterior  view  of  right  fibula.  Slightly  more  than  x 

,,  3.  Medial  view  of  right  fibula,  x 

,,  4.  Posterior  view  of  the  ischia,  as  preserved,  x 

,,  5.  Lateral  view  of  distal  end  of  right  ischium,  x 

,,  6.  Medial  view  of  proximal  end  of  left  ischium,  x The  articu- 

latio  iliaca  is  above  and  the  articulatio  pubica  at  the  lower 
right-hand  border. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  XV 


PLATE  XVI. 


Dromicosaurus  gracilis. 

i a.  Left  side  view  of  two  anterior  caudal  vertebrae.  Slightly  more 
than  x A.  The  distal  ends  are  to  the  right, 
i b.  Left  side  view  of  an  anterior  caudal  vertebra,  posterior  to 
those  of  fig.  i a.  Slightly  more  than  x 
ic.  View  of  the  lower  surface  of  an  anterior  caudal  vertebra, 
posterior  to  that  of  fig.  i b.  Slightly  more  than  x 

2.  Medial  view  of  the  proximal  end  of  the  left  pubis,  x 

3.  Left  side  view  of  the  third  neck  vertebra.  Slightly  less  than 

x 1. 

4.  Anterior  view  of  the  remains  of  the  right  pubis,  x 

5.  Anterior  view  of  the  remains  of  the  left  pubis,  x J . The  pubes 

are  placed  with  their  medial  sides  facing  each  other. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  XVI 


PLATE  XVII. 

Massospondylus  Browni. 

1.  Lateral  view  of  right  scapula  and  coracoid,  x 

2.  Lateral  view  of  the  left  humerus.  Slightly  more  than  x The 

circular  depression  on  the  posterior  surface  of  the  crista 
radialis  is  well  visible. 

3.  Anterior  view  of  the  left  humerus,  x 

4.  Lateral  view  of  left  clawphalanx  I.  Nat.  size. 

5.  Anterior  view  of  first  carpale  of  the  left  hand.  Nat.  Size. 

6.  Anterior  view  of  second  carpale  Nat.  size. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  XVII 


PLATE  XVIII. 

Massospondylu s Browni. 

Fig.  i.  Antero- medial  view  of  left  radius,  x f. 

,,  2.  Antero-medial  view  of  left  ulna.  Slightly  more  than  x f . 

,,  3.  Antero-lateral  view  of  left  radius.  Slightly  less  than  x §. 

,,  4.  Postero-medial  view  of  left  ulna,  x f . 

,,  5.  Upper  view  of  left  hand.  The  reconstruction  is  meant  to  show 

the  hand  at  rest.  Slightly  more  than  x f . 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  XVIII 


PLATE  XIX. 

Massospcndylus  Browni. 

Fig.  i.  Supero- lateral  view  of  left  hand.  ' x f. 

2.  Lateral  view  of  left  ileum,  x 
,,  3.  Anterior  view  of  right  pubis,  x 

,,  4.  Lateral  view  of  right  ischium.  Slightly  more  than  x -J. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII , Pt.  2 


Plate  XIX 


PLATE  XX. 

Massospondylus  Browni. 

Fig.  i.  Anterior  view  of  left  femur,  x 
,,  2.  Lateral  view  of  left  femur.  Slightly  more  than  x 

,,  3.  Medial  view  of  right  fibula,  x 

,,  4.  Anterior  view  of  right  tibia,  x ^ . 

,,  5.  Left  side  view  of  the  sixth  to  the  tenth  caudal  vertebrae,  x J. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  XX 


PLATE  XXI. 

Massospondylus  Browm. 

Fig.  i.  Upper  view  of  right  foot.  The  reconstruction  is  meant  to  show 
the  foot  at  rest.  Slightly  more  than  x 
,,  2.  Left  side  view  of  ioth  dorsal  vertebra.  Slightly  more  than  nat 

size. 

,,  3.  Left  side  view  of  the  five  last  neck  vertebrae,  x £. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  XXI 


PLATE  XXII. 


Massospondylus  Browni. 

Superolateral  view  of  right  foot,  xo-53- 


j 


j 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  XXII 


PLATE  XXIII. 

Dinosaur  Vertebra. 

Fig.  i.  Left  side  view.  Slightly  more  than  x 
,,  2.  Posterior  view.  Slightly  more  than  x 

„ 3.  Ventral  view,  x The  right  side  of  the  bone  is  on  the  right 

side  of  the  figure. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  XXIII 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


141 


In  conclusion  I beg  to  thank  Mr  H.  Walker  of  St  Fort  and  Mr  W.  H. 
Moore  of  Slabberts  for  their  generosity;  and  Mr  S.  H.  Haughton  of  Cape 
Town  for  valuable  information.  My  thanks  are  also  due  to  the  Director  of 
the  South  African  Museum,  Cape  Town,  for  the  loan  of  v.  Huene’s  “ Die 
Dinosaurier  der  europaischen  Triasformation,”  and,  last  but  not  least,  to  its 
author,  for  without  the  assistance  of  his  great  work  I would  not  have  been 
able  to  describe  our  material. 

Literature. 

The  following  literature  has  been  referred  to : 

1.  K.  A.  Zittel.  Handbuch  der  Palaeontologie,  Bd.  hi.  Leipzig,  1890. 

2.  H.  G.  Seeley.  On  the  Type  of  the  Genus  M assospondylus  and  on  some  Verte- 

brae and  Limb-bones  of  M.  (?)  Browni.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  vol.  xv.  Ser.  6, 
pp.  102-125.  London,  1895. 

3.  K.  A.  Zittel.  Text-Book  of  Palaeontology.  Translated  by  C.  R.  Eastman. 

London,  1902. 

4.  F.  v.  Huene.  Ueber  die  Dinosaurier  der  aussereuropaeischen  Trias.  Geol.  u. 

pal.  Abh.,  herausg.  v.  E.  Koken,  N.  F.  Bd.  vm.  H.  2.  Jena,  1906. 

5.  F.  v.  Huene.  Die  Dinosaurier  der  europaischen  Triasformation  mit  Beruck- 

sichtigung  der  aussereuropaischen  Vorkommnisse.  Geol.  u.  pal.  Abh.,  herausg. 
v.  E.  Koken,  Suppl.-Bd.  1.  Jena,  1907-1908. 

6.  K.  A.  v.  Zittel.  Grundziige  der  Palaontologie.  Neubearbeitet  von  F.  Broili, 

E.  Koken,  M.  Schlosser.  ii.  Abteilung.  Vertebrata.  Munchen  und  Berlin, 
1911. 

7.  R.  Broom.  On  the  Dinosaurs  of  the  Stormberg,  South  Africa.  Ann.  S.  Afr. 

Mus.  vol.  vii.  Pt.  iv.  pp.  291-308,  Pis.  xiv-xvii.  London,  1911. 

8.  R.  Broom.  On  the  Remains  of  a Theropodous  Dinosaur  from  the  Northern 

Transvaal.  Trans.  Geol.  Soc.  S.  A.  vol.  xiv.  1911,  pp.  82-83,  LI-  xm-  figs.  3>  4- 
Johannesburg,  1912. 

9.  R.  Broom.  Catalogue  of  Types  and  Figured  specimens  of  Fossil  Vertebrates 

in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.  II.  Permian,  Triassic  and  Jurassic 
Reptiles  of  South  Africa.  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  vol.  xxv.  Pt.  11.  New 
York,  Jan.  4,  1915. 


10 


142 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


DESCRIPTION  OF  SOME  CRETACEOUS 
AMMONITES  FROM  PONDOLAND 


By  Dr  E.  C.  N.  van  Hoepen,  M.I. 

With  three  plates. 

The  ammonites  here  described  were  purchased  with  other  fossils  from  Mr  J. 
Venter,  who  collected  them  on  the  coast  of  Pondoland,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Umzamba  river. 

Phylloceras  umzambiense  n.sp.  PI.  XXIV,  figs,  i — 3. 

The  whorls  of  the  discoidal  shell  are  strongly  involute  and  higher  than 
broad.  The  greatest  thickness  of  the  whorl  lies  internal  to  the  middle  of  the 
flanks.  The  external  surface  is  broadly  convex  and  the  sides  are  slightly 
flattened.  The  umbilicus  is  narrow  and  deep,  the  umbilical  surface  moderately 
inclined. 

The  ornamentation  consists  of  numerous,  crowded,  thin,  wire-like  ribs. 
These  ribs  commence  deep  down  in  the  umbilicus  and,  on  passing  on  to  the 
flanks,  swerve  forwards;  from  near  the  midde  of  the  flanks  to  the  periphery 
they  are  practically  straight  and  directed  slightly  backwards.  The  outer  end 
of  the  ribs  may  be  slightly  stronger  than  the  inner  end,  but  on  one  portion 
of  the  shell  the  ribs  are  stronger  on  the  internal  half  of  the  flank  than  on  the 
outer.  Short  ribs,  starting  at  or  near  the  middle  of  the  flanks  and  running 
across  the  periphery,  are  regularly  intercalated  between  the  long  ones.  Some- 
times, though  very  exceptionally,  these  ribs  start  nearer  to  the  umbilicus. 
They  all  run  practically  straight  to  the  periphery,  in  the  same  direction  as  the 
long  ribs.  The  surface  of  the  shell  is  weakly  corrugated  near  the  umbilicus. 
The  corrugations  are  low  and  short,  disappearing  before  reaching  the  middle  of 
the  flanks.  They  also  disappear  on  the  umbilical  surface.  Their  curvature  is 
the  same  as  of  the  ribs  in  this  region.  Their  breadth  is  such  that  they  bear 
from  four  to  six  ribs. 

The  lobe-line  is  phylloid.  The  anterior  terminations  of  the  saddles  are 
broad  and  well  rounded.  This  fact,  however,  is  only  seen  well  through  the 
transparent  shell;  if  this  be  removed  with  acid  the  lobe-line  seems  to  suffer 
easily.  In  general  the  lobe-line  agrees  very  well  with  that  of  Phylloceras  For- 
besianum  d’Orb  sp.  The  siphonal  saddle,  however,  is  not  so  sharply  pointed 
as  in  that  species.  The  external  lobe  has  nearly  the  same  length  as  the  first 
lateral  lobe.  The  external  saddle  and  the  first  lateral  saddle  are  both  sym- 
metrically divided  by  a secondary  lobe.  The  second  lateral  saddle  shows  three 
anterior  terminations.  The  auxiliary  saddles,  six  in  number,  become  rapidly 
smaller. 


Measurements : 

Diameter  ...  ...  ...  ...  44mm.  (1) 

Height  of  last  whorl  ...  ...  ...  27  ,,  (o*6i) 

Thickness  of  last  whorl:  actual  16  mm.  was  probably  17  ,,  (0-39) 

Width  of  umbilicus  ...  ...  ...  2 ,,  (0-05) 

Superficially  there  is  some  resemblance  between  this  form  and  Phylloceras 
Nera  Forbes  sp.  The  Indian  species,  however,  has  a series  of  radial  sulci, 
around  the  umbilicus,  which  are  apparently  absent  in  our  form.  The  radial 
corrugations  of  our  form  are  apparently  absent  in  P.  Nera.  The  new  species  is 
also  relatively  thicker  than  P.  Nera.  There  is  a great  difference  between  the 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


143 


lobe-line  of  the  new  form  and  that  of  P.  Velledae  and  allied  forms.  In  the 
Indian  forms  the  external  lobe  is  very  much  shorter  than  the  first  lateral  lobe, 
whereas  in  the  Pondoland  ammonite  the  two  lobes  are  nearly  of  the  same 
size.  There  is  close  agreement  between  the  lobe-line  of  our  form  and  that 
of  Phylloceras  sp.  mentioned  by  Woods  from  Pondoland  (“The  Cretaceous 
Fauna  of  Pondoland,"  Ann.  S.  Afr.  Mus.  vol.  iv.  Pt.  vn.  PI.  XLI,  fig.  4). 
There  is,  however,  difference  in  the  shape  and  the  ribbing  of  the  shell.  There 
is  also  a great  resemblance  between  the  suture-line  of  P.  Roger  si  Kitchin 
and  that  of  our  form.  The  shells  differ,  however,  in  shape  and  ornamentation. 

The  specimen  is  imperfect  and  wholly  septate.  One  side  of  the  last  whorl 
has  weathered  away. 

Gaudryceras  amapondense  n.sp.  PI.  XXIV,  figs.  4,  5. 

Shell  discoidal,  compressed.  Sides  of  whorl  slightly  convex  and  convergent 
towards  the  rounded  periphery.  Last  whorl  rather  rapidly  increasing.  The 
umbilicus  is  large,  the  umbilical  surface  fairly  steep  and  the  umbilical  margin 
strongly  convex.  Whorls  higher  than  broad  and  covering  about  half  of  the 
flanks  of  the  preceding  whorl. 

Whorls  ornamented  with  low  ribs,  which  are  narrow  within  the  umbilicus 
and  become  broader  towards  the  periphery.  Between  these  other  ribs  are 
intercalated,  which  are  only  faintly  visible  at  the  umbilicus.  Ribs  of  unequal 
breadth  and  separated  by  unequal  distances.  Both  ribs  and  interspaces  are 
covered  by  numerous  fine  ribs.  The  last  whorl  shows  four  ribs,  at  a distance 
of  about  90  degrees  from  each  other,  which  are  much  broader  and  thicker  than 
those  in  their  immediate  vicinity.  One  of  these  ribs  had  to  be  removed  in 
studying  the  suture-line  and  was  seen  to  correspond  with  a constriction  on  the 
internal  cast.  The  last  of  these  ribs  is  immediately  preceded  by  three  others, 
which  are  also  broad  and  thick  and  separated  by  broad  interspaces.  The 
umbilical  portion  of  all  the  ribs  is  concave  forwards,  on  the  sides  they  are 
convex  forwards  and  near  the  ventral  border  they  are  again  concave  forwards. 
Their  ventral  portion  was  not  seen.  Inner  whorls  covered  with  finer  ribs; 
here  and  there  is  a coarser  one  followed  by  a deep  groove. 

The  suture-line  has  not  been  seen  completely.  That  which  is  visible  con- 
sists of  a portion  of  the  first  lateral  lobe,  both  lateral  saddles,  one  auxiliary 
saddle  and  a portion  of  another.  The  remaining  space  between  the  visible 
portion  of  the  last  saddle  and  the  umbilical  suture  is  slightly  broader  than  the 
breadth  of  this  portion.  The  auxiliary  lobes  and  saddles  become  smaller 
towards  the  umbilical  suture  and  run  slightly  backwards.  Further  detail 
may  be  gathered  from  the  figures. 

Measurements : 

Diameter  ...  ...  ...  ...  109  mm.  (1} 

Height  of  last  whorl  ...  ...  ...  47  ,,  (0*43) 

Thickness  of  last  whorl  ...  ...  perhaps  41  ,,  (0-38) 

Height  of  penultimate  whorl  ...  about  20  ,,  (0-18) 

Thickness  of  penultimate  whorl  ...  ...  9 ,,  (0-08) 

Diameter  of  umbilicus  ...  ...  ...  28  ,,  (0-26) 

As  the  thickness  over  the  longest  diameter  cannot  be  accurately  given,  the 
three  first  measurements  are  again  taken  at  about  90  degrees  back  from  the 
anterior  end. 

Diameter  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  88  mm.  (1) 

Height  of  last  whorl  ...  ...  ...  38  ,,  (0-43 

Thickness  of  last  whorl  ...  ...  ...  29  ,,  (0*33 


144 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


The  specimen  is  entirely  septate.  No  species  is  known  to  me  with  which 
the  new  form  could  be  confounded.  Remarkable  in  the  species,  although  by 
no  means  singular,  is  that  the;  breadth  of  the  last  whorl  is  relatively  greater 
than  that  of  the  preceding  one,  and  further  the  extraordinary  height  of  the 
penultimate  whorl  with  regard  to  its  breadth. 

Tetragonites  teres  n.sp.  PI.  XXV,  figs.  1,  2. 

Shell  discoid al,  umbilicated,  with  a few  rapidly  increasing  whorls.  Whorls 
higher  than  broad.  Greatest  thickness  at  the  umbilical  margin.  Sides  of  whorl 
flat,  becoming  rounded  towards  the  periphery.  External  surface  strongly 
convex,  rounding  off  gradually  into  the  sides.  Umbilical  surface  very  steep. 
Inclusion  two-thirds.  The  surface  of  the  shell  is  smooth  and  covered  with 
growth-lines,  which  are  only  visible  with  a magnifying  glass.  Two  faint 
constrictions  are  visible,  having  the  same  shape  as  those  of  Tetragonites  epi- 
gonum. Lobe-line  very  imperfectly  known;  as  far  as  visible  showing  the 
general  type  of  Tetragonites. 

Measurements : 


Diameter 

69  mm.  (1)  At  diam.  of 

57  mm- 

(1) 

Height  of  last  whorl 

39  , 

. (°'57) 

3i  - 

(o-54) 

Thickness  of  last  whorl 

p 

26  ,, 

(0-46) 

Diameter  of  umbilicus 

14  , 

, (o-20) 

There  is  only  one  specimen  upon  which  the  above  description  has  been 
based.  About  a quarter  of  its  last  whorl  is  probably  body-chamber.  The 
specimen  has  suffered  somewhat  from  lateral  compression.  A portion  of  the 
last  whorl,  however,  has  not  been  compressed  at  all,  and  in  this  region  the 
measurements  on  the  diameter  of  57  mm.  have  been  taken. 

The  new  species  differs  from  Tetragonites  Timotheanum  Mayor  sp.  and 
from  T.  epigonum  Kossmat  by  the  fact  that  its  whorls  are  higher  than  broad ; 
in  the  two  species  mentioned  they  are  broader  than  high.  T.  Timotheanum  is 
also  more  involute  and  its  whorls  have  an  angular  section.  The  section  of  the 
whorls  of  T.  epigonum  is  also  more  trapezoidal  than  that  of  T.  teres.  The 
height  of  the  last  whorl  is  greater  than  half  the  diameter  of  the  shell  in  the 
new  species,  whereas  in  T.  Timotheanum  it  is  equal  to  or,  especially  in  T.  epi- 
gonum and  young  specimens  of  T.  Timotheanum,  less  than  half  this  diameter. 

Holcodiscus  Faku  n.sp.  PI.  XXV,  figs.  3,  4.  PI.  XXVI,  figs.  1,  2. 

There  are  two  specimens  which  are  regarded  as  belonging  here.  The 
following  description  has  been  taken  from  the  smaller  of  the  two. 

Shell  discoidal.  Whorls  higher  than  broad.  Greatest  thickness  at  the 
umbilical  edge.  Sides  of  whorl  nearly  flat  near  the  umbilical  margin,  becoming 
more  and  more  convex  towards  the  periphery.  External  surface  strongly 
convex.  Umbilical  surface  low  and  very  steep.  Involution  moderate,  between 
one-half  and  two-thirds  of  the  preceding  whorl  being  embraced. 

Umbilical  surface  smooth.  Sides  of  whorl  covered  with  numerous,  high 
and  narrow  ribs.  All  ribs  pass  with  undiminished  strength  over  the  outer 
surface.  The  ribs  emanate  partly  from  strong,  sharp,  radially  elongated 
tubercles,  which  have  a flat  and  steep  anterior  surface  and  which  stand  on  the 
extreme  umbilical  margin.  The  umbilical  edge  of  these  tubercles  passes  for 
a short  distance  on  to  the  umbilical  surface  and  stands  practically  perpen- 
dicular on  the  lateral  edge  of  the  protuberances.  The  ribs  emanate  from  these 
tubercles  in  an  irregular  way.  Sometimes  the  edge  of  one  rib  is  continuous 
with  the  edge  of  the  tubercle,  while  another  rib  emanates  from  its  side.  In 
other  instances  the  edges  of  two  ribs  are  continuous  with  the  edge  of  the 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  145 


tubercle.  Sometimes  the  edge  of  the  tubercle  is  continuous  with  one  rib, 
while  another  rib  begins  at  each  of  its  sides.  Again,  one  rib  is  continuous  with 
the  edge  of  the  tubercle,  while  another  emanates  from  one  side  and  two  from 
the  other.  Sometimes  the  edge  of  the  tubercle  ends  in  a groove  between  two 
ribs.  Now  and  then  one  of  the  ribs  starts  independently  of  any  tubercle  at 
the  extreme  edge  of  the  umbilicus.  Now  and  then,  by  no  means  at  regular 
intervals,  a short  rib  is  intercalated  between  two  others;  these  short  ribs 
start  at  about  the  middle  of  the  flank  and  behave  further  as  the  others.  At 
irregular  intervals  the  whorl  is  traversed  obliquely  by  a deep  groove,  which  is 
bordered  behind  by  a thick  ridge  and  in  front  by  a narrow  ridge.  Its  course 
is  sinuous,  being  slightly  convex  forwards  near  its  inner  end,  concave  forwards 
near  its  middle  and  convex  forwards  at  its  outer  end  and  on  the  external 
surface.  The  ridge  in  front  of  the  groove  starts  on  the  umbilical  surface,  just 
inside  the  umbilical  edge  and  passes  on  to  the  flank  without  forming  a tubercle. 
It  is  not  in  touch  with  any  other  rib.  The  rib  behind  the  groove  starts  at  an 
umbilical  tubercle  and  either  bifurcates  therefrom  with  another  rib,  or  is  the 
only  rib  continuous  with  the  lateral  edge  of  the  tubercle,  or  emanates  from  the 
anterior  surface  of  a tubercle,  from  which  another  rib  starts  in  continuous 
line  with  its  lateral  edge  and  still  another  from  its  posterior  side.  This  rib 
behind  the  groove  cuts  off  two  or  three  other  ribs.  As  it  crosses  the  external 
surface  it  becomes  thicker  and  in  the  last  two  sulci  of  the  larger  specimen 
very  much  so.  There  are  six  of  these  grooves  on  the  last  whorl.  The  course  of 
the  other  ribs  is  somewhat  irregular.  Many  of  them  are  very  slightly  convex 
forwards  near  the  middle  of  the  flank.  A few  are  straight  in  this  region.  They 
mostly  cross  the  external  surface  with  scarcely  any  convexity  forwards.  In 
some  of  those  near  the  sulci,  however,  the  forward  inflexion  on  the  external 
surface  is  greater.  The  spaces  between  the  ribs  are  much  broader  than  the 
ribs  and  also  broader  than  the  nearest  sulcus.  On  the  end  of  the  last  whorl, 
which  possibly  partly  represents  the  posterior  end  of  the  body-chamber,  the 
interspaces  become  much  broader  and  the  ribs  thicker.  In  the  second  specimen, 
of  which  apparently  a large  part  of  the  body-chamber  has  been  preserved, 
the  ribs  are  very  thick  on  this  portion  and  the  interspaces  very  broad. 

The  lobe-line  resembles  most  that  of  Holcodiscus.  The  external  saddle 
and  both  lateral  saddles  are  symmetrically  divided  by  a secondary  lobe.  The 
external  saddle  is  slender  and  longer  than  the  others.  The  first  lateral  lobe 
is  trifid  and  longer  than  the  ventral  lobe.  The  second  lateral  saddle  does  not 
touch  the  umbilical  margin.  On  the  umbilical  surface  the  lobe-line  runs 
backwards  and  forms  three  very  small  saddles. 

Measurements : 

Small  spec.  Large  spec. 


Diameter 

64  mm. 

(1) 

62  mm. 

(1) 

Height  of  last  whorl 

27  „ 

(0-42) 

26  ,, 

(0*42) 

Thickness  of  last  whorl 

21  ,, 

(°*33) 

22  ,, 

(o-35) 

Height  of  penult,  whorl 

16  ,, 

19  ,, 

(°'3°) 

Thickness  of  penult,  whorl 

13  » 

16  ,, 

(0-26) 

Diameter  of  umbilicus 

18  ,, 

(0-28) 

18  ,, 

(0-29) 

The  end  of  the  last  whorl  of  the  type  (small  specimen)  is  damaged  on  one 
side  and  its  thickness  cannot  therefore  be  accurately  given.  21  mm.  is  its 
approximate  dimension.  The  sides  of  the  last  whorl  of  the  large  specimen 
are  also  damaged  and  its  thickness  is  therefore  also  given  approximately. 
The  measurements  of  the  penultimate  whorl  of  the  type  are  not  comparable 
with  those  of  the  last  whorl,  because  they  had  to  be  taken  on  another  diameter. 


146  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


The  actual  diameter  of  the  second  specimen  is  82  mm.  As  the  other  measure- 
ments could  not  be  taken  on  this  diameter  it  was  thought  better  to  take  them 
over  that  of  62  mm.,  whereby  they  would  all  be  on  one  line. 

The  new  form  shows  great  resemblance  with  species  of  the  group  Holco- 
discus  Aemilianus  Stol.  It  differs  from  H.  Kandi  Stol.  sp.  by  being  more 
involute,  by  the  different  arrangement  of  the  ribs  and  their  comparative 
straightness.  H.  madrasinus  Stol.  sp.  has  a last  whorl,  which  is  twice  as  high 
as  broad.  It  is  also  more  involute  and  its  constrictions  are  more  numerous. 
In  H.  karapadensis  Kossmat  the  ribs  are  flattened  on  the  flanks  and  on  the 
periphery,  while  the  sulci  are  directed  much  more  forwards.  H.  buddhaicus 
Kossmat  shows  great  resemblance  in  the  ornamentation,  but  differs  in  the 
fact  that  its  whorls  are  broader  than  high. 

Named  after  Faku,  a former  paramount  chief  of  the  Pondo  tribe. 

Holco discus  africanus  n.sp.  PI.  XXVI,  figs.  3 — 5. 

Shell  discoid al.  Last  whorl  higher  than  broad . Greatest  thickness  of  whorls 
at  the  umbilical  edge.  Sides  of  whorl  nearly  flat  near  the  umbilical  margin, 
becoming  more  and  more  convex  towards  the  periphery.  External  surface 
strongly  convex.  Umbilical  surface  low  and  very  steep.  Involution  moderate, 
about  one-half  of  the  preceding  whorl  being  embraced. 

Umbilical  surface  smooth.  Sides  of  whorl  covered  with  numerous  narrow, 
rounded  ribs,  which  are  strong  on  the  sides  but  ver}^  faint  at  the  periphery. 
Most  of  the  ribs  emanate  from  tubercles  on  the  extreme  umbilical  margin. 
The  tubercles  have  mostly  a more  or  less  radially  directed  edge;  the  ribs 
emanate  from  them  by  twos,  while  a rib  originates  at  the  side  of  the  tubercle 
in  front  and  behind  of  this  pair.  Practically,  therefore,  there  are  four  ribs 
to  one  tubercle.  Near  an  old  mouth  groove  this  arrangement  may  become 
slightly  irregular,  through  the  presence  of  an  extra  rib.  Ah  the  ribs  have  the 
same  relative  length.  At  irregular  intervals  the  whole  whorl  is  traversed  by 
a deep  groove,  which  is  bordered  in  front  by  a thick  ridge.  Near  the  periphery 
the  hinder  border  of  the  groove  is  formed  by  an  equally  strong  rib,  but  on  the 
flanks  this  rib  is  very  much  weaker.  The  course  of  the  groove  is  sinuous;  at 
the  umbilical  edge  it  is  concave  forwards,  near  the  middle  of  the  flank  it  is 
convex  forwards  and  past  this  middle  it  is  again  concave  forwards.  Its  external 
end  makes  a strong  anterior  sweep  towards  the  periphery.  On  the  periphery 
it  is  strongly  convex  forwards.  The  anterior  rib  does  not  form  a tubercle, 
although  it  is  prominent  on  the  umbilical  edge.  It  is  not  in  touch  with  any 
other  rib.  That  portion  of  the  posterior  rib,  which  is  actually  rib,  starts  at  or 
near  the  middle  of  the  flank;  the  first  rib  behind  this  begins  at  the  posterior 
edge  of  the  groove,  about  midway  between  the  middle  of  the  flank  and  the 
umbilical  edge.  The  second  rib  behind  it  starts  on  the  anterior  surface  of  a 
tubercle,  which  stands  on  the  edge  of  the  groove.  There  are  four  of  these 
constrictions  on  the  last  whorl.  The  course  of  the  other  ribs  is  very  regular. 
They  have  all  got  a stretched  S -shape,  their  inner  half  being  very  slightly 
convex  and  their  outer  half  concave  forwards.  As  far  as  they  are  visible  on 
the  periphery  they  are  convex  forwards.  The  spaces . between  the  ribs  are 
broader  than  the  ribs  and  on  the  middle  of  the  flank  only  slightly  broader  than 
the  nearest  sulcus  in  this  region. 

The  lobe-line  resembles  most  that  of  Holcodiscus  karapadensis  and  H. 
buddhaicus.  The  external  saddle  and  both  lateral  saddles  are  symmetrically 
divided  by  a secondary  lobe.  The  external  saddle  is  slender  and  longer  than 
the  others.  The  first  lateral  lobe  is  trifid  and  longer  than  the  ventral  lobe.  The 
second  lateral  saddle  does  not  touch  the  umbilical  margin.  The  first  auxiliary 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


147 


lobe  lies  external  to  the  umbilical  margin.  It  is  very  short  and  its  posterior  end 
lies  far  in  advance  of  the  posterior  end  of  the  second  lateral  lobe.  On  the 
umbilical  surface  the  lobe-line  runs  as  far  backwards  as  the  posterior  end  of 
the  second  lateral  lobe. 


approximately  about 
about 


44  mm 
17  „ 

12  ,, 

8 ,, 

8*5  mm 
13-5  „ 


(1) 

(o-39) 

(0-27) 

(0*18) 

(0-19) 

(o-3i) 


Measurements : 

Diameter 

Height  of  last  whorl 
Thickness  of  last  whorl 
Height  of  penultimate  whorl 
Thickness  of  penultimate  whorl 
Diameter  of  umbilicus 
This  is  another  form  belonging  to  the  group  of  Holcodiscus  Aemilianus 
Stol.  sp.  It  differs  from  H.  Kandi  Stol.  sp.  by  having  the  ribs  flattened  on 
the  periphery  and  by  the  fact  that  all  the  ribs  start  at  the  umbilicus.  The 
constrictions  have  also  a different  shape.  In  H.  madrasinus  Stol.  sp.  the  ribs 
pass  with  undiminished  strength  across  the  periphery,  while  the  constrictions 
are  more  numerous  and  cut  off  more  ribs.  There  is  great  resemblance  between 
our  form  and  H.  karapadensis  Kossmat.  In  the  Indian  ammonite,  however, 
the  ribs  are  not  conspicuous  on  the  inner  portion  of  the  flank  and  the  sulci 
are  directed  more  forwards,  so  that  more  ribs  are  cut  off.  The  shape  of  the 
sulci  is  also  different.  The  height  of  the  whorl  augments  quicker  in  our  form 
than  in  H.  karapadensis.  In  H.  buddhaicus  the  whorls  are  broader  than  high. 

One  side  of  the  last  whorl  shows  a portion  of  the  last  mouth  edge.  If  this 
edge  is  identified  correctly,  the  body-chamber  occupied  slightly  more  than 
half  a whorl. 


PLATES  XXIV  to  XXVI 


PLATE  XXIV. 

Phylloceras  umzambiense. 

Fig.  i.  Lateral  view,  x 1*87. 

,,  2.  Half  outline  of  transverse  section  at  greatest  diameter.  Natural 

size. 

,,  3.  Suture.  Natural  size. 

Gaudryceras  amapondense. 

,,  4.  Lateral  view.  Natural  size. 

,,  5.  Half  outline  of  transverse  section  at  diameter  of  99  mm. 

Natural  size. 


PLATE  XXV. 

Tetragonites  teres. 

Fig.  i.  Lateral  view.  Slightly  less  than  natural  size. 

,,  2.  Outline  of  transverse  section  through  last  whorl,  where  it  has 

not  suffered  from  pressure,  at  a diameter  of  57  mm. 

Holcodiscus  Faku. 

,,  3.  Lateral  view  of  type.  Natural  size. 

,,  4.  Outline  of  transverse  section  at  a diameter  of  56  mm.  Natural 


size. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  2 


Plate  XXV 


PLATE  XXVI. 

Holcodiscus  Faku. 

Fig.  i.  Lateral  view  of  large  specimen.  Natural  size. 

,,  2.  Suture  of  large  specimen.  Natural  size. 

Holcodiscus  afvicanus. 

,,  3.  Lateral  view.  Natural  size. 

,,  4.  Half  outline  of  transverse  section  at  diameter  of  40  mm. 

Natural  size. 

,,  5.  Suture.  Natural  size. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII , Pt.  2 


Plate  XXVI 


MEDEDELINGEN 


ANNALS 


OF  THE  VAN  HET 

TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 


VOLUME  VII 

PART  3 containing 

, . _ t 

On  the  South  African  Notodontidae , with  Descrip- 
tions of  Apparently  New  Genera  and  Species. 
By  A.  J.  T.  Janse.  (With  14  plates.) 


Issued  June  30 th>  1920 


PRINTED  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
CAMBRIDGE,  ENGLAND 


920 


ANNALS 


MEDEDELINGEN 


OF  THE 


VAN  HET 


TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 


Vol.  7 


Part  3 


ON  THE  SOUTH  AFRICAN  NOTODONTIDAE 

WITH  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  APPARENTLY  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES 


As  far  as  the  sub-continent  is  concerned,  the  family  Notodontidae  has,  on 
the  whole,  neither  been  extensively  dealt  with  nor  properly  classified.  Further, 
no  attempt  has  yet  been  made  to  catalogue  this  group  of  South  African  moths, 
although  the  country  is  fairly  rich  in  species.  It  has  been  my  good  fortune  to 
secure  and  study  the  majority  of  these,  and  only  three  genera  recorded  from 
S.  Africa  have  not  been  before  me. 

The  most  comprehensive  account  of  the  family  is  to  be  found  in  Professor 
Packard’s  Monograph  of  the  Bombycine  Moths  of  America  north  of  Mexico. 
This  work  deals  only  with  North  American  genera  of  which  few  indeed  occur 
in  S.  Africa.  It  has  nevertheless  been  of  great  assistance  to  me  although  I have 
not  been  able  to  apply  the  principles  of  sub-family  grouping  therein  annunci- 
ated owing  to  slight  acquaintance  with  local  larvae.  In  the  future,  therefore, 
when  these  have  become  better  known,  especially  the  larvae  of  the  first  in  star, 
some  rearrangement  of  the  genera  may  become  necessary. 

In  the  task  which  I have  set  myself,  I have  also  found  the  Moths  of  India, 
vol.  1.  by  Sir  George  Hampson  most  useful  although  not  more  than  ten  Indian 
genera  occur  in  South  Africa.  Further,  a paper  on  the  American  Notodontidae 
by  Schaus  which  appeared  in  the  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Bond.  1901  (pp.  257-343), 
and  several  papers  on  European  members  of  this  family  have  also  served  a 
useful  purpose. 

However,  the  generosity  of  Sir  George  Hampson  in  supplying  me  with 
notes  on  genera,  which  have  no  doubt  led  to  the  avoidance  of  many  an  error, 
has  been  my  main  assistance  and  I take  this  early  opportunity  of  expressing 
my  deep  sense  of  gratitude  to  him. 

As  usual,  the  conventional  but  entirely  artificial  northern  boundary  of 
South  Africa  has  been  adopted;  i.e.  the  southern  banks  of  the  Zambesi  and 
Quinene  rivers. 

The  material  examined  is  typical  of  the  whole  area  south  of  this  line  of 
demarcation.  Most  of  the  specimens  came  from  Natal,  the  Transvaal  or  Southern 


By  A.  J.  T.  Janse. 


With  14  plates. 


/ 


\ 


r 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


150 


Rhodesia,  the  last  yielding  several  new  and  peculiar  forms.  I have  had  access 
to  nearly  all  the  available  specimens  in  our  local  Museums  and  private  col- 
lections; among  the  latter  I would  mention  those  of  Messrs  E.  E.  Platt, 
E.  L.  Clark  and  Father  J.  A.  O’Neil. 

So  far  as  my  knowledge  of  the  moths  goes,  the  distribution  of  the  Noto- 
dontidae  in  S.  Africa  is  interesting  inasmuch  as  scarcely  any  species  peculiar 
to  the  Cape  Province  have  come  under  my  notice.  This  does  not  obtain  with 
the  Lymantriadae , of  which  certain  genera  were  rather  well  represented  in  that 
region.  Although  it  is  by  no  means  so  rich  in  Heterocera  as  the  Eastern  region, 
I cannot  help  thinking,  that  a more  systematic  survey  would  show  more 
N otodontidae  in  the  Cape  Province  than  we  know  of  at  present. 

It  is  not  unlikely  that  some  of  the  insects  herein  described  as  new  species 
have  been  previously  described  from  Central  Africa,  because  the  references  at 
my  disposal  do  not  include  all  the  literature  of  the  N otodontidae  of  Africa; 
however,  every  possible  precaution  has  been  taken  to  guard  against  duplica- 
tion. 

The  references  given  are  those  which  I have  used,  but  all  synonyms  have 
not  necessarily  been  given  for  each  case. 

The  measurement  of  the  span  has  been  arrived  at  by  doubling  that  taken 
from  the  middle  of  the  thorax  to  the  tip  of  the  fore  wing. 

Unless  stated  to  the  contrary,  the  point  at  which  an  inner  vein  branches 
away  from  an  outer  is  a proportion  of  the  length  of  the  outer,  as  measured 
from  the  cell  to  the  margin 

In  many  instances  the  interrelationship  of  the  various  genera  has  not  been 
very  clear  to  me.  There  are  gaps  which  may  yet  be  filled  by  new  forms  or  which 
were  once  occupied  by  some  now  extinct.  Packard  has  defined  with  more  or  less 
success  seven  sub-families.  For  my  own  part  I recognise  eight  groups,  but  it  is 
questionable  whether  these  have  the  value  of  sub-families. 

Group  I. 

This  group  comprises  the  genera  Scalmicauda  and  Ichthyura,  of  which  the 
members  are  characterised  by  their  hairy  eyes,  and  their  tendency  to  develop 
tufts  on  the  thorax,  peculiarities  of  no  other  Notodontids.  Ichthyura  is  the  more 
specialised  genus,  but  I hardly  think  that  it  originated  from  Scalmicauda. 

Group  II. 

The  two  genera  Pectinophora  and  Lophopteryx  compose  this  group  of  moths 
peculiar  for  the  tufted  inner  margin  of  the  fore  wing.  I take  this  group  to  have 
originated  from  an  ancestral  form  common  to  it  and  to  Antheua  as  its  structure 
is  rather  more  primitive  than  that  of  Antheua  although  similar. 

Group  III. 

This  group  I also  regard  as  having  originated  from  the  root  common  to 
groups  II  and  V,  although  no  trace  can  be  found  elsewhere  of  the  spur  on  the 
fork  of  vein  1 b of  fore  wing,  peculiar  to  this  group  and  possibly  a rather 
primitive  character.  This  Cerura  group  has  three  genera:  Pseudorethona, 
Cerura  and  Pararethona ; the  spur  on  1 h,  the  scaling  of  the  legs  and  the  branches 
of  the  antennae  all  indicate  close  affinity.  Cerura  has  lost  the  median  spur  on 
the  hind  legs,  and  for  this  reason  is  considered  specialised;  but,  on  the  other 
hand,  it  has  a bar  between  the  upper  median, and  vein  8 of  the  hind  wing;  this 
bar  is  missing  in  Pseudorethona.  Pararethona  may  ultimately  prove  to  be  con- 
nected in  one  way  or  another  with  Chadisra  but  it  certainly  also  exhibits 
relationship  to  the  two  other  genera  of  the  group. 


14  Rigema 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  151 


n — 2 


22  TseniopteryK 


152 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Group  IV1. 

This  may  be  called  the  Desmeocraera  group,  comprising  the  genera  Desmeo - 
craeva,  Phyllaliodes,  Hypophiala  and  Stauropus,  the  members  being  peculiar 
as  the  proboscis  is  absent  or,  when  present,  very  weakly  developed. 

Of  these  genera  Desmeocraera  is  the  largest  South  African  genus  and  peculiar 
for  (i)  the  absence  of  the  areole,  (2)  for  its  well  developed  palpi,  (3)  for  possess- 
ing spurs  on  the  hind  legs,  (4)  for  the  presence  of  all  veins,  (5)  for  the  smallness 
of  the  third  joint  of  the  palpus.  Stauropus  originates  directly  from  Desmeo- 
craera, having  all  the  veins  but  only  two  spurs  on  the  hind  legs;  in  both  genera 
the  terminal  part  of  the  spurs  is  peculiar  and  the  palpi  are  reduced  in  size  and 
porrect. 

The  remaining  two  genera  Hypophiala  and  Phyllaliodes  may  have  originated 
near  Desmeocraera,  but  the  position  of  Phyllaliodes  in  particular,  is  far  from 
clear  to  me  as  veins  6 and  7,  8,  9 and  10  suggest  that  they  arrived  from  a form 
having  an  areole  in  the  fore  wing.  The  palpi  in  both  genera  are  however  very 
much  reduced.  There  exists  in  these  two  genera  a remarkable  likeness  to  the 
Striphnopterygidae  in  general  appearance. 

Group  V. 

This  group  should  most  probably  include  Antheua,  from  which  Phalera 
branches  off  more  or  less  directly  as  it  shows  a close  affinity  to  that  genus, 
being  differentiated  from  it  by  (1)  the  more  elongated  fore  wing;  (2)  the  position 
of  veins  6 and  7;  (3)  the  presence  of  the  bar  in  the  hind  wing;  (4)  the  shorter 
and  less  upturned  palpi;  (5)  the  reduced  pectination  of  the  antennae;  (6)  the 
general  pattern  of  the  fore  wing,  the  last  differentiating  it  at  once.  Both  Rigema 
and  Leucophalera  may  have  originated  from  Phalera.  In  Rigema  the  teeth  of 
the  spurs  have  been  more  developed,  the  palpi  are  more  porrect  and  shorter, 
but  the  markings  on  the  abdomen  are  as  in  Antheua  and  Phalera.  Leucophalera 
shows  a similar  development  of  the  spurs,  but  the  rows  of  teeth  are  shorter, 
the  bar  in  the  hind  wing  is  absent,  in  the  fore  wing  veins  6 and  7 originate  in 
a different  way  and  the  process  of  the  fore  tibia  is  also  different  from  that  of  any 
of  the  previous  genera. 

Group  VI. 

This  may  be  named  the  Chadisra  group.  It  comprises  Chadisra,  Hoplitis, 
Galona  and  Amy  ops.  The  genus  Chadisra  shows  affinity  to  Antheua  in  the 
structure  of  the  palpi  and  in  the  venation  of  the  wings;  but  the  hind  wing 
has  a bar,  and  the  fore  wing  is  more  narrow  and  elongate  with  a corresponding 
decrease  in  surface  of  the  hind  wing ; these  two  last  characters  are  found  more 
or  less  in  all  genera  of  this  group.  There  is  also  a tendency  for  the  branches  of 
the  antennae  to  be  reduced;  these  in  the  more  generalised  genera  are  rather 
well  developed.  The  process  of  the  fore  tibia  is  of  the  same  type  as  that  of 
Antheua  and  the  spurs,  though  longer,  terminate  in  the  same  manner.  I think 
two  branches  sprung  from  this  genus;  one  being  Hoplitis,  which  preserves  the 
upturned  palpi  but  has  lost  the  areole  through  anastomosis,  the  other,  com- 

1 Groups  IV,  V and  VI  are  in  many  ways  closely  allied  and  I regard  them  as 
originating  from  a form  very  similar  to  the  present  members  of  Antheua.  Possibly 
they  should  be  included  with  that  genus  so  as  to  form  one  large  group.  Antheua 
is  certainly  the  most  generalised  of  all  the  remaining  genera  although  containing 
less  species  than  one  would  expect  for  such  an  old  genus.  Even  nowadays  Antheua 
displays  a great  tendency  to  vary  structurally.  It  is  peculiar,  that  the  bar  between 
the  upper  median  and  vein  8 of  the  hind  wing  is  absent  in  Antheua,  present  in  groups 
VI  and  VIII  and  absent  again  in  group  IV. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


153 


prising  Galona  and  Amyops  which  preserve  the  areole  whilst  the  palpi  become 
much  reduced;  in  Amyops  the  median  spurs  of  the  hind  legs  also  disappear. 

Group  VII. 

This  may  be  called  the  Scrancia  group,  comprising  six  genera.  It  may  have 
originated  somewhere  near  Chadisra , the  similarity  in  structure  and  the  ten- 
dency of  the  fore  wing  to  be  narrow,  pointing  to  this.  But  here  the  hind  wing 
is  ample  and  remains  usually  so,  while  the  rather  long  legs,  especially  of 
Scrancia,  are  extraordinary  features  in  the  Notodontidae.  I think  that 
Phycitimorpha  is  the  oldest  genus  and  from  it  two  branches  have  developed: 
the  “Scrancia”  branch,  in  which  the  proboscis  remained,  and  the  “ Breyeria” 
branch  with  this  organ  lost  to  its  three  genera.  From  Scrancia,  Taeniopteryx 
may  have  developed,  judging  by  (1)  the  coalescence  of  the  areole  of  the  fore  wing, 
(2)  the  stalking  of  vein  6 to  the  stalk  of  7-10,  (3)  the  obsolescent  vein  5 in  the  hind 
wing;  a puzzling  feature  is,  however,  the  rather  long  process  of  the  fore  tibia 
which  in  Scrancia  is  short  and  broad.  It  is  remarkable  that  in  Breyeria  this 
process  is  also  longer  than  in  Scrancia,  even  longer  than  in  Phycitimorpha', 
further  the  members  of  Breyeria  lack  a proboscis,  have  reduced  palpi  and 
much  broader  fore  wing  than  those  of  the  Scrancia  branch.  The  members  of 
the  genus  Stenostaura  are  remarkable  for  (1)  the  stalking  of  veins  3 and  4 in  both 
wings,  (2)  the  absence  of  the  median  spurs  on  the  hind  legs,  (3)  the  shorter 
piocess  on  the  fore  tibia,  and  (4)  their  palpi.  In  Eurystaura  on  the  other  hand 
the  areole  is  lost  by  coalescence,  vein  5 of  the  hind  wing  becomes  very  faint 
and  the  process  of  the  fore  tibia  is  much  shorter  than  in  Breyeria. 

Group  VIII. 

This  I call  the  Notoxantha  group.  It  comprises  as  many  as  eleven  genera, 
several  of  which  have  a more  or  less  developed  bar  in  the  hind  wing.  The  group 
originated  somewhere  near  Antheua,  Zana  in  particular  closely  resembling 
Antheua.  Notoxantha  shows  several  generalised  characters  but  is  probably  not 
quite  like  the  form  from  which  the  others  must  have  come.  Crambometra  is 
peculiar  for  the  well-developed  branches  of  the  antennae;  the  venation  of  the 
fore  wing  resembles  Notoxantha,  but  in  that  of  the  hind  wing  vein  5 is  reduced; 
the  genus  Campyloctys  is  closely  allied  to  Crambometra  as  is  clearly  indicated  by 
the  antennae,  but  the  venation  of  the  fore  wing  is  remarkable,  as  veins  8 and  9 
have  become  separated,  thus  doing  away  with  the  areole  and  causing  7 and  8, 
9 and  10  to  be  stalked;  here  also  the  palpi  are  more  porrect.  Zana  may  have 
originated  directly  from  Notoxantha,  the  spurs  are  shorter,  the  bar  of  the  hind 
wing  is  less  distinct  and  the  palpi  are  more  reduced  and  porrect.  Ramesa  stands 
more  or  less  alone  by  the  peculiar  development  of  tlie  antennae,  but  the  fore 
wing  agrees  in  venation,  but  not  in  markings,  with  Notoxantha. 

Polienus  and  Prionocentrum  come  somewhere  before  Pydna,  but  the 
relation  of  both  these  genera  is  not  quite  clear  to  me;  on  the  whole  Priono- 
centrum is  a rather  peculiar  Notodontid. 

The  peculiar  reduction  in  the  Pydna  branch  is  the  disappearance  of  the 
areole  through  anastomosis  of  the  greater  part  of  vein  10  with  veins  6,  7,  8,  9 
(in  P.  rubrifascia,  indeed,  it  can  be  seen  how  the  areole  disappeared) ; all  other 
characters  are  remarkably  like  those  of  Notoxantha  except  that  the  frons  is 
smooth.  Polelassothys  has  (1)  the  palpi  very  much  reduced,  (2)  only  two  spurs 
on  the  hind  tibia,  (3)  vein  8 of  hind  wing  coalescent  with  nearly  the  whole  of 
the  upper  median;  this  last  feature  is  particularly  interesting. 

The  genus  Anaphe  may  have  originated  from  Pydna,  although  the  reduction 
of  the  spurs  as  between  these  two  genera  points  to  one  or  more  intermediate 


154  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


genera.  Epanaphe  I consider  to  be  directly  derived  from  Anaphe,  although  the 
disappearance  of  vein  5 in  both  wings  is  a very  sudden  transition. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 

The  Transvaal  Museum:  for  the  most  generous  way  in  which  the  Director 
allowed  me  to  publish  this  paper  and  Mrs  C.  J.  Swierstra  for  assisting  me  with 
his  material. 

The  South  African  Museum:  for  the  loan  and  presents  of  several  Notodontids 
and  for  kindly  copying  some  descriptions  not  in  my  library. 

The  Natal  and  Durban  Museums:  for  the  loan  of  their  whole  material  of  this 
family. 

The  Southern  Rhodesia  Museum  : for  the  loan  of  specimens. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


155 


Family  NOTOD ONTID AE. 

General  build  noctuiform,  seldom  slender;  fore  wing  1 b often  forming  a fork 
at  base,  1 c absent,  vein  5 from  middle  or  a little  above  middle  of  discocellulars ; 
hind  wing  with  two  internal  veins,  vein  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars  or 
absent,  8 free  from  base,  then  parallel  with,  or  approximated  to,  upper  median 
or  connected  with  that  vein  by  a bar,  then  obliquely  to  near  apex. 


KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

1 a.  Eyes  hairy  ............  2 

b.  Eyes  glabrous  ...........  3 

2 a.  Fore  wing  with  an  areole  .....  Scalmicauda  p.158 

b.  Fore  wing  without  an  areole  ....  Ichthyura  p.  161 

3 a.  Fore  wing  with  one  or  more  tufts  of  hairs  and  scales  on  inner  margin 

at  middle  ...........  30 

b.  Fore  wing  without  such  a tuft  ........  4 

4 a.  Hind  legs  with  four  spurs  .........  10 

b.  Hind  legs  with  two  spurs  only  ........  5 

5 a.  Fore  wing  with  an  areole  .......  . 6 

b.  Fore  wing  without  an  areole  . . ...  . . 7 

6 a.  Areole  long,  about  half  the  distance  from  upper  angle  to  apex;  abdo- 

men with  lateral  tufts  of  hair  .....  Amyops  p.206 
b.  Areole  short,  less  than  one-third  the  distance  from  upper  angle  to  apex; 

no  lateral  tufts  of  hair  on  abdomen  ....  Gerura  p.  170 

7 a.  Fore  wing  with  all  veins  present  ........  8 

b.  Fore  wing  with  at  least  one  vein  absent  ......  9 

8 a.  Antennae  bipectinated  for  two-thirds  their  length;  branches  in  over 

six  times  shaft;  fore  and  hind  wing  with  veins  3 and  4 separate;  hind 
wing  with  vein  5 rather  weak  ....  Stauropus  p.  194 

b.  Antennae  bipectinated  for  two-thirds  of  shaft,  but  pectination  short, 

only  two  times  shaft;  hind  wing  with  vein  5 weak;  fore  wing  with 
veins  3 and  4 on  a short  stalk;  hind  wing  with  veins  3 and  4 on  a 
stalk  of  over  one-third  of  3 or  from  a point  . . Stenostaura  p.  215 

c.  Antennae  bipectinated  till  the  tip  ....  Anaphe  p.232 


9 a.  Fore  wing  with  vein  8 absent;  hind  wing  with  all  veins  present 

Polelassothys  p.  229 

b.  Fore  wing  with  veins  5 and  9 absent;  hind  wing  with  vein  5 absent 

Epanaphe  p.  234 

10  a.  Hind  wing  with  vein  5 absent  or  very  weak1  .....  31 

b.  Hind  wing  with  vein  5 present,  at  least  distinct  . . . . 11 

11  a.  Fore  wing  without  an  areole2  ........  12 

b.  Fore  wing  with  an  areole3  ........  15 

1 In  Antheua  dimovpha  vein  5 is  very  weak  and  the  proboscis  is  in  some  specimens 
practically  absent,  but  the  other  characters  place  this  species  provisionally  in 
Antheua. 

2 In  some  cases  the  areole  is  not  completed  by  the  connection  between  vein  10 
and  the  stalk  of  8-9.  General  characters  will  have  to  decide  to  which  group  it  belongs. 
In  Antheua  some  species  are  very  inconsistent  in  this  character,  some  specimens 
of  the  same  species  having  and  lacking  the  areole.  Many  specimens  have  in  such  a 
case  to  be  examined. 

3 In  Chadisra  and  Antheua  the  areole  may  be  absent  in  some  species. 


156 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


12  a.  Fore  wing  with  vein  io  free Hypophiala  p. 

b.  Fore  wing  with  vein  io  stalked  with  8,  9 . . . Phyllaliod.es  p. 

c.  Fore  wing  with  vein  10  stalked  with  7,  8,  9 

13  a.  Fore  wing  long  and  with  vein  10  from  before  7;  outer  margin  very 

oblique;  spurs  on  tibia  short  ......  Hoplitis  p. 

b.  Fore  wing  with  vein  10  from  beyond  vein  7 ..... 

14  a.  Pectination  of  antennae  in  $ long,  over  4 times  shaft,  but  tip  not 

pectinated;  fore  wing  with  vein  6 from  base  of  stalk  7,  8,  9,  10 

Desmeocraera  p. 

b.  Pectination  of  antennae  of  $ short,  about  two  times  shaft,  but  almost 
reaching  to  tip;  6 of  fore  wing  remote  from  base  of  stalk  7,  8, 

9,  10  . . . . . . . Pydna  (rubritincta)  p. 

15  a.  Fore  wing  long,  outer  margin  very  oblique;  legs  and  spurs  very  long; 

areole  of  fore  wing  very  broad,  about  as  long  as  three  times  breadth ; 
pectination  of  antennae  of  $ short  (two  times  shaft)  and  only 
up  to  about  frd  of  shaft;  antennae  over  half  of  costa  in  length; 
palpi  long,  upturned,  second  joint  three  times  first  joint,  covered 
with  short  hairs ; hind  wing  with  vein  8 parallel  to  upper  median  from 
base  to  half  of  upper  median  ......  Scrancia  p. 

b.  Fore  wing  long,  outer  margin  erect;  areole  broad  (about  three  times), 

vein  6 from  frd  of  areole;  7 on  a long  stalk  with  8,  9;  hind  wing 
with  vein  5 very  weak;  pectination  of  antennae  over  three  times 
shaft  ........  Phycitimorpha  p. 

c.  Fore  wing  broad;  legs  moderate;  areole  over  three  times  as  long  as 

broad;  antennae  with  the  pectination  three  times  shaft  or  more  in 
$ ; palpi  rather  short,  densely  hairy  ...... 

16  a.  Fore  wing  with  vein  6 remote  from  the  areole,  or  if  it  is  as  in  b the 

abdomen  has  distinct  dorsal  crests  (as  in  Polienus  nigrosparsa) ; 
hind  wing  with  vein  3 from  frd  distance  2-4 ; 5 rather  weak ; hairs 
of  thorax  produced  into  one  small  tuft  ...... 

b . Fore  wing  with  vein  6 from  the  areole  or  from  base  of  areole,  or  if  as  in  a 
the  abdomen  has  no  dorsal  crests;  hind  wing  with  vein  3 from  well 
beyond  frd  distance  2-4 ; hairs  of.  thorax  not  forming  a tuft . 

17  a.  Areole  very  long,  about  half  the  distance  from  upper  angle  to  apex;  10 

from  areole;  8 of  hind  wing  not  connected  by  a bar  with  the  upper 
median  ..........  Galona  p. 

b.  Areole  very  short,  about  fth  of  distance  upper  angle  to  apex,  10  from 
stalk  of  8,  9;  8 of  hind  wing  connected  with  upper  median  by  a 
bar  ..........  Polienus  p. 

18  a.  Fore  wing  with  vein  6 from  end  of  areole,  almost  stalked  with  7,  8; 

5 from  near  areole,  much  above  middle  of  discocellulars 
b.  Fore  wing  with  vein  6 from  well  before  end  of  areole;  5 remote  from 
areole,  not  much  above  middle  of  discocellulars  .... 

19  a.  No  spur  towards  inner  margin  on  fork  of  vein  16  of  fore  wing;  no 

tufts  of  scales  on  mid  and  hind  tibiae;  branches  of  antennae  do  not 
reach  the  tip  and  are  about  10  times  the  shaft  in  the  31;  palpi 
with  1st  joint  longer  than  2nd  joint;  spurs  with  two  rows  of  serrae 

Pararethona  p. 

b.  Fore  wing  with  a spur  towards  inner  margin  from  fork  of  16  as  in 
Cerura ; mid  and  hind  tibia  with  tufts  of  scales ; antennae  pectinated 
till  tip  and  branches  about  four  times  shaft  in  <$;  palpi  with  1st 
and  2nd  joints  of  equal  length;  spurs  of  tibia  with  two  very  short 
rows  of  slight  serrae  only  ....  Pseudorethona  p. 

20  a.  Fore  wing  with  vein  7 from  before  10  or  from  equal  distance  from 

areole,  or  from  beyond  10  and  then  at  any  rate  from  before  end 


192 

192 

13 

203 

14 

183 

229 

210 

208 

16 

17 

18 

205 

223 

19 

20 

173 

168 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


157 


of  areole  (as  in  A.  simplex,  where  7 comes  from  the  stalk  just 
beyond  10)  ........... 

b.  Fore  wing  with  vein  7 from  well  beyond  vein  10 

21  a.  Fore  wing  with  vein  10  from  the  areole  ...... 

b.  Vein  10  stalked  with  8,  9 

22  a.  Fore  wing  rather  produced,  outer  margin  somewhat  incurved  between 

apex  and  vein  4,  termen  rather  strongly  sinuated;  branches  of 
antennae  in  till  a little  over  middle  of  shaft  and  a little  longer 
than  thickness  of  shaft  . . • . . . . . Rigema 

b.  Fore  wing  not  produced  at  apex,  outer  margin  straight;  antennae  in 
$ bipectinated  till  at  least  frd  of  shaft  and  pectination  about  two 
times  shaft;  outer  margin  but  slightly  sinuate  or  not  at  all 

Antheua 

23  a.  Fore  wing  with  vein  10  very  shortly  stalked  with  8,  9;  areole  extremely 

narrow  .......  Pydna  (rubrifascia) 

b.  Fore  wing  with  vein  10  on  a stalk  of  about  Jrd  the  distance  of  end  of 
areole  to  apex;  areole  rather  broad  ...... 

24  a.  Apex  of  fore  wing  produced;  fore  wing  very  broad,  termen  well  curved 

inwards  below  apex  .....  Prionocentrum 
b.  Apex  of  fore  wing  not  produced,  termen  not  curved  inwards  below 
apex  ........... 

25  a.  Palpi  obliquely  upturned;  hind  wing  with  stalk  of  6,  7 at  least  ^rd  of  7 
b.  Palpi  porrect;  hind  wing  with  stalk  of  6,  7 very  short,  only  about  |th 

of  7 .........  Leucophalera 

26  a.  Frons  with  a horse-shoe-shaped  prominence;  antennae  bipectinated 

till  near  the  tip ; termen  rather  erect,  not  sinuate ; spurs  rather  thin 
and  long  ........  Notoxantha 

b.  Frons  smooth;  pectination  of  antennae  till  a little  beyond  middle  of 
shaft,  or  only  fasciculated;  termen  oblique  and  somewhat  sinuate; 
spurs  rather  short  and  thick  .....  Phalera 

27  a.  Fore  wing  rather  long  and  narrow;  7 stalked  with  stalk  of  8,  9 . 

b.  Fore  wing  broader  and  outer  margin  more  erect  (as  in  Antheua) ; 7 and 
stalk  of  8,  9 from  or  from  very  near  end  of  areole  .... 

