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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION No. 74 


WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY, 1930 


. AN ANNOTATED LIST 
OF THE IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN 
FOREST INSECTS 


Compiled by F. C. CRAIGHEAD, Principal Entomologist in Charge 
and Witi1am Mipp.eton, Associate Entomologist 
Division of Forest Insects, Bureau of Entomology 


CONTENTS 
Page Page 
Government projects relating to forest insects_ 1 | The most important forest insects—Contd. 
Tree-killing bark beetles........... 1 Insects affecting forest products aes ll 
sects injurious to forest products______ 2 Insects affecting seeds, forest reproduc- 
Insects affecting forest management__-___ 3 tion, and nursery plants__.._.....______ 5 
Insects injurious to shade trees and Defoliating insects_.........._..._._____. 18 
ornamental shrubs___________.____..__ 3 | Literature cited. — J. |... ssc. oe Cee 23 
The most important forest insects___.._____. €°/) Appendix’ 20) _ Gi) \ / See 27 
Tree-killing bark beetles.__._______.____. A | Index. 12. Leni ais ot oa eee 23 
Insects boring in living trees__..________ 6 | 


GOVERNMENT PROJECTS RELATING TO FOREST INSECTS 


The investigations by the United States Government of the insects 
affecting forest trees, forest products, and shade trees are centered in 
the division of forest insects of the Bureau of Entomology. The 
investigations carried on by the division are grouped for administra- 
tive convenience into projects, the most important of which are briefly 
described in the following paragraphs. 


TREE-KILLING BARK BEETLES 


Several species of tree-killing bark beetles of the genus Dendroc- 
tonus destroy annually over 6,000,000,000 feet of timber valued at 
from $15,000,000 to $20,000,000. Biological investigations of these 
beetles and the associated cooperation with Federal and private 
agencies in their control constitute one of the major activities of the 
division. The biological studies relate not only to the seasonal 
history and habits of the species, but also to the environmental fac- 
tors governing the behavior of the insects in all stages of develop- 
ment, such as the part played by predators, parasites, and other 
associated insects; the effects of climate, forest type, and site; the 
characteristics of the trees selected for attack: and the reaction of 
the tree itself during and after attack. All these factors, to which 

29679°—30——1 1] 


2 MISC. PUBLICATION 74, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


much attention is given, have an important bearing on brood de- 
velopment, and their study is throwing considerable light on the 
causes underlying the rise and fall of bark-beetle epidemics. Re- 
sults have already been obtained which will have an application in 
timber-sale regulations, logging operations, and slash disposal. In 
certain cases, it has been possible, as a result of these researches, to 
predict the decline of epidemics and thus to save considerable money 
that might otherwise have been expended needlessly in direct control. 
These studies are centered on the national forests in California, 
Oregon, Montana, Arizona, Colorado, and North Carolina. 

As the stumpage value of timber increases in the Western States, 
the protection of the great stands of mature timber from these bark- 
beetle losses constitutes an ever-growing problem. A considerable 
part of the funds appropriated is utilized in rendering service to 
agencies cooperating in protection from this class of insects. This 
service consists largely in the direction and administration of the 
technical features of control projects against tree-killing bark beetles 
as well as in the analysis of the results. In this work close coopera- 
tion is maintained with the Forest Service, the National Park Serv- 
ice, the Office of Indian Affairs, and private owners. At the request 
of these organizations or individuals surveys are made of beetle- 
infested areas and recommendations given as to the advisability of 


- control measures and as to the methods to be employed. Occasion- 


ally these projects cover enormous areas and involve very complex 
administrative details. ; 

Field laboratories for the regional administration of these inves- 
tigations are maintained at Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, and at Palo Alto, 
Calif. From four to six additional temporary bases are in use 
during the field season. 


INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST PRODUCTS 


From a monetary standpoint, because of the higher values in- 
volved, insects destructive to forest products take an even greater 
annual toll than do the bark beetles. There are a great number of 
insects destructive to all forms of wood products from the green 


felled tree to the finished seasoned article. Much time and labor | 
have been devoted to the development of methods for preventing 


damage to material of this character. In many cases all that is nec- 


essary for adequate protection is to make simple alterations in the 


methods of handling the material in the woods, or at the mill or 


warehouse. Suggested modifications of building codes to insure in- 7 | 


sect-proof construction are being widely adopted (87). Again, 
repellent sprays or dips are effectively employed, or the wood is im- 
pregnated with chemicals that ward off insect attack. Two experi- 


mental grounds are maintained—one at East Falls Church, Va., and ~ 
the other in the Canal Zone, Panama—where chemicals and wood¢ 
preservatives are tested for efficiency against wood-boring insects.‘ 
The Forest Products Laboratory of the Forest Service, at Madison, 
Wis., treats wood samples with preservatives to be tested at these 
experimental grounds. Cooperation is maintained, also, with many — 


organizations interested in wood preservation, 


. 


3 


a eee 


IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS 3 


INSECTS AFFECTING FOREST MANAGEMENT 


Cooperation with the Forest Service experiment stations forms 
another important line of activities. At present entomologists are 
stationed at, or are in close touch with, five of these experiment 
stations, namely, the Lake States Forest Experiment Station, St. 
Paul, Minn., the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Amherst, 
Mass., the Appalachian Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, N. C., 
the California Forest Experiment Station, Berkeley, Calif., and the 
North Pacific Forest Experiment Station at Portland, Oreg. It 
is planned for the future to have entomologists assigned to each 
station. 

The investigations carried on under this form of cooperation 
have to do with the insect problems involved in the management 
of the more important forest types of the regions. Through studies 
of the major forest insect pests a better understanding of the con- 
ditions favoring or retarding serious insect damage is gained, and 
this knowledge is made available to foresters so that it can be ap- 
plied in developing sound practices in timber culture. Some species 
of trees and some types of forests are little affected by insects, but 
in others insects may be the limiting factor in successful timber 
production. As better cultural practices for growing timber are 
attempted, the complex relations existing in the forests must be 
more fully understood to avoid fatal mistakes. Insects constitute 
one of the most important of the biotic factors. Although greatest 
recognition is given to their role as destroyers of green standing 
timber, other important activities that bring about changes in the 
composition of the forest can not be disregarded. Insects often 
increase the percentage of undesirable species of trees, inhibit the 
reproduction of certain desirable species, affect the rate of growth, 
and thus lengthen the rotation period and augment the ill effects 
of fire. Investigations dealing with these varied problems are under 
way. 

eomib other problems of a more specific character are under in- 
vestigation, such as the entomological aspects of slash disposal (72), 
the interrelation of insects and forest fires (78, 79), turpentining 
practices and insect damage, insects affecting nursery practices, and 
insect injury to the seed of forest trees. 


