An annotated ethnohistorical bibliography of the Nushagak River region, Alaska

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AN ANNOTATED ETHNOHISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF

THE NUSHAGAK RIVER REGION, ALASKA

JAMES W. VANSTONE

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FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY
VOLUME 54, NUMBER 2
Published by
j FIELD MUSEUM ati ATURAL HISTORY
j . 1
, 1968
JUL 11 1968

Library

AN ANNOTATED
ETHNOHISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE
NUSHAGAK RIVER REGION, ALASKA

AN ANNOTATED ETHNOHISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF

THE NUSHAGAK RIVER REGION, ALASKA

JAMES W. VANSTONE

Associate Curator, North American Archaeology and Ethnology

FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY
VOLUME 54, NUMBER 2
Published by
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
MARCH 15, 1968

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 68-21235

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

An Annotated
Ethnohistorical Bibliography of the
Nushagak River Region, Alaska

INTRODUCTION

The human population of the Nushagak River region of south-
western Alaska has received little attention from anthropologists.
Except for a hasty archaeological survey by Ales Hrdlitka in 1931,
and preliminary archaeological and ethnological studies by the editor
of this bibliography in 1964 and 1965, one of the major river systems
in Alaska remains totally unknown anthropologically.

The Nushagak River, which is the main feature of the region, has
its source in the Nushagak Hills and flows in a generally southward
direction until it reaches tidewater at the head of Nushagak Bay, one
of the arms of Bristol Bay, the first great indentation of the coastline
north of the Alaska Peninsula. The river’s three major tributaries,
the Mulchatna, Nuyakuk and Wood rivers, drain the impressive
array of Wood River and Tikchik lakes to the west, and the southern
foothills of the Alaska Range to the east. The area has been occu-
pied in historic times by a coastal population combining fishing with
sea mammal hunting, and an interior population emphasizing fishing
and land hunting with frequent trips to the coast, particularly during
the summer months. The cultural distinction between the two groups
has gradually been obliterated by changes in the settlement pattern
and by migrations into the area, mostly from the Alaska Peninsula
to the south and the Kuskokwim River to the north.

The Nushagak River region is a very suitable area for the study
of culture change, and it is with this fact in mind that the following
bibliography has been prepared. The area was penetrated by the
Russians early in the nineteenth century, and the mouth of the river
was the site of the first Russian trading post, constructed in 1818,
north of the Alaska Peninsula. A mission of the Russian Orthodox
Church was established at the post in 1842, and the Moravian Church
entered the mission field in the area in 1886. The fur trade was well
developed throughout the period of contact and miners, the commer-

149

150 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

cial fishing industry, the reindeer herding program, health and edu-
cational services have all been instrumental in bringing about change
in the culture of the population of the region. Of particular impor-
tance in this regard has been the commercial salmon fishing industry
which began during the nineth decade of the last century and has,
since that time, been the major economic factor influencing the lives
of the Eskimos of the Nushagak River and Nushagak Bay.

As might be expected, all of these agents of contact have provided
a rich store of published and archival information on the Eskimos of
the region, information that covers most of the nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries. This bibliography represents an attempt to draw
these sources together and present them in such a way as to indicate
their value to the ethnologist, archaeologist and ethnohistorian.
These are materials for the study of culture history, studies that
would provide a firm foundation for the consideration of contem-
porary Eskimo culture in the area.

In the preparation of this bibliography, a number of bibliographic
sources have been consulted. These are listed in the order of their
importance and value to me.

Wickersham, J.

A bibliography of Alaskan literature 1724-1924. Miscellaneous Publications
2 the Alaska Agricultural College and School of Mines, vol. 1, no. 1, Cor-
Ova, 1927.

Tremaine, M. (ed.)

vee bibliography. 12 vols. Department of Defense, Washington, 1953-

Foote, D. C. and Macbain, S. K.

A selected regional bibliography for human geographical studies of the
native populations in central Alaska. Geography Department Publication
No. 12, McGill University, Montreal, 1964.

Judson, K. B.

Subject index to the history of the Pacific Northwest and of Alaska as found
vee United States government documents, etc., 1789-1881. Olympia,

Ricks, M. B.
A basic bibliography of Alaskan literature. Annotated. 4 vols. (type-
written). Juneau, 1960.

Fuller, G. H. (comp.)
Alaska: A selected list of recent references. The Library of Congress,
Division of Bibliography, Washington, 19438.

Smith, C. W.

Pacific Northwest Americana. A checklist of books and pamphlets relat-
ing to the history of the Pacific Northwest. 8rd ed., Portland, 1950.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 151

It might be noted that the greater historical emphasis in Wicker-
sham and its tendency to include obscure periodical literature, is off-
set to some extent by the excellent detailed annotations in the Arctic
Bibliography. The regional bibliography of Foote and Macbain has
been carefully selected and these three major bibliographical sources
are of basic importance for historical and anthropological studies in
southwestern Alaska.

I would like to think that I have examined all the published source
material dealing with the people of the Nushagak River region with
the exception of accounts in newspapers, but I cannot really hope to
have succeeded in this aim. Regardless of the degree of complete-
ness of the research, however, no attempt has been made to present
every source in which the Eskimos of the region are mentioned.
Many secondary sources have been eliminated, but only those in
which the secondary nature of the information could be determined
to my satisfaction. Duplications, particularly with regard to the
information in various government publications, have likewise been
left out except where the data is of an extremely relevant nature or
the accessibility of the source is in question. Generally speaking, I
have included only those sources which provide concrete information,
no matter how slight, on the culture history of the area and related
topics. This has meant the elimination of some sources which con-
tain only casual statements of absolutely no cultural significance.
It has also meant the inclusion of some sources which are extremely
brief; perhaps simply a reference to the fact that a school was opened
in a particular year or that a certain number of Eskimos were em-
ployed by a cannery in a given season.

Reference must be made to two large collections of archival ma-
terial, both of which should be of interest to anyone undertaking
historical research in the Nushagak River region. These are the
Alaska Russian Church Archives deposited in the Manuscript Divi-
sion of the Library of Congress, and the records of the Russian-
American Company in the National Archives. The church archives
are preserved in 1,062 box-portfolios which represent the entire ar-
chive of the Ecclesiastical Consistory of the Russian Church in Alaska.
The material was placed in the Library of Congress in two install-
ments, the first in 1928 and the second in 1940. There is no general
index to the collection but two important guides do exist. One is an
article by John T. Dorosh (see Bibliography, no. 77) which describes
the archives in some detail, and the other is the first four volumes of
a 15 volume typewritten manuscript entitled Documents Relative to

152 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

the History of Alaska (see Bibliography, nos. 52-59). This important
manuscript indexes that part of the archives received by the Library
of Congress in 1928 and offers selected translations. It also indexes
materials from other depositories and collections (see Dorosh). The
original typewritten copy of the Documents is in the University of
Alaska Library and there is a carbon copy in the Library of Congress.
With the exception of the vital statistics for the Nushagak Church
(see Bibliography, no. 3) which, along with similar statistics for other
Orthodox churches in Alaska, are available on microfilm, only those
sections of the church archives translated in the Documents Relative
to the History of Alaska have been utilized in the preparation of this
bibliography. It must be emphasized that students of southwestern
Alaska culture history cannot afford to ignore this valuable source.
At the very least, a careful index of the entire collection should be
prepared so that it can be used selectively by students with particu-
lar research interests.

The records of the Russian-American Company between 1802
and 1867, written in Russian longhand, were transferred to the United
States States government in accordance with the provisions of the
treaty of cession. The entire collection has been microfilmed and
there is a copy in the library of the Arctic Institute of North America
in Montreal. Contents of the 77 microfilm reels are as follows: reels
1-25, letters received by the governors general, 1802-1866; reels 26-
65, letters sent by the governors general, 1812-1867; reels 66-76, logs
of company ships, 1850-1867; reel 77, journals of exploring expedi-
tions, 1842-1864 (Arctic Institute of North America, Library Acces-
sions, January-February, 1964). These records are now in the process
of being studied but have not been utilized in the preparation of this
bibliography. It is already apparent that this source does not con-
tain a great deal of new information on the people of the Nushagak
River region. There is, however, much useful data on Russian ex-
ploration in the area and on the mechanics of the fur trade.

A third archival source, the Archives of the Moravian Church in
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania was consulted but proved to be of mini-
mum usefulness for the Nushagak River region (see Bibliography,
nos. 131-135). It is mentioned here because of its vital importance
to those interested in the Kuskokwim River area, the center of Mo-
ravian activity in Alaska. Of particular interest in this regard are
the Kilbuck Papers, a large collection of diaries, correspondence,
reports, ete., by John Kilbuck and his wife, pioneer Moravian mis-
sionaries on the Kuskokwim.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 153

For each numbered entry in the bibliography, the author, title,
publishing information and date are given. When page numbers are
noted immediately below an entry, these refer to specific Nushagak
references in the text of the source. The Wickersham and Arctic
Bibliography reference numbers, when available, are listed after each
entry. The annotations attempt to give an idea of the contents and
are evaluative only in cases where I feel that the reader might be
misled by a simple statement of the contents or by the title. Russian
titles are transliterated according to a modified form of the Library
of Congress system and Russian proper names follow, when possible,
the usage in the Arctic Bibliography. Exceptions to this occur when
translations are used, notably in the case of the Documents Relative
to the History of Alaska.

I wish to express my appreciation to the reference department
staff of the University of Toronto Library for their valuable assist-
ance in seeking out and obtaining books, periodicals, government
documents and microfilms on interlibrary loan. Grateful acknowl-
edgement of assistance is also given to Mr. Edward L. Keithahn, for-
merly Curator, and Mrs. Phyllis Nottingham, Librarian, of the Alaska
Historical Library and Museum in Juneau; Mr. Henry L. Williams,
Librarian, Harvey Memorial Library, Moravian College, Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania; and to Mr. Vernon Nelson, Archivist, Archives of the
Moravian Church, Bethlehem. The writer is, of course, responsible
for the accuracy and completeness of the citations.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

(1) Alaska
Coast pilot notes on the Fox Islands passes, Unalaska Bay, Bering Sea,
and Arctic Ocean as far as Point Barrow. Treasury Dept., U. S. Coast
and Geodetic Survey, Bull. 40, 1899. (W.8969)
pp. 182-183
Contains navigation instructions for Nushagak Bay. Reference to a recon-
naissance of the lower Nushagak probably not extending beyond the mouth of the
Wood River.

(2) Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
Regulations of the Alaska Board of Fish and Game for commercial fishing
in Alaska. 1965 edition. n.p.
pp. 39-46
State regulations for the commercial salmon fishery in Bristol Bay are of inter-
est because they pertain to Eskimos as well as to whites.

(3) Alaska Russian church archives, accession 12,766.

Vital statistics, Nushagak 1842-1881 reel 14
1882-1898 reel 15
1899-1931 reel 16

These vital statistics, available on microfilm from the Library of Congress,
record births, confirmations, marriages and deaths of members of the Russian
Orthodox Church at Nushagak. The entire Bristol Bay area is covered along with
the Nushagak and Kvichak rivers, Iliamna Lake, and part of the Alaska Peninsula.
In most cases the village and “‘tribe”’ is listed along with the individual record of
each birth, confirmation, marriage and death. The listing of villages makes these
statistics very valuable for settlement pattern studies.