28  a.  Fore  wing  rather  long,  termen  very  oblique;  a bar  between  upper 

median  and  vein  8 of  hind  wing ; hind  wing  with  dark  anal  macula 

Ghadisra 

b.  Fore  wing  broad;  termen  erect;  no  bar  in  hind  wing;  hind  wing  con- 
colorous  at  anal  angle  ......  Breyeria 

29  a.  Branches  of  antennae  very  long,  about  8 times  shaft,  shaft  curved  and 

the  ends  of  the  branches  forming  nearly  a straight  line,  extending 
till  the  tip ; mid-spurs  of  hind  legs  short  (not  reaching  beyond  end  of 
tibia) ; tibia  densely  covered  with  very  long  hair ; areole  of  fore 
wing  very  long,  reaching  about  half  the  distance  from  upper  angle 
to  apex  .........  Galona 

b.  Pectination  of  antennae  only  till  fth  of  shaft,  then  the  shaft  becomes 

dentate;  pectination  about  3-4  times  shaft,  straight,  not  curved; 
hind  legs  with  mid-spurs  longer  and  more  slender  (reaching  well 
beyond  end  of  tibia) ; hairs  on  legs  less  dense ; areole  moderate, 
reaching  till  about  ^rd  of  distance  from  upper  angle  to  apex  . Zana 

c.  Antennae  unipectinate  till  half  length  of  shaft,  then  dentate;  pectina- 

tion short  (not  over  two  times  shaft) ; spurs  of  hind  legs  long,  reaching 
far  beyond  end  of  tibia,  smaller  spur  about  half  of  long  spur ; areole 
long,  length  over  half  the  distance  of  from  upper  angle  to  apex 

Ramesa 

30  a.  Areole  short,  about  ^rd  of  vein  10;  outer  margin  of  fore  wing  almost 


21 

27 

22 

23 


p.  197 

P-  I75 
p.  229 

24 
p.  226 

25 

26 

p.  199 

p.  217 

P-  195 

28 

29 

p.  200 
p.  213 

p.  205 
p.  221 
p.  222 


158 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


straight;  6 remote  from  areole;  palpi  upturned,  long,  with  2nd  joint 
nearly  half  the  length  of  the  palpus  . . . Pectinophora  p.  164 

b.  Areole  long,  about  half  length  of  vein  10;  outer  margin  sinuate;  6 

from  areole;  palpi  short  .....  Lophopteryx  p.  166 

31  a.  Fore  wing  with  an  areole;  hind  wing  with  vein  5 present  but  very 

weak  ............  32 

b.  Fore  wing  without  an  areole;  hind  wing  with  vein  5 absent  ...  33 

32  a.  Fore  wing  with  the  areole  long,  6 times  breadth,  formed  by  8 and  9 

becoming  shortly  stalked  beyond  the  areole;  6 remote  from  the 
areole;  antennae  bipectinate,  branches  very  long,  over  8 times 
shaft,  curved  downwards;  palpi  upturned,  rather  long;  hind  wing 
with  6 and  7 remote  .....  Grambometra  p.  218 
b.  Hind  wing  with  vein  5 present,  but  very  weak;  fore  wing  with  vein  6 
from  over  frd  of  areole;  7 stalked  with  8,  9;  areole  about  three 
times  longer  than  broad;  antennae  bipectinate,  branches  nearly  four 
times  shaft,  straight;  palpi  obliquely  upturned,  just  reaching  vertex; 
frons  rounded  (see  also  15  b.)  . . . Phycitimorpha  p.208 

33  a.  Fore  wing  with  7,  8,  9,  10  stalked  and  from  upper  angle;  6 from  upper 

angle  or  stalked  with  7,  8,  9,  10  . . . . . . . 34 

b.  Fore  wing  with  7 and  8 stalked  for  nearly  half  of  7,  and  from  upper 
angle;  6 from  before  upper  angle;  9 and  10  on  a stalk  of  half  of  10 
and  from  before  upper  angle  ....  Campyloctys  p.  219 

34  a.  Fore  wing  with  vein  6 on  a long  stalk  with  7,  8,  9,  10;  hind  wing  with 

veins  3 and  4 on  a stalk  of  ^rd  of  3 . . . Taeniopteryx  p.  212 

b.  Fore  wing  with  vein  6 very  shortly  stalked  with  7,  8,  9,  10,  or  from 
upper  angle  together  with  this  stalk;  hind  wing  with  3 and  4 
remote  ............  Eurystaura  p.  216 

Genus  SCALMICAUDA. 

Scalmicauda  Holl.  Psyche,  vi.  p.  439  (1893).  TyPe  benga. 

Auriv.  Entomologisk  Tidskvift,  p.  197  (1892). 

Auriv.  Arkiv  for  Zoologi,  Band  2,  No.  4,  p.  5 (1904). 

(PL  I,  figs.  1-5;  PI.  II,  figs.  1-5.) 

Description  from  albicostata  Hmpsn. 

$.  Tongue  short  but  present;  palpi  rather  short,  a little  longer  than 
length  of  eye,  obliquely  upturned,  thickly  scaled  and  with  some  long  hair  on 
first  joint;  first  joint  short,  about  one-third  of  palpus,  curved;  second  joint 
cylindrical,  straight,  nearly  two  times  first  joint;  third  joint  minute,  completely 
hidden  in  hairs;  eyes  covered  with  hairs,  rounded,  rather  large;  antennae  about 
half  length  of  costa,  usually  curved,  in  $ bipectinate  for  about  two-thirds,  or 
as  in  o’neili  bidentate  for  the  same  length  and  with  a bundle  of  curved  cilia 
at  the  end  of  each  tooth;  branches  about  three  times  shaft  and  ciliated  for- 
wardly ; antennae  in  $ simple,  ciliated ; fore  tibia  with  a hollow  curved  process 
reaching  till  end  of  tibia;  mid  tibia  with  terminal  spurs;  hind  tibia  with  four 
spurs  which  end  in  a curved  point;  femora  with  long  moderate  hairs,  fore  tibia 
with  a thick  covering  of  hairs,  mid  and  hind  tibiae  sparingly  covered  with  hairs ; 
tarsi  with  bristles  on  inner  side,  smoothly  covered  with  hairs  generally. 

Fore  wing  rather  long  and  narrow;  costa  nearly  straight,  curved  towards 
apex,  which  is  roundly  pointed;  termen  oblique,  gently  curved  between  veins 
3 and  7;  tornus  well  rounded;  inner  margin  excurved  at  middle;  vein  1 b 
faintly  forked  at  base ; 2 from  f th  lower  median ; 3 from  nearly  fth  2 to  4 ; 4 from 
lower  angle ; 5 from  above  middle  of  discocellulars  which  are  outwardly  oblique ; 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


i59 


two  short  veinlets  in  the  cell;  6 from  about  middle  of  areole,  which  is  nearly 
as  long  as  half  vein  10;  7,  8,  9 stalked  and  from  end  of  areole;  7 from  stalk  at 
-frd  of  whole  stalk,  which  is  as  long  as  f distance  end  of  areole  to  apex;  free 
part  of  vein  10  from  end  of  areole;  1 1 from  upper  median  at  frd,  parallel  to  12 ; 
12  parallel  to  costa. 

Hind  wing  sub-triangular;  costa  well  curved;  apex  well  rounded;  termen 
oblique  and  well  curved ; tornus  rounded ; inner  margin  gently  curved ; 1 a and  b 
somewhat  curved,  long;  2 from  lower  median  at  fth;  3 from  fth  distance  2 to  4 ; 
4 from  lower  angle  and  curved;  5 from  above  f discocellulars  which  are 
somewhat  oblique  inwardly  and  have  a forked  veinlet  in  the  cell;  6 and  7 on 
a stalk  of  frd  7 and  from  upper  angle ; 8 curved  upwards  at  base,  then  down- 
wards and  approximated  to  upper  median,  then  curved  upwards;  a bar  to  vein 
8 from  just  before  middle  of  upper  median.  The  hairs  of  the  thorax  have  a 
tendency  to  produce  a tuft,  which  is  very  long  and  thin  in  heterogyna  and 
practically  absent  in  albicostata;  the  abdomen  has  a brush  of  long  hairs,  which 
is  however  absent  in  albicostata.  The  description  given  by  Holland  is  altogether 
insufficient  to  fix  the  genus  and  as  the  type  of  the  genus  is  unknown  to  me,  it 
may  be  that  the  characters  given  above  do  not  apply  to  all  species. 

Aurivillius  in  Arkiv  for  Zoologi  also  remarks,  that  Holland’s  description 
is  insufficient,  and  adds  many  useful  characters  which  refer  to  fuscinota,  all 
of  which  are  found  on  the  species  I place  in  this  genus.  Hampson  in  A .M.N.H. 
8.  v.  p.  492  places  Aurivillius’  species  for  certain  in  Scalmicauda,  and  in 
addition,  gave  me  very  useful  information  about  the  genus,  also  mentioning 
the  hairy  eyes,  so  that  I have  no  doubt  that  my  species  are  rightly  placed  here. 

It  is  to  be  regretted,  that  generic  descriptions  are  sometimes  incomplete 
to  such  an  extent,  that  it  is  impossible  to  recognise  the  genus  with  any  certainty 
if  the  actual  type  species  is  not  at  hand.  The  original  description  should,  I 
think,  mention  every  character  more  or  less  readily  observable  and  of  dis- 
tinctive value.  This  not  only  applies  to  genera  but  also  to  species. 

The  genus  seems  to  be  confined  to  Africa ; three  species  have  been  described 
from  South  Africa  to  which  I add  a fourth. 

They  may  be  tabulated  as  follows : 

la.  A long,  narrow  thoracic  tuft  of  hairs  ....  heterogyna 
b.  No  thoracic  tuft  at  all,  or  if  present  not  long  and  narrow  ...  2 

2 a.  White  points  at  the  angle  of  cell  of  fore  wing;  a black  point  in  cell  near 

base;  white  points  at  base  of  cilia  ....  griseitincta 
b.  No  white  points  on  fore  wing  and  no  black  point  in  cell  near  base  . 3 

3 a.  Costa  narrowly  white,  fore  wing  maroon-red,  no  orbicular,  reniform  or 

macula  below  lower  median ; hind  wing  in  both  sexes  white ; antennae 
of  bipectinated  for  frd  .....  albicostata 
b.  Costa  of  fore  wing  in  $ broadly  white,  in  $ this  white  is  reduced  to  a 
triangular  macula  at  end  of  post  median  line;  a brown  round 
orbicular,  reniform  and  round  macula  below  lower  median  and 
before  vein  2;  cilia  tipped  with  white;  antennae  of  $ bi-serrate  for 
frd  ...........  o’neili. 


Scalmicauda  Heterogyna. 

(PL  I,  fig.  2.) 

Scalmicauda  heterogyna  Hmpsn.  A. M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  490  (1910). 

I have  a $ and  a and  have  seen  another  $ which  is  in  Mr  Clark’s  collection, 
•all  in  rather  broken  condition,  but  distinctly  marked.  They  differ  from  the 
description  in  a few  points:  the  brown  rings  around  the  orbicular  and  reniform 


i6o 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


are  continuous  in  one  specimen,  and  the  hind  wings  are  whitish-yellow,  not  white. 
The  process  of  the  fore  tibia  is  in  this  species  similar  to  that  of  albicostata,  but 
is  less  twisted  and  curved  inwardly  at  the  tip,  while  the  covering  of  hairs  is. 
much  more  dense  and  thicker  than  in  albicostata. 

Hab.  Gillets  (Natal),  15.  2/17;  <j>,  Durban,  5.  5.  ’13,  both  in  collection 
Janse;  $ from  Durban  in  collection  Clark. 

SCALMICAUDA  GrISEITINCTA, 

Scalmicauda  gristeitincta  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  492  (1910). 

I have  not  met  with  this  species  yet. 

Scalmicauda  Albicostata. 

(Pi.  t,  fig.  1;  Pi.  11,  figs.  1-5.) 

Scalmicauda  albicostata  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  493  (1910). 

My  specimens  agree  well  with  the  description,  but  the  white  edging  on  the 
costa  of  fore  wing  is  very  narrow;  also  the  colouring  of  the  antemedial  line  is 
more  yellow  and  not  whitish  and  in  the  $ the  veins  of  the  fore  wing  are  ochreous 
in  colour,  a character  not  mentioned  in  the  description.  In  a letter  to  me,  Sir 
George  Hampson  mentions  these  characters  also  from  his  specimens,  so  there 
can  be  no  doubt  about  my  specimens  belonging  here. 

Hab.  Umvuma  (S.  Rhodesia),  25.  12  ’17;  Salisbury  (29.  2.  ’17;  $ and  $ bred 
by  Father  O’Neil1.)  One  of  these  rfs  is  very  dark  in  colour  and  the  white 
costa  is  hardly  present.  My  ^s  have  the  antennae  bipectinated  for  frd,  the 
apical  third  being  simple.  The  costa  of  the  fore  wing  in  the  $ is  less  arched 
than  in  the  $ and  the  antemedial  and  postmedial  lines  are  more  defined  in 
the  $ than  in  the  <j>. 

The  thoracic  tuft  is  in  this  species  only  indicated. 

Scalmicauda  O’Neili  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIII,  figs.  1-3;  PI.  I,  figs.  4,  5 ) 

<£.  Frons  and  tuft  of  antennae  at  front  Sanford-brown  (ii) ; hairs  of  palpi 
orange-rufous  (ii);  a line  of  cream  coloured  (xvi)  hairs  between  the  antennae 
and  posterior  part  of  tuft  at  base  of  antennae  cream  colour;  vertex  with  deep 
olive-grey  (li)  hairs;  thorax  above,  ground  colour  of  fore  wing  at  basal  half 
and  at  costal  region  on  apical  half  mars-yellow  (iii) ; hairs  on  tibiae  and  femurs, 
underside  of  thorax,  upper  and  under  side  of  abdomen  and  terminal  area  of 
fore  wing  ochraceous-salmon  (xv);  two  flat  crests  at  base  of  abdomen  dark 
vinaceous-drab  (xiv),  first  crest  with  a tuft  of  cream  coloured  hairs  in  centre; 
hairs  at  side  of  last  abdominal  segments  cream  coloured;  anal  tuft  of  spathu- 
lated  hairs  dark,  vinaceous-drab  mixed  with  black ; shaft  of  antennae  covered 
with  white  scales  and  with  teeth  on  inner  and  outer  side  for  frd  of  shaft;  rather 
long  fasciculated,  forwardly  curved  whitish  hairs  on  each  tooth. 

Fore  wing;  a broad  white  fascia  along  costa  from  base  to  near  apex  filling 
space  between  costa  and  vein  12  and  extended  near  apex  to  vein  10;  sub-basal 
line  indicated  by  some  dark  scaling  near  Costa  and  below  lower  median; 
antemedial  line  faint,  dark,  most  distinct  below  discal  fold,  angled  inwardly 
at  1 b;  a rounded  blackish,  macula,  somewhat  angled  towards  discocellulars, 
inner  side  with  blackish  scales,  edge  ill-defined  by  a blackish  ring;  orbicular 
large,  angled  inwardly  on  inner  side,  curved  on  outer  side,  coloured  and  defined 

1 Father  O’Neil  informs  me  that  the  caterpillar  of  this  species  feeds  on  Brachy- 
stegia  randi. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  161 


as  orbicular;  postmedial  line  almost  parallel  to  termen,  cream  coloured,  curved 
at  8,  nearly  straight  and  very  oblique  to  vein  4,  then  curved  inwaidly  to  vein  2, 
then  curved  outwardly  to  1 a,  then  oblique  to  inner  margin;  just  beyond  it  and 
near  tornus  a slight  hind-marginal  tuft  of  dark  vinaceous-drab  hairs  and  a 
broader  similar  tuft  just  before  it;  some  da,rk  and  white  scales  beyond  post- 
medial  line  at  apex  above  vein  8 ; a sub-terminal  series  of  black  lunules  between 
the  veins  from  vein  1 b to  8 ; some  black  scaling  beyond  each  lunule ; cilia 
chamois  (xxx),  tipped  with  white  from  vein  3 to  apex  and  getting  mixed  with 
dark  scales  towards  tornus. 

Hind  wing:  ground  colour  cartridge -buff  (xxx),  slightly  tinged  with  pinkish- 
buff  (xxix)  on  the  veins  and  on  inner  marginal  area;  cilia  cream-buff. 

Under  side:  ground  colour  of  both  wings  cream-buff;  the  costal  fascia 
of  fore  wing  cartridge-buff;  fore  wing  tinged  with  vinaceous-buff  (xl),  thinly 
at  inner  marginal  area;  hind  wing  with  the  costa  tinged  with  vinaceous-buff; 
cilia  somewhat  darker  than  on  upper  side. 

$.  Ground  colour  of  fore  wing  and  thorax  more  vivid  ochraceous-orange ; 
all  markings  less  dark,  ferruginous  (xiv) ; a costal  ferruginous  fascia,  less  broad 
than  the  corresponding  white  fascia  of  antemedial  line  more  distinct, 
ferruginous,  double  and  filled  in  with  some  whiter  scales,  incurved  at  discal 
fold  and  below  1 b ; postmedial  line  less  distinct,  more  curved  between  2 and  5 
and  only  clearly  visible  as  far  as  vein  2;  beyond  it  a white  triangular  macula 
at  costa;  sub-terminal  lunules  as  in.  <$;  hind  wing  cartridge-buff,  tinged  with 
pinkish-cinnamon  (xxix) ; under  side  of  both  wings  deeply  tinged  with  pinkish- 
cinnamon.  Antennae  simple;  thoracic  crest  less  pronounced,  almost  absent. 

$.  var.  Generally  much  darker,  but  lines  and  dark  maculae  obsolescent; 
thorax  and  colour  of  whole  fore  wing  carob-brown  (xiv) ; postmedial  line  very 
faint;  white  costal  macula  somewhat  smaller;  abdomen  on  upper  and  under 
sides  cinnamon-rufous  (xiv) ; hind  wing  on  upper  side  and  both  wings  on  under 
side  mikado-brown  (xxix).  This  species  comes  close  to  niveiplaga  Hmpsn. 
and  argenteomaculata  Aur. ; from  the  former  it  differs  mainly  in  the  orbicular 
and  reniform  being  more  rounded  instead  of  elliptical,  the  macula  below 
orbicular  being  large  and  not  a mere  blackish  spot,  the  different  postmedial 
line  and  the  white  macula  being  triangular,  not  wedge-shaped.  From  the 
latter  it  differs  mainly  in  the  thoracic  tuft,  which  is  quite  long  and  produced 
even  in  the  $ of  argenteomaculata  while  the  tuft  of  o’neili  is  short,  triangular 
in  the  $ and  almost  absent  in  the  $. 

Unfortunately  of  these  two  species  only  $s  are  known  to  me  from  descrip- 
tion and  it  will  be  interesting  to  know  if  their  <^s  will  also  have  the  broad 
white  costal  fascia. 

Exp.  46  mm.;  $,  56  mm. 

Hab.  Salisbury,  i.  5.  T8;  19.  5.  '18;  var.  24.  2.  ’18,  all  bred  by  Father 
J.  O’Neil,  after  whom  I have  much  pleasure  in  naming  this  species.  All  in 
coll.  Janse,  kindly  presented  by  Father  O’Neil. 

Genus  ICHTHYURA. 

(PI.  I,  fig.  6;  PI.  II,  figs.  6-10.) 

Ichthyura  Hiibn.  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  162  (1822). 

Hmpsn.  Moths  of  India,  1.  p.  172  (1892). 

Packard.  Memoir  of  the  Nat.  Acad,  of  Sciences,  vn.  p.  123  (1895). 

Type  anastomosis.  Description  from  roseotincta. 

A,  ?.  Proboscis  very  short;  head  bent  downwards;  frons  rounded  and  with 
a tuft  of  hair;  palpi  obliquely  upturned;  first  joint  short  and  curved;  second 


162 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


joint  somewhat  curved  on  both  ends,  long,  about  three  times  first  joints 
cylindrical;  third  joint  short,  somewhat  pointed;  all  joints  with  long  hair  in 
front,  with  scales  and  hairs  at  the  sides;  eyes  moderate,  oval  and  covered  with 
hairs;  antennae  rather  short,  less  than  half  of  costa;  shaft  curved,  bipectinate 
in  both  sexes;  pectination  four  times  shaft  in  <$,  two  times  in  <j>,  on  under 
side  forming  a straight  line  and  getting  very  short  beyond  frd  of  shaft; 
legs  rather  short,  especially  the  fore  legs;  fore  tibia  of  $ with  a pointed 
process  on  inner  side,  as  long  as  tibia  and  covered  with  long  dense  hairs  on  outer 
side;  in  $ the  process  is  narrow  and  the  hairs  are  shorter;  tarsi  short  and  with 
dense  tufts  of  long  hairs  on  outer  side;  mid  tibia  with  terminal  spurs,  longest 
inner  spur  about  frd  of  whole  tibia,  outer  spur  somewhat  shorter;  hind  tibia 
with  four  spurs,  outer  spur  shortest;  tarsi  of  last  pair  of  legs  covered  with 
moderate  hairs;  thorax  with  a distinct  crest  and  some  long  hairs  at  base  of 
abdomen. 

Fore  wing  rather  short;  costa  arched  near  base,  then  straight  and  curved 
towards  apex ; apex  obtuse ; outer  margin  erect,  straight,  curved  towards  tornus 
which  is  well  rounded;  inner  margin  curved  at  half;  i b well  forked  at  base; 
2 from  beyond  |th  lower  median ; 3 from  frd  2 to  4 ; 4 from  lower  angle  and  much 
curved;  5 from  frd  discocellulars,  which  are  erect  and  somewhat  curved;  6 
slightly  stalked  with  stalk  of  7,  8,  9,  10  which  comes  from  upper  angle;  7 from 
stalk  at  frd  of  8;  8 to  apex;  9 from  8 beyond  frd  of  8;  10  from  stalk,  8,  9 at 
before  middle  of  8;  11  from  upper  median  at  fth;  12  parallel  to  costa  except 
near  base  where  it  is  curved.  Hind  wing  sub-triangular ; costa  well  arched; 
apex  rounded;  outer  margin  oblique,  well  rounded  at  vein  3,  somewhat 
incurved  between  4 and  6,  2 and  3;  tornus  and  inner  margin  rounded;  1 a and 
1 b slightly  curved ; 2 from  lower  median  at  frd ; 3 from  fth  2 to  4 ; 4 from  lower 
angle;  5 absent,  only  a mere  trace  of  it  can  be  seen;  discocellulars  very  oblique 
at  lower  half,  then  more  erect;  6 and  7 stalked  for  about  frd  of  6;  7 well  curved 
at  tip;  8 slightly  curved  at  base,  then  approximated  to  upper  median  beyond 
middle,  but  not  touching  it,  then  upcurved  beyond  frd  and  downwards  towards 
tip. 

Range:  N.  America,  Europe,  Asia,  Africa. 

The  three  South  African  species  may  be  distinguished  as  follows : 

1 a.  Transverse  lines  almost  absent;  where  the  medial  and  postmedial  lines 

should  be  the  ground  colour  is  slightly  lighter ; fore  wing  vinaceous- 
lilac,  irrorated  with  morocco-red,  especially  at  the  costal  area 

violacearia 

b . Transverse  lines  distinct ; fore  wing  along  the  costa  of  ground  colour 

or  lighter  ...........  2 

2 a.  Tuft  of  thorax  in  front  and  hairs  of  frons  mummy-brown;  hind  wing 

as  dark  as  fore  wing;  apical  part  of  fore  wing  buckthorn-brown; 
reniform  oval;  sub-terminal  line  consisting  of  rather  irregularly 

placed  spots lentisignata 

b.  Colour  of  thoracic  tuft  orange-cinnamon;  hind  wing  lighter  than  fore 
wing;  fore  wing  with  the  apical  and  terminal  part  lighter  than 
ground  colour;  reniform  round;  sub-terminal  line  almost  con- 
tinuous   roseotincta 

ICHTHYURA  LENTISIGNATA. 

Ichthyura  lentisignata  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  495  (1910). 

I have  one  $ in  my  collection  which  agrees  well  with  the  description 
except  for  the  oblique  dark  shade  in  the  fore  wing  from  postmedial  line  at 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


163 


discal  fold  to  termen  at  vein  3.  I have  seen  another  specimen  in  Mr  E.  E. 
Platt’s  collection,  collected  at  Durban,  in  which  the  sub-terminal  spots  and  the 
terminal  black  striae  are  entirely  absent. 

Hab.  Natal. 

Larva  feeds  on  Tvimeria  alnifolia  Planch  (E.  E.  Platt) ; pupates  in  silken 
cocoon  between  leaves  of  food  plant. 

ICHTHYURA  ROSEOTINCTA  Spec.  nOV. 

(PI.  XIII,  fig.  4;  PI.  I,  fig.  6;  PL  II,  figs.  6-10.) 

<$,  $.  Ground  colour  of  thorax  and  fore  wing  congo-pink  (xxviii),  of  abdomen 
on  both  sides,  thorax,  wings  on  under  side,  hairs  on  hind  wing  on  upper  side 
and  legs  pale  vinaceous-fawn  (xl) ; tuft  of  thorax  in  front,  palpi  at  sides  and 
costal  area  of  fore  wing  densely  irrorated  with  orange-cinnamon  (xxix) ; some 
blackish  hairs  mixed  with  vinaceous-fawn  hairs  on  frons;  antennae  with  shaft 
pale  congo-pink  and  a few  orange-cinnamon  scales,  branches  Rood’s  brown 
(xviii).  Fore  wing,  especially  basal  frd,  irrorated  with  orange-cinnamon, 
terminal  part  only  slightly,  so  as  to  have  a light  vinaceous-fawn  (xl)  tinge  in 
certain  light;  sub-basal  line  outwardly  oblique,  straight  from  costa  to  lower 
median,  then  along  lower  median  outwardly,  then  somewhat  incurved  and 
continued  to  inner  margin ; antemedial  line  from  costa  to  inner  margin  nearly 
parallel  to  sub-basal,  excurved  between  costa  and  1 b,  then  straight  and  oblique 
to  inner  margin;  medial  line  from  near  costa  and  just  touching  the  reniform, 
which  is  large,  round  and  brownish-drab  (xlv),  in  $ less  distinct;  medial  line 
then  well  incurved  as  far  as  sub-median  fold,  then  straight  and  outwardly 
oblique  to  join  postmedial  line  at  1 b\  all  these  lines,  a ring  around  the  reniform 
and  the  postmedial  line  of  ground  colour;  sub-basal  line  on  inner  side,  antemedial 
line  on  outer  side,  and  postmedial  line  on  both  sides  rather  darker  edged  with 
orange-cinnamon  irroration;  postmedial  line  nearly  straight  and  inwardly 
oblique,  slightly  excurved  at  vein  6,  gently  incurved  between  6 and  sub-median 
fold,  then  somewhat  excurved  above  1 b and  joining  median  line ; a sub- terminal 
slightly  irregular,  faint  line,  consisting  of  blackish  scales  and  preceded  by  a 
line  of  ground  colour,  the  blackish  line  somewhat  excurved  between  4 and 
beyond  3 ; cilia  of  ground  colour,  in  £ tipped  with  black  scales,  in  $ blackish 
at  base. 

Hind  wing  with  costal  area,  terminal  half,  inner  marginal  area  and  lower 
median  thinly  irrorated  with  orange-cinnamon ; cilia  whitish  with  a few  orange- 
cinnamon  scales. 

Under  side:  fore  wing  pale  vinaceous-fawn;  costa  narrowly  and  termen 
broadly  tinged  with  sayal -brown  (xxix) ; cilia  as  on  upper  side ; hind  wing 
uniform  pale  vinaceous-fawn. 

Exp.  32  mm.;  34  mm. 

Hab.  $ and  $ type  from  Salisbury  8—10.  2.  ’17,  bred  by  Mr  R.  Jack,  who 
kindly  presented  three  specimens  to  me. 

ICHTHYURA  VlOLACEARIA  Spec.  nOV. 

(PL  XIII,  figs.  5,  6.) 

cJ.  Head,  palpi,  thorax,  hairs  on  legs  and  ground  colour  of  fore  wing 
vinaceous-lilac  (xliv),  more  or  less  densely,  but  finely,  irrorated  with  morocco- 
red  (i) ; fore  wing  with  the  transverse  lines  of  ground  colour  and  only  faintly 
visible  on  account  of  morocco-red  irroration;  this  irroration  is  very  dense 
before  postmedial  line  between  the  costa  and  vein  1 b;  sub-terminal  line  very 


164 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


indistinct,  oblique;  antemedial  line  indistinct,  preceded  by  a faint  light  line; 
medial  line  indistinct,  morocco-red,  straight  from  costa  along  discocellulars, 
then  curved  inwardly  beyond  origin  of  vein  2,  then  obliquely  curved  to  post- 
medial  line  at  inner  margin;  a faint  dark  round  reniform  beyond  discocellulars; 
postmedial  line  slightly  undulating,  inwardly  oblique,  most  distinct  of  all  lines 
and  preceded  by  a faint  darker  line  of  morocco-red ; beyond  this  line  the  morocco- 
red  irroration  has  practically  ceased  so  that  this  area  has  a beautiful,  shiny 
vinaceous-lilac  tinge,  which  is  more  or  less  continued  between  1 b and  inner 
margin;  sub-terminal  line,  from  costa  to  tornus,  consists  of  some  irregular 
morocco-red  scaling  between  the  veins;  similarly  the  terminal  line  is  indicated, 
but  much  more  faintly;  cilia  vinaceous-lilac,  gradually  getting  darker  towards 
the  tips;  hind  wing  pure  white,  with  the  basal  half  hardly  and  the  terminal 
half  more  densely  irrorated  with  sorghum-brown  (xxxix) ; cilia  white. 

Under  side  of  both  wings  white;  fore  wing  and  abdomen  tinged  with 
vinaceous -tawny  (xxviii);  cilia  as  above;  hind  wing  slightly  irrorated  with 
vinaceous-tawny  along  costal  area,  abdomen  above  fawn  coloured  (xl). 

Fore  wing  as  in  $ along  inner  margin  and  beyond  sub-terminal  line, 
but  beyond  medial  line  from  below  lower  median  a triangular  patch  of  lobelia- 
violet  (xxxvii)  densely  irrorated  with  morocco-red  before  and  less  densely 
beyond  postmedial  line,  which  passes  through  it;  upper  edge  of  this  triangle 
incurved  and  on  terminal  side  connected  with  a similarly  coloured  shading 
before  sub-terminal  line,  this  patch  extends  from  vein  4 to  vein  8 ; the  medial 
corner  of  this  triangle  is  connected  to  the  rounded  and  more  distinct  reniform 
by  an  oblique  fascia;  area,  as  far  as  sub-terminal  line,  not  occupied  by  the 
lobelia-violet  colour,  with  the  ground  colour  ochraceous-buff  (xv)  (as  also 
indicated  in  one  of  the  <£s)  and  densely  irrorated  with  morocco-red;  hind 
wing  of  cream  colour  (xvi),  terminal  half  ochraceous-buff  and  thickly  irrorated 
with  morocco-red;  apical  part  of  costa  coloured  like  cilia  of  fore  wing;  cilia 
cream  coloured  with  some  dark  scaling  here  and  there. 

var.  Ground  colour  of  fore  wing,  head,  thorax,  abdomen  and  legs 
avellaneous  (xl),  somewhat  violaceous  on  inner  and  terminal  area  of  fore  wing 
as  indicated  by  the  general  markings  of  the  typical  $ ; here  and  there  some 
lighter  and  darker  irroration  on  the  thorax  and  the  fore  wing ; transverse  lines 
and  orbicular  absent;  cilia  of  both  wings  of  same  colour  as  the  wings. 

In  this  species  the  venation  of  the  hind  wing  is  slightly  different  from  what 
it  is  in  the  other  species,  3 is  from  frd  2 to  4,  the  stalk  of  6,  7 is  somewhat 
shorter,  about  ^th  of  7 ; the  typical  $ and  one  also  have  four  slight  crests  on 
the  abdomen  which  are  somewhat  hidden  in  the  long  hairs  in  the  $ ; the  has 
also  a forked  anal  tuft  of  hairs. 

Exp.  33  mm. ; ? , 42  mm. ; $ var.,  40  mm. 

Hab.  <$  type,  Pinetown  (Natal),  23.  6.  T7;  $ cotype,  Malvern  (Natal), 
30.  3:  T7;  $ type,  Krantzkloof  (Natal),  12.  6.  T6  (all  bred  by  Mr  E.  E.  Platt). 
$ var.,  Pretoria,  14.  7.  '06  (bred,  Janse). 

Larva  feeds  on  Protea  multibracteata  Phillips;  pupates  in  a loose  silken 
cocoon  between  the  leaves  of  the  food  plant  (E.  E.  Platt). 

Genus  PECTINOPHORA  nov. 

(PI.  I,  fig-  7;  PI.  II,  figs-  H-17O 

Type  noctuijormis. 

g.  Proboscis  well  developed;  palpi  upturned,  reaching  vertex  of  head; 
first  joint  much  curved  and  with  long  hairs  in  front;  second  joint  about  two 
times  first  joint,  nearly  straight,  covered  with  hairs  and  scales,  which  are 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


165 


rather  long  in  front;  third  joint  short,  about  half  first  joint,  somewhat  oblique; 
eyes  large,  rounded,  naked;  frons  oblique  and  with  a tuft  of  moderate  stiff 
hairs;  thorax  without  crests  and  covered  with  hairs  and  hairlike  scales; 
abdomen  with  lateral  tufts  of  hairs  at  each  segment;  antennae  a little  over 
half  of  costa,  bipectinated  till  tip,  branches  about  six  times  shaft,  somewhat 
curved  forwardly  at  the  tips  and  ciliated  on  both  sides;  first  joint  of  shaft 
with  a tuft  of  hairs;  fore  tibia  with  a twisted  process  nearly  reaching  end  of 
tibia  and  almost  hidden  in  the  long  hairs;  femurs  of  all  legs  and  of  fore  legs 
especially  covered  with  long  hairs  on  inner  side,  with  scales  at  the  sides;  two 
spurs  on  the  mid  tibia,  four  spurs  on  hind  tibia;  spurs  about  ^rd  of  tibia  in 
length,  outer  spurs  |rd  shorter  than  inner  and  all  covered  with  hairs  and  hair- 
like scales  and  ending  in  a somewhat  curved  smooth  point;  tarsi  with  spines 
on  inner  side. 

Fore  wing  broad,  sub-triangular;  costa  straight;  apex  somewhat  rounded; 
termen  nearly  erect,  curved  and  somewhat  sinuate;  tornus  rounded;  inner 
margin  with  a round  lobe  at  basal  half  on  which  are  two  triangular  tufts  of 
scales  and  a small  tuft  just  beyond  postmedial  line;  1 b simple  at  base,  curved ; 
2 from  f rd  lower  median,  curved ; 3 from  |th  2 to  4 and  curved ; 4 from  lower 
angle,  curved;  5 from  just  above  middle  of  discocellulars;  discocellulars  out- 
wardly oblique,  nearly  straight;  6 from  below  upper  angle;  areole  long,  rather 
narrow;  7 from  end  of  areole;  stalk  of  8,  9,  10  from  end  of  areole;  9 from  just 
beyond  half  distance  end  of  cell  to  apex;  10  from  |rd  of  stalk;  11  from  about 
frd  upper  median;  12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  triangular;  costa  well 
arched;  apex  rounded;  outer  margin  very  oblique  and  well  rounded,  slightly 
sinuate ; tornus  rounded ; inner  margin  nearly  straight  except  at  1 a where  it 
is  slightly  lobed;  1 a straight,  moderate;  1 b somewhat  curved;  2 from  well 
beyond  half  of  lower  median ; 3 from  f th  2 to  4 ; 4 from  lower  angle ; 5 rather 
weak  and  from  above  middle  of  discocellulars ; discocellulars  outwardly  oblique; 
6 and  7 stalked  for  Jth  of  whole  of  6 and  from  upper  angle;  upper  median  well 
curved ; 8 curved  at  base,  then  curved  towards  upper  median  at  frd  and  running 
parallel  with  it  till  frd,  beyond  this  it  is  connected  with  the  upper  median  by 
a rather  long  oblique  bar,  then  curved  towards  apex. 

This  genus  is  near  to  Hyperaeschra  from  which  the  fore  wing  differs  in  the 
more  erect  outer  margin,  shorter  wing-length,  the  two  tufts  on  the  inner 
margin  and  veins  3 and  4 of  both  wings  being  farther  apart  and  6 of  fore  wing 
being  remote  from  the  areole.  From  Lophopteryx  it  differs  in  the  upturned 
palpi,  position  of  vein  6 of  fore  wing,  and  less  sinuate  outer  margin. 

Pectinophora  Noctuiformis  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIII,  fig.  7;  PI.  I,  fig.  7;  PI.  II,  figs,  n-17.) 

c?.  Hairs  on  head,  thorax  and  fore  legs,  fore  wing  as  far  as  postmedial  line 
and  along  the  whole  costa  shiny  fuscous-black  (xlvi);  mid  and  hind  legs 
fuscous-black;  tarsi  ringed  with  ivory-yellow  (xxx) ; abdomen  on  upper  and 
under  side  hair -brown  (xlvi) ; fore  wing  with  a faint  basal  black  line ; medial 
line  single  from  costa  to  lower  median,  then  double  and  black,  double  lines 
filled  in  with  russet  (xv)  and  preceded  by  some  french -grey  (lii)  scales;  the 
medial  line  is  oblique  from  costa  and  rounded  along  discocellulars,  where  there 
is  some  black  scaling,  then  oblique  to  inner  margin  at  tuft  of  scales,  forming  a 
tooth  inwardly  just  below  lower  median  and  at  1 b;  both  lines  fuscous-black, 
preceded  by  some  french-grey  scales ; two  fine  black  lines  in  cell  from  near  base 
to  discocellulars,  lower  line  shortest;  a fine  black  line  on  terminal  half  of  lower 
median  and  another  below  it  from  base  to  russet  scaling  and  where  the  inner 


12 


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median  line  is  very  faint;  most  veins  indicated  by  black  between  medial  and 
postmedial  lines;  postmedial  line  consisting  of  a series  of  four  lines,  from  costa 
- oblique  to  7 where  they  are  curved  inwards  to  vein  5,  somewhat  excurved  on 
vein  3 and  then  oblique  to  inner  margin ; first  line  black,  second  warm  buff  (xv) , 
third  fuscous  from  costa  to  vein  6,  then  indistinct  to  vein  4,  then  russet,  fourth 
line  french-grey,  represented  by  some  scales  only  from  costa  to  vein  4 ; veins 
beyond  postmedial  line  irregularly  scaled  with  black  and  french-grey;  costal 
area  beyond  postmedial  line  and  above  vein  7 fuscous-black;  area  between  7 
and  2 russet,  with  a warm  buff  line  in  the  middle  which  is  dentated  inwardly 
on  the  veins  and  followed  by  some  warm  buff  sub-terminal  lunules  between  veins 
2 to  7,  and  edged  terminally  by  some  black  scales;  between  1 b and  2,  and  7 to  9 
these  lunules  are  only  represented  by  black  scales;  area  below  vein  2 french- 
grey;  a very  narrow  sinuate  black  terminal  line  with  french -grey  points  on  end 
of  veins;  cilia  fuscous-black.  Hind  wing  cartridge -buff,  terminal  half  thickly 
irrorated  with  fuscous;  inner  marginal  area  with  long  cream -buff  (xxx)  hairs; 
cilia  fuscous,  tipped  with  cartridge-buff  scales. 

Under  side  cartridge-buff;  fore  wing  very  densely  irrorated  and  suffused 
with  fuscous ; hind  wing  with  some  fuscous  irroration  along  costa ; cilia  as  above 
but  lighter;  shaft  of  antennae  fuscous-black,  branches  russet;  abdomen  at  base 
with  some  fuscous-black  long  hairs  in  middle  and  cartridge -buff  hairs  at  sides. 

Exp.  $ type,  36  mm.;  2 <$  cotypes  and  9 other  $s. 

Hab.  All  the  specimens  were  collected  at  Umtali  (S.  Rhodesia),  from  5 — 
15.  1.  * 1 8.  I have  seen  no  other  specimens  of  this  species  in  other  collections. 

In  general  appearance  this  species  resembles  very  much  the  figure  of 
Lophopteryx  saturata  given  in  Hampson’s  Moths  of  India,  vol.  1.  fig.  102, 
except  that  the  hind  wing  of  that  species  shows  strigae  at  the  tornus  of  the  hind 
wing  and  of  these  not  a trace  is  seen  in  noctuiformis. 


Genus  LOPHOPTERYX. 

(PI.  I,  fig.  8;  PI.  II,  figs.  18-23.) 

Lophopteryx  Steph.  III.  Brit.  Ent.  Haust.  n.  p.  26  (1892).  Type  camelina. 

Hmpsn.  Moths  of  India,  1.  p.  166. 

Spuler.  Schmett.  Eur.  1.  p.  98. 

Schaus.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  328  (1901). 

Pack.  Mem.  of  the  Nat.  Acad,  of  Sciences,  vii.  p.  154  (1895). 

Description  made  from  L.  uniformis. 

$.  Proboscis  present  but  rather  short;  palpi  short,  porrect,  just  reaching 
frons,  covered  with  scales,  hairs  and  hair-like  scales;  first  joint  short;  second 
joint  about  half  length  of  palpus,  slightly  curved;  third  joint  roundly  pointed, 
nearly  half  of  second  joint;  frons  rounded;  eyes  naked,  round,  about  as  large  as 
length  of  palpi;  antennae  with  a small  tuft  at  base;  shaft  short,  less  than  half 
of  costa,  very  much  curved,  bipectinated  till  tip;  branches  about  three  times 
shaft,  bluntly  pointed  and  covered  with  rather  long  cilia  which  stand  rather 
far  apart;  fore  tibia  with  a process  reaching  till  end  of  tibia;  this  process  is 
somewhat  cylindrical  and  hollow  at  base,  then,  at  befoie  half  its  length  it 
flattens  and  broadens  so  as  to  become  leaf-like,  then  curved,  with  the  apex 
roundly  pointed,  the  outer  side  of  the  process  is  covered  with  scales  and  hairs 
and  the  edges  of  the  leaf-like  part  have  bristle-like  hairs,  the  hollow  side  is 
towards  the  tibia;  mid  tibia  with  two  spurs,  hind  tibia  with  median  spurs  as 
well ; the  longer  inner  spurs  are  about  ^rd  of  tibia,  the  outer  spur  is  about  Jrd 


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167 


shorter,  they  end  in  an  acute  inwardly  curved  point  and  the  remainder  length 
is  covered  with  scale-like  hairs;  femora  of  all  legs,  especially  those  of  hind  legs,: 
rather  thinly  clothed  with  long  hairs ; tibiae  more  thickly  covered  on  outer  side 
tarsi  of  mid  and  hind  legs  with  some  bristles  on  inner  side  and  covered  with 
hairs  and  scales. 

Fore  wing  broad ; costa  straight ; curved  at  and  beyond  vein  1 1 ; apex 
rounded ; termen  erect,  crenulate ; tornus  sharply  rounded ; inner  margin  with 
a large  rounded  lobe  at  basal  half  on  which  is  a large  tuft  of  hairs;  another  but 
smaller  tuft  of  hairs  beyond  postmedial  line;  1 b somewhat  curved  and  in- 
distinctly forked  at  base;  lower  median  curved  upwardly;  2 from  fth  lower 
median ; 3 from  f rd  2 to  4 ; 4 from  lower  angle  and  well  curved ; 5 from  middle  of 
discocellulars  and  somewhat  weak ; discocellulars  erect,  curved  below  and  above 
vein  5;  6 from  areole  at  f-th  of  areole;  areole  very  long,  about  half  length  of 
vein  10,  narrow;  7 from  end  of  areole;  8,  9,  10  stalked;  9 from  8 at  |rd  whole 
length  of  8;  vein  10  from  stalk  of  8,  9 at  little  beyond  areole;  11  from  upper 
median  at  fth,  upper  median  curved  upwards;  12  parallel  to  costa. 

Hind  wing  sub-triangular;  costa  curved;  apex  well  rounded;  termen 
oblique,  well  rounded,  crenulate;  tornus  rounded;  inner  margin  straight;  1 a 
and  1 b slightly  curved ; 2 from  lower  median  at  fth ; 3 from  fth  2-4 ; 4 from 
lower  angle,  well  curved;  5 rather  weak  and  from  above  middle  of  disco- 
cellulars; upper  discocellular  erect,  lower  oblique  and  both  somewhat  curved; 
an  indistinct  veinlet  into  the  cell  beyond  vein  5 ; 6 and  7 from  upper  angle, 
stalked  for  about  length  of  upper  discocellular;  upper  median  well  curved; 
8 gently  curved  at  base,  then  downwards  to  approach  and  run  parallel  with 
terminal  half  of  upper  median,  then  curved  upwards  to  apex;  at  before  half 
of  upper  median  there  is  an  indication  of  a bar  on  this  vein  and  vein  8. 

I have  little  doubt  that  my  specimens  have  to  come  in  this  genus,  though 
in  this  species  the  antennae  are  well  pectinated,  even  in  the  $,  while  in  the 
other  species  of  Lophopteryx  they  are  serrate  in  the  all  other  characters 
agree  so  well,  that  I keep  the  South  African  species  here.  The  figure  of  the  wing 
venation  given  by  Packard  differs  in  a few  characters  from  my  specimens;  it 
has  the  areole  much  shorter,  6 shortly  stalked  in  the  fore  wing  and  no  veinlet 
in  the  cell,  and  the  inner  margin  has  a pointed  lobe ; in  the  hind  wing  the  outer 
and  inner  margins  are  not  as  straight  and  the  stalk  of  6,  7 is  shorter  in  my 
specimens.  The  illustration  of  the  fore  leg  differs  from  mine  in  the  tarsi  and  the 
process  being  much  shorter  in  the  American  species,  but  it  is  not  possible  to 
recognise  the  shape  and  structure  of  this  process  even  in  the  denuded  specimen. 

Lophopteryx  Uniformis. 

(PI  I,  fig.  8;  Pl.  II,  figs.  18-23.) 

Lophopteryx  uniformis  Swinh.  A.M.N.H.  7.  xix.  p.  208  (1907). 

The  description  given  by  Swinhoe  is  rather  short  but  fits  my  specimens  in 
every  respect,  except  that  the  dorsal  side  of  the  abdomen  is  not  whitish  tinged 
with  pink  in  my  specimens,  but  more  yellow.  There  are,  however,  several 
details  that  can  be  seen  which  have  been  omitted.  I therefore  give  a fairly  full 
re-description  of  my  specimens. 

$.  Head,  thorax,  fore  wing,  tibiae  and  femora  of  all  legs  bone-brown  (xl), 
the  thorax  and  the  fore  wing  here  and  there  tinged  with  chestnut  (ii) ; shaft  of 
antennae  bone-brown,  pecten  clay  colour  (xxix);  abdomen  above  cinnamon- 
buff  (xxix)  slightly  tinged  with  hair-brown  (xlvi),  on  under  side  nearly  entirely 
hair-brown;  two  white  spots  on  meso-thorax.  Fore  wing  with  a white  spot  at 
base  above  1 b and  a few  white  hairs  below  it;  antemedial  line  blackish,  pre- 


12 — 2 


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ceded  by  antimony-yellow  (xv)  faint  lunules  and  some  scales  of  same  colour, 
beyond  it  above  lower  median  and  as  far  as  discocellulars,  beginning  at  |rd 
of  costa,  then  well  curved  outwardly  and  then  obliquely  inwardly  to  inner 
margin,  where  it  ends  in  a few  antimony -yellow  scales  at  base  of  first  scale 
tooth;  postmedial  line  blackish  and  followed  by  irregular  antimony -yellow 
lunules  and  with  some  similar  scaling  before  it  between  2-4,  and  5-6  and  again 
beyond  it  between  veins  3—4;  the  line  begins  at  frd  of  costa,  runs  then  nearly 
parallel  to  costa  for  half  the  distance  to  apex,  then  oblique  and  nearly  straight 
to  base  of  second  scale-tooth,  very  much  dentated  outwardly  at  veins  2-8; 
sub-terminal  line  represented  by  a series  of  black  spots  between  veins  3-8, 
preceded  by  some  yellow  scaling;  cilia  of  ground  colour,  but  with  a lighter  base. 
Hind  wing  cartridge-buff  (xxx),  exterior  half  gradually  shaded  with  hair-brown, 
most  intensely  at  outer  margin;  cilia  cartridge-buff,  tinged  with  hair-brown. 
Under  side:  tarsi  cartridge-buff  ringed  with  bone-brown;  fore  wing  uniform 
hair-brown;  cilia  hair-brown  at  base,  then  bone-brown  and  with  a few  cartridge- 
buff  scales  between  the  veins  indicating  a semilunar  line ; hind  wing  as  on  upper 
side. 

Exp.  62  mm. 

Hab.  Umtali  (S.  Rhodesia),  9.  1.  ’18  (Janse). 

Genus  PSEUDORETHONA. 

(PI.  I,  fig.  9;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  1-6.) 

Type  albicans  Wlk. 

Pseudorethona  gen.  nov. 

$.  Proboscis  very  rudimentary;  palpi  short,  scarcely  as  long  as  width 
of  eye,  porrect;  first  and  second  joints  of  equal  length;  third  joint  frd  of  second, 
globular,  covered  with  long,  spreading  hairs;  eyes  large,  rounded,  glabrous; 
antennae  bipectinate  as  in  Centra  but  branches  shorter,  about  four  times  shaft, 
gradually  getting  shorter  towards  tip;  basal  part  of  shaft  as  in  Cerura\  fore 
tibia  with  a process  as  in  Centra  but  slightly  shorter  and  more  straight;  mid 
tibia  with  two  terminal  pointed  spurs  of  about  fth  of  tibia  in  length;  hind 
tibia  with  two  pairs  of  pointed  spurs  about  frd  of  tibia  in  length;  spurs 
rather  long  and  thin,  with  two  very  short  rows  of  short  teeth  near  apex  only; 
all  legs  covered  with  long,  spreading  hairs;  tarsi  with  hairs  and  scales;  mid 
and  hind  tibiae  with  small  scale  tufts  at  middle  and  terminus. 

Fore  wing  rather  long  and  narrow;  costa  evenly  incurved;  apex  rounded; 
termen  oblique,  evenly  curved;  tornus  well  rounded;  inner  margin  somewhat 
lobed  near  spur  of  1 b\  1 b with  a fork  at  base  and  a spur  which,  however,  does 
not  reach  inner  margin;  2 from  |th  lower  median;  3 from  fth  distance  2 to  4; 

4 from  lower  angle;  5 rather  weak,  from  above  middle  of  discocellulars  and  with 
an  indication  of  a continued  veinlet  in  the  cell;  6 from  end  of  areole,  which  is 
nearly  4 times  the  breadth;  7 from  frd  stalk  of  8,  9;  8 and  9 on  a stalk  of  frd  8, 
originating  from  end  of  areole;  10  from  just  before  end  of  areole;  11  from  frd 
upper  median,  somewhat  curved  inwardly  near  areole;  12  parallel  to  costa. 

Hind  wing  sub-triangular;  costa  nearly  straight;  apex  rounded;  termen  well 
rounded;  tornus  with  a rounded  lobe  at  1 b;  inner  margin  evenly  curved;  1 a 
and  1 b nearly  straight ; 2 from  lower  median  at  frd ; 3 and  4 from  lower  angle ; 

5 faint,  but  distinct,  from  well  above  middle  of  discocellulars;  discocellulars 
oblique  and  faint;  6 and  7 on  a stalk  of  nearly  half  of  6;  8 a little  upcurved 
till  frd  upper  median,  where  it  has  a little  bulge  to  suggest  rudiments  of  a bar, 
then  approximated  and  parallel  to  near  end  of  cell,  then  upcurved  towards 
costa. 


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169 


The  type  of  this  genus  has  been  placed  by  Walker  in  Rethona,  but  Sir 
George  Hampson  kindly  informed  me  that  this  genus,  of  which  strigosa  is  the 
type,  has  to  come  in  the  Limacodidae.  R . albicans,  Wlk.  was  placed  by  Prof. 
Aurivillius  in  the  genus  Cerura  when  he  identified  some  of  my  specimens,  but 
the  presence  of  four  spurs  on  the  hind  tibiae  is  sufficient  to  remove  this  species 
from  Cerura.  I have  therefore  been  obliged  to  create  another  genus  for  it. 

There  are,  however,  many  points  of  resemblance  between  this  genus  and 
Cerura ; the  venation  on  the  whole,  the  process  of  the  fore  tibia,  the  shape  of 
the  spurs,  the  pectination  of  the  antennae  and  the  type  of  marking  on  the  fore 
wing  all  point  to  close  relationship. 

PSEUDORETHONA  ALBICANS. 

(PI.  I,  fig.  9;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  1-6.) 

Rethona  albicans  Wlk.  Cat.  v.  p.  1043  (1855). 

The  description  given  by  Walker  is  very  short  and  much  too  vague,  so  I 
think  it  useful  to  re-describe  the  species. 

<$.  Whole  insect  pure  white;  hairs  on  frons,  on  palpi  and  at  sides  of  head 
fuscous  (xlvi);  thorax,  and  fore  wing  at  basal,  medial  area,  and  postmedial 
area  above  vein  6,  light  patch  at  apex  and  tornus  tinged  with  pale  dull  green- 
yellow  (xvii) ; lines  on  head,  thorax  and  wings  black ; a few  black  scales  on  frons 
and  before  antennae ; patagia  and  tegulae  edged  with  black ; a crest  beyond  each 
tegula  and  tipped  with  black;  a central  crest  on  metathorax  also  tipped  with 
black;  abdomen  above  hair-brown  (xlvi).  Fore  wing  with  a broad  basal  line 
from  costa  till  1 b,  dentate  on  the  veins ; a double  sub-basal  line  from  costa  to 
inner  margin,  curved  and  much  angled  at  the  veins,  space  between  them  pure 
white;  antemedial  line  double,  more  erect,  very  much  angled  and  dentated  on 
the  veins,  and  space  between  them  pure  white,  lines  farther  apart  near  costa 
than  at  inner  margin ; space  between  outer  sub-basal  line  and  inner  antemedial 
line,  densely  irrorated  with  black  except  a round  spot  in  the  cell  which  is  tinged 
with  pale  dull  yellow-green;  medial  line  double,  broad  near  costa,  as  is  the  case 
in  the  outer  antemedial  line,  then  narrow ; inner  line  parallel  to  outer  antemedial 
as  far  as  vein  2,  then  touching  antemedial  and  forming  between  them  a round 
spot  tinged  with  the  light  greenish,  a black  irroration  between  the  lines  at  inner 
margin ; outer  medial  line  curved  outwards  below  costa  touching  outer  side  of 
orbicular,  which  consists  of  two  black  strigae  filled  in  with  the  pale  greenish, 
then  almost  straight  to  vein  2,  then  dentate  inwardly  on  plical  fold  and  1 b and 
touching  antemedial  at  inner  margin;  postmedial  beginning  as  a broad  oblique 
streak  from  before  apex,  which  is  sharply  defined  on  the  outer  side,  then  a little 
narrower  and  less  defined  to  near  medial  line  at  vein  4,  then  outwardly  oblique 
to  vein  2,  then  curved  inwards  to  plical  fold,  then  curved  outwards  above  1 b, 
then  erect  to  inner  margin;  a black  irroration  beyond  it  reaching  the  termen 
between  veins  7 and  2 except  for  a triangular  patch  from  vein  7 to  6 which 
remains  tinged  with  the  pale  green;  a black  irroration  at  tornus  below  plical 
fold;  a black  fine  terminal  line,  rather  thicker  between  the  veins;  cilia  white, 
tinged  with  pale  green  and  checkered  with  black  between  the  veins. 

Hind  wing  pure  white,  except  some  fuscous  black  scaling  at  the  tornus; 
a fine  fuscous-black  terminal  line  interrupted  by  the  white  at  the  veins;  cilia 
white. 

Under  side:  wings,  thorax  and  abdomen  and  hairs  on  legs  pure  white;  tarsi 
black,  ringed  with  white;  fore  wing  with  costa  broadly  edged  with  black  and 
with  some  white  irregular  marks  at  basal,  antemedial,  medial,  and  postmedial 
areas ; terminal  half  of  wing  from  costa  to  vein  2 irrorated  with  fuscous,  only 


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leaving  an  apical  elongate  white  patch;  both  wings  with  a terminal  black  line; 
cilia  of  both  wings  as  above;  hind  wing  with  a diffused  fuscous  costal  shading 
at  antemedial  and  medial  areas;  a well-defined  costal  postmedial  fuscous  patch; 
a faint  fuscous  striga  on  discocellulars  and  a very  faint  fuscous  postmedial  line. 

$.  Like  but  postmedial  line  much  more  incurved  and  more  densely 
irrorated  with  fuscous,  hind  wings  tinged  with  cinnamon -brown  (xv) ; all  lines 
less  defined ; under  side,  the  whole  fore  wing  is  suffused  with  cinnamon-brown 
except  some  terminal  and  apical  white  patches;  hind  wing  with  terminal  half 
suffused  with  cinnamon -brown  except  near  termen;  and  the  postmedial  line 
which  is  left  white ; basal  half  irrorated  with  cinnamon-brown ; striga  on  disco- 
cellulars and  terminal  line  cinnamon-brown. 

Exp.  <J,  31  mm.;  37  mm. 

Hab.  I have  this  species  from  Pretoria,  Oct.,  Febr. ; Three  Sisters  (Barberton 
distr.),  Febr.;  from  Natal,  at  Karkloof,  Verulam,  Umkomaas  in  Jan.;  from 
S.  Rhodesia,  Umtali,  Jan. 

Larva  feeds  on  Trimeria  alni folia  Planch,  and  Grewia  lasiocarpa  E.  M. 
Constructs  a tough  cocoon  on  stem  of  food  plant  (E.  L.  Clark). 

Genus  CERURA. 

(PI.  I,  fig.  10;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  7-9;  PI.  V,  figs.  1-3.) 

Cerura  Schrank.  Fauna  Boica,  n,  2.  Abth.  p.  155  (1802).  Type  fur cula. 

Wlk.  Cat.  v.  p.  982  (1855) 

Hmpsn.  Moths  of  India,  1.  p.  155  (1892). 

Pack.  Mem.  of  the  Nat.  Acad,  of  Sciences,  vu.  p.  263  (1895). 

Meyr.  Handbook  Brit.  Lep.  p.  310  (1895). 

Schaus.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Bond.  p.  288  (1901). 

Spuler.  Schmeit.  Eur.  1.  p.  91  (1908). 

Description  made  of  spiritalis. 

(J,  Proboscis  almost  absent;  palpi  short,  about  breadth  of  eye,  porrect; 
first  and  second  joint  of  equal  length;  third  joint  about  fth  of  second  joint; 
all  joints  covered,  especially  first  and  second  on  under  side,  with  long  hairs; 
eyes  large,  round,  glabrous;  antennae  nearly  half  of  costa,  bipectinate  till  tip; 
first  joint  of  shaft  sub-globular,  with  a tuft  of  long  hairs  on  inner  side,  second 
joint  without  any  pectination;  branches  six  to  eight  times  shaft,  for  about 
frd,  apical  third  with  shorter  branches  in  both  sexes,  in  $ the  branches 
are  often  only  three  times  shaft  or  less ; branches  broad  in  middle,  pointed  at 
the  ends,  rough  on  the  surface  and  sparsely  covered  with  short  hairs,  some 
bristle -like  hairs  at  tip;  fore  tibia  with  process  reaching  beyond  tibia;  process 
curved  at  frd,  covered  on  outer  side  with  short  hairs;  mid  and  hind  tibiae  with 
one  pair  of  terminal  spurs  only,  which  are  sharply  pointed  and  as  long  as  frd 
of  hind  tibia;  femora  and  tibiae  covered  with  hair  mixed  with  a few  scales; 
two  small  tufts  of  scales  at  middle  and  end  of  mid  and  hind  tibiae  : tarsi 
densely  covered  with  scales.  Fore  wing  broad,  over  half;  costa  straight  in 
<$,  or  nearly  so,  often  gently  excurved  in  $ ; apex  well  rounded ; termen  even 
and  gently  curved;  tornus  curved;  1 a forming  a fork  with  1 b and  continued 
as  a spur  to  inner  margin ; 2 from  frd  lower  median ; 3 from  frd  2 to  4 ; 4 from 
lower  angle;  discocellulars  oblique;  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars;  6 from 
middle  of  areole;  7 stalked  with  frd  of  stalk,  8,  91;  8 and  9 stalked  for  half 

1 In  most  other  species  of  Cerura  7 comes  from  end  of  areole,  but  in  C.  swierstrae 
this  vein  comes  in  some  specimens  from  end  of  areole  and  in  others  from  beyond 
middle  of  areole,  which  is  in  that  case  usually  longer. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  171 


of  8;  10  from  well  before  upper  angle,  anastomosing  with  stalk  of  7,  8,  9 to 
form  an  areole  which  is  about  four  times  as  long  as  broad;  11  from  upper 
median  at  before  |dh;  12  almost  parallel  to  costa. 

Hind  wing  semicircular  in  shape;  costa  well  arched;  apex  rounded;  outer 
margin  arched,  slightly  sinuate;  tornus  well  rounded;  inner  margin  straight; 
1 a and  1 b nearly  straight ; 2 from  f rd  lower  median ; 3 and  4 from  lower  angle1 ; 
4 curved;  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  erect;  a distinct  forked 
veinlet  in  cell;  6 and  7 on  a stalk  of  nearly  |-rd  of  6;  8 almost  parallel  to  upper 
median  and  approximated  at  before  middle  where  both  veins  form  a knob 
indicating  a bar. 

This  genus  has  a good  number  of  species  in  the  Northern  hemisphere  and 
a few  species  are  also  found  in  South  America  and  Australia.  It  is  therefore 
interesting  to  note  that  not  less  than  six  species  are  now  known  from  South 
Africa.  The  species  of  this  genus  are  generally  white  or  grey  ( esmevalda  is 
light  bluish-green)  with  black  markings.  The  South  African  species  may  be 
tabulated  as  follows: 

1 a.  Ground  colour  of  fore  wing  light  bluish-green  . . esmeralda 

b.  Ground  colour  of  fore  wing  white  ....... 

2 a.  Hind  wing  with  a terminal  dark  band  on  upper  or  under  side 

b . Hind  wing  without  such  a band  . ...... 