INSECTS INJURIOUS TO SHADE TREES AND ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS 


Little in the way of investigation of insects affecting shade and 
ornamental trees and hardy shrubs is done at the present time, and 
most of the effort in this work is expended in service. There is 
a. great and increasing demand from municipal authorities, estate 
owners and managers, small property owners, tree surgeons, and 
nurserymen for advice on methods of handling their entomological 
problems. The division of forest insects attempts to meet this 
demand by correspondence, publications, and occasional surveys and 
studies. Whenever possible, observations are made on important 
species and, where practical, experiments in methods of control and 
improvements in such methods are conducted, 


4 MISC. PUBLICATION 74, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


THE MOST IMPORTANT FOREST INSECTS 


This list includes those species of forest insects which are of the 
greatest economic importance at the present time. In the discussion 
of each species the common and technical names are given. There 
is added some information on the occurrence of the insect, the char- 


acter of damage or notable epidemics, and the most important or , 


available references to it in literature. 


For the convenience of those not acquainted with the systematic © 


classification of insects, the species lsted have been arranged in 
groups according to the type of damage, such as bark beetles, leaf 
feeders, etc., and these groups are further subdivided as necessary. 


TREE-KILLING BARK BEETLES 
THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE 
Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. 


In the southeastern part of the United States the southern pine 
beetle stands out as the most important tree-killing bark beetle. This 
species becomes exceedingly abundant at irregular intervals; and 
for several years, during one of these outbreaks, thousands of pines 
may be attacked and killed. In 1910 and 1911 timber valued at over 
$2,000,000 was destroyed (1, 40, 42%)*. 


THE EASTERN SPRUCE BEETLE 
Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk. 


In past years, before the virgin spruce forests of the Northeast 
were cut, this bark beetle was responsible for serious depredations. 
Of late years little timber has been killed by this beetle in the United 
States, though serious losses are reported from Canada (42). 


THE TURPENTINE BEETLES 


Dendroctonus valens Lec. 
Dendroctonus terebrans Oliv. 


The red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) and the black 
turpentine beetle (D. terebrans) are widely distributed in North 
America. They attack the bases and roots of practically all species 
of pine and spruce, causing the exudation of large masses of pitch. 
They rarely kill trees and are of importance more as a result of the 
attention they attract than because of the damage inflicted (J, 30, 42, 
46). 

) THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE 

Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk. 


The mountain pine beetle has a very wide range, extending from 
the Sierras of central California through the northern Rockies into 
Canada. It attacks lodgepole, sugar, western white, and yellow pines. 
Nearly every year severe outbreaks are in progress in some part of 
this area. One notable infestation has been progressing since 1909 
and now bids fair to destroy practically all the lodgepole pine on 
the Bitter Root and Beaverhead National Forests (42, 46). 


1 Reference is made by italic numbers in parentheses to Literature Cited, p. 23. 


IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS 5 


THE BLACK HILLS BEETLE 
Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. 


The Black Hills beetle is the most destructive enemy of yellow 
pine in the Rocky Mountain region. It has a marked tendency to 
increase suddenly to extraordinary numbers and, after destroying 
great quantities of timber, to subside quickly. Notable epidemics 
occurred in the Black Hills from 1898 to 1905 and in the Kaibab 
National Forest from 1920 to 1925 (42). 


THE DOUGLAS FIR BEETLE 
Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. 


The Douglas fir beetle is most destructive in the northern Rockies 
and Canada. It seldom kills Douglas fir west of the Cascade Range. 
Outbreaks are local and sporadic, frequently associated with wind- 
throws, defoliations, or logging operations (42). 


THE WESTERN PINE BEETLE 


Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec. 


The western pine beetle occurs over practically the same territory 
as the mountain pine beetle and extends to the southern limit »f the 
yellow pine type in California. This species rarely causes spectacu- 
lar outbreaks but takes an annual toll of from 0.1 per cent to oc- 
casionally 5 per cent of the stand. It is of economic importance 
only in the western yellow pine forests (42, 46). 


THE SOUTHWESTERN PINE BEETLE 


Dendroctonus barberi Hopk. 


In habits this species resembles its near kin, the western pine 
beetle, though it is not so destructive. Occasional outbreaks in 
southern Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico take a considerable 
toll of timber but are short-lived. The activities of the beetle in- 
crease in years of drought (42). 


THE JEFFREY PINE BEETLE 


Dendroctonus jeffreyi Hopk. 


The Jeffrey pine beetle restricts its activities entire)y to the tree for 
which it is named. It is most injurious in the forests east of the 
Sierras, where it normally takes a small annual toll. Following a 
severe windstorm in the Inyo National Forest, Calif., some 6,000,000 
teet of timber were killed by this species in 1924 and 1925 (42, 46). 


THE ENGRAVER BEETLES 
Ips spp. 


The engraver beetles of the genus Ips are represented by numerous 
species. They are usually associated with dying or recently felled 
softwoods. Occasionally they contribute to the death of timber 
weakened from other causes and may even kill outright healthy 
timber when they are present in great numbers. Sporadic out- 


6 MISC. PUBLICATION 74, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


breaks, in which large groups of young trees and occasionally mature 
trees are killed, often follow drought, windfalls, and slashings. 
Epidemics will not continue in healthy timber because the broods 
fail to develop, and such outbreaks as occur are short-lived. In 
the southern part of the United States the three most important 
species of Ips are grandicollis Eichh., calligraphus Germ., and avul- 
sus Eichh. In the Western States confusus Lec., emarginatus Lec., 
integer Eichh., oregont Eichh., and radiatae Hopk. are the most 
destructive species. 7. oregoni very commonly kills the tops of 
mature western yellow pines, rendering the trees susceptible to the 
attack of Dendroctonus beetles (1, 46, 58, 63, 66). 


MONTEREY CYPRESS BARK BEETLE 
¢ 
Phloeosinus cristatus Lec. 


Several species of Phloeosinus, a genus of bark beetles, apparently 
are capable of killing trees belonging to those genera allied to 
Cupressus. This species seems to be particularly aggressive in 
Monterey cypress planted in the vicinity of San Francisco. It is 
usually associated, however, with scale insects and fungi, and its 
specific role has not been accurately determined. 


THE HICKORY BARK BEETLE 
Scolytus quadrispinosus Say 


The hickory bark beetle is an important enemy of hickory in the 
Eastern States. Every few years local outbreaks of the hickory 
bark beetle destroy considerable timber in the natural range of the 
tree from Massachusetts southward to Georgia and westward into 
the Mississippi Valley. Recent studies indicate that these out- 
breaks are correlated with droughts or conditions unfavorably af- 
fecting the trees (2, 43). 


THE FIR BARK BEETLE 


Scolytus ventralis Lee. 