Within the time span covered, some years are missing and others are incom-
plete. In particular, the years 1915 to 1918 are very fragmentary and the years
1919 to 1926 are missing completely. The years 1924-1931 are also very frag-
mentary. There is a tendency in the early years of the statistics for the villages
not to be listed by name, reflecting, presumably, the priests’ lack of knowledge of
their area. This is true even as late as 1867, but is only prevalent before 1850.

All the statistics are in handwritten Russian which, although it varies consid-
erably, is generally easy to read. The records themselves are all in good condition
and there are no illegible sections.

(4) Anderson, H. D., and Eells, W. C.

Alaska natives. A survey of their sociological and educational status.
Stanford University Press, 19385. (AB.434)
pp: 21, 29,.85,-87,.114, 208

154

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 155

Several brief references of a geographical and historical nature to the Nusha-
gak. There is a statement to the effect that the villages of the Nushagak are infre-
quently visited by a Russian priest from the Aleutian Islands.

(5) Anonymous
The Big Land. Del Monte Shield, September, 1961.
A very generalized, superficial history of the Alaska Packers Association with
several references to its early activities in the Bristol Bay area.

(6) Anonymous
Bristol Bay salmon packs (statistical table). Pacific Fisherman Yearbook
Number, vol. 58, no. 2, 1960.
p. 61
A table listing the number of fish canned in the Nushagak district of Bristol
Bay each year from 1940 to 1959. This is the most recent table of this kind in the
Yearbook and is useful because the total Bristol Bay pack is broken down by
district.

(7) Anonymous
Dr. Joseph Herman Romig. The Pathfinder, vol. 1, no. 7, 1920.
Dal.
A biographical sketch of the pioneer Alaskan missionary and doctor with refer-
ence to his work in Bristol Bay.

(8) Anonymous

Eskimo gillnetters—A new element in Alaska industrial fishing. Pacific
Fisherman, vol. 59, no. 12, 1961. (AB. 74607)
p. 23

During 1961 Eskimos were used extensively for the first time as fishermen in
the Bristol Bay area. This article, although not dealing specifically with the
Nushagak, is useful for determining aspects of Eskimo participation in commercial

fishing activities.

(9) Anonymous
Eskimos, Indians and Aleuts of Alaska, a digest. U.S. Dept. of Health,
Education and Welfare, Public Health Service. Bureau of Medical
Services, Division of Indian Health. Washington, 1963.
Di.22
Contains useful background information on the development of health services
in Alaska and a summary of the services currently provided by the Kanakanak
Service Unit.

(10) Anonymous
From Ketchikan to Barrow. The Alaska Sportsman, vol. VII, no. 3, p. 19,
1941.
Brief reference to the progress made by the colony of Seventh Day Adventists
which was established at Aleknagik in 1930.

(11) Anonymous
Libby cannery uses all-native crew. Pacific Fisherman, vol. 46, no. 1, 1948.
p.d1

156 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

During the summer of 1947 the Libby cannery at Koggiung on the Kvichak
River used an all-native crew for the first time, having previously used such a crew
in their Ekuk cannery. This article, although not dealing specifically with Nusha-
gak, is useful for determining aspects of Eskimo participation in commercial fish-
ing activities.

(12) Anonymous
New orphanage at Dillingham. The Pathfinder, vol. 1, no. 11, p. 31, 1920.
Reference to the construction of an orphanage at Dillingham by the Bureau
of Education in 1920.

(13) Anonymous
Northern Lights—News from around the Territory. Alaska Life, vol. IX,
no. 12, 1946.
p. 32
Contains a reference to a territorial school opened at Nushagak in the fall of
1946 after having been closed “for several years.”

(14) Anonymous
Nushagak area in Bristol Bay. Alaska Call, vol. 1, no. 8, 1959.
A vague and generalized article on the history of the Bristol Bay area.

(15) Anonymous
Report on the fisheries of Alaska for 1912. Pacific Fisherman, vol. 11,
noe Le oN Ss:
De dL
Contains a statement on why native peoples can be employed successfully in
the canneries of southeastern Alaska but not in those of western Alaska.

(16) Anonymous
The salmon are hitting. Del Monte Shield, October, 1961.
A well illustrated but superficial article describing the operations of Alaska
salmon canneries with emphasis on Alaska Packers Association canneries in Bris-
tol Bay.

(17) Anonymous
Service. The true measurement of any institution lies in the service it
renders. Published by the Alaska Packers Association, n.d.
pp. 21,225
Describes the influenza epidecmic of 1919 and the efforts of the Association
doctor to treat the Eskimos living in the vicinity of the canneries.

(18) Anonymous
Unknown portions of the territory of Alaska. The Pathfinder of Alaska,
Vol ~2) Noa 0;2192 1.
pp. 1-3
Contains general information concerning the possibilities of successful gold
mining in the Nushagak—Mulchatna area with some historical data.

(19) Bailey, G. W.
Report upon Alaska and its people. The U. S. Senate, 46th Congress,
2nd session, document 132. Washington, 1880. (W.7377,7378; AB.965)

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 157

pp. 26-27

A brief summary of the conditions of the natives of Alaska and the resources
of the country prepared by an officer of the Revenue Marine in response to a re-
quest from the Senate. Included is a very useful table showing the population
of settlements in the Nushagak district taken from church records in October,
1879.

(20) Baker, M.
Geographic dictionary of Alaska. U.S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 187, Wash-
ington, 1902. (W.8239; AB.986)

pp. 64, 67, 74, 83, 107, 115, 131, 163, 226, 227-29, 291, 405, 436

Contains a large number of place names in the Nushagak area, mostly taken
from Petroff (148), Porter (152) and the various Fish Commission expeditions.
Other sources utilized are Tebenkov (166) and Spurr (160). There is little ethno-
graphic or historical material.

(21) Bancroft; H. H.
Alaska 1730-1885. San Francisco, 1886. (W.4049; AB.1023)

pp. 340, 521-22, 536, 547, 709

This book contains a number of references to the Nushagak, and there are brief
accounts of the establishment of Alexandrovski Redoubt and the exploration of
the Kuskokwim, by way of the Nushagak. However, few sources are given and the
data is too brief to be really valuable. It is likely that much of the material has
been taken from Tikhmenev (167).

(22) Bancroft, H. H.
The works of Hubert Howe Bancroft. Vol. 1, the native races, vol. 1, wild
tribes. San Francisco, 1886.
p. 70
Contains a classification of Eskimo groups in southwestern Alaska based
mainly on Russian sources, the works of Dall (47, 48, 49), Holmberg (93), Wrangell
(224), ete.

(23) Barsukoy, I. (ed.)
Pisma Innokentiya, Mitropolita Moskovskago i Kolomenskago 1828-1878,
3 vols. St. Petersburg, 1897-1901.
vol. 1, letters 3 (1828), 48 (1844), 74 (1849), 119 (1852), 182 (1853)
An important source for information on the early days of the Russian Ortho-
dox mission at Nushagak. Valuable references to the attitudes of the Eskimos
toward the missionaries.

(24)
Tvoreniya Innokentiya, Mitropolita Moskovskago, 3 vols. in 2. Moscow,
1886-1888. (W.5748)

vol. 2, pp. 35-42

Father Veniaminov describes the establishment of the first settlement on the
Nushagak River, his first visit there in 1829, and the building of a church in 1832.
There are also valuable comments concerning the problem of spreading Christian-
ity in western Alaska and some important census data.

158 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

(25); Bean, 1. H:
Report on the salmon and salmon rivers of Alaska, with notes on the con-
ditions, methods and needs of the salmon fisheries. Bull., U. S. Fish
Comm., vol. IX, for 1889. Washington, 1891. (W.8771; AB.1198)
pp. 205-206
A brief statement concerning the employment of native peoples in the can-
neries on Kodiak Island. The same factors doubtless apply to canneries in the
Nushagak River region.

(26) Berkh, V. N.

Puteshestvie uchenika morekhodstva Andreya Ustyugova, i sluzhiteley
Rossiyskoy Amerikanskoy Kompanii Fedora Kolmakova i Petra Kor-
sanovskago v 1819 godu. Severnyi Arkhiv, pt. 4, 1823. (W.6320)

A nearly contemporary, but very brief, account of the expedition which estab-
lished the first post at the mouth of the Nushagak River.

(27) Black, J.
Russian-American trading posts. The Merchantile Marine Magazine,
vol. 14, 1867. (W.5775)

p. 357

A simple listing of the posts maintained by the Russian-American Company
in 1867 as compiled by a member of the Western Union Telegraph Expedition.
Alexandrovski Redoubt is listed together with the approximate number of em-
ployees in residence.

(28) Bolles, T. D.
A preliminary catalogue of the Eskimo collection in the United States
National Museum, arranged geographically and by uses. Ann. rept.,
Board of Regents, Smithsonian Institution, for the year ending June 30,
1887. Pt. II. Washington, 1889. (W.9134)
pp. 338-365
Includes a listing of all ethnological specimens from the Bristol Bay region in
the National Museum, including collections from Nushagak and Igushik made by
C. L. McKay and J. W. Johnson, Signal Service observers at Nushagak in the
early 1880’s.

(29) Bower, W. T.
Alaska fishery and fur-seal industries in 1922. Rept., U.S. Comm. Fish.,
fiscal year 1923, app. Washington, 1924. (W.8878; AB.18278)
p. 42
Contains a reference to an occupied village at the foot of Lake Aleknagik.
No size is given but it was occupied at least as late as 1909.

(20) ==
Alaska fishery and fur-seal industries in 1924. Rept., U.S. Comm. Fish.,
fiscal year 1925, app. Washington, 1926. (W.8881a; AB.18278)
pp. 108-110
In this source there is the description of a trip up the Nushagak made during
the summer of 1923 by Bureau of Fisheries personnel. The occupied villages are
listed and indicated on a map.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 159

Gly ===
Alaska fishery and fur-seal industries in 1926. Rept., U.S. Comm. Fish.,
fiscal year 1927, app. Washington, 1927. (AB.18278)
| oA)
A brief comment on the origin of the name Tikchik as applied to the lake and
river at the headwaters of the Nuyakuk River.

(32) ==
Alaska fishery and fur-seal industries in 1928. Rept., U.S. Comm. Fish.,
fiscal year 1929, app. Washington, 1930. (AB.18278)
p. 243
Contains a reference to the number of independent boats operated by Eskimos,
but owned by canneries, in 1927 and 1928.

(33)
Alaska fishery and fur-seal industries in 19385. Rept., U.S. Comm. Fish.,
fiscal year 1936, app. Washington, 1938. (AB.18278)
pp. 26-27, 29
Contains a reference to the great reduction in the number of canneries operat-
ing in the Bristol Bay area during 1935 because of the sharp curtailment of fishing
for conservation purposes. No mention of the effect on local employment.

(34) Brooks, A. H.
Blazing Alaska’s trails. Caldwell, 1953. (AB.28321)
Dent
Brief accounts, though slightly more detailed than those in Bancroft, of the
founding of Alexandrovski Redoubt and the exploration of the Kuskokwim by
way of the Nushagak. Not detailed enough to be valuable and no sources are
given.

(39)
Placer mining in Alaska in 1903. Jn Contributions to economic geology,
1908. U.S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 225. Washington, 1904. (W.8246;
AB.2262)
p. 48

Contains a brief statement about early gold mining activity on the Nushagak
and Mulchatna Rivers.