3 a.  Hind  wing  with  terminal  band  on  under  side  giving  a dark  shade  on 

upper  side  ........  bifasciata 

b.  Hind  wing  with  the  terminal  band  on  both  sides  . spiritalis 

4 a.  Base  of  fore  wing  till  antemedial  line  suffused  with  black,  postmedial 

line  distinct,  double  ......  argentescens 

b.  Base  of  fore  wing  white,  at  most  with  a few  black  speckles;  post- 
medial  line  indistinct  or  absent  ....... 

5 a.  A distinct  antemedial  black  band  from  costa  to  inner  margin;  cilia 

of  both  wings  checkered  with  black  scales  . . marshalli 

b.  No  distinct  antemedial  line,  at  most  some  black  scales  at  costa  and  inner 
margin;  cilia  white,  though  beyond  the  terminal  black  spots  a few 
black  scales  may  mix  with  the  cilia  . . . swierstrae 

Cerura  Argentescens. 

Cerura  argentescens  Hmspn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  458  (1910). 

Hab.  Natal  (Lidgeton) . I have  not  seen  this  species  yet2. 

Cerura  Bifasciata  spec.  nov. 

(PL  XIII,  fig.  8.) 

$.  Head,  thorax,  base  of  abdomen  on  upper  and  nearly  whole  of  abdomen 
on  under  side,  and  ground  colour  of  wings  on  both  sides  pure  white;  frons  at 
sides,  hairs  of  palpi,  and  branches  of  antennae  fuscous-black  (xlvi) ; shaft  of 

1 Some  specimens  of  spiritalis  have  3 from  fth  2 to  4 and  4 from  lower  angle, 
while  some  have  one  wing  normal  and  the  other  wing  abnormal. 

2 Since  writing  the  above,  I have  seen  two  specimens  in  the  collection  of  the 
South  African  Museum,  one  of  which  bears  a label  in  Hampson’s  own  handwriting 
and  is  identified  as  Cerura  argentescens  Hmpsn.  These  specimens  agree  in  every  way 
with  the  description,  but  on  the  other  hand  it  is  not  a Cerura  as  the  median  spurs 
are  present  on  the  hind  legs,  and  I find  it  moreover  indistinguishable  from  Pararethona 
hierax  <$.  The  other  specimen  is  also  clearly  a $ of  P.  hierax.  I consequently  think 
that  C.  argentescens  has  to  be  sunk  as  a synonym  of  P.  hierax,  though  I refrain  from 
doing  so  until  I have  seen  the  type  specimen. 


p.  172 

2 

3 

4 

p.  171 
P-  173 

p.  171 

5 

P-  I73 


P-  *73 


172 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


antennae  with  white  scales ; legs  ringed  with  fuscous-black ; a small  black  spot 
on  head  in  the  middle  near  the  thorax ; a transverse  fascia  on  thorax  of  black 
and  shiny  bluish  slate-black  (xlviii)  scales ; a similar  but  narrower  line  of  scales 
on  metathorax;  abdomen  on  upper  side,  except  basal  part,  covered  with  bluish 
slate-black  scales  mixed  with  a few  whitish  scales. 

Fore  wing:  all  markings  black;  a few  black  scales  at  base  below  lower 
median  and  a small  sub-basal  patch  on  lower  median;  an  interrupted  sub- 
basal  line  from  costa  to  inner  margin,  interrupted  in  cell  and  at  i b\  an  ante- 
medial  black  broad  fascia  from  costa  to  inner  margin,  inner  edge  indented  at 
vein  12  and  upper  median,  excurved  in  cell,  indented  at  plical  fold  and  i b, 
outer  edge  somewhat  excurved  at  the  veins  with  a sharp  dent  at  plical  fold  and 
below  i b ; medial  line  indicated  by  a black  spot  at  costa  and  three  strigae  below 
lower  median ; a black  mark  below  it,  a faint  striga  in  cell  and  a distinct  black 
striga  on  discocellulars ; postmedial  line  interrupted,  double  and  irregular, 
beginning  on  costa  as  a broad  triangular  patch,  then  both  lines  faint  on  the 
veins,  angled  outwards  at  3,  2 and  1 b;  a sub-terminal  distinct,  continuous, 
irregular  line  from  apex  to  near  tornus,  broad  from  costa  to  beyond  vein  3, 
then  narrow  except  between  1 b and  2 where  it  becomes  confluent  with  a 
fuscous  (xlvi)  irroration  at  tornus,  very  much  angled  inwards  at  vein  8,  6,  5,  4 
and  between  2 and  1 b,  outwards  above  vein  8,  between  6 and  7,  and  just  above 
3,  2,  ib]  a terminal  series  of  spots,  two  between  1 b and  2,  and  one  between 
the  veins  2 to  9 ; these  spots  are  continued  with  brussels-brown  (iii)  scales  into 
the  cilia  which  are  otherwise  white. 

Hind  wing : an  elongate  patch  of  black  scales  on  middle  of  1 b ; a fuscous 
diffused  mark  at  upper  discocellular;  some  fuscous-black  scales  at  tornus; 
in  the  cilia  broad  fuscous  patches  between  the  veins,  two  between  1 b and  2, 
and  one  between  the  other  veins;  markings  of  under  side  somewhat  visible 
through  the  white  on  upper  side. 

Under  side  white.  Fore  wing  on  costa  with  elongate  markings  on  basal, 
sub-basal,  antemedial,  medial  and  a postmedial  area,  first  mark  black,  the 
others  gradually  becoming  fuscous;  a diffused  fuscous  mark  at  discocellulars 
and  a diffusion  in  cell  before  it;  postmedial  band  broad,  ill-defined,  fuscous, 
ending  just  beyond  vein  2 ; sub-terminal  and  terminal  area  thickly  suffused  with 
fuscous,  except  at  costa  where  a few  white  marks  are  left;  checkered  fuscous 
patches  on  cilia  as  on  upper  side.  Hind  wing  with  a black  discocellular  ovate 
patch,  indicating  postmedial  line,  from  costa  till  vein  5;  terminal  band  and 
cilia  as  on  fore  wing;  abdomen  with  last  segment  covered  with  fuscous-black 
hairs. 

The  palpi  of  this  species  are  very  short. 

Exp.  56  mm. 

Hab.  Southern  Rhodesia.  Only  one  specimen,  kindly  presented  to  my 
collection  by  the  Bulawayo  Museum,  unfortunately  without  further  data  as  to 
locality  or  date  of  collection. 

The  species  comes  perhaps  nearest  to  spiritalis. 


Cerura  Esmeralda. 

Cerura  esmeralda  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  458  (1910). 

Two  «^s  and  two  $s  in  my  collection  from  Pretoria,  Febr.  T4;  Oct.  ’09,  T4; 
Salisbury,  Febr.  T6. 

Mr  K.  Munro  bred  the  Pretoria  specimens  from  caterpillars  feeding  on 
Protea  spec.  Bred  by  E.  E.  Platt  on  Protea  hirta  Klotzsch,  and  P.  multi- 
bracteata  Phillips.  Constructs  a tough  cocoon  on  stem  of  food  plant. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


i73 


Cerura  Marshalli. 

Cerura  marshalli  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  456  (1910). 

I have  a $ and  $,  both  from  Salisbury,  bred  in  Dec.  ’12‘by  Mr  R.  Jack, 
who  kindly  presented  them  to  me.  In  the  A the  outer  margin  of  the  fore  wing 
is  very  oblique  and  the  wing  very  narrow. 

Cerura  Spiritalis. 

(PI.  I,  fig.  10;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  7-9;  PI.  V,  figs.  1-3.) 

Cerura  spiritalis  Dist.  A.M.N.H.  7.  111.  p.  464  (1899). 

This  species  I have  from  Rietfontein  57  (Pretoria  distr.)  bred  by  me  in 
Jan.  1905;  also  from  Barberton  (collected  by  Miss  de  Beer);  White  River 
(Cooke) ; Pretoria  in  Nov.  T4  (Munro) ; only  one  $ is  known  to  me. 

Cerura  Swierstrae. 

Cerura  swierstrae  Dist.  Entom.  xxxv.  p.  213  (1902). 

Two  ds  and  one  $ in  my  collection  from  Johannesburg  (Sept.  ’04,  Cooke); 
Pretoria  (Sept.  '08,  Munro);  Umkomaas,  Natal,  Jan.  ’14  (Janse). 

The  three  specimens  are  practically  the  same,  but  the  Johannesburg 
specimen  has  more  black  in  the  inner  margin  of  the  fore  wing. 

Genus  PARARETHONA  nov. 

(PI.  I,  figs.  11-16.) 

Type  Desmeocraera  hierax  Dist. 

cJ,  $.  Proboscis  rudimentary;  palpi  short,  porrect,  not  reaching  vertex, 
covered  with  long  spreading  hairs;  first  joint  as  long  as  second  and  third  joint 
together;  third  joint  almost  half  of  second  joint;  eyes  large,  glabrous,  rounded; 
frons  with  a tuft  of  long  hairs;  antennae  about  half  of  costa  in  length,  bipec- 
tinated  for  fth  their  length,  therL ciliated ; branches  in  $ about  ten  times  shaft, 
ciliated  on  both  sides,  in  $ about  eight  times  shaft,  in  both  sexes  the  branches 
are  in  shape  as  in  Cerura  and  P sender ethona\  base  of  shaft  globular  and  with 
a long  tuft  of  hair  in  front;  fore  legs  with  a bluntly  rounded  straight  process, 
nearly  reaching  till  end  of  tibia;  mid  legs  with  two  spurs;  hind  legs  with  four 
spurs  of  nearly  equal  length ; shape  of  spurs  as  in  Cerura  and  Pseudorethona, 
only  more  pointed  and  more  strongly  serrate  on  inner  side  and  the  serrae  in 
two  rows;  in  all  legs  the  femurs  and  tibiae  are  covered  with  long  spreading 
hairs.  Fore  wing  in  $ rather  narrow  and  triangular,  costa  nearly  straight,  apex 
slightly  rounded,  termen  oblique,  slightly  rounded,  tornus  rounded,  inner 
margin  nearly  straight;  in  $ the  fore  wing  is  broader,  costa  gently  arched, 
termen  less  oblique ; 1 b with  a fork  of  f rd ; vein  2 from  fth  lower  median ; 3 from 
frd  distance  2 to  4 ; 4 from  lower  angle ; discocellulars  oblique,  incurved  between 
4 and  5 ; 5 from  below  lower  angle ; 6 from  towards  end  of  areole  (in  three 
specimens  it  is  from  stalk  7,  8,  9;  in  one  <$  specimen  the  areole  is  absent  in 
left  wing  and  present  in  the  right  wing,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10  are  then  stalked) ; 7 stalked 
with  8,  9 for  fth  of  its  length;  8 and  9 on  a stalk  of  over  half  of  vein  8,  origi- 
nating from  end  of  areole ; 10  from  fth  areole ; 1 1 from  before  f rd  upper  median  ; 
12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  triangular  with  the  corners  well  rounded;  costa 
well  arched ; termen  very  oblique  and  well  rounded ; inner  margin  well  rounded ; 
1 a and  1 b slightly  curved;  2 from  frd  lower  median;  3 and  4 from  lower  angle; 


i74 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


discocellulars  angled  between  4 and  5;  5 from  above  middle  of  discocellulars; 
6 and  7 on  a stalk  of  nearly  half  of  6 ; 8 first  curved  upwards,  then  approximated 
to  upper  median  for  terminal  half,  but  not  connected  with  it  by  a bar. 

This  genus  is  evidently  related  to  Cerura  and  Pseudorethona  and  probably 
a parallel  development  of  the  former.  It  differs  from  Cerura  in  having  4 spurs 
on  the  hind  legs  and  from  Pseudorethona  in  the  absence  of  the  tuft  of  scales 
on  the  mid  and  hind  tibiae,  absence  of  the  spur  on  1 b in  fore  wing ; the  branches 
of  the  antennae  being  longer  but  not  reaching  towards  tip;  in  first  joint  of 
palpi  being  longer  than  second  joint. 

Only  one  species  is  known  to  me  for  this  genus,  which  was  placed  by 
Distant  in  the  genus  Desmeocraera.  From  this  genus  it  differs,  however,  in  the 
following  details:  presence  of  areole,  origin  of  vein  6,  palpi,  and  other  minor 
points. 

Pararethona  Hierax. 

(PI.  I,  figs.  11-16.) 

Desmeocraera  hierax  Dist.  A.M.N.H.  6.  xx.  p.  204  (1897). 

Dist.  Insecta  Transv.  iv.  p.  88,  PI.  IV,  figs.  3,  4. 

In  front  of  me  are  three  ^s  belonging  to  the  Transvaal  Museum,  which 
have  been  identified  by  Distant  shortly  after  the  description  was  made  of  a 
specimen  which  has  the  discoidal  spot  missing.  This  spot  is  mentioned  in  the 
description,  but  is  absent  in  the  figure.  There  are  several  other  points  in  which 
the  description  and  the  figures  do  not  correspond,  but  the  figures  are  for  certain 
identical  with  my  specimens.  The  terminal  dark,  fuscous  colour  on  the  abdomen 
(though  not  shown  in  the  $ figure,  in  which  the  abdomen  is  evidently  greasy) 
is  very  characteristic  for  this  species,  though  not  mentioned  in  the  description 
by  Distant.  I have  no  doubt  that  my  specimens  belong  here,  though  I have  only 
two  $s,  in  addition  to  the  $s  mentioned  above,  which  are  quite  like  fig.  4,  and 
are  both  from  Pretoria.  I have  also  a variety  of  this  species,  two  ^s  and 
one  $,  while  a $ of  this  var.  is  also  in  the  Transvaal  Museum  collection. 

Pararethona  hierax , var.  dissimilus  var.  nov. 

c^.  Head  and  palpi  with  long  fuscous  (xlvi)  hairs;  branches  of  antennae 
fuscous;  vertex  of  head,  thorax  on  upper  and  under  side,  hairs  on  femurs  and 
tibiae  fuscous  mixed  with  pale  green-yellow  (v) ; abdomen  on  upper  side  for 
^rd  and  towards  terminus,  and  the  whole  of  the  abdomen  on  the  under  side  with 
pale  drab-grey  (xlvi)  hairs ; about  f rd  of  abdomen  on  upper  side  with  hair-brown 
(xlvi)  hairs. 

Wings  on  upper  and  under  side  white ; base,  as  far  as  sub-basal  line,  sparsely 
irrorated  with  cinnamon-drab  (xlvi)  scales;  sub-basal  line  double,  inner  one 
cinnamon-drab,  outer  line  black,  dentate  inwardly  at  upper  median,  below 
lower  median  and  1 h\  antemedial  line  black,  with  a pale  yellow-green  shade 
beyond  it,  curved  outwardly  between  costa  and  upper  median,  angled  out- 
wardly between  lower  median  and  1 h and  towards  inner  margin ; space  between 
sub-basal  and  antemedial  lines  thickly  irrorated  with  hair -brown  scales  and 
sparingly  irrorated  with  black  scales;  postmedial  line  double,  black,  excurved 
at  vein  6 and  3,  incurved  at  5 and  2,  then  to  before  tornus;  space  between 
antemedial  and  postmedial  lines  sparingly  irrorated  with  hair-brown  scales; 
at  costa  four  dark  markings  and  the  irroration  more  dense;  a dark  irroration 
beyond  postmedial  line  at  costa  and  tornus ; indications  of  a subterminal  line 
of  hair-brown  irroration;  a more  sparing  irroration  over  the  whole  area  beyond 
postmedial  line ; terminal  line  black,  somewhat  interrupted  at  the  veins,  where 
there  is  a dark  inwardly  black  shading;  cilia  white  with  hair-brown  scales  at  base. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


175 


Hind  wing  with  a few  hair-brown  scales  as  costa ; a fuscous  terminal  line, 
interrupted  at  the  veins;  a black  patch  at  tornus  and  an  oblique  faint  fuscous 
shading  above  it;  cilia  pure  white. 

Under  side : costa  of  fore  wing  thickly  irrorated  with  fuscous,  except  towards 
apex,  where  there  are  4 white  patches;  nearly  the  whole  area  irrorated  with 
hair-brown ; only  the  terminal  line  present ; hind  wing  with  a hair-brown  mark 
from  costa  to  fork  of  veins  6,  7 ; otherwise  as  on  upper  side. 

$.  Like  but  irroration  more  black;  band  between  sub-basal  and  ante^ 
medial  lines  much  darker  and  a dark  shading  beyond  postmedial  line ; a distinct 
fuscous  medial  line,  angled  outwards  below  upper  median  and  lower  angle; 
a black  patch  of  scales  at  discocellulars  between  4 and  5 ; a white  sub-terminal 
shading,  angled  outwards  at  the  veins;  a white  band  against  the  terminal  black 
line;  cilia  checkered  with  fuscous  and  with  a distinct  basal  line;  hind  wing 
thickly  irrorated  with  hair-brown  except  at  basal  area;  cilia  checkered  with 
fuscous  scales. 

Under  side : fore  wing  uniform  fuscous ; black  spot  indicated ; hind  wing  with 
a medial  faint  fuscous  band  and  with  a broad  postmedial  band  parallel  to 
termen;  cilia  as  on  upper  side. 

Exp.  <$,  41-39  mm.;  $,  44  mm. 

Hab.  $ type  from  New  Hanover,  8.  ’13  (Hardenberg) ; cotypes,  Umkomaas, 
14.  1.  ’14  (Janse);  Nelspruit,  10.  ’17  (Dr  Breyer);  $ type  from  Bulwer  (near 
Durban),  30.  5.  ’14  (bred  by  E.  E.  Platt). 

Another  $ from  Emangeni  (S.  Rhodesia),  19.  1.  T8  (Janse)  and  a $ from 
Rietvlei  (Natal),  1.  T8. 

The  two  <$  co types  have  vein  6 of  fore  wing  stalked  with  7,  8,  9. 

Genus  ANTHEUA. 

(PI.  I,  figs.  17-20;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  10-30.) 

Antheua  Wlk.  Cat.  in.  pp.  687,  766  (1855).  Type  tricolor^. 

Hmpsn.  Moths  of  India,  1.  p.  145. 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  91. 

Sirenopyga  Wllgrn.  Ofv.  Vet.  Akad.  Fork.  xv.  p.  210  (1858). 

Description  from  tricolor. 

cJ,  Proboscis  present,  moderate;  palpi  somewhat  upturned,  short,  just 
reaching  frons,  densely  covered  at  front  and  sides  with  long  hairs,  mixed  with 
some  scales;  first  and  second  joint  about  equal  in  length;  third  joint  very  small, 
about  |-rd  of  second  joint;  eyes  large,  rounded  and  naked;  antennae  of 
bipectinated  for  frds  of  shaft,  branches  shortening  rather  suddenly,  terminal 
third  becoming  serrate;  branches  about  two  times  shaft,  each  branch  has 
fasciculated  cilia  at  its  end  and  is  ciliated  on  the  anterior  side ; in  $ the  antennae 
are  simple  and  ciliated  on  both  sides  (in  some  species,  as  bicolor  and  simplex, 
the  branches  are  longer,  about  three  times  shaft,  while  in  bicolor  the  branches 
become  gradually  shorter  towards  tip) ; a tuft  of  long  hairs  on  front  of  first  joint 
of  shaft;  fore  tibia  with  a process  as  long  as,  or  slightly  longer  than,  tibia; 
process  in  tricolor  rather  broad  and  pointed,  in  all  species  more  or  less  hollow 
above  on  inner  side,  then  becoming  flattened  and  often  twisted,  the  flat  side 
being  against  the  tibia,  a row  of  bristles  on  edge  of  keel-shaped  part  as  shown 
in  fig.  of  aurifodinae ; process  thickly  covered  with  hairs  and  some  scales,  as 

1 This  is  the  type  species  according  to  Hampson,  but  Walker  describes  the  species 
simplex  first,  so  unless  Walker  has  somewhere  especially  stated  that  tricolor  is  the 
type,  I think  simplex  should  be  considered  the  type  of  the  genus. 


176 


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are  the  tibiae  themselves ; spines  on  the  inner  side  of  the  tarsi,  tarsi  ending  in  a 
rather  long  claw;  femora  and  tibiae  of  all  legs  with  long  dense  hairs;  mid  tibia 
with  two  spurs,  hind  tibia  with  four  spurs;  spurs  rather  short  and  stout, 
covered  with  appressed  hairs  and  scale-like  hairs,  and  ending  in  a somewhat 
inwardly  curved  naked  point  which  is  provided  with  two  rows  of  teeth  (this- 
curved  point  is  rather  long  in  aurifodinae) . 

Fore  wing  rather  broad,  sub-triangular,  costa  nearly  straight,  apex  rounded, 
outer  margin  erect,  straight,  slightly  sinuate,  tornus  rounded,  inner  margin 
nearly  straight  and  without  tufts;  1 b forked  at  base;  2 from  frd  lower  median;. 
3 from  fth  2 to  4;  4 well  curved  and  from  lower  angle;  5 from  middle  of  disco- 
cellulars;  discocellulars  erect  and  curved;  6 from  middle  of  areole,  which  is 
long  and  narrow,  nearly  half  length  of  vein  10,  in  some  species  ( simplex ) 
longer1;  7 from  before  end  of  areole;  8,  9,  10  stalked,  or  8,  9 stalked,  and  io* 
from  the  areole;  8 from  9 at  frd  of  9;  10  from  stalk  of  8,  9 beyond  half  of  10,. 
which  originates  near  upper  angle,  thus  making  the  areole  very  narrow;  11 
from  frd  upper  median;  12  parallel  to  costa. 

Hind  wing  broad,  triangular,  costa  somewhat  curved,  apex  well  rounded 
towards  vein  7,  outer  margin  well  arched,  slightly  sinuate,  tornus  well  rounded, 
inner  margin  somewhat  arched ; 1 b curved ; 2 from  j ust  beyond  f of  lower 
median ; 3 from  near  lower  angle ; -4  from  lower  angle ; 5 from  above  f of  disco- 
cellulars, which  are  inwardly  oblique;  6 and  7 on  a stalk  of  over  frd  of  6 
and  from  upper  angle;  8 parallel  with,  and  approximated  to,  upper  median 
for  nearly  whole  length  of  median  vein;  no  bar  in  tricolor,  but  some  species- 
show  an  indication  of  it. 

Seven  species  have  been  placed  in  this  genus,  from  which  I remove  spurcata y 
which  I place  in  the  genus  Zana,  and  I think  aurifodinae  should  be  placed  here,, 
and  So  should  encausta. 

I have  not  been  able  to  secure  the  description  of  Walker’s  extenuata,  but 
it  is  probable  that  the  description  would  not  have  helped  much  in  recognising 
the  species. 

The  species  may  be  tabulated  as  follows : 
la.  Fore  wing  with  ground  colour  dark  grey ; hind  wing  yellowish  bicolor  p.  180 

b.  Fore  wing  with  ground  colour  light  grey;  hind  wing  light  fuscous 

peringueyi  p.  182 


c.  Fore  wing  with  ground  colour  light  or  dark  yellow  ....  2 

2 a.  Fore  wing  with  antemedial  and  postmedial  series  of  orange  dots  . . 3 

b.  Fore  wing  without  such  dots  ........  4 

3 a.  Fore  wing  bright  yellow;  antemediaLspots  4;  postmedial  spots  7 


croceipuncta  p.  178 

b.  Fore  wing  pale  yellow,  antemedial  spots  3,  postmedial  spots  7 

basipuncta  p.  178 

c.  Fore  wing  yellowish  white;  antemedial  spots  3;  postmedial  spots  7 

albida  p.  178 


4 a.  Hind  wing  white  . .........  5 

b.  Hind  wing  not  white  ..........  8 

5 a.  Fore  wing  densely  irrorated  with  black  and  fuscous,  especially  along 

costa,  medial  fold  and  inner  marginal  area  . . . mixta  p.  182 

b.  Fore  wing  with  no  fuscous  or  black  irroration  along  costa  or  inner 

margin  ............  6 


1 There  is  a tendency  in  the  areole  to  disappear,  either  through  anastomosis 
of  vein  7 and  stalk  of  8,  9 or  of  vein  10  with  stalk  8,  9;  this  coalescence  is  found  in 
the  same  species  with  normal  specimens  and  generally  veins  6-10  seem  to  be  in  a 
state  of  flux  in  this  genus.  There  are  even  more  varieties  than  those  given  in  the 
figures  and  these  are  mentioned  with  each  species  where  they  occur. 


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177 


6 a.  Fore  wing  straw-yellow  and  with  small  black  spots  near  base  and  at 

postmedial  area  .......  dimorpha 

b.  Fore  wing  pale  or  bright  yellow,  no  black  spots  at  basal  or  postmedial 
area  ............ 

7 a.  Fore  wing  glossy  pale  yellow  with  spaces  between  the  veins  more  or  less 

filled  with  deep  olive-buff  ......  simplex 

b.  Fore  wing  bright  yellow  with  three  longitudinal  fascia,  a short  one 
near  apex  below  vein  8,  a longer  one  below  vein  7,  and  a long  one 
from  base  to  outer  margin  below  vein  4 . . aurifodinae 

8 a.  Fore  wing  bright  yellow,  with  diffused  black  scales  in  medial  area 

below  the  cell  and  a few  black  scales  indicating  postmedial  line 

tricolor 

b.  Fore  wing  bright  yellow  and  with  brown  markings  .... 

9 a.  A brown  patch  at  base,  and  a medial  brown  patch  below  cell  and 

vein  4 ........  consanguinea 

b.  Three  broad  fasciae  on  fore  wing  which  touch  each  other  at  sub- 
terminal area,  apical  fascia  short,  from  below  apex  oblique  to  vein  5 at 
^rd,  then  again  to  outer  margin  at  vein  4 ; second  fascia  from  near 
base  to  outer  margin  below  lower  median  and  vein  4,  filling  whole 
space  till  vein  2 ; third  fascia  along  inner  margin  nearly  as  far  as  1 b 

encausta 

A.  ANTENNAE  OF  FEMALE  BIPECTINATE. 

Antheua  Simplex  , 

(Pi.  I,  fig.  18;  Pi.  ill,  fig.  26.) 

Antheua  simplex  Wlk.  Cat.  111.  p.  766  (1855). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  91,  PI.  VIII,  f.  11. 

Sirenopyga  ephippiata  Wllgrn.  Wien.  Ent.  Monats.  iv.  p.  164  (i860). 

Wllgrn.  Kongl.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.  2.  Bd.  v.  No.  4, 
p.  52  (1865). 

I have  specimens  in  my  collection  which  vary  considerably  in  intensity 
of  colouration,  ranging  from  with  light  yellow  fore  wing  and  white  hind  wing  to 
an  olive-lake  (xvi)  fore  wing  and  light  greyish  olive  (xlvi)  hind  wing.  The 
antennae  of  the  £s  are  with  rather  long  pectination.  A considerable  variation 
is  found  in  the  venation  of  the  fore  wing  as  shown  in  the  following  table: 

3 cJs,  2 $s,  as  given  in  illustration ; 6 from  before  middle  of  areole,  7 from  end  of 
areole;  10  from  well  before  end  of  areole. 

1 d,  6 as  above;  7 from  end  of  areole;  10  from  before  end  of  areole. 

1 <$,  6 as  above;  7 as  above;  10  from  end  of  areole. 

1 d,  1 ?,  6 as  above;  7 from  stalk  8,  9;  10  as  above., 

1 <$,  6 from  frd  of  areole;  7 as  above;  10  as  above. 

1 A,  6 as  above;  7 as  above;  10  from  before  end  of  areole. 

1 A,  right  wing.  6 from  middle  of  areole;  7 shortly  stalked  with  8,  9;  10  from 

before  end  of  areole. 

left  wing.  6 free  from  angle  of  cell ; 7 on  a long  stalk  with  8,  9 ; 10  anastomosing 
with  stalk  7,  8,  9,  to  form  the  areole. 

This  shows  clearly  that  the  position  of  vein  6 is  of  no  use  in  separating  the 
genus  Antheua  from  Zana  and  Cleapa  and  perhaps  other  allied  genera,  as  done 
by  Sir  George  Hampson,  and  that  the  way  in  which  vein  10  comes  out  of  the 
areole  is  also  far  from  constant.  I do  not  think  that  any  of  these  characters 
can  be  used  for  certain  grouping  of  genera,  as  is  done  by  Schaus  in  his  paper  in 
the  Tv.  E.  S.  L.  1901,  p.  260. 


p.  180 

7 

p.  177 
p.  179 

p.  179 

9 

p.  180 

p.  179 


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Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


This  species  is  found  all  over  South  Africa.  I have  it  in  my  collection  from 
Pretoria,  Middelburg.  Waterval  onder  (Transvaal) ; New  Hanover,  Karkloof, 
Sarnia,  Umkomaas,  Verulam  (Natal);  Eshowe,  and  Melmoth  (Zululand) ; in 
Oct.,  Nov.,  Dec.,  Jan. 

Larva  feeds  on  Desmodium  incanum  D.C.  (E.  E.  Platt). 

Antheua  Croceipuncta. 

(PL  I,  fig.  19;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  19-23.) 

Antheua  croceipuncta  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  174  (1910). 

I have  hardly  any  doubt  that  this  species  and  the  following  two  are  really 
the  same  specifically.  Practically  the  only  differences  given  consist  of  different 
intensity  of  colouration  of  head,  thorax,  wings  and  legs,  absence  of  basal  spots 
in  croceipuncta,  which  are  present  in  the  other  two  species,  a missing  spot  in 
basipuncta,  present  in  the  remaining  two  species.  It  is  not  stated  which  spot 
the  missing  one  is  but  I suspect  it  to  be  the  one  on  the  upper  median  as  this  is 
the  smallest  of  all  and  has  a tendency  to  become  smaller.  One  of  my  bright 
specimens  has  only  6 postmedial  spots,  the  one  on  vein  5 being  absolutely 
absent,  without  a trace  of  it,  and  which  is  certainly  of  the  same  species  as  my 
other  specimens  that  have  the  7 spots. 

I have  5 specimens  in  my  collection,  4 $s  and  one  <$,  in  which  the  colora- 
tion gradually  merges  from  bright  yellow  into  yellowish-white;  of  these  the 
bright  yellow  £s  have  2 basal  spots  (which  are  not  mentioned  for  croceipuncta ) 
and  the  lighter  £ as  well  as  the  still  lighter  $ shows  net  a trace  of  it. 
They  are  all  from  the  same  locality  (Salisbury),  the  bright  coloured  specimens 
being  caught  by  myself  at  the  end  of  December;  the  light  coloured  specimens 
were  collected  by  Father  O’Neil  on  Nov.  29th  and  in  December,  1915.  I have 
no  doubt  that  my  light  coloured  specimens  have  bleached  either  in  nature  or 
after  collecting.  The  same  gradual  change  of  yellow  may  also  be  found  in 
tricolor  as  this  yellow  readily  fades  in  strong  sunlight.  The  specimens  I caught 
must  have  been  quite  fresh  when  collected  and  were  the  finest  specimens  Father 
O’Neil  had  seen  up  to  that  time;  they  were  perhaps  of  the  second  brood. 

My  bright  $s  have  the  hind  wings  above  and  both  wings  on  the  under 
side  coloured  drab  (xlvi)  but  the  light  coloured  $ is  only  irrorated  with 
drab  on  the  upper  side  and  slightly  tinged  with  this  colour  on  the  under  side. 
The  $ is  tinged  with  light  orange-yellow  (iii)  and  the  under  side  is  yellowish- 
white. 

Of  course,  not  having  seen  the  type  specimens,  I cannot  be  certain,  but 
with  my  specimens  before  me  I have  no  doubt  as  to  basipuncta  and  albida  being 
cb-specific  to  croceipuncta.- 

One  of  the  $s  has  vein  6 of  fore  wing  from  angle  of  cell  and  not  from  the 
areole  as  is  the  case  with  the  others,  while  another  $ has  the  left  wing  normal 
and  the  right  wing  without  the  areole,  so  that  6,  7,  8,  9 are  stalked  and  vein  10 
is  free  from  upper  median.  The  antennae  have  in  both  sexes  nearly  equally  long 
pectinations. 

Antheua  Basipuncta. 

Antheua  basipuncta  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  474  (1910). 


Antheua  Albida. 

Antheua  albida  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  475  (1910)- 


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179 


B.  ANTENNAE  OF  FEMALE  SIMPLE. 

Antheua  Tricolor. 

(PL  I,  fig.  1 7;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  10-15.) 

Antheua  tricolor  Wlk.  Cat . 111.  p.  638  (1855). 

Feld.  Reise.  Nov.  iv.  PI.  XCIV,  fig.  7 (1874). 

(var.)  Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  92,  PI.  VIII,  fig.  13. 

A.  varia  Wlk.  Cat.  111.  p.  766  (1855). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  92. 

I do  not  think  that  there  is  any  doubt  about  A.  varia  being  the  same  as 
A.  tricolor,  the  latter  being  a rather  old  and  bleached  specimen  or  perhaps 
a lighter  coloured  variety.  The  description  of  A . varia  corresponds  best  with 
a fresh  specimen.  The  figure  given  by  Distant  is  also  of  a bleached  specimen. 
A fresh  specimen  has  the  fore  wing  brighter  yellow  and  the  hind  wing  much 
darker,  in  such  a case  the  black  scaling  in  the  fore  wing  (not  shown  in  the  figure) 
is  more  prominent.  These  intense  black  scales  are  found  below  the  lower  median, 
usually  only  between  veins  2 and  3,  but  sometimes  also  before  2 and  beyond  3; 
several  of  my  specimens  have  a postmedial  series  of  black  spots  from  above 
vein  2 or  3,  erect  to  vein  6,  then  a few  scales  obliquely  towards  apex.  These 
spots  are  often  reduced  to  a few  scales  only,  and  are  often  altogether  missing  in 
perfectly  fresh  specimens.  The  more  intense  yellow  the  fore  wings  are,  the  more 
black  there  is  on  the  fore  wing.  Only  the  $ appears  to  a have  a black  patch  on 
the  abdomen  on  upper  side  at  the  last  two  segments. 

This  species  seems  to  be  well  distributed  over  South  Africa.  I have  it  from : 
Sarnia,  Durban,  Umkomaas  (Natal) ; Nkwaleni  (Zululand) ; Emangeni, 
Umvuma  (S.  Rhodesia),  and  it  is  also  recorded  from  Waterval  onder  (Trans- 
vaal). Caught  in  July,  Oct.,  Jan.,  Dec. 

Antheua  Aurifodinae. 

(PI.  Ill,  figs.  27-30.) 

Rigema  aurifodinae  Dist.  Entom.  xxxv.  p.  213  (1902). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  91,  PL  VIII,  fig.  7. 

I see  very  little  reason  for  placing  this  species  in  the  genus  Rigema,  the 
similarity  in  wing  pattern  being  the  only  one,  and  even  this  character  is  not 
very  pronounced.  The  shape  of  the  fore  wing  is,  however,  that  of  a typical 
Antheua  and  the  bar  between  the  upper  median  and  vein  8 of  hind  wing,  which 
is  well  developed  in  Rigema,  is  absent  in  aurifodinae.  Antennae,  palpi  and 
process  of  fore  tibia  are  as  in  Antheua,  though  the  stalk  of  6,  7 in  hind  wing  is 
a little  longer.  The  hairs  on  the  thorax  are  rather  long  and  shaggy  and  not  short 
as  in  Antheua,  and  there  is  a tendency  to  crestforming  as  in  Rigema.  I have 
this  fine  species  from  Beynspoort,  Tweefontein  (Transv.);  Durban,  Karkloof 
(Natal);  Umvuma  (S.  Rhodesia);  in  Dec.,  Jan. 

Antheua  Encausta. 

(PL  III,  figs.  16-18.) 

Dinara  encausta  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  476  (1910). 

I fail  to  see  why  this  species  has  been  placed  in  the  genus  Dinara,  a genus 
which  Hampson  in  his  Moths  of  India,  vol.  1.  gives  as  a synonym  of  Anticyra. 
The  differences  between  Antheua  and  that  genus  given  on  p.  144  are  that  the 
antennae  are  fasciculated  and  not  bipectinated  to  apex,  that  vein  6 is 


i8o 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


from  beyond  end  of  cell  in  Anticyra  and  from  angle  of  cell  in  Antheua,  that  vein 
9 is  anastomosing  with  8 to  form  the  areole,  while  in  Antheua  9 and  10  are 
anastomosing  with  8 to  form  the  areole.  The  figures  given  for  both  genera 
show  a number  of  mistakes.  Fig.  87  for  Anticyra  is  supposed  to  be  a <$,  but 
according  to  the  frenulum  it  is  a vein  10  is  anastomosing  with  stalk  of  7,  8,  9 
to  form  the  areole,  just  as  is  given  for  Antheua.  Fig.  88  has  vein  6 from  the 
areole  and  not  from  the  angle  of  the  cell  as  it  should  be  in  Antheua,  while  one 
of  the  veins  8-10  is  missing;  in  both  figures  a bar  is  given  between  vein  8 and 
upper  median.  As  illustrated  before,  the  position  of  veins  6-10  in  the  fore  wing 
is  extremely  variable  in  species  evidently  belonging  to  Antheua,  and  can  hardly 
be  used  alone  as  a distinction  between  genera.  My  specimens  of  encausta, 
however,  have  a venation  as  given  in  my  figure  of  A . tricolor,  in  fact  the  only 
difference  I can  find  is  in  the  hind  wing,  which  has  3 and  4 from  a point  and  a 
slight  bar  at  |rd  between  the  upper  median  and  vein  8.  The  antennae  of  the 
£ are  bipectinate  for  ^rd  of  shaft,  as  in  A.  tricolor,  and  the  wing  colouration 
and  pattern  indicate  close  relationship  to  consanquinea. 

I have  several  specimens  of  this  species,  including  a $,  from  Umtali  and 
.Salisbury  (S.  Rhodesia),  in  Dec.,  and  Jan. 

Antheua  Consanguinea. 

Antheua  consanguinea  Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  92,  PI.  VIII,  fig.  12  (1903). 

Apparently  only  one  specimen,  a has  been  discovered  so  far,  caught  at 
Lydenburg;  I have  not  met  with  this  species  yet,  nor  have  I seen  it  in  any  of 
the  South  African  collections. 

Antheua  Bicolor. 

(PI.  I,  fig.  20;  PI.  Ill,  figs.  24,  25.) 

Chadisra  bicolor  Dist.  A.M.N.H.  7.  iv.  p.  360  (1899). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  93,  PI.  IV,  fig.  10. 

Osica  verulama  Beth. -Baker.  A.M.N.H.  8.  11.  p.  257  (1908). 

Why  this  species  has  been  placed  in  Chadisra  is  a puzzle  to  me.  The  general 
heavy  build,  the  rather  broad  fore  wing  and  erect  outer  margin,  the  absence 
of  the  scale-like  ridge  of  hairs  on  the  mid  and  hind  tibiae,  the  short  second 
joint  of  the  palpi,  all  this  points  to  Antheua,  in  fact  the  only  point  of  resem- 
blance to  Chadisra  I can  find  is  the  dark  scaling  at  tornus  of  hind  wing,  which, 
however,  is  never  as  pronounced  as  in  Chadisra,  in  some  cases  even,  it  is  just 
represented  by  a dark  edging  along  the  outer  margin  and  this  is  never  the  case 
in  Chadisra. 

Larva  feeds  on  Rhus  villosa  L.f. ; autumn  larva  hibernates  in  the  caterpillar 
stage  in  its  cocoon  (E.  E.  Platt). 

This  species  seems  to  have  a wide  range  in  South  Africa.  I have  it  from 
Pretoria,  Three  Sisters,  Waterval  onder,  White  river,  Bultfontein  (Transvaal) ; 
New  Hanover,  Karkloof,  Umkomaas  (Natal) ; Nkwaleni  (Zululand) ; Emangeni 
(S.  Rhodesia),  in  Oct.,  Jan.,  March. 

Antheua  Dimorpha. 

(PI.  XIII,  fig.  10;  PI.  XIV,  fig.  2;  PI.  I,  fig.  25;  PI.  IV,  figs.  14-17.) 

Hairs  on  head,  thorax  on  upper  and  under  side  and  palpi  on  front 
Pinard -yellow  (iv) ; palpi  at  sides  with  black  hairs ; abdomen  above  and  branches 
of  antennae  yellow  ochre  (xv);  abdomen  on  under  side  naples-yellow  (xvi); 


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181 


fore  wing  on  upper  side  straw-yellow  (xvi);  two  small  sub-basal  black  spots 
one  on  vein  12,  and  one  just  below  lower  median;  antemedial  line  represented 
by  some  black  scales  on  vein  1 b,  lower  median,  discal  fold,  upper  median  and 
vein  12 ; some  black  scales  in,  beyond  and  below  cell;  two  black  strigae  at  end  of 
cell;  a postmedial  series  of  small  black  spots,  curved  outwardly  at  vein  7, 
inwardly  at  vein  5 and  sub-median  fold  and  from  vein  4 oblique  to  fth  of  inner 
margin ; the  spots  are  on  veins  1 b to  8 and  on  sub-median  fold ; a few  black  scales 
on  sub-terminal  area  here  and  there  between  the  veins ; between  the  veins  from 
costa  to  tornus  a series  of  terminal  strigae ; cilia  gradually  getting  white.  Hind 
wing  pure  white  with  a few  fuscous  scales  on  origin  of  veins  3 and  4,  and  lower 
discocellular ; cilia  white.  Fore  wing  and  hind  wing  on  under  side  white;  fore 
wing  with  a medial  patch  between  veins  4 to  7 irrorated  with  fuscous  scales; 
hairs  on  legs  marguerite-yellow  (xxx)  mixed  on  fore  femur  and  tibia  with 
fuscous  hairs.  On  the  cotype  very  little  of  the  black  scales  can  be  seen,  the 
specimen  is  in  rather  worn  condition  and  not  as  well  preserved  as  the  type. 

Branches  of  antennae  to  apex  and  about  four  times  shaft;  areole  of  fore 
wing  exceedingly  short  and  broad  for  an  Antheua,  but  according  to  the  other 
characters  it  appears  to  come  in  this  genus. 

?.  Like  but  without  a trace  of  the  antemedial  spots  and  with  more 
medial  black  scaling.  Hind  wing  with  some  medial  cinnamon-brown  (xv) 
irroration. 

The  proboscis  is  very  weak  but  present  in  the  $ ; in  the  $ the  proboscis  is 
entirely  absent  and  vein  5 of  the  hind  wing  is  very  weak,  almost  absent. 

Exp.  44  mm.;  44  mm. 

Hab.  $ type  from  the  Ermelo  district  (collected  by  Miss  Forbes)  in  coll. 
Transvaal  Museum;  cotypes  from  Durban  and  Charlestown,  in  coll.  S.  A. 
Museum  and  coll.  Janse.  $ in  coll.  Janse,  bred  by  E.  E.  Platt  in  Sept.  1915, 
at  Durban. 

Larvae  feed  on  Tephrosia  macropoda  E.  M.  Very  common  at  Durban  in 
Oct. — Nov.  1914,  but  mostly  parasitized.  They  construct  a tough  glutinated 
silken  cocoon  in  the  earth,  and  pupation  is  delayed  for  several  months. 
Single  brooded;  the  moths  appearing  in  September  (E.  E.  Platt.) 

Antheua  Dimorpha  var.  brunnea  nov. 

(PI.  XIV,  fig.  1.) 

$.  Hairs  on  head,  palpi,  thorax,  legs,  abdomen  on  under  side,  and  ground 
colour  of  fore  wing  cinnamon-brown  (xv);  abdomen  above  antimony -yellow 
(xv),  at  sides  light  buff  (xv) ; shaft  of  antennae  with  cinnamon-brown  scales, 
branches  maize-yellow  (iv) ; fore  wing  uniform  cinnamon-brown;  a few  sub- 
basal  black  scales  above  and  below  lower  median ; three  bigger  antemedial  black 
spots  on  vein  12,  lower  median  and  1 b\  a black  irroration  in  cell  beyond  it  till 
well  before  discocellulars  and  another  black  scaling  on  discocellulars,  in- 
dicating the  reniform ; a postmedial  series  of  black  outwardly  angulated  spots 
on  veins  ib  to  stalk  of  8,  9,  10;  a sub-terminal  series  of  inwardly  angulated 
black  spots  between  the  veins  from  above  1 b to  vein  8,  almost  parallel  to  termen, 
a little  further  from  termen  near  apex  then  near  tornus;  some  terminal  black 
scales  between  the  veins  above  ib  to  8;  cilia  of  ground-colour,  a little  lighter 
at  base. 

This  and  the  typical  form  were  reared  from  the  same  batch  of  caterpillars. 
Mr  Platt  kindly  gave  me  the  following  information:  “Feeds  on  Tephrosia 
macropoda  E.  M. ; the  larvae  were  very  common  at  Clare  Estate,  Durban,  in 
Oct. — Nov.  1914,  but  most  of  them  were  parasitized.  I have  not  met  with  them 


13 


182 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


since.  They  construct  a tough  glutinated  silken  cocoon  in  the  earth  and  pupa- 
tion is  delayed  for  several  months.  Single  brooded.  The  moths  appearing  in 
September.’ ’ 

Mr  Platt  has  in  his  collection  a brown  $ and  <j>. 

Antheua  Peringueyi  spec,  nov.1 

<$,  $.  Head  and  thorax  with  fuscous  (xlvi)  and  white  hairs  almost  equally 
mixed,  so  as  to  produce  a dark  grey  colour  when  not  viewed  with  a magnifying 
glass  and  of  the  same  tint  as  the  general  colour  of  the  forewings;  abdomen 
avellaneous  (xl) ; thorax  in  $ with  a small  tuft  of  scales  on  mesothorax ; fore 
wing  whitish,  rather  densely  irrorated  with  fuscous,  especially  at  base  and 
along  costa;  indications  of  a dentate  fuscous  medial  line;  a fuscous  striga  at  end 
of  cell;  an  outwardly  dentate  postmedial  line,  indistinct  from  costa  to  vein  7, 
then  more  distinct  till  vein  2,  then  indistinct;  indications  of  a sub-terminal 
diffused  irregular  line ; a distinct  zigzag  terminal  line ; cilia  have  general  colour 
of  fore  wing.  Hind  wing  light  buff,  distal  part  densely  irrorated  with  fuscous 
and  a medial  line  indicated  by  a fuscous  irroration 

Under  side:  both  wings  whitish;  fore  wing  with  a rather  dense  fuscous 
shading  between  postmedial  and  sub-terminal  lines,  broad  near  costa  where  it 
has  two  small,  white,  oblique,  strigae  and  gradually  getting  more  narrow  till 
it  ceases  beyond  vein  2;  hind  wing  with  medial  line  indicated  by  a fuscous 
irroration;  some  fuscous  irroration  beyond  it  along  costa  till  near  tornus. 

Antennae  bipectinated  in  $ till  the  tip;  in  $ simple;  branches  antimony- 
yellow  (xv). 

Exp.  3,  40  mm. ; $ , 46  mm. 

Hab.  Capetown,  March  1917  (P.  C.  Keytel). 
type  in  S.  African  museum;  $ cotype  in  coll.  Janse. 

Antheua  Mixta  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIII,  fig.  9.) 

Frons  of  head  and  thorax  on  under  side  apricot-yellow  (iv) ; thorax 
above,  hairs  on  palpi  and  legs  on  outer  side  marguerite-yellow  (xxx),  on  palpi 
mixed  with  black  hairs ; tibiae  on  inner  side  covered  with  black  hairs  mixed  with 
white ; tarsi  black  ringed  with  white ; a stripe  on  each  .side  of  thorax  on  upper  side 
and  hairs  covering  first  segment  of  abdomen  buff-yellow  (iv),  abdomen  on 
upper  side  (except  the  last  two  segments,  which  are  ringed  black  and  buff- 
yellow)  ochraceous-orange  (xv);  a lateral  black  line,  checkered  with  whitish 
on  abdomen ; abdomen  white  on  under  side ; branches  of  antennae  ochraceous- 
orange. 

Fore  wing  white  and  with  broad  fasciae,  consisting  of  black  and  fuscous 
(xlvi)  scales  which  are  thickly  covered  with  marguerite-yellow  hair-like  scales, 
so  as  to  give  a greyish  tinge  to  the  fasciae;  costal  fascia  from  base  to  apex, 
as  broad  as  from  costa  to  a little  below  upper  median  and  having  a whitish 
fascia  between  veins  7 and  8;  second  dark  fascia  from  discocellulars  to  outer 
margin  and  filling  the  whole  space  from  costal  fascia  between  veins  5 to  7; 
a short,  triangular  terminal  fascia  of  ground  colour  between  veins  5 and  6; 
third  fascia  from  base  of  wing  to  outer  margin,  joining  the  costal  fascia 
till  well  beyond  base  and  forming  a straight  edge  in  cell  above  the  lower 
median,  then  along  vein  4 for  half  that  vein,  then  above  vein  4 to  outer 
margin ; lower  edge  is  well  below  lower  median  and  vein  2 and  parallel  to  discal 

1 This  species  was  unfortunately  not  on  hand  at  the  time  when  the  coloured 
figures  were  made,  so  that  it  was  impossible  to  figure  this  species. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


183 


fold;  two  short,  white,  sub -triangular  outer  marginal  fascia  between  2 and  3, 
3 and  4;  fourth  inner  marginal  fascia  from  base  to  tornus,  extending  to  near 
discai  fold;  inner  margin  with  a whitish  edging;  cilia  white,  checkered  with  a 
bunch  of  black  scales  on  each  side  of  veins  1 b to  8,  but  remaining  white  just 
opposite  the  veins.  Hind  wing  with  buff -yellow  hairs  on  inner  margin;  some 
fuscous  scaling  on  veins  2 to  8 at  terminal  area;  an  indistinct  black  terminal 
line;  cilia  white  and  checkered  as  in  fore  wing. 

Under  side  of  both  wings  white  and  with  a terminal  black  line  and  some  dark 
scaling  on  the  veins  at  terminal  area.  „ 

$ . Of  stouter  build ; the  antennae  are  unfortunately  missing  in  my  speci- 
men, but  are  probably  simple  as  in  the  $ the  branches  are  already  very  short, 
only  a little  oyer  thickness  of  shaft. 

The  areole  of  the  fore  wing  is  in  this  species  normal. 

Exp.  cL  48  mm. ; $ , 53  mm. 

Hab.  <$  type  from  Charlestown  (Natal)  in  coll.  Janse;  $ cotype  from 
Likhoele  (Basutoland),  collected  by  Dieterlin,  in  coll.  S.  African  Museum. 

Species  omitted : A . spurcata  Wlk.  = Eutimia  marpissa  Wllgrn.,  which  I place 
in  the  genus  Zana. 

Genus  DESMEOCRAERA. 

(PI.  I,  fig.  21;  PI.  IV,  figs.  1-12.) 

Desmeocraera  Wllgrn.  Kongl.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.  2.  Bd.  v.  No.  4,  p.  52  (1865). 

Auriv.  Ofv.  Vet.  Akad.  Fork.  No.  9,  p.  1050  (1900). 

Type  interpellatrix . Description  from  interpellatvix . 

<£,  Proboscis  almost  absent;  palpi  upturned,  reaching  vertex  of  head; 
first  joint  short,  about  fth  of  second  joint;  second  joint  long,  curved  at  base, 
gradually  tapering;  third  joint  very  minute,  in  some  species  absent;  all  joints 
covered  with  rather  short  hairs  and  scales;  eyes  rounded,  large,  naked;  frons 
rounded,  covered  with  hairs  and  scales;  antennae  in  $ about  frd  of  costa  in 
length,  in  $ only  fth;  basal  joint  globular  and  with  a tuft  of  hairs  and  scales 
in  front;  bipectinated  for  fth,  then  serrate;  pectination  rather  long,  in  middle 
about  5 times  shaft;  each  branch  with  a terminal  bristle  and  ciliated  anteriorly; 
fore  legs  with  a rather  narrow,  somewhat  pointed  process,  reaching  till  end  of 
tibia;  mid  tibia  with  two  spurs  as  long  as  fth  of  tibia;  spurs  with  a terminal 
serrate  edge  on  inner  side  and  covered  with  hairs;  hind  legs  with  four  spurs, 
about  frd  of  tibia  and  in  structure  as  on  twiddle  legs;  all  femora  covered 
with  long  hairs ; tibia  of  fore  leg  with  hairs  and  scales,  of  other  legs  with  hairs 
only;  tarsi  with  dense,  short,  stout  hairs. 

Fore  wing  sub-triangular,  costa  almost  straight,  well  curved  towards  apex, 
outer  margin  somewhat  rounded,  oblique,  inner  margin  straight,  apex  and 
tornus  rounded ; 1 b forked ; 2 from  just  beyond  frd  lower  median ; 3 from  before 
lower  angle;  4 from  angle;  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  straight 
and  erect;  6 from  upper  angle  or  more  or  less  stalked  with  7,  8,  9,  10;  stalk 
from  upper  angle;  8 from  just  beyond  frd  of  7 ; 9 from  before  frd  of  8 ; 10  from 
middle  of  origin  of  7 and  8;  11  from  beyond  fth  upper  median;  12  straight, 
parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  somewhat  circular;  costa,  termen  and  inner 
margin  well  curved ; apex  and  tornus  well  rounded ; 1 a and  1 b straight ; 2 from 
frd  lower  median;  3 from  just  before  lower  angle;  4 from  angle;  5 from  above 
middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  oblique ; 6 and  7 on  a stalk  of  f of  6 ; 8 free, 
first  upcurved,  then  curved  towards  upper  median  and  parallel  to  it  till  near 
upper  angle,  then  curved  towards  costa. 

The  species  placed  by  me  in  this  genus  were  placed  by  nearly  all  authors 


13—2 


184 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


in  the  genus  Stauropus.  All  species  known  to  me  differ,  however,  from 
Stauropus , in  having  four  spurs  on  the  hind  legs,  having  vein  10  of  fore  wing 
from  beyond  vein  7,  having  vein  8 of  hind  wing  not  touching  the  upper  median, 
as  it  does  in  Stauropus  for  over  half  of  cell,  and  in  having  rather  long  and 
upturned  palpi.  I only  keep  mediata  Wlk.  in  Stauropus.  A $ specimen  of 
Desmeocraera  interpellate  in  my  collection  has  been  identified  by  Prof.  Auri- 
villius  and  the  same  distinguished  entomologist  drew  my  attention  to  the  fact 
that  atriguttata  and  calliope  have  to  be  placed  in  Desmeocraera  on  account  of  the 
four  spurs  on  the  hind  legs.  As  the  type  of  D.  interpellatrix  Wllgrn.  is  probably 
in  the  Stockholm  Museum  and  the  species  is  apparently  well  known  to  Prof. 
Aurivillius,  I have  no  doubt  that  his  identification  is  correct,  though  I cannot 
confirm  this  for  certain  on  strength  of  the  descrip’tion.  It  is  true,  that  my  three 
specimens  agree  well  with  the  description,  but  the  description  is  of  course  far 
from  complete.  The  only  difference  of  importance  is,  that  the  ground  colour  of 
my  specimens  is  not  grey,  but  greyish  green ; seeing,  however,  that  this  green 
colour  is  not  easily  preserved,  it  is  quite  well  possible  that  Wallengren’s 
specimens  were  rather  faded. 

Desmeocraera  hierax  Dist.  has  to  be  taken  out  of  this  genus  and  has  to  come 
in  the  genus  Pararethona  as  the  wing  venation  and  other  structural  characters 
show  little  direct  relationship  to  Desmeocraera  and  why  Distant  has  placed  it 
there  is  a mystery  to  me. 

Key  to  the  South  African  species: 

1 a.  Ground  colour  of  fore  wing  green  or  irrorated  with  green  . . 2 

b.  Ground  colour  of  fore  wing  white,  irrorated  with  grey  or  with  brown, 

or  ground  colour  greyish-green  ......  9 

2 a.  Ground  colour  of  fore  wing  malachite-green  (xxxii),  orbicular  and 

reniform  defined  by  narrow  silvery  white  lines ; a fuscous  sub-terminal 
patch  between  veins  5 and  6;  some  silvery  white  edging  on  sub- 
terminal, antemedial,  medial  and  postmedial  lines  . calliope  p.  «i86 


b.  Fore  wing  not  malachite-green,  but  lighter  ......  3 

3 a.  Sub-terminal  line  represented  by  a more  or  less  irregular  fine,  often 

faint  line  ...........  5 

b.  Sub-terminal  line  represented  by  spots  between  the  veins  only  . . 4 


4 a.  All  markings  on  the  fore  wing  somewhat  diffused,  sub-terminal  spots 

most  clearly  defined  of  all;  postmedial  line  very  diffused;  wing 
thickly  irrorated  with  biscay-green  (xvii) ; hind  wing  brownish 

atriguttata  p.  186 

b . Markings  on  the  fore  wings  sharply  defined  and  edged  with  white,  post- 
medial  line  well  defined,  narrow,  black  and  very  irregular;  ground 
colour  of  fore  wing  pale  olivine  (xxxii) ; hind  wing  whitish  thalassina  p.  187 

5 a.  Ground  colour  of  fore  wing  water-green  (xli),  three  diffused  rounded 

spots,  the  smallest  at  lower  angle,  a larger  one  before  this  on  lower 
median  and  one  below  lower  median  at  before  origin  of  vein  2 

tripuncta  p.  189 

b.  No  diffused  spots  on  fore  wing  as  mentioned  above;  ground  colour  of 

fore  wing  water-green  or  slightly  darker  ......  6 

6 a.  All  markings,  except  sub-terminal  line,  very  diffused,  almost  absent; 

antemedial  and  postmedial  lines  indicated  by  some  dark  scales, 
mixed  with  yellow  scales;  indications  of  white-ringed  orbicular 
and  reniform  .......  vernalis  p.  186 

b.  Markings  more  distinct;  no  yellow  scales  mixed  with  it  7 

7 a.  Postmedial  area  irrorated  with  dark  green  scales;  hind  wing  of  $ 

whitish,  veins  beyond  the  sub-terminal  line  not  streaked  with 
black  ........  interpellatrix  p.  185 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  185 


b.  Postmedial  area  not  much  darker  than  ground  colour;  hind  wing  of  $ 
thickly  irrorated  with  brown;  black  streaks  beyond  sub-terminal 
line  as  far  as  termen  .........  8 

8 a.  Hind  wing  with  white  streaks  on  the  cilia;  a distinct  black  irroration 

in  middle  of  postmedial  area,  edged  on  the  inner  side  by  yellowish- 
green,  on  outer  side  by  white,  below  vein  4 connected  with  a black 
patch  to  sub-terminal  line  and  below  vein  2 with  a black  streak 
towards  base,  which  is  interrupted  by  green  at  antemedial  area 

platti  p.  190 

b.  Cilia  of  hind  wings  not  interrupted  by  white  streaks;  no  distinct 
irroration  beyond  postmedial  line,  though  in  the  $ there  is  an 
indication  of  it ; there  is,  however,  no  dark  patch  below  vein  4 ; often 
there  is  a continuous  or  interrupted  black  streak,  broad  or  narrow, 
below  lower  median  from  base  to  postmedial  line;  hind  wing  with 
postmedial  line  distinctly  indicated  near  costa  by  two  black  streaks 
as  far  as  vein  6 .......  varia  p.  187 

9 a.  Sub-basal  line  obliquely  outwards  towards  costa  ....  10 

b.  Sub-basal  line  obliquely  outwards  towards  inner  margin  . . . 11 

c.  No  sub-basal  line  at  all  .......  incana  p.  189 

10  a.  Ground  colour  of  fore  wing  thickly  irrorated  with  drab  (xlvi) ; some 

yellow  hairs  at  ante-  and  postmedial  lines ; hind  wing  irrorated  with 
brown  .........  vernalis  p.  186 

b.  Ground  colour  of  fore  wing  light  mouse-grey  (li) ; hind  wing  pure 

white  except  at  costa  near  apex  ....  canescens  p.  188 

11  a.  Sub-basal  area  rather  dark,  well  defined  by  a double  black  line;  cilia 

greyish;  pecten  of  antennae  in  over  3 times  shaft  basalis  p.  186 

b.  No  black  lines  defining  sub-basal  area,  which  is  of  ground  colour,  but 
defined  by  a single  brown  line;  cilia  of  hind  wing  almost  white; 
pectination  of  antennae  in  $ short,  about  two  times  shaft  . . 12 

12  a.  Antemedial  line  nearly  straight;  postmedial  line  somewhat  incurved 

at  lower  angle  of  cell,  beyond  which  it  just  passes  steniptera  p.  191 
b.  Antemedial  line  angled  outwards  in  cell,  inwards  at  submedian  fold; 
postmedial  line  curved  outwards  beyond  vein  3,  passing  a good 
distance  beyond  discocellulars  ....  pergrisea  p.  191 

Desmeocraera  Interpellatrix. 

(PI.  I,  fig.  21;  PI.  IV,  figs.  1-3.) 

Stauropus  interpellatrix  Wllgrn.  Wien.  Ent.  Monats.  iv.  p.  164  (i860). 
Desmeocraera  interpellatrix  Wllgrn.  Kongl.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.  2.  Bd.  v.  No.  4, 

p.  52  (1865). 

I have  two  <^s  of  this  species  in  my  collection,  one  from  White  River  (Aug. 
1909),  and  one  from  Krantzkloof  (Aug.  1916);  and  one  $ from  Eshowe  (Zulu- 
land)  (Jan.  1916).  One  $ in  Transvaal  Museum  from  Durban  (Febr.  1908). 

As  remarked  in  my  notes  on  the  genus,  my  specimens  are  not  grey,  but 
tinged  with  olivine  (xxxii)  green;  however,  for  reasons  given  above,  I have 
little  doubt  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  identification,  as  moreover,  the  species 
is  very  distinct  from  any  of  the  other  species  known  to  me. 