This species, widely distributed throughout the Western States, 
attacks standing dead, dying, or living firs, frequently killing them 
but more often destroying only the tops of the trees or patches of 
bark on the trunk, which results in defects. In California, following 
the drought of 1924, very extensive losses were reported (40, 46). 


INSECTS BORING IN LIVING TREES 
THE SMALL METALLIC WOOD AND BARK BORERS 
Agrilus anzius Gory 


Agrilus bilineatus Web. 


The bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius Gory) is very destructive 
to several species of birch (Betula) in the Northeast. Its control 
is becoming an important problem in the management of hardwood 
stands. The 2-lined chestnut borer (A. bilineatus Web.) is of sec- 
ondary importance throughout the eastern part of the United States. 
It occasions the death of oaks weakened by other causes, though in 
Minnesota it is reported to be more of a primary pest (8, 14, 57, 59). 


IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS 7 


THE TURPENTINE BORER 


Buprestis apricans Hbst. 


The turpentine borer attacks the exposed wood resulting from 
fire scars, blazes, and turpentined faces of several species of southern 
pines, making the trees susceptible to windthrow, and the butt log 
unfit for lumber. In recent years, with the wider adoption of con- 
servative turpentining practices and forest management, injury by 
this insect is recelving greater recognition (8, 79). 


THE LOCUST BORER 


Cyllene robiniae Forst. 


The locust borer frequently prevents the growth of a valuable 
tree, the black locust, in some regions. It occurs throughout the 
Eastern States and has been introduced with the host into Colorado 
and adjacent States (17, 29, 41). 


THE OAK TWIG PRUNER 


Elaphidion villosum Fab. 


The oak twig pruner, occurring throughout the eastern half of 
the United States, locally causes serious damage to various hard- 
woods by cutting off the branches. The pruning in this case is done 
by the larvae (48). 


THE SUGAR MAPLE BOREB 
Glycobius speciosus Say 


The sugar-maple borer is an especially injurious pest of the sugar 
maple tree in the Northeastern States. This borer attacks trees 
apparently in full vigor, especially those growing in the open, and 
kills limbs and sometimes the entire tree. This insect is probably 
the most serlous enemy of the sugar maple tree (25). 


THE LIVING HICKORY BOREB 
Goes pulcher Hald. 


THE LIVING BEECH BORER 
Goes pulverulenta Hald. 


THE WHITE OAK BORER 
Goes tigrina DeGeer 


THE OAK SAPLING BORER 
Goes tessellata Hald. 


The four species of roundheaded borers listed above attack the 
trunks of a variety of hardwoods, including oak, hickory, beech, 
elm, sycamore, blue beech, and ironwood, throughout the eastern 
part of the United States. The larvae bore deeply into the wood, 
causing large, unsightly defects and culls in the lumber. Jn younger 
trees these defects frequently cause breakage under the strain of 
wind or ice storms (78). 


8 MISC. PUBLICATION 74, U. 8S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


THE PINE AND HEMLOCK FLAT-HEAD BORERS 


Melanophila spp. 


Two species of the genus Melanophila, the eastern hemlock bark 
borer (1. fulvoguttata Ham.) and the western flat-headed borer 
(M. gentilis Lec.), are of considerable economic importance. The 
eastern form kills hemlock weakened by defoliation and other 
causes. The western species is frequently an important pest during 
epidemics of the western-pine bark beetle in western yellow pine and 
to trees affected by drought (8, 46). 


THE TWIG TUNNELERS 
Oberea spp. 


Several species of Oberea bore down through the pith in the 
twigs of several species of trees and shrubs, causing the death of 
the infested portion. The work can always be distinguished from 
that of other twig girdlers by the linear series of small holes cut 
through the bark. O. myops Hald. in rhododendron and azalea, O. 
schaumii Lec. in poplar, and O. tripunctata Fab. and O. bimaculata 
Oliv. in plum, apple, peach, and dogwood are the most impor- 
tant (78). 


THE LONG-HORNED GIRDLERS 
Oncideres cingulata Say 
Oncideres putator Thom. 


The hickory twig girdler (Oncideres cingulata) and the huisache 
girdler (O. putator) cause considerable damage to a great variety 
of hardwood trees in the Eastern and Gulf States by cutting off the 
branches. The girdling is done by the adult beetle (18, 37). 


THE COTTONWOOD BORER 
Plectrodera scalator Fab. 


In the central part of the United States the cottonwood borer 
causes serious injury to the base and roots of several species of 
cottonwood and willow. It is sometimes abundant enough in certain 
localities to kill these trees (52). 


THE PRIONID ROOT BORERS 
Prionus spp. 


Several species of these large roundheaded borers—Prionus lati- 
collis Drury and P. zmbricornis L. in the East, and P. californicus 
Motschulsky in the Western States—bore in the roots of living 
hardwoods, thus lowering the vitality of the trees. The attack is 
frequently followed by root rots such as Armellaria and attacks of 
secondary bark borers which ultimately kill the trees (16). 


THE RED OAK BORER 
Romaleum rufulum Hald. 
The red oak borer is of considerable economic importance through- 


out its range in the central and eastern part of the United States and 
Canada. The habits of this species somewhat resemble those of 


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Se 


oS Se So 


IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS g 


Prionoxystus and Goes. The borers attack living oak trees, mining 
deeply into the sapwood and heartwood (/8). 


THE ELM BORER 
Saperda tridentata Oliv. 


THE LINDEN BORER 
Saperda vestita Say 


THE POPLAR BORER 
Saperda caicarata Say 


The larvae of the poplar borer riddle the heartwood of several 
species of poplar, opening it to decay and making the trees subject to 
windfall. It is widely distributed throughout the range of the host 
plants. Several other species of this genus, among which Saperda 
tridentata in elm and S. vestita in linden are important, are injurious 
to living trees (18, 27, 38). 


THE WESTERN FIR BORER 
Tetropium abietis Fall 


In the Pacific coast region the western fir borer occasionally kills 
large numbers of true firs by mining beneath the bark. Trees weak- 
ened by defoliation or fire are particularly susceptible to attack 
(18). 

THE WESTERN LARCH BARK BORER 
Tetropium velutinum Lec. 


The western larch bark borer is occasionally a pest of considerable 
importance in stands of western larch and hemlock in the Rocky 
Mountain and Pacific coast regions of the United States. The larvae 
mine in the inner bark (18, 68). 