36) Browning, L. (ed.)
Five years of medical observations in the colonies of the Russian-American
Company by Staff Physician Romanowsky and Dr. Frankenhauser.
Pt. I. Alaska Medicine, vol. IV, no. 2, 1962. (AB.70410)
p. 37
Contains a reference to small pox vaccinations having been administered to
the residents of ‘‘Alexandrovska—Odinotchka” in 1840. No details are given.

(37) Bryant, C., and McIntyre, H. H.
Resources of Alaska. 41st Congress, 2nd session, Senate executive docu-
ment no. 32, pp. 1-48. Washington, 1869. (W.7364)
p. 23

160 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

A report by an agent of the Treasury Department who visited Alexandrovski
Redoubt in 1868. Brief description of the post and comments on the fur trade,
particularly on the sale of gunpowder to the Eskimos.

(38) Burykin, A. F.
Chetyre plavaniya capitana Khromchenko. Priroda, no. 3, pp. 77-80,
1957. (AB.50022)
A very general summary of little value but it does establish the fact that
Etolin, in the cutter Baranov, visited the mouth of the Nushagak River in 1821.

(39) Capps, S. R.
The Lake Clark—Mulchatna region, Alaska. Jn Mineral resources of Alaska,
report on progress of investigations in 1929. U.S. Geol. Survey, Bull.
824c. Washington, 1931.
pp. 126-127
This report contains some brief but useful information on early exploration
and mining activity on the Mulchatna River.

(40) Chernenko, M. B.

Lavrentiy Alekseevich Zagoskin. Ocherk zhizni i deyatelnosti. In Za-
GOSKIN, L. A., Puteshestviya i isseldovaniya leytenanta Lavrentiya
Zagoskina v russkoy Amerike v 1842-1844 gg. Moscow, 1956. (AB.
44328)

pp..16,, 17

This biographical sketch of Zagoskin is prefaced by a short but reasonably well
documented account of Russian exploration in southwestern Alaska prior to the
Zagoskin expedition.

(41) Cobb, J. N.
The fisheries of Alaska in 1906. Rept., Comm. Fish., fiscal year 1906 and
special papers. Washington, 1907. (W.8816; AB,18280)
pp. 32, 33
Contains brief information on the location of villages on the Nushagak, Snake,
Igushik and Wood rivers. Also similar information about the lakes north of the
Wood River. Very sketchy.

QZ)
Pacific salmon fisheries. Rept., U.S. Comm. Fish., fiscal year 1930, app.
Washington, 1931. (AB.3246)

pp. 462-463

This is the fourth edition of a report that was first published in 1911. It con-
tains much useful and fairly detailed information on the history of salmon canneries
in Nushagak Bay. Few changes, however, have been made in the account since the
first edition. Therefore, this source appears to be very incomplete for information
on cannery activity between 1910 and 1929.

(43) Colby, M.
A guide to Alaska. Last American frontier. New York, 1948. (AB.4827)
pp. 354-355
This guide book contains a brief description of Dillingham and the surrounding
area as it was about 19388.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 161

(44) Collins, H. B.
Arctic area. Indigenous period. Mexico City, 1954. (AB.34203)
p. 116
Groups of Eskimos in the Bristol Bay area at the time of first European con-
tact are listed. Information taken mainly from Swanton (162) and Nelson (139).

(45) Conover, P.

The salmon canning industry. Alaska Life, vol. X, no. 3, 1947. (AB.3371)

p. 7 ;
This article describes the salmon canning process and gives some historical

background, particularly on the employment of Chinese as cannery workers.

There is some useful information on the growing participation of Alaska natives

in cannery work

(46) Cook, J., and King, J.
A voyage to the Pacific Ocean. (2nd ed.), 3 vols. London, 1785. (W.6557)
vol. II, pp. 428-429
On July 9, 1778 Captain Cook apparently anchored in Nushagak Bay, and his
is the earliest reference to the Nushagak River of which he merely suspected the
existence. He called it Bristol River.

(47) Dall, W. HH:
Abstract of population of the Indian tribes of Alaska. Jn Annual Report
of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior
for the year 1875. Washington, 1875. (W.8089)
p. 203
Dall divides the Eskimos of Alaska into four subgroups. To one of these, the
“Fishing Innuit,’’ belong the ‘‘Nushagagmut.”’

(48) ———
Alaska and its resources. Boston, 1870. (W.1848; AB.3575)

pp. 4, 273, 275, 289, 292, 331, 336, 339, 351, 352, 400, 405, 464, 479

Contains brief, general statements about the geography and geology of the
Nushagak area. Historical data on the exploration of the river are very general
and no sources are given. Statements about the activities of the church are sim-
ilarly unsupported. Comments on mail routes in the area seem to be based on
information collected by Dall when he was in Alaska and may be more reliable.
Ethnic classification includes people of the Nushagak and a few undocumented
ethnographic facts. This must be one of the first of Dall’s published classifications
of Eskimo groups but it appears to be no different from later ones.

(4).
On the distribution and nomenclature of the native tribes of Alaska and
the adjacent territory. In Tribes of the extreme northwest. Contrib.
N. Am. Ethnol., vol. 1. Washington, 1877. (AB.3629)
p. 19

Dall’s classification and map refer to the people of the Nushagak as the
‘‘Nushagagmut,”’ and estimates their population at 400. He also lists the names
given these people in earlier sources.

162 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

(50) DeArmond, R.N.
Alaskana. The Alaska Sportsman, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 39. 1958.
A brief note about the origin of the name Dillingham for the Bristol Bay village.

(51) Discussion on salmon fishing, Nushagak River, Alaska.

Hearing before the Subcommittee on Territories and Insular Possessions
of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representa-
tives, 83rd Congress, Ist session, March 24, 1958, serial no. 3, Wash-
ington, 1953.

This transcription of the hearing is concerned primarily with the question of
whether the Nushagak River should be closed to fishing for an extended period,
and the extent to which residents of the area and Indians and Eskimos from other
parts of Alaska are dependent upon the commercial fishery in Bristol Bay for their
livelihood. Although the material presented is highly unorganized, the role of the
Eskimo in commercial fishing and cannery work is touched upon frequently.

Documents Relative to the History of Alaska, 15 vols. (typewritten). Copies
of the complete set are located in the University of Alaska Library and the Library
of Congress. The material in these volumes was compiled as part of the Alaska
History Research Project (1936-1938) of the University of Alaska. The first four
volumes contain most of the Russian era materials. Nushagak references are listed
below by volume and page number.

(52) Vol. I, pp. 147-149. Information about the condition of the diocese in the
Russian American possessions in 1864. . . . Alaska Church Collection,
box 519.
Brief references to activities of the Nushagak school and to the baptism of
Eskimos in villages of the Nushagak region.

(538) Vol. I, pp. 151-152. Report of Bishop Paul to Metropolitan Innokenty about
management of Novo-Arkangelsk diocese for 1869. Alaska Church Col-
lection, box 518.

Contains a reference to the removal of the priest at Nushagak in 1868 because
of the sale of Alaska to the United States and his replacement by a creole lay
reader.

(54) Vol. I, p. 155. Excerpts from report of Innokenty Shayashnikov, priest of
Unalaska, to Bishop John, September 29, 1878, Port Illuluk. Alaska
Church Collection, box 441.

The excerpts from this report tell of a visit by the priest to the Kuskokwim,
Nushagak and Ugashik regions and to St. Michael. The Eskimos complain of the
rarity of the priests’ visits and point out that their non-Christian relatives laugh
at them saying they have been deserted by the priest. Fear is expressed by the
priest that unless missionaries are appointed to these regions, other churches will
begin to convert the people.

(55) Vol. I, pp. 166-167. Excerpts from the report of Archpriest Vechtomov
about conditions in the Alaska diocese in 1879. Alaska Church Collection,
box 447.
Contains a comment on the membership in the Nushagak church in 1879.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 163

(56) Vol. I, pp. 228, 225-226, 244, 245, 247, 251, 262-263, 271, 290. List of clergy.

Alaska Church Collection, boxes 4, 92, 124, 150-152, 216-217, 249-251, 306.

From the large number of Alaska clergy listed in the first volume of Documents

Relative to the History of Alaska it is possible to abstract an almost complete list of
those who served at Nushagak between 1841 and 1906.

(57) Vol. I, pp. 314-315. Parish reports. Alaska Church Collection, box 309.

These excerpts from the annual report of the Nushagak lay reader for 1871
refer to the number of people which the mission “‘took care of”’ during the year and
to a quarrel between the reader and a local representative of the Alaska Commer-
cial Company.

(58) Vol. I, pp. 329-333. Journal of Priest Vasily Shishkin, Alaska Church Col-
lection, box 444.
Excerpts from a general review of conditions at the Nushagak mission in 1878.
Information on population, subsistence, illness, religious and moral views, activi-
ties and general needs of the Orthodox Church. A valuable source.

(59) Vol. I, pp. 354-355. Kenai mission. Alaska Church Collection, box 294.

A brief reference to the founding of the Kenai mission is important because
of its bearing on the eventual relationship between this mission and the one at
Nushagak.

(60) Vol. I, pp. 361-375. Kwikpak mission. Alaska Church Collection, box 294.
pp. 362, 365-367, 372

Contains extracts from an important correspondence between Bishop Veni-
aminov and Captain A. K. Etolin, general manager of the Russian—American
Company, concerning the elimination of Alexandrovski as a Company redoubt,
and the effect of this move on the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in
the area.

(61) Vol. I, pp. 385-386. Nushagak mission. Alaska Church Collection, box 294.
Extracts concerning the founding of the mission at Nushagak.

(62) Vol. I, p. 387. Nushagak mission. Alaska Church Collection, box 296.
Extracts concerning the building of a church at Nushagak.

(63) Vol. II, p. 3. Kenai. Alaska Church Collection, boxes 92, 93.
Excerpts from parish records at Kenai give population data for Alexandrovski
in 1849 and 1859.

(64) Vol. II, pp. 8-9. Nushagak. Alaska Church Collection, boxes 150-152.

A brief excerpt from several boxes in the Alaska Church Collection containing
information on the Nushagak church. Reference to the building of a chapel in
1832. Also population data for the area at five-year intervals from 1842 to 1915.
These are of doubtful value.

(65) Vol. II, pp. 186-143. Travel journal of Hieromonk Theophil, 1861-1868.
Alaska Church Collection, box 490.
Excerpts from an important source concerning the attitudes of Nushagak
River Eskimos toward Christianity, missionaries and the Russians.

164 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

(66) Vol. II, pp. 144-147. Journal of Priest Vasily Shishkin, Nushagak, 1881-
1883. Alaska Church Collection, boxes 454, 460.
These excerpts describe trips up the river by the missionary and give comments
on the extent to which the Eskimos of the area have accepted Christianity. A
valuable source.

(67) Vol. II, pp. 327-346. Vital statistics for Alaska parishes 1889-1916. Alaska
Church Collection, boxes 509-510.
The selected population statistics for the Nushagak region are of dubious value.
There is also statistical data on the school and on births, marriages and deaths at
Nushagak.

(68) Vol. II, p. 351. Church schools, Nushagak. Alaska Church Collection,
box 299.
Enrollment figures for selected years at the Nushagak church school. Also
brief comments on the failure of the Russian-American Company to help the mis-
sionary board the pupils.