The  third  joint  of  the  palpus  of  this  species  is  very  minute  and  only  visible 
between  the  hairs  at  high  magnification. 


i86 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Desmeocraera  Atriguttata. 

(PI.  IV,  fig.  8.)  *’ 

Stauropus  atriguttata  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  465  (1910). 

I have  <£s  and  $s  in  my  collection  from  Durban  caught  in  Jan.  and  May. 
Sir  George  Hampson  only  described  the  $ of  this  species.  The  £ is  much 
smaller,  44—50  mm.,  but  is  otherwise  identical  with  the  $.  Both  sexes  have  a 
green  patch  of  hairs  and  scales  on  the  upper  side  of  the  last  abdominal 
segments,  a character  not  mentioned  in  the  description. 

Larva  feeds  on  Mimusops  obovata  Sond.,  Chrysophyllum  viridifolium  Wood, 
and  C.  natalense  Sond,  pupates  in  a brittle  earthen  cocoon  (E.  E.  Platt). 

The  third  joint  of  the  palpus  is  longer  than  in  interpellatrix . 

Desmeocraera  Calliope. 

(PI.  IV,  figs.  4,  5.) 

Stauropus  calliope  Hmpsn,  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  466  (1910). 

Desmeocraera  ianthina  Aur.  iv. 

Only  $s  in  my  collection,  all  from  Durban  in  J an.,  March,  J une,  November. 
The  spurs  of  the  hind  legs,  especially  the  terminal  pair,  are  shorter,  more 
curved  at  the  point  and  the  toothed  ridge  is  not  visible;  the  third  joint  of  the 
palpi  also  seems  to  be  absent  in  this  species. 

Larva  feeds  on  Chrysophyllum  viridifolium  Wood  (H.  A.  Green). 

Spins  a cocoon  in  chinks  of  bark,  some  distance  from  the  ground  (E.  E. 
Platt) . 

Desmeocraera  Vernalis. 

(PI.  IV,  fig.  6.) 

Desmeocraera  vernalis  Dist.  A.M.N.H.  6.  xx.  p.  205  (1897). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  89,  PI.  IV,  fig.  1. 

My  specimens  agree  well  with  the  quite  good  figure  and  the  rather  poor 
description  and  I have  seen  a specimen  identified  by  Distant  himself.  I find 
that  the  yellow  scales  mixed  with  black  scales  on  the  antemedial  and  post- 
medial  lines,  as  mentioned  in  the  key,  are  very  reliable  characters.  In  the  grey 
variety  these  scales  are  also  present  though  the  lines  themselves  are  very 
indistinct  in  that  form.  The  general  ground  colour  of  the  fore  wings  is  not  green, 
but  greyish. 

Hab.  In  coll.  Transvaal  Museum  from  Durban  in  Sept,  and  Nov.,  and 
from  Pretoria  in  Jan. 

Larva  feeds  on  Combretum  apiculatum  Sond.,  pupates  in  a brittle  earthen 
cocoon  (E.  E.  Platt). 

In  coll.  Janse  from  Durban  (March);  Karkloof  (Jan.);  Waterval  onder 
(Nov.);  Barberton  (Nov.);  Eshowe  (Zululand)  (Jan.). 

Desmeocraera  Basalis. 

Desmeocraera  basalis  Dist.  A.M.N.H.  7.  iv.  p.  361  (1899). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  89,  PI.  IV,  fig.  14. 

Three  specimens,  one  in  the  Transvaal  Museum  and  two  in  my  own  col- 
lection, agree  well  with  the  figure  except  that  the  sub-basal  lines  do  not  go 
deeply  inwards  at  vein  1 b as  shown  in  the  illustration.  One  of  my  specimens 


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i87 


(from  Emangeni)  shows  the  basal  patch  rather  lighter  than  the  ground  colour 
of  the  fore  wing  and  not  darker  as  in  other  specimens  and  as  shown  in  illustra- 
tion. 

The  description  given  by  Distant  is  much  too  vague  and  if  no  good  figure 
was  given  and  the  species  was  not  as  strikingly  marked  as  it  is,  I would  not 
have  been  certain  of  my  identification.  In  my  key  several  useful  characters 
are  given,  but  the  direction  of  the  sub-basal  line,  being  oblique  outwardly 
towards  inner  margin  and  the  area  before  it  being  filled  in  with  almost  black 
scales,  separate  this  species  at  once  from  the  grey  form  of  vernalis  for  which 
it  might  be  mistaken,  especially  as  basalis  has  also  yellow  scales  between  the 
black  scales.  The  costa  of  the  fore  wing  is  also  less  curved  at  the  base  and  the 
termen  is  more  oblique  than  in  vernalis. 

Hab.  In  Transvaal  Museum  one  $ from  Nelspruit  (Nov.  1917,  Dr  H.  G. 
Breyer) ; in  coll.  Janse  3 <$s  from  S.  Rhodesia.  (Emangeni,  Jan.  1918;  Umvuma, 
Dec.) 

Desmeocraera  Thalassina. 

(PI.  IV,  fig.  9.) 

Stauropus  thalassina  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  .v.  p.  470  (1910). 

My  two  $ specimens  agree  in  every  respect  with  the  description  and 
both  specimens  come  from  the  recorded  locality  (Salisbury,  bred  by  Father 
O’Neil  in  March  and  May). 

Father  O’Neil  kindly  sent  me  a drawing  of  the  caterpillar  from  which  the 
specimens  were  bred.  This  larva  had  6 long  front  legs  and  four  pairs  of  ab- 
dominal legs  on  the  3rd  to  6th  abdominal  segments;  the  first  and  second 
abdominal  segments  had  each  a short  hump  and  the  last  abdominal  segments 
were  turned  up  and  the  very  last  segment  ended  in  two  bristles  as  long  as  the 
breadth  of  that  segment  and  placed  in  the  shape  of  a V.  It  pupated  for  20  days. 

The  front  tarsi  of  the  moth  show  some  brushes  of  spreading  hairs  which  are 
not  found  in  any  other  species  of  this  genus,  also  the  palpi  are  shorter  and  have 
spreading  hairs. 

Desmeocraera  Varia  spec.  nov. 

(Pi.  XIII,  figs,  n,  12,  13;  PI.  IV,  fig.  7.) 

A.  Thorax,  ground  colour  of  fore  wing  and  costal  area  of  hind  wing,  water- 
green  (xli) ; vertex  of  head,  palpi  in  front,  legs,  meso-  and  metathorax  and 
abdomen  on  the  under  side  cartridge-buff  (xxx) ; sides  of  palpi,  hairs  of  pro- 
thorax on  under  side,  on  tibia  and  femurs  of  fore  legs  and  rings  on  tarsi  of  all 
legs  natal -brown  (xl) ; abdomen  on  upper  side  except  the  terminal  segments  and 
the  remainder  of  the  hind  wings  on  upper  side  verona-brown  (xxix) ; terminal 
segments  of  abdomen  water-green;  at  base  of  abdomen  a tuft  of  water-green 
hairs  and  scales  mixed  with  black  scales  and  hairs  on  the  sides;  shaft  of  antennae 
with  white  and  natal -brown  scales ; branches  clay  colour  (xxix) . 

Fore  wing  with  all  lines  black,  in  some  specimens  beginning  at  costa  with 
a natal-brown  patch;  sub-basal  line  confluent  with  basal  line  and  erect  till 
lower  median,  then  excurved  below  lower  median  till  antemedial  line,  some 
white  and  dark  green  scales  beyond  it;  antemedial  line  double,  very  irregular 
and  often  obsolete,  inner  line  heaviest,  outer  line  thinner  and  preceded  by  a 
white  line ; a whitish  patch  beyond  it  below  lower  median ; medial  line  absent 
from  costa  to  vein  2,  then  faint  and  dentate  on  1 b ; orbicular  and  reniform  edged 
with  white  scales;  postmedial  line  double,  very  irregular  and  much  dentated 
on  the  veins,  excurved  at  vein  7,  incurved  between  7 and  4,  then  erect  to  inner 
margin;  space  between  the  lines  at  veins  2 to  4 filled  in  with  cinnamon-buff 


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scales  and  whitish  scales  beyond  it;  three  costal  blackish  patches  beyond 
postmedial  line  and  some  black  scales  below  these  patches;  sub-terminal  line 
distinct,  narrow,  irregular  and  from  ib  to  8.  incurved  between  4 and  6,  indented 
at  2,  3 and  1 b where  it  has  some  black  scales  at  the  tornus;  some  black  strigae 
from  termen  to  near  sub-terminal  line  on  veins  2 to  8 ; cilia  consisting  of  black 
and  brown  scales,  checkered  with  cartridge-buff  scales  at  the  veins.  Hind  wing 
with  a postmedial  double  line  of  black  scales  from  costa  to  vein  6,  inner  line 
well  defined,  outer  one  very  diffused;  cilia  uniform  of  natal-brown  and  cartridge- 
buff  scales. 

Under  side : the  whole  fore  wing,  except  inner  marginal  area,  cartridge-buff, 
irrorated  thickly  with  cinnamon-brown  (xv) ; hind  wing  cartridge -buff,  with 
some  cinnamon-brown  scales  near  apex ; cilia  of  fore  wing  with  cinnamon -brown 
tips,  cilia  of  hind  wing  of  ground  colour.  In  some  $ specimens  the  dark 
irroration  at  postmedial  area  is  very  much  as  in  $ and  a well-defined  outer 
whitish  line  is  present  beyond  the  black  sub-terminal  line.  In  others  again  the 
antemedial,  medial  and  postmedial  lines  are  very  obsolete. 

$.  Like  but  more  dark  irroration  in  fore  wing  beyond  postmedial  lines, 
and  here  and  there  more  chromium-green  (xxxii)  scales;  whitish  scales  also 
more  pronounced  and  more  raised;  postmedial  dark  irroration  edged  on  the 
outer  side  by  a crenulate  whitish  line,  inwardly  dentate  on  the  veins;  black 
basal  line  below  the  lower  median  continued  till  beyond  postmedial  line.  In 
hind  wing  the  irroration  is  more  dense  and  extended  till  the  inner  margin. 
On  the  under  side  the  hind  wing  is  as  much  irrorated  as  in  the  fore  wing.  One 
$ cotype  (in  Transvaal  Museum)  has  the  postmedial  patches  between  veins 
2 and  4 dark. 

Exp.  $ type,  38  mm.;  $ type,  50  mm. 

Hab.  type  from  Durban,  21.  9.  To  (Leigh);  $ type,  Durban,  18.  9.  T4 
(bred  by  E.  E.  Platt) ; cotypes  and  other  specimens  from  the  same  locality  in 
April,  July,  Oct.  and  Nov. 

Probably  very  close  to  octoginta,  but  differs  from  it  in  the  black  streak  of 
the  median  fold  not  going  beyond  postmedial  line,  in  the  presence  of  black 
streaks  on  the  veins  from  sub-terminal  line  to  outer  margin,  and  a few  other 
characters. 

Var.  <J,  Differs  from  the  typical  form  in  having  a black,  broad  fascia 
at  median  fold  as  far  as  postmedial  line;  all  other  markings  rather  darker. 
Bred  by  E.  E.  Platt  in  Sept,  and  Nov.  at  Durban.  Since  drawing  up  the  above 
description  I received  from  Mr  Platt  some  more  material,  all  reared  by  him 
from  the  same  batch  of  eggs.  This  material  consists  of  2 typical  $s  which  in  no 
point  differ  from  the  type  except  that  they  are  somewhat  smaller;  the  other  4 
specimens  consist  of  2 pairs  of  the  variety,  one  pair  of  which  is  in  Mr  Platt’s 
collection,  the  others  were  kindly  presented  by  him  to  me.  These  varieties  are 
also  like  the  types  except  one  <•£,  which  has  the  antemedial  and  medial  lines 
rather  distinctly  marked  at  the  costal  area,  the  medial  line  being  indicated  by 
two  black  spots,  one  on  upper  and  one  on  lower  median. 

Larva  feeds  on  Mimusops  obovata  Sond.,  and  M.  discolor  Sond.,  pupates  in 
a brittle  earthen  cocoon  (E.  E.  Platt). 

Desmeocraera  Canescens  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIII,  fig.  14.) 

$.  Head,  thorax,  abdomen  and  fore  wing  pale  olive-grey  (li)  mixed  with 
mouse -grey  (li) ; palpi  at  sides  fuscous ; hind  wing  on  upper  side,  wings  and  body 
on  under  side  and  hairs  of  legs  white;  tarsi  ringed  with  testaceous  (xxviii). 


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189 


on  inner  side  cinnamon-buff  (xxix) ; branches  of  antennae  saccardo’s  umber 
(xxix);  indications  of  sub-basal,  antemedial,  medial  and  postmedial  lines, 
parallel  to  each  other  and  inwardly  oblique  from  costa  to  inner  margin;  sub- 
basal  line  as  far  as  median  fold  only;  all  these  lines  consist  of  black  scales, 
mixed  with  a few  yellow  scales;  sub-terminal  line  well  defined,  shaded  with 
lighter  grey  on  outer  side,  dentate  at  each  vein  and  at  median  fold ; some  olive- 
grey  irroration  on  costa  of  hind  wing  at  postmedial  area  and  cilia  as  far  as 
vein  6;  a faint  grey  terminal  line;  cilia  of  both  wings  of  ground  colour.  Fore 
wing  on  under  side  white,  except  for  some  grey  irroration  at  costa  and  outer 
margin. 

Exp.  38  mm. 

Hab.  Type  and  cotype.  Emangeni  (S.  Rhodesia),  18.  1.  T8.  Janse. 

Six  specimens  in  all,  of  which  two  specimens  are  from  Umvuma  (S.  Rho- 
desia), 25.  1.  T7,  Janse. 

Desmeocraera  Incana  spec.  nov. 

cJ,  Head  and  thorax  covered  with  white  and  mikado-brown  (xxix)  hairs; 
abdomen  cream-buff  (xxx) ; fore  wing  at  costal  and  inner  marginal  area  and 
whole  region  beyond  postmedial  line  covered  with  white  and  mikado-brown 
hair-like  scales  mixed  with  black  scales;  remaining  central  area,  except  the 
veins,  covered  with  hazel  (xiv)  scalgg ; veins  broadly  covered  with  white  scales 
mixed  with  black;  a faint  auburn  (ii)  postmedial  line,  dentate  outwardly  on 
the  veins;  a sub-terminal  series  of  auburn  spots  between  the  veins  from  apex 
to  vein  3,  then  becoming  a faint  line  to  tornus;  cilia  white,  mixed  with  some 
drab  (xlvi)  scales.  Hind  wing  whitish;  a drab  mark  at  end  of  cell,  and  beyond 
this  the  whole  wing  is  irrorated  with  drab,  most  densely  towards  termen 
and  on  the  veins;  cilia  white,  with  basal  part  tinged  with  drab.  Under  side: 
fore  wing  densely  irrorated  with  wood-brown  (xl)  especially  along  costa;  hind 
wing  white,  irrorated  with  wood -brown,  rather  densely  along  costa  and  termen. 
Thorax  and  abdomen  on  under  side  and  legs  with  white  and  mikado-brown 
hairs.  Antennae  of  with  branches  till  the  tip,  which  are  about  four  times 
the  shaft  and  cream-buff  in  colour;  in  $ shortly  bipectinate,  branches  as  long 
as  thickness  of  shaft. 

Exp.  <$,  38  mm.;  $,  59  mm. 

Hab.  <J  type  from  Nggeleni  (W.  Pondoland),  7.  2.  ’07,  in  Transvaal  Museum  ; 
$ cotype  in  coll.  Janse,  from  the  same  locality,  in  22.  1.  ’04,  both  collected  by 
H.  H.  Swinny. 

Desmeocraera  Tripuncta  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIII,  fig.  15.) 

cJ.  Head,  hairs  on  legs  and  under  side  of  abdomen  cartridge -buff  (xxx); 
thorax  and  upper  side  of  fore  wing  olive-buff  (xl) , on  thorax  mixed  with  black 
scales  and  hairs;  fore  wing  thickly  irrorated  with  black;  palpi  at  sides,  sides  of 
head  and  prothorax  on  under  side  with  mars-brown  (xv)  hairs;  some  hairs  on 
fore  tibia  and  on  upper  half  of  fore  tarsi  vinaceous-russet  (xxviii) ; branches 
of  antennae  yellow  ochre  (xv);  abdomen  on  upper  side  light  drab  (xlvi),  first 
segments  with  some  olive-buff  and  black  hairs,  terminal  segments  olive-buff 
with  a few  black  hairs.  Fore  wing  densely  irrorated  with  black;  a sub-basal 
black  line  till  upper  median,  angled  outwards  below  costa;  antemedial  line 
double,  indistinct,  curved  outwardly  at  median  fold  and  below  vein  1 b, 
inwards  at  upper  median  vein,  sub-median  fold  and  angled  inwards  at  1 b ; 
white  scales  between  this  line  and  medial  line  from  costa  to  vein  1 b ; medial  line 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


190 


very  indistinct,  only  indicated  by  some  black  scales  at  costa;  two  black  diffused 
spots  in  cell,  the  first  and  biggest  rounded  and  just  above  origin  of  vein  2, 
the  other  smaller. and  at  lower  angle  of  cell;  a third  rounded  black  spot  below 
lower  median  and  just  before  vein  2,  all  three  surrounded  by  whitish  scales; 
postmedial  line  black,  double,  indistinct  and  dentated  at  the  veins,  angled  at 
veins  7 and  5,  incurved  between  veins  6 and  3 ; some  white  lines  between  the  two 
lines ; sub-terminal  faint,  black  irregular  at  the  veins,  very  much  angled  inwards 
at  veins  2 and  3 ; cilia  mouse-grey,  cartridge -buff  at  the  veins.  Hind  wing  white, 
with  three  broad  diffused  bars  of  black  and  olive-buff  scales,  from  costa  to  vein 
6;  first  bar  at  fork  of  6,  7,  third  bar  at  apex  and  second  in  middle;  some  black 
terminal  scales  at  apex;  inner  marginal  area  with  long  tilleul-buff  (xl)  hairs; 
outer  margin  with  some  mouse-grey  edging;  cilia  white,  except  at  apex. 

Under  side  of  both  wings  white;  fore  wing  densely  irrorated  with  light 
cinnamon-drab  (xlvi)  especially  at  costa ; cilia  light  cinnamon-drab  mixed  with 
black;  cilia  of  hind  wing  white. 

Exp.  43  mm. 

Hab.  Malvern  (Natal),  4.  7.  ’16  (bred  by  Mr  E.  E.  Platt). 

Only  one  $ is  known  to  me, , which  Mr  Platt  kindly  presented  to  my  col- 
lection. 

Larva  feeds  on  Eugenia  cordata  Laws. ; pupates  in  a brittle  earthen  cocoon 
(E.  E.  Platt). 

Desmeocraera  Platti  spec.  nov. 

(PL  XIII,  fig.  16.) 

cJ.  Head,  and  thorax  above  greenish  glaucous  (xli)  mixed  with  white  and 
black  hairs  and  scales;  frons  of  head,  palpi  except  at  front,  tibiae  of  fore  legs 
on  inner  side,  all  tarsi  on  upper  side,  hairs  of  prothorax  on  under  side  chestnut- 
brown  (xiv) ; palpi  at  front,  narrow  rings  on  tarsi,  under  side  and  inner  side  of 
tibiae  and  tarsi  cream-buff  (xxx) ; greenish  glaucous  hairs,  mixed  with  black 
and  chestnut-brown  hairs  on  upper  side  of  tibiae  and  femora;  shaft  of  antennae 
black,  branches  antique-brown  (iii) ; abdomen  on  upper  side,  Hay’s  brown 
(xxxix)  except  at  the  base  where  there  is  a tuft  of  long  hairs  like  those  of  thorax 
and  except  the  last  segments  which  are  covered  with  olivine  (xxxii)  scales; 
thorax  and  abdomen  on  under  side  cream  colour  (xvi). 

Fore  wing  with  ground  colour  deep  chrysolite -green  (xxxi)  mixed  with 
sea-foam  yellow  (xxxi)  and  black  scales;  a few  black  basal  scales;  sub-basal 
line  black  with  rough  sea-foam -yellow  scales  on  outer  side,  angled  outwards 
at  vein  12,  curved  inwards  to  basal  line  at  lower  median,  then  forming  a rounded 
black  patch  at  between  lower  median  and  1 b,  then  indistinct;  a tuft  of  light 
buff  (xv)  hairs  at  base  on  inner  margin ; a black  streak  on  upper  median  from 
sub-basal  to  near  antemedial  line,  and  some  black  scales  above  it  along  costa; 
antemedial  line  black,  narrow  and  preceded  by  rough  white  scales,  excurved 
from  costa  to  median  fold,  then  erect  to  lower  median,  then  interrupted  by  a 
rounded  whitish  patch  between  lower  median  and  1 b,  which  has  some  greenish 
glaucous  (xli)  scales  in  its  centre,  then  indistinct  to  inner  margin ; medial  line 
preceded  by  whitish  scales  on  costa,  then  faint  at  orbicular,  then  curved  between 
lower  median  and  sub-median  fold,  forming  the  outer  edge  of  the  light  patch, 
then  forming  a curve  outwardly  till  below  vein  1 b,  then  somewhat  excurved 
to  inner  margin ; orbicular  and  reniform  broadly  edged  by  whitish  rough  scales, 
the  former  round,  the  latter  reniform;  postmedial  line  double,  faint',  black, 
curved  outwards  at  near  costa,  then  oblique  and  well  dentated  on  the  veins; 
outer  postmedial  line  followed  by  an  often  double  line  of  whitish  scales;  costal 
half  of  wing  between  medial  and  postmedial  lines  densely  covered  with  whitish 


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loose  scales  as  far  as  vein  2 ; a broad  black  fascia  below  vein  2,  from  the  whitish 
antemedial  patch  as  far  as  white  line  between  postmedial  line  and  sub-terminal 
line;  some  black  scales  on  costa  beyond  postmedial  line;  a white  zigzag  line 
from  vein  8 to  tornus  between  postmedial  and  sub-terminal  lines,  interrupted 
by  a broad,  black  fascia  between  veins  3 and  4,  which  nearly  reaches  sub- 
terminal line;  some  black  patches  between  the  veins  before  this  white  line; 
sub-terminal  line  well  defined,  irregularly  curved  between  the  veins  and  from 
vein  8 to  1 b,  shaded  on  outer  side  with  whitish,  greenish-glaucous  and  black 
scales  gradually  forming  a blackish  shade  into  the  cilia;  cilia  greenish-glaucous 
at  the  veins  and  brownish  towards  tip. 

Hind  wing  densely  irrorated  with  bister  (xxix)  especially  at  the  veins  and 
on  termen,  except  the  costal  area,  which  is  greenish-glaucous  and  has  three 
indistinct  black  bars;  cilia  bister  except  at  the  veins  and  at  the  tips,  where 
they  are  whitish. 

Under  side  of  fore  wing  cream  colour  at  inner  marginal  area,  but  remainder 
warm  sepia  (xxix)  and  bister;  cilia  bister  and  distinctly  dotted  with  cream 
colour  at  the  tips;  three  cream  coloured  dashes  at  apex  on  costa;  hind  wing 
cream  colour,  some  warm  sepia  scaling  towards  costa  and  on  the  veins;  cilia 
warm  sepia  with  cream  coloured  specks  at  the  veins. 

Exp.  41  mm. 

Hab.  Krantzkloof  (Natal),  15.  6.  T6.  Bred  by  E.  E.  Platt.  One  type. 

I have  much  pleasure  in  naming  this  beautiful  species  after  its  collector 
who  kindly  presented  it  to  my  collection. 

Larva  feeds  on  Mimusops  discolor  Sond.,  pupates  in  a brittle  earthen 
cocoon  (E.  E.  Platt). 

Desmeocraera  Steniptera. 

(PI.  IV,  figs.  12,  13.) 

Stauropus  steniptera  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  471  (1910). 

I have  in  my  collection  specimens  collected  in  S.  Rhodesia  at  Umvuma 
12.  ’17,  Emangeni  18.  1.  ’18;  Salisbury  27.  10.  ’17  (R.  Jack);  all  these  are  <$s, 
and  in  the  Transvaal  Museum  are  two  specimens,  $ and  $ from  Pretoria  in 
Jan.  1898. 

This  and  the  following  species  are  peculiar  for  their  very  short  pectination 
of  the  antennae;  in  the  $ they  are-  even  simple  and  fasciculated;  the  palpi 
are  also  much  shorter,  more  porrect  and  covered  with  hairs  only,  the  second 
joint  is  as  long  as  the  first  joint  and  the  third  joint  is  half  as  long;  the  process 
of  the  fore  leg  is  much  more  pointed  and  somewhat  curved ; in  the  fore  wing  vein 
10  originates  from  or  from  before  vein  7. 

In  this  species  the  sub-basal  lines  and  especially  the  postmedial  lines  are 
very  indistinct  and  diffused  in  the  specimens  I have  seen;  they  also  range  from 
38  to  44  mm. 

Desmeocraera  Pergrisea. 

Stauropus  pergrisea  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  472  (1910). 

Lhave  one  worn  <$  in  my  collection  from  Durban,  collected  in  Nov. 

Species  auctorum:  The  following  species  have  been  placed  by  Sir  George 
Hampson  in  the  genus  Stauropus,  but  I have  little  doubt,  that  they  all  have  to 
be  placed  in  Desmeocraera ; D.  hierax  has  been  placed  by  me  in  Pararethona. 
Stauropus  atribasalis  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  467  (1910). 

Stauropus  octoginta  Hmpsn.  l.c.  p.  468  (1910). 

Stauropus  agramma  Hmpsn.  l.c.  p.  471  (1910). 

Stauropus  griseiviridis  Hmpsn.  l.c.  p.  469  (1910)- 


192 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Genus  PHYLLALIODES. 

(PI.  I,  figs.  22-24;  PI.  IV,  figs.  18,  19.) 

Phyllaliodes  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  474  (1910). 

Type  agramma. 

Proboscis  very  minute;  palpi  porrect,  just  beyond  frons,  three  jointed; 
first  joint  and  second  joint  of  equal  length;  third  joint  about  half  of  second 
joint;  first  and  second  joint  with  very  long  hair  on  under  side;  third  joint 
hidden  in  hairs;  eyes  large,  ova],  naked;  antennae  about  half  of  costa,  bipecti- 
nated  till  tip,  longest  branches  about  5 times  shaft;  a tuft  of  hair  on  first  joint; 
frons,  head  above  and  thorax  with  long  smooth  hairs ; abdomen  without  crests ; 
fore  tibia  with  a process  shorter  than  tibia;  curved  very  much  outwardly  and 
entirely  hidden  in  very  long  hairs;  mid  tibia  with  two  spurs,  hind  tibia  with 
four;  spurs  moderate  in  length,  ending  in  a smooth,  slightly  curved  point, 
spurs  covered  with  scale-like  hairs;  inner  spurs  about  frd  of  outer  spurs; 
femurs  with  very  long  hairs ; mid  *and  hind  tibiae  with  moderate  hairs  on  inner 
side;  tarsal  joints  with  spines  on  inner  side  and  further  covered  with  short 
scales  and  hairs.  Fore  wing  triangular;  costa  straight;  apex  rounded;  outer 
margin  nearly  straight,  somewhat  oblique;  termen  rounded;  inner  margin 
nearly  straight ; 1 b nearly  straight  (I  cannot  see  if  it  is  forked  without  removing 
the  scales,  which  are  very  dense  at  base) ; 2 from  frd  lower  median ; 3 from  frd 
2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  straight; 
6 and  7 on  a short  stalk  and  from  upper  angle;  8,  9,  10  stalked  and  from  just 
beyond  upper  angle;  8 from  just  beyond  frd  of  9;  10  from  just  before  frd  of  9; 
11  from  upper  median  at  fth;  12  parallel  to  costa. 

Hind  wing  semi-circular;  costa  straight;  apex  rounded;  outer  margin  very 
oblique,  well  rounded  and  with  a rounded  lobe  at  2 and  3 ; tornus  well  rounded ; 
inner  margin  curved ; 2 from  before  frd  lower  median ; 3 and  4 on  a short  stalk 
and  from  lower  angle;  5 from  half  of  discocellulars,  which  are  straight  and  erect; 
6 and  7 from  upper  angle,  stalked  for  about  frd  of  6;  8 nearly  straight  and 
connected  with  upper  median  at  frd  with  a slight  bar. 

The  following  details  were  kindly  given  to  me  by  Sir  George  F.  Hampson, 
supplementing  the  information  published  by  him  in  the  original  description 
and  which  leave  no  doubt  as  to  my  identification  being  correct:  <$.  Palpi 
porrect,  to  rather  beyond  frons  and  clothed  with  long  hair;  eyes  smooth; 
antennae  with  long  branches,  about  five  times  shaft,  and  to  apex;  hind  tibia 
with  two  pairs  of  spurs ; thorax  and  abdomen  without  crests ; fore  wing  rather 
narrow ; the  apex  rounded ; 3 from  before  angle ; 5 from  middle  of  discocellulars ; 
6 very  shortly  stalked  with  7;  8,  9,  10  stalked;  no  pecten  on  inner  margin;  hind 
wing  3,  4 stalked;  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars;  6,  7,  stalked. 

Phyllaliodes  Agramma. 

Phyllaliodes  agramma  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  474  (1910). 

This  is  the  only  species  known  up  to  now.  I have  one  specimen  from 
Port  Shepstone,  the  same  locality  from  which  the  type  specimen  comes. 

Genus  HYPOPHIALA  nov. 

(PI.  I,  figs.  26,  27;  PI.  IV,  figs.  20-24.) 

Type  melanogvamma  spec.  nov. 

$.  Head  small,  retracted;  eyes  large,  round,  naked;  proboscis  very  rudi- 
mentary; palpi  porrect,  short,  fringed  with  very  long  hairs;  first  joint  nearly 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  193 


straight,  shorter  than  second  joint,  which  is  slightly  curved  and  about  two 
times  third  joint  in  length;  third  joint  short,  somewhat  oval,  covered  with 
some  scales,  mixed  with  hairs  here  and  there;  antennae  about  half  of  costa, 
bipectin  ate  till  tip;  branches  about  three  times  shaft  and  with  fine  cilia  in  front; 
thorax  with  long  hairs ; abdomen  with  short  hairs  and  without  crests ; femora 
below  and  tibiae  outwardly  fringed  with  long  hairs;  tarsal  joints  with  short 
stiff  hairs,  mixed  with  spines  on  inner  side;  process  of  fore  tibia  nearly  as  long 
as  process,  somewhat  twisted,  directed  outwardly  and  with  a hollow  in  the  tibia 
below  it;  mid  tibia  with  two,  hind  tibia  with  four  spurs,  of  which  the  inner  spurs 
are  longer  than  the  outer,  all  rather  sharply  pointed  and  covered  with  hairs. 

Fore  wing  sub-triangular;  costa  curved  towards  apex,  which  is  rounded; 
outer  margin  somewhat  oblique,  curved  between  veins  2 to  7,  very  slightly 
sinuated;  tornus  rounded;  inner  margin  straight;  1 b somewhat  curved, 
probably  not  forked  at  base ; 2 from  before  f rd  lower  median ; 3 from  beyond 
half  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars  which  are 
somewhat  oblique  inwardly  and  curved;  6 from  near  upper  angle;  stalk  of 
7,  8,  9 from  upper  angle;  7 from  stalk  at  before  half  of  8;  9 from  8 at  about  frd; 
10  from  upper  median  beyond  half  origin  11  and  upper  angle;  11  from  upper 
median  at  fth;  12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  broad,  triangular;  costa  some- 
what incurved ; apex  well  rounded ; outer  margin  oblique,  somewhat  hollowed 
out  at  3 to  6 ; tornus  very  much  rounded ; inner  margin  well  rounded  at  1 a; 
1 a and  1 b somewhat  curved ; a trace  of  1 c ; 2 from  lower  median  at  beyond 
half;  3 from  near  and  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars  which 
are  outwardly  oblique  and  nearly  straight ; 6 and  7 on  a stalk  of  about  |rd  of  7 ; 
8 upcurved  at  base,  then  downcurved  to  upper  median  and  approximating  but 
not  touching  it,  then  straight  to  apex. 

Hypophiala  Melanogramma  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIV,  fig.  3.) 

Fore  wing  and  hind  wing  pure  white;  fore  wing  with  the  costa  edged 
with  pale  orange-yellow  (iii) ; very  fine  black  lines  on  part  of  vein  12,  on  upper 
median,  discocellulars,  lower  median,  vein  1 b,  veins  2 to  9,  and  a fine  black 
line  in  middle  of  cell  from  base  to  discocellulars  and  another  from  near  base 
to  outer  margin  on  plica!  fold ; cilia  white ; hind  wing  with  all  veins  covered  with 
fuscous  (xlvi)  scales ; the  whole  wing,  except  near  base  and  costa  and  at  terminal 
area  irrorated  with  fuscous ; cilia  white ; under  side  of  both  wings  white ; costa 
of  fore  wing  pale  orange-yellow ; greater  part  of  fore  wing  thickly  irrorated  with 
fuscous,  except  near  base,  along  inner  margin,  tornus,  termen  and  apical  part 
of  costa;  all  veins  covered  with  fuscous;  cilia  white.  Hind  wing  remains  pure 
white  except  for  the  fuscous  lines  on  veins  and  plical  fold;  hairs  on  head  and 
thorax  long,  shaggy,  and  tinged  with  lichen-green  (xxxiii) ; on  under  side  white 
hairs;  hairs  of  palpi  and  tuft  of  antennae  pale  orange-yellow;  long  hairs  on 
femurs  and  tibiae  white,  slightly  tinged  with  lichen-green ; short  hairs  on  tibiae 
and  tarsi  pale  orange-yellow;  tarsal  joints  broadly  ringed  with  black;  antennae 
light  orange-yellow,  some  segments  edged  with  xanthine-orange  (iii)  to  argus- 
brown  (iii) ; abdomen  on  under  side  white,  tinged  with  lichen-green. 

Exp.  48  mm. 

Hab.  Salisbury,  4.  12.  T5.  One  specimen  (the  type)  in  coll.  Janse,  kindly 
presented  by  Father  O’Neil,  who  has  another  specimen  in  his  collection. 

This  species  looks  at  first  sight  very  much  like  a Striphnopterygid,  from 
which  it  differs  however  entirely  in  structure.  This  genus  comes  evidently 
close  to  Phyllaliodes  and  may  be  a development  of  it. 


194 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Genus  STAUROPUS. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  4;  PI.  VI,  figs.  1-7.) 

Stauropus  German  Prod.  p.  4 (1811). 

Hmpsn.  Moths  of  India,  1.  p.  149. 

Meyr.  Brit.  Lep.  p.  307. 

Spuler.  Schmett.  Eur.  1.  p.  93. 

Netria  Wlk.  Cat.  vi.  p.  1504  (1 855). 

Type  S.fagi.  Description  made  from  S.  mediata. 

<$,  £.  Proboscis  absent;  palpi  short,  porrect,  projecting  beyond  frons;  first 
joint  short  and  with  a long  tuft  of  hairs  and  hair-like  scales;  second  joint  about 
half  as  long,  sub-cylindrical;  third  joint  about  half  of  second  joint  and  both 
covered  with  hairs  and  hair-like  scales;  eyes  large,  rounded,  glabrous;  antennae 
almost  half  of  costa,  bipectin ated  for  a little  over  f-rd  of  shaft  and  at  the  tip 
the  pectinations  get  suddenly  shorter,  in  $ about  12  times  shaft,  in  $ about 

8 times  shaft;  first  joint  of  shaft  sub-globular  and  with  a tuft  of  hairs  in  front; 
fore  tibia  of  $ with  a broad  bluntly  rounded  process,  not  quite  as  long  as  tibia ; 
mid  and  hind  legs  with  terminal  spurs  only,  pointed  into  a curved  hook  and 
covered  with  hairs ; about  half  way  of  the  curve  of  this  hook  are  on  each  side 
little  rounded  lobes;  inner  spur  longer  than  outer;  tibiae  of  fore  and  hind  legs 
densely  covered  with  hairs  and  some  scales;  femurs  of  all  legs  and  tibiae  of 
hind  legs  rather  thinly  clothed  with  hairs;  tarsal  joints  of  all  legs  tufted  with 
hairs.  Fore  wing  rather  broad,  sub-triangular;  costa  nearly  straight;  apex 
well  rounded;  termen  oblique,  rounded;  tornus  rounded;  inner  margin  some- 
what excurved  at  middle;  1 b indistinctly  forked  at  base;  1 c faintly  indicated, 
especially  towards  termen;  2 from  fth  lower  median,  curved;  3 from  well 
below  lower  angle;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  just  above  middle  of  discocellu- 
iars,  which  are  erect;  lower  discocellulai  sending  a small  veiniet  into  the  cell; 
6,  7,  8,  9,  10  stalked;  6 from  stalk  at  about  fth  of  8 ; 7 from  stalk  at  middle  of  8; 

9 from  just  beyond  fth  of  8;  10  from  beyond  middle  of  origin  of  6 and  7;  11 
from  upper  median  at  fth  12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  triangular,  broad; 
costa  nearly  straight;  apex  well  rounded;  termen  well  rounded,  oblique; 
tornus  well  rounded;  inner  margin  straight;  1 a nearly  straight;  1 b forked 
at  base,  curved ; a trace  of  1 c ; 2 from  f-rd  of  lower  median ; 3 from  well  before 
lower  angle ; 4 from  lower  angle ; 5 rather  weak,  from  middle  of  discocellulars, 
which  are  almost  erect  and  have  each  a faint  veiniet  in  the  cell ; 6 and  7 on  a 
stalk  of  half  6;  8 running  close  to  upper  median  till  beyond  middle  of  cell, 
but  not  anastomosing  with  it,  at  base  even  slightly  remote,  then  curved  up- 
wards to  costa. 

A large  number  of  species  were  placed  by  various  authors  in  this  genus, 
but  all  these  I had  to  remove  to  the  genus  Desmeocraera,  owing  to  these  species 
having  four  spurs  on  the  hind  legs  and  not  two,  and  also  on  account  of  several 
other  characters. 

As  I have  not  been  able  to  study  the  type  of  this  genus,  I am  not  quite 
certain  that  mediata  should  be  placed  here,  especially  as  the  different  authors 
do  not  quite  agree  in  every  respect  as  regards  the  characters  of  this  genus. 
However,  mediata  cannot  be  placed  in  any  other  genus  known  to  me  and  as  these 
points  of  difference  do  not,  on  the  whole,  throw  this  species  out,  I think  it  safe 
to  leave  it  here. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


195 


Stauropus  Mediata. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  4;  Pl.  VI,  figs.  1-7.) 

Ochrostigma  mediata  Wlk.  Cat.  xxxn.  p.  412  (1865). 

Kirby.  Cat.  1.  p.  603. 

This  species  does  certainly  not  come  in  Ochrostigma  as  the  has  the 
antennae  not  pectinated  till  the  tip  and  they  are  pectinated  in  the  $ also  and 
not  serrate,  while  the  hind  tibiae  have  only  two  spurs  and  not  four;  the  fore 
wing  has  also  no  areole  as  given  for  Ochrostigma. 

I have  this  species  from  Durban  only  and  never  met  with  it  in  any  other 
locality.  In  Jan.,  Febr.,  March,  Oct.,  Nov. 

Larva  feeds  on  Ekehergia  meyeri  Presl.,  and  Combretum  gulinzii  Sond. 
(E.  E.  Platt). 

Genus  PHALERA. 

(PI.  V,  figs.  5,  6;  PI.  VI,  figs.  8-14.) 

Phalera  Hiibn.  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  p 147  (1822). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  89. 

Hmpsn.  Moths  of  India,  1.  p.  133. 

Spuler.  Schmett.  Eur.  1.  p.  10 1. 

Type  bucephala.  Description  from  imitata. 

cj,  $.  Proboscis  short  and  weak;  palpi  short,  just  reaching  frons,  obliquely 
upturned;  first  joint  short,  about  frd  of  palpus,  slightly  curved;  second  joint 
longer  than  first,  slightly  curved;  third  joint  short,  about  half  of  second  joint, 
narrow  ; all  joints  covered  with  long  hairs,  scale-like  hairs  and  scales  in  front 
and  with  some  hairs  above;  eyes  large,  round  and  naked;  antennae  short, 
less  than  half  of  costa,  bipectinate  in  $ till  a little  beyond  middle  (in 
lydenburgi  and  other  species  fasciculated  or  simple),  in  $ also  bipectinate  as  in 
cJ,  but  pectinations  carried  further  towards  tip  (in  some  species  simple)  (in 
the  type  of  the  genus  which  looks  very  much  like  imitata  the  joints  of  the 
antennae  are  globular  and  have  on  each  joint  a hair-brush  at  each  side) ; first 
joint  globular  and  with  a hair- tuft  in  front;  branches  two  times  shaft  and 
densely  ciliated;  fore  tibia  covered  with  dense  hairs,  especially  on  inner  side; 
process  rather  broad  and  short,  j ust  reaching  end  of  tibia,  on  upper  side  some- 
what open  where  it  is  attached  to  the  tibia,  then  flattened  and  twisted,  ending 
in  a blunt  rounded  point;  mid  tibia  with  two  spurs;  hind  tibia  with  four  spurs; 
spurs  stout  ending  in  a curved  point,  which  has  two  rows  of  teeth,  less  con- 
spicuous than  in  Rigema,  and  densely  covered  with  hairs;  femurs  of  all  legs 
with  long  hairs  on  the  outer  side;  tibiae,  especially  the  hind  tibia,  with  long 
hairs  on  the  outer  side;  tarsi  with  spines  on  inner  side  and  well  covered  with 
appressed  hairs.  Fore  wing  sub-triangular,  rather  broad;  costa  straight  (well 
curved  in  $),  curved  towards  apex;  apex  rounded;  termen  somewhat  oblique, 
straight,  slightly  sinuate;  tornus  rounded;  inner  margin  slightly  curved;  1 b 
indistinctly  forked  at  base;  2 from  lower  median  at  beyond  frd;  3 from  fth 
2-4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 rather  weak,  from  above  middle  of  discocellulars, 
which  are  erect  and  nearly  straight ; a faint  forked  veinlet  in  cell ; 6 from  beyond 
middle  of  areole,  which  is  narrow  and  long;  7,  8,  9,  10  stalked  and  from  end  of 
areole;  7 from  a little  beyond  end  of  areole;  9 from  8 at  frd  the  distance  from 
end  of  areole  to  apex;  10  from  stalk  at  fth  that  distance;  11  from  upper  median 
at  beyond  frd;  12  parallel  to  costa.  (In  lydenburgi  the  venation  of  6,  7 is 
somewhat  different,  in  fact  I expect  some  variations  within  the  species  as 


196 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


found  in  Antheua,  etc. ; in  lydenburgi  6 comes  from  near  upper  angle,  7 from  end 
of  areole,  which  is  much  shorter  and  broader  than  in  imitata.)  Hind  wing 
broadly  triangular;  costa  somewhat  curved;  apex  well  rounded;  termen  very 
oblique  and  well  rounded ; tornus  rounded ; inner  margin  straight ; 3 from  near 
lower  angle;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 rather  weak  and  from  above  middle  of 
discocellulars,  which  are  oblique  at  lower  and  more  erect  at  upper  discocellular; 
6,  7 stalked  for  nearly  frd  of  6;  8 parallel  and  close  to  upper  median,  then 
oblique  to  costa;  an  indication  of  a bar  at  |nd  of  upper  median.  Hairs  on  thorax 
rather  short,  forming  irregular  crests;  a crest  of  spreading  hairs  on  first  ab- 
dominal segments. 

There  is  close  affinity  between  this  genus  and  Zana,  Antheua  and  Rigema, 
in  fact  very  few  distinct  characters  can  be  found.  The  irregular  hairs  on  the 
thorax  and  the  transverse  lines  of  the  fore  wing  are  perhaps  the  most  easily 
observed  ones,  while  the  shape  of  the  fore  wing  of  Rigema  will  make  it  easy  to 
separate  Phalera  from  this  genus. 

Phalera  is  distributed  throughout  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa;  three  species 
have  been  found  so  far  in  South  Africa. 

Key  to  South  African  species: 

1 a.  Fore  wing  with  a large  rounded  yellow  patch  at  apex,  filling  terminal 

area  from  vein  5 to  costa;  antennae  in  both  sexes  bipectinate 

imitata 

b.  Fore  wing  not  with  such  apical  patch;  antennae  simple  ...  2 

2 a.  Head  red;  thorax  fuscous;  abdomen  red,  except  at  terminus;  wings 

on  under  side  white;  antennae  ciliated  ....  lignitea 
b.  Head  brown;  abdomen  orange-yellow  striped  with  black  towards 
terminal  half;  antennae  fasciculated  in  fore  wing  on  under  side 
fuscous,  hind  wing  light  yellow  ....  lydenburgi 

Phalera  Imitata. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  5;  PI.  VI,  figs.  8-14.) 

Phalera  imitata  Druce.  A.M.N.H.  6.  xvii.  p.  356  (1896). 

I have  a specimen  in  my  collection  from  Durban  which  has  been  identified 
by  Prof.  Aurivillius  as  Phalera  imitata  and  though  it  differs  in  many  respects 
from  the  description,  which  was  probably  drawn  up  from  one  £ only  and  more- 
over came  from  Dar-es-Salaam,  I think  that  the  identification  is  correct.  Its 
resemblance  to  bucephala  makes  it  at  once  characteristic  among  the  South 
African  moths,  but  as  there  are  several  points  of  difference  and  as  the  $ is  still 
undescribed,  I give  a more  detailed  description  in  supplement  to  the  one  given 
by  Druce. 

Sub-basal,  antemedial  and  postmedial  lines  black  and  irregular;  indications 
of  a dark  orbicular;  reniform  of  ground  colour,  surrounded  by  white,  often 
indistinct;  three  double  wavy  bands  between  antemedial  and  postmedial 
lines,  diffused,  somewhat  darker  than  ground  colour  and  each  part  filled  in 
with  whitish;  postmedial  line  evenly  curved  from  below  costa  to  vein  4, 
followed  by  a brown  line  which  borders  the  yellow  apical  patch;  three  black 
streaks  along  costa  towards  apex,  separated  from  each  other  by  yellow  on  the 
veins;  an  irregular  sub-terminal  brown  line  (preceded  by  light  yellow)  in  yellow 
apical  patch  from  apex  obliquely  inwards  to  vein  4 and  then  continued  by 
a few  yellow  diffused  spots  and  dentated  outwardly  on  the  veins;  cilia  brown. 
Hind  wing  of  A white,  with  orange  hairs  on  inner  marginal  area;  cilia  slightly 
checkered  with  brown;  in  $ the  hind  wing  is  wholly  suffused  with  fuscous 
except  inner  marginal  area,  which  is  more  narrowly  covered  with  yellow  hairs 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  197 


than  in  the  $ ; cilia  distinctly  checkered  with  brown  at  the  veins.  Under  side 
of  $ whitish  with  the  veins  here  and  there  scaled  with  black;  fore  wing  densely 
suffused  with  fuscous  except  terminal  area,  especially  at  apex;  three  black 
costal  streaks  near  apex,  more  distinct  than  on  upper  side  in  both  sexes;  hind 
wing  thinly  suffused  with  fuscous  at  the  medial  area;  veins  of  both  wings  quite 
black  at  terminal  half;  palpi  fuscous-brown  at  sides,  scarlet  in  front;  frons 
and  some  hairs  of  prothorax  scarlet;  some  black  narrow  rings  in  some  $ 
specimens  on  abdomen;  $ with  a broad  black  transverse  band  before  terminal 
segment.  My  specimens  are  from  Emangeni,  Umtali,  and  Sawmills  (S.  Rho- 
desia) ; New  Hanover,  Kar kloof,  Sarnia,  Durban  and  Umkomaas  (Natal) ; in 
Jan.,  Nov.,  Dec. 

Phalera  Lydenburgl 

(PI.  V,  fig.  6.) 

Phalera  lydenhurgi  Dist.  A.M.N.H.  7.  111.  p.  463  (1899). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  89,  PI.  IV,  fig.  12. 

I have  this  species  in  both  sexes  from  S.  Rhodesia  (Sawmills,  Umvuma, 
Emangeni,  Salisbury,  Umtali)  in  Nov.,  Dec.,  Jan. 

Phalera  Lignitea. 

Phalera  lignitea  Mab.  Ann.  Soc.  ent.  France , lxviii.  p.  723  (1900). 

This  species  is  unknown  to  me  and  is  given  as  from  South  Africa,  without 
further  indication  of  locality. 

Genus  RIGEMA. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  7;  PI.  VI,  figs.  15-21.) 

Rigema  Wlk.  Cat.  v.  p.  1079  (1855). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  91. 

Type  vittata  Wlk.  Description  from  ornata. 

cJ  and  $.  Proboscis  short;  palpi  porrect,  short,  hardly  reaching  frons; 
first  joint  slightly  longer  than  second  joint;  third  joint  about  half  of  second; 
all  joints  with  long,  spreading  hairs  in  front  and  shorter  hairs  above;  frons 
with  rather  long  spreading  hairs;  eyes  large,  naked,  rounded;  antennae  of  $ 
very  shortly  bipectinate  for  over  half  their  length;  branches  very  short,  a little 
longer  than  width  of  shaft  and  terminally  tufted  with  cilia;  terminal  half  of 
shaft  lamellate;  first  joint  of  shaft  large,  globular  and  tufted  with  long  hairs 
in  front;  antennae  in  £ simple,  ciliated;  fore  tibia  with  a process  reaching  till 
end  of  tibia,  fitting  in  a hollow  of  tibia  on  upper  part  and  flattened  out  from 
before  terminal  half;  process  and  tibia  with  dense  hairs;  mid-tibia  with  two 
spurs,  hind  tibia  with  four;  spurs  moderate,  ending  in  a curved  point  on  which 
there  are  on  inner  side  two  rows  of  flat  teeth,  spurs  covered  with  rather  long 
hairs;  femora  of  all  legs  moderately  covered  with  long  hairs  on  outer  side; 
tarsi  with  thorns  on  inner  side  and  covered  with  appressed  hairs.  Fore  wing 
rather  elongate;  costa  nearly  straight,  well  rounded  towards  apex,  so  as  to 
make  the  apex  somewhat  produced;  apex  acutely  rounded;  termen  slightly 
sinuate  and  oblique,  lobed  at  between  3 and  5;  tornus  well  rounded;  inner 
margin  nearly  straight ; 1 b faintly  forked  at  base ; 2 from  f rd  lower  median ; 

3 from  frd  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are 
somewat  oblique  outwardly  and  straight,  with  indications  of  forked  veinlet 


14 


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in  cell;  6 from  areole,  a little  above  the  upper  angle;  7 from  areole  just  before 
its  end;  areole  long,  reaching  till  about  frd  upper  angle  to  apex;  8 and  9 
stalked  for  half  the  length  of  9 beyond  the  end  of  the  areole,  stalk  originating 
from  end  of  areole;  10  almost  from  end  of  areole,  but  from  beyond  7;  11  from 
beyond  frd  upper  median;  12  parallel  to  costa;  hind  wing  semicircular;  costa 
arched  at  frd;  apex  produced  from  8 to  7,  then  acutely  rounded;  termen  very 
oblique,  slightly  lobed  at  4;  tornus  well  rounded;  inner  margin  rounded  and 
oblique ; 1 a straight ; 1 b curved ; 2 from  lower  median  at  before  frd ; 3 from 
near  lower  angle ; 4 from  lower  angle ; 5 from  above  middle  of  discocellulars  of 
which  the  lower  is  oblique  and  the  upper  nearly  erect;  6 and  7 on  a stalk  of  over 
frd  and  from  upper  angle;  8 parallel  to  upper  median  to  near  upper  angle,  then 
oblique  to  costa  before  apex ; a faint  bar  at  frd  of  upper  median.  Abdomen  of  <$ 
with  a forked  tuft  of  hairs  and  lateral  black  spots  as  in  Antheua  and  P haler  a ; 
hairs  of  thorax  short,  smooth  or  only  very  slightly  crested.  The  venation  appears 
to  differ  in  some  specimens  as  much  as  in  Antheua,  some  specimens  of  ornata 
have  vein  7,  stalk  of  8,  9 and  10  from  end  of  areole;  the  length  of  stalk  6-7 
of  hind  wing  also  varies  somewhat ; in  woerdeni  the  areole  is  shorter  (about  TU th 
of  wing  length),  6 is  from  areole  at  just  before  middle;  7 from  stalk  of  8,  9 at  fth 
of  stalk;  9 from  8 at  frd  distance  of  end  areole  to  apex;  10  from  stalk  of  8,  9 
at  beyond  frd  of  stalk  and  far  beyond  origin  of  7. 

Three  species  were  placed  in  this  genus  by  other  writers,  but  I removed 
aurifodinae  from  here  to  Antheua. 

The  remaining  two  species  may  be  separated  as  follows: 

la.  Abdomen  orange-yellow  above;  thorax  almost  entirely  yellow;  fore 
wing  with  stigma  at  the  end  of  cell  and  with  a terminal  dark 
shading  .........  woerdeni 

b.  Abdomen  black  to  near  tip  above;  thorax  yellow,  much  suffused  with 
brown;  fore  wing  without  a stigma  and  with  a broad  terminal 
dark  line  which  is  much  crenulated  ....  ornata 


Rigema  Ornata. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  7;  PL  VI,  figs.  15-21.) 

Rigema  ornata  Wlk.  Cat.  xxxn.  p.  437  (1865). 

Dist.  A.M.N.H.  6.  xx.  p.  204  (1897). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  91,  PI.  VIII,  fig.  9. 

Miss  Barrett.  Ent.  Month.  Mag.  p.  124  (1902). 

I have  both  sexes  of  this  species  from  Transvaal  (Pretoria,  Waterval  onder, 
Kaapmuiden,  Noordkaap,  Barberton) ; Natal  (Karkloof,  New  Hanover, 
Pinetown,  Durban,  Umkomaas);  S.  Rhodesia  (Emangeni);  in  Jan.,  Febr., 
March,  May,  Nov. 

Larva  feeds  on  grass  (E.  E.  Platt). 


Rigema  Woerdeni. 

Phalera  woerdeni  Snell.  Tijdschr.  voor  Ent.  xv.  p.  45  (1872). 

Rigema  woerdeni  Dist.  A.M.N.H.  6.  xx.  p.  204  (1897). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  91,  PI.  VIII,  fig.  8. 

Only  one  $ in  my  collection  from  the  Transvaal,  but  I do  not  know  from 
what  part. 

Larva  feeds  on  grass  (E.  E.  Platt.) 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  199 


Genus  LEUCOPHALERA  nov. 

(PI,  V,  fig.  8;  PI.  VI,  figs.  22-25.) 

Type  elegans  spec.  nov. 

Proboscis  rudimentary;  palpi  porrect,  just  reaching  frons;  first  and 
second  joints  of  equal  length;  third  joint  about  half  of  second;  all  joints  covered 
with  long  spreading  hairs,  mixed  with  hair-like  scales;  head  small;  frons  smooth, 
covered  with  moderate  hairs;  eyes  smooth,  large,  rounded;  thorax  stout, 
covered  with  hairs;  tegulae  covered  with  scales;  abdomen  without  crests  and 
covered  with  hairs;  antennae  less  than  half  of  costa,  bipectinate  till  tip; 
pecten  about  five  times  shaft  and  with  cilia  on  both  sides;  first  joint  of  shaft 
with  a tuft  of  hairs  on  inner  side;  femora  with  long  dense  hairs  on  inner  side; 
fore  tibia  with  long  dense  hairs  on  inner  side  and  with  an  almost  straight 
process  reaching  a little  beyond  the  tibia ; mid  and  hind  tibiae  with  long  dense 
hairs  on  outer  side;  mid  tibia  with  two  spurs,  hind  tibia  with  four;  spurs  of 
nearly  equal  length,  shorter  than  first  tarsal  joint,  rather  thick,  covered  with 
dense  hairs  and  ending  in  a short,  slightly  curved  point,  which  has  two  rows  of 
teeth;  tarsi  covered  with  dense  hairs.  Fore  wing  elongate  triangular;  costa 
slightly  curved  inwards  at  middle  and  gently  rounded  towards  apex;  apex 
rounded ; termen  somewhat  oblique,  only  very  slightly  sinuate ; tornus  rounded ; 
inner  margin  straight ; 1 b straight ; 2 from  f rd  of  lower  median ; 3 from  f rd 
2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  erect, 
nearly  straight;  6 from  upper  angle;  7 and  stalk  of  8,  9.  10  from  end  of  areole; 
areole  rather  short,  triangular;  9 from  8 at  frd  the  distance  of  end  of  areole 
to  apex;  10  from  frd  that  distance;  11  from  frd  upper  median;  12  parallel 
to  upper  median  and  vein  11.  Hind  wing  semicircular;  costa  somewhat  curved 
near  base,  then  straight;  apex  rounded;  termen  very  oblique,  somewhat  hollowed 
out  at  vein  5 and  very  much  rounded  beyond  vein  3 forming  an  even  curve 
with  tornus,  which  is  much  rounded ; inner  margin  straight  beyond  1 a;  1 a and 
1 b straight;  2 from  frd  lower  median;  3 from  frd  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle; 
5 from  middle  of  discocellulars,  of  which  the  lower  is  somewhat  oblique  and  the 
upper  erect;  6 and  7 from  upper  angle,  very  shortly  stalked;  8 parallel  and 
closely  approximated  to  upper  median  till  near  upper  angle,  then  straight  to 
apex. 

This  genus  comes  close  to  Phalera,  from  which  it  differs  mainly  in  process 
of  fore  tibia,  position  and  covering  of  palpi,  shape  of  fore  wing  and  hind  wing, 
much  shorter  stalk  of  6,  7 of  hind  wing  and  in  the  general  pattern  of  the  fore 
wing. 

Leucophalera  Elegans  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIV,  fig.  4;  PI.  V,  fig.  8;  PL  VI,  figs.  22-25.) 

<?•  Posterior  frd  of  thorax,  tegulae  and  ground  colour  of  fore  wing  pure 
white;  most  hairs  of  palpi,  frons,  tufts  on  antennae,  remainder  of  thorax  and 
ground  colour  of  hind  wing  and  of  both  wings  on  the  under  side  buff -yellow  (iv) ; 
shaft  and  branches  of  antennae  black;  hairs  of  femora  and  tibiae  and  under 
side  of  thorax  fuscous  and  fuscous-black  (xlvi) ; tarsi  black,  ringed  with  white; 
abdomen  on  upper  side  and  sides  ochraceous-orange  (xv)  (my  specimen  is 
somewhat  greasy  so  the  colour  is  probably  lighter) , a lateral  series  of  black  spots; 
one  on  each  segment.  Fore  wing:  some  black  basal  scales  from  costa  to  vein  12, 
indicating  basal  line;  antemedial  line  double,  broad,  with  a faint  white  line 
between  them,  somewhat  curved  outwardly,  inner  line  brazil-red  (i),  continuous, 
very  slightly  dentate  inwardly  on  lower  median,  plical  fold,  and  1 b,  outer  line 


14-2 


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Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


black,  much  indented  on  inner  side  at  upper  and  lower  median,  plical  fold  and 
i b ; some  black  oblique  scaling  along  costa  before  and  beyond  it;  median  line 
faint,  smoke-grey  (xlvi),  narrow,  somewhat  incurved  below  lower  median  and 
dented  outwardly  on  the  veins;  postmedial  line,  like  antemedial  line,  double, 
with  a thin  white  line  between  them,  but  inner  line  black,  outer  line  brazil-red, 
becoming  orange-fuscous  (ii)  below  vein  3;  inner  black  line  faint,  mixed  with 
orange-rufous  scales  between  veins  2 and  3,  almost  straight  till  vein  4,  then 
somewhat  curved  to  tornus;  both  lines  indented  outwardly  on  most  of  the 
veins,  especially  the  black  line;  immediately  beyond  the  brazil -red  band,  but 
separated  from  it  by  a somewhat  broad  white  line,  another  band,  somewhat 
diffused  on  the  edges,  rather  broad  near  costa  and  tapering  towards  vein  3, 
then  curved  inwardly  and  faint  between  vein  2 and  plical  fold;  this  band  is 
brazil -red  with  here  and  there  some  white  scales  between  the  costa  and  vein  7, 
then  brazil-red  and  more  or  less  irrorated  with  black  scales,  most  densely 
between  3 and  7;  a sub-terminal  series  of  black  lunate  spots  between  the  veins, 
from  vein  2 to  7 ; cilia  ivory-yellow  except  at  tornus,  where  they  are  mixed  with 
black  and  brazil-red  hairs  and  scales;  hind  wing:  all  veins  and  plical  fold 
irrorated  with  fuscous  black  along  postmedial  area  joining  a terminal  irrorate 
line;  cilia  coloured  like  hind  wing.  Under  side:  two  or  three  fuscous  oblique 
costal  strigae  on  veins  10-12  near  apex  ; all  veins  of  both  wings  more  or  less 
strongly  irrorated  with  fuscous  and  fuscous-black  from  medial  line  to  termen; 
plical  fold  also  irrorated  for  a short  distance;  fore  wing  with  a sub-terminal 
fuscous-black  shading  from  tornus  to  vein  7,  towards  which  it  becomes 
narrower,  undulating  inwardly  between  the  veins;  a more  pronounced  fuscous- 
black  terminal  line,  somewhat  broken  up  by  ground  colour  between  most  of 
the  veins,  well  sinuated  inwardly  between  the  veins  and  extending  from  1 a 
to  8 ; cilia  of  ground  colour,  tipped  with  ivory -yellow ; hind  wing  with  a very 
thin  fuscous-black  terminal  line;  cilia  as  in  fore  wing. 