THE CEDAR POLE BORER 
Trachykele blondeli Mars, 


The larvae of the western cedar pole borer riddle the heart and 


- sapwood of living western red cedar, causing serious defects and 


the consequent rejection of the damaged material for lumber, shin- 
gles, and poles. This borer occurs in Oregon, Washington, and 
California (9). | 
THE PITCH MOTHS 
Dioryctria abietella D. and S. 
Dioryctria zanthaenobarea Dyar 
Dioryctria ponderosae Dyar 
Dioryctria amatella Hulst 


The inner bark of the trunks, the new growth of the leaders, and 
the cones, of pine, Douglas fir, spruce, and fir are often seriously 
injured by the caterpillars of the pitch moths. Death of parts or 
even the entire tree and the loss of seed of the infested cones fre- 
quently follow the injury. ‘These insects are important, but little 
work has been done on them. 

29679°—30——2 


10 MISC. PUBLICATION 74, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


THE ZIMMERMAN PINE MOTH 
Pinipestis zimmermani Grote 


The Zimmerman pine moth is a serious insect pest of pine, attack- 
ing western yellow pine, white pines, Scotch pine, and Austrian 
pine. The caterpillar bores into the bark of the trunk, usually 
avoiding the base and top, and causes the malformation known as 
spike top or sometimes kills the entire tree. ‘The injury it produces - 
also brings about a considerable depreciation in the value of the 
timber. The species is especially abundant in the northern and west- 
ern part of the United States (6). 


THE CARPENTER WORM 
Prionozystus robiniae Peck 


The larvae of this large moth bore in a great variety of eastern 
hardwoods, especially oak and locust, causing large wormholes and 
resulting defects in the lumber (44, 48). 


THE DOUGLAS FIR PITCH MOTH 
Synanthedon novaroensis Hy. Edw. 


The Douglas fir pitch moth is an important enemy of Douglas fir 
over the northern Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions. The 
insect causes pitch seams, gum check, and other defects which seri- 
ously depreciate the value of the timber. Its attack appears to be 
restricted to that portion of the trunk which later clears itself of 
branches (5). 


THE SEQUOIA PITCH MOTH 
Vespamima sequoiae Hy. Edw. 


The Sequoia pitch moth attacks almost all conifers of the North- 
west. It is particularly abundant and destructive to lodgepole pine 
in certain regions of Montana. The insect infests the extreme base 
of the trees, causing a heavy pitch flow over the base of the trunk 
and surrounding ground. The trees attacked are frequently killed 
and jeopardize other trees in the neighborhood through increased 
fire hazard (4). 


THE LEOPARD MOTH 
Zeuzera pyrina Fab. 


The leopard moth kills the limbs of hardwood trees and is locally 
serious in the New England and the Northeastern States. The 
species was introduced from Europe and is spreading slowly to the 
South and West (44). 

THE CAMBIUM MINERS 
Agromyza aceris Greene 
Agromyza amelanchieris Greene 


Birch, cherry, maple, oak, poplar, and many other less commonly 
used hardwood trees have small, yellowish-brown spots or streaks 
called “pith flecks’ made by the larvae of several species of flies, 
the names of two species being given above. In the Eastern States 
SNe sometimes lowers the grade of the product for certain uses 


IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS ll 


THE HEMLOCK BARK MAGGOT 
Cheilosia alaskensis Hunter 


The hemlock bark maggot in the northern Rocky Mountain and 
Pacific coast regions causes defects in western hemlock known as 
“ black check.” The injury is caused by the larvae working in the 
growing tissue of the tree. Similar defects in fir, spruce, and pine 
are caused by related species (7). 


INSECTS AFFECTING FOREST PRODUCTS 
AMBROSIA BEETLES OR PINHOLE BORERS 


A number of species of beetles included in the genera Corthylus, 
Gnathotrichus, Pterocyclon, Xyleborus, and Platypus are important 
because of the injury they do to fire-scarred trees, green logs, and 
green lumber. These insects, while working in the wood, not only 
make holes but also introduce wood-staining fungi. In some locali- 
ties a considerable quantity of wood otherwise sound and useful is 
discarded because by the work of these beetles it is rendered unfit 
for certain special uses (39, 40, 62). 


THE COLUMBIAN TIMBER BEETLE 
Corthylus columbianus Hopk. 


The Columbian timber beetle attacks living white oak, chestnut, 
and yellow poplar, entering directly through sound bark. In some 
localities from 15 to 25 per cent of the white oak lumber may be 
affected, and where tight barrel staves are being manufactured whole 
trees are discarded because of injury by this insect. The wood may 
still be used for such purposes as base for veneer and for the in- 
visible parts of various structures, as its strength is little impaired 
(39, 40, 62). 

THE OAK TIMBER WORM 
Eupsalis minuta Drury 


The oak timber worm, entering through wounds, attacks the wood 
of living trees and also frequently causes much damage to green logs 
and produces defects in the lumber. It occurs throughout the eastern 
part of the United States (39, 40, 62). 


THE CHESTNUT TIMBER WOKM 
(Lymerylon) Melittomma sericeum Harris 


The chestnut timber worm attacks the wood of living chestnut. 
Entering through a wound, it bores deeply into the center of the tree. 
In the recent past, when chestnut was a more abundant forest tree, 
this insect presented a serious problem, as from 75 to 90 per cent of 
all the chestnut timber produced was defective (39, 40, 62). 


THE SAPWOOD TIMBER WORM 
Hylecoetus lugubris Say 


The sapwood timber worm attacks dying trees and green saw logs 
of basswood, buckeye, chestnut, black walnut, cottonwood, yellow 
poplar, and birch, causing considerable damage. Often a 5 to 10 per 
cent loss occurs in logs on which the bark has been left (40, 62). 


12 MISC, PUBLICATION 74, U. S, DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


THE BLACK-HORNED PINE BORER 
Callidium antennatum Newm. 


The black-horned pine borer attacks a variety of softwoods and. 
together with other closely allied species, is widely distributed over 
the United States. Considerable damage is caused to rustic houses 
and other structures where these woods with the bark still on are 
used for support or ornamentation. The presence of bark is neces- 
sary for attack by this species (18, 68). 


THE BELTED CHION 
Chion cinctus Drury 


The belted chion, a long-horned borer, attacks several species of 
partly seasoned hardwoods, causing severe damage to the sapwood of 
oak and hickory, often making holes from one-half to three-fourths 
of an inch wide and 2 feet long and rendering it unfit for construction 
purposes. This insect will attack wood even after the bark has been 
removed from the log. Small stock used in the manufacture of rustic 
furniture or in making small products, such as mallets and mauls, is 
subject to severe damage by this insect (18, 62, 68). 


THE PAINTED HICKORY BORER 
Cyllene caryae Gahan 


The painted hickory borer causes serious injury to green saw 
logs. The larvae make large oval holes in the sapwood. This part 
of the log, which should furnish the best grades of material, is often 
ruined by the resulting defects in the lumber. Besides hickory 
this borer attacks walnut, honeylocust, mulberry, and osage orange 

18, 22). 
( ) THE WESTERN CEDAR BARK BORER 
(Hylotrupes) Hemicallidium amethystinum Lec. 