(69) Vol. II, p. 372. Rough draft on conditions of the schools in the Alaska dio-
cese in 18838. Alaska Church Collection, box 459.
Brief note on school enrollment at Nushagak in 1888. The courses of instruc-
tion are also listed.

(70) Vol. III, p. 258. Travel journal of Peter Korsakovsky, September—October,
1818. Yudin Collection, box 2, folder 41.
A very brief and tantalizing excerpt from the diary of the first explorer of
Nushagak Bay.

(71) Vol. IV, pp. 2438-244. Letter from the Board of Directors to Administrator-

General Muraviev, Russian-American Company Archives, vol. II, folio 174.

This letter refers to a plan to move the Nushagak Redoubt to the Kuskokwim
River. The plan is refuted and reasons given.

(72) Vol. V, pp. 11-13. Defects of American statistics. Orthodox population of
Alaska. Russian Orthodox American Messenger, vol. 2, 1898.

Excerpt from an article which points out the mistakes in the Eleventh Census
(146) with regard to the estimate of Orthodox population in Alaska. The popula-
tion of Nushagak parish in 1895 is given, and the figures are broken down according
to “‘tribal’’ affiliation.

(73) Vol. V, pp. 36-45. From the Most Rev. Innocentius, formerly Archbishop
of Kamchatka, of the Kuril and Aleutian Islands, to the Missionary at
Nushagak, Theophanus Hieromonk. Russian Orthodox American Mes-
senger, vol. 3, 1899.

Although this statement of the duties and obligations of Russian Orthodox
priests in America is meant to apply to all churches, it was written to the priest
at Nushagak and is useful in understanding the expectations of missionaries in
their dealings with Eskimos and the manner in which the priests and other church-
men were expected to carry out their work among native peoples.

(74) Vol. V, p. 61. Report of the school work of the Russian Orthodox Church in
Alaska. Russian Orthodox American Messenger, vol. 4, 1900.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 165

Contains a brief reference to school enrollment at Nushagak around 1900, in-
cluding a listing of those chapels in the parish which have primary schools.

(75) Vol. XV, pp. 150-151. Stecker, A. Introduction of reindeer in the Kuskok-
wim River country. File 9-1-33 reindeer investigations, Kinsley report,
exhibit ‘‘E.”’

This brief account by a Moravian missionary at Bethel describes how reindeer
herds in the Nushagak and Togiak regions originated from herds furnished by the
government to the Moravian mission at Bethel on the Kuskokwim.

(76) Doklad komiteta ob ustroystvie Russkikh Amerikanskikh kolonii, 2 vols.,
1863-64. St. Petersburg. (W.5932,5935; AB.18231)

vol. 1, pp. 78, 104, 110, 128-131
vol. 2, pp. 10, 118, 122, 128, 131, 254, 329-331, 360, 366, 376, tables

This is the report of a special committee appointed by the Russian government
in 1863 to investigate and make recommendations concerning the Russian—Amer-
ican Company and its activities. Although much of the data it contains duplicates
that in Tikhmenev (167), this is a valuable background study for understanding
the operations of the Company. References to Alexandrovski Redoubt and the
Nushagak River region are very brief and there is little ethnographic information.

(7%) Dorosh;- J. T.
The Alaska Russian Church Archives. The Library of Congress, Quarterly
Journal of Current Acquisitions, vol. 18, no. 4, 1961.
An important source concerning the nature of the archival material in the
Alaskan Russian Church Archives deposited in the Manuscript Division of the
Library of Congress.

(78) Economic exhibits of Northern Consolidated Airlines, Inc. before the Civil
Aeronautics Board, Washington, D. C. in the matter of the intra-Alaska
case, docket no. 6098. Anchorage, 1955.

A general survey of economic activities and conditions in the Nushagak, Kus-
kokwim and Lower Yukon river basins. Information on Eskimo economic activ-
ities is very superficial, and the study is based, for the most part, on published
secondary sources. There are brief descriptions of the communities in the region
including, for the Nushagak area, Clark’s Point, Dillingham, Ekwak, Kanakanak
and New Stuyahok. These are superficial, based mainly on information obtained
from the publications of federal and territorial agencies.

@9)i Elliott; CaP:
Salmon fishing grounds and canneries. Jn Compilation of narratives of
explorations in Alaska. Washington, 1900. (W.9544)
p. 740
Contains census figures for villages in the Nushagak River region, apparently
taken from Orthodox church records in 1898.

(80) Elliott, H. W.
A report upon the condition of affairs in the territory of Alaska. Wash-
ington, 1875. (W.7374; AB.4547)
pp. 48, 227-228

166 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

In a section of the book devoted to an assessment of the importance of the
fur trade in Alaska, the author mentions the kinds of animals trapped by Eskimos
in the Nushagak River area. Elsewhere he quotes population figures from Veni-
aminov (24) and Tikhemenev (167).

(81)
Our arctic province. Alaska and the Seal Islands. New York, 1886.
(W.2372; AB.4545)
pp. 374-376, 398
This book contains what appears to be an eye-witness description of Alex-
androvski Redoubt along with a geographically accurate account of the country
around Nushagak Bay. There is also an outline of the yearly cycle of the Nusha-
gak-Kuskokwim people and much general ethnographic information about the
Eskimos of this area. Although no sources are given, it is clear that at least some
of this information comes from Zagoskin (226). At no point does Elliott ever say
when he was at Nushagak. On the basis of his illustration of Kolmakovski Re-
doubt on the Kuskokwim, which he is known not to have visited, there is reason
to doubt the accuracy of his drawing of Alexandrovski.

(82) Fifteenth census of the United States: 1930. Vol. I, population. Number
and distribution of inhabitants. Washington, 1931.
pelZ22
This census report gives the population of several Nushagak Bay and Nusha-
gak River settlements in 1930, 1920 and 1910.

(83) Freeman, M.
Pacific fisherman map. Seattle, 1908.

An excellent small map showing the location of all canneries in Bristol Bay in
1907.

(84) Golder, F.
Guide to materials for American history in Russian archives. Carnegie
Institution of Washington, pub. no. 239. Washington, 1917. (W.4084)
Contains a number of references to documents which appear to have to do
with the Nushagak River region.

(85) Gregory, H. E., and Barnes, K.
North Pacific fisheries with special reference to Alaska salmon. Studies
of the Pacific no. 3. American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations.

New York, 1939. (AB.6141)
Contains much useful information on the history and present-day operations

of canneries in the Bristol Bay region.

(86) Gruening, E.
The state of Alaska. New York, 1954. (AB.35064)
p. 61
Contains useful background data on the salmon canning industry in Alaska.

(87) Gsovski, V.
Russian administration of Alaska and the status of Alaskan natives. The
United States Senate, 81st Congress, 2nd session, document 152. Wash-
ington, 1950.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 167

p. 87
Contains a list of Russian material available in the Library of Congress on the
status of Alaskan natives under the Russian regime.

(88) Hamilton, J. T.
The beginnings of the Moravian mission in Alaska. Bethlehem, 1890.
(W.1240)
pp. 10, 15, 18-20
This little book is very similar to the author’s article in Christian Literature
(see following entry). The period covered is the same and it is probable that the
two accounts were written at about the same time. This source contains more
information about the problems surrounding the beginning of the mission at Carmel.

89).
The Moravian mission in Alaska. Christian Literature, vol. 5, pp. 351-
357, 1892. (W.1241)
A summary article by a professor in the Moravian theological seminary at
Bethlehem describing the founding of the missions at Bethel and Carmel and their
activities until the fall of 1889. Emphasis is on the activities at Bethel.

0) ==
Report of the official visit of Bishop J. Taylor Hamilton to the mission in
southern California and Alaska, 1905. Bethlehem, 1906. (W.1243)

pp. 28-36, 39, 63

An account of the first visit by a member of the Mission Board to Alaska.
Contains an excellent and detailed description of the Carmel mission and an analy-
sis of the problems of operating the mission. Much information on the relations
of the Eskimos to the mission.

(91) Hawkins, J. E., and Dougherty, E. A.
The silver fleece. An economic study of the Bristol Bay region. Alaska
Rural Development Board, Juneau, 1958. (AB.56408)

pp. 4-7, 16-18, 22, 24, 32-33

A valuable study containing information on all aspects of the economy of the
area. Much historical information as well. Of particular value is data on chang-
ing settlement patterns, and fishing methods. Probably the best background study
for any research done on the Nushagak River region.

(92) Hodge, F. W. (ed.)
Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico. Bureau Am. Ethnol.,
Bull. 30. Washington, 1912. (W.9200; AB.7168)

vol. 2, p. 99

Contains a brief statement about the ‘‘Nushagagmiut,”’ listing their villages
and giving a few ethnographic facts. Some population figures and short com-
ments on Nushagak villages and the Russian Orthodox mission. All information
seems to have come from Dall (48), Petroff (148) and Baker (20). There is no
original data in this source.

(93) Holmberg, H. J.
Ethnographische skizzen uber die volker des Russischen Amerika, 2 vols.
Helsingfors, 1856-68. (W.2550; AB.22675)

168 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

Contains a classification of the peoples of Russian America indicated on a
map. The coastal people between the Kuskokwim and the Alaska Peninsula, in-
cluding the latter, are called ‘‘Aglegmjuten.’’ The people of the interior along the
Nushagak are called ‘‘Kijataigmjuten.’’ There is no discussion of the character-
istics of these peoples.

(94) Hrdliéka, A.
Alaska diary. Lancaster, 1944. (AB.7467)

pp. 355-380

During the summer of 1931, Hrdliéka, on the last of three trips to Alaska,
travelled up the Nushagak as far as Koliganek, then up the Mulchatna River,
back down to Dillingham and up the Wood River to Lake Aleknagik. He men-
tions a number of archaeological sites but his description of their location is very
unsatisfactory. He was interested only in collecting skeletal material and his diary
contains little information of a cultural nature concerning the sites.

(95)
Anthropological survey in Alaska. Forty-sixth ann. rept., Bureau Am.
Ethnol. 1928-29. Washington, 19380. (AB.7473)
pp. 190-191
In 1926 Hrdliéka carried out an archaeological survey of the entire coast of

Alaska. Without elaborating, he mentions ‘‘a number of old sites scattered about
the head of Nushagak Bay.”

(96) Hutton, J. E.
A history of Moravian missions. London, 1923. (AB.7604)
pp. 403-404
A brief, emotional account of the Carmel mission with emphasis on the reasons
for its failure.

(97) Jackson, S.
Report on education in Alaska. Washington, 1886. (W.2348)

pp. 29, 55-75

Contains a reference to the contractual agreement with the Moravians for the
establishment of a school at Nushagak in 1887. This report also contains the diary
kept by J. A. H. Hartmann and W. H. Weinland while exploring in western Alaska
to decide upon a location for a Moravian mission. There are references to the
Nushagak River, a brief description of the Nushagak post, and discussions which
these men had with the priest in residence there.

OSS
Report on introduction of domestic reindeer into Alaska, 1896. Wash-
ington, 1897. (W.8186; AB.18277)
pp. 131-132
Contains a letter from Moravian missionaries on the Kuskokwim and Nusha-
gak rivers to Jackson requesting deer for their areas.

Ne
Thirteenth annual report on introduction of domestic reindeer into Alaska,

1903. Washington, 1904. (W.8156; AB.18277)
p. 108

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 169

Reference is made to a desire on the part of the reindeer superintendent to
start a herd in the Nushagak area.