Exp.  60  mm. 

Hab.  S.  Rhodesia  (Umtali),  1917.  One  $ only,  but  two  other  <^s  are  in 
Father  O’Neil’s  collection. 

This  beautiful  species  has  been  presented  to  me  by  Father  O’Neil,  but  I 
understand  that  he  has  not  caught  it  himself.  Though  slightly  greasy,  it  is  in 
fairly  good  condition. 

Genus  CHADISRA. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  9;  Pl.  VI,  figs.  26-28;  PI.  VII,  figs.  1-6.) 

Chadisra  Wik.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  ser.  3,  1.  p.  81  (1862). 

Hmpsn.  Moths  of  India,  1.  p.  159. 

Schaus.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  31 1 (1901). 

Type  bipars  Wlk.  Description  made  of  curvilinea. 

$.  Proboscis  rather  stout;  palpi  upturned,  almost  reaching  vertex  of 
head,  covered  with  scales  and  hairs;  first  joint  well  curved  and  about  ^rd  of 
palpus  in  length;  second  joint  almost  two  times  first  joint,  cylindrical;  third 
joint  very  small,  about  |rd  of  first  joint;  eyes  naked,  large,  rounded;  antennae 
about  half  of  costa,  in  dentate  and  fasciculate  in  some  species  ( curvilinea ), 
bipectinate  till  tip  in  others;  in  $ ciliate  or  shortly  bipectinate;  first  joint 
with  a large  anterior  and  posterior  tuft  of  scales  and  hairs;  femora  and  tibiae 
covered  with  hairs  and  scale-like  hairs;  tarsi  with  spines  on  inner  side  and 
covered  with  scales ; fore  tibia  with  a keel  shaped  process,  which  is  rather  short 
and  blunt  in  the  longer  and  ending  in  a curved  point  in  the  $;  on  the  edges 
of  this  process  are  rows  of  stiff  hairs  and  the  process  itself  is  partly  hidden  in 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


201 


the  tibia;  mid  tibia  with  two  terminal  spurs,  covered  with  scales  and  ending 
in  a curved  point  which  has  teeth  on  the  inner  side;  outer  spur  about  Jth 
shorter  than  inner  spur ; hind  tibia  with  four  spurs,  in  structure  and  proportion 
like  spurs  of  mid  tibia;  a tuft  of  scales  on  mid  and  hind  tibiae  at  frd  of  their 
length. 

Fore  wing  rather  narrow;  costa  gently  curved  till  vein  12,  where  it  has  a 
bulge  outwardly,  then  almost  straight  to  apex,  which  is  rounded ; termen  very 
oblique,  well  curved  between  veins  2 and  7 and  somewhat  sinuate  up  till  1 b ; 
tornus  very  acute;  inner  margin  incurved  beyond  tornus,  then  outcurved  at 
|rd;  1 b well  curved  (like  inner  margin),  indistinctly  forked;  lower  median 
upcurved;  2 from  frd  lower  median;  3 from  fth  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle; 
5 from  middle  of  discocellulars  which  are  erect;  10  from  upper  median  from 
before  upper  angle  at  about  half  the  distance  of  vein  5 to  upper  angle,  then 
anastomosing  with  6,  7,  8,  9 to  form  an  areole  as  long  as  nearly  half  of  10; 

-6  from  areole  at  frd;  7 stalked  with  stalk  of  8,  9 for  half  length  of  7;  9 from 
8 at  fth  of  8;  10  from  stalk  of  7,  8,  9 well  beyond  the  areole;  11  from  upper 
median  at  frd;  12  parallel  to  costa,  ending  at  frd  of  costa.  Hind  wing  sub- 
triangular;  costa  slightly  arched;  apex  obliquely  rounded;  outer  margin  well 
curved,  sinuate;  tornus  rounded;  inner  margin  incurved;  1 a and  1 b somewhat 
incurved;  2 from  before  frd  lower  median;  3 from  fth  of  2 to  4;  4 from  lower 
angle ; 5 from  middle  of  discocellulars  which  are  erect  and  have  indications  of 
a forked  vein  in  the  cell ; 6 and  7 stalked  for  frd  of  6 ; 8 upcurved  at  base,  down- 
curved  at  frd  then  obliquely  upcurved  to  near  apex ; upper  median  well  curved 
and  connected  to  8 by  a bar  at  before  half  its  length.  The  hind  wing  of  all 
species  coming  in  this  genus  have  all,  as  far  as  I know,  a dark  mark  at  the 
tornus,  intersected  by  one  or  more  light  striae.  Of  the  other  South  African 
Notodontids  only  bicolor  has  an  indication  of  such  a spot,  but  that  it  does  not 
come  in  this  genus  at  all  is  clearly  shown  by  its  structure,  as  it  has  vein  7 of 
fore  wing  from  before  the  free  part  of  vein  10  and  not  as  in  Chadisra ; moreover 
the  broader  fore  wing,  the  heavier  build  and  the  very  long  pectination  of  the  £ 
antennae  place  it  at  once  in  Antheua.  I therefore  take  it  out  of  Chadisra, 
leaving  only  4 species,  which  may  be  distinguished  as  follows : 

1 a.  Antennae  of  A bipectinate,  with  long  branches  .....  2 

b . Antennae  of  A minutely  serrate  and  fasciculate  .....  4 

2 a.  Apex  of  antennae  ciliated  .........  3 

b.  Apex  with  short  branches,  colour  of  fore  wing  uniform  rosinaria 

3 a.  Colour  of  basal  part  of  fore  wing  yellow,  terminal  half  rufous  mixed 

with  grey  ........  semiflava 

b.  Whole  fore  wing  uniformly  ochreous,  suffused  with  red-brown  and 
slightly  irrorated  with  black  .....  uncifera 

4 a.  Basal  half  of  fore  wing  pale  yellow,  irrorated  and  in  parts  clouded 

with  brown  .......  persimilis 

b.  Basal  half  of  fore  wing  pinkish  ochreous-grey,  in  some  specimens 
lighter,  in  others  darker  than  the  terminal  half,  but  never  pale 
yellow  .........  curvilinea 

Chadtsra  Curvilinea. 

(PL  V,  fig.  9;  PI.  VI,  figs.  27,  28;  PI.  VII,  figs.  1-6.) 

Hyperaeschra  curvilinea  Swinh.  A.M.N.H.  7.  xix.  p.  207  (1907). 

This  species  evidently  does  not  come  in  Hyperaeschra,  a genus  so  far  not 
recorded  from  S.  Africa  for  other  species,  as  the  inner  margin  of  the  fore  wing 
has  no  tuft  of  scales,  the  palpi  have  scales  as  well  as  hairs,  and  6 of  fore  wing 


202 


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comes  from  the  areole.  No  doubt  the  pattern  of  the  fore  wing  has  misled 
Swinhoe,  as  it  is  very  much  as  in  the  species  of  Hyperaeschra. 

My  $s  agree  well  with  the  original  description,  which,  however,  is  very 
short  and  makes  no  mention  of  greenish  shading  in  the  fore  wing  and  on  the 
thorax  as  shown  in  some  of  my  specimens.  My  two  $s  are  much  darker  and 
less  distinctly  marked,  but  this  species  is  very  variable  as  regards  colouration  and 
I have  seen  a 9,  which  is  in  Mr  Platt's  collection,  and  caught  in  Durban  15 . 1 1 . T 7 
by  Mr  Bell-Marley,  in  which  the  green  is  much  brighter  and  more  distinct, 
while  the  brown  of  the  medial  part  is  much  darker  and  there  is  a terminal 
black  irroration.  Its  tegulae  and  the  basal  half  of  the  fore  wing  are  purplish 
brown,  and  the  length  of  the  fore  wing  is  25  mm.  I have  seen  another  specimen 
which  was  of  a more  uniform  brown  with  no  .trace  of  green  at  all.  My  specimens 
are  all  from  Durban,  in  March,  May,  June. 

Larva  feeds  on  Chaetachme  aristata  Planch,  and  Trema  bvacteolata  Blume 
(E.  E.  Platt). 

Chadisra  Semiflava. 

Chadisra  semiflava  Hmpsn.  A.M.N  H.  8.  v.  p.  462  (1910). 

One  $ specimen  in  my  collection  from  Durban  and  I have  seen  another 
somewhat  darker  specimen  which  is  in  E.  L.  Clark's  collection. 

Chadisra  Persimilis. 

Chadisra  persimilis  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  463  (1910). 

I have  seen  a specimen  in  Platt’s  collection,  which  I take  to  belong  here. 
As,  however,  the  $ of  persimilis  as  well  as  semiflava,  which  two  species  are  very 
similar  in  wing  pattern,  have  not  been  described,  I think  that  only  further 
breeding  of  specimens  can  decide  on  this  point. 


Chadisra  Uncifera. 

Chadisra  uncifera  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  459  (1910). 

I have  a in  my  collection,  which  I think  comes  here,  but  which  is  in  too 
poor  condition  to  be  quite  certain.  However,  it  is  co-specific  with  a 9,  which  is  in 
fine  condition  and  sharply  marked,  bred  by  Mr  Platt  at  Durban  4.  9.  T8,  and 
which  I certainly  think  has  to  be  placed  here.  That  specimen  agrees  in  practi- 
cally every  detail  with  the  description  and  has  the  antennae  pectinated  as  in 
the  A except  that  the  branches  are  somewhat  shorter. 

Mr  Platt  informs  me  that  the  larva  of  this  species  fed  on  Dombeya  cymosa 
Harv. ; it  made  a subterranean  cocoon  on  May  5th,  but  did  not  pupate  until 
August.  Moth  emerged  Sept.  4th. 

Chadisra  Rosinaria. 

(PI.  VI,  fig.  26.) 

Chadisra  rosinaria  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  461  (1910). 

Three  specimens  of  this  species  are  in  my  collection,  two  $s  and  one  9,  all 
from  Natal  (9  from  Inchanga).  In  my  specimens  not  only  the  fore  tibiae  have 
a black  ring,  but  this  ring  is  present  on  all  the  tibiae;  in  my  $ there  is  also  a black 
narrow  discoidal  striga,  more  faintly  marked  in  the  rfs  and  not  mentioned  in 
the  original  description.  My  9 is  52  mm. 


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203 


Genus  HOPLITIS. 

(Pl.  VII,  figs.  7-12.) 

Hoplitis  Hiibn.  Vevz.  bek.  Schmett.  p.  147  (1816). 

Wlk.  Cat.  v.  p.  990. 

Spuler.  Schmett.  Eur.  1.  p.  93. 

Hybocampa  Led.  Verh.  Zool.-Bot.  Verein  zu  Wien,  11. 

Atrasana  Wlk.  Cat.  vii.  p.  1749  (1856). 

Type  milhausevi.  Description  from  dasychiroides. 

$.  Proboscis  very  rudimentary;  palpi  short,  just  till  frons,  porrect, 
covered  with  dense  hairs;  first  joint  curved;  second  joint  straight,  nearly  of 
same  length  as  first  joint;  third  joint  minute,  sub-globular;  eyes  naked,  large, 
globular;  frons  with  a tuft  of  hair;  antennae  about  half  length  of  costa,  bi* 
pectinate  for  fth  their  length;  first  joint  of  shaft  globular  and  with  a tuft  of 
hair  in  front;  branches  of  $ about  eight  times  shaft,  of  $ about  three  times 
shaft ; branches  densely  ciliated  on  outer  side ; fore  tibia  with  a straight  process 
rounded  at  tip  and  a little  longer  than  the  tibia ; mid  tibia  with  two  moderate 
spurs;  hind  tibia  with  four  spurs;  spurs  acuminate,  point  with  two  short 
ridges  of  teeth;  all  legs  densely  covered  with  rather  long  hairs;  tarsi  covered 
with  hairs,  scales  and  spines. 

Fore  wing  rather  narrow;  costa  slightly  concave,  well  rounded  towards 
apex;  outer  margin  very  oblique,  rounded;  inner  margin  nearly  straight; 
apex  rounded ; tornus  well  rounded ; 1 b with  a rather  long  fork ; 2 from  beyond 
■frd  lower  median ; 3 from  beyond  f rd  2 to  4 ; 4 from  lower  angle ; 5 from  middle 
of  discocellulars,  which  are  very  oblique  outwardly  and  somewhat  curved 
between  4 and  5;  6 from  stalk  just  beyond  upper  angle;  7 from  8,  9 from  before 
middle  of  7;  9 from  8 at  middle;  10  from  stalk  of  7,  8,  9 from  before  7;  11  from 
upper  median  at  fth;  12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  sub-triangular;  costa 
gently  arched ; termen  very  oblique,  straight,  somewhat  lobed  at  3 and  1 b ; 
inner  margin  nearly  straight;  apex  and  tornus  somewhat  rounded;  1 a long, 
straight ; 1 b somewhat  curved ; 2 from  fth  lower  median ; 3 from  near,  4 from 
lower  angle;  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  curved  between  4 and  5, 
straight  between  5 to  7;  6 and  7 on  a stalk  of  nearly  middle  of  6;  8 slightly 
upcurved  at  base,  then  close  to  upper  median  with  which  it  runs  parallel  till 
near  upper  angle,  then  to  near  apex.  In  the  £ the  fore  wing  is  more  broad  and 
the  termen  more  arched. 

Key  to  South  African  species: 

1 a.  Shaft  of  antennae  crimson  2 

b.  Shaft  of  antennae  brownish-grey  .......  3 

2 a.  Fore  wing  brownish-grey;  costa  with  whitish-grey  band  from  trd  of 

wing  to  near  apex;  postmedial  line  from  just  before  1 b and 
extended  beyond  vein  4 to  the  black  fascia  going  to  apex ; abdomen 
fuscous-black  on  basal  third  only,  then  grey  . . phyllocampa 

b.  Fore  wing  uniform  grey;  postmedial  line  from  inner  margin  at  |rd 
and  running  along  it  till  frd,  then  parallel  to  tornus  and  termen 
as  far  as  vein  4,  not  connected  with  the  black  fascia  going  to  apex; 
abdomen  dorsally  fuscous-black  for  its  whole  length  except  the  apex, 
which  is  irrorated  with  grey  ....  dasychiroides 

3 a.  Fore  wing  of  £ brown;  a broad  oblique  whitish  band  and  outer 

. margin  beyond  the  curved  black  streak  whitish;  hind  wing  of 
with  brown  borders  ......  postica 

b.  Fore  wing  greyish-fuscous.;  no  whitish  band  across  the  wing;  hind  wing 
of  d white,  and  with  a black  patch  at  tornus  only;  $ with  the 
outer  margin  very  narrowly  irrorated  with  fuscous  . concolor 


204 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Hoplitis  Postica. 

Atrasana  postica  Wlk.  Cat.  vn.  p.  1750  (1856). 

Hoplitis  postica  Trim.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  7 (1909). 

Trimen  compares  this  species  with  phyllocampa  and  mentions  that  the  shaft 
of  the  antennae  is  arenaceous,  a character  not  mentioned  by  Walker.  The 
brown  border  of  the  hind  wing  in  the  would  distinguish  this  species  from 
all  other  South  African  forms  in  which  the  hind  wings  are  pure  white  with  a 
dark  patch  at  the  tornus  only.  There  is  a possibility,  however,  that  Walker's 
specimen  was  a $ and  not  a <$.  This  species  is  not  known  to  me  from  specimens, 
though  Sir  George  Hampson  informs  me  that  it  is  the  common  Transvaal  and 
Natal  species. 

Hoplitis  Dasychiroides. 

(PI.  VII,  figs.  7-12.) 

Hoplitis  dasychiroides  Roths.  Nov.  Zool.  xxiv.  p.  250,  PI.  V,  fig.  5 (1917). 

There  can  be  little  doubt  that  my  specimens  belong  to  this  species,  though 
there  are  a few  points  of  difference,  but  considering  that  the  author  had  only 
two  $s  to  describe  from  and  that  the  locality  of  his  specimens  is  rather  remote 
from  South  Africa,  one  would  expect  some  differences. 

The  branches  of  the  antennae  of  my  specimens  are  raw  sienna  (iii)  and  not 
black;  the  abdomen  is  fuscous-black  for  nearly  the  whole  dorsal  part,  though 
one  of  my  <$s  is  more  irrorated  with  grey  hairs ; the  postmedial  line  is  not  as 
distinct  in  the  figure  as  in  some  of  my  specimens,  but  in  one  of  my  <^s  it  is 
almost  absent.  It  is  peculiar  that  some  of  my  specimens  were  collected  together 
with  phyllocampa  on  the  same  date  and  in  the  same  locality,  and  that  I did  not 
get  any  $s  of  phyllocampa,  but  only  one  $ of  dasychiroides.  It  is  quite  well 
possible  that  breeding  will  prove  that  dasychiroides  is  a variety  of  phyllocampa. 

One^  from  Umtali,  5.  1.  T8  (Janse) ; two  <Js  from  Emangeni  (S.  Rhodesia), 
18.  1.  T8  (Janse);  a $ from  Kourulene  (Transvaal),  23.  12.  ’08  (Mr  Robertson); 
one  £ from  Salisbury  (Father  O’Neil). 

Hoplitis  Phyllocampa. 

Hoplitis  phyllocampa  Trimen.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  4,  PI.  I,  figs.  2,  2 a (1909). 

My  specimens  differ  very  little  from,  the  description  and  the  plate.  I have 
six  $s,  all  from  Emangeni  (South  Rhodesia),  18,  19.  1.  T8  (Janse). 

Larva  feeds  on  Combretum  gueinzii  Sond.  (E.  E.  Platt). 

Hoplitis  Concolor  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIV,  figs.  5,  6.) 

<$.  Head  mouse-grey  (li)  with  a transverse  fuscous-black  (xlvi)  fascia 
before  the  antennae,  mixed  with  brown  in  the  centre;  palpi  light  buff  (xv)  on 
the  sides,  thickly  irrorated  with  prussian -red  (xxxix) ; hairs  at  base  of  antennae 
pinkish-buff  (xxix) ; shaft  tawny-olive  (xxix)  with  some  white  scales ; branches 
cinnamon-buff  (xxix) ; prothorax  pinkish-buff ; remainder  of  thorax,  abdomen 
and  ground  colour  of  fore  wing  smoke-grey  (xlvi) ; patagia  edged  with  pinkish- 
buff,  centre  irrorated  with  fuscous ; fore  wing  irrorated  with  fuscous  and  black 
scales;  all  markings  black;  sub-basal  line  faint,  from  costa  to  1 b,  where  it  forms 
a black  streak  towards  antemedial  line;  antemedial  line  double,  faint  from  costa 
to  lower  median  at  origin  of  vein  2,  then  angled  inwardly  at  plical  fold  and  1 b; 
a black  shading  or  fascia  before  it  at  plical  fold;  medial  line  faint,  double, 


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205 


distinct  at  discocellulars,  dentate  outwardly  at  vein  2,  plical  fold  and  1 b; 
postmedial  only  indicated  by  a somewhat  darker  shading;  a broad  curved 
fascia  from  before  tornus  to  termen  at  vein  4,  broad  at  inner  margin,  pointed 
towards  termen,  somewhat  irregular  at  the  veins;  some  fuscous-black  oblique 
short  strigae  between  4 and  5,  5 and  6,  6 and  7;  terminus  of  veins  5,  6,  7,  8 
with  some  black  scaling ; a faint  dark  sub-terminal  line  as  far  as  vein  4 ; a more 
distinct  terminal  line;  cilia  of  ground  colour;  except  at  terminus  of  veins, 
where  there  are  some  black  scales.  Hind  wing  shiny  white;  some  dark  irrora- 
tion  at  costa;  a quadrate  black  patch  at  tornus  between  1 b and  near  2;  some 
black  scaling  above  it;  cilia  white,  except  for  some  black  scales  at  the  veins 
and  beyond  patch  on  tornus.  Under  side:  thorax  and  hairs  on  legs  buff-pink 
(xxviii) ; wings  and  abdomen  shiny  whitish ; fore  wing  at  costal,  terminal  and 
inner  marginal  regions  irrorated  with  fuscous;  four  white  specks  at  costa  near 
apex;  cilia  fuscous,  with  a light  basal  line,  which  is  interrupted  with  black 
at  the  veins;  hind  wing  with  some  fuscous  antemedial,  medial,  and  postmedial 
irroration  from  costa  to  upper  median;  cilia  as  on  upper  side. 

Fore  wing  with  space  between  sub-basal  and  antemedial  lines  very 
thickly  irrorated  with  fuscous  and  black;  postmedial  lines  indicated  by  a 
double  light  shading  from  before  black  fascia  at  inner  margin  to  costa;  some 
whitish  oblique  fascia  before  and  beyond  black  fascia  between  veins  5—6,  6-7, 
7-8;  in  cotype  a whitish  line  beyond  the  black  from  before  tornus  to  vein  4 
and  in  that  specimen  the  abdomen  is  pinkish-buff  (xxix) ; hind  wing  with 
irroration  broader  than  in  <$;  a narrow  irroration  along  outer  margin;  cilia 
fuscous  at  base,  whitish  at  tips  except  at  veins  and  patch  on  tornus;  patch 
on  tornus  with  a more  distinct  white  line  between  upper  and  lower  part  and 
well  extended  beyond  1 b to  inner  margin.  Under  side  with  the  irroration  more 
dense. 

Exp.  $ type,  52  mm.;  cotype,  48  mm.;  $ type,  63  mm.;  cotype,  56  mm. 

Hab.  $ type,  Salisbury,  13.  3.  ’17  (bred  by  Father  O’Neil) ; $ type,  Salisbury, 
16.  3.  ’17  (also  bred  by  Father  O’Neil);  larva  feeds  on  a native  bush  called 
“Mutowe”;  g cotype,  Krantzkloof,  31.  3.  ’18  (bred  by  E.  E.  Platt), all  in  collec- 
tion Janse;  $ cotype  from  Barberton,  14.  1.  ’09  (G.  W.  Jeffery),  in  collection 
Transvaal  Museum.  This  species  is  readily  identified  by  the  fascia  from  near 
tornus  to  vein  4,  the  colour  of  the  shaft  of  the  antennae  and  the  light  coloured 
abdomen. 

There  is  a possibility,  that  this  species  and  A . postica  will  prove  to  be  the 
same,  but  judging  from  the  description  it  is  not  so.  Sir  George  Hampson 
informs  me,  that  A . postica  is  the  common  Transvaal  and  Natal  species  with 
the  black  patch  at  anal  angle  of  hind  wing.  This,  however,  gives  no  clue,  as  all 
South  African  species  known  to  me  have  such  a patch,  but  it  is  strange  that  I 
have  not  met  with  this  species  yet. 

Genus  GALONA. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  10;  PI.  VII,  figs.  13-17.) 

Galona  Karsch.  Ent.  Nachr.  xxi.  p.  363  (1895). 

Type  serena. 

Proboscis  absent;  palpi  porrect,  short,  but  longer  than  in  Amy  ops, 
just  reaching  frons,  densely  covered  with  hair-like  scales;  first  joint  with 
rather  long  tuft  in  front;  second  joint  longer  than  first,  sub-cylindrical;  third 
joint  nearly  half  of  second,  somewhat  pointed;  eyes  naked,  large  and  rounded; 
antennae  about  half  of  costa,  bipectinate  except  near  the  tip,  which  is  bi- 


206 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


serrate;  branches  long,  longer  than  in  Amy  ops,  about  8 times  shaft,  ciliated 
on  anterior  side;  fore  tibia  with  moderate,  narrow,  pointed  process,  hidden  in 
long  dense  hairs ; mid  tibia  with  terminal  pointed  spurs,  nearly  as  long  as  half 
of  first  tarsal  joint;  hind  tibia  with  two  pairs  at  spurs,  slightly  curved  at  the 
points;  all  femora  and  tibiae  densely  covered  with  long  hairs;  tarsi  of  all  legs 
with  spines  on  inner  side  and  covered  with  scales  and  hair-like  scales;  claws, 
large,  curved.  Fore  wing  rather  broad,  sub-triangular;  costa  slightly  incurved; 
apex  rounded;  termen  obliquely  rounded,  sub-crenulate ; tornus  well  rounded; 
inner  margin  excurved;  i b forked  at  base;  2 from  beyond  frd  lower  median; 
3 from  frd  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle,  well  curved;  5 from  above  middle  of 
discocellulars,  which  are  curved  at  lower  half  and  have  an  indistinct  forked 
veinlet  in  cell;  6 from  just  below  upper  angle;  7 touching  stalk  of  8,  9 at  middle 
of  7 to  form  a long  areole,  which  is  longer  than  half  distance  from  upper  angle 
to  apex,  and  very  narrow;  8 and  9 stalked  for  half  length  of  8 beyond  end  of 
areole;  10  from  areole  at  |th;  11  from  upper  median  at  about  frd;  12  parallel 
to  costa.  Hind  wing  triangular;  costa  much  excurved  at  middle;  apex  rounded; 
termen  rounded;  sub-crenulate;  tornus  well  rounded;  inner  margin  rounded; 
1 a straight;  1 b somewhat  curved;  2 from  frd  lower  median;  3 from  frd 
distance  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle,  curved;  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars, 
which  are  erect,  straight,  and  have  a faint  veinlet  at  lower  half  into  the  cell; 
6 and  7 stalked  for  nearly  half  of  7,  and  from  upper  angle;  6 well  curved; 
8 closely  parallel  to  upper  median  till  end ; upper  median  incurved  at  basal  half, 
excurved  at  terminal  half;  frenulum  rather  long. 

Galona  Serena. 

(PL  V,  fig.  10;  PI.  VII,  figs.  13-17.) 

Galona  serena  Karsch.  Ent.  Nadir,  xxi.  p.  363,  PI.  Ill,  fig.  1 (1895). 

Galona  pyrrotricha  Karsch.  Ent.  Nadir,  xxi.  PI.  Ill,  fig.  2 (1895). 

I have  no  doubt  that  the  South  African  specimens  I have  seen  belong  here, 
though  there  are  a few  points  of  difference.  No  mention  is  made  of  the  black 
postmedial  curved  streak  from  vein  3 to  inner  margin  and  it  is  also  not  shown 
in  the  figure  of  the  <$,  but  it  is  present  in  the  figure  of  the  $;  the  head,  thorax, 
antennae  and  legs  are  dark  fuscous,  not  black  as  stated ; no  mention  is  made  of 
the  dark  fuscous  abdominal  patch  on  dorsal  side;  the  white  of  the  fore  wing  and 
tegulae  has  a pinkish  tinge  and  is  not  pure  white  and  my  <^s  are  somewhat 
larger,  50  mm. 

I have  further  seen  a $ from  Shamva  (S.  Rhodesia),  which  is  in  Father 
O’Neil’s  collection,  which  clearly  shows  that  G.  pyrrhotricha  is  the  $ of  G.  serena . 

One  3 in  my  collection  is  from  Que-que  (South  Rhodesia),  kindly  presented 
to  me  by  Dr  Peringuey,  and  I have  another  badly  damaged  <$  from  the  same 
locality.  No  dates  were  given. 

The  $ was  taken  in  Dec..  1917  and  has  the  white  of  the  fore  wing  and 
tegulae  distinctly  pink. 

Genus  AMYOPS. 

(PI.  V,  figs.  11-14;  PI.  VII,  figs.  18,  19.) 

Amyops  Karsch.  Ent.  Nachr.  xxi.  p.  362  (1895). 

Melebaeas  Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  93  (1903).  (Type  gigas.) 

Type  ingens.  Description  from  gigas. 

$.  Proboscis  absent;  palpi  very  short,  porrect,  hardly  reaching  frons; 
first  joint  as  big  as  second  and  third  together;  third  joint  very  small,  globular; 


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207 


first  and  second  joints  with  scale-like  hairs  on  under  and  upper  side;  eyes  very 
large,  round,  naked;  antennae  about  |rd  of  costa,  bipectinate  except  last  ninth 
part;  pectination  about  four  times  shaft,  gradually  tapering  towards  apex, 
which  is  serrate;  first  joint  of  shaft  with  a dense  tuft  of  hair;  fore  tibia  with 
a somewhat  curved,  broad  process,  rounded  at  tip,  nearly  as  long  as  tibia  and 
towards  the  inner  side  fringed  with  long  hairs;  mid  and  hind  tibiae  with  two 
terminal  spurs  which  are  short  and  pointed;  femora  and  tibiae  of  all  legs 
covered  with  very  long  hairs;  tarsi  of  all  legs  on  inner  side  with  a large  number 
of  spines  and  further  covered  with  scales. 

Fore  wing  rather  long;  costa  nearly  straight,  except  the  apical  part  which 
is  well  rounded;  apex  somewhat  rounded;  termen  obliquely  rounded;  inner 
margin  straight ; 1 b well  curved  at  base ; 2 from  lower  median  at  beyond  f rd ; 
3 from  well  before  lower  angle;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  middle  of  disco- 
cellulars  which  are  erect;  6 from  before  ^rd  of  areole;  7 from  just  before  end 
of  areole;  8 and  9 from  end  of  areole,  stalked  for  over  middle  of  8 ; 10  from  upper 
median  at  |-th,  then  anastomosing  with  stalk  of  8,  9 a little  beyond  7 to  form 
the  areole,  which  is  narrow  and  as  long  as  half  length  of  vein  10 ; 11  from  upper 
median  at  frd;  12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  triangular;  costa  very  much 
arched;  termen  obliquely  rounded;  inner  margin  rounded;  apex  and  tornuS 
well  rounded;  1 a and  1 b nearly  straight;  2 from  frd  lower  median;  3 from  well 
before  lower  angle;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars,  which 
are  erect ; a forked  veinlet  into  the  cell ; 6 and  7 from  upper  angle,  stalked  for 
less  than  half  of  6 ; 8 free,  remote  and  parallel  to  upper  median,  then  to  apex  ; 
frenulum  very  long;  abdomen  with  dorsal  and  lateral  tufts  of  spreading 
hairs. 

I have  no  doubt  that  Melebaeas  Dist.  and  Amy  ops  are  the  same,  though 
there  is  one  small  difference ; vein  6 of  fore  wing  namely  does  not  come  from  the 
upper  angle,  but  from  the  areole.  This  character  varies,  however,  in  species 
of  other  genera  as  well.  Distant’s  brief  description  is  insufficient,  but  as  I am 
sure  of  the  correct  identification  of  my  specimens,  as  the  very  good  figure 
enables  one  to  be,  I could  very  carefully  compare  this  genus  with  the  fairly  full 
description  given  by  Karsch.  I do  not  think  that  this  genus  is  directly  related 
to  Hoplitis,  as  one  would  think  from  Distant’s  comparison,  as  Hoplitis  has  no 
areole,  4 spurs  on  the  hind  legs ; upturned  and  quite  long  palpi ; and  the  shape 
of  the  fore  wing  is  very  different.  Only  one  species  is  found  so  far  in  South 
Africa,  the  other  species  (A.  ingens  Karsch)  is  from  Togo. 


Amyops  Gigas. 

(PL  V,  figs.  11-14;  PI.  VII,  figs.  18,  19.) 

Hoplitis  gigas  Dist.  A.M.N.H.  7.  hi.  p.  463  (1899). 

Melebaeas  gigas  Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  93,  PI.  IV,  fig.  6. 

I think  the  description  was  drawn  up  from  a very  poor,  faded  specimen; 
the  colour  description  does  not  correspond  with  the  figure  in  many  ways.  The 
plate,  however,  is  very  good. 

There  is  a possibility  that  Karsch’s  A.  ingens  is  the  same  as  A.  gigas ; they 
are,  at  any  rate,  very  much  like  each  other. 

I have  this  species  from  Barberton  (Miss  de  Beer) ; and  a fine  <$  from 
S.  Rhodesia  (Umtali),  5.  1.  T8  (Janse). 


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Genus  PHYCITIMORPHA  nov. 

(PI.  VIII,  figs.  1-5.) 

Type  stigmatica  spec.  nov. 

Proboscis  present;  frons  with  a rounded  prominence  covered  with 
scales  and  short  hairs;  palpi  upturned,  rather  long,  reaching  vertex  of  head; 
first  joint  small;  second  joint  long,  narrow,  cylindrical,  slightly  curved;  third 
joint  as  long  as  first,  roundly  pointed;  all  joints  covered  with  scales  and  hair- 
like scales,  in  front  moderately  fringed  with  scales;  eyes  large,  rounded,  smooth; 
antennae  over  half  of  costa,  bipectinate  till  tip  in  till  near  tip  in  pectina- 
tion in  $ four  times  shaft  and  with  cilia  on  two  sides,  in  $ two  times  shaft; 
a very  small  scale-tuft  on  first  joint  of  shaft;  thorax  covered  with  rather  loose 
scales;  legs  rather  slender,  mainly  covered  with  scales;  femora  sparingly  fringed 
with  moderately  long  hairs ; tibiae  fringed  with  rather  short  hairs  on  inner  and 
outer  sides;  fore  tibia  rather  short,  about  frd  of  femur,  and  with  a hollow 
process  which  ends  in  a point  and  does  not  reach  till  end  of  tibia;  first  joint 
of  tarsi  very  long,  longer  than  tibia  (in  one  specimen  both  fore  legs  have  four 
tarsal  joints,  but  in  the  other  two  specimens  there  are  five),  and  they  are 
covered  with  scales  on  outer,  with  scales  and  spines  on  inner  side;  mid  tibia 
with  two  spurs ; hind  tibia  with  four  spurs ; longest  spur  about  frd  of  tibia,  outer 
spur  frd  of  inner;  spurs  covered  with  scales,  and  ending  in  a nearly  straight 
naked  point.  Fore  wing  rather  narrow  in  <$,  a little  broader  in  $;  costa  slightly 
curved,  in  $ a little  more  curved;  apex  rounded;  termen  erect  and  straight  till 
vein  4,  then  curved  towards  tornus,  which  is  rounded;  inner  margin  straight; 
1 b forked  at  base,  straight;  2 from  before  fth  lower  median;  3 from  frd  2 to  4; 
4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  above  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  erect; 
areole  broad,  length  a little  over  two  times  breadth;  6 from  areole  well  before 
the  end;  stalk  of  7,  8,  9 from  end  of  areole;  7 from  frd  distance  end  of  areole 
to  apex;  9 from  stalk  at  half  that  distance;  10  from  areole  at  middle;  11  from 
upper  median  at  frd;  12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  nearly  trapezoid;  costa 
slightly  arched;  apex  rounded;  termen  oblique  and  gently  curved  from  apex 
to  vein  3,  then  forming  a rounded  lobe  and  then  oblique  to  tornus;  tornus  well 
rounded;  inner  margin  straight;  1 a and  1 b somewhat  curved;  2 from  lower 
median  at  a little  beyond  middle;  3 and  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  just  above 
middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  erect  at  upper  and  oblique  at  lower  part; 
6 and  7 stalked  for  frd  of  6 ; 8 approximated  to  upper  median  at  before  middle, 
then  straight  to  apex.  This  genus  comes  evidently  near  Scrancia,  from  which  it 
differs,  however,  in  many  respects.  It  contains  two  species  at  present,  which 
may  be  distinguished  as  follows: 

1 a.  Branches  of  antennae  of  $ two  times  shaft;  fore  wing  with  a linear 
stigma;  7 from  stalk  of  8,  9 . . . . stigmatica 

b.  Branches  of  antennae  of  $ only  once  the  shaft;  fore  wing  with  the 
stigma  round ; 7 from  end  of  areole ....  congruata 

Fhycitimorpha  Stigmatica  spec.  nov. 

(PL  XIV,  fig.  8;  PL  VIII,  figs.  1-5.) 

Ground  colour  of  fore  wing,  thorax  and  legs  light  drab  (xlvi),  thickly 
irrorated  with  fuscous-black  except  mid  and  hind  legs,  which  are  thinly 
sprinkled  with  it;  palpi  fuscous  (xlvi);  frons  saccardo’s  umber  (xxix)  mixed 
with  fuscous-black  hairs;  patagia  cream -buff  (xxx)  mixed  with  orange-rufous 
<ii);  vertex  orange-rufous  mixed  with  fuscous-black;  a black  patch  of  hairs  in 


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209 


centre  of  vertex  and  between  patagia;  branches  of  antennae  bone-brown  (xl), 
of  shaft,  tilleul-buff  (xl) ; abdomen  cream  colour  tinged  with  drab  (xlvi) ; fore 
wing  sub-basal  only  represented  by  a few  black  scales;  antemedial  line  black, 
rather  sharply  defined  and  erect,  followed  by  a light  coloured  line  of  ground 
colour,  very  oblique  below  costa,  then  angled  inwardly  at  cell  and  below  lower 
median;  medial  line  black,  well  defined,  erect  and  preceded  by  some  whitish 
scales,  angled  inwards  along  upper  median,  curved  in  and  below  cell  and 
outwardly  oblique  beyond  vein  1 b ; a long  and  narrow  black  stigma  at  end  of 
cell,  surrounded  by  a ring  of  ground  colour;  postmedial  line  erect,  double, 
inner  one  diffused  fuscous-black  and  followed  by  whitish  scaling,  outwardly 
oblique  to  stalk  7,  8,  9,  then  incurved  between  stalk  and  vein  4,  then  excurved 
at  vein  3,  incurved  below  vein  2 and  angled  outwardly  at  1 b;  a dark  diffused 
sub-terminal  shading  from  near  apex  to  tornus  and  preceded  by  diffused  light 
scaling,  which  begins  along  costa  where  there  are  two  whitish  points;  the 
shading  is  irregularly  dentate  on  the  veins,  incurved  at  vein  5 and  excurved 
at  3 ; a distinct  black  terminal  line  from  costa  to  1 b,  interrupted  on  the  inner 
side  by  the  veins ; cilia  of  ground  colour.  Hind  wing  of  $ pure  white,  with  a fine 
buffy-brown  (xl)  terminal  line ; cilia  white ; in  the  $ the  hind  wing  is  also  pure 
white,  but  very  thinly  irrorated  with  fuscous  and  the  terminal  line  is  fuscous. 
Under  side : fore  wing  uniform  hair-brown  (xlvi) , hind  wing  pure  white  in 
the  $ has  the  medial  line  represented  by  dark  irroration  and  the  terminal  half 
of  the  wing  is  irrorated  with  fuscous-black. 

Exp.  34  mm.;  $,  32  mm. 

Hab.  <$  type  from  Umvuma,  25.  12.  ’17;  $ type  from  Shangani  (S.  Rhodesia), 
10.  5.  T8  (Miss  Chamberlain);  a $ cotype  from  Karkloof  (Natal),  24.  1.  ’17 
(Janse). 

Phycitimorpha  Congruata  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIV,  fig.  7.) 

It  is  possible  that  a new  genus  has  to  be  formed  for  this  species,  but  as  I 
have  only  one  $,  I place  it  provisionally  here,  though  it  differs  from  the  typical 
species  in  the  following  points : palpi  more  densely  scaled  in  front  and  less 
upturned;  frons  'with  a tuft  of  rather  long  hairs;  antennae  with  the  branches 
as  long  as  thickness  of  shaft;  fore  wing  with  7 from  end  of  cell;  hind  wing  with 
3 a little  apart  from  4 ; stalk  of  6,  7 a little  shorter  and  8 connected  with  the 
upper  median  by  a short  bar  at  about  middle;  shape  of  fore  wing  still  more 
like  a Pyraline  and  hind  wing  more  ample. 

$.  Ground  colour  of  head  at  sides,  thorax,  abdomen,  legs  and  fore  wing 
light  mouse-grey  (li) ; hind  wing  suffused  with  the  same  colour;  palpi  at  sides 
sprinkled  with  white ; frons  with  a tuft  of  fuscous  hairs  (xlvi) ; patagia  tipped 
with  white  scales ; fore  wing  with  a fine  sub-basai  line,  which  is  black  and  well 
defined,  from  obliquely  inwards  to  upper  median,  then  outwardly  oblique  below 
lower  median,  then  curved  inwards  to  vein  ib;  antemedial  line  black,  well 
defined,  very  near  to  medial  line,  from  costa  erect  to  vein  11,  then  along  this 
vein  to  upper  median,  then  angled  outwardly  into  the  cell,  then  erect  to  near 
lower  median,  then  obliquely  inwards  to  origin  of  vein  2,  then  angled  outwards 
below  vein  2 and  obliquely  inwards  to  plical  fold,  then  erect  to  inner  margin; 
medial  line  broad,  very  diffused,  erect  from  costa  to  inner  margin;  a dark, 
rounded  stigma  on  discocellulars,  partly  filled  in  and  surrounded  with  white 
scales;  postmedial  line  double,  black,  with  scales  of  ground  colour  before, 
between  and  beyond  it ; from  costa  to  vein  4 erect,  second  line  indistinct  from 
costa  to  vein  6;  the  two  lines  are  very  broad  between  6 and  4,  then  thin  again 
and  oblique  to  vein  2 where  the  first  line  ends,  the  second  line  is  continued  as 


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a faint  shading ; some  light  coloured  sub-terminal  series  of  elongated  spots  on  the 
veins  from  costa  to  tornus  and  two  fuscous-black  elongated  spots  along  the 
costa  between  postmedial  and  sub-terminal  lines ; some  black  irroration  before 
and  beyond  sub-terminal  lines  on  veins  ib  to  6;  a terminal  black  line,  inter- 
rupted on  inner  side  of  the  veins;  a vinaceous-fawn  (xl)  tinge  except  on  veins, 
and  along  costa  on  the  area  before  medial  line  and  beyond  postmedial  line; 
cilia  vinaceous-fawn  with  a lighter  basal  line;  hind  wing  shiny  pallid  mouse- 
grey  (li)  suffused  on  the  veins  with  light  mouse-grey ; a suffused  discoidal  light 
drab  (xlvi)  mark;  an  indication  of  a postmedial  light  drab  suffusion,  while 
there  are  on  the  veins  black  scales;  sub-terminal  and  terminal  area  suffused 
with  light  drab  with  a sub-terminal  black  scaling  on  the  veins ; a hair-brown  (xlvi) 
diffused  terminal  line  interrupted  on  the  veins;  cilia  of  ground  colour . 

Under  side  of  both  wings  pallid  mouse-grey;  fore  wing  densely  suffused  and 
irrorated  with  hair-brown ; a dark  suffusion  on  discocellulars  and  a postmedial 
diffused  line  from  costa  to  vein  4;  terminal  lines  of  both  wings  fuscous-black; 
hind  wing  very  little  irrorated  with  hair-brown  except  on  terminal  area;  a black 
suffusion  on  end  of  cell  representing  postmedial  line;  cilia  as  on  upper  side; 
on  hind  tibia  some  black  scaling  in  the  region  of  the  median  spurs. 

Exp.  41  mm. 

Hab.  From  S.  Rhodesia  (Sawmills),  1.  2.  T8  (Janse).  One  specimen  only. 


Genus  SCRANCIA. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  15;  PI.  VIII,  figs.  6-13.) 

Scrancia  Holl.  Psyche,  vi.  p.  537  (1893). 

Auriv.  Arkiv  for  Zool.  Bd.  2.  No.  4,  p.  7 (1904). 

Type  modesta  Holland.  Description  from  stictica  Hmpsn. 

Proboscis  well  developed ; palpi  obliquely  upturned,  reaching  well  above 
vertex  of  head;  first  joint  rather  short,  curved;  second  joint  long,  tapering 
towards  end;  third  joint  oblique,  narrow  and  shorter  than  first  joint,  almost 
hidden  in  hairs;  palpi  covered  in  front  mainly  with  hairs,  at  sides  and  above 
mainly  with  scales;  frons  produced  towards  proboscis,  where  it  forms  a raised 
toothed  ledge  with  a tooth-like  projection  on  each  side  (this  is  shown  in  the 
figure  from  the  side  and  from  above  after  the  scales  have  been  removed  and 
the  palpus  has  been  pushed  out  of  position) ; the  whole  is  covered  with  scales 
so  as  to  form  a short  tuft;  eyes  large,  rounded,  naked;  antennae  over  half  of 
costa,  bipectinate  for  f rd  of  their  length ; branches  very  short,  two  or  three  times 
shaft,  ciliated  terminally  and  on  the  anterior  side;  legs  very  long  and  slender, 
smoothly  covered  with  scales  and  a few  long  hairs;  fore  tibia  with  a keel- 
shaped process,  as  long  as  half  of  tibia  and  provided  on  the  edges  with  a row 
of  comb-like  spines;  first  joint  of  tarsus  about  as  long  as  tibia;  mid  tibia  with 
a pair  of  terminal  long  spurs,  outer  one  about  frd  of  inner  spur;  hind  tibia  with 
two  pairs  of  long  spurs,  outer  spur  frd  inner  one  and  all  spurs  covered  with  scales 
and  well  pointed;  all  tarsal  joints  very  long,  especially  the  first  joints,  and  on 
inner  side  covered  with  a number  of  spines. 

Fore  wing  long  and  narrow;  costa  well  arched;  apex  nearly  acute;  termen 
very  oblique  and  rounded ; inner  margin  nearly  straight ; 1 b well  forked  at  base; 
2 from  beyond  frd  lower  median;  3 from  frd  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from 
just  above  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  erect;  6 from  areole  just  beyond 
upper  angle;  areole  broad,  about  two  times  as  long  and  shaped  like  a parallelo- 
gram; 7 and  stalk  of  8,  9 from  end  of  areole  and  very  slightly  stalked  ; 9 from 


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211 


just  beyond  middle  of  free  part  of  8;  io  from  middle  of  areole;  n from  upper 
median  at  about  frd,  somewhat  curved  towards  vein  io  at  areole,  but  not 
touching  it;  12  parallel  to  costa. 

Hind  wing  broad,  nearly  semicircular;  costa  somewhat  excurved  at  middle; 
apex  well  rounded;  termen  very  oblique  and  well  rounded;  tornus  rounded; 
inner  margin  straight;  1 a and  1 b straight;  2 from  lower  median  a little  beyond 
middle;  3 and  4 from  a point  at  lower  angle;  5 from  above  middle  of  disco- 
cellulars  and  weak;  discocellulars  very  weak,  erect;  6 and  7 very  shortly 
stalked  and  from  upper  angle;  8 parallel  and  approximated  to  upper  median 
from  base  to  beyond  middle,  then  towards  near  apex;  frenulum  consisting  of 
two  bristles  only.  I have  only  seen  $s,  and  at  first  thought  the  specimens 
to  belong  to  the  genus  Gavgetta,  but  the  differences  given  by  Holland  between 
Scrancia  and  Gavgetta  are  all  found  in  my  specimens.  Besides  some  of  them 
come  from  the  same  collection  (E.  L.  Clark’s)  and  the  same  locality  as  the  type 
specimens  of  Hampson’s  5.  stictica,  and  they  all  agree  well  with  the  description 
of  this  species.  So  I have  no  doubt,  that  my  identification  is  correct,  though 
the  description  given  by  Holland  is  very  slender,  even  with  the  additional 
description  of  Gavgetta  given  in  Hampson’s  Moths  of  India.  Sir  George  Hamp- 
son  here  divides  the  genus  Gavgetta  into  three  sections,  two  of  which  have 
pectinated  antennae,  as  given  by  Holland  for  Scvancia,  and  one  of  these 
sections  has  the  name  Thacona,  treated  as  a synonym  of  Gavgetta.  As  Hampson 
recognises  the  genus  Scvancia  in  1910  as  a genus  and  not  as  a section  or  sub- 
genus for  the  two  South  African  species,  there  are  no  doubt  other  differences 
which  I cannot  make  out  from  the  descriptions.  Five  species  are  recorded  from 
Africa,  two  of  which  occur  in  South  Africa. 

1 a.  Head  and  thorax  brown,  mixed  with  grey;  ground  colour  of  fore  wing 
light  brownish-grey;  discoidal  striga  black,  defined  by  ground 
colour  ..........  stictica 

b.  Head  black;  thorax  and  ground  colour  of  fore  wing  fuscous-brown; 
whitish  discoidal  striga  defined  by  black  and  with  ochreous  beyond 
and  before  it  ........  atrifrons 


Scrancia  Stictica. 

(PL  V,  fig.  15;  PL  VIII,  figs.  6-13.) 

Scrancia  stictica  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  480  (1910). 

I have  one  fine  $ from  Umtali  (S.  Rhodesia),  9.  1.  T8  (Janse),  which 
is  more  grey  than  the  Natal  specimen;  all  Natal  specimens  I have  seen  are 
more  brownish-grey;  3 specimens  in  my  collection  from  Durban  caught  in 
March  (E.  L.  Clark). 


Scrancia  Atrifrons. 

Scrancia  atrifrons  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  481  (1910). 

I have  one  $ in  my  collection  which  I think  belongs  here,  though  it  has 
white  points  on  veins  1 b to  6,  which  interrupt  the  otherwise  continuous  fine 
black  terminal  line,  and  though  it  has  some  whitish  scaling  before  antemedial 
and  beyond  postmedial  lines,  all  characters  which  are  not  mentioned  in  the 
description.  It  is  also  larger,  40  mm.  instead  of  30  mm.  The  other  characters, 
however,  correspond  so  well  with  the  description  that  I prefer  to  keep  it 
provisionally  here,  instead  of  describing  it  as  new. 

Caught  at  Salisbury  on  27.  12.  17.  (Janse). 


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Genus  T AENIOPTERYX  nov. 

(PL  VIII,  figs.  14-19.) 

Type  cinerea  spec.  nov. 

<$,  $.  Proboscis  present;  frons  rounded;  palpi  obliquely  upturned, 
moderate;  second  joint  about  two  times  first  joint;  third  joint  somewhat 
porrect,  small,  covered  with  appressed  scales  at  sides  and  scales  and  hairs  at 
the  front;  eyes  large,  rounded,  naked;  antennae  less  than  half  of  costa,  bipec- 
tinated  in  both  sexes  for  nearly  frd,  pectination  in  £ about  three  times  shaft, 
in  $ two  times  shaft;  first  joint  of  shaft  sub-globular  and  with  a tuft  of 
hairs;  femora  rather  thinly  covered  with  long  hairs;  tibiae  with  moderate 
hairs  on  outer  side ; fore  tibia  with  a process  shorter  than  the  tibia ; mid  tibia 
with  two,  hind  tibia  with  four  spurs,  which  are  moderate  in  length  and  sharply 
pointed,  outer  spur  about  f th  of  inner  spur  and  all  covered  with  hair-like  scales ; 
tarsi  covered  with  scales  and  spines.  Fore  wing  narrow;  costa  well  rounded; 
apex  rounded ; termen  very  oblique,  somewhat  rounded  between  veins  2 and  5 ; 
tornus  well  rounded;  inner  margin  straight;  1 b forked  at  base;  2 from  lower 
median  at  beyond  f th ; 3 from  f rd  2 to  4 ; 4 from  lower  angle ; 5 from  well  above 
middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  erect  and  straight;  6,  7,  8,  9,  10  stalked 
and  from  upper  angle ; 6 from  ^rd  whole  length  of  8 ; 7 from  f rd  of  8 ; 9 from 
^|th  of  8;  10  from  middle  of  origin  of  6 and  7;  11  from  upper  median  at  fth; 
12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  triangular;  costa  straight;  apex  rounded; 
termen  very  oblique,  somewhat  roundly  lobed  at  3 and  4 and  incurved  at  vein 
2 ; tornus  well  rounded ; inner  margin  roundly  lobed  at  1 a ; 1 a and  1 b straight; 
2 from  f rd  lower  median ; 3 and  4 from  lower  angle  and  on  a stalk  of  |rd  of  4 ; 
5 absent ; discocellulars  faint,  erect,  curved ; 6 and  7 from  upper  angle,  stalked 
for  over  ^rd  of  7;  8 from  upper  median  at  middle,  then  oblique  to  apex.  Abdo- 
men with  a tuft  of  hair  at  base.  This  genus  is  close  to  Stenostaura,  from  which 
it  differs  in  the  position  of  veins  3 and  4 of  fore  wings,  position  and  structure 
of  the  larger  palpi  and  the  presence  of  four  spurs  on  the  hind  legs. 

Taeniopteryx  Cinerea  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIV,  fig.  9;  PI.  VIII,  figs.  14-19.) 

(J,  $.  Palpi  black,  irrorated  with  neutral  grey  (lii)  at  the  sides;  head  and 
tegulae  of  with  cream-buff  (xxx)  and  burnt  sienna  (ii)  hairs  and  scales; 
remainder  of  thorax  above  and  on  under  side,  and  legs  neutral  grey;  tibiae  and 
tarsi  ringed  with  fuscous-black,  tipped  with  white ; fore  wing  at  base  and 
beyond  medial  line  thickly  irrorated  with  black  and  fuscous-black;  remainder 
of  fore  wing  between  outer  sub-basal  and  inner  antemedial  line,  more  or  less 
irrorated  with  burnt  sienna,  so  as  to  form  a brownish  band;  sub-basal  line 
double,  black,  diffused,  curved  and  somewhat  angled  inwardly  at  lower 
median;  antemedial  line  double,  outer  line  most  defined,  curved  and  somewhat 
angled  inwardly  at  upper  median  (in  the  $ the  outer  sub-basal  and  inner 
antemedial  lines  are  brownish);  medial  line  indistinct;  a buff-yellow  (iv) 
elongated  stigma  at  discocellulars,  centred  with  burnt  sienna;  in  $ and  in  $ 
cotype  the  yellow  is  very  faint;  postmedial  line  double,  faint  and  indistinct, 
often  disappearing;  a fine  distinct  black  line,  irrorated  with  brown  in  the  $, 
from  apex  to  tornus ; some  black  scales  on  veins  beyond  the  postmedial  line ; 
cilia  deep  neutral  grey  (liii) , a little  lighter  at  base.  Hind  wing  white;  some 
fuscous  irroration  along  costa  and  a narrow  terminal  shading  of  fuscous; 
cilia  white,  with  a fuscous  line  at  middle. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


213 


Under  side : fore  wing  uniform  hair-brown  (xlvi) ; hind  wing  white  with 
hair-brown  irroration  along  costa  and  hair-brown  terminal  shading;  cilia  white. 

Exp.  25  mm.;  $,  29  mm. 

Hab.  <$  type  from  New  Hanover  (Hardenberg,  8.  T7) ; $ type  from  Durban 
(v.  d.  Merwe,  6.  3.  ’17);  a^  cotype  from  Emangeni  (S.  Rhodesia),  18.  1.  18 
(Janse);  and  another  worn  $ specimen  from  Valdesia  (Zoutpansberg  distr.)  in 
Nov.  1915  (Mr  T.  Robson). 

Genus  BREYERIA  nov. 

(Pl.  V,  fig.  16;  PI.  VIII,  figs.  20-25.) 

Type  dasychiroides  spec.  nov. 

Proboscis  absent;  eyes  moderate,  elliptical;  frons  rounded,  covered  with 
hairs  forming  a ridge  in  the  middle;  palpi  porrect,  short,  just  reaching  frons; 
first  and  second  joints  about  of  equal  length;  third  joint  a little  over  half  of 
second,  pear-shaped;  al]  joints  with  rather  long  hairs  in  front,  mixed  with  some 
scales ; antennae  about  half  length  of  costa,  bipectinate  till  tip ; branches  long 
and  spreading,  6 to  8 times  shaft  and  with  long  cilia  in  front;  tuft  on  first  joint 
of  shaft  moderate;  a slight  tuft  of  scales  on  metathorax;  a crest  of  long, 
spreading  hairs  on  first  segment  of  abdomen;  femora  thinly  fringed  with  long 
hairs  on  inner  side,  otherwise  covered  with  scales ; femur  of  fore  leg  with  some 
scales  amongst  the  hairs ; tibiae  covered  with  scales  on  outer  side ; tarsi  covered 
with  appressed  scales  mixed  with  spines  on  inner  side ; fore  tibia  with  a rather 
thin  undulating  process  just  reaching  till  a little  beyond  tibia  and  curved  a 
little  outwardly ; mid  tibia  with  two,  hind  tibia  with  four  spurs,  which  are  about 
as  long  as  half  of  first  tarsal  joint;  spurs  covered  with  hairs,  except  near  the  tip, 
which  is  sharply  pointed  and  almost  straight,  and  with  vestigial  rows  of  teeth ; 
outer  spur  about  fth  shorter  than  inner.  Fore  wing  elongate  triangular;  costa 
nearly  straight,  curved  towards  apex ; apex  slightly  rounded,  termen  fairly  erect, 
and  curved  from  2 to  6;  tornus  rounded ; inner  margin  with  a slight  rounded  lobe 
on  basal  half;  1 b apparently  without  a fork;  2 from  fth  of  lower  median;  3 from 
a little  beyond  middle  of  2 to  4 ; 4 from  lower  angle ; 5 rather  weak  and  from 
above  middle  of  discocellulars  which  are  faint,  erect  and  somewhat  curved; 
6 from  fth  of  areole;  areole  large,  about  four  times  as  long  as  broad;  7,  8,  9 
stalked  and  with  vein  10  from  end  of  areole;  7 from  stalk  at  half  the  distance 
upper  angle  to  apex;  8 from  fth  that  distance;  11  from  upper  median  at  fth 
and  somewhat  curved;  12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  triangular  with  rounded 
corners  * costa  somewhat  arched ; apex  somewhat  rounded ; termen  very  oblique 
and  curved  from  2 to  7 ; tornus  well  rounded ; inner  margin  well  arched ; 1 a 
and  1 b practically  straight ; 2 from  lower  median  at  f rd ; 3 from  fth  distance 
2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 rather  weak,  from  just  above  middle  of  disco- 
cellulars, which  are  faint  and  very  oblique  outwardly;  6 and  7 on  a stalk  of 
over  frd ; parallel  to  upper  median  to  end,  then  much  curved. 

On  account  of  the  broader  fore  wing,  longer  areole  andl  onger  pectination,  it 
is  brought  in  the  key  into  the  Zana-Chadisra  group,  but  I do  not  think  that  this 
is  its  natural  position.  I rather  think  it  related  to  Phycitimorpha  from  which  it 
differs  in  vein  10  of  fore  wing  coming  from  the  end  of  the  areole,  different  shape 
of  areole,  the  hind  wing  having  3 and  4 apart,  discocellulars  being  much  more 
oblique  and  vein  5 from  well  above  middle ; the  fore  wing  is  much  shorter  and 
broader,  the  process  of  the  fore  tibia  is  totally  different,  the  palpi  are  much 
shorter  and  are  porrect. 


15 


214 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Breyeria  Dasychiroides  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIV,  fig.  io;  PL  V,  fig.  16;  PI.  VIII,  figs.  20-25.) 

Hairs  on  head  and  thorax  above  light  mouse-grey  (li),  densely  irrorated 
with  black ; palpi  black,  fringed  with  light  mouse-grey  hairs  in  front ; shaft  of 
antennae  drab  (xlvi),  branches  fuscous  (xlvi);  abdomen  above  vinaceous-buff 
(xl),  on  under  side  whitish;  fore  wing  with  ground  colour  white,  densely 
irrorated  with  fuscous  and  fuscous-black  (xlvi),  especially  dense  between  sub- 
basal  and  antemedial  lines,  postmedial  and  sub-terminal  lines;  area  before 
sub-basal  line  opaline-green  (vii)  with  a few  black  scales  here  and  there;  sub- 
basal  line  black,  faint  from  costa  to  lower  median,  then  forming  a long  tooth 
outwardly  below  lower  median,  which  is  well  defined  and  continued  as  a line 
to  antemedial  line,  then  erect  to  la  and  still  distinct,  then  forming  an  indistinct 
tooth  with  rounded  point  above  inner  margin ; a fuscous  striga  beyond  sub-basal 
line  from  costa  to  upper  median;  antemedial  line  black,  distinct,  inwardly 
oblique  from  costa  to  upper  median,  then  curved  outwards  and  still  more 
oblique  to  plical  fold,  where  it  is  connected  with  the  black  streak  from  sub-basal 
line,  then  erect  to  inner  margin;  a fuscous  diffused  line  before  it  from  costa 
to  lower  median;  medial  line  diffused,  fuscous,  nearly  straight  and  inwardly 
oblique,  preceded  in  the  cell  by  some  opaline -green  scales ; in  the  cell  the  medial 
line  is  narrow  and  black  and  followed  by  a pure  white  reniform,  which  is 
outwardly  edged  by  a black  inwardly  curved  striga;  postmedial  line  double, 
inwardly  oblique  from  costa  to  areole,  then  curved  outwards  till  vein  3 and  still 
oblique,  then  curved  inwardly  to  vein  2,  then  erect  to  inner  margin,  meanwhile 
outwardly  curved  at  plical  fold  and  inwardly  just  above  1 b;  inner  postmedial 
line  black  and  well  defined,  outer  line  fuscous,  sharply  defined  on  inner  side, 
but  becoming  diffused  on  outer  side  except  from  costa  to  areole,  where  it  is 
well  defined  on  both  sides  and  fuscous-black;  two  oblique  fuscous  dashes  from 
costa  to  vein  10,  last  dash  followed  by  a larger  and  darker  striga  along  stalk 
of  8,  9 ; a rather  broad  black  line  beginning  on  vein  7 at  sub-terminal  line,  well 
curved  obliquely  to  vein  3 at  about  middle  of  that  vein,  then  curved  inwards 
between  veins  3 and  2,  and  diffused,  then  outwardly  oblique  and  diffused  to 
tomus;  some  opaline-green  scaling  before  it  between  costa  and  vein  3,  and  with 
no  irroration  beyond  it  between  vein  5 and  tornus;  a very  fine  sub-terminal 
black  line,  continuous  from  apex  to  vein  4,  then  becoming  erect  and  zig- 
zagging on  the  veins;  the  irroration  is  almost  absent  between  antemedial  and 
medial  lines  from  lower  median  to  inner  margin  and  between  medial  and  post- 
medial  lines  over  the  whole  breadth  of  wing ; cilia  of  ground  colour  checkered 
with  white  on  the  veins.  Hind  wing  pure  white;  cilia  white.  Under  side:  fore 
wing  and  hind  wing  pure  white;  fore  wing  densely  suffused  with  fuscous  along 
the  costa  and  along  terminal  area  from  postmedial  line  near  costa  obliquely 
to  tornus;  a postmedial  dark  ill-defined  line  from  costa  to  vein  2;  cilia 
fuscous,  at  veins  whitish ; thorax  and  legs  tilleul-buff  (xl) ; three  black  lines, 
on  the  tibia;  first  tarsal  joints  irrorated  with  black,  other  joints  quite  black 
at  front. 