The western cedar bark borer is of considerable economic im- 
portance in the Pacific coast region of the United States. It injures 
wood of recently felled giant arborvitae and incense cedar (18, 68). 


THE OLD HOUSE BORER 
Hylotrupes bajulus L. 


The old-house borer attacks a variety of dry, seasoned, soft- 
wood products. This species, introduced from Europe, is of con- 
siderable economic importance and is becoming more abundant and 
serious each year. It confines its activities to such materials as 
joists, studding, and rafters (18, 62). 


THE CEDAR-TREE BORER 
Hylotrupes ligneus Fab. 
The cedar-tree borer attacks a variety of softwoods (firs, spruces, 


hemlocks, cedars, arborvitae, etc.), damaging the wood for com- 
mercial purposes and causing shedding of the bark of material used 


in rustic work. The larvae mine first between the bark and wood J 


and later in the sapwood, occasionally going into the heartwood 
(18, 68). 


a 


IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS 13 


THE PINE SAWYERS 
, Monochamus spp. 


Several species of pine sawyers are of economic importance, 
namely, Monochamus titillator Fab. in the Southeast, . scutellatus 
Say and M&M. confusor Kirby in the Northeast, and I. maculosus 
Hald. in the West. They attack dying and recently felled pine, 
spruce, and fir, their work resulting in a high percentage of culled 
lumber. Following windfalls and burns these species are especially 
destructive, causing rapid deterioration of the timber before it can 
be salvaged. M. marmorator Kirby attacks and kills living fir 
(Abies balsamea) in the Northeastern States and Canada (18, 67). 


THE BANDED ASH BORER 
Neoclytus capraea Say 


The banded ash borer is of considerable economic importance in 
the eastern part of the United States, causing extensive damage to 
the sapwood and outer heartwood of recently felled and partly sea- 
soned ash logs. In some large operations the grub of this beetle has 
been known to have completely destroyed the entire cut of one season 
(18, 62, 68). 

THE GRAY ASH BORER 
Neoclytus conjunctus LeConte 


This beetle has habits similar to those of the banded ash borer. 
The grub mines the sapwood and heartwood of ash and oak. Itisa 
common species in the Rocky Mountain region and in the Pacific 
Coast States (18). 


THE RED-HEADED ASH BORER 
Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fab. 


The red-headed ash borer attacks recently felled hardwoods of a 
number of varieties, often causing from 20 to 90 per cent loss in the 
lowering of the grade of the lumber. Ash and hickory particularly 
are selected for attack. Green logs, felled during the summer in 
the Gulf coast and Mississippi Delta areas and left in the woods for 
several weeks before being removed, often suffer a total loss as the 
result of the activities of this insect (18, 68). 


THE POLE BORER 
Parandra brunnea Fab. 


The pole borer is a fairly large wood borer which causes consider- 
able damage to the bases of telephone poles and to shade trees 
throughout the eastern part of the United States. Telephone poles | 
are sometimes completely severed, and the entire heart is eaten out 
of shade trees causing large limbs to fall or the entire tree to 
break over. 

THE TANBARK BORER 


Phymatodes variabilis Fab. 
The tanbark borer is of economic importance in the tanbark indus- 


tries. The grub of this beetle mines chiefly in the bark of oak 
(18, 39, 68). 


14 MISC. PUBLICATION 74, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


THE FLAT OAK BORER 
Smodicum cucujiforme Say a 


The flat oak borer is a typical heartwood feeder that attacks sea- 
~ goned oak and hickory products. Its work is also often found in old 
fire scars on oak trees (8). 


THE POWDER-POST BEETLES G 
Lyctus planicollis Lec. and other species of Lyctus 


Several species of the so-called lyctus powder-post beetles are ex- 
tremely destructive to seasoned hardwoods, particularly oak, hickory, 
ash, persimmon, etc. The annual loss to such stored products as 
billets, lumber, handles, and spokes runs into millions of dollars (67). 


THE LEAD-CABLE BORER 
Scobicia declivis Lec. 


The lead-cable borer is a serious pest of oak stave wood on the west 
coast and has an interesting and expensive habit of boring into sus- 
pended lead-sheathed telephone cables (10). ; 


THE RED-SHOULDERED POWDER-POST BEETLE 
Xylobiops basilare Say 


The red-shouldered powder-post beetle is of considerable economic 
importance, causing large losses to partly seasoned wood products 
used in the manufacture of shuttle blocks, mallets, mauls, etc., as 
well as to small poles and saplings used for rustic furniture. 
Hickory and persimmon blocks and poles are destroyed by both 
adults and grubs and literally reduced to powder in a few months’ 
time (40, 53). 


OTHER BOSTRICHID POWDER-POST BEETLES 


Apatides fortis Lec. 


Dendrobiella aspera Lec. 


Other powder-post beetles occur in the Southwest and attack 
mesquite, reducing the wood to powder within a short time. The 
large form, Apatides fortis, prefers wood which has dried for sev- 
eral months, but the smaller form, Dendrobiella aspera, shows a 
decided preference for freshly cut wood. Fence posts, poles, and 
cordwood are severely damaged (20). 


THE CARPENTER ANT 
Camponotus herculeanus pennsylwanicus DeG. 
The carpenter ant is widespread and abundant in the United 


States. It attacks living trees through wounds, dead trees, logs, and 
forest products, frequently entering the wooden parts of buildings. 


TERMITES (NONSUBTERRANEAN) 
Kalotermes spp. 


In certain sections of the United States, namely, the South At- 
lantic, Gulf, Southwestern, and Pacific Coast States, nonsubter- 


IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS 15 


ranean or dry-wood termites (Aalotermes spp.) seriously damage 
the woodwork of buildings and furniture, and telegraph, telephone, 
power, and electric-light poles. These termites are able to live in 
dry wood and do not need to maintain contact with the ground as 
they do not require much moisture (60). : 


TERMITES (SUBTERRANEAN) 


Reticulitermes spp. 


The most injurious termites throughout the entire United States 
are ground-nesting or subterranean forms (Reticulitermes spp.). 
The regions where damage is most serious are portions of the 
country with warm or temperate climates, including the Eastern 
States, the central West, and the Pacific coast, as well as all areas 
south of these regions. ‘These termites are chiefly injurious to wood 
either in contact with the ground or insufficiently protected, in- 
sulated, or removed from the ground. The annual damage caused 
by these termites in the United States is many millions of dollars, 
these losses being due not only to the value of the wood destroyed 
but also to the cost of labor of removal, reconstruction, or replace- 
ment (60, 87). 