(100)
Fifteenth annual report on introduction of domestic reindeer into Alaska,
1905. Washington, 1906. (W.8165; AB.18277)
pp. 70-71
Contains the first definite reference to a herd at Nushagak. A report from
J. H. Romig to Jackson describes the reception of a small herd from Bethel during
the summer of 1905. These animals were butchered and sold, mainly to canneries,
and the author recommends that a large herd be established in the area.

G0) Katz, .Ee3:
Gold placers of the Mulchatna. Jn Mineral resources of Alaska, report
on progress of investigations in 1909. U.S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 442.
Washington, 1910. (W.8304)
pp. 201-202
A brief report prepared by a survey party on lakes Clark and Iliamna during
the summer of 1909 based on information obtained from prospectors. Contains
information on mining activity in the area, routes and supply points, and mining
prospects.

(102) Kitchener, L. D.
Flag over the north. The story of the Northern Commercial Company.
Seattle, 1954.
p. 164
In the context of a general history of the Northern Commercial Company and
its predecessor, the Alaska Commercial Company, brief reference is made to the
Alaska Commercial Company store at Nushagak and the fact it was administered
out of Unalaska. Reference is also made to Mr. Clark, the manager, and his satel-
lite store at Togiak, as well as the fact that cannery work reduced the amount of
furs taken in by the store.

(103) Khromchenko, V. S.
Otryvki iz zhurnala plavaniya g. Khromchenki, v 1882 godu. Severnyi
Arkhiv, pts. 10, 11, 1824. (W.6181)
pt. 10—pp. 275, 306, 308, 314
pt. 11—pp. 38-43, 49
An abbreviated account of the second expedition of Khromchenko and A. K.
Etolin, the purpose of which was to continue their 1821 survey, for the Russian—
American Company, of the west Alaskan coast and islands between Cape Newen-
ham and Norton Sound and to gain knowledge of the inhabitants of the area. Two
stops were made at Alexandrovski but few details are given. Reference is made to
activities of Kolmakov, the manager of the redoubt, and an assessment is made of
the future of the fur trade. Some generalized ethnographic information on the
“‘Aglegmute” and ‘‘Kiatagmute,”’ and their relations with the redoubt and each
other. Nota really valuable source, but important because of its primary nature.

(104) Larsen, H.
Archaeological investigations in southwestern Alaska. American An-
tiquity, vol. 15, no. 3, 1950. (AB.23668)

170 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

p. 178
Brief description of a prehistoric village site near Dillingham which was tested
by the author while conducting an archaeological survey in southwestern Alaska.

(105) Madsen, C.
The Alaska Peninsula and its resources. The Pathfinder, vol. 3, no. 7,
1922:
p. 6
In this article there is a good photograph of an Eskimo house at Nushagak.

(106) Malach, H.
Pioneer traces Bay towns’ ups-downs. The Forty Ninth Star, vol. 35,
no. 3, 1950.

poe

This article is based on interviews with an old time resident of Bristol Bay.
It contains vague and generalized information with regard to the history of can-
neries in the bay area and the circumstances surrounding the founding of Clark’s
Point.

(107) Maps and descriptions of routes and exploration in Alaska in 1898 with gen-
eral information concerning the territory. Washington, 1899. (W.8224;
AB.18359)

p. 119, map 4

This book contains asummary statement by Spurr and Post of Spurr’s U.S.G.S.
report. In addition there is a brief statement on the Nushagak River by Spurr but
it adds very little to that in the major report (160). A map of part of Bristol Bay

and the middle Kuskokwim River shows the mouth of the river in some detail, a

few points on the upper river and trails to the middle Kuskokwim.

(108) Markov, S.
Letopis Alyaski. Moscow—Leningrad, 1948. (AB.24184)
pp. 90, 109
A popular history of Alaska which deals briefly with the establishment of
Alexandrovski Redoubt by the Korsakovski expedition in 1818 and the subsequent
interior explorations of Vasilev, Kolmakov and Lukin by way of the Nushagak
River. All of this information appears to have been taken from Zagoskin (225).

(109) Marsh, M. C., and Cobb, J. N.
The fisheries of Alaska in 1909. Rept., Comm. of Fish., fiscal year 1909
and special papers. Washington, 1911. (W.8824; AB.18280)
p. 34
This source contains the first reference to the closing of the Wood and Nusha-
gak rivers to fishing in 1908.

(110) ——
The fisheries of Alaska in 1910. Rept., Comm. of Fish., fiscal year 1910
and special papers. Washington, 1911. (W.8832; AB.18280)
p. 37
This is the earliest report to refer to extensive and intensive exploration of the
lakes north of Wood River. In the following years a tremendous amount of effort
and work was expended on exploring the lakes and the river itself. Every inch of

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 171

the shore lines of these lakes seems to have been examined and much effort was
spent on the fish count operations on the Wood River. None of the succeeding
reports that document this work, or this report, contain any ethnographic infor-
mation on this area.

(111) Martin, G. C., and Katz, F. J.
A geologic reconnaissance of the Iliamna region, Alaska. U. S. Geol.
Survey, Bull. 485. Washington, 1912. (W.8312; AB.11001)
p. 24
Contains brief information concerning the early exploration of Lake Clark by
way of the Nushagak.

(112)” Mason, 0:5:
Report of the Department of Ethnology of the U. S. National Museum
for 1884. Ann. rept., Board of Regents, Smithsonian Institution, 1884.
Pt. Il. Washington, 1885.
ps.112
Listed among acquisitions of the Department of Ethnology in 1884 is a col-
lection of ethnological specimens sent to the National Museum by C. L. McKay,
a Signal Service observer at Nushagak.

(113) ——
Report on the Department of Ethnology in the National Museum, 1887.
Ann. rept., Board of Regents, Smithsonian Institution, year ending
June 30, 1889. Pt. II. Washington, 1889.
p. 67

Contains a listing of ethnological specimens sent to the National Museum in
1887 by J. W. Johnson, McKay’s successor at Nushagak.

(114)
Report upon work in the Department of Ethnology in the U. 8. National
Museum for the year ending June 30, 1886. Ann. rept., Board of Re-
gents, Smithsonian Institution, year ending June 30, 1886. Pt. II.
Washington, 1889.
pp: 91,741
Contains another listing of ethnological specimens sent from Nushagak by
J. W. Johnson.

(115) McDonald, M.
Report on the salmon fisheries of Alaska. Bull., U. S. Fish Comm., vol.
XII, for 1892. Washington, 1894. (W.8774)
p. 6
Contains a statement on the building of a fish trap across the Wood River and
the effect that this would have on the livelihood of the people of this area.

(116) McElwaine, E.
The truth about Alaska, the golden land of the midnight sun. Chicago,
1901. (W.1539; AB.10608)
p. 181
In his chapter on churches, the author of this travel book lists 15 chapels
associated with the Nushagak church.

172 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

(117) Mertie, J. B.
The Nushagak district, Alaska. U.S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 903. Wash-
ington, 1938. (AB.113816)

pp. 4-5

This useful source contains a summary of the history of exploration in the
Nushagak area and also lists the location and population of all the villages in the
region as observed by the author and his party during their geological work in
the summers of 1930, 1931 and 1935. There are more detailed comments concern-
ing economics, transportation and settlement in the Nushagak Bay region. Little
ethnographic information but the mere listing of villages is valuable. There is
also a brief statement concerning the history of prospecting in the Nushagak head-
waters area and the Mulchatna River valley.

Moravian Church

(118) Proceedings of the one hundred and tenth general meeting and ninety-ninth
anniversary of the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel
among the Heathen, held at Bethlehem, August 26 and 27, 1886. Beth-
lehem, 1886.

pp. 4-5, 23

Information concerning the original decision to establish a station on the

Nushagak River. An account of the first trip to Bristol Bay and the building of

the original mission building in the summer of 1886.

(119) Proceedings of the one hundred and thirteenth general meeting of the Society of
the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen, held at
Bethlehem, September 28, 1888. Bethlehem, 1888.

pp. 27-81, 58-59, 61

Concerns the opposition of the Orthodox priest to the activities of the mission.

Also some information on the summer subsistence activities of the Eskimos of

Nushagak Bay. Reference to the visit of the governor of Alaska during the sum-

mer of 1888.

(120) Proceedings of the one hundred and fourteenth general meeting of the Society of
the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen, held at
Bethlehem, September 18 and 22, 1889. Bethlehem, 1889.

DP to

A statement concerning the difficulties of dealing with the Orthodox priest
and his objections to children attending school.

(121) Proceedings of the one hundred and sixteenth general meeting of the Society of
the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen, held at
Bethlehem, August 20, 1891. Bethlehem, 1891.

pp. 5, 28, 74-75, 77-78

Contains an assessment of the future of the Carmel school following a visit by
the bishop in the summer of 1891. Also a statement about the employment of
natives in a Bristol Bay cannery.

(122) Proceedings of the one hundred and twenty-first general meeting of the Society
of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen, held
at Bethlehem, August 20, 1896. Bethlehem, 1896.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 173

pp. 27-28

The annual report of the Carmel district contains a statement by J. H.
Schoechert concerning frequent trips which he made up the Nushagak River,
presumably during 1895-96. Also described are attempts by the Orthodox priest
at Nushagak to frustrate these trips. Unfortunately, no details of the trips are
given and no information on the river villages is included.

(123) Proceedings of the one hundred and twenty-second general meeting of the Society
of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen, held
at Bethlehem, August 26, 1897. Bethlehem, 1897.

Dp2e. 20820

Reference to the starting of a “‘new village’ at Carmel to consist of log cabins

which the Eskimos would be encouraged to build. Also references to trips up the

Nushagak River and the work of native helpers at ‘‘Grant’s Village’ and Kokwok.

A further reference to a trip up the Wood River when four villages were visited.

No details of any trips are given nor is there any ethnographic information. Source

valuable only to indicate mission activity and the possible location of ‘‘Grant’s

Village.’ The trips referred to took place during 1896-97.

(124) Proceedings of the one hundred and twenty-third general meeting of the Society
of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen, held
at Bethlehem, August 25, 1898. Bethlehem, 1898.

DDPs20y-20

Contains references to trips made by the Carmel missionaries up the Nushagak

River. No details given, but mention is made of a chapel in the process of con-

struction at “‘Grant’s Village,’ apparently below Kokwok, and at ‘‘new village”

of log cabins near the mission and the lack of interest on the part of the Eskimos

in building houses there.

(125) Proceedings of the one hundred and twenty-fourth general meeting of the Society
of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen, held
at Bethlehem, August 31, 1899. Bethlehem, 1899.
p. 23
A single reference to considerable sickness in the vicinity of Carmel in 1898,
particularly effecting children and causing a high death rate among them. No
details given.

(126) Proceedings of the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel
among the Heathen, for the year ending November 14, 1900. Bethlehem,
1900. (W.1249)
pp. 37, 45-46, 52, 54-55
Contains information on population in the Nushagak Bay area. Also data on
Eskimo drinking, cannery employment and a statement on gold mining along the
Nushagak River.

(127) Proceedings of the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel
among the Heathen, for the year ending August 25, 1901. Bethlehem, 1901.
(W.1249)

pp. 40-41

174 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

In a letter from Mary Huber and Emma Rock to Bethlehem, the ravages of
the influenza epidemic of 1899-1900 at Carmel are described. There is also a refer-
ence to the unsuccessful activities of gold miners along the Nushagak River.