Exp.  29  mm. 

Hab.  $ type,  Nelspruit,  19.  10.  T7  (Dr  H.  G.  Breyer),  in  collection 
Transvaal  Museum;  cotype  collected  at  the  same  time  and  place  in  colh 
Janse. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


215 


Genus  STENOSTAURA. 

(Pl.  V,  fig.  1 7;  PL  IX,  figs.  1-4.) 

Stenostaura  Hmpsn.  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  xix.  p.  119,  Pl.  IV,  fig.  45  (1909). 

Type  impedita  Wlk. 

<$,  $.  Proboscis  absent;  palpi  minute,  porrect,  three  jointed;  all  joints  of 
equal  length  and  covered  with  rather  long  spreading  scales  and  hairs;  eyes 
large,  rounded,  naked;  antennae  bipectinated  for  over  half,  in  $ the  outer 
branches  are  three  times  shaft,  inner  branches  two  times  shaft;  in  $ outer 
branches  two  times,  inner  branches  once;  beyond  the  pectinations  the  shaft 
is  serrate  and  ciliate  in  both  sexes;  pectinations  ciliated;  basal  joint  of  shaft 
with  a tuft  of  hairs  and  scales;  fore  tibia  with  a rather  short  pointed  process; 
tibiae  and  femora  of  all  legs  covered  with  long  hairs,  tarsi  with  scales;  mid  and 
hind  tibiae  with  terminal  spurs  only,  inner  spur  shorter  than  outer  spur.  Fore 
wing  narrow;  costa  nearly  straight;  apex  rounded;  termen  obliquely  rounded; 
tornus  rounded;  inner  margin  nearly  straight;  1 b indistinctly  forked;  2 from 
beyond  f rd  lower  median ; 3 and  4 from  lower  angle  or  shortly  stalked ; 5 from 
above  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  oblique;  6 stalked  with  7,  8,  9,  10 
for  nearly  ^rd  of  6;  7 from  stalk  at  beyond  middle  of  8;  9 from  8 at  half  the 
remainder  part  of  8 ; 10  from  about  half  way  6 and  7 ; 1 1 from  beyond  f rd  upper 
median;  12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  sub-triangular;  costa  nearly  straight; 
apex  well  rounded;  termen  oblique,  rounded  and  somewhat  lobed  between 
2 and  5 ; tornus  rounded ; inner  margin  nearly  straight ; 1 a and  1 b nearly 
straight;  2 from  frd  lower  median;  3 and  4 on  a stalk  of  nearly  half  of  2;  5 
almost  absent  (only  somewhat  visible  in  wing  preparation) ; 6 and  7 on  a stalk 
of  over  ^rd  of  6 ; 8 anastomosing  with  upper  median  for  nearly  half  of  cell,  then 
parallel  to  costa  and  somewhat  curved  towards  apex. 

The  figure  given  by  Sir  George  Hampson  is  not  quite  correct;  in  the  fore 
wing,  3 and  4 are  not  shown  from  upper  angle,  10  is  given  from  before  7; 
pectinations  of  antennae  are  much  too  far  towards  the  tip;  in  the  description 
nothing  is  said  about  the  faintness  of  vein  5,  though  it  is  shown  in  the  figure. 

Only  one  species  is  known  in  this  genus. 

Stenostaura  Impedita. 

(Pl.  V,  fig.  17;  Pl.  IX,  figs.  1-4.) 

Cossus  impeditus  Wlk.  Cat.  xxxn.  p.  583  (1865). 

Stenostaura  impedita  Hmpsn.  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  xix.  p.  120,  Pl.  IV,  fig.  45. 

Why  this  species  was  placed  by  Walker  in  the  Cossidae  is  a mystery  to  me ; 
even  without  looking  at  the  venation,  it  is  clearly  a Notodontid.  The  terminal 
line  shown  in  Hampson’s  figure  is  wrong  according  to  my  specimens;  it  should 
be  represented  by  black  terminal  broad  spots  on  the  veins  only. 

I have  no  doubt  that  my  specimens  belong  here ; the  description  of  the  genus 
and  the  figure  of  the  species  make  this  a certainty,  though  there  is  some  varia- 
tion in  several  of  my  specimens.  In  the  $s  the  transverse  lines  are  more 
diffused  and  one  of  my  £s  from  Sawmills  shows  a very  marked  white  clouding 
before  the  sub-terminal  line.  The  hind  wings  of  the  £s  are,  as  a rule,  not  pure 
white,  but  suffused  with  fuscous. 

This  species  is  recorded  from  the  Cape  and  from  Mokia  (S.  E.  Ruwenzori). 
I have  it  from  Pretoria  (Jan.,  Oct.,  Nov.) ; Barberton  (Jan.,  Dec.);  Waterval 
onder  (Nov.) ; Three  Sisters  (March) ; Warmberg  (Nov.,  Dec.)  (all  in  the  Trans- 
vaal); and  from  Southern  Rhodesia  (Sawmills,  in  Febr.). 


15—2 


2l6 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Genus  EURYSTAURA  nov. 

(PI.  IX,  figs.  5-9.) 

Type  brunnea  spec.  nov. 

cJ,  $.  Proboscis  absent;  palpi  very  short,  hardly  reaching  frons,  obliquely 
upturned  in  <$,  in  $ nearly  porrect;  first  joint  somewhat  curved  and  shorter 
than  second  joint,  which  is  a little  thicker  at  middle;  third  joint  about  half  of 
second;  palpi  thickly  covered  with  hairs  and  scales  and  with  a tuft  of  hairs 
and  scales  on  front  of  first  joint;  frons  oblique  and  with  a tuft  of  long  hairs; 
eyes  smooth,  rather  large,  elliptical;  antenna  short,  less  than  half  of  costa, 
curved  downwards  and  with  a tuft  of  hairs  in  front  of  first  joint,  bipectinated 
for  fth,  when  it  becomes  serrate;  pecten  in  about  6 times  shaft,  in  $ a little 
over  once  the  shaft;  thorax  and  abdomen  without  crests;  femora  with  long 
hairs  on  inner  side,  tibiae  of  mid  and  hind  legs  with  long  hairs  on  outer  side, 
tibia  of  fore  leg  with  shorter  hairs;  fore  tibia  with  an  almost  straight  process, 
not  quite  reaching  end  of  tibia;  mid  tibia  with  two,  hind  tibia  with  four  spurs; 
longest  spur  nearly  as  long  as  first  tarsal  joint  of  hind  leg;  outer  spurs  a little 
longer  than  half  of  inner  spur;  all  spurs  covered  with  hairs  except  at  the  tip, 
which  is  sharply  pointed  and  curved,  but  without  any  teeth;  tarsi  with  hairs 
and  scales  but  no  spines.  Fore  wing  moderately  broad,  a little  less  than  half; 
costa  slightly  hollow  at  middle,  well  arched  towards  apex,  which  is  somewhat 
rounded;  termen  oblique;  tornus  somewhat  rounded;  inner  margin  curved 
near  base ; i b nearly  straight,  indistinctly  forked  at  base ; 2 from  nearly  fth 
lower  median;  3 from  beyond  frd  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  middle  of 
discocellulars  which  are  nearly  erect  at  lower  half  and  inwardly  oblique  at 
upper  half;  6 very  slightly  stalked  with  stalk  of  7,  8,  9,  10,  stalk  from  upper 
angle;  7 from  stalk  beyond  half  the  distance  upper  angle  to  apex;  9 from  middle 
of  free  part  of  8;  10  from  middle  of  stalk  8,  9;  11  from  upper  median  beyond 
fth;  12  parallel  to  upper  median,  then  straight  to  costa.  Hind  wing  semi- 
circular; costa  slightly  bulged  at  middle;  apex  rounded;  termen  very  oblique, 
slightly  sinuate,  especially  between  1 b and  2;  tornus  well  rounded;  inner 
margin  rather  short,  straight ; 1 a and  1 b straight ; 2 from  well  beyond  middle 
of  lower  median ; 3 from  frd  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle ; 5 very  weak,  almost 
absent,  and  from  a little  above  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  erect  and 
somewhat  curved ; 6 and  7 on  a stalk  of  nearly  half  of  6 ; 8 from  upper  median 
a little  beyond  middle. 

This  genus  differs  from  Stenostaura  in  the  stouter  build,  in  having  four  spurs 
on  the  hind  legs,  in  veins  3 and  4 of  fore  wing  being  remote  and  6 from  stalk  at 
base,  while  in  the  hind  wing  3 and  4 are  also  remote  and  not  stalked. 

Eurystaura  Brunnea  spec.  nov. 

(PL  XIV,  fig.  11 ; PI.  IX,  figs.  5-9.) 

$.  Head,  palpi  at  sides,  patagia,  thorax  and  abdomen  above  and  on 
under  side  and  ground  colour  of  fore  wing  on  upper  side  sayal -brown  (xiv), 
irrorated  with  kaiser-brown  (xiv) ; tegulae,  part  of  fore  wing  except  along  costa 
as  far  as  upper  median,  a streak  from  lower  median  and  vein  2 till  plical  fold, 
and  inner  marginal  area  as  far  as  1 b very  thickly  tinged  with  clove-brown  (xl)  ; 
sub-basal,  antemedial  and  medial  lines  almost  obsolete  and  only  indicated  by 
some  light  dashes  of  ground  colour  on  costa  and  some  dark  scaling  on  veins; 
a rounded  patch  of  ground  colour  just  before  discocellulars,  traversed  by  a 
narrow  fairly  distinct  part  of  the  medial  line,  angled  inwards  at  discal  fold; 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  217 


beyond  this  light  patch  a spot  of  whitish  scales  on  lower  and  upper  angles, 
surrounded  by  a black  edging,  so  as  to  form  the  figure  8,  lower  spot  larger  than 
upper;  postmedial  line  fairly  distinct,  but  diffused,  double  and  fuscous-black, 
angled  inwardly  at  stalk  7,  8,  9,  10,  then  curved  obliquely  to  plical  fold,  then 
more  erect  and  angled  inwardly  above  1 b and  outwardly  below  1 b;  the  outer 
line  is  only  distinct  on  the  veins;  -some  dashes  of  ground  colour  beyond  it  at 
costa;  sub-terminal  line  rather  diffuse,  from  near  apex  to  tornus,  somewhat 
incurved  at  vein  5 and  plical  fold,  fuscous-black  and  followed  by  some  light 
scaling,  dentate  outwardly  on  the  veins;  some  terminal  dark  scales  on  the  veins; 
cilia  clove -brown  with  a few  sayal-brown  scales  opposite  the  veins.  Hind  wing 
orange-cinnamon  (xxix)  with  an  indistinct  medial  line  of  lighter  colour;  cilia 
warm  sepia  (xxix)  tipped  with  whitish. 

Under  side:  of  both  wings  orange-cinnamon;  fore  wing  with  a few  light 
coloured  dashes  on  the  costa  near  apex;  shaft  of  antennae  kaiser-brown; 
branches  black. 

Exp.  <$,  34-30  mm. ; $ , 34  mm. 

All  specimens  are  from  Durban,  most  of  them  bred  by  Mr  G.  F.  Leigh. 
A type,  Febr.  ’16,  $ type,  March,  ’07,  in  collection  Janse.  Other  cotypes  of 
Febr.  '16,  14-17.  11.  ’02  in  collections  of  Transvaal  and  South  African 
Museums,  and  in  my  own. 

Genus  NOTOXANTHA. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  18;  PI.  IX,  figs.  10-17.) 

Notoxantha  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  484  (1910). 

Type  sesamiodes. 

<$,  Proboscis  short,  but  functionary;  palpi  obliquely  upturned,  just 
reaching  vertex  of  head;  first  joint  curved;  second  joint  cylindrical  and  as  long 
as  two  times  first  joint;  third  joint  very  small,  hidden  in  hairs;  rather  long  hairs 
in  front,  mixed  with  scales  at  the  sides  and  above;  frons  with  a horseshoe- 
shaped prominence,  of  which  the  edges  are  raised,  frons  covered  with  dense 
hairs;  eyes  naked,  large,  round;  antennae  curved,  short,  about  half  of  costa, 
bipectinated  in  A,  ciliated  in  $;  branches  about  three  times  shaft  and  gradually 
getting  shorter  towards  tip;  the  branches  at  tips  somewhat  spathulated, 
especially  the  middle  ones  and  all  tips  rounded ; branches  covered  at  tip  and  on 
all  sides  with  some  rather  long  hairs;  a short  tuft  of  hairs  at  front  of  first  joint 
of  shaft;  fore  tibia  with  a slightly  curved  process,  a little  longer  than  tibia 
and  roundly  pointed ; mid  tibia  with  two  spurs,  longest  about  as  long  as  first 
tarsal  joint,  outer  one  about  |-rd  shorter;  hind  tibia  with  four  spurs  of  same 
proportions;  all  spurs  well  covered  with  scales,  except  at  the  tips  which  are 
well  pointed ; all  tarsi  with  a number  of  spines  on  inner  side;  all  legs  moderately 
covered  with  hairs.  Fore  wing  rather  broad;  costa  arched;  apex  acute;  termen 
somewhat  oblique;  inner  margin  straight;  1 b well  forked  at  base;  2 from  frd 
lower  median ; 3 from  beyond  middle  of  2 to  4 ; 4 from  lower  angle ; 5 from  middle 
of  discocellulars  which  are  rather  erect  below  and  rather  oblique  above  5; 
6 from  areole  near  upper  angle;  areole  rather  narrow  and  long;  7 and  stalk 
of  8,  9,  id  from  end  of  areole,  but  a little  apart;  9 from  fth  of  8;  10  from  middle 
of  8;  11  from  upper  median  at  about  fth;  12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  semi- 
circular; costa  well  arched;  apex  rounded;  termen  rounded,  slightly  lobed  at 
vein  3 ; tornus  rounded  and  somewhat  lobed  at  1 a\  1 a a nd  1 b slightly  curved; 
2 from  beyond  middle  of  lower  median ; 3 from  fth  2 ta  4 ; 4 from  lower  angle  ; 
5 from  just  above  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  very  oblique;  6 and  7 


218  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


stalked  for  frd  of  6;  7 curved  upwards  at  base,  then  curved  downwards  and 
approximated  to  upper  median,  which  is  curved  upwards  at  middle  for  more 
than  middle  third,  then  oblique  to  costa  near  apex;  a bar  between  them  at  |rd 
of  vein  8. 

Only  one  species  is  known  in  this  genus. 

My  specimens  show  a little  difference  from  what  Hampson  gives  in  the 
description;  the  palpi  are  there  porrect;  apex  of  fore  wing  produced,  3 and  4 
from  angle  of  cell,  and  in  the  hind  wing  5 is  said  to  be  from  middle  of  disco- 
cellulars.  The  first  and  last  differences  are  of  a rather  undefined  nature  without 
a figure  and  the  others  may  be  variable.  In  my  three  specimens  the  palpi 
are  somewhat  upturned;  as  is  suggested  by  the  curve  of  the  first  joint  and  vein 
3 is  well  remote  from  4,  the  origin  of  vein  5 of  hind  wing  is  from  just  a little 
above  middle.  As  all  the  other  characters  agree  well,  I have  no  doubt  that  my 
specimens  have  to  come  in  this  genus. 

Notoxantha  Sesamiodes. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  18;  PI.  IX,  figs.  10-17.) 

Notoxantha  sesamiodes  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  485  (1910). 

My  specimens  show  slight  differences:  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  abdomen 
of  my  $ is  bright  yellow,  the  thorax  has  a distinct  brown  patch,  which  is  also 
present  in  the  ^s  but  more  or  less  covered  with  the  pinkish  hairs  of  the 
patagia;  in  two  of  my  specimens  vein  7 is  also  streaked  with  yellowish-white. 

1 have,  however,  no  doubt  that  my  identification  is  correct,  as  these  differ- 
ences are  only  additions  and  all  other  points  agree  in  every  respect,  also  the 
species  is  very  distinctly  marked. 

My  specimens  are  from  Umtali,  two  ^s,  3 and  11.  1.  T8  (Janse);  one  $ 
from  Salisbury,  11.  12.  T6  (Father  O’Neil). 

Genus  CRAMBOMETRA. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  19;  PL  IX,  figs.  18-23.) 

Crambometra  Prout.  Nov.  Zool.  xxii.  p.  376  (1915). 

Type  derelicta. 

Proboscis  well  developed;  palpi  obliquely  upturned,  reaching  well  above 
vertex  of  head;  first  joint  a little  shorter  than  second  joint,  curved;  second  joint 
straight,  cylindrical;  third  joint  sub-globular,  as  long  as  second  joint  is  thick; 
second  joint  in  front  triangularly  covered  with  scales  and  long  hairs;  first  and 
third  joints  with  hairs  only;  vertex  smoothly  covered  with  long  scales,  rounded ; 
eyes  very  large,  round,  naked;  antennae  with  the  shaft  till  middle  of  costa, 
bipectinated  with  long  irregularly  curved  branches  as  long  as  about  12  times 
thickness  of  shaft;  branches  ciliated  in  front  and  ending  in  rather  long  cilia; 
first  joint  of  shaft  scaled  and  without  tuft;  fore  tibia  with  a thin  curved  process, 
a little  longer  than  tibia;  first  tarsal  joint  nearly  as  long  as  tibia;  mid  tibia 
very  slender  and  with  two  spurs ; hind  legs  rather  slender  and  with  four  spurs ; 
longest  spur  about  fth  of  tibia,  inner  spur  about  frd  of  outer  spur;  the  spurs 
have  two  terminal  ridges  of  teeth,  between  which  is  a rounded  groove;  all  legs 
and  the  spurs  covered  with  appressed  scales  and  short  hairs ; inner  side  of  tarsi 
with  spines  as  well.  Fore  wing  rather  long,  sub-triangular;  costa  straight,  well 
rounded  towards  apex;  apex  rounded;  termen  very  obliquely  curved;  tornus 
somewhat  rounded ; inner  margin  nearly  straight ; 1 b without  a fork  at  base ; 

2 from  beyond  frd  lower  median ; 3 from  fth  2 to  4 ; 4 from  lower  angle ; 5 from 
just  below  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  a little  incurved  at  middle;  6 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


219 


from  upper  angle;  7 and  8,  9 and  10  stalked;  8 and  9 anastomosing  for  some 
distance,  beginning  at  |rd  origin  of  stalk  7,  8 to  apex,  in  order  to  form  a rather 
long  areole;  7 from  before  end  of  areole;  10  from  areole  a little  before  7;  stalk 
of  9,  10  from  upper  median  at  about  fth;  11  from  upper  median  at  about  frd, 
curved ; 12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  large,  triangular;  costa  nearly  straight; 
apex  well  rounded;  termen  very  oblique  and  very  much  curved;  tornus  rounded, 
somewhat  lobed  at  ib;  inner  margin  very  much  excurved  at  1 a,  and  somewhat 
incurved  between  1 a and  16;  immoderate,  straight;  ib  long,  straight;  2 from 
frd  lower  median;  3 from  fth  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 very  faint,  from 
middle  of  discocellulars  which  are  also  faint,  slightly  oblique  outwardly;  6 from 
upper  angle;  7 from  upper  median  at  fth;  8 curved  upwards  from  base,  then 
downwards  to  about  middle  of  upper  median,  which  it  nearly  touches,  then 
curved  upwards  to  costa. 

Crambometra  Derelicta. 

(PI.  XIV,  fig.  12;  PI.  V,  fig.  19;  PI.  ix,  figs.  18-23.) 

Crambometra  derelicta  Prout.  Nov.  Zool.  xxn.  p.  376  (1915). 

<$.  Head,  palpi,  shaft  of  antennae,  thorax,  abdomen,  legs,  and  fore  wing 
cream  colour  (xvi) ; some  scales  on  the  palpi,  irroration  of  fore  legs,  branches 
of  antennae  and  a patch  on  vertex  of  head  fuscous  (xlvi) ; fore  wing  sparsely 
irrorated  with  fuscous-black  (xlvi)  dots,  more  densely  at  medial  and  sub- 
medial  folds  so  as  to  indicate  two  fascia;  cilia  white,  with  some  fuscous-black 
scales  at  end  of  veins;  hind  wing  white,  without  any  markings  except  a few 
black  scales  here  and  there ; cilia  white  with  fuscous-black  scales  at  end  of  veins, 
except  at  veins  1 a and  5.  Under  side  of  fore  wing  whitish,  suffused  with 
avellaneous  (xl)  and  sprinkled  with  fuscous  dots  on  costal  and  terminal  area; 
hind  wing  white,  except  costal  area,  which  is  suffused  with  avellaneous  and 
sprinkled  with  fuscous  spots ; cilia  of  both  wings  white  with  black  scales  on  end 
of  veins. 

Exp.  37  mm. 

Tongaat  (Natal),  collected  by  B.  C.  Burnup;  I have  two  <£s,  one  in  very 
bad  condition. 

Genus  CAMPYLOCTYS  nov. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  20;  PI.  X,  figs.  1-7.) 

Type  gladstonei. 

Proboscis  well  developed;  palpi  porrect,  covered  with  hairs  and  some 
scales,  evenly  fringed  with  hairs  and  some  scales  mixed  in  front;  first  joint 
short;  second  slender,  cylindrical,  about  two  times  first  joint;  third  joint  very 
small,  less  than  half  of  first,  pear-shaped ; frons  flat  and  tufted  with  rather  long 
hairs;  eyes  very  large  and  round,  smooth;  antennae  about  half  of  costa, 
bipectinated  till  tip ; pectinations  about  8 times  shaft,  very  much  curved 
towards  tip,  often  irregularly  arranged  and  with  rather  long  cilia  in  front; 
first  joint  of  shaft  without  a tuft;  legs  rather  long  and  slender,  covered  with 
appressed  scales  and  not  fringed  with  hairs;  fore  tibia  with  a procesS  nearly 
reaching  end  of  tibia  and  curved  towards  the  outside,  fringed  with  long  hairs 
on  inner  side;  mid  tibia  with  two  spurs,  hind  tibia  with  four  spurs;  terminal 
spurs  moderate,  mid  spurs  about  as  long  as  first  tarsal  joint;  spurs  covered  with 
scales  and  hairs  and  ending  in  an  almost  straight  point  which  has  two  long  rows 
of  teeth;  tarsal  joints  of  fore  legs  very  long,  nearly  two  times  tibia,  first  joint 
very  long,  joints  in  mid  legs  about  as  long  as  tibia,  in  hind  legs  shorter.  Fore 


220 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


wing  rather  broad ; costa  well  arched ; apex  bluntly  rounded ; termen  oblique, 
nearly  straight,  slightly  incurved  between  veins  4 and  6 ; tornus  well  rounded ; 
inner  margin  somewhat  curved ; 1 b straight,  apparently  forked  at  base ; 2 from 
beyond  frd  lower  median;  3 from  near,  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  just  above 
middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  almost  straight,  somewhat  oblique  out- 
wardly; 6 from  upper  angle;  7 and  8 stalked  for  nearly  half  length  of  7 and  from 
upper  median  well  before  angle;  9 and  10  stalked  for  about  middle  of  10,  and 
from  upper  median  at  same  distance  as  stalk  of  7-8  to  6;  11  from  upper 
median  at  frd  and  somewhat  curved ; 1 2 parallel  to  upper  median  and  vein  1 1 , 
ending  at  a little  beyond  middle  of  costa  and  thus  rather  short.  Hind  wing  very 
broad;  costa  somewhat  incurved;  apex  well  rounded;  termen  very  oblique, 
straight  from  7 to  a little  beyond  4,  then  roundly  lobed  at  3,  then  straight 
to  tornus,  which  is  sharply  rounded  at  1 b,  then  roundly  curved  at  1 a,  then 
straight;  1 a rather  short,  straight;  1 b long,  somewhat  curved ; 2 from  frd  lower 
median;  3 from  fth  distance  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 almost  absent  from 
middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  parallel  to  termen  and  well  curved ; 6 from 
lower  angle;  7 from  upper  median  and  from  well  before  the  angle;  8 much 
curved  to  frd  upper  median  and  parallel  to  this  vein  for  frd,  then  suddenly 
upcurved  towards  costa  and  curved  downwards  again  towards  near  apex. 

This  genus  comes  near  Crambometra  from  which  it  may  have  developed  and 
from  which  it  differs  in  the  palpi  being  porrect,  fore  wing  with  termen  less 
oblique,  no  areole  being  formed,  5 from  above  middle  of  discocellulars  and 
process  of  fore  leg  being  shorter.  There  is  a remarkable  resemblance  in  the 
antennae  of  those  two  genera,  though  in  Crambometra  the  branches  are  a little 
longer.  As  the  areole  of  the  fore  wing  in  Crambometra  is  formed  by  the  anasto- 
mosing of  the  stalked  7,  8 and  9,  10,  it  is  quite  possible,  that  when  more  species 
are  discovered,  Campyloctys  will  prove  to  have  sub-generic  value  only. 

Campyloctys  Gladstonei  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIV,  fig.  13;  PI.  V.  fig.  20;  PI.  X,  figs.  1-7.) 

Head,  palpi,  thorax,  legs  and  ground  colour  of  fore  wings  pinkish-buff 
(xxix) , irrorated  more  or  less  thickly  with  fuscous  (xlvi)  and  fore  wing  suffused 
with  cinnamon-buff  (xxix);  fore  wing  with  an  indistinct  antemedial  line  of 
fuscous-black  (xlvi)  irroration,  much  curved  outwards  at  middle,  then  angled 
inwards  to  lower  median,  then  angled  outwards  to  irroration  on  plical  fold, 
angled  inwards  again  to  1 b and  outwardly  oblique  to  inner  margin;  a fuscous- 
black  dense  irroration  beyond  antemedial  line  in  cell  and  beyond  cell  as  a 
streaky  suffusion  between  the  veins  4 to  10  which  retain  the  ground  colour; 
another  suffused  irroration  between  lower  median  and  plical  fold,  getting 
fainter  towards  termen;  an  ill-defined  fuscous-black  spot  on  vein  6 at  middle; 
a series  of  ill-defined  sub-terminal  fuscous-black  spots  on  the  veins,  parallel 
to  termen ; better  defined  terminal  fuscous-black  spots  between  the  veins  from 
above  plical  fold  to  apex ; a fuscous-black  irroration  on  costa  at  base,  along  apex 
and  on  inner  margin  towards  tornus;  cilia  cinnamon-buff  with  black  points 
at  end  of  veins  and  plical  fold.  Hind  wing  shiny  transparent  white,  suffused 
with  ivory  yellow  (xxx) ; cilia  like  colour  of  wing  with  fuscous-black  points  on 
the  end  of  the  veins.  Under  side  of  fore  wing  with  ground  colour  as  above, 
but  evenly  suffused  and  irrorated  with  avellaneous  (xl)  and  fuscous,  especially 
along  costa;  hind  wing  and  cilia  of  both  wings  as  on  upper  side.  Abdomen 
above  and  on  under  side  cartridge-buff  (xxx) ; antennae  with  shaft  sayal-brown 
(xxix) ; branches  fuscous. 

Exp.  41  mm. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


221 


Hab.  Capetown,  May  1912.  Two  specimens,  one  in  Transvaal  Museum 
and  one  in  my  own  collection.  Both  specimens  were  collected  amongst  many 
other  moths  by  Lord  Gladstone,  who  kindly  presented  these  to  the  Transvaal 
Museum. 

The  type  specimen  shows  a peculiar  abnormality  in  the  left  fore  wing,  where 
vein  6 sends  a long  branch  or  bar  to  the  free  part  of  vein  7 so  as  to  connect 
these  two  veins  and  form  a big  areole  between  vein  6 and  stalk  of  7,  8 ; the  other 
wing  is  normal,  however. 

Genus  ZANA. 

(PI.  V,  figs.  21,  22;  PI.  IX,  figs.  24-29.) 

Zana  Wlk.  Cat.  vii.  p.  1700  (1855). 

Hmpsn.  Moths  of  India,  1.  p.  144. 

Eutimia  Wllgrn.  Ofv.  Vet.  Akad.  Fork.  xv.  p.  21 1 (1859). 

Type  lignosa  Wlk.  Description  made  of  marpissa. 

cJ,  $.  Proboscis  rather  short;  palpi  short,  hardly  reaching  frons,  porrect; 
first  joint  slightly  longer  than  second  joint;  third  joint  almost  globular  and 
with  a dent  on  upper  tip;  first  and  second  joints  with  long  hairs  in  front;  eyes 
elliptical,  longer  than  palpi,  naked ; antennae  about  half  of  costa,  bipectinated, 
shaft  gradually  becoming  dentate  towards  tip;  branches  about  three  times 
shaft,  ciliated  anteriorly  and  at  ends;  a short  hair- tuft  on  first  joint  of  shaft; 
fore  tibia  with  long  hair  and  a flat  process,  slightly  longer  than  tibia  in  both 
sexes;  the  process  is  flat,  somewhat  curved  and  slightly  overlapping  the  tibia 
on  the  inner  side  (though  hollow,  it  does  not  appear  to  be  keel-shaped  as  in 
Antheua );  mid  leg  with  two,  hind  leg  with  four  moderate  spurs,  the  points  of 
which  are  curved  inwards  and  each  has  two  ridges  with  a slight  depression 
between  them;  mid  and  hind  femurs  moderately  covered  with  long  hairs,  tibiae 
with  still  less  hairs ; tarsi  of  all  legs  with  spines  on  inner  side  and  further  covered 
with  hairs.  Fore  wing  broad,  sub-triangular;  costa  nearly  straight;  outer 
margin  somewhat  oblique,  well  rounded  and  sinuate;  apex,  tornus  and  inner 
margin  well  rounded ; 1 a faint,  as  a branch  of  fork  of  1 b\  lower  median  curved 
upwards;  2 from  frd  lower  median;  3 from  frd  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle; 
5 from  middle  of  discocellulars,  rather  weak;  discocellulars  erect,  somewhat 
rounded;  6 from  upper  angle  or  from  well  beyond  it  and  then  from  areole 
(in  some  specimens  of  Z.  anodonta  6 comes  from  middle,  fth,  or  even  end  of 
areole) ; areole  rather  long,  nearly  as  long  as  half  of  10;  7 from,  from  just  before, 
or  from  slightly  beyond  end  of  areole ; 8 and  9 on  a stalk  of  half  free  part  of  8 
and  from  end  of  areole;  10  from  before  or  from  end  of  areole;  11  from  upper 
median  at  frd;  12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  semicircular;  costa  well  arched; 
termen  very  oblique  and  well  rounded,  somewhat  sinuate;  apex  rounded; 
tornus  much  rounded;  outer  margin  rounded;  1 a and  1 b nearly  straight; 
2 from  frd  lower  median ; 3 from  frd  2 to  4 ; 4 from  lower  angle ; 5 rather  weak 
and  from  middle  of  discocellulars  which  are  erect  and  somewhat  curved ; 6 and 
7 on  a stalk  of  fth  of  7 ; 8 parallel  to  upper  median  for  nearly  whole  length  and 
with  an  indication  of  a bar  at  frd  (in  anodonta  no  bar  is  visible) . The  meso- 
thorax  has  an  indication  of  a small  crest  and  the  abdomen  is  marked  as  a 
typical  Antheua,  in  fact  it  is  rather  difficult  to  separate  this  genus  from 
Antheua ; in  Zana  too  the  venation  of  veins  6 to  10  is  very  variable.  In  Zana 
the  outer  margins  are  certainly  more  crenulate,  but  in  Antheua  they  are  not 
quite  entire  as  stated  by  some  writers;  the  palpi  are  shorter  and  distinctly 
porrect;  the  spurs  have  two  ridges  of  teeth  on  the  tip,  while  in  Antheua  no 
teeth  can  be  seen  in  any  of  its  species  I placed  there;  the  palpi  have  the  first 


222 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


joint  longer  than  the  second,  which  is  not  the  case  in  Antheua,  though  in 
encausta  they  appear  to  be  equal  in  length,  and  the  peculiar  dent  on  the  third 
joint  I have  only  observed  in  marpissa  and  anodonta.  I therefore  think  that 
this  genus  is  sufficiently  distinct,  though  it  has  great  similarity  to  Antheua, 
of  which  it  may  be  a parallel  development. 

Only  two  species  are  found  in  this  genus  from  South  Africa,  which  may  be 
separated  as  follows: 

1 a.  Fore  wing  with  a black  line  on  i b ; oblique  terminal  grey  area  bordered 
by  a dark  ill-defined  line,  beginning  at  termen  below  vein  7 ; black 
scaling  in  cell ; never  a black  dentate  terminal  line ; female  with  the 
hind  wing  tinged  with  buffy-brown  . . . marpissa 

b.  Fore  wing  without  black  line  on  16;  oblique  terminal  grey  area 
bordered  by  a sharply  defined  black  line,  beginning  at  termen 
above  vein  7;  no  black  scaling  in  cell;  usually  a black  terminal 
dentate  line,  sometimes  only  indicated  at  tornus;  hind  wing  of 
female  white.  .......  anodonta 


Zana  Marpissa. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  21;  PI.  IX,  figs.  24-29.) 

Eutimia  marpissa  Wllgrn.  Ofv.  Vet.  Akad.  Fork.  xv.  p.  211  (i860). 

Antheua  spurcata  Wlk.  Cat.  xxxi.  p.  298  (1864). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  92,  PI.  VIII,  fig.  10. 

I have  ^s  and  $s  of  this  species  from  Pretoria,  Waterval  onder,  White 
River;  Three  Sisters;  Barberton  (Transvaal);  New  Hanover  (Natal);  Melmoth 
(Zululand);  in  Jan.,  March,  Oct.,  Nov.,  Dec. 

Larva  feeds  on  grass  (E.  E.  Platt). 

Zana  Anodonta. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  22.) 

Zana  anodonta  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  476  (1910). 

I have  rfs  and  $s  of  this  species  from  Waterval  onder,  White  River, 
Karkloof,  Eshowe;  in  Jan.,  Febr.,  March,  Nov.,  Dec. 

Genus  RAMESA. 

(PL  V,  fig.  23;  PI.  X,  figs.  8-1 1.) 

Ramesa  Wlk.  Cat.  v.  p.  1016  (1855). 

Hmpsn.  Moths  of  India,  1.  p.  142. 

Type  tosta  Wlk.  Description  from  macrodonta. 

$.  Head  rather  broad;  proboscis  present,  rather  short;  palpi  obliquely 
upturned,  longer  than  length  of  eyes,  covered  with  hair  on  under  side,  with 
scales  at  sides,  three  jointed;  eyes  moderately  glabrous,  rounded  in  front  and 
less  curved  posteriorly ; antennae  nearly  half  of  cost3,,  serrate  on  inner  side  only 
for  about  half  the  length  of  shaft  with  long  narrow  teeth,  on  outer  side  with 
very  short  teeth ; beyond  middle  of  shaft  the  serrae  become  gradually  shorter 
towards  tip;  outer  serrae  terminally  with  short  hairs;  base  of  shaft  with  a tuft 
of  hair;  legs  covered  with  rather  long  hair;  mid  tibia  with  two  rather  long  spurs, 
outer  one  longest;  hind  tibia  with  four  spurs,  inner  ones  about  frd  of  outer 
spurs,  median  spurs  longer  than  terminal  spurs.  Fore  wing  sub-triangular; 


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223 


costa  arched;  termen  oblique  and  well  rounded;  inner  margin  gently  arched; 
apex  sub-acute ; tornus  well  rounded ; 1 b forked ; 2 from  near  lower  angle ; 
3 from  middle  distance  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  middle  of  disco- 
cellulars  which  are  erect;  a forked  veinlet  in  the  cell;  6 from  upper  angle; 
areole  present,  long,  over  frd  of  vein  6 in  length,  narrow;  7 and  stalk  of  8,  9 
from  end  of  areole;  8 and  9 on  a stalk  of  half  of  8;  10  from  areole  at  fth  the 
areole ; 1 1 from  upper  median  at  beyond  middle ; 1 2 free.  Hind  wing  triangular  ; 
costa  slightly  incurved  at  middle;  termen  roundly  and  slightly  lobed  between 
2 and  6;  inner  margin  curved;  apex  roundly  produced;  tornus  well  rounded; 
2 from  frd  lower  median;  3 and  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  middle  of  disco- 
cellulars;  6 and  7 stalked  for  about  fth  of  6 and  from  upper  angle;  8 curved 
upwards  near  base,  then  approximated  to  upper  median  at  middle,  then  remote. 

Species  belonging  to  this  genus  are  recorded  from  India  and  Africa;  two 
species  have  so  far  been  described  from  South  Africa  and  may  be  separated  as 
follows : 

1 a.  Areole  moderate;  vertex  of  head  yellowish  white;  no  antemedial  line; 
medial  line  waved;  a black  discoidal  bar;  cilia  whitish;  34  mm. 

dasychira 

b.  Areole  long;  vertex  of  head  black-brown;  antemedial  line  present, 
double,  very  much  dentate  below  lower  median;  medial  line  ill 
defined,  brown;  discoidal  bar  brown,  defined  by  black;  cilia  brown; 

40-50  mm macrodonta 

Ramesa  Macrodonta. 

(PI.  V,  fig.  23;  Pi.  X,  figs.  8-1 1.) 

Ramesa  macrodonta  Hmpsn.  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  xix.  p.  119,  PI.  IV,  fig.  38  (1909). 

Hab.  Uganda;  Sierra  Leone;  S.  Rhodesia  (Sebakwe). 

Through  the  courtesy,  of  Dr  L.  Peringuey,  I have  seen  two  $s  of  this 
species,  both  from  Sebakwe,  collected  by  D.  Dods  in  Jan.  1902  and  in  1901. 
One  of  these  was  kindly  presented  to  my  collection  by  the  Director.  So 
far  only  $s  are  known  from  South  Africa  and  as  the  specimens  were  minus 
front  legs,  I could  not  study  these.  The  antennae  of  the  $s  are  not  quite 
bipectinated,  as  Sir  George  Hampson  states,  but  rather  unipectinated,  the 
outer  branch  being  reduced  to  a mere  lobe  or  tooth,  as  shown  in  the  illus- 
tration. The  hind  wing  also  does  not  show  a bar  between  vein  8 and  upper 
median  as  given  in  Moths  of  India,  vol.  1.  fig.  85,  and  veins  3 and  4 are  from  a 
point  in  my  specimen,  not  remote.  The  figure  given  of  this  species  is  not  very 
representative,  unless  the  £ differs  very  much  from  the  <j>,  which  is  not  stated 
in  the  description,  however. 

Spec.  auct. : Ramesa  dasychira  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  6.  v.  p.  484  (1910). 

Hab.  Transvaal  (White  River). 

Genus  POLIENUS. 

(PI.  X,  figs.  12-17.) 

Polienus  Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  93  (1899). 

Type  modestus. 

A,  $.  Proboscis  absent;  head  rather  small,  bent  downwards;  eyes  naked, 
rounded,  rather  large;  palpi  three  jointed,  somewhat  upturned;  first  joint 
somewhat  curved;  second  joint  nearly  two  times  first  joint;  third  joint  very 
small,  pointed;  all  joints  covered  with  long  hairs;  antennae  of  $ bipectinated 


224 


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to  tip;  branches  gradually  getting  shorter;  pecten  about  four  times  shaft  and 
with  fine  cilia  exteriorly;  shaft  about  half  of  costa,  first  joint  sub-globular  and 
with  a tuft  of  hairs  in  front ; in  $ antennae  half  of  costa,  simple,  ciliated ; legs, 
covered  with  hairs  only  (except  in  fuse ata,  where  there  are  also  some  scales), 
on  femurs  very  long;  fore  tibia  with  a broad,  somewhat  pointed  process  hidden 
in  dense  hairs ; mid  tibia  with  two  rather  long  pointed  spurs,  which  are  covered 
with  short  hairs,  outer  spurs  shorter  than  inner  ones ; hind  tibia  with  4 long 
pointed  spurs'  covered  with  short  hairs  and  of  which  the  outer  ones  are  the 
shortest;  tarsi  with  hairs  and  scales;  a pointed  tuft  of  hairs  on  mesothorax. 
Fore  wing  rather  broad;  costa  and  inner  margin  nearly  parallel;  costa  straight,, 
rounded  towards  apex;  apex  sub-acute;  outer  margin  somewhat  oblique, 
rounded  between  veins  2 to  6 ; tornus  rounded ; inner  margin  straight ; 1 b 
faintly  forked  at  base,  curved  at  frd,  then  straight;  2 from  beyond  fth  lower 
median;  3 from  middle  of  distance  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  middle 
of  discocellulars,  which  are  erect,  somewhat  rounded  above  and  below  vein  5 ; 
6 from  just  below  upper  angle;  7 from  upper  angle  and  connected  by  a short 
bar  at  fth  of  7 with  stalk  of  8,  9,  10  to  form  a moderate  areole,  about  four  times, 
as  long  as  broad;  8 stalked  with  9 and  10;  9 from  frd,  10  from  frd  the  distance 
from  end  of  areole  to  apex;  11  from  frd  upper  median;  12  parallel  to  costa. 
Hind  wing  semi-circular;  costa  excurved  at  frd,  somewhat  incurved  at  frd; 
apex  well  rounded ; outer  margin  very  oblique,  well  curved,  shortly  lobed  at  3 ; 
tornus  well  rounded ; inner  margin  well  curved ; 1 a nearly  straight ; 1 b curved ; 
2 from  well  beyond  middle  of  lower  median;  3 from  well  beyond  middle  of 
distance  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 straight,  rather  faint  and  from  middle 
of  discocellulars,  which  are  very  oblique  from  4 to  5,  erect  from  5 to  upper 
angle ; 6 and  7 stalked  for  nearly  frd  of  6 and  from  upper  angle ; upper  median 
well  curved  at  terminal  half;  8 curved  upwards  at  base  and  approximated  to 
upper  median  at  middle  of  cell  and  connected  to  it  at  beyond  frd  by  a bar. 

The  description  given  by  Distant  is  in  several  respects  both  vague  and 
inaccurate,  I think.  The  porrect  position  of  the  palpi  is,  I think,  due  to  the 
downward  position  of  the  head,  as  the  curve  of  the  first  joint  indicates  a more 
upturned  position;  the  antennae  of  the  male  are  clearly  bipectinated,  not 
obscurely  as  stated;  no  mention  is  made  of  an  areole  and  the  other  characters 
given  have  little  generic  value;  no  spurs  are  mentioned,  which  are  conspicuous ; 
the  figure  is  evidently  that  of  a $. 

Species  in  South  Africa : 

1 a.  Hind  wing  white  in  $ . . . . . . . modestus 

b.  Hind  wing  fuscous  in  (probably  also  in  $)  . . . . 2 

2 a.  Fore  wing  with  an  oblique  fascia  from  apex  to  near  vein  5;  a second 

fascia,  nearly  parallel  to  first,  from  vein  5 near  outer  margin  to 
vein  3 ; a terminal  series  of  black  spots  between  veins  1 b— 7 fuscata 
b.  No  oblique  fascia  on  fore  wing  and  no  terminal  black  spots;  a dark 
diffused  fascia  above  lower  median  and  vein  4;  6 slightly  stalked 
with  areole;  areole  longer  than  in  modestus  . . nigrosparsa 

Polienus  Modestus. 

(PI.  X,  figs.  12-17.) 

Polienus  modestus  Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  94,  fig.  10  (1899). 

Most  of  my  $s  have  white  hind  wings,  but  one  specimen  from  Umtali  has 
the  terminal  half  tinted  with  hair-brown. 

I have  this  species  from  Pretoria,  Bultfontein,  Rustenburg,  Waterval 
onder,  Barberton  (Transvaal);  Karkloof,  Sarnia, -Umkomaas  (Natal);  Umtali 

S.  Rhodesia);  in  Jan.,  Febr.,  March,  Nov. 


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225 


Polienus  Fuscata  spec.  nov. 

(Pl.  XIV,  fig.  15.) 

Thorax,  base  of  abdomen,  antennae,  ground  colour  of  wings  on  upper 
side  cream  colour  (xvi) ; head  covered  with  cream  coloured,  ochraceous-tawny 
(xv)  and  black  hairs  mixed;  pectinations  of  antennae  and  palpi  at  sides  cream- 
buff  (xxx),  the  latter  mixed  with  fuscous  (xlvi)  hairs  and  towards  head  with 
fuscous  hairs  only;  sides  of  face,  frons,  hairs  of  femora  and  tibiae  fuscous,  very 
dense  on  front  legs,  less  dense  on  the  other  legs ; remainder  of  legs  and  hairs 
of  abdomen  on  under  side  cream  colour;  hairs  of  thorax  above  mixed  with  some 
whitish  and  ochraceous-tawny  hairs  and  with  a distinct  median  patch  on 
meso-  and  metathorax  of  ochraceous-tawny  hair,  forming  a tuft  in  front; 
abdomen  irrorated  with  hair-brown  (xlvi)  scales.  Fore  wing  with  costa  thickly 
and  median  area  moderately  irrorated  with  black;  a black  point  on  lower 
median  at  sub-basal  area  and  at  frd;  an  oblique  patch  shaded  with  cinereous 
(lii)  on  inner  margin  from  sub-basal  to  medial  lines;  this  shading  like  the 
remainder  of  the  fore  wing  is  irrorated  with  black  and  fuscous  scales ; an  indica- 
tion of  a medial  and  a postmedial  blackish  line;  medial  area  except  at  costal 
and  inner  marginal  area  thickly  irrorated  with  ochraceous-tawny,  connected 
with  two  oblique  fascia  of  the  same  colour  and  which  go  upwards  towards 
termen;  first  fascia  from  vein  3 at  |rd  to  vein  4 at  beyond  frd;  second  fascia 
from  above  vein  5 to  apex;  both  fascia  are  irrorated  with  black  scales;  a series 
of  black,  small,  sub-terminal  spots  between  the  veins  from  above  1 b to  below 
vein  7;  cilia  of  ground  colour  and  with  some  black  scales  here  and  there  and 
gradually  getting  lighter  towards  tip.  Hind  wing  thickly  irrorated  with  fuscous 
except  at  base,  and  near  inner  margin;  cilia  of  ground  colour  except  at  base, 
which  is  fuscous. 

Under  side:  fore  wing  with  costa  cream-buff,  irrorated  with  black  scales; 
ground  colour  of  both  wings  and  cilia  cartridge-buff  (xxx) ; both  wings,  except 
outer  margins,  irrorated  with  fuscous;  cilia  with  a fine  basal  fuscous  line. 

Exp.  38  mm. 

Hab.  $ type  from  Umtali,  12.  1.  T8;  $ cotype,  Umtali,  7.  1.  T8  (Janse). 

Polienus  Nigrosparsa  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIV,  fig.  14.) 

<$.  Vertex  of  head  and  shaft  of  antennae  isabella  colour  (xxx),  the  former 
mixed  with  some  black  hairs,  the  latter  ringed  with  black;  thorax  on  upper  side 
and  base  of  fore  wing  below  lower  median  whitish ; a median  honey -yellow  (xxx) 
patch,  beginning  as  a small  tuft  on  meso-  and  metathorax ; abdomen  on  upper 
side  with  long  hair-brown  (xlvi)  hairs  except  last  segments  which  become 
gradually  cream  coloured  (xvi) ; palpi  in  front,  thorax  and  abdomen  on  under 
side  and  hairs  on  legs  cream  coloured;  hairs  on  prothorax  and  fore  femurs 
and  inner  side  of  palpi  hair-brown  and  fuscous;  pectinations  of  antennae  honey- 
yellow.  Fore  wing  on  upper  side  of  cream  colour  (xvi)  thinly  speckled  with 
black  scales;  veins  and  a triangular  patch  below  lower  median  from  base  of 
vein  2 to  near  base  of  inner  margin,  cartridge-buff  (xxx) ; some  dark  irroration, 
forming  faint  fasciae  above  lower  median  and  vein  4,  and  from  fork  of  1 b 
obliquely  to  inner  marginal  fold;  cilia  cartridge-buff  with  some  fuscous  and 
hair-brown  scales  at  base. 

Under  side:  ground  colour  of  both  wings  cartridge-buff  to  white;  fore  wing 
with  the  costa  cream  coloured  and  with  some  black  scales ; a black  fascia  from 
upper  median  and  vein  10  to  vein  12,  gradually  becoming  fuscous  terminally; 


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Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


remainder  of  fore  wing,  except  the  base  and  terminal  area  thickly  irrorated  with 
hair-brown;  some  black  scales  at  terminal  area  and  on  cilia;  hind  wing  thinly 
irrorated  with  hair-brown  scales,  most  thickly  at  terminal  half  between  veins 
3 and  6;  some  black  scales  here  and  there  and  on  the  cilia. 

Exp.  41  mm. 

Hab.  Victoria  Falls  (S.  Rhodesia),  26.  1.  T8  (Janse).  Only  one  specimen. 

This  species  has  vein  6 of  fore  wing  coming  from  the  areole  near  base,  but  is 
otherwise  typical. 

Genus  PRIONOCENTRUM  nov. 

(PI.  X,  figs.  18-22;  PI.  XI,  fig.  1.) 

Type  o’neili. 

3,  $.  Proboscis  absent;  palpi  upturned,  reaching  vertex  of  head,  third  joint 
obliquely  porrect;  first  joint  short,  curved;  second  joint  over  two  times  first 
joint;  third  joint  shorter  than  first;  all  joints  with  short  hairs  in  front;  first  and 
second  joints  covered  with  scales;  eyes  large,  rounded,  naked;  frons  with  dense* 
rather  long  hairs;  antennae  of  $ a little  over  half  of  costa,  curved,  bipectinated 
till  near  tip;  branches  about  8 times  shaft  and  densely  ciliated  all  round;  first 
joint  with  a tuft  of  hairs  in  front;  antennae  of  $ less  than  half  of  costa,  bipecti- 
nated till  near  tip,  branches  on  inner  side  as  long  as  breadth  of  shaft,  inner 
branches  two  times;  fore  tibia  of  $ with  slightly  curved  process,  which  is  a little 
longer  than  the  tibia;  femora  and  tibiae  moderately  fringed  with  long  hairs; 
first  tarsal  joints  fringed  with  long  hairs,  other  joints  with  moderate  hairs; 
mid  tibia  with  two  spurs,  hind  tibia  with  four  spurs,  inner  spur  a little  shorter 
than  outer;  spurs  provided  on  apical  half  with  two  rows  of  teeth,  which  come 
together  at  the  point,  which  is  nearly  straight;  between  the  rows  is  a rounded 
groove;  spurs  covered  with  some  hairs  and  scales;  tarsi  with  some  spines  on 
inner  side.  Fore  wing  broad  triangular  and  somewhat  produced  at  apex;  costa 
slightly  hollow,  well  curved  towards  apex;  apex  nearly  acute;  termen  some- 
what oblique  and  a little  incurved  below  apex,  then  straight  to  vein  3,  then 
well  rounded  at  tornus;  inner  margin  a little  curved  before  middle;  in  $ the 
costa  is  slightly  curved  and  the  outer  margin  less  incurved  below  apex ; 1 b very 
indistinctly  forked  at  base;  2 from  just  beyond  frd  lower  median;  3 from  frd 
2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  just  above  middle  of  discocellulars  which  are 
oblique  towards  apex  on  upper  part  and  has  indications  of  veinlets  in  the  cell ; 
6 from  areole,  which  is  long  and  narrow;  8,  9,  10  stalked  and  from  end  of  areole; 
9 from  before  frd;  10  from  frd  of  8 beyond  end  of  areole  to  apex;  11  from  frd 
upper  median;  12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  triangular;  costa  slightly 
incurved ; apex  well  rounded ; termen  oblique  and  very  much  rounded  between 
2 and  7 and  somewhat  incurved  between  1 b and  2 ; tornus  rounded ; inner  margin 
nearly  straight,  oblique;  1 a very  long,  straight;  1 b straight;  2 from  frd  lower 
median;  3 from  fth  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 from  just  above  middle  of 
discocellulars,  which  are  erect  and  evenly  curved;  6 and  7 very  slightly  stalked 
and  from  upper  angle;  8 upcurved  near  base,  then  downcurved  and  touching 
upper  median  before  middle,  but  not  anastomosing  with  it,  then  curved  upwards 
and  parallel  to  costa. 

PRIONOCENTRUM  O’NEILI. 

(PI.  XIV,  fig.  16;  PI.  X,  figs.  18-22;  PI.  XI,  fig.  1.) 

Ground  colour  of  fore  wing,  irr oration  of  hind  wing,  shaft  and  branches 
of  antennae,  fore  legs  in  front,  and  patagia  partly  cinnamon -rufous  (xiv); 
palpi  in  front  cream  colour  (xvi)  posteriorly  fuscous  (xlvi);  frons  and  vertex 


- 


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227 


of  head  warm  buff  (xv)  well  mixed  before  and  between  the  antennae  with  flame 
scarlet  (ii)  hairs;  patagia  and  tegulae  of  ground  colour,  but  across  the  patagia 
a broad  transverse  line  of  flame  scarlet  and  a patch  of  the  same  colour  between 
the  tegulae  on  meso-  and  metathorax;  abdomen  above  of  ground  colour, 
except  at  base  and  apex,  where  cream  coloured  hairs  predominate.  Fore  wing 
uniformly  and  finely  dusted  with  cinnamon-rufous ; an  indistinct  light  coloured 
patch  at  base  below  lower  median ; an  antemedial  irregular  pale  orange-yellow 
(iii)  line  from  below  costa  to  1 b,  outwardly  oblique  from  below  costa  to  middle 
of  cell,  then  angled  inwardly  to  lower  median  where  it  is  interrupted,  to  start 
again  below  lower  median  a little  nearer  to  base  than  the  beginning  of  the  line 
and  almost  erect  to  1 b,  forming  a tooth-like  projection  in  middle;  the  ante- 
medial  line  has  a dark  shading  here  and  there  on  inner  side;  an  indistinct 
light  coloured  line  on  discocellulars ; a broad  postmedial  strigulated  band, 
beginning  ah  costa  and  erect  till  vein  4,  then  inwardly  oblique  to  inner  margin; 
the  strigulae  are  pale  orange-yellow,  arranged  in  5 parallel  rows;  curved  between 
the  veins  and  interrupted  on  the  veins;  on  the  outer  side  this  band  has  a dark 
diffused  line,  dentated  on  the  veins ; some  dark  terminal  shading  from  apex  till 
along  tornus;  an  ill-defined  oblique  fascia,  slightly  darker  than  ground  colour, 
from  apex  to  postmedial  band  at  vein  4;  cilia  of  ground  colour.  Hind  wing 
with  the  ground  colour  pale  orange-yellow,  thinly  irro rated  at  basal  half  and 
tinged  at  terminal  half  with  cinnamon-rufous;  cilia  cinnamon-rufous  at  base, 
tipped  with  whitish. 

Under  side : thorax,  fore  legs  on  inner  side,  whole  of  mid  and  hind  legs  and 
ground  colour  of  abdomen  pure  white ; white  hairs  of  abdomen  mixed  with  pale 
orange-yellow  hairs ; fore  wing  with  the  ground  colour  cinnamon-rufous 
except  along  costa  and  at  basal  area,  which  are  cream-buff  (xxx),  remainder 
of  wing  thickly  irrorated  with  cream -buff ; hind  wing  white,  thickly  irrorated 
at  terminal  half  with  cinnamon-rufous.  • 

Ground  colour  somewhat  lighter;  patches  on  head,  patagia  and  thorax 
less  defined  and  ochraceous-buff  (xv) ; antemedial  area  from  costa  to  1 b deep 
chrome  (iii)  including  the  antemedial  line,  and  well  irrorated  with  cinnamon- 
rufous;  postmedial  band  deep  chrome;  strigulae  ill  defined;  area  beyond 
postmedial  band  deep  chrome,  densely  sprinkled  with  cinnamon-rufous; 
oblique  apical  fascia  broader  and  darker;  hind  wing  somewhat  lighter;  under 
side,  hairs  of  legs,  thorax  and  abdomen  onion-skin  pink  (xxviii) ; ground  colour 
of  fore  wing  and  hind  wing  pale  yellow-orange  (iii) ; fore  wing  irrorated,  very 
densely  at  terminal  half  with  testaceous  (xxviii) ; hind  wing  rather  thickly 
irrorated  with  testaceous  on  costal  and  terminal  areas. 

The  intensit)^  of  coloration  seems  to  vary  considerably  in  the  ; one  of  my 
specimens  is  very  lightly  coloured  and  has  the  antemedial  markings  diffused, 
and  of  a deep  chrome  colour,  while  the  postmedial  band  is  also  deep  chrome 
in  ground  colour  and  has  the  strigulae  even  more  diffused  than  in  the  $;  in 
another  $ the  antemedial  markings  are  broader  and  lighter,  while  the  strigulae 
of  the  postmedial  band  are  very  narrow  and  often  wanting. 

Exp.  $ type,  59  mm.;  $ type,  68  mm.;  another  worn  $ is  75  mm. 

Hah.  Five  ^s  and  two  $s  all  from  S.  Rhodesia,  Umvuma  and  Salisbury, 
collected  by  Mrs  Carnegie,  Father  O’Neil  and  myself  in  Nov.,  Dec.,  Jan., 
March. 

Father  O’Neil  informs  me,  that  the  caterpillar  is  green  and  feeds  on  Brachy- 
sfegia  randii. 


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Genus  PYDNA. 

(PI.  XI,  figs.  2-8.) 

Pydna  Wlk.  Cat.  vn.  p.  1753  (1855). 

Hmpsn.  Moths  of  India,  vol.  1.  p.  138  (1892). 

Type  testacea  Wlk.  Description  from  vubviiincia. 

<$,  £.  Proboscis  rudimentary;  palpi  upturned,  reaching  above  vertex  of 
head;  first  joint  rather  short,  curved;  second  joint  about  two  times  first  joint, 
nearly  straight;  third  joint  small,  about  half  of  first  joint,  somewhat  pointed; 
all  joints  covered  with  hairs  and  scales  in  front,  with  hairs  at  sides  and  above; 
eyes  large,  suboval,  smooth;  antennae  over  half  of  costa,  bipectinated  in 
simple  in  $ ; pectination  about  three  times  shaft,  gradually  getting  shorter 
towards  tip,  pecten  ciliated  at  tip  and  on  anterior  side;  first  joint  of  shaft  with 
hairs  and  scales  in  front,  forming  a short  tuft;  fore  tibia  with  a process  shorter 
than  tibia,  somewhat  broad  at  middle  and  roundly  pointed  towards  tip; 
femurs  of  fore  leg  moderately  covered  with  hairs  and  scales ; mid  tibia  with  two 
spurs,  longest  about  half  the  length  of  the  tibia,  outer  spur  about  ^rd  shorter; 
hind  tibia  with  four  long  spurs,  shortest  about  |ud  of  tibia  and  on  the  outer 
side,  inner  spurs  about  half  as  long;  all  spurs  acuminated  terminally  and 
covered  with  hairs  and  scales ; femora  and  tibiae  of  all  legs  covered  with  hairs 
and  scales;  tarsi  with  scales  and  some  spines  on  inner  side.  Fore  wing  lather 
broad;  costa  somewhat  arched;  apex  rather  acute;  termen  nearly  erect, 
rounded  from  vein  4;  tornus  well  rounded;  inner  margin  nearly  straight; 
ib  indistinctly  forked  at  base;  2 from  about  Jth  lower  median;  3 from  frd 
2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle ; 5 from  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  oblique 
outwardly;  6 from  upper  angle  of  cell;  7,  8,  9,  10  stalked1,  and  from  well  before 
upper  angle;  7 from  about  half  of  10;  stalk  of  8,  9 from  fth  of  10;  9 very  short, 
from  beyond  free  half  of  8;  11  from  about  fth  upper  median;  12  parallel  to 
costa.  Hind  wing  sub-triangular;  costa  curved;  apex,  outer  margin,  tornus 
and  inner  margin  well  rounded ; 1 a and  1 b nearly  straight ; a small  rounded 
lobe  at  ib)  2 from  frd  lower  median;  3 from  frd  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle; 

5 rather  weak  and  from  middle  of  discocellulars  which  are  oblique  outwardly ; 

6 and  7 stalked  for  over  frd  of  6 and  from  upper  angle ; 8 upcurved  from  base, 
then  downcurved  to  upper  median  at  beyond  half,  before  half  of  upper 
median  traces  of  an  oblique  bar,  then  curved  upwards  to  costa  and  ending 
near  apex. 

The  absence  of  the  areole  in  P.  rubritincta  must  be  considered  as  an  excep- 
tion in  this  genus,  caused  by  the  two  long  sides  of  the  areole  having  become 
anastomosed  and  this  species  should  thus  be  regarded  as  the  most  highly 
developed  species  in  the  genus;  it  is  further  peculiar  that  vein  10  is  given  off 
beyond  the  areole,  which  is  the  case  in  the  Indian  and  African  species  when  the 
areole  is  short;  in  the  Indian  and  African  species  that  have  the  areole  long 
vein  10  is  said  to  come  from  the  areole. 