INSECTS AFFECTING SEEDS, FOREST REPRODUCTION, AND NURSERY PLANTS 
THE SPRUCE TWIG GALL LICE 
(Chermes or Gillettea) Adelges cooleyi Gill. 
(Chermes) Adelges abietis L. 


These insects and other related species are important forest, 
nursery, and ornamental-tree pests, producing characteristic twig- 
deforming growths which frequently kill the parts attacked. They 
occur throughout the natural range of the spruces and firs. 


THE NUT WEEVILS 


Curculio spp. 


Weevils of this group are important destroyers of the seeds of 
certain hardwood trees. Hickory nuts, acorns, chestnuts, and hazle- 
nuts are heavily infested by these snout beetles which make the seed 
unviable with a resultant loss in reproduction. Infestation in seeds 
collected for nursery planting occasionally exceeds 20 per cent 
(3, 25, 47). 


THE CONE BEETLES 


Conophthorus spp. 


The cone beetles bore into the base of the developing cones of 
many species of pine. Drying and falling, or prolonged retention 
of the cones, may follow the attack. In some years, in restricted 
localities. the entire seed crop is destroyed. ‘The more important 
species are Conophthorus ponderosae Hopk., the yellow pine cone 
beetle; C. lambertianae Hopk., the sugar pine cone beetle; and @. 
coniperda Sz., the eastern white pine cone beetle (46, 50, 51). 


16 MISC. PUBLICATION 74, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


ACORN GALL MAKERS 


Cynipidae 


A number of 4-winged gallflies destroy large quantities of oak 
seed by producing gall formations in the cotyledons. They lower 
the natural reproduction of oak and are also responsible for a heavy 
loss in collected seed (26). G 


SEED CHALCIDS 

Megastigmus albifrons Walk. 
Megastigmus milleri Rohwer 
Megastigmus piceae Rohwer 
Megastigmus pinus Parfitt 


Megastigmus spermatrophus Wachtl 


The seeds of many trees are attacked by certain chalcids that feed 
on plant tissue. These small, 4-winged flies destroy the seeds of pine, 
spruce, fir, juniper, and many other trees. The Douglas fir chalcid 
(Megastigmus spermatrophus) is at times particularly destructive 


THE PALES WEEVIL 


Hylobius pales Boh. 


The pales weevil destroys young pine seedlings. The larvae breed 
in green pine stumps and logs, and the adults girdle pine seedlings 
from 1 to 5 years old by feeding at the base. The inroads of this 
beetle frequently make several plantings necessary in order that a 
fully stocked stand may be secured. 

The species is injurious chiefly in the New England States (56). 


THE PINE BARK LOUSE 


(Chermes) Pineus pinicorticis Fitch 


The pine bark louse, a relative of the spruce twig gall lice, occurs 
on the bark and needles of white pine producing a waxy secretion 
which appears as a whitish gray mold. Trees heavily infested for 
several years show the effect in scant, poor-colored foliage and 
stunted new growth. 

MAY BEETLES OR WHITE GRUBS 


Phyllophaga spp. 


The control of the larvae or white grubs of a number of species 
of May beetles constitutes an important problem in nurseries of 
both forest and ornamental stock. These insects kill large numbers 
of both evergreen and deciduous seedling trees and shrubs by feeding 
a the roots. The beetles when abundant defoliate hardwood trees 

ey 


THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL 


Pissodes strobi Peck 


The white pine weevil is the most serious pest of white pine in 
the Nor aeastern States. Successive killing of the terminal shoots 


IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS 17 


of saplings and young trees results in stunting and malformation and 
ultimately in low-grade timber. Over 75 per cent of the white pines 
in this region are weeviled, resulting in a reduction in value of from 
20 to 25 per cent below that of trees of normal development (32). 


THE EUROPEAN PINE-SHOOT MOTH 


Rhyacionia buoliana Schiff. 


This imported pine-shoot moth, first found in the United States 
in 1914, is known in Europe as a very serious pest. The species is 
confined to pine but is recorded as attacking “all species” of this 
genus. It has been found in this country on Scotch pine, Austrian 
pine, mugho pine, white pine, red pine, and longleaf pine. This 
moth has become established in Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, Penn- 
sylvania, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode 
Island, and Florida. At present it seems to be largely a nursery 
pest. 


THE NANTUCKET PINE MOTH 


Rhyacionia frustrana Comst. 


The Nantucket pine moth is common on young pine throughout 
the Eastern and Southern States. Periodically it becomes of great 
importance locally. Some years ago it was introduced into the Forest 
Service plantations at Halsey, Nebr., where it has become established 
and is proving very injurious, especially to western yellow pine, the 
most desirable tree species (33, 53, 65). 

THE PINE NEEDLE SCALE 
Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch 

The pine needle scale is one of the few scale insects that are 
serious forest pests in the United States. It occasionally becomes 
sufficiently abundant in the forests of California and Minnesota to 
weaken the trees and make them susceptible to bark-beetle attack. 
It is also an important pest of ornamental pine and spruce (23, 44). 

THE CYPRESS BARK SCALE 
Ehrhornia cupressi Ehrhorn 

Monterey cypress in California, especially trees in thickly planted 
hedgerows or windbreaks, are severely injured by this scale insect 
(23, 35). 


THE PINE SOFT SCALES 
Toumeyella spp. 
Toumeyella numismaticum (P. and McD.), 7. parvicorne CkIL, 


T. pint King, and unidentified species of this genus have been re- 
ported as injurious to pines east of the Rocky Mountains. Pinus 


sylvestris, P. divaricata, P. radiata, P. virginiana, and P. mugko are - 


recorded as hosts from Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, 
North Carolina, and Pennsylvania. 7’. nwmismaticum promises to be 
an important pine nursery problem, as it has appeared in injurious 
numbers in forest-tree nurseries of the South and has illed many 


= TE = 


18 MISC. PUBLICATION 74, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


trees in the plantations of the Nebraska National Forest at Halsey, 
Nebr., and in Minnesota. 


DEFOLIATING INSECTS 


THE LOCUST LEAF MINER 


Chalepus dorsalis Thunb. 


The locust leaf miner causes widespread defoliation of black locust. 
It is abundant practically every year over considerable areas of its 
range from Massachusetts through the southern Appalachians and 
the Ohio Valley. The feeding causes the leaves of the trees to turn 
brown in the late summer. No study has been made of its etlect 
on the growth of the trees (48, 53). 


THE GRAPE COLASPIS 


Colaspis brunnea Fab. 


Widespread defoliation of pines in the Gulf States in 1925 and 
1926 was attributed to this small beetle. The species is not often 
so abundant. Severest injury occurred in southern Louisiana and 
eastern Texas. Young trees were more severely infested than older 
ones. 