(128) Proceedings of the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel
among the Heathen, for the year ending August 25, 1904. Bethlehem, 1904.
(W.1249)

pp. 15-16

Reference to the fact that the first government teacher was sent to the Carmel
school in the spring of 1904. Also contains a statement on the plan for a hospital
annex at Carmel under the direction of Dr. Romig, a medical missionary from

Bethel, to cater to cannery workers and thus broaden the work of the church on

the Nushagak.

(129) Proceedings of the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel
among the Heathen, for the year ending August 24, 1905. Annual report
on the foreign missions of the Moravian Church for the year 1904. Beth-
lehem, 1905. (W.1249)

pp. 53, 67-129

Chapter VII (pp. 67-129) of this volume contains “‘Report of the Official Visit

of Bishop Hamilton to the Missions in Southern California and Alaska in 1905”

(same as 90). Opposite p. 53 there is a photograph of the Carmel mission buildings.

(130) Proceedings of the Society of the United Brethren for Propagating the Gospel
among the Heathen, for the year ending August 23, 1906. Annual report
of the foreign missions of the Moravian Church for the year 1905. Beth-
lehem, 1906. (W.1249)

pp. 70-75, 82-83

Contains a statement concerning the decision to abandon the mission station
at Carmel and shift all operations to the Kuskokwim River. Reasons why the

Carmel mission failed are also given.

Moravian Church Archives, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

(131) Alaska material, box », letters, box ti, folder 1, no.5. Supplement to Levering,
J. M. to Bro. Stecker. Bethlehem, October 25, 1905.
A minute adopted at a meeting of the Board of Directors of the Society for
Propagating the Gospel, October 24, 1905, at Bethlehem, Pa., giving the reasons
for the decision to abandon missionary work on the Nushagak River.

(182) Alaska material, box vi, records of ecclesiastical acts, no. 3. Carmel mission
station: records of baptisms, receptions, marriages, deaths, list of members
dropped, list of children, 1888-1902.

This is the most valuable source in the archives because it gives some informa-
tion on settlement patterns as well as data on the extent of mission influence during
the entire period of its existence.

(133) Alaska material, box vii, iii, no. 7. Statistics of the mission at Carmel,
Alaska. 1900.
Contains a reference to the mobility of the Nushagak population and the
tendency for residents at Kokwok and “‘Grant’s Village’ to move between those
villages and the mouth of the river.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 175

(134) Alaska records 1892-1938. Extracts from the diary of the Moravian mission
at Carmel from 1895-1896.

This fragmentary diary, the author of which is not known, contains some in-
formation on such subjects as settlement patterns, Eskimo drinking, relations
between the Carmel and Russian Orthodox missionaries, trading, etc. However,
none of the information is detailed. Particularly disappointing is the failure of the
author to elaborate on his trips up the river.

(135) Kilbuck papers, box 7, folder 1, no. 6. Notes on the history of the Kusko-
kwim River, by J. H. Kilbuck.

Contains a reference to Kuskokwim Eskimo legend concerning a group of so-
called ‘“‘Warrior People’ who once lived on the lower Kuskokwim River and
harassed the other Kuskokwim Eskimos. A remnant of the war-like tribe is now
found in villages at the mouth of the Nushagak River. A few general comments
on relations between the Kuskokwim and Nushagak Eskimos before the coming
of the Russians. Presumably this information was collected from informants by
Kilbuck.

(136) Morrison, M.
Forty-two years at Dillingham. The Alaska Sportsman, vol. XXX,
no. 12, 1964.
A very generalized account of life in the Bristol Bay community by the wife
of a trader. The emphasis is on winter travel and trading activities between 1920
and 1940.

(1387) Moser, J. F.
The salmon and salmon fisheries of Alaska. Bull., U. S. Fish Comm.,
vol. XVIII, for 1898. Washington, 1899. (W. 8790; AB.11785)

pp. 16-17, 22-28, 44, 173-174, 177

A valuable source which contains historical information on the founding of the
canneries in the Nushagak region as well as detailed information on their operation,
wages paid to workers, relations with the natives, organization, etc. Perhaps the
best source for an over-all account of the beginning and first years of the Alaska
salmon industry.

(138) ——

The salmon and salmon fisheries of Alaska. Report of the Alaskan salmon
investigations of the United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross
in 1900 and 1901. Washington, 1902. (W.8797; AB.11784)

pp. 178, 185-187, 196-197, 200-205

Another excellent source for the history of the early years of the Alaska salmon
industry in Bristol Bay. Particularly valuable because it contains detailed infor-
mation on the employment of Eskimos in the canneries. There are also useful
sketch maps of Nushagak Bay, the Wood River and Lake Aleknagik showing the
locations of canneries and some villages.

(189) Nelson, E. W.
The Eskimo about Bering Strait. Eighteenth ann. rept., Bureau of Am.
Ethnol., pt. I. Washington, 1899. (W.9193)
plate II, map p. 23

176 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

Nelson has nothing on the Nushagak because he considers the Kuskokwim
River to be the southern boundary of his area of interest. However, his map does
show Nushagak Bay with a village near the mouth of the Aleknagik (Wood) River.
The whole west side of the bay is indicated as being occupied by the “‘Nushegag-
mut,’’ but the eastern side of the Bay and the river itself is not shown on the map.

(140) Norton, R.
The four weeks city of Alaska. Alaska~Yukon Magazine, vol. IT, no. 1,
1911. (W.2150)
The writer describes the summer opening of canneries in Nushagak Bay
around the turn of the century. There is very little ethnographic information.

(141) O’Erter, A. L.
The Moravian mission in Alaska. The Moravian, June, 1895. (W.1250)
A good summary of Moravian mission activity in Alaska published to com-
memorate the mission’s first decade.

(142) Okun, S. B.
The Russian-American Company. Harvard University Press, 1951.
(AB.74505)

pp. 55-57

Alexandrovski Redoubt is listed, along with a number of other settlements, as
being under the jurisdiction of the post at Kodiak. This book provides good back-
ground on the history of the development of the Russian-American Company, but
there is little information on the Nushagak area.

(148) Osgood, W. H.
A biological reconnaissance of the base of the Alaska Peninsula. U. S.
Dept. Agr., Div. Biol. Survey. North American fauna, no. 24. Wash-
ington, 1904. (W.8526; AB.12914)

Contains an account of a trip made by a biological survey team from Lake
Clark to Nushagak by way of the Nushagak River during the summer of 1902.
There are few comments of ethnographic importance except that the author does
note that he saw only one occupied village. Also included is a short account of the
activities of C. L. McKay, meteorological observer for the Signal Service of the
United States Army at Nushagak from 1881 until his death two years later.

(144) Oswalt, W. H.
Mission of change in Alaska. Eskimos and Moravians on the Kusko-
kwim. San Marino, California, 1963.
chap. 1
The first chapter of this book contains a useful summary of early Russian ex-
ploration in southwestern Alaska.

(145) Pacific Fisherman, vol. X, no. 7, 1912.
pp. 12, 16

Contains a statement about the employment and employability of native
peoples in the Bristol Bay canneries.

(146) Parker, L.
Chuggiung (bad water) is still Alaska problem. Alaska’s Health, vol. 9,
D..35, 1951.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 177

Reference to the origin of the name of the Bristol Bay village that later
became Dillingham.

(147) Petroff, I.
Geographical and ethnographical notes on Alaska. Trans., Proc. Geogr.
Soc. Pacific, vol. II, no. I, 1891. (W.2638; AB.138424)
pp. 2-8, 6
Contains a reasonably detailed account of Petroff’s trip up the Nushagak
River in connection with the Eleventh Census (152). There is some ethnographic
data but little information concerning the location of villages.

(148) ——
Report on the population, industries and resources of Alaska. Wash-
ington, 1884. (W.8622; AB.13425)

pp. 138-17, 34, 36, 41-42, 72, 87, 109, 113, 185-136, map 2

This report, the first census taken in Alaska, includes a listing of Nushagak
area villages, and a small amount of ethnographic information. There are also
population estimates taken from earlier writers. Some question exists as to how
much of Petroff’s information on the Nushagak River was gathered first hand.
In one place he maintains that he obtained some weather data from the Alaska
Commercial Company manager at Nushagak. Elsewhere he cites information
about the area as having been reported to him. One thing seems certain: if he
did visit the area, he did not travel far up the river. Therefore, his population
figures, and even the actual existence of villages, must be taken with consider-
able caution.

(149) ——
Wealth and resources of Alaska. The Alaska Herald, vol. 1, no. 6, p. 1,
1892.
p.
A summary of the geographical and economic conditions of the territory sim-
ilar to other writings by Petroff on the same subject. There is a brief reference to
the employment of Nushagak area men in the canneries.

(150) Photographic atlas of Alaskan communities, 1963.
United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Anchorage, 1964.
An atlas of air photographs of 173 Alaskan communities including nine villages
in the Nushagak River region.

(151) Plan for progress operation, Kanakanak Service Unit, Alaska Native Health
Service, plan period 7/1/60-6/30/63. Anchorage Area. Kanakanak,
Alaska. Anchorage, 1960. (mimeo.)
pp. 2, 4, 5, schedules 1, 2, 5, 6
This report contains a good summary of the services provided by the various
state and federal health agencies in the Nushagak area. Also included are tables
giving vital statistics, the incidence of certain diseases and illnesses, population
and school attendance, sanitation data, health resources and field health services
currently provided. Of particular value is a survey of the health conditions in
selected villages in the Kanakanak Hospital Service Unit as of March, 1960.

178 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

There is also a proposal for most pressing health needs over the next three fiscal
years (1961-63).

(1'52)9 "Porter;:-R.-P.
Report on population and resources of Alaska at the eleventh census: 1890.
Washington, 1893.
pp. 3, 5, 9-10, 15, 91-98, 158, 162, 164, 169-170, 174, 177, 179, 1838-184, 185-186,
190, 192, 218, 219, 220, 253, 260.

This source contains population figures for the Nushagak River as well as data
on the economy, school, mission and a certain amount of ethnographic material.
The chapter on the Nushagak District was written by A. B. Schanz who made a
trip up the river during the winter of 1891. Although Schanz claims to have taken
the census at all the Nushagak River villages, these are not listed on a map and
the most detailed information concerns those villages on Nushagak Bay. This
source is thus a disappointment as far as the river is concerned, particularly when
it is realized that the opportunity existed for obtaining information on this area.
The failure of occupied villages to be placed accurately on the map accompanying
the report is a serious drawback.

(153) Progress report and recommendations for 1957. U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service, Administration of Alaska Commercial Fisheries,
Juneau, 1956.

p. 24

Contains a statement of the number of resident and non-resident registered

fishermen in Bristol Bay in 1956.

(154) Roberts, R.
Shall we ban states fishermen? Alaska Life, vol. 3, no. 7, 1940. (AB.14678)
pp. 4, 5
This article, which discusses the pros and cons of fisheries bills introduced in
Congress by Alaska delegate A. J. Dimond in 1940, contains some useful back-
ground material on the participation of Alaskan residents in the Bristol Bay com-
mercial fishery.