1 In  P.  rubrifascia  an  areole  is  present,  which  is  very  long,  over  half  of  vein  10, 
and  narrow;  6 comes  from  areole  near  base;  7 from  just  before  end  of  areole;  8,  9,  10 
stalked  from  end  of  areole ; 9 from  8 at  beyond  half  the  distance  end  of  areole  to  outer 
margin;  10  slightly  stalked  with  8,  9. 

In  P.  flavida,  which  is  unknown  to  me  from  specimens,  the  areole  is  said  to  be 
present  also,  but  it  is  short  and  10  comes  from  beyond  the  areole. 


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229 


Only  three  species  have  been  recorded  from  South  Africa  so  far,  which  may 
be  distinguished  as  follows : 

1 a.  Fore  wing  with  a rust-brown  fascia  below  lower  median  reaching  till 

near  termen  below  vein  6;  areole  long  and  narrow,  vein  6 from 
areole  at  base  .......  rubrifascia 

b.  No  rust-brown  fascia  in  fore  wing,  areole  short  or  absent  ...  2 

2 a.  Areole  absent;  7,  8,  9,  10  stalked;  fore  wing  yellowish-brown;  hind 

wing  irrorated  with  fuscous  .....  rubritincta 
b.  Areole  short;  10  from  beyond  areole;  fore  wing  ochreous-white ; hind 
wing  white  with  some  brown  irroration  in  and  just  beyond  the 
cell flavida 

Pydna  Rubrifascia. 

(PI.  XI,  fig.  3.) 

Pydna  rubrifascia  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  486  (1910). 

The  branches  of  the  antennae  of  this, species  are  longer  than  in  rubritincta, 
nearly  four  times. 

I have  seen  one  $ specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  South  African  Museum, 
collected  at  Salisbury  by  Dr  M.  Melle. 

Pydna  Rubritincta. 

(PI.  XI,  figs.  2,  4-8.) 

Pydna  rubritincta  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  485  (1910). 

Of  this  species  I have  seen  a specimen  in  Mr  Clark’s  collection,  which  is  a 
duplicate  of  the  specimen  sent  to  Sir  George  Hampson  and  identified  by  him  as 
such.  This  specimen  and  my  own  agree  very  well  with  the  description  except 
that  the  postmedian  spots  go  beyond  vein  6,  right  up  to  the  costa;  my  speci- 
mens are  only  41  mm.,  not  44  mm.  They  come  from  Zululand  (Eshowe, 
Nkwaleni) ; Natal  (Sarnia)  and  Transvaal  (Barberton) ; all  collected  by  myself 
in  Dec.  and  Jan. 

The  markings  of  the  $ are  like  those  of  the  the  sexes  only  differ  in 
the  antennae. 

Spec.  auct. : Pydna  flavida  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  v.  p.  485  (1910). 

I have  not  seen  specimens  of  this  species,  which  is  recorded  from  Durban 
and  Charlestown  (Natal). 

Genus  POLELASSOTHYS  nov. 

(PI.  XII,  figs.  2-8.) 

Type  plumitarsus. 

$.  Proboscis  very  much  reduced,  almost  absent;  palpi  porrect,  short, 
hardly  reaching  frons,  consisting  of  two  joints  only;  first  joint  short,  covered 
with  rather  long  scales  and  hairs  at  sides  and  at  front;  second  joint  of  about  the 
same  length,  joined  with  a neck-like  part  to  the  first  joint,  sub-globular, 
ending  in  a sharp  point  and  covered  with  long  scales,  mixed  with  hairs;  eyes 
naked,  large,  round;  frons  fiat,  covered  with  scales  and  hairs;  antennae  of 
short,  less  than  half  of  costa,  basal  f rd  curved  downwards,  apical  third  upwards ; 
bipectinated  from  fth,  pecten  about  6 times  shaft;  first  joint  of  shaft  with  a tuft 
of  hairs  and  scales  in  front;  in  $ the  shaft  is  still  shorter,  pectinations  till  frd 
and  about  four  times  shaft;  thorax  covered  with  scales  mainly,  forming  a 

16 


230 


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slight  tuft  on  prothorax  and  a spreading  crest  on  metathorax;  abdomen 
covered  with  rather  long  hairs,  last  segment  with  a tuft  of  long  hairs  in  the  $ ; 
on  first  segment  a spreading  crest  of  scales;  femora  of  all  legs  thinly  covered  on 
inner  side  with  long  hairs ; all  tibiae  with  long  hairs  and  scales  in  front,  forming 
tufts;  fore  tibia  with  a process  a little  longer  than  tibia,  forming  a fluted  organ, 
narrow  at  upper  frd,  then  broadening  out  towards  tip,  then  acuminate;  the 
edges  of  the  process  are  covered  with  hairs  and  the  whole  is  somewhat  hidden 
in  the  hairs  on  inner  side  of  the  tibia ; mid  and  hind  tibiae  with  two  spurs  only  ; 
outer  spur  a little  longer  than  the  inner  one,  spurs  very  sharply  pointed, 
provided  with  two  ridges  of  teeth  for  nearly  frd  their  whole  length,  the  ridges 
converge  towards  the  point  and  the  spurs  are  for  the  greater  part  covered  with 
rather  long  hairs ; tarsi  armed  with  spines  and  covered  with  tufts  of  hairs  and 
scales  at  each  joint,  last  joint  with  such  a tuft  at  end  between  the  claws.  Fore 
wing  broad,  triangular;  costa  a little  arched  near  base,  then  straight;  apex 
rounded;  termen  somewhat  oblique,  curved,  a little  produced  at  veins  4 and  6; 
tornus  very  little  rounded ; inner  margin  somewhat  arched ; 1 b forked  at  base ; 
2 from  f th  lower  median ; 3 from  frd  2 to  4 ; 4 from  lower  angle ; 5 from  a little 
above  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  oblique  outwardly  and  somewhat 
curved;  6 from  upper  angle;  7,  9,  10  stalked;  8 absent;  7 from  9 at  before  frd; 
10  from  7,  9 at  a little  beyond  frd;  stalk  from  a little  before  upper  angle;  n 
from  beyond  frd  upper  median;  12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  semicircular; 
costa  somewhat  hollowed  out  at  middle;  apex  well  rounded;  termen  very 
oblique,  very  much  arched  and  somewhat  incurved  at  vein  5;  tornus  well 
rounded ; inner  margin  arched ; 1 a rather  long ; 1 b straight ; 2 from  lower  median 
before  frd;  3 from  fth  2 to  4;  4 from  lower  angle;  5 rather  weak,  but  present, 
from  just  above  middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  very  oblique  outwardly, 
each  half  being  somewhat  curved;  6 and  7 on  a stalk  of  over  half  and  from  upper 
angle;  8 free  at  base,  then  curved  towards  and  anastomosing  with  the  upper 
median  till  near  upper  angle,  then  curved  upwards  and  parallel  to  costa  for  the 
greater  part.  This  genus  is  more  reduced  than  any  other  Notodontid  known  to 
me,  especially  the  absence  of  the  third  joint  of  the  palpus  is  interesting. 


Polelassothys  Plumitarsus  spec.  nov. 

(PI.  XIV,  fig.  17;  PI.  XII,  figs.  2-8.) 

<J.  Most  hairs  and  scales  of  thorax,  ground  colour  of  both  wings  on  upper 
and  under  side  and  hairs  on  legs  pure  white;  scales  on  head  and  prothorax 
and  the  tuft  cinnamon  (xxix)  mixed  with  white  and  black;  metathoracic  tuft 
of  burnt  sienna  (ii)  scales  on  outer  side  and  metallic  urania-blue  (xxiv)  scales 
mixed  with  white  scales ; abdomen  white,  mixed  with  hair-brown  (xlvi)  hairs ; 
tuft  on  abdomen  of  orange-cinnamon  and  mikado-brown  (xxix)  scales;  palpi 
white,  tinged  with  orange-cinnamon  towards  tip  and  slightly  irrorated  with 
black;  shaft  of  antennae  white,  irrorated  with  dark  vinaceous-drab  (xlv); 
branches  Prout’s  brown;  fore  wing  densely  irrorated  beyond  sub-basal  line, 
except  before  antemedial  line,  between  lower  median  and  1 b,  with  very  fine 
black  points  with  which  each  scale  is  tipped,  so  as  to  produce  a pale  drab-grey 
(xlvi)  colour  when  viewed  without  a magnifying  glass ; the  lines  are  produced 
by  the  irroration  being  a little  more  dense  and  by  being  preceded  or  followed, 
or  both,  by  the  whitish  ground  colour;  a basal  line  of  fine  black  irroration  in 
pure  white  field,  almost  straight;  beyond  it,  to  sub-basal  line  a narrow  edging 
of  such  an  irroration  along  the  costa;  sub-basal  of  black  irroration  preceded 
by  almost  pure  white  field  and  followed  by  pure  white  line,  oblique  from  costa 


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231 


to  lower  median,  then  forming  a semicircular  curve  till  1 b,  then  erect  to  inner 
margin ; beyond  this  curved  part,  well  below  lower  median  and  well  above  1 b, 
the  antemedial  area  remains  pure  white,  except  for  a few  cinnamon-orange 
scales  here  and  there;  remainder  of  antemedial  area  irrorated  with  black  and 
here  and  there  at  costal  and  inner  marginal  area  with  some  orange-cinnamon 
scales,  especially  at  1 b ; antemedial  line  indistinct,  pinkish-cinnamon  (xxix) 
and  preceded  by  patches  of  black  and  orange-cinnamon  scales  mixed,  one 
below  costa,  two  in  cell,  a small  one  just  below  lower  median,  and  a large 
semilunar  patch  obliquely  above  1 b ; the  black  scales  are  somewhat  raised ; 
median  line  erect  to  lower  median,  then  incurved  between  lower  median  and 
inner  margin,  white,  preceded  and  followed  by  a rather  darker  black  irroration ; 
beyond  it  in  cell  and  below  lower  median,  as  far  as  postmedial  line,  some 
rather  dense  light  buff  (xv)  scaling,  covering  in  most  part  the  black  irroration; 
black  and  orange-cinnamon  raised  scales  on  discocellulars ; postmedial  like 
medial  line,  erect,  straight  from  costa  to  vein  4,  forming  a tooth  outwardly 
below  4,  then  curved  inwardly  below  vein  3,  then  to  inner  margin  long  before 
tornus;  most  of  the  terminal  area  beyond  this  line,  from  below  costa  to  vein 
5 and  narrowly  below  vein  5 as  far  as  vein  3 the  irroration  is  not  black,  but 
orange-cinnamon;  some  sub-terminal  black  scaling  on  veins  6, 7, 9, 10 ; a crescent 
mark  of  black  scales  on  and  between  4 and  5 and  a few  black  scales  on  and 
between  veins  ib,  2,  and  just  beyond  the  postmedial  line;  a dark  terminal 
shading,  caused  by  blacker  irroration  between  the  veins ; cilia  white  at  base, 
then  with  black  irroration,  and  terminally  with  bunches  of  large  orange- 
cinnamon  scales  on  the  veins,  mixed  with  carob-brown  (xiv)  and  light  buff 
scales  between  the  veins.  Hind  wing  pure  white;  some  fuscous  (xlvi)  scaling 
011  discocellulars,  along  costa  and  from  costa  a medial  scaling  of  same  colour 
as  far  as  stalk  6,  7 and  indistinctly  beyond  it  to  inner  margin;  a terminal 
fuscous  line  interrupted  on  the  veins  and  some  fuscous  hairs  at  tornus;  cilia 
white.  Under  side:  ground  colour  of  fore  wing  white,  densely  irrorated  with 
fuscous,  except  at  inner  marginal  area;  costal  edging  as  on  upper  side;  a dense 
fuscous  irroration  on  lower  discocellular  and  a similar  terminal  fuscous  shading 
between  the  veins;  cilia  as  above,  but  no  orange-cinnamon  scales;  hind  wing 
pure  white;  a fuscous  mark  on  upper  frd  of  discocellulars;  medial  line  very 
indistinct;  terminal  line  only  from  veins  4 to  8,  gradually  becoming  indistinct; 
cilia  white  with  a few  fuscous  scales  around  the  apex. 

Like  (J,  but  fore  wing  a little  lighter  in  colour;  area  between  postmedial 
and  sub-terminal  from  costa  to  vein  3 paler  yellow-orange  (iii),  less  densely 
irrorated  with  orange-cinnamon ; hind  wing  with  nearly  the  whole  area  thinly 
irrorated  with  fuscous.  Under  side  as  in  g,  except  for  some  white  triangular 
patches  between  the  veins  and  before  the  terminal  shading  from  apex  to 
vein  3. 

Exp.  <$,  28  mm.;  $,  35  mm. 

Hab.  $ type  from  Sawmills  (S.  Rhodesia),  1.  2.  T8  (Janse);  $ type  from 
Waterberg,  Dec.  (Jutrezencka)  and  another  from  Waterberg  distr.  in  Oct.  1911 
(van  Niekerk)  in  collection  Transvaal  Museum. 


232 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Genus  ANAPHE. 

(Pl.  XI,  figs.  9-16;  Pl.  XII,  fig.  1.) 

Anaphe  Wlk.  Cat.  iv.  p.  856  (1855). 

Wlshm.  Trans.  Lin.  Soc.  Lond.  2.  n.  p.  421  (1885). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  89. 

(Larva)  Carl  Fromholz.  Bert,  entom.  Zeits.  Bd.  xvii.  Heft  1.  pp.  9-13 
(1883). 

Butl.  A .M.N.H.  8.  xix.  p.  462. 

Arctiomorpha  Herr.-Schaff.  Aussereur.  Schmett.  1.  p.  11  (1855). 

Henosis  Wllgrn.  Kongl.  Vet.  Akad.  Hand l.  2.  v.  No.  4,  p.  51  (1865). 

Type  reticulata. 

3,  $.  Proboscis  absent;  palpi  obliquely  porrect,  just  reaching  frons,  two 
jointed;  second  joint  about  two  times  first  joint,  slightly  curved  and  gradually 
tapering  to  a point;  rather  densely  clothed  with  moderate  hairs  in  front; 
eyes  rounded,  naked,  large;  antennae  about  to  middle  of  costa,  bipectinated 
till  tip;  branches  in  $ about  5 times  shaft,  in  $ about  two  times;  branches 
ciliated  anteriorly  and  ending  in  a point  which  is  directed  forwardly;  first 
joint  of  shaft  globular  and  with  some  moderate  hairs  in  front;  fore  tibia  with 
a short  process  which  is  spirally  twisted  outwardly  and  entirely  hidden  in 
long  dense  hairs ; mid  and  hind  tibiae  with  two  spurs  only,  which  are  moderate 
in  length,  covered  with  hairs  and  ending  in  a slightly  curved  point  which  has 
two  rows  of  teeth,  as  in  Zana,  etc. ; mid  and  hind  femora  with  long  hairs  on 
outer  side ; tibiae  with  long  hairs  on  inner  side ; tarsi  with  appressed  hairs  and 
without  spines.  Fore  wing  sub-triangular;  costa  straight;  apex  rounded; 
termen  oblique  and  evenly  curved;  tornus  rounded;  inner  margin  straight; 
1 b straight,  indistinctly  forked  at  base ; 2 from  beyond  f rd  of  lower  median ; 
3 from  near  lower  angle,  4 from  lowejr  angle ; 5 rather  weak,  from  a little  above 
middle  of  discocellulars,  which  are  almost  erect  and  nearly  straight;  6 and  stalk 
of  7,  8,  9,  10  from  upper  angle;  7 from  stalk  at  |rd  full  length  of  7;  9 from  8 
at  frd  origin  of  8 to  apex;  10  from  f of  stalk  8,  9;  11  from  near  upper  angle; 
12  straight,  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  triangular;  costa  almost  straight; 
apex  and  tornus  well  rounded;  termen  very  oblique  and  well  rounded;  inner 
margin  slightly  curved;  1 a straight ; 1 b somewhat  curved ; 2 from  beyond  frd 
lower  median ; 3 from  near  lower  angle ; 4 from  lower  angle ; 5 weak  and  from 
above  middle  of  discocellulars  which  are  outwardly  oblique;  6 and  7 on  a 
stalk  of  nearly  frd  full  length  of  7 ; and  from  upper  angle ; 8 curved  upwards 
near  base,  then  approximated  to  upper  median,  then  oblique  to  apex,  not 
connected  to  upper  median  with  a bar;  thorax  clothed  with  long  hair;  abdo- 
men of  $ ending  in  a tuft  of  long  loose  hairs  as  found  in  Euproctis,  etc. 

This  is  a very  peculiar  genus,  both  for  structure  and  for  larval  habits;  the 
absence  of  the  tongue,  the  two  jointed  palpi  and  the  venation  of  the  fore  wing 
are  unusual  and  the  abdominal  tuft  in  the  $ is  a character  not  found  in  any 
of  the  Notodontids  dealt  with  before. 

Walker  and  other  writers  have  placed  this  genus  under  the  Lymantriadae, 
which  is  decidedly  wrong;  on  the  other  hand  it  shows  family  characters  of  the 
Striphnopterygidae,  but  as  clearly  shown  by  Prof.  AurivilJius  in  Bihang  till 
Kongl.  Svensk.  Vet.  Akad.  Hand l.  Bd.  27.  Abt.  iv.  No.  7,  pp.  3 and  4,  the  venation 
of  the  fore  wing  is  mainly  as  in  the  Notodontidae,  while  in  the  former  family  vein 
10  is  either  absent  or  comes  at  any  rate  from  the  stalk  farther  from  the  cell 
than  vein  8,  while  in  the  Notodontids  vein  8 is  always  farther  from  the  cell  than 
ein  10.  It  is  remarkable,  however,  that  the  venation  of  the  fore  wing  of 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


233 


reticulata  is  far  from  constant.  I have  three  normal  specimens,  six  have  vein  9 
absent;  two  have  vein  9 stalked  with  10,  this  stalk  being  very  short;  two 
specimens  have  veins  8,  9,  10  from  a point.  In  panda  two  specimens  are  normal 
and  five  have  vein  9 absent.  Evidently  the  presence  of  vein  10  and  the  well- 
developed  frenulum  on  both  sexes  would  be  the  only  characters  that  keep  this 
genus  out  of  the  Striphnopterygidae.  The  study  of  the  caterpillar,  especially 
that  of  the  first  instar,  may  throw  some  light  on  the  true  position  of  this  genus. 
The  caterpillars  live  in  colonies,  which  again  is  not  recorded  from  any  other 
Notodontids,  I think;  they  make  large  nests  of  silk,  in  which  they  live  in  the 
larval  stages  as  well  as  during  pupation.  The  nest  may  contain  nearly  300 
specimens  and  is  usually  heavily  parasitized  by  flies  or  wasps.  A Phycitid 
(. Zophodiopsis  hyaenella ) is  also  supposed  to  invest  the  nest  of  panda. 

Only  two  species  are  found  so  far  in  South  Africa,  and  may  be  separated 
as  follows: 

la.  A brown  line  on  fore  wing  from  near  base  along  inner  margin  to 
medial  line,  and  another  from  inner  margin  near  base  to  median 
line  just  below  lower  median  ....  reticulata 
b.  Fore  wing  with  area  from  base  to  median  line  entirely  white,  except 
along  costa,  where  there  is  a brown  edging  as  in  reticulata  panda 


Anaphe  Reticulata. 

(PI.  XI,  figs.  9-16;  PI.  XII,  fig.  1.) 

Anaphe  reticulata  Wlk.  Cat.  iv.  p.  856  (1855). 

Wlshm.  Trans.  Lin.  Soc.  Lond.  2.  11.  p.  422  (1885). 

Dist.  A.M.N.H.  6.  xx.  p.  204  (1897). 

Dist.  Ins.  Transv.  iv.  p.  90,  PI.  VIII,  fig.  6 (1903). 
Arctiomorpha  euprepiaeformis  Herr.-Schaff.  Aussereur.  Schmett.  fig.  434  (1856). 

This  species  also  makes  nests  as  recorded  of  panda.  I found  such  a nest  at 
Barberton  and  bred  several  specimens  out  of  it,  together  with  specimens  of  a 
Hymenopterous  and  a Dipterous  parasite. 

My  other  specimens  are  from  S.  Rhodesia  (Salisbury,  Umvuma);  Transvaal 
(Three  Sisters,  Kourulene)  and  Natal  (Umkomaas).  The  parasites  emerged  in 
Oct.  and  the  moth  came  out  in  Dec. 

The  Rhodesia  specimens  have  the  dark  stripes  of  the  fore  wing  almost  black 
and  not  brown  as  in  the  Transvaal  and  Natal  specimens. 


Anaphe  Panda. 

Anaphe  panda  Boisd.  Voy.  Delegorgue  en  Afr.  Austr.  tom.  11.  p.  600  (1847). 

Wlshm.  Trans.  Lin.  Soc.  Lond.  2.  11.  p.  425,  PI.  44,  45,  fig.  7 
(1884). 

(Larva)  Carl  Fromholz.  Berl.  entom.  Zeits.  Bd.  xvn.  Heft  1, 
pp.  9-13  (1883). 

I never  found  the  nest  of  this  species,  but  caught  my  specimens  by  lamp- 
light at  Three  Sisters,  Sarnia,  Umkomaas,  in  Jan. 


16—3 


234 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


Genus  EPANAPHE. 

(PL  XII,  figs.  9-14.) 

Epanaphe  Auriv.  Arkiv for  Zoologi,  Bd.  2.  No.  4,  p.  8 (1904). 

Type  moloneyi  Druce.  Description  from  clarilla. 

<$,  $.  Proboscis  absent;  palpi  porrect,  fringed  with  some  long  hairs  in  front 
and  well  beyond  frons,  two  jointed ; second  joint  nearly  two  times  first  joint ; eyes 
round,  moderate,  naked;  antennae  of  nearly  till  middle  of  costa,  in  $ shorter, 
bipectinated  to  apex,  branches  in  three  times  shaft,  in  $ two  times,  all  pointed 
at  ends  as  in  Anaphe,  but  not,  or  hardly  ciliated;  shaft  well  scaled  above,  first 
joint  globular  and  with  a short  tuft  of  hairs;  fore  tibia  with  an  inwardly  curved 
process,  not  quite  reaching  end  of  tibia  in  <J,  in  $ much  shorter  still;  femurs  of  all 
legs  with  long  hairs  on  upper  and  under  side;  tibia  with  long  hairs,  especially 
on  inner  side  of  fore  leg  and  on  outer  side  of  hind  leg ; mid  and  hind  tibiae  with 
two  moderate  spurs  each,  which  are  as  in  Anaphe ; tarsi  of  all  legs  fringed  with 
very  long  spreading  hairs  on  each  joint.  Fore  wing  triangular;  costa  gently 
arched ; termen  straight,  oblique ; inner  margin  curved  at  £rd ; apex  and  tornus 
rounded ; 1 h indistinctly  forked  at  base ; 2 from  well  beyond  middle  of  lower 
median ; 3 from  near  lower  angle ; 4 from  lower  angle  and  well  curved ; 5 absent ; 
discocellulars  very  oblique  at  lower  frd,  erect  at  upper  third,  where  there  is 
an  indistinct  veinlet  in  the  cell;  6,  7,  8,  10  stalked  and  from  upper  angle;  stalk 
of  6 very  short;  7 from  beyond  ^rd  upper  angle. to  apex;  8 to  apex;  9 absent; 
10  from  8 at  about  £rd  upper  angle  to  apex;  11  from  near  upper  angle,  parallel 
to  stalk  and  vein  8;  12  parallel  to  costa.  Hind  wing  triangular;  costa  gently 
arched  at  middle;  termen  curved  from  vein  2 to  6 and  very  oblique;  inner 
margin  well  curved  at  1 a;  apex  and  tornus  well  rounded;  1 a and  1 b somewhat 
curved;  2 from  beyond  middle  of  lower  median;  3 from  fth  2 to  4;  4 from  lower 
angle;  5 absent;  discocellulars  at  lower  frd  very  oblique  and  straight;  upper 
third  erect;  a trace  of  a veinlet  in  the  cell;  6 and  7 on  a stalk  of  half  of  7 and 
from  upper  angle;  8 closely  approximated  to  upper  median  and  almost 
touching  it  at  basal  third.  Head  and  thorax  with  rather  long  loose  hairs; 
abdomen  of  $ with  a broad  hair-tuft  as  in  Anaphe;  in  <$  with  a short  tuft  of 
spreading  hairs. 

I have  no  doubt  that  this  genus  is  closely  allied  to  Anaphe  and  most  pro- 
bably it  is  a development  of  that  genus.  The  absence  of  vein  5 in  both  wings 
could  be  expected  in  such  a development,  as  these  veins  are  already  very  weak 
in  Anaphe;  the  absence  of  vein  9 in  the  fore  wing  could  also  be  anticipated 
judging  by  the  behaviour  of  veins  9 and  10  in  that  genus.  I think,  however, 
that  in  Epanaphe  this  vein  has  disappeared  through  absorption  and  not 
through  coalescence,  as  there  is  a rather  sharp  bend  in  vein  8 from  where  vein 
9 may  be  supposed  to  have  been.  Only  one  species  is  found  in  South  Africa, 
which  according  to  Aurivillius  may  be  a local  race  of  clara,  and  which  is  at  any 
rate  closely  allied  to  that  species. 

Epanaphe  Clarilla. 

(PL  XII,  figs.  9-14.) 

Epanaphe  clarilla  Auriv.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Land.  p.  699,  PL  XXXIII,  fig.  10  (1904) . 

This  species  differs  from  clara  in  the  cilia  of  both  wings  being  pure  white  and 
the  fore  wing  being  white  on  the  under  side  with  a very  narrow  costal  edging 
only.  This  species  seems  to  be  confined  to  Mashonaland,  as  I have  not  met  with 
it  elsewhere. 

I have  a<J  and  two  $s  from  Salisbury,  in  Jan.  and  Dec. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


235 


GENERA  AUCTORUM. 

Brachionycha  Punctulata. 

Brachionycha  Htibn.  Verz.  p.  144  (1822). 

B.  punctulata  Wlk.  Cat.  vn.  p.  1750  (1856). 

The  species  nubeculosa  and  sphinx  ( cassinea ) for  which  this  genus  was  created 
are  distinctly  Noctuids  and  are  placed  by  all  modern  classifiers  in  this  group, 
though  Walker  and  Kirby  place  them  in  the  Notodontidae.  Meyrick  gives 
this  genus  as  a synonym  of  Asteroscopus  Boisd. 

Whether  the  species  punctulata  belongs  to  this  genus  or  not  is  impossible 
for  me  to  say,  as  the  species  is  unrecognisable  from  the  description  and  I have 
not  seen  a specimen  which  can  be  placed  here  with  certainty. 

Catochria  Catocaloides. 

Catochria  Herr.-Schaff.  Aussereur.  Schmett.  1.  p.  67  (1855). 

C.  catocaloides  Herr.-Schaff.  l.c.  fig.  380  (1855). 

Sir  George  Hampson  informs  me,  that  this  species  is  unknown  to  him. 

Datana  Ruficollis. 

Datana  Wlk.  Cat.  v.  p.  1060  (1855). 

D.  ruficollis  Wlk.  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  3.  1.  p.  271  (1862). 

Sir  George  Hampson  has  kindly  informed  me,  that  the  genus  Datana  is 
purely  an  American  genus  and  that  through  the  kindness  of  Prof.  Poulton, 
he  has  been  able  to  see  the  type  of  ruficollis,  which  is  in  the  Oxford  Museum. 
He  found  that  D.  ruficollis  Wlk.  is  the  same  as  D.  ministra  Drury  from  North 
America  and  that  the  type  specimen  must  have  a wrong  label  attached. 

SOMERA  POLIOSTROTA . 

Somera  Wlk.  Cat.  iv.  p.  882  (1855). 

S , poliostrota  Hmpsn.  A.M.N.H.  8.  vol.  v.  p.  463  (1910). 

Sir  George  was  kind  enough  to  send  me  the  following  description  of  this 
genus,  based  on  5.  poliostrota:  Palpi  obliquely  upturned  to  about  middle  of 
frons  and  fringed  with  long  hairs  in  front,  third  joint  as  long  as  second  and 
porrect,  smooth;  eyes  smooth;  antennae  with  long  branches,  about  six  times 
shaft,  to  apex ; hind  tibia  with  two  pairs  of  spurs ; thorax  and  abdomen  without 
crests;  fore  wing  rather  narrow,  the  apex  somewhat  produced,  no  pecten  on 
inner  margin,  vein  3 wel]  before  angle,  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars,  6 from 
upper  angle,  9 and  10  anastomosing  with  8 to  form  a short  areole  of  about  |bh 
to  apex;  hind  wing  with  3 and  4 from  angle,  5 from  middle  of  discocellulars, 
6 and  7 stalked. 


GENERA  OMITTED. 

ATRASANA.  The  species  postica  placed  in  this  genus  before,  is  to  be  placed 
in  Hoplitis. 

INOUS  is  a Limacodid. 

OSICA  Wlk.  is  a genus  from  Queensland  and  N.  Guinea.  The  species  veru- 
lama  B.  Baker  placed  before  in  this  genus  is  the  same  as  A . bicolor. 
EUTIMIA  in  which  marpissa  is  placed,  is  Zana  spurcata. 


236 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


ALPHABETICAL  INDEX 


agramma  (Desmeocraera),  191 
agramma  (Phyllaliodes),  192 
albicans  (Pseudorethona),  169 
albicostata  (Scalmicauda),  160 
albida  (Antheua),  178 
Amyops,  206 
Anaphe,  232 
anodonta  (Zana),  222 
Antheua,  175 

A RCTIOMORPHA , 232 

argentescens  (Cerura),  171 
Atrasana,  203 
atribasalis  (Desmeocraera),  191 
atrifrons  (Scrancia),  2 1 1 
atriguttata  (Desmeocraera),  186 
aurifodinae  (Antheua),  179 

basalis  (Desmeocraera),  186 
basipuncta  (Antheua),  178 
bicolor  (Antheua),  180 
bifasciata  (Cerura),  17 1 
Brachionycha,  235 
Breyeria,  213 
brunnea  (Eurystaura),  216 

calliope  (Desmeocraera),  186 
Campyloctys,  219 
canescens  (Desmeocraera),  188 
Catochria,  235 
Cerura,  170 
Chadisra,  200 
cinerea  (Taeniopteryx),  212 
clarilla  (Epanaphe),  234 
concolor  (Ploplitis),  204 
congruata  (Phycitimorpha),  209 
consanguinea  (Antheua),  180 
Crambometra,  218 
croceipuncta  (Antheua),  178 
curvilinea  (Chadisra),  201 

dasychira  (Ramesa),  223 
dasychiroides  (Breyeria),  214 
dasychiroides  (Hoplitis),  204 
Datana,  235 

derelicta  (Crambometra),  219 


Desmeocraera,  183 
dimorpha  (Antheua),  180 

elegans  (Leucophalera),  199 
encausta  (Antheua),  179 
Epanaphe,  234 
ephippiata  ( Sirenopyga :),  177 
esmeralda  (Cerura),  172 
euprepiaeformis  {Anaphe),  233 
Eurystaura,  216 
Eutimia,  221 

flavida  (Pydna),  229 
fuscata  (Polienus),  225 

Galona,  205 
gigas  (Amyops),  207 
gladstonei  (Campyloctys),  220 
griseitincta  (Scalmicauda),  160 
griseiviridis  (Desmeocraera),  19 1 

Henosis,  232 

heterogyna  (Scalmicauda),  159 
hierax  (Pararethona),  174 
Hoplitis,  203 
Hybocampa,  203 
Hypophiala,  192 

ianthina  {Desmeocraera),  186 
ICHTHYURA,  l6l 
imitata  (Phalera),  196 
impedita  (Stenostaura),  215 
incana  (Desmeocraera),  189 
interpellatrix  (Desmeocraera),  185 

lentisignata  (Ichthyura),  162 
Leucophalera,  199 
lignitea  (Phalera),  197 
Lophopteryx, 166 
lydenburgi  (Phalera),  197 

macrodonta  (Ramesa),  223 
marpissa  (Zana),  222 
marshalli  (Cerura),  173 
mediata  (Stauropus),  195 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


237 


melanogramma  (Hypophiala),  193 
Melebaeas , 206 
mixta  (Antheua),  182 
modestus  (Polienus),  224 

Netria , 194 

nigrosparsa  (Polienus),  225 
noctuiformis  (Pectinophora),  165 
Notoxantha,  217 

octoginta  (Desmeocraera),  191 
o’neili  (Prionocentrum),  226 
o’neili  (Scalmicauda),  160 
ornata  (Rigema),  198 
Osica,  180 

panda  (Anaphe),  233 
Pararethona, 173 
Pectinophora,  164 
pergrisea  (Desmeocraera),  19 1 
peringueyi  (Antheua),  182 
persimilis  (Chadisra),  202 
Phalera,  195 
Phycitimorpha,  208 
Phyllaliodes,  192 
phyllocampa  (Hoplitis),  204 
platti  (Desmeocraera),  190 
plumitarsus  (Polelassothys),  230 
Polelassothys,  229 
Polienus,  223 
postica  (Hoplitis),  204 
Prionocentrum,  226 

PSEUDORETHONA,  l68 

Pydna,  228 

pyrrotricha  ( Galona ),  206 

Ramesa,  222 
reticulata  (Anaphe),  233 
Rigema,  197 


roseotincta  (Ichthyura),  163 
rosinaria  (Chadisra),  202 
rubrifascia  (Pydna),  229 
rubritincta  (Pydna),  229 

Scalmicauda,  158 
Scrancia,  210 
semiflava  (Chadisra),  202 
serena  (Galona),  206 
sesamiodes  (Notoxantha),  218 
simplex  (Antheua),  177 
S/RENOPYGA,  I75 
SOMERA,  235 
spiritalis  (Cerura),  173 
spurcata  ( Antheua ),  222 
Stauropus,  194 
steniptera  (Desmeocraera),  191 
Stenostaura,  215 
Stictica  (Scrancia),  21 1 
stigmatica  (Phycitimorpha),  208 
swierstrae  (Cerura),  173 

Taeniopteryx,  212 
thalassina  (Desmeocraera),  187 
tricolor  (Antheua),  179 
tripuncta  (Desmeocraera),  189 

uncifera  (Chadisra),  202 
uniformis  (Lophopteryx),  167 

varia  {Antheua),  179 
varia  (Desmeocraera),  187 
vernalis  (Desmeocraera),  186 
verulama  {Osica),  180 
violacearia  (Ichthyura),  163 

woerdeni  (Rigema),  198 

Zana,  221 


CAMBRIDGE:  PRINTED  BY  J.  B.  PEACE,  M.A.,  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS. 


PLATES  I— XIV 


ERRATA 


Plate  I add  Fig.  6.  Ichthyura  roseotincta  $ . — Wings  x 2. 

Plate  V,  Figs.  11-14,  for  Amyopa- read  Atnyops 

Plate  V,  Fig.  19  and  Plate  IX,  Figs.  18-23,  for  Bumuparia  nigropulverata  read 
Crambometra  derelicta. 

Plate  V,  Fig.  20,  for  Campyloctis  read  Campyloctys. 


Plate  1. 


Fig.  1.  Scalmi  cauda  a bicostatd  $. — Wings  x 1^. 

Fig.  2.  Sc.  heterog  gna  — Head  and  thorax  X 2^. 

Fig.  3.  Sc.  albicostata  <$. — Head  and  tho  ax  X 2^. 

Fig.  4.  Sc.  o'neili  $. — Head  and  thorax  X 2J. 

Fig.  5.  Sc.  o'neili. — Portion  of  antenna  X 5. 

Fig.  7.  Pectinophora  noctuiformis  <$  X 2. 

Fig.  8.  Lophopteryx  uniforms  $ x 1 

Fig.  9.  Pseudo rethona  albtcans  $ X 2. 

Fig.  10.  Cerur  a spirit  alls  $ X H- 

Figs.  11-16.  Pararethona  hierax  $.  — Fig.  11,  wings  X 2\  ; 
fig.  12,  tip  of  antenna  X 6 ; fig.  13,  hind  leg  X 6 ; fig.  14,  mid  spur  of 
hind  leg  X 16  ; fig.  15,  palpus  X 6 ; fig.  16,  fore  leg  X 6. 

Figs.  17-20.  Antheua. — Fig.  17,  A.  tricolor  X 1|  ; fig.  18, 
A . simplex  X 1^  ; fig.  19,  A.  croceipu  eta  (not  typical)  X 1^  ; fig.  20, 
A bi color  (not  typical)  X l|| 

Fig.  21.  Desmeocr cer a inter pell atrix  $ X 1§. 

Figs.  22-24.  Phyllaliodes  agr amnia  $.  — Fig.  22,  wing  x 1J; 
fig.  23,  denuded  fore  legs  (outside  view)  X 6 ; fig.  24,  same  turned  one 
quarter  X 6. 

Fig.  25.  Antheua  dimorpha  $,  wings  X 2. 

Figs.  26-27.  Hypophiala  meldno gramma  §. — Fig.  26,  fore  wing 
X 1 1 ; fig.  27,  hind  wing  X 1^. 


Plate  I. 


Plate  II 


17. 


Janse  del.  ad  nat. 


Plate  II. 

Figs.  1-5.  Sealmieauda  albicostata  <$. — Fig.  1,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  2, 
process  of  fore  leg  (inside  view)  X 36 ; fig.  3,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  4, 
end  spur  of  hind  leg  X 36 ; fig.  5,  palpus  X 12. 

Figs.  6-10.  Ichthyura  roseotincta  Fig.  6,  side  view  of  head  and 
thorax  X 3 ; fig.  7,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  8,  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  9,  hind  leg 
X 5 ; fig.  10,  palpus  X 10. 

Figs.  11-17.  Peetinophora  motuiformis  — Fig.  11,  fore  leg  X 5 ; 

fig.  12,  fore  leg  denuded  (inside  view)  X 11  ; fig.  13,  foreleg  denuded 
(outside  view)  X 11  ; fig.  14,  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  15,  hind  leg  X 5 ; 
fig.  16,  palpus  X 11  ; fig.  17,  portion  of  antenna  x 11. 

Figs.  18-23.  Lophopteryx  uniformis  <$. — Fig.  18,  antenna  X 5 ; 
fig.  19,  fore  leg  X 5 fig.  20,  process  of  fore  leg  X 15  ; fig.  21,  mid  leg 
X 6 ; fig.  22,  hind  leg  X 5 : fig.  23,  palpus  X 15. 


Plate  III. 


Figs.  1-6.  Pseudorethona  albicans  $.■ — Fig.  1,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  2, 
fore  tibia  denuded  X 11  ; fig.  3,  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  4,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  5, 
spurs  of  hind  tibia  X 18  ; fig.  6,  palpus  X 5. 

Figs.  7-9.  Ccrura  spiritalis  $. — Fig.  7,  palpus  X 11  ; fig.  8,  basal 
part  of  antenna  X 11;  fig.  9,  portion  of  shaft  of  antenna  with  a branch 
X 35. 

Figs.  10-15.  A ntheua  tricolor  — Fig.  10,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  11, 
process  of  fore  leg  X 12  ; fig.  12,  mid  leg  X 11  ; fig.  13,  hind  leg  X 5 ; 
fig.  14,  spur  of  hind  leg  X 12;  fig.  15,  palpus  X 12. 

Figs.  16-18.  A.  encausta  <$. — Fig.  16,  fore  tibia  X 5;  fig.  17,  fore 
tibia  with  process  turned  to  show  inner  side  X 5 ; fig.  18,  palpus  X 11. 

Figs.  19-23.  A.  croceipuncta  — Fig.  19,  fore  tibia  X 5 ; fig.  20, 
fore  tibia  turned  one  quarter  X 5 ; fig.  21,  process  of  fore  tibia  seen 
from  inner  side  X 5 ; fig.  22,  palpus  X 11  ; fig.  23,  antenna  X 5. 

Figs.  24-25.  A.  bicolcr  — Fig.  24,  fore  tibia  with  removed 
process  X 11  ; fig.  25,  palpus  X 11. 

Fig.  26.  Fore  tibia  of  A.  simplex  x 11. 

Figs.  27-30.  A.  aurifodince. — Fig.  27,  fore  tibia  X 11  ; fig.  28, 
process  of  fore  tibia  turned  one  quarter  X 11  ; fig.  29,  same  process 
turned  half-way  X 18;  fig.  30,  palpus  X 11. 


Plate  III. 


Plate  IV. 


Jaase  del.  ad.  nat. 


Plate  IV. 

Figs.  1-3.  Desmeocrcera  inter  pellatrix  <$. — Fig.  1,  fore  tibia  X 11 ; 
fig.  2,  hind  tibia  X 11  ; fig.  3,  palpus  X 11. 

Figs.  4-5.  D.  calliope. — Fig.  4,  hind  tibia  X 11  ; fig.  5,  palpus  X 11. 

Figs.  6-9. — Palpi  X 11  : fig.  6 of  D.  rernalis fig.  7 of  D.  varia; 
fig.  8 of  D.  atriguttata  ; fig.  9 of  D.  thalassina. 

Figs.  10-11.  Antennas  X 5 : fig.  10  of  D.  inter pellatrix  ; fig.  11  of 
D.  steniptera. 

Fig.  12.  Fore  tibia  ,of  D.  steniptera  X 11  ; fig.  13,  palpus  of  same 

X 11.  , 

Figs.  14-17.  Antheua  dimorphaQ. — Fig.  14,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  15, 
mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  16,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  17,  palpus  X 11. 

Figs.  18-19.  Phyllaliodes  agramma  Fig.  18,  hind  leg  X 5 ; 
fig.  19,  palpus  X 11. 

Figs.  20-24.  Hypophiala  melanogramma  $•— Fig.  20,  fore  tibia 
with  process  from  the  inner  side  X 11  ; fig.  21,  same  turned  one  quarter 
X 11;  fig.  22,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  23,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  24,  palpus 

X 11. 


Plate  V. 


Figs.  1-3.  Cerura  spiritalis  $. — Fig.  1,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  2,  hind 
leg  X 5 ; fig.  3,  spurs  of  hind  leg  X 17. 

Fig.  4.  Stauropus  mediata  $,  wings  X 2. 

Fig.  5.  Phalera  imitata  wings  X 1£. 

Fig.  6.  P/i.  lydenburgi  tip  of  fore  wing  X 1 
Fig.  7.  Rigema  ornata  wings  X 1£. 

Fig.  8.  Leucophalera  clegans  wings  X 1. 

Fig.  9.  Chadura  curvilinea  $,  wings  X 2. 

Fig.  10.  Galona  serena  wings  x H. 

Figs.  11-14.  Anngopa  gigas  — Fig.  11,  wings  X 1 ; fig.  12,  fore 
leg  X 2^  ; fig.  13,  mid  leg  X 2\  ; fig.  14,  hind  leg  X 2£. 

Fig.  15.  Scrancia  stictica  $,  wings  X lfl 
Fig.  16.  Breyeria  dasychiroides  <$,  wings  X 
Fig.  17.  Stenostaura ■ impedita  $,  wings  X 2j. 

Fig.  18.  Notoxantha  sesamiodes  <$,  wings  x 2. 

Fig.  19.  Burnuparia  nig ropulverata  wings  X 2. 

Fig.  20.  Campyloetis  gladstonei  wings  X 2. 

Fig.  21.  Zana  marpissa  wings  X 2. 

Fig.  22.  Zana  anodonta  rf,  apical  part  of  fore  wing  X 
Fig.  23.  Ramesa  macrodonta  $,  X 1. 


Plate  V. 


Plate  VI 


Plate  VI. 


Figs.  1-7.  Stauropys  mediata  <$.—  Fig.  1,  palpus  X 11  ; fig.  2, 
fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  3,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  4,  antenna  X 5 ; fig.  5,  inner 
spur  of  hind  tibia  X 65  (side  view)  ; fig.  6,  apical  part  of  same  spur  seen 
from  the  top  X 65  ; fig.  7,  outer  spur  of  hind  leg  (side  view)  X 65. 

Figs.  8-14.  Plialera  imitata  Fig.  8,  foreleg  X 5;  fig.  9, 
process  of  fore  tibia  X 11  (inner  side) ; fig,  10,  same  turned  one  quarter  : 
fig.  11,  same  seen  from  the  outside,  all  X 11  ; fig.  12,  mid  leg  X 5; 
fig.  13,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  14,  palpus  X -11. 

Figs.  15-21.  lllgema  ornata  — Fig.  15,  fore  leg,  X 5;  fig.  16, 
process  of  fore  tibia  (from  outside)  X 11  ; fig.  17,  same  seen  from  inner 
side  ; fig.  18,  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  19,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  20,  end  spur  of 
hind  leg  X 34  ; fig, -21,  palpus  X 11. 

Figs.  22-25.  Leucophalera  elegans  Fig.  22,  palpus  X 11  ; 
fig.-23,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  24,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  25,  terminal  part  of  spur 
from  hind  leg  X 34. 

Figs,  26-28.  Chadisra. — Fig.  26,  head  of  Ch.  rosinaria  £ x 5 ; 
fig.  29,  palpus  of  Ch.  curvilinea  $ X 11;  fig  28,  lower  portion  of 
antenna  of  same  X 11. 


Plate  VII. 

Figs.  1-6.  Chadisra  curvilinea  $. — Fig.  1,  foreleg  X 5 ; fig.  2, 
process  of  fore  tibia  X 31  ($)  ; fig.  3,  same  of  $ ; fig.  1,  mid  leg  X 5 ; 

fig.  5,  spur  of  hind  tibia  X 31  ; fig.  6,  hind  leg  X 3. 

Figs  7-12.  Hoplitis  dasyckiroides  — Fig..  7,  wings  X 2 ; fig.  8, 

fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  9,  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  10,  terminal  part  of  spur  of  mid 

tibia  X 31  ; fig.  11.  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  12,  palpus  X 11. 

Figs.  13-17.  Galana  serena  <$.—  Fig.:  13,  antenna  X 5 ; fig.  14, 
palpus  X 11  ; fig.  15,  foie  leg  X 5. ; fig.  16,  mid  leg  X .5  ; fig.  17,  hind 
leg  X 5. 

Figs.  1 8—19.  Amy  ops  gigas  <$. — Fig.  18,  antenna  X 5 ; fig.  19, 
palpus  X 20. 


Plate  VII. 


Janse  del.  ad  nat. 


Plate  VIII. 

Figs.  1-5.  Phycitimorpha  stigmatica  — Fig.  1,  fore  wings  X 3 ; 
fig.  2,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  3,  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  4,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  5, 
palpus  X 11. 

Figs.  6-13.  Scrancia  stietica  <j>.  — Fig.  6,  i fore  leg  X 5;  fig.  7,' 
process  of  fore  tibia  X 11  ; fig.  8,  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  9,  hind  leg  X 5 ; 

fig.  10,  palpus  X 11  ; fig.  11,  antenna  X 5 ; fig.  12,  head  from  side  X 5 ; 

fig.  13,  head  from  above  X 5. 

Figs.  14-19.  Tceniopteryx  cinerea  — Fig.  14,  wings  X 5 ; fig.  15, 

fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  16,  fore  leg  denuded  X 11  ; fig.  17,  mid  leg  X 5 ; 
fig.  18,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  19,  palpus  X 11. 

Figs.  20-25.  Breyeria  dasychiroides  — Fig.  20,  fore  leg  X 5 ; 

fig.  21,  fore  tibia  X 11  ; fig.  22,  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  23,  hind  leg  X 5 ; 

fig.  24,  palpus  X 11  ; fig.  25,  head  and  thorax  X 5. 


Plate  IX. 


Figs.  1-4.  Stenostaura  impedita  — Fig.  1,  fore  leg  X 11  ; fig-  2, 
hind  leg  X 11  ; fig.  3,  antenna  X 11  ; fig.  4,  palpus  X 64. 

Figs..  5-9.  0urystaura  brunnea  — Fig.  5,  wings  of  $ X 3 ; fig.  6, 
fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  7„  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  8,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  9,  palpus 

X 11. 

Figs.  10-17.  Notoxantlia  sesamiodes  — Fig.  10,  fore  leg  X 5; 
fig.  11,  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  12,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  13,  portion  of  antenna 

X 34  ; fig.  14,  antenna  X 5 ; fig.  15,  palpus  X 11  ; fig.  16,  head  with 

frons  denuded  X 5 ; fig.  17,  head  (side  view)  X 5. 

Figs.  18-23.  Burnuparia  mgropulverata  — -Fig.  18,  antenna  X 
5 ; fig.  19,  palpus  X 11  ; fig.  20,  fore  leg  X 11  ; .fig.  21,  mid  leg  X 5 ; 

fig.  22,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  23,  mid  spur  of  hind  leg  X 20. 

Figs.  24-29.  Zana  marpissa  — Fig.  24,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  25, 
fore  leg  from  inner  side  (denuded)  X 11  ; fig.  26,  same  seen  from  the 
outer  side  X 11  ; fig.  27,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  28,  mid  spur  of  hind  tibia 
X 20  ; fig.  29,  palpus  X ll. 


Plate  IX. 


Plate  X 


Janse  del.  ad  nat. 


Plate  X. 


Figs.  1-7.  Campyloctys  gladstohei  — Fig.  1,  head  X 5;  fig.  2, 
palpus  X 1 1 ; fig.  3,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  4,  fore  leg  seen  from  the  inner 
side  X 5 ; fig.  5,  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  6,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  7,  mid  spur  of 
hind  leg  X 25. 

Figs.  8-11.  Pamesa  macrodonta  — Fig.  8,  hind  leg  X 2 ; fig.  9, 
head  X 5 ; fig.  10,  basal  portion  of  antenna  X 11  ; fig.  11,  joint  of 
antenna  seen  from  the  front  X 35. 

Figs.  12-17.  Polienus  modestus  <$. — Fig.  12,  wings  of  $ X 4; 
fig.  13,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  14,  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  15,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  16, 
antenna  X 5 ; fig.  17,  palpus  X 11. 

Figs.  18-22.  Prionotocentrum  o'neili  tf. — Fig.  18,  fore  leg  X 5; 
fig.  19,  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  20,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  21,  terminal  spurs  of 
hind  leg  X 34  : fig.  22,  palpus  X 11. 


Plate  XI. 


Fig.  1.  Wings  of  Prionotocentrum  o'neili  X 3. 

Figs.  2,  4-8.  Pydna  rubritincta  — Fig.  2,  wings  X 4 ; fig.  3, 

part  of  fore  wing  of  P.  rubvifascia  X 5 ; fig.  4,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  5, 
mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  6,  hind  leg  X 5 ; fig.  7,  antenna  X 5 ; fig.  8,  palpus 
X 5. 

Figs.  9-16.  Anaphe  reticulata  — Fig.  9,  fore  leg  X 5 ; fig.  10, 
process  of  fore  tibia  (denuded)  X 11  ; fig.  11,  same  turned  one  quarter  ; 
fig.  12,  same  turned  half-way  ; fig.  13,  mid  leg  X 5 ; fig.  14,  hind  leg  X 
5 ; fig.  15,  palpus  X 11  ; fig.  16,  antenna  X o. 


Plate  XL. 


Plate  XIL 


Fig-.  1.  Wings  of  Anaphe  reticulata  $ X 3. 

Figs.  2-8.  Polelassothys  phimitarsus  — Fig.  2,  wings  of  $ X n ; 
fig.  3,  fore  leg  X 11  ; fig.  4,  fore  tibia  (denuded)  X 20  ; fig.  5,  mid  leg 
X 11  ; fig.  6,  hind  leg  X 11  ; fig.  7,  terminal  spurs  of  hind  tibia  X 34  ; 
fig.  8,  palpus  X 34. 

Figs.  9-14.  Epanaphe  clarilla  $. — Fig.  9,  wings  X 5 ; fig.  10, 
fore  leg  of  $ X 5 ; fig.  11  fore  tibia  of  $ seen  from  the  outer  side  X 11  ; 
fig.  12,  same  turned  one  quarter  ; fig.  13,  basal  part  of  antenna  X 5 ; 
fig.  14,  palpus  X 11. 


Fig.  i. 
,,  2. 
3- 

>.  4- 

«5- 

,,  6. 

» 7- 
8. 

,,  9- 

,,  io. 
,,  ii. 
„ 12. 
,,  13- 
,,  14- 
15. 
,,  16. 


Plate  XIII. 

Scalmicauda  o’neili  spec.  nov.  rf. 

S.  o’neili,  $. 

S.  o’neili  var.  <j>. 

Ichthyuva  roseotincta  spec.  nov.  <$. 

I . violaceavia  spec.  nov.  <?. 

I . violaceavia, 

Pectinophova  noctuiformis  spec.  nov.  <?. 
Centra  bifasciata  spec.  nov.  $. 

Antheua  mixta  spec.  nov. 

A . dimorpha  spec.  nov. 

Desmeocraera  varia  spec.  nov. 

D.  varia  $. 

D.  varia  var.  nov. 

D.  cane&cens  spec.  nov.  <$. 

D.  tripuncta  spec.  nov. 

D.  platti  spec.  nov. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII , Pi.  3 


Plate  XIII 


Janae  del . ad  nafc . 


lith  Cambridge  Urn vereity  Frees 


Fig.  i. 

Plate  XIV. 

Aniheua  dimovpha  var.  brunnea  nov. 

2. 

A . dimovpha  spec.  nov.  $. 

3- 

Hypophiala  melanogramma  spec.  nov.  $. 

4- 

Leucophaleva  elegans  spec.  nov. 

„ 5- 

Hoplitis  concolor  spec.  nov.  <$. 

„ 6. 

H.  concolor,  £. 

» 7- 

Phycitimovpha  congruaia  spec.  nov.  <$. 

„ 8. 

Ph.  stigmatica  spec,  nov  $ 

„ 9- 

Taenioptevyx  cinerea  spec.  nov.  <$. 

,,  IO. 

Breyevia  dasychivoides  spec.  nov. 

,,  ii. 

Eurystaura  brunnea  spec.  nov. 

,,  12. 

Crambometra  derelicta  Prout 

13- 

Campyloctys  gladstonei  spec.  nov. 

„ 14- 

Polienus  nigrosparsa  spec.  nov. 

,,  15- 

P.  fuscata  spec.  nov. 

„ 16. 

Prionocentrum  o’neili  spec.  nov. 

» T7- 

Polelassothys  plumitarsus  spec.  nov.  <£. 

Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pi.  3 


Plate  XIV 


Janse  del-  ad  nat. 


lith.  Cambridge  University Prea3 


ANNALS 


MEDEDELINGEN 


OF  THE 


VAN  HET 


TRANSVAAL  MUSEUM 


Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  Zonurus , and  Notes 
on  the  Species  of  Zonurus  occurring  in  the 
Transvaal.  By  G.  P.  F.  van  Dam,  Junior 
Assistant  for  Lower  Vertebrates,  Transvaal 
Museum.  (With  4 plates.) 

Description  of  a New  Variety  of  a South  African 
Lizard  of  the  Family  Geckonidae . By  G.  P.  F. 
van  Dam.  (With  1 plate.) 

The  Scolopendridae  of  South  Africa.  By  C.  S. 
Grobbelaar,  Stellenbosch.  (With  28  text- 
figures.) 

Note  on  a Relic  of  the  Phallus  Cult  among  the 
M’Kahtla.  By  Percy  A.  Wagner.  (With  1 
plate.) 


PART  4 containing 


VOLUM 


Issued  June  I,  1921 


PRINTED  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 


CAMBRIDGE,  ENGLAND 
1921 


ANNALS 


MEDEDELINGEN 


OF  THE 


VAN  HET 


TRANSVAAL  MUSEUMS 


/ \'V 


Vdi>  hat  ft 


i>  m - 

VOL.  7 

\ Part  4 

— - ■ 

2 1921 


nal 


<S>' 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  SPECIES  OF  ZONURUS, 
AND  NOTES  ON  THE  SPECIES  OF  ZONURUS 
OCCURRING  IN  THE  TRANSVAAL 


By  G.  P.  F.  van  Dam,  Junior  Assistant  for  Lower  Vertebrates, 
Transvaal  Museum. 


With  4 plates. 

Zonurus  breyeri  sp.  nov.  Plates  I and  II. 

Description  based  on  one  holotype  and  three  paratypes. 

Head  slightly  longer  than  broad,  strongly  depressed.  Head  shields  rugose; 
frontonasal  about  as  broad  as  long,  in  contact  with  the  rostral,  separating 
the  nasals,  latter  slightly  swollen,  nostrils  in  the  posterior  part  of  the  nasal; 
praefrontals  in  contact  with  their  inner  angles;  frontal  hexagonal,  slightly 
widened  anteriorly;  frontoparietals  about  as  long  as  broad;  interparietal 
between  two  pairs  of  parietals,  being  pointed  anteriorly  more  sharply  than 
posteriorly,  in  two  specimens  the  interparietal  touches  the  frontoparietals,  in 
two  other  specimens  it  does  not  reach  these  shields,  being  separated  from  them 
by  the  first  pair  of  parietals ; posterior  parietals  larger  than  the  anterior  ones  ; 
six  occipital  spines,  the  outer  ones  largest  and  gradually  getting  smaller 
towards  the  middle,  the  middle  pair  very  small;  temporals  large,  keeled,  five 
slightly  curved  irregular  temporal  spines  on  each  side,  the  first  or  second 
lowest  nearly  as  large  or  as  large  as  the  outer  occipitals;  four  supraoculars, 
the  anterior  one  longest,  the  second  one  broadest;  four  to  five  supraciliaries ; 
lower  eyelid  opaque;  loreal  and  praeocular  large;  four  suborbitals;  rostral 
twice  and  a half  as  broad  as  deep,  five  upper  labials,  fourth  and  fifth  separated 
by  a suborbital  shield;  six  lower  labials,  fifth  and  sixth  keeled,  bordered  below 
by  four  large  shields  and  one  small  one;  small  irregular  chin  shields;  gular 
scales  small,  obtusely  keeled;  larger  irregular  scales  under  the  neck;  sides  of 
neck  with  irregular  erect  spines.  Dorsal  scales  large,  forming  regular  trans- 
verse series,  hardly  keeled  in  the  middle  but  more  and  more  towards  the  sides, 
spinose  on  the  sides,  24-26  transverse  series  (from  occiput  to  base  of  tail)  of 
about  18  scales.  Ventrals  quadrangular,  mostly  broader  than  long,  smooth, 
the  outer  ones  slightly  keeled,  forming  10-12  longitudinal  and  24-26  trans- 
verse series.  A pair  of  feebly  enlarged  praeanal  plates,  with  smaller  ones  in 


17 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


240 


front  and  on  the  sides.  Limbs  above  with  large  spinose  imbricate  keeled 
scales;  about  12  femoral  pores  on  each  side.  Tail  with  whorls  of  large  spinose 
scales,  separated  from  each  other  by  whorls  of  smaller  scales;  lateral  caudal 
scales  very  large,  strongly  spinose  and  horizontal;  lower  caudal  scales  long, 
narrow,  pentagonal,  smooth.  Colour:  head,  brownish-black  above,  much 
lighter  and  yellowish  under  the  chin,  back  more  brownish  than  head,  becoming 
lighter  towards  the  sides,  which  are  yellowish-brown ; belly,  slate-grey  becoming 
lighter  and  more  tinged  with  brown  towards  neck  and  anus.  Tail,  greyish- 
brown  above,  lighter  brown  to  yellowish  on  the  sides,  underneath  slightly 
lighter  than  above. 

In  younger  specimens  several  scales  on  the  back  and  sides  are  nearly 
yellow,  forming  more  or  less  transverse  series  from  occiput  to  base  of  tail; 
several  of  the  lateral  caudal  scales  yellowish,  and  also  some  of  the  legs. 


millim. 

millim. 

Total  length 

• 275 

Fore  limb  . . . 

...  41 

Head 

• 32 

Hind  limb... 

60 

Width  of  head 

29 

Tail 

•••  155 

Body 

. 88 

Holotype,  a full-grown  female,  No.  3769,  Cat.  Lizards;  paratypes,  three 
nearly  adult  specimens,  Nos.  3770,  3771,  3768,  Cat.  Lizards.  Locality: 
Geelhoutkop  (Driefontein),  Waterberg  Dist.,  Transvaal.  Coll,  by  G.  P.  F.  van 
Dam,  and  Dr  H.  G.  Breyer,  Jan.  1918. 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  Z.  giganteus  Smith,  from  which  it  differs 
chiefly  in  size,  number  and  length  of  the  occipital  spines.  The  tail  with  whorls 
of  smaller  scales  separating  the  whorls  of  large  spinose  scales,  these  whorls  of 
small  scales  being  absent  in  Z.  giganteus. 

The  new  lizard  occurs  amongst  rocks  on  the  farm  Geelhoutkop,  about  45 
miles  north  of  Nylstroom.  Geelhoutkop  is  the  highest  point  in  the  vicinity 
(approximately  5000  ft.). 

The  holotype  specimen  is  a large  female.  It  was  caught  in  Jan.  1918.  On 
opening  it  was  found  to  contain  six  young  ones,  of  which  five  were  preserved. 
Their  length  was  as  much  as  90  mm.  The  unborn  young  differs  from  the  adult 
in  the  following  points:  head  shields  smooth;  occipitals  not  sharply  pointed, 
but  only  keeled.  Dorsal  scales  strongly  keeled  in  the  middle  as  well  as  on  the 
sides.  The  whorls  of  small  scales  between  the  whorls  of  large  spinose  scales  of 
the  tail  can  be  distinctly  seen  from  above,  but  not  from  underneath,  being 
hidden  by  the  lateral  spines  and  those  below. 