THE ORANGE-STRIPED OAK WORM 


Anisota senatoria A. and 8. 
THE SPINY OAK WORM 


Anisota stigma Hbn. 
THE GREEN-STRIPED MAPLE WORM 


Anisota rubicunda Fab. 


Throughout the eastern hardwood belt oaks are frequently de- 
foliated by the orange-striped oak worm, the spiny oak worm, and 
Anisota virginiensis Drury, and maples by the green-striped maple 
worm. The first-mentioned species is the most important and in- 
jurious (25, 44, 48). 


THE BIRCH LEAF SKELETONIZER 


Bucculatriz canadensisella Chambers 


This insect is a frequent defoliator of birch throughout the north- 
ern part of the United States and Canada and feeds to some extent 
on alder and oak. 

THE SPRUCE BUD WORM 


Cacoecia fumiferana Clem. 


The spruce bud worm is periodically one of the most destructive 
forest insects in the United States. A recent epidemic in the North- 
' eastern States and Canada destroyed from 50 to 75 per cent of the 
spruce and fir over great areas. In the Lake States and locally 
throughout the Rocky Mountains notable losses have been reported. 
The caterpillars feed on fir, spruce, Douglas fir, pine, larch, and 
hemlock (64). 


IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS 19 


THE CATALPA SPHINX 


Ceratomia catalpae Bdv. 


Catalpas are frequently defoliated by the caterpillar of the catalpa 
sphinx moth. When the trees are grown in plantations this insect 
occasionally becomes extremely abundant and destructive. The most 
serious injury has occurred in the Ohio Valley (44, 48). 


THE LARCH CASE-BEARER 


Coleophora laricella Hbn. 


The larch case-bearer, introduced from Europe, has become widely 
distributed in the northeastern part of the United States, the Lake 
States, and Canada and is causing considerable injury to larch. An 
extensive outbreak of this insect occurred in New England from 
1923 to 1925 and in Maine thousands of acres of larch were de- 
foliated. The trees which were stripped annually began to die 
in 1926. 


THE PANDORA MOTH 


Coloradia pandora Blake 


This species causes serious defoliation of western yellow pine and 
lodgepole pine growing on the volcanic soils east of the Sierra 
Nevada and Cascade Ranges in California and Oregon. Trees are 
defoliated only in alternate years and, although few die as a direct 
result of defoliation, they are rendered more susceptible to bark- 
beetle attack (55). 


THE YELLOW-NECKED CATERPILLAB 
Datana ministra Walk. 
THE WALNUT CATERPILLAR 


Datana integerrima G. & R. 


These two species of Datana are occasionally important. The 
yellow-necked caterpillar is a general feeder and is sometimes abun- 
dant in hardwood forests. The walnut caterpillar is a frequent 
defoliator of walnut trees throughout the eastern hardwood belt (25, 
44, 48). 


THE HEMLOCK LOOPERS 


Ellopia spp. 


Hemlock, spruce, and Douglas fir in the Lake States and on the 
Pacific coast are sometimes very severely defoliated and killed by 
several species of caterpillars belonging to the genus Ellopia. £, 
fiscellaria Gn. in the Lake States, /’. somniaria Hulst in the northern 
Pacific States, and an undetermined species in California are the 
most important (28). 


THE DOUGLAS FIR LOOPER 


Galenare sp. 


At higher elevations in the spruce-fir type of the southern Rocky 
Mountain region, particularly in New Mexico, the Douglas fir looper 


20 MISC. PUBLICATION 74, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


has periodically destroyed the timber over considerable areas. Sev- 
eral recent outbreaks have occurred in the Sacramento Mountains. 
Douglas fir is the favored host but spruce foliage is eaten as well. 
Dendroctonus engelmanni frequently follows and destroys not only 
weakened trees but vigorous stands outside the area of defoliation. 


THE LODGEPOLE NEEDLE TIER 


Argyrotaenia pinatubana Kearf. 


The lodgepole needle tier, supposed to be the same as the defoliator 
of eastern white pine, became very abundant in 1920 to 1925 on the 
headwaters of the Madison River in Yellowstone National Park 
and the Madison National Forest. In conjunction with a sawfly 
(Neodiprion sp.) these insects killed most of the lodgepole pine over 
an area of 75 square miles. 


THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH 


Nygmia phaeorrhoea Donovan 


The brown-tail moth is an insect which has been introduced and 
become established in the New England States. It is locally and 
periodically abundant, defoliating apple, pear, plum, oak, willow, 
elm, maple, and other common trees and shrubs. It does not attack 
conifers. ‘The hairs from the caterpillars are a source of annoyance, 
causing a rash and irritation of the skin (72). 


THE DOUGLAS FIR TUSSOCK MOTH 


Hemerocampa pseudotsugata McD. 


This defoliator has come into prominence as an insect of economic 
importance within the last ten years in the northern Rocky Mountain 
regions, Washington, and British Columbia. Locally through this 
region it has killed a great deal of Douglas fir, but the outbreaks 
usually disappear in about three years. The female is wingless. 
The caterpillars shed poisonous hairs which cause a rash on sus- 
ceptible skins. 


OAK AND MAPLE DEFOLIATORS 


Heterocampa spp. 


Caterpillars belonging to the genus Heterocampa occasionally be- 
come exceedingly abundant in hardwood forests and severely de- 
foliate trees over large areas. In 1918 and 1919 maple and birch 
were severely defoliated in New Hampshire by Heterocampa bi- 
lineata Pack. and H. biwndata Walk., and elm in Essex County, 
N. Y., by H. bélineata in 1918. WH. guttwitta Walk. defoliated 
maples, birch, and beech in New York, Vermont, and New Hamp- 
shire in 1910 and 1919. H manteo Dbdy. defoliated forest trees, 
oak, beech, maple, and hickory, in 1922 over an extensive area in- 
volving Virginia and North Carolina. Many oaks were completely 
stripped. In most of these defoliations caterpillars of more than one 
genus were reported present although species of Heterocampa played 
the dom:=ant role (75, 25). 


S 


| 
| 
, 


IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS 21 


THE TENT CATERPILLARS 
Malacosoma disstria Hiibn. 
Malacosoma americana Fab. 

Malacosoma californica Pack. 

Malacosoma constricta Stretch 
Malacosoma pluvialis Dyar 


Malacosoma fragilis Stretch 


The tent caterpillars are frequently important forest defoliators 
as well as farm and orchard pests. They have a wide range of host 
plants. Some species are widely distributed over the United States, 
whereas others are rather restricted in distribution. A recent in- 
festation on the Carson National Forest in New Mexico spread 
from 10 sections in 1926 to approximately 225 sections in 1929 (22, 
25, 48). 