(155) Rogers, G. W.
Preliminary economic survey of Dillingham, Alaska and the Bristol Bay
region. Alaska Rural Development Board, Juneau, 1955.

pp. 1, 4, 6-11

This report contains much valuable information on the salmon canning indus-
try and on the emergence of Dillingham as the single center of economic importance
in the area. There is also information on population shifts, trapping and other
aspects of economic development.

(156) Schanz, A. B.
Our Alaska expedition. Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, vol.
LXXII, no. 1881, pp. 188-139; no. 1882, p. 156, 1891. (W.2816b)
Contains an account of the Schanz—Clark winter sled journey up the Nushagak
River and across to Lake Clark in January and February, 1890. Comment on the
Nushagak villages is very sparse.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 179

(157) Schwalbe, A. B.
Dayspring on the Kuskokwim. The story of Moravian missions in Alaska.
Bethlehem, 1951.
pp. 7, 9, 51-64, 116, 129, 153
A history of the Moravian Church in Alaska by a woman who served for many
years at the Bethel station on the Kuskokwim. For the early part of the history,
including a chapter on the Carmel mission, the author seems to rely most heavily
on official church publications, but she also seems to have had access to corre-
spondence of the missionaries. Chapter on Carmel is a good summary, but not
particularly detailed. This, however, should be considered the standard secondary
source on the Carmel mission.

(158) Shawhan, J. M.
Christmas in southwestern Alaska. Overland Monthly, vol. 40, pp. 510-
516, 1902. (W.2205)
p: 511
An account of a winter trip down the Nushagak River from Iliamna Lake in
December, 1901. No ethnographic information. This article is of no value except
to indicate that the presently abandoned village of Kokwok was occupied at that
time.

(159) Smith, P. S.
The Lake Clark—central Kuskokwim region, Alaska. U.S. Geol. Survey,
Bull. 655. Washington, 1914. (W.8361; AB.16325)
pp. 18, 15, 35
Contains a brief, concise outline of exploration in southwestern Alaska with
emphasis on the Nushagak region and the central Kuskokwim River.

(160) Spurr, J. E.
A reconnaissance in southwestern Alaska in 1898. Twentieth ann. rept.,
U. S. Geol. Survey, 1898-99, pt. 4, explorations in Alaska in 1898.
Washington, 1900. (W.8225; AB.16655)
pp. 57-59, 95-96, 100
In 1898 a United States Geological Survey party under the direction of J. E.
Spurr visited the upper part of Nushagak Bay but did not ascend the river. This
report gives a short account of the people of the bay area, history of river explora-
tion, and a few comments about routes through the country. The material is brief
but useful.

(161) Styles, B.
Developing another portion of the mineral empire of Alaska (Nushagak
and Mulchatna river valleys). Alaska-Yukon Magazine, vol. 10, pp.
132-133, 1910. (W.4859)
Contains a brief statement about the formation of a prospecting company to
carry out exploratory work in the Mulchatna River region in 1910.

(162) Swanton, J. R.
The Indian tribes of North America. Bureau of Am. Ethnol., Bull. 145.
Washington, 1952. (AB.32343)
pp. 559, 563, 566

180 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

Gives Alaskan Eskimo subdivisions including those in the Bristol Bay region.
Most of the information, however, is taken directly from Hodge (91).

(163) Swineford, A. P.
Alaska, its history, climate and natural resources. Chicago and New
York, 1898. (W.4131; AB.17361)

pp. 161-66

This general survey of Alaska, written by an ex-governor of the territory, con-
tains more material on the Nushagak than might be expected in a book of this kind
because the author visited Nushagak while governor. The post is described and
its importance as a trading center is discussed. There is also generalized informa-
tion on the Eskimos of the area and on both the climate and geography of the
region.

(164) Tanner, Z. L.

The fishing grounds of Bristol Bay, Alaska: a preliminary report upon the
investigations of the United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross
during the summer of 1890. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bull.,
U. S. Fish Comm., 1889, vol. 9. Washington, 1891. (W.8772;
AB. 17414)

pp. 279-288

Contains an outline of the work of the Albatross during the summer of 1890 and
geographical data about Nushagak Bay. Much of the data here has been used in
various editions of the Alaska Coast Pilot.

(165) ——
Report upon the investigations of the United States Fish Commission
steamer Albatross from July 1, 1889 to June 30, 1891. U.S. Comm.
Fish and Fisheries. Report of the Commissioner for 1889 to 1891.
Washington, 1898. (W.8775; AB.17415)
pe229

Contains a summary of the work of the Albatross in the Nushagak River area.
Similar in most ways to the previously listed Tanner source. Of particular interest
is a statement to the effect that Petroff was taken on board after he described an
unsuccessful attempt to reach the Kuskokwim River by way of the Nushagak
River and the portage. He was forced to return almost at the portage.

(166) Tebenkov, M. D.

Atlas severozapadnykh beregov Ameriki ot Beringova proliva do mysa
Korrientes i ostrovov Aleutskikh ec prisovokupleniem nekotorykh miest
Severovostochnago berega Azii. Gidrograficheskiya zamechaniya k
atlasu severozapadnykh beregov Ameriki, ostrovov Aleuskikh i neko-
torykh drugikh miest Severnago Tlkhogo okeana. St. Petersburg,
1852. (W.5921; AB.26641)

atlas—chart 4
text—pp. 6-16

Chart 4 in this early atlas is entitled ‘Bristol Bay’’ and shows the Nushagak
River region. The hydrographic notes for this chart give a brief account of explo-
ration in the region and a detailed geographical description.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 181

(167) Tikhmeney, P. A.

The historical review of the formation of the Russian-American Com-
pany and its activity up to the present time, 2 pts. St. Petersburg,
1861-1863. (Translated by Dimitri Krenov, Works Progress Adminis-
tration, Seattle, Washington, 1939-40.) (Russian edition, W.5955)

pt. 1—pp. 300-302, 306, 331-332, 339-340, 350-351, 359-360, 366, 368
pt. 2—pp. 218, 296-298, 315-316, 396

This is the basic secondary source on the activities of the Russian-American
Company. The author obviously had access to all published sources as well as
much archival material. The report contains an account of the founding of the
Nushagak post, the activities of missionaries, some details of the fur trade, but
few ethnographic references. In fact, the Nushagak River people are never men-
tioned; only those on the shores of Bristol Bay. Of particular interest is the refer-
ence to Vasilev’s explorations of the Nushagak, since his journal has not been
published. However, few details are given.

(168) Thirteenth census of the United States taken in the year 1910. Vol. III,
population, 1910. Washington, 1913. (W.8637)
pp. 113-114
This census report contains population figures for the villages of Kanakanak
and Nushagak for 1891, 1900 and 1910.

(169) United States census of population 1960, Alaska, number of inhabitants.
Final report PC(1)3A United States Department of Commerce, Bureau
of the Census. Washington, 1960.
pp. 3-11
Contains population figures for the Nushagak villages in 1939, 1950 and 1960.

(170) United States coast pilot: Alaska. Pt. II, Yakutat Bay to Arctic Ocean.
Washington, 1916.
pp. 238-245
Contains sailing directions for the Nushagak Bay area but there are only pass-
ing references to the villages.

United States Department of the Interior. Annual report of the Com-
missioner of Education: variously titled. Listed below chronologically.

(171) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year 1887-1888. Washing-
ton, 1889. (W.8115)
p. 186
Contains a brief account of the beginning of the school at Carmel and the
difficulties encountered with attendance because of the opposition of the Russian
priest and the many Russian church holidays and native festivals.

(172) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year 1888-1889, vol. 2.
Washington, 1891. (W.8116)
pp. 756-757, 760-761
Contains a brief statement about school attendance and courses taught at the
Carmel school in 1888-1889. This was the first year that students were boarded,
a special sod house being constructed for the purpose.

182 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

(173) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year 1890-1891, vol. 2.
Washington, 1894. (W.8121)
pp. 928-929, 934, 935
This source contains a brief account of the difficulties of the contract school at
Carmel in overcoming the opposition of the Russian Orthodox priest at Nushagak.

(174) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year 1891-1892, vol. 2.
Washington, 1894. (W.8123)
p. 875
Contains brief references to the operation of the contract school at Carmel.
Mostly concerned with the problem of encouraging regular school attendance on
the part of the Eskimo children enrolled.

(175) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year 1894-1895, vol. 2.
Washington, 1896. (W.8130)
p. 1430
Very brief statement on school attendance and reference to a temperance
society begun by the mission in an effort to enlist the aid of commercial fishermen
and other whites in preventing the natives from making intoxicants.

(176) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year 1895-1896, vol. 2.
Washington, 1897. (W.8134)
p. 1443
Contains a brief account of improvements to school and mission property at
Carmel, trips made into the interior, and the fact that all applicants could not be
accepted by the school.

(177) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year 1898-1899, vol. 2.
Washington, 1900. (W.8141)
pp. 1394-1395
Contains a condensed account of activities at the Carmel mission taken from
the annual reports of the missionaries. Describes expanding activities of the mis-
sion and the increased interest on the part of natives along the Nushagak and
Togiak rivers.

(178) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year 1899-1900, vol. 2.
Washington, 1901. (W.8144)
pp. 1758-1759
Contains an account of activities at the mission taken from the annual reports
of the missionaries. Mostly census data, comparing the census of 1890 with census
figures, obtained by the missionary, in January, 1900.

(179) Annual reports of the Department of the Interior for the fiscal year ended
June 30,1901. Report of the Commissioner of Education, vol. 2. Wash-
ington, 1902. (W.8148)

pp. 1465, 1476-1477

For the first time in these reports there is a special report from the Carmel
school, which is now listed as a public school, and a second one from the Moravian
mission. In this case, the former concerns the problems of instruction and attend-
ance while the latter contains a brief description of the Easter service at the mission.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 183

(180) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year 1902, vol. 2. Wash-
ington, 1908. (W.8151)
p. 1230
Contains a description of conditions that are unfavorable for school attendance
at Carmel with special reference to creole children.

(181) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year 1903, vol. 2. Wash-
ington, 1905. (W.8153)
p. 2358
Contains a statement of intent with regard to the founding of a hospital and
medical service at Carmel and plans for expanding the services of the mission,
particularly among white residents, part time and full time, of the area.

(182) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year ending June 30, 1906,
vol. 1. Washington, 1907. (W.8164)
pp. 239, 241
Reference to the establishment of a school at Nushagak in the fall of 1905.
No comment; simply a listing of the school in the tables of attendance statistics.

(183) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year ended June 30, 1907,
vol. 1. Washington, 1908. (W.8167)
p. 379
Reference to the establishment of a school in cannery buildings at “‘Dilling-
ham” in 1905 or 1906. No comment; simply a listing of the school in tables of
attendance statistics.

(184) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year ended June 30, 1908,
vol. 2. Washington, 1909. (W.8168)
pp. 1026, 1045
Contains a statement about providing medical care for the people of the Nusha-
gak region. Also a report of a visit made to southwestern Alaska by an official of
the Bureau of Education and his account of the lack of information among the
Eskimos concerning the services of the United States Government.

(185) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year ended June 30, 1910,
vol. 2. Washington, 1911. (W.8173)
p. 1365
A comment on the establishment of a reindeer herd at Chogiung in 1910.

(186) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year ended June 30, 1911,
vol. 2. Washington, 1912. (W.8175)
p. 13881
Contains reference to the establishment of a hospital at Nushagak in the
summer of 1911.