Zonurus  barbertonensis  sp.  nov.  Plate  III. 

Head  longer  than  broad,  strongly  depressed.  Head  shields  rugose;  fronto- 
nasal slightly  broader  than  long,  in  contact  with  the  rostral,  separating  the 
nasals,  latter  slightly  swollen,  nostrils  in  the  posterior  part  of  the  nasal;  prae- 
frontals  in  contact  at  their  inner  angles;  frontal  hexagonal,  slightly  widened 
anteriorly;  frontoparietals  slightly  broader  than  long;  interparietal  between 
four  parietals,  being  pointed  anteriorly  more  sharply  than  posteriorly;  pos- 
terior parietals  larger  than  the  anterior  ones;  six  occipital  spines,  the  outer 
ones  shorter  than  the  second,  second  pair  longest,  narrowest,  the  middle  pair 
shortest  and  broadest;  temporals  large,  keeled,  five  temporal  spines  on  each 
side;  four  supraoculars,  the  anterior  one  longest,  the  second  one  broadest; 
four  supraciliaries ; lower  eyelid  opaque;  loreal  and  praeocular  large;  four  to 
five  suborbitals;  rostral  twice  and  a half  as  broad  as  deep,  six  upper  labials, 
fourth  and  fifth  separated  by  a suborbital  shield;  six  lower  labials,  fifth  and 
sixth  keeled,  bordered  below  by  five  large  shields ; small  irregular  chin  shields ; 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


241 


gular  scales  small,  larger  irregular  scales  under  the  neck,  sides  of  neck  with 
irregular  erect  spines.  Dorsal  scales  large,  forming  regular  transverse  series, 
keeled  towards  the  middle,  spinose  on  the  sides,  30-32  transverse  series  (from 
occiput  to  base  of  tail)  of  20  scales.  Ventrals  quadrangular,  mostly  broader 
than  long,  smooth,  the  outer  ones  slightly  keeled,  forming  14  longitudinal  and 
34-36  transverse  series;  a pair  of  feebly  enlarged  praeanal  plates,  with  smaller 
ones  in  front- and  on  the  sides.  Limbs  above  with  large  spinose  keeled  scales; 
10—12  femoral  pores  on  each  side.  Tail  with  whorls  of  large  spinose  scales, 
separated  from  each  other  by  whorls  of  smaller  scales;  lateral  caudal  scales 
large,  strongly  spinose,  lower  caudal  scales  long,  narrow,  pentagonal,  slightly 
keeled.  Colour:  blackish  above,  with  yellowish  spots,  forming  more  or  less 
regular  transverse  series;  belly,  brownish  with  yellowish  spots. 


millim. 

millim. 

Total  length 

...  312 

Fore  limb  . . . 

•••  43 

Head 

...  36 

Hind  limb... 

...  64 

Width  of  head 

...  30 

Tail 

...  174 

Body 

102 

Type,  one  adult  specimen  from  Barberton,  Transvaal.  Collected  by  G.  P.  F. 
van  Dam,  and  A.  Roberts,  March,  1920. 

This  species  differs  from  Z.  breyeri  and  Z.  warreni,  in  size  of  the  occipital 
spines,  and  number  of  transverse  series  of  dorsal  scales. 

The  Transvaal  Museum  possesses  also  two  young  specimens  from  the 
same  locality. 

Zonurus  robertsi  sp.  nov.  Plate  IV. 

Description  based  on  one  holotype  and  one  paratype. 

Head  depressed,  triangular  in  shape,  much  longer  than  broad.  Head 
shields  slightly  rugose ; nasals  not  swollen,  in  contact  with  each  other,  pierced 
posteriorly;  frontonasal  hexagonal,  about  as  long  as  broad,  sometimes  the 
posterior  part  is  in  contact  with  the  frontal;  praefrontals  in  contact  at  their 
inner  angles,  or  separated  by  the  anterior  point  of  the  frontal  and  the  posterior 
part  of  the  frontonasal;  frontal  hexagonal,  the  anterior  point  sometimes  in 
contact  with  the  frontonasal  shield ; frontoparietals  about  as  long  as  broad,  or 
slightly  longer  than  broad ; interparietal  small,  between  two  pairs  of  parietals ; 
posterior  parietals  slightly  larger  than  the  anterior  ones ; neck  much  narrower 
than  hind  head,  above,  behind  the  head,  covered  with  small  irregular  scales 
and  granules;  temporals  large,  in  three  longitudinal  rows;  four  supraoculars ; 
four  to  five  supraciliaries ; lower  eyelid  opaque;  loreal  and  praeocular  large, 
four  suborbitals;  rostral  nearly  three  times  as  broad  as  high;  5-6  upper 
labials,  fourth  and  fifth,  or  fifth  and  sixth,  separated  by  a suborbital  shield  ; 
6-7  lower  labials,  bordered  below  by  four  large  shields  and  one  small  one; 
irregular  chin  shields;  gular  scales  small,  those  in  the  centre  largest,  and 
gradually  getting  smaller  towards  the  sides;  moderately  large,  irregularly 
arranged  scales  under  the  neck;  sides  of  neck  folded,  granular;  dorsal  scales 
soft,  and  intermixed  with  small  scales  and  granules,  forming  regular  transverse 
series,  the  two  median  rows  large,  slightly  rugose,  quadrangular,  and  with  a 
distinct  keel,  those  towards  the  sides  slightly  rugose,  quadrangular  or  penta- 
gonal, about  half  the  size  of  the  two  median  rows,  mostly  distinctly  keeled, 
the  keel  of  the  last  row  very  distinct,  in  12-14  longitudinal  (counting  over  the 
middle  of  the  back)  and  42-46  transverse  series  (from  middle  of  neck  to  base 
of  tail) ; sides  of  body  covered  with  very  small  roundish  scales  and  granules ; 
ventrals  large,  broader  than  long,  square,  smooth,  juxtaposed,  forming  eight 


17—2 


242 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


longitudinal  and  26-28  transverse  series;  a pair  of  enlarged  praeanal  plates, 
with  smaller  ones  in  front  and  on  the  sides.  Limbs  above  covered  with  imbricate 
keeled  scales;  16-18  femoral  pores  on  each  side.  Tail  with  whorls  of  strongly 
keeled  scales,  lateral  caudal  scales  spinose,  lower  caudal  scales  long,  narrow, 
quadrangular,  those  near  the  anus  smooth,  but  more  and  more  strongly 
keeled  towards  the  tip  of  the  tail.  Colour:  dark  brown  above,  some  of  the 
scales  with  yellowish  spots;  belly  and  head  below,  dark  grey. 


millim. 

millim. 

Total  length 

267 

Fore  limb  ... 

...  41 

Head 

30 

Hind  limb... 

66 

Width  of  head 

21 

Tail 

...  169 

Body 

68 

Holotype,  a full-grown  specimen,  No.  3747,  Cat.  Lizards;  paratype,  a 
nearly  adult  specimen,  No.  3748,  Cat.  Lizards. 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  Z.  capensis  Smith;  from  which  it  differs 
chiefly  in  the  number  and  size  of  dorsal  scales.  Locality:  Klaver,  van  Rhyns- 
dorp  Dist.,  C.P.  Collected  by  Messrs  A.  Roberts  and  A.  A.  Adendorff,  Sept.  1917. 

The  Transvaal  Museum  possesses  also  five  young  and  nearly  full-grown 
specimens  from  the  same  locality. 

The  genus  Zonurus  is  represented  by  three  species  in  the  Transvaal,  besides 
the  two  species  described  above,  namely: 

1.  Zonurus  giganteus  Smith.  We  have  the  species  from  near  Paardekop 
Station  (Standerton  Dist.,  Transvaal),  Zandspruit  near  Wakkerstroom 
(Transvaal),  Schaapplaats  (Vereeniging),  Kroonstad,  Bloemfontein. 

2.  Zonurus  vittifer  is  common  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  Pretoria, 
but  only  on  rocky  kopjes,  where  it  lives  in  rock  crevices  and  under  stones.  In 
our  collection  we  have  specimens  from  the  following  localities : 

Pretoria  and  Dist.,  Zuurfontein  near  Johannesburg,  Orange  Grove  near 
Johannesburg,  Frederikstad,  Townkloof  (Rustenburg),  Groenkloof  (Rusten- 
burg  Dist.),  Doornkop  (Witpoort,  via  Belfast),  Wakkerstroom,  Weenen 
(Natal),  Arnhemburg  (Carolina),  Woodbush,  Shilowane,  Metlepetsi  Riv. 
(Zoutpansberg  Dist.),  near  Makapans  Caves  (Potgietersrust),  Selati,  Haenerts- 
burg  (Zoutpansberg  Dist.). 

This  species  is  wrongly  placed  as  a synonym  of  Z.  cordylus  in  Mr  Bou- 
lenger’s  list,  published  in  the  Ann.  S.  African  Mus.  vol.  v.  part  ix.  p.  468. 
It  differs  from  Z.  cordylus  as  known  to  me  from  the  Cape,  Grahamstown, 
Paarl,  Port  Elizabeth,  East  London  C.P.,  constantly  in  various  points.  In 
order  to  make  sure,  I carefully  inspected  all  our  specimens  of  these  species, 
65  Z.  vittifer  and  60  Z.  cordylus , and  am  now  able  to  show  these  differences  in 
the  following  table : 


Zonurus  vittifer  Reich. 

Frontonasal  shield  usually  of  irregu- 
lar size  or  absent. 

Scales  of  the  second  row  immediately 
posterior  to  the  parietals  regular 
longitudinal  elongated,  followed 
by  rows  of  shorter  shields. 

Dorsal  shields,  22-24  longitudinal 
series,  20-25  transverse  series  from 
occiput  to  base  of  tail. 

Ventral  shields  in  14-16  longitudinal 
rows. 


Zonurus  cordylus  Linn. 
Frontonasal  shield  usually  large. 

No  such  regular  large  shields. 


Dorsal  shields,  16-18  longitudinal 
series,  26-28  transverse  series  from 
occiput  to  base  of  tail. 

Ventral  shields  in  10-14  longitudinal 
rows. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  243 


In  Z.  vittifer  the  second  row  of  shields  immediately  posterior  to  the  parietals, 
which  looks  more  or  less  like  a collar,  distinguishes  the  two  species  at  once. 

A related  form  from  Barberton  has  been  described  by  Boulenger  as  Z. 
tvopidogaster.  After  examining  a large  series  of  Z.  vittifer  Reich,  from  various 
localities  in  the  Transvaal,  also  one  young  and  one  nearly  adult  specimen 
from  the  type  locality  of  Z.  tvopidogaster  (Barberton),  I am  inclined  to  agree 
with  Hewitt  that  this  is  only  a form  of  Z.  vittifer  (see  Ann.  Transvaal  Mus. 
vol.  hi.  No.  1,  p.  47,  April,  1911).  The  frontonasal  shield  in  Z.  vittifer  in  our 
large  series  is  of  irregular  size,  large,  very  small,  or  absent;  in  three  specimens 
from  Wakkerstroom  the  frontonasal  shield  is  absent,  and  in  another  three 
specimens  from  the  same  locality  present.  The  character  of  the  frontonasal 
shield  proves  therefore  not  to  be  constant  in  Z.  vittifer ; in  other  respects 
Z.  tvopidogaster  agrees  well  with  the  description  of  Z.  vittifer,  and  as  the  dis- 
tinction of  Z.  tvopidogaster  seems  to  depend  upon  the  character  of  the  fronto- 
nasal, this  supposed  species  does  not  appear  to  be  valid  and  is  a synonym  of 
Z.  vittifer,  which  Boulenger  has  wrongly  placed  as  a synonym  of  Z.  cordylus. 

3.  Zonurus  j one  si  Blgr.  is  represented  in  our  collection  from  the  following 
localities : 

Lydenburg,  Leydsdorp,  Griffin  Mine  near  Leydsdorp,  Makoutsi  Riv.  about 
28  miles  S.S.W.  of  Leydsdorp,  Maiepo  about  25  miles  N.  of  Gravelotte, 
Shiny  about  28  miles  E.  of  Gravelotte  (Ward  Low  Country),  Silwane  (Ward 
Low  Country),  Selati,  Hectorspruit,  Pongola  Riv.  (Waterberg  Dist.),  Geel- 
houtkop  (Waterberg  Dist.),  Bridge  Water  (Rustenburg  Dist.),  Hornsnek 
(Pretoria  Dist.),  Mazambo  (Portuguese  S.E.  Africa),  near  Lundi  Riv.  (S.E. 
Rhodesia).  The  Griffin  Mine  specimens  have  been  found  by  me;  they  were 
taken  from  under  the  bark  of  a dead  tree  and  from  the  hollow  trunk  of  a living 
tree,  both  standing  in  cultivated  lands. 


244 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


DESCRIPTION  OF  A NEW  VARIETY  OF  A SOUTH 
AFRICAN  LIZARD  OF  THE  FAMILY  GECKONIDAE 

By  G.  P.  F.  van  Dam. 

With  i plate. 

Pachydactylus  capensis  Smith  var.  nov.  tigrinus.  Plate  V. 

Head  oviform,  distinct  from  neck,  snout  a little  longer  than  the  diameter 
of  the  orbit.  Ear-opening  oval,  oblique.  Body  depressed.  Limbs  moderate; 
digits  short,  slender,  but  broader  at  the  end  than  the  base,  the  dilated  terminal 
part  with  four  lamellae  inferiorly.  Tail  depressed,  the  basal  portion  annulate, 
thick  in  its  basal  half,  thinning  in  the  terminal  half,  which  becomes  finely 
pointed.  Snout  covered  with  convex,  slightly  keeled  scales,  which  are  about 
as  large  as  those  on  the  back;  hind  part  of  head  covered  with  small  slightly 
keeled  granules ; neck  behind  the  head  covered  with  small  granules  and  larger 
subconical  tubercles;  naso-rostrals  in  contact,  rostral  broader  than  high; 
8-9  upper  labials  and  6-7  lower  labials.  Back  with  irregularly  arranged  various 
sized,  slightly  imbricate  and  slightly  keeled  scales,  granules  absent  or  only  a 
very  few  scattered  ones  present;  abdominal  scales  moderate,  smooth,  in- 
creasing in  size  from  throat  to  groin.  Upper  surface  and  sides  of  tail  with 
imbricate  slightly  keeled  scales;  lower  surface  of  tail  with  imbricate  smooth 
scales.  Colour:  greyish-brown  and  blackish-brown  above,  with  six  well- 
defined  whitish  (yellowish  when  alive)  narrow  transverse  bands  on  the  back 
as  follows:  one  behind  the  head,  one  between  the  shoulders,  two  over  the 
body,  one  in  front  of  the  hind  legs,  one  near  the  base  of  tail,  sometimes  the 
band  in  front  of  the  hind  legs  is  broken  up  into  spots ; a dark  brown  or  blackish 
streak  on  the  sides  of  the  head,  passing  through  the  eye,  supraciliaries  yellow- 
ish; sides  of  head  and  body,  upper  parts  of  legs,  and  tail  spotted  with  white 
or  yellowish. 

Types,  eight  specimens  T.  M.  Cat.  Lizards,  Nos.  4301-4308,  in  the  Trans- 
vaal Museum.  They  were  taken  amongst  rocks  at  Brak  Riv.  (Blinkwater), 
Zoutpansberg  Dist.,  N.  Transvaal,  by  G.  P.  F.  van  Dam,  June,  1920. 

The  Transvaal  Museum  also  possesses  another  27  specimens  from  N’jelele 
Riv.,  Zoutpansberg  Dist.,  N.  Transvaal. 


millim. 

millim. 

Total  length 

92 

Fore  limb  ... 

15 

Head 

13 

Hind  limb... 

19 

Width  of  head 

10 

Tail 

...  40 

Body 

• ••  39 

This  variety  is  closely  related  to  P.  capensis  var.  formosus  (see  Ann.  Trans- 
vaal Mus.  vol.  iv.  No.  3,  p.  135),  from  which  it  differs  in  having  the  dorsal 
scales  slightly  keeled,  instead  of  being  very  strongly  keeled;  they  also  differ  in 
colour  and  markings. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


245 


THE  SCOLOPENDRIDAE  OF  SOUTH  AFRICA 

By  C.  S.  Grobbelaar,  Stellenbosch. 

With  28  Text  figures. 

Introduction. 

I have  undertaken  the  specific  determination  of  the  South  African  Scolopen- 
dridae  in  order  to  bring  this  apparently  neglected  group  on  a level  with  those 
leading  Arthropodan  divisions  that  have  received  considerable  attention  in 
the  past  from  leading  authorities.  The  interested  reader  will  notice  that  not  a 
single  new  genus  or  species  has  been  established.  Here  and  there  I have  been 
tempted  to  establish  a new  species;  but  the  range  of  variation  in  a single 
species  is  so  considerable  in  the  Scolopendridae  that  I have  thought  it  advisable 
to  adhere  to  the  determination  of  the  previous  workers  on  the  group.  Kraepelin, 
who  recognised  this  phenomenon  only  too  clearly,  made  provision  for  it  in  his 
diagnoses  of  the  species.  He,  more  than  anybody  else,  is  responsible  for  the 
systematic  work  on  our  South  African  Scolopendridae . 

I am  deeply  indebted  to  the  Director  of  the  Transvaal  Museum,  Pretoria, 
and  Mr  John  Hewitt,  Director  of  the  Albany  Museum,  Grahamstown,  for 
placing  their  entire  collections  of  Scolopendridae  at  my  disposal.  I am  specially 
grateful  to  Mr  John  Hewitt  for  the  many  suggestions  he  proposed  and  which 
have  been  given  effect  to  in  preparing  the  manuscript. 

Probably  four-fifths  of  the  South  African  Chilopoda  are  included  in  the 
family  Scolopendridae.  In  his  monograph:  Myriopoda  Africae  Australis,  in 
Museo  Regio  Holmiensi  asservata,  recensuit  i8yi , C.  O.  von  Porath  founded  a 
new  genus  and  several  new  species  of  Scolopeiidrids.  His  monograph  is  the  first 
definite  contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  the  South  African  Chilopoda.  In  it 
were  recorded  and  described  Scutigera  capensis  Cempleton,  and  Scutigera 
rugosa  Newport;  a new  species  Henicops  africana  of  the  Lithobiidae;  and 
several  new  species  of  Scolopendrids  belonging  to  the  genera  Scolopendra, 
Cormocephalus,  Eucorybus,  Heterostoma  and  Trematoptychus  were  described. 
The  genera  Heterostoma  Newport  and  Dacetum  C.  L.  Koch  have  been  included 
in  the  single  genus. 

Ethmostigmus  Pocock;  Eucorybus  Lucas  has  been  supplanted  by  Alipes 
Imhoff ; and  Trematoptychus  Peters  by  Rhysida  Wood. 

Pocock  raises  the  Scolopendrids  to  the  order  Scolopendromorpha,  in  which 
all  the  eyebearing  forms  are  placed  in  the  family  Scolopendridae,  with  two 
sub-families,  Alipinae  and  S colop endrinae.  The  forms  without  eyes  are  re- 
ferred to  several  families;  the  most  important  of  these  are  the  three  families 
Cryptopidae,  Scolocryptopidae  and  Newportiidae.  These  three  families  are 
included  in  Kraepelin’s  sub-family,  the  Cryptopinae.  Kraepelin  regards 
Cryptops  as  the  least  specialised  form,  and,  in  virtue  of  the  following  char- 
acters, uses  it  as  a basis  of  classification.  The  characters  are:  uni-segmented 
tarsals ; absence  of  eyes ; slight  differentiation  of  the  segments  of  the  antennae ; 
nature  of  the  pleurae;  armour  of  the  anal  legs.  He  divides  the  Scolopendrids 
into  the  three  sub-families : 

1.  Cryptopinae. 

2.  Otostigminae. 

3.  S colop  endrinae. 


246 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


His  classification  is  founded  on : 

(a)  The  presence  or  absence  of  eyes. 

(b)  The  nature  of  the  stigmata. 

(c)  The  division  or  non-division  of  the  tarsals. 

( d ) The  presence  or  absence  of  longitudinal  grooves  (sulci)  on  the  scuta 
and  terga. 

It  is  on  this  classification  that  the  Chilopoda  from  the  Transvaal  Museum, 
Pretoria,  and  the  Albany  Museum,  Grahamstown,  placed  at  my  disposal,  have 
been  specially  determined.  No  members  of  the  Cryptopinae  have  thus  far 
been  found  in  South  Africa. 

The  principal  literature  consulted  was : 

Kraepelin’s  “Revision  der  Scolopendriden  ” from  Mitteilungen  aus  dem 
Naturhistorischen  Museum,  vol.  xx.  1903  (2  Beiheft  zum  Jahrbuch 
der  Hamburgischen  Wissenschaftlichen  Anstalten,  xx.); 
and  for  original  descriptions  of  species : 

Myriopoda  Africae  Australis,  in  Museo  Regio  Holmiensi  asservata,  recensuit 
i8yi , by  C.  O.  von  Porath. 

The  Scolopendridae  are  divided  into  the  three  sub-families  Cryptopinae, 
Otostigminae  and  Scolopendrinae. 

The  following  is  a key  to  the  Otostigminae  and  Scolopendrinae , the  two 
sub-families  represented  in  South  Africa. 

A.  Four  eyes  on  each  side  of  the  head.  The  tibia  of  the  walking  legs  fol- 
lowed by  a proximal  and  distal  tarsus;  these  form  an  angle  at  the 
point  of  contact.  The  tibia  of  the  walking  legs  (except  the  first)  are 
not  provided  with  spines  or  spurs  on  the  under  surface,  and  they 
have  no  spine  on  the  distal  extremity 

a 1.  Opening  of  stigmata  rounded,  oval  or  nearly  circular,  shallow  or  sunken 
into  body- wall,  placed  obliquely  to  the  longitudinal  axis  of  body,  and 
almost  perpendicular  to  axis  in  the  posterior  somites ; on  contraction 
it  closes  antero -posteriorly.  Head-plate  does  not  extend  over  the 
first  tergite;  basal  pj^tes  and  longitudinal  sulci  absent  . Otostigminae 
a 2 . Opening  of  stigmata  acute-angled  anteriorly,  from  short  triangle-shaped 
to  long  trianguliform  or  narrow,  slit-like  placed  parallel  to  the  longi- 
tudinal axis  of  the  body,  and  contracts  dorso-ventrally.  Tarsal  spurs 
absent  or  only  represented  by  single  spines.  Head-plate  often  ex- 
tends over  anterior  margin  of  first  tergite  or  provided  with  basal 
plates  and  two  median  sulci  .....  Scolopendrinae 

Sub-family  OTOSTIGMINAE. 

Key  to  the  South  African  genera 

(adapted  and  slightly  modified  from  Kraepelin’s  Revision  der  Scolopendriden ). 

1.  Only  nine  stigmata  developed  (seventh  segment  without  stigmata). 

Only  first  to  second  seldom  first  to  third  segments  of  antennae  naked  2 

Ten  stigmata  developed  (eighth  segment  without  stigmata).  Always 

first  three  or  first  four  segments  of  antennae  naked  ...  3 

2.  Anal  legs  have  the  normal  shape,  provided  with  terminal  claws.  The 

tergites  are  seldom  carinated  and  coarsely  punctured 

Otostigmus  Porath  (not  represented  in  S.  Africa) 
Anal  legs  have  the  last  three  segments  (tibia,  proximal  and  distal  tar- 
sals) laterally  compressed  to  form  a wide  oar-shaped  or  racket-shaped 
plate  (see  fig.  2)  without  terminal  claws.  Tergites  always  carinated, 
and  generally  coarsely  punctured  ....  Alipes  Imhoff 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum  247 


3.  Sternocoxal  plate  (maxillary  sternite)  provided  with  distinct  prosternal 

dentiferous  plates.  The  pleurae  end  in  a process  with  spines.  Tergites 
not  provided  with  broad  elevated  ridges  and  deep  impressions,  they 
are  smooth  and  bisulcate.  Sternites  bisulcate  or  without  sulci.  Only 
first  three  or  first  four  segments  of  antennae  are  naked  ...  4 

4.  Femur  of  maxillipede  provided  with  well-developed  basal  tooth  ex- 

tending beyond  the  prosternal  plates.  Generally  the  first  three  (very 
seldom  the  first  four)  segments  of  antennae  naked.  Stigmata  deep- 
ened, surrounded  by  a prominent  wall  that  inclines  to  the  inside,  the 
stigmata  wall  seldom  flattened  .....  Rhysida  Wood 
Femur  of  maxillipede  not  provided  with  a basal  tooth  extending  beyond 
the  prosternal  plates,  at  most  a dwindling  rugosity  is  present.  Only 
first  four  segments  of  antennae  are  naked.  Sitgmata  large,  the  first 
is  exceptionally  large,  they  are  flat-bottomed.  The  pleurae  usually 
end  in  a long  process  ......  Ethmostigmus  Pocock 


Genus  ALIPES  Imhoff. 

(See  figs,  i and  2.) 

Alipes  crotalus  Gerst.  Antennae  17  segments,  2.\  basal  segments  naked.  The 
two  longitudinal  and  the  median  carinations  of  the  tergites  begin  on  the  third 
somite  with  broad  shallow  ridges  richly  covered  with  fine,  short,  hairy  setae. 
Marginations  begin  from  the  fifth  or  sixth  tergite.  Lateral  depressions  are 
partly  developed,  densely  and  finely  punctured.  The  carinations  are  densely 


tx=  proximal  tarsus;  /2  = distal  tarsus. 


punctured  and  finely  granulated ; anal  tergite  finely  punctured  with  a distinct 
median  depression.  Sternocoxal  plate  (maxillary  sternite)  sparsely  punctured, 
with  abbreviated  anterior  sulcus;  prosternal  plates  about  as  long  as  broad, 
each  bearing  four  teeth.  The  sternites  are  smooth,  without  median  sulci,  but 
often  with  two  lateral  depressions  and  on  the  posterior  edge  a median  depres- 
sion; anal  sternite  abbreviated,  posterior  margin  rounded.  Posterior  margin 
of  pleurae  curved,  almost  rectangular.  Femur  of  anal  legs  coarsely  punctured 
dorsally,  without  a basal  process  or  tooth-like  prominence;  tibia  a little  longer 
than  the  breadth  (measured  from  point  to  point)  of  the  posterior  margin ; first 
tarsus  about  £ broader  than  the  posterior  margin  of  tibia  (5-5  : 4-5  mm.),  1 J 
times  as  long  as  broad,  studded  with  flattened  oval  rugosities.  Colour  yellowish 
brown  to  reddish  brown;  the  head-plate  often  redder.  Length  up  to  64  mm. 
with  breadth  5 mm. 


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The  description  of  this  species  is  largely  taken  from  Kraepelin,  loc.  cit.  The 
specimens  are  from : Hectorspruit  (Tvl.) ; Newington,  near  Komatipoort  (Tvl.) ; 
Natal  (Miss  H.  Becker) ; and  Selati. 

The  genus  is  only  represented  by  the  single  species  in  South  Africa.  It  is 
very  uncommon,  and  seems  to  be  confined  to  the  north-eastern  regions  of 
South  Africa. 

The  following  species  (Kraepelin,  loc.  cit.)  should  be  noted: 

A . appendiculatus  Poc. : Nyasaland,  Zambesi. 

A.  calcipes  Cook:  South-West  Africa  (Quango,  Angola). 

A.  multicostis  Imh. : West  Africa  (Cameroon,  Mundave,  Sierra  Leone,  and 
Gold  Coast,  Elephantensu) . 

A . grandidievi  Luc. : East  Africa  (Zanzibar  and  East  Afr.  Protectorate  (for- 
merly German  East  Africa)). 

Genus  ETHMOSTIGMUS  Pocock. 

(See  figs.  3 and  4.) 

Key  to  Ethmostigmus  trigonopodus  Leach. 

Sternocoxal  plate  (maxillary  sternite)  provided  with  four  equal,  or  nearly 
equal,  stout  teeth.  Penultimate  walking  leg  generally  provided  with  a tarsal 
spur. 


Fig.  3.  Maxillary  sternite  (or  sternocoxal  plate)  and  prosternal  dentiferous 
plates  of  Ethmostigmus  trigonopodus  Leach. 

Fig.  4.  Pleura  and  armature  of  Ethmostigmus  trigonopodus  Leach. 

Femur  of  anal  legs  ventral  exterior  with  3 (2),  ventral  interior  with  2 (3) 
spines,  dorsal  with  2,  2 spines  and  terminal  spine. 

The  bifid  termination  of  the  pleurae  have  the  shape  of  two  short  stout 
needles ; pleurae  armed  dorsally  with  2-3  spines,  laterally  with  1-2  spines,  the 
anal  sternite  does  not  extend  up  to  the  pleurae. 

Habitat : “ Durch  ganz  Afrika  von  Algier  und  Abyssinien  bis  zum  Kaplande, 
am  haufigsten  aber  im  tropischen  Afrika,  sowohl  an  der  West-  wie  an  der 
Ost-Kuste”  (Kraepelin,  loc.  cit.). 

The  museum  specimens  were  from:  Leydsdorp  (Tvl.) ; Hectorspruit  (Tvl.) ; 
Malelane  (Tvl.);  Vygeboompoort,  Waterberg  (Tvl.)  (G.  van  Dam);  Victoria 
Falls;  Shoholle,  near  Gravelotte  Railway  Station  (G.  P.  F.  van  Dam). 

Genus  RHYSIDA  Wood. 

Key  to  the  South  African  species. 

1.  Tergites  without  median  sulci,  at  most  a pair  of  short  median  lines  is 
present  on  the  posterior  margin.  Sternites  with  a pair  of  faint,  abbre- 
viated sulci,  and  often  two  shallow  impressions.  Anal  tergite  margin- 


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249 


Figs.  5 and  6.  Rhysida  afva  Peters.  5,  ventral  view;  6,  dorsal  view. 


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ate.  Posterior  boundary  line  of  the  prosternal  dentiferous  plates 
meet  in  an  obtuse  angle.  Anal  sternite  abbreviated,  posteriorly 
angularly  or  curved  emarginate.  Femur  of  anal  legs  armed  ventrally 
with  a few  spines.  Pleurae  with  bifid  extremity;  exterior  margin  or 
porous  area  deeply  emarginate.  Nineteenth  pair  of  legs  with  one 
tarsal  spur,  twentieth  without.  First  stigmata  (when  closed)  C/V 
shaped  (see  fig.  12);  second  often  J!) -shaped  ....  2 

2.  Pleurae  provided  laterally  with  a spine,  and  strong  bifid  termination. 

Femur  of  anal  legs  armed  with  an  aggregate  ventrally  and  internally 
with  3-4  spines  (see  fig.  11)  . . . . . R.  afra  Peters 

Pleurae  without  lateral  spine,  weak  bifid  termination.  Femur  of  anal 

legs  unarmed  or  at  most  one  or  two  small  spines  . R.  peter  si  Porath 


1.  Rhysida  afra  Peters.  (Figs.  5,  6.) 

Habitat ; Delagoa  Bay;  Haenertsburg,  Waterberg  (Tvl.);  Alicedale  (C. 
Prov.);  Belfast  (Natal);  Sunnyside,  Pretoria  (B.  Penfold,  Esq.);  Wakker- 
stroom  (Tvl.)  (M.  Hazelhurst);  Rustenburg  (Tvl.)  (J.  H.  van  Dam);  Sjambock- 
stad,  Pretoria  (F.  C.  Zwarts);  Avontuur  (C.  Prov.)  (J.  H.  Rex);  Vygeboom- 
poort  (Tvl.)  (G.  van  Dam);  Roodepoort  Dist.,  Pretoria  (G.  P.  F.  van  Dam); 
Nylstroom,  Waterberg  (G.  P.  F.  van  Dam). 


7 

Fig.  7.  Sternocoxal  plate  (maxillary  sternite)  and  maxillipedes  of 
Rhysida  afra  Peters. 


2.  Rhysida  peter  si  Porath. 

Habitat : Port  Elizabeth  and  neighbourhood;  Giant’s  Castle,  Tabamlope, 
(Natal) ; Haenertsburg,  Zoutpansb.  distr.  (Mr  Swierstra) ; Wakkerstroom  (Tvl.) 
(Mr  A.  Roberts);  Grahamstown  (C.  Prov.)  (G.  P.  F.  van  Dam). 

The  two  species  R.  afra  and  R.  peter  si  are  usually  if  not  invariably  found 
in  the  same  locality,  and  they  are  in  most  characters  so  alike  that  they  appear 
to  be  one  and  the  same  species.  It  is,  however,  advisable  to  adhere  to  the  two 


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251 


species;  I found  a tibial  spur  present  on  1-11  legs,  1-4 (-5)  legs  and  on  1-9 
legs  in  R.  peter  si.  Porath  says  of  R.  petevsi : “ paria  1-3  (num  plures  ?)  praeterea 
articulo  antepenultimo  spinula  1.” 

He  tabulates  the  differences  between  the  two  species  as  follows : 


Rhysida  petevsi. 

Anal  legs  comparatively  longer. 

The  lower  side  of  anal  legs  provided 
with  only  one  spine. 

Pleurae  generally  without  lateral  spine. 

Scuta  faintly  but  clearly  punctured 
(pointed). 

The  penultimate  pair  of  legs  a little 
shorter  than  anal  legs,  and  the 
difference  between  them  and  the 
antepenultimate  is  greater  than 
between  the  same  and  the  anal  legs. 

Colour  of  legs  lighter. 

I ascertained  the  following  difference : 

Mandible  with  five  teeth  (fig.  10). 


Rhysida  afra. 

Anal  legs  are  comparatively  shorter;  a 
little  more  than  14  mm.,  against  a 
body  length  of  55  mm. 

The  lower  side  of  anal  legs  provided 
with  two  spines.  (There  may  be 
from  three  to  four  spines  on  femur  of 
anal  legs.  C.  S.  Grobbelaar.) 

Pleurae  generally  provided  with  a 
lateral  spine. 

The  dorsal  segments  of  the  body  appear 
smooth  (Peters) . 

The  penultimate  pair  of  legs  agree  much 
more  with  the  antepenultimate  than 
with  the  anal  legs. 

Legs  a little  lighter  than  colour  of  the 
body. 

Mandible  with  four  teeth  (figs.  8,  9). 


Sub-family  SCOLOPENDRINAE. 

Key  to  the  South  African  genera 

(adapted  from  Kraepelin,  loc.  cit.). 

1.  Proximal  tarsus  of  the  legs  clearly  longer  than  the  distal.  Twenty-one 

somites  ...........  2 

2.  Pleurae  non-porous,  smooth,  almost  covered  by  the  anal  sternite  (fig. 

13)  of  the  anal  somite,  abbreviated,  without  trace  of  a process. 
Antennae  very  short,  at  most  reaching  to  the  end  of  the  first  tergite  3 

Pleurae  distinctly  porous,  free,  always  provided  with  a process  carrying 
one,  two  or  more  spines.  Antennae  longer,  always  extending  beyond 
the  first  tergite  ..........  4 

3.  Head-plate  not  overlapped  posteriorly  by  the  first  tergite,  free.  Four 

eyes  flush  with  the  surface.  Second  shorter  than  the  first.  Antennae 
extend  to  the  end  of  the  first  tergite  ....  Asanada  Meinert 

4.  First  tergite  usually  without  a pair  of  complete  median  sulci.  Claws  of 

anal  legs  seldom  longer  or  as  long  as  the  distal  tarsus,  the  under  side 
usually  concave  measured  from  the  base  (cf.  however,  Arthrorhabdus). 
Stigmata  usually  elongate  ........  5 

5.  All  walking  legs  without  tarsal  spurs  ......  6 

All  walking  legs  (exc.  the  last)  with  tarsal  spurs  ....  10 

6.  Process  of  pleura  armed  with  many  spines  at  the  end  (multi-pointed); 

head-plate  usually  overlaps  first  tergite,  seldom  overlapped  by  it  . 7 

Process  of  pleura  ends  in  a single  spine,  mostly  in  two  spines  or  bifid 
and  seldom  in  three,  or  entirely  without  spines.  Posterior  margin  of 
head-plate  usually  overlapped  by  first  tergite  (Old-World)  . . 8 

7.  Head-plate  with  distinct  basal  plates  at  base.  Pleurae  short,  cylindri- 

form.  Segments  of  antennae  all  shorter  than  broad 

Hemicormocephalus  Kraepelin 


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ant. 


Fig.  8.  Mandible  (from  the  outside).  R.  afra  Peters. 

Fig.  9.  Mandible  (from  the  inside}.  R.  afra  Peters. 

Fig.  io.  Mandible  (from  the  inside).  R.  petersi  Porath. 

Fig.  ii.  Anal  somite,  pleurae  and  femur  of  anal  legs  (ventral).  R.  afra  Peters. 
Fig.  12.  2nd,  3rd  and  4th  somites  (lateral)  to  illustrate  the  (/5-shaped  opening 
of  the  first  stigmata.  R.  afra  Peters. 


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253 


8 . Anterior  margin  of  first  tergite  overlaps  posterior  margin  of  head-plate, 

the  head-plate  and  first  tergite  seldom  just  meet  each  other.  Process 
of  pleura  bifid  or  trifid  (three-pointed)  or  unarmed.  Head-plate 
usually  with  a pair  of  median  sulci,  and  basal  plates  ...  9 

9.  Process  of  pleura  without  spines.  Femur  of  anal  legs  unarmed  or  nearly 

so  ......  Colob opleurus  Kraepelin 

Process  of  pleura  bifid,  seldom  trifid;  femur  of  anal  legs  armed 

Cormocephalus  Newport 

10.  Head-plate  meets  the  first  tergite  in  a transverse  sulcus,  it  does  not  end 

freely.  Tergites  bisulcate  from  second  somite 

Trachycormocephalus  Kraepelin 

Head-plate  ends  freely,  overlaps  or  just  meets  the  first  tergite.  Tergites 

usually  not  bisulcate  from  the  second  tergite  . . . . 11 

11.  Claws  of  anal  legs  without  spurs.  Head-plate,  with  posterior  margin 

free,  just  meets  the  first  tergite,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  overlapping  it 

Arthrorhabdus  Pocock 

Claws  of  anal  legs  always  provided  with  spurs.  Head-plate  clearly  over- 
laps the  anterior  margin  of  first  tergite  . . Scolopendra  Linne 


Genus  AS  AN  AD  A Meinert. 

Asanada  socotrana  Pocock.  (Figs.  13,  14.) 

Habitat : Serowe  (Bechuanaland) ; Shoholle,  near  Gravelotte  Railway 
Station  (Tvl.)  (G.  van  Dam). 

It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  it  is  the  first  time  this  genus  has  been  recovered 
in  South  Africa.  One  specimen  from  Serowe  (Bechuanaland),  is  in  possession 
of  the  Albany  Museum;  the  other  from  Shoholle,  near  Gravelotte  Railway 
Station  (Tvl.),  is  in  the  possession  of  the  Transvaal  Museum,  Pretoria. 


Fig.  13.  Anal  somite,  pleurae  and  femur  of  anal  legs  (ventral)  of  Asanada  socotrana. 

(From  Revision  dev  S colop endri den,  Kraep.)  The  pleurae  almost  covered 
by  the  anal  sternite. 

Fig.  14.  Head,  1st  and  2nd  somites  (dorsal)  of  Asanada  socotrana  Meinert.  (From 
Revision  der  Scolopendriden,  Kraep.) 


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Fig.  15. 

Pleura  and  armature  of  He- 
micovmocephalus  multispinus 
Kraepelin.  (From  Revision  dev 
S colop endriden,  Kraepelin.) 


Figs.  16  and  17.  Cormocephalus  nitidus  Porath.  16,  dorsal;  17,  ventral. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


255 


Genus  HEMICORMOCEPHALUS  Kraepelin. 
Hemicormocephalus  multispinus.  (Fig.  15.) 

This  genus  instituted  by  Kraepelin  contains  only  the  one  species.  He 
founded  the  species  on  a specimen  from  Durban.  I have  found  the  same 
species  from  Mganduli  (Natal);  one  labelled  G.C.G.R.  Natal,  R.  E.  Symons; 
L.  Tugela  (Natal)  (R.  E.  Symons). 

Genus  TRACHYCORMOCEPHALUS  Kraepelin. 
Trachycormocephalus  sp.?  from  Worcester  Mine,  Barberton  (Tvl.). 

Genus  CORMOCEPHALUS  Newport. 

Cormocephalus  nitidus  Porath.  (Figs.  16,  17,  18  and  19.) 

Habitat:  Port  Elizabeth ; Alicedale;  Barberton  (Tvl.);  Sabi  (by  J.  Flygare); 
Wakkerstroom  (Tvl.);  Drakensbergen  (Natal)  (R.  E.  Symons) ; Grahamstown 
(G.  P.  F.  van  Dam). 


Fig.  18.  Head-plate  and  ist~3rd  somites  (dorsal)  of  Cormocephalus  nitidus  Porath. 
Fig.  19.  Anal  somite,  pleurae  and  femur  of  anal  legs  showing  armature  (ventral). 

Cormocephalus  elegans  Porath. 

Habitat : Pretoria;  Makoetsi  River,  near  Leydsdorp  (Tvl.),  and  several 
other  localities  in  the  Transvaal;  Alicedale  (C.  Prov.);  Redhouse  (C.  Prov.). 

Cormocephalus  setiger  Porath. 

Habitat:  Wasserfall  (Tvl.);  Pretoria  (B.  Penfold  and  G.  P.  F.  van  Dam)  ; 
Sunnyside,  Pretoria,  and  several  other  localities  principally  in  the  Transvaal; 
Port  Elizabeth;  Cradock  (G.  P.  F.  van  Dam))  Capetown  (A.  Roberts);  Kil- 
gobbin,  Dargle  (Natal)  (A.  Roberts). 

» 18 


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Cormocephalus  anceps  Porath. 

Habitat:  Venterskroon  (Distr.  Potchefstroom)  (G.  van  Dam);  Woodbush 
Village  (P.  Methuen);  Doornkop,  near  Belfast  (Tvl.)  (R.  Gerhardt);  Port 
Elizabeth;  Capetown;  Kimberley  and  Natal;  Roodepoort  Dist.,  Pretoria 
(G.  P.  F.  van  Dam);  Grahamstown  (G.  P.  F.  van  Dam). 


Cormocephalus  calcar atus  Porath. 

Habitat : Sunnyside,  Pretoria  (P.  Penfold). 


Fig.  20. 

Femur  of  anal  leg  of  Cormocephalus 
calcaratus  Porath,  indicating  the 
armature.  (From  Revision  der 
Scolopendriden,  Kraepelin.) 


20 


Cormocephalus  dispar  Porath. 

Habitat : Sunnyside,  Pretoria  (B.  Penfold);  and  several  other  localities  in 
the  Transvaal. 


Key  to  the  South  African  species  of  the  Genus  C0RM0CEPHALUS. 

1.  First  tergite  generally  without  even  a trace  of  a pair  of  median  sulci. 
Marginations  never  begin  beyond  17th  somite.  Process  of  pleura 


bifid,  head-plate  very  often  with  basal-plates  and  a pair  of  abbrevi- 
ated median  sulci.  Femur  of  anal  legs  armed  on  ventral  outer  surface 
normally  with  two  rows  of  spines,  which  may  number  2,  2 up  to  4,  5. 

Claws  of  anal  legs  usually  without  spurs.  Sternocoxal  plate  (pro- 
sternal  plate)  without  fine  undulating  transverse  sulci  on  anterior 
third  ...........  2 

2.  Femur  of  anal  legs  on  ventral  outer  surface  armed  normally  with  2,  2 

spines.  Last  or  anal  tergite  with  single  median  sulcus  ...  3 

Femur  of  anal  legs  armed  on  ventral  outer  surface  normally  with  2,  3 
(seldom  1,  3)  up  to  5,  5 spines.  Last  or  anal  tergite  without  median 
sulcus  ...........  6 

3.  Marginations  of  tergites  begin  from  third  to  sixth  somite.  Segments  of 

antennae  elongate,  longer  than  broad  ......  4 

Marginations  of  tergites  begin  from  eighth  to  thirteenth  somite.  Seg- 
ments of  antennae  generally  scarcely  longer  than  broad  ...  5 

4.  All  the  legs  (exc.  21st  pair)  carry  spurs  to  claws;  prosternal  dentiferous 


plate  separated  by  a narrow  fissure  . . . C.  dispar  Porath 

5.  Anal  tergite  with  median  sulcus.  Porous  area  of  pleurae  a narrow  oval, 

hardly  broader  than  the  smooth  outer  margin  of  the  pleura,  neither 
does  it  extend  to  the  posterior  margin  usually  without  a spine. 

Femur  of  the  anal  legs  on  dorsal  inner  surface  usually  with  one  spine 
besides  the  terminal  bifid  spine.  Length  only  up  to  45  mm. 

G.  setiger  Porath 

6.  From  5-8  segments  of  antennae  naked,  seldom  9 or  10,  and  in  the  latter 

case  marginations  begin  from  6th-gth  tergite  ....  7 

11-16  segments  of  antennae  naked  (seldom  only  9).  Marginations  of 
tergites  begin  from  12th- 17th  somite  (seldom  from  9th).  Anal 
tergite  with  or  without  faint  median  sulcus  (often  only  an  indication 
on  posterior  half)  ......  C.  anceps  Porath 


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257 


7.  Anal  tergite  with  median  sulcus  .......  8 

Anal  tergite  without  median  sulcus  . . . . . . . 10 

8.  Porous  area  of  pleurae  a narrow  oval,  not  as  broad  as  the  naked  outer 

surface,  nor  does  it  extend  to  the  posterior  margin  or  to  the  process 
of  the  pleura.  Marginations  of  the  tergites  begin  from  the  12th  or 
13th  somite.  Claws  of  anal  legs  with  spurs  . G.  oligoporus  Kraepelin 
Porous  area  of  the  pleurae  broader  than  the  naked  outer  surface  of  same, 
and  extending  up  to  the  posterior  margin  of  the  process.  Margina- 
tions of  the  tergites  usually  begin  only  from  3rd-ioth  (seldom  only 
from  1 5th)  somite.  Claws  of  anal  legs  without  spurs  ...  9 

9.  Femur  of  anal  legs  ventral  outer  surface  armed  with  2,  3 spines,  inner 

surface  only  with  1-2  spines.  Marginations  of  tergites  begin  from 
yth-gth  somite.  Tergites  without  median  depression.  Pleurae 
cylindriform.  Segments  of  antennae  longer  than  broad.  Up  to  80 
mm.  . . . . . . . . G.  elegans  Kraepelin 

10.  Claws  of  anal  legs  with  spurs.  Femur  of  anal  legs  ventral  outer  surface 
generally  with  3,  3-4,  5 spines  (fig.  20).  Only  five  segments  of  anten- 
nae are  naked.  Length  up  to  45  mm.  . . G.  calcaratus  Porath 

Claws  of  anal  legs  without  spurs.  Femur  of  anal  legs  ventral  outer  sur- 
face with  2,  3 spines.  6-8  segments  of  antennae  naked.  Length  up 
to  1 15  mm.  .......  G.  nitidus  Porath 

Cormocephalus  oligoporus  (Swakopmund),  Cormocephalus  brevicornis 
(Mashonaland) , Cormocephalus  pseudopunctatus  (Port  Elizabeth)  are  the  only 
remaining  species  not  met  with  in  the  material  placed  at  my  disposal,  and 
which  have  been  recorded  by  Kraepelin  in  his  Revision  der  Scolopendriden. 


Genus  SCOLOPENDRA  Linne,  Newport. 


Fig.  21.  Head  and  anterior  region  of  Scolopendra  morsitans  LinnA 
Fig.  22.  Pleurae  showing  the  four  spines  at  the  process  and  the  lateral  spine  of 
Scolopendra  morsitans  Linne. 

Fig.  23.  Femur  of  anal  leg  showing  armature  and  the  five-pointed  process  in  distal 
extremity  of  femur  ( Scolopendra  morsitans  Linne). 


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258 


Habitat : Pretoria;  Geelhoutkop  (Waterberg);  Nijlstroom  (Waterberg) 
(G.  P.  F.  van  Dam) ; Pretoria  (G.  P.  F.  van  Dam) ; Piet  Potgietersrust  (G.  P.  F. 
van  Dam  and  H.  R.  Pretorius) ; Lambert’s  Bay,  Dist.  Clanwilliam  (A.  Roberts). 

Cosmopolitan  in  South  Africa,  5.  morsitans  can  indeed  boast  over  an  ex- 
tensive synonomy.  With  regard  to  the  South  African  representatives  of  the 
genus  Porath  referred  them  to  twelve  different  species.  Several  other  species 
belonging  to  this  cosmopolitan  genus  have  shared  the  same  fate  in  point  of 
synonomy. 

Scolopendra  is  the  typical  genus  of  the  Scolopendrinae.  With  regard  to  its 
extensive  synonomy  Kraepelin  correctly  states: 

“ Nach  dem  etwa  250  Artnamen,  welche  fur  diese  Gattung  aufgestellt  sind, 
sollte  man  schlieszen,  dasz  wir  es  in  ihr  mit  der  formenreichen  Gruppe  der 
ganzen  Familie  zu  tun  haben.  In  Wirklichkeit  scheint  dies  jedoch  keineswegs 
der  Fall  zu  sein,  da  eine  Gruppierung  der  Formen  nach  morphologisch  definier- 
baren  Charakteren  kaum  2 Dutzend  einigermaszen  scharf  von  einander 
abgrenzbare  Formenkreise  erkennen  laszt.  Aber  die  Haufigkeit  und  ungemein 
weite  Verbreitung  dieser  auffallenden,  oft  durch  besondere  Grosze  ausge- 
zeichneten  Tiere,  die  Mannigfaltigkeit  ihrer  Farbung,  die  Variabilitat  der 
meisten  morphologischen  Charaktere  gegeniiber  einer  im  ubrigen  auszerst 
weitgehenden  Gleichartigkeit  des  Gesamthabitus  und  eine  oft  geradezu 
niederdruckenden  Geringfiigigkeit  der  einigermaszen  konstanten  Charakter- 
merkmale,  die  von  den  alteren  Autoren  noch  dazu  meist  vollig  ubersehen 
wurden,  hat  es  mit  sich  gebracht,  dasz  jeder  Autor  die  ihm  vorliegenden 
Formen  als  neue  beschreiben  zu  mussen  geglaubt  hat,  und  dasz  so  im  Laufe 
der  Jahre  ein  Chaos  entstanden  ist,  das  kaum  entwirrbar  erscheint. . . . ” 

The  following  is  a key  to  the  widely  distributed 

SCOLOPENDRA  MORSITANS. 

First  tergite  without  a rounded  transverse  groove  on  its  anterior  margin. 
First  pair  of  legs  generally  with  a tarsal  spur. 

Femur  of  all  the  legs  without  spinous  tuberosity  on  the  dorsal  distal  ex- 
tremity. Head-plate  without  longitudinal  sulci.  Sternocoxal  plate  (prosternal 
plate)  without  transverse  sulci.  Pubescence  of  antennae  not  arranged  in  dis- 
tinct longitudinal  rows;  19-21  segments  to  antennae  of  which  6-8  are  naked, 
seldom  17-18  segments  of  antennae  present;  prosternal  dentiferous  plate 
carries  4-5  distinct  teeth ; basal  tooth  of  femur  of  maxillipedes  generally  carries 
a small  tooth-like  prominence  at  its  base.  First  pair  of  legs  armed  ventrally 
with  a tarsal  spur.  Marginations  of  the  tergites  generally  commence  only 
from  the  20th  somite.  Sternites  bisulcate  up  to  20th  somite,  sometimes  the 
sulci  do  not  extend  across  entire  sternite.  Anal  tergite  with  a fine  median  sulcus. 

Pleurae  with  short  truncated  process  carrying  1-5  spines,  a posterior 
lateral  spine  often  present. 

Colour:  “Farbung  auszerst  variabel,  meist  lehmgelb  bis  rotgelb,  mit  oder 
ohne  grime  Hinterrande  der  Segmente,  seltener  olivbraun  (wobei  Kopf,  sowie 
1.  und  letztes  Riickensegment  meist  heller  gelbbraun),  hellgrlin  mit  dunkel- 
grunen  Langstreifen  (juv.)  resp.  Hinterrandern  der  Segmente,  oder  tief 
dunkelgriin.  Lange  in  der  Regel  nur  70-90  mm.’’  (Kraepelin,  loc.  cit.). 

The  prevailing  colour  of  the  South  African  species  is  light  yellow  to  creamy 
yellow,  the  tergites  are  marked  with  a dark-green  edge  laterally,  anteriorly  and 
posteriorly,  often  only  laterally.  Head-plate,  first  and  second  tergite,  and 
anal  tergite  deep  reddish  brown  tint.  Entire  dark  green  specimens  are  also 
fairly  common  with  deep  reddish  brown  head,  first,  second  and  anal  tergites. 
The  sternites  have  a lighter  colour. 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


259 


Genus  ARTHRORHABDUS  Pocock. 

Arthrorhabdus  formosus  Pocock.  (Fig.  24.) 

Habitat : Port  Elizabeth,  Namaqualand,  Willowmore,  Steytlerville,  Middel- 
burg  (C.  Prov.);  Victoria  West;  Steinkopf  (S.W.  Protectorate);  Cradock 
(G.  P.  F.  van  Dam). 


Fig.  24.  Anal  somite,  pleurae  and  anal  legs  (ventral). 

A rthrorhabdus  formosus  Pocock. 

This  species  is  very  common  in  the  dry  Karroo  districts  of  the  Cape  Colony. 
Its  distribution  beyond  the  Orange  River  into  the  Orange  Free  State  and  the 
Transvaal  is  very  sparse.  It  is  also  found  in  Natal.  Only  two  species  are 
known : 

A . pygmaeus  Poc.  in  North  America. 

A . formosus  Poc.  in  South  Africa. 


Genus  COLOBOPLEURUS  Kraepelin. 

Colobopleurus  devylderi  Porath.  (Figs.  25,  27.) 

Habitat : Namaqualand;  Kimberley;  Groenkloof;  Rustenburg  (Tvl.) 

(G.  P.  F.  van  Dam);  Gezina,  Pretoria  (D.  A.  Stuart). 

Colobopleurus  parcespinatus  Porath.  (Figs.  26,  28.) 

Habitat : Port  Elizabeth.  (In  Albany  Museum,  Grahamstown.) 


26o 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


C.  parcespinatus  seems  to  be  entirely  confined  to  the  southern  coastal 
districts,  C.  devylderi  predominating  in  the  northern  districts  of  South  Africa. 
The  genus  is  entirely  confined  to  South  Africa,  as  far  as  it  is  known. 


Fig.  25.  Pleura  of  Colobopleurus  devylderi  Porath. 

Fig.  26.  Pleura  of  Colobopleurus  parcespinatus  Porath. 

Fig.  27.  Sternocoxal  plate,  prosternal  plates  and  femur  of  maxillipedes  of 
Colobopleurus  devylderi  Porath. 

Fig.  28.  Sternocoxal  plate,  prosternal  plates  and  femur  of  maxillipedes  of 
Colobopleurus  parcespinatus  Porath. 

(Figs.  24,  25,  26,  27,  28  from  Revision  der  Scolopendriden,  Kraepelin.) 


Key  to  the  Species. 

1.  The  prosternal  teeth-plates  at  least  twice  as  long  as  they  are  broad. 

Seventh  to  tenth  segments  of  antennae  are  naked.  Pleurae  curved 
posteriorly,  and  do  not  end  in  a process.  Femur  of  anal  legs  unarmed, 
at  most  a minute  tuberosity  at  the  distal  extremity  G.  devylderi  Porath 
The  prosternal  teeth-plates  are  scarcely  longer  than  broad.  Only  first 
four  segments  of  antennae  are  bare.  Pleurae  end  in  a blunt  process 
interiorly.  Femur  of  anal  legs  armed  on  the  inside  (sometimes  on  the 
ventral  surface)  with  1-3  small  spines  . . G.  parcespinatus  Porath 


Family  LITHOBIIDAE  Newport. 

Several  specimens  of  Lithobiidae  were  found  in  the  collection,  but  Scolo- 
pendridae  is  by  far  the  predominating  family.  Only  four  or  five  representatives 
of  Lithobiidae  from  Grahamstown  (G.  P.  F.  van  Dam)  are  recorded.  They 
agree  very  well  with  the  species  Henicops  (Newrport)  africana  Porath,  which 


Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


261 


Porath  founded  and  described  from  Caffraria  (Transkei) . (See  Porath,  Myrio- 
poda  Afvicae  Australis.) 

Family  GEOPHILIDAE. 

Likewise  this  family  constitutes  an  extremely  small  fraction  of  South 
African  Chilopoda.  Porath  describes  a species  belonging  to  the  genus  Geophilus 
(Meinert).  The  specimens  from  Grahamstown  probably  belong  to  the  same 
genus.  Porath  referred  his  specimens  to  the  genus  Geophilus,  but  did  not 
determine  the  species.  His  specimens  were  obtained  from  Caffraria  (Transkei) 
and  are  recorded  in  Myriopoda  Africae  Australis. 


262  Annals  of  the  Transvaal  Museum 


NOTE  ON  A RELIC  OF  THE  PHALLUS  CULT 
AMONG  THE  M’KAHTLA 

By  Percy  A.  Wagner. 

With  1 plate. 

Scattered  over  the  Elands  River  ward  of  the  Pretoria  district  of  the  Trans- 
vaal are  isolated  communities  of  a native  tribe  known  as  the  M’Kahtla  or 
Vaal  Kafirs.  These  on  investigation  prove  to  be  Baralong,  who  at  some  date 
not  definitely  fixed  migrated  from  the  western  Transvaal  to  their  present 
habitat.  In  the  well-known  M’Kahtla  village  on  the  farm  Rooifontein,  No. 
378,  the  writer  recently  came  across  an  interesting  relic  of  phallicism  which 
it  is  the  object  of  the  present  note  to  describe. 

Travelling  through  the  village  the  eye  is  at  once  arrested  by  two  groups  of 
tall  poles,  the  one  standing  isolated  from  the  huts  and  kraals  in  a field  near  the 
centre  of  the  village,  the  other  in  an  enclosure  within  a palisade. 

The  poles  of  the  first  group  have  evidently  been  standing  for  some  con- 
siderable time  as  the  wood  of  which  they  are  composed  is  in  an  advanced 
state  of  decay.  Of  those  within  the  palisade  three  look  rather  ancient.  The 
fourth,  shown  in  the  accompanying  photograph  (Plate  VI),  which  is  covered 
with  a decorative  pattern  in  black,  has  evidently  been  erected  quite  recently. 

Enquiries  elicited  the  fact  that  the  erection  of  the  poles  forms  part  of  the 
circumcision  rites  of  the  tribe,  the  actual  circumstances  being  as  follows : 

The  so-called  circumcision  chief  and  the  adult  natives  and  initiated  youths, 
who  have  attended  the  ceremony,  on  the  night  of  their  return  from  the  circum- 
cision lodge,  slaughter  a cow  and,  having  eaten  it,  proceed  to  plant  in  the 
ground  a previously  cut  pole,  which  they  decorate  in  the  manner  shown  with 
a black  pigment  prepared  from  powdered  charcoal  and  the  fat  of  the  cow. 

The  next  morning,  immediately  after  sunrise,  the  whole  of  the  adult  male 
populace  assemble  and  dance  round  the  pole  shouting,  “O  women  come  and 
see  what  the  cow  has  brought  forth  in  the  night.”  This  is  a signal  for  the 
women  and  children  to  join  in  the  ceremony,  the  men  continuing  to  sing  and 
chant  songs — for  the  most  part  highly  obscene — peculiar  to  the  occasion. 

All  the  boys  who  are  circumcised  at  the  time  are  said  to  belong  to  the  same 
regiment,  and  each  regiment  has  as  its  emblem  its  own  pole,  which  is  held  in 
great  veneration.  In  this  respect  the  poles  play  much  the  same  part  in  the 
initiation  ceremony  as  the  small  conical  stone  erections  or  Phiri,  which  are 
put  up  alongside  the  circumcision  lodges  of  the  Bapedi  of  Sekukuniland1. 

According  to  the  testimony  of  educated  natives  the  poles,  which  are  called 
Ramoleele  (literally  “longer  than  anything  else”),  represent  the  male  organ, 
and  there  can  be  no  question,  therefore,  that  we  have  to  do  with  a survival  of 
the  Phallus  cult;  the  whole  ceremony  being  of  the  nature  of  what  has  been 
termed  sympathetic  magic.  It  is  probably  in  some  obscure  pagan  observance 
of  this  nature  that  the  Maypole  dance,  which  until  a comparatively  recent 
date  figured  so  prominently  in  the  May  Day  festivals  of  European  peasants, 
had  its  origin. 

1 Cf.  Roberts,  N.  and  Winter,  C.  A.  T.,  S.  A.  Journ.  Set.  1915,  pp.  574-575- 


CAMBRIDGE:  PRINTED  BY  J.  B.  PEACE,  M.A.,  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 


A nnals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII , Pt.  4 


Plate  I 


Zonurus  breyeri  sp.  nov. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  4 


Plate  II 


Zonurus  breyeri  sp.  nov 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  4 


Plate  III 


Zonurus  barbertonensis  sp.  nov. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII , Ft.  4 


Plate  IV 


Zonurus  robertsi  sp.  nov. 


Annals  Transvaal  Mus.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  4 


Plate  V 


Pachydactylus  capensis  Smith  var.  nov.  tigrinus 


Annals  Transvaal  M us.  Vol.  VII,  Pt.  4 


Plate  VI 


2 


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