(187) Report of the Commissioner of Education for the year ended June 30, 1918.
Washington, 1919.
p. 143
Refers to the fact that the school building at Kanakanak, erected in 1909, was
enlarged and remodeled for hospital purposes.

184 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

United States Department of the Interior. Annual report of the Gover-
nor of Alaska: variously titled. Listed below chronologically.

(188) Report of the Governor of Alaska for the fiscal year 1887. Washington, 1877.
(W.224; AB.158)
pp. 27-28, 34
Mention is made of a school at Nushagak in 1887 supported by the Russian
government. There is also a brief reference to an epidemic of pulmonary diseases
in Bristol Bay in the summer of 1886.

(189) Report of the Governor of Alaska (for the fiscal year 1888). Washington, 1888.
(No title page. Pagination suggests that this report was not issued as a
separate.) (W.224; AB.158)

p. 960

Contains a very brief account of Governor A. P. Swineford’s tour of inspection

of the coastal areas of the territory during the summer of 1888 on board the U.S.S.

Thetis (see 157). Swineford visited Nushagak Bay, including Nushagak, Carmel

and a number of canneries. No details are given.

(190) Report of the Governor of Alaska for the fiscal year 1890. Washington, 1890.
(W.225; AB.158)
p. 25
Contains a reference to the existence of a Russian Orthodox church and school
at Nushagak, and “perhaps 15 chapels’ in the area.

(191) Report of the Governor of Alaska for the fiscal year 1891. Washington, 1891.
(W.225; AB.158)
p. 25
Contains information concerning the activities of the Alaska Commercial
Company in the Nushagak River region.

(192) Report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1895. Wash-
ington, 1895. (W.226; AB.158)
Do2
This report contains statistics on the number of “‘natives’’ employed in can-
neries in the Nushagak region.

(193) Report of the Governor of the district of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior,
1897. Washington, 1897. (W.227; AB.158)

p. 14

This report contains statistics on the number of ‘‘natives’’” employed in can-
neries in the Nushagak region.

(This and the report for 1895 have been selected to indicate that this kind of
information is available for the late 19th century, and that “‘natives’’ apparently
played a fairly important part in the salmon canning industry at this early date.)

(194) Report of the Governor of the district of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior,
1898. Washington, 1898. (W.227; AB.158)
p. 34
Contains a statement by Governor J. G. Brady regretting that more natives
of western Alaska are not employed in the commercial fishery.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 185

(195) Report of the Governor of the district of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior,
1899. Washington, 1899. (W.227; AB.158)
Dent
Contains a statement by Governor J. G. Brady defending the hiring of non-
resident cannery workers in western Alaska.

(196) Report of the Governor of the district of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior,
1901. Washington, 1901. (W.227; AB.158)
pp. 51, 94
First references to the appointment of a United States commissioner at Nusha-
gak and the establishment of a post office in the same community.

(197) Report of the Governor of the district of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior,
1905. Washington, 1905. (W.227; AB.158)
p. 48
First reference to the appointment of a postmaster at “Dillingham.”’

(198) Report of the Governor of the district of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior,
1908. Washington, 1908. (W.228; AB.158)
p. 26
First reference to a school at Nushagak maintained, or at least supported in
part, by the territory.

(199) Report of the Governor of the district of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior,
1909. Washington, 1909. (W.228; AB.158)
Deal
Contains the first reference to territorial schools at Chogiung and Kanakanak.

(200) Report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1912. Wash-
ington, 1912. (W.229; AB.158)
p. 33
Contains the first reference to a physician at Nushagak.

(201) Report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1914. Wash-
ington, 1914. (W.230; AB.158}
pp. 14-15
Contains a brief reference to a reindeer herd at Chogiung in 1913, apparently
the only herd in the Nushagak region.

(202) Report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1915. Wash-
ington, 1915. (W.230; AB.158)
Ds29
Contains a reference to the fact that a small hospital was maintained at Nusha-
gak by the Bureau of Education.

(203) Report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1916. Wash-
ington, 1916. (W.2380; AB.158)
Dpa Li oz
The governor voices the hope that in the future Alaska will be able to furnish
all the labour required in the fishing industry. There is also reference to a small
Bureau of Education hospital at Kanakanak.

186 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

(204) Report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1920. Wash-
ington, 1920. (W.231; AB.158)
p. 62
Refers to the erection of an orphanage at Kanakanak to care for orphans
created by the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919.

(205) Report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1922. Wash-
ington, 1922. (W.232; AB.158)
p. 64
Refers to the establishment of a new territorial school at Dillingham during
the school year 1920-21.

(206) Report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1923. Wash-
ington, 1928. (W.232; AB.158)
p. 46
Refers to the preliminary steps being taken to convert the Kanakanak orphan-
age into an industrial school for southwestern Alaska.

(207) Report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1925. Wash-
ington, 1925. (W.232a; AB.158) ‘

pp. 76, 88

This report contains a statement concerning the unknown nature of the areas
adjacent to Bristol Bay, the fact that strange epidemics are frequently reported
for the area, and that no medical services have ever been provided to the people of
the region. Also in this report is the last reference to a Bureau of Education doctor
at Nushagak.

(208) Report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1926. Wash-
ington, 1926. (W.232a; AB.158)
p. 88
Contains brief statements about the percentage of “native Indians’’ employed
as cannery labour in the Third Division, and the wages paid to males and females.

(209) Report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1928. Wash-
ington, 1928. (AB.158)
pp. 74, 77
Contains brief statements concerning the construction of a dormitory at the
Kanakanak Industrial School and the distribution of reindeer in southwestern
Alaska.

(210) Annual report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1929.
Washington, 1929. (AB.158)
pp. 69, 107
Contains brief statements about the operation of schools and post offices in
the Nushagak Bay area.

(211) Annual report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, 1931.
Washington, 1931. (AB.158)
p. 93
This report is the first in which no territorial school is listed for Nushagak,
suggesting that it closed in 1930.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 187

(212) Annual report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1932. Washington, 1932. (AB.158)
pp. 22, 95
Contains brief statements concerning the destruction of the Kanakanak hos-
pital by fire and the construction of a Bureau of Indian Affairs school at Ekwak
in 1932. There is also a reference to the closing of the Kanakanak Industrial School.

(213) Annual report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1939. Washington, 1939. (AB.158)
p. 52
Contains a reference to the fact that field nursing activities were extended to
the Bristol] Bay area during the fiscal year under consideration.

(214) Annual report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, fiscal
year ended June 30, 1946. Washington, n.d. (A.B.158)
p. 18
Contains the first reference to a territorial school at Aleknagik.

(215) Annual report of the Governor of Alaska to the Secretary of the Interior, fiscal
year ended June 30, (1952). Washington, 1952. (AB.27691)
p. 81
Contains a reference to the fact that dental facilities were established at the
Kanakanak Hospital in 1952.

United States Department of the Interior. Annual report of the Secre-
tary of the Interior. Listed below chronologically.

(216) Annual report of the Secretary of the Interior for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1935. Washington, 1935.
p. 140
Reference to an influenza epidemic in the Bristol Bay area in 1934-1935.

(217) Annual report of the Secretary of the Interior for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1940. Washington, 1940.
p. 400
Reference to the construction of a 32 bed hospital at Kanakanak to replace
the one destroyed by fire in 1932.

(218) Annual report of the Secretary of the Interior, fiscal year ended June 30, 1949.
Washington, 1949.
p. 352
Refers to the construction of a tuberculosis custodial unit adjacent to the exist-
ing hospital at Kanakanak.

(219) Vahl, J.
Folket og missionen. Copenhagen, 1872. (W.2248; AB.18489)

pp. 39, 50, 86-92

A summary of Alaskan ethnography and mission activity which includes a
comprehensive classification of Eskimos in which the Kiatagmiut are equated with
the Kuskowagamiut of other writers. There are also brief comments on the
Aglegmiut and their early contacts with the Russians at Alexandrovski Redoubt.
The chapter on missions, although undocumented, contains the most detailed dis-

188 FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY, VOLUME 54

cussion of Orthodox missionary activity in southwestern Alaska to be found in any
language other than Russian.

(220) VanStone, J. W.
Some aspects of religious change among native inhabitants in West Alaska
and the Northwest Territories. Arctic Anthropology, vol. 2, no. 2, 1964.
pp. 21-22
This comparative article contains some brief comments on the introduction
of Christianity to the Eskimos of the Nushagak River region.

(221) ——
Russian exploration in interior Alaska. An extract from the journal of
Andrei Glazunov. Pacific Northwest Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 2, 1959.
(AB.62373)
p. 38

The map reprinted with this article is the one which accompanies the French
and German translations of extracts from Glazunov’s journal. Its early date
(1889-1841), and the fact that it includes the Nushagak River region, makes it
useful in determining the geographical knowledge of the area following the explo-
rations of Vasilev.

(222) White, J. W.
A cruise in Alaska. 40th Congress, 3rd session, Senate executive docu-
ment no. 8, pp. 1-10. Washington, 1869.
Captain White, in command of the United States revenue steamer Wayanda,
must have been one of the first United States naval officers to visit Nushagak after
the purchase of Alaska in 1867. There are brief comments on trade and population.

(223) Wick,-C- 1:
Ocean harvest. Seattle, 1946. (AB.38235)
chap. IV
This popular account of the history and methods of commercial fishing along
the Pacific coast includes a brief chapter on gillnetting in Bristol Bay as practiced
in the 1940’s. There are no specific references to Eskimos.

(224) Wrangell, F. P.
Obitateli severo-zapadnikh beregov Ameriki. Syn Otechestva, vol. 7,
1839. (W.5859)

pp. 70, 75-76

A useful secondary source on southwestern Alaska in general, but it contains
relatively few references to the Nushagak River region. There are, however, val-
uable early population estimates for the area and some information on the move-
ment of the Aglegmiut from the Kuskokwim River to Nushagak Bay.

(225) ——
Statitische und ethnographische nachrichten uber die Russischen besit-
zungen an der Nordwestkuste von Amerika. Jn Bietrage zur Kenntniss
des Russischen Reiches und der angranzenden Lander Asiens, bd. 1.
St. Petersburg, 1839. (W.5875; AB.19003)
Chapter 4 in this is a close translation of no. 224.

VANSTONE: NUSHAGAK BIBLIOGRAPHY 189

(226) Zagoskin, L. A.
Puteshestviya i issledovaniya leytenanta Lavrentiya Zagoskina v russkoy
Amerike v 1842-1844 gg. Moscow, 1956. (AB.49031)
pp. 16-17, 46, 215, 258, 261-262, 293, 301, 421
A reprint of Zagoskin’s publications relating to his travels in Alaska. Although
he did not explore the Nushagak River region, Zagoskin’s account contains valu-
able information on the earlier explorations of I. F. Vasilev, including population
estimates and information on tribal distribution. There is also a detailed state-
ment concerning the routes from Alexandrovski Redoubt to Kolmakouski Redoubt
that were followed during winter and summer when supplies were brought inland
and furs were transported to the post at the mouth of the Nushagak River. A
biography of Zagoskin which opens the volume (see no. 40) contains a reasonably
well-documented account of Russian exploration in southwestern Alaska prior to
the Zagoskin expedition. An index of personal names at the end of the volume
provides useful information about many individuals who figured prominently in
the exploration of the Nushagak River region.

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