THE PINE BUTTERFLY 


Neophasia menapia Felder 


At irregular periods large areas of western yellow pine, western 
white pine, and lodgepole pine are defoliated in Idaho, Montana, 
and the Pacific Coast States by caterpillars of the pine butterfly. 
Death of the trees through loss of the needles or attack by bark 
beetles follows severe defoliation (24). 


THE HEMLOCK BUDWORM 


Peronea variana Fern. 


The hemlock budworm, as recognized at present, occurs in the 
northeastern part of the United States and Canada as well as in the 
Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Alaska. At times it is 
extremely destructive over wide areas, feeding chiefly on hemlock, 
although the spruces and firs are also attacked. At present active 
outbreaks occur along the St. Lawrence River in the eastern part of 
Canada and on the Olympic peninsula on the Pacific Coast. Little 
is known of its habits. 


THE GIPSY MOTH 


Porthetria dispar L. 


The control of the gipsy moth is a problem in the care of shade, 
park, and forest trees in the New England States. The nearly om- 
nivorous feeding habits of the larvae of this insect and the methods 
of pupation and egg laying have rendered it a pest exceptionally 
dificult to control. It has killed many trees, particularly oaks, in 
the infested area (12). 


THE CALIFORNIA OAK WORM 
Phryganidia californica Pack. 
Considerable areas of oaks on the Pacific coast are frequently de- 
foliated by the caterpillars of the California oak moth. This species 


is at times sufficiently abundant and injurious to demand control 
measures (J/). 


Ae MISC. PUBLICATION 74, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


THE PINE NEEDLE MINER AND OTHER CONIFEROUS LEAF MINERS 


Recurvaria spp. 


These leaf miners are often important pests of coniferous trees, 
especially pines, in the forests of the Pacific coast region. The genus 
is widespread throughout the United States and contains many 
species attacking other genera of coniferous trees besides pines. In 
the Yosemite National Park, Calif., great areas of lodgepole pine 
were killed by Recurvaria milleri Busck (54). 


THE SATIN MOTH 


Stilpnotia salicis L. 


The satin moth, a recently introduced insect, has become estab- 
lished in the New England States. It has increased in abundance 
and spread with great rapidity. The caterpillars prefer poplar and 
willow, but will feed to a certain extent on other species of deciduous 
trees, chiefly oaks. The principal damage caused by the insect is 
the complete defoliation of many poplars and willows (13). 


THE LARCH SAWFLY 


Nematus erichsonii Htg. 


Larch in the Northeastern States and in the Lake States is period- 
ically defoliated by the larvae of the larch sawfly. Several of these 
great outbreaks occuring since 1880 have practically wiped out all 
the mature larch in the northeastern part of the United States and 
southeastern Canada. 

The western larch in Idaho is similarly attacked by two related 
sawflies (36, 53). 


THE LODGEPOLE SAWFLY 


Neodiprion sp. 


The lodgepole sawfly occasionally kills lodgepole pine in Idaho, 
Montana, and Wyoming. The most recent destructive outbreak oc- 
curred in connection with the outbreak of the lodgepole needle tier 
mentioned under that species. 


OTHER SAWFLIES 


Neodiprion spp. 


Jack pine in Minnesota was severely defoliated in 1923 and 1924 by 
sawfly larvae of this genus. Weodiprion banksianae Roh. and another 
species near JV. scutellaris Roh. were found attacking western yellow 
pine in Idaho in 1922 and young lodgepole pine in West Yellowstone, 
Mont., in 1924 and 1925. 

During a widespread outbreak in 1926, which extended from Massa- 
chusetts to Louisiana, pines in Mecklenburg County, southern Vir- 
ginia, suffered a severe defoliation, a large percentage of the pines in 
the county being attacked. 

An outbreak of NV. excitans Roh. severely defoliated pines in 
Montgomery County, eastern Texas, in 1919 and was reported as 
doing serious damage to pine timber. 


IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS 23 


The red-headed pine sawfly, WV. lecontez Fitch, attacks young pines 
in the Eastern States and as far west as Wisconsin. Not infrequently 
the trees infested are completely defoliated and, as a result, are killed 
or severely stunted (3/, 49). 


THE BIRCH LEAF MINER 


f | Phyllotoma nemorata Fallen 


This sawfly was described as a new species native to America but 
was later found to be a known species that had been introduced 
from Europe. It was first discovered in North America in Nova 
Scotia, about 1905. Since then it has spread rapidly south and west 
in the birch forests of Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. 
The insect mines the leaves of birch, showing a preference for white 
birch. The defoliation is most complete late in the growing season. 


LITERATURE CITED 


(1) BLackman, M. W. 
1922. MISSISSIPPI BARK BEETLES. Miss, Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bul. 11, 
130 p., illus. 
(2) 


1924. THE EFFECT OF DEFICIENCY AND EXCESS IN RAINFALL UPON THE 
HICKORY BARK BEETLE (ECCOPTOGASTER QUADRISPINOSUS SAY). 
Jour. Econ. Ent. 17: 460-470, illus. 
(3) Brooks, F. E. 
1922. CURCULIOS THAT ATTACK THE YOUNG FRUITS AND SHOOTS OF WALNUT 
AND Hickory. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1066, 16 p., illus. 
(4) BRuNNER, J. 
1914. THE SEQUOIA PITCH MOTH, A MENACE TO PINE IN WESTERN MONTANA, 
U. S. Dept. Agr. Dept. Bul. 111, 11 p., illus. © 
(5) 


(6) 


1915. DOUGLAS FIR PITCH MOTH. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 255, 23 p., illus. 


1915. THE ZIMMERMAN PINE MOTH. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 295, 12 p., 
illus. 
(7) BurKxe, H. E. 
1905. BLACK CHECK IN WESTERN HEMLOCK. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. 
Cire. 61, 10 p., illus. 
(8) 


1917. FLAT-HEADED BORERS AFFECTING FOREST TREES IN THE UNITED STATES. 
U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 437, 8 p., illus. 


) (9) 
1928. THE WESTERN CEDAR POLE BORER OR POWDER WORM. U. S. Dept. Agr. 
Tech. Bul. 48, 16 p., illus. 


(10) HARTMAN, R. D., and Snyper, T. E. 
1922. THE LEAD-CABLE BORER OR “ SHORT-CIRCUIT’’ BEETLE IN CALIFORNIA. 
U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1107, 56 p., illus. 
(11) and HERBERT, F. B. 


1920. CALIFORNIA OAK worM. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 1076, 
14 p., illus. 
(12) Bourcsss, A. F. 
1923. CONTROLLING THE GIPSY MOTH AND THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH. U. §S. 
Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 13835, 28 p., illus. 
and CrossMAN, S. S. 
1927. THE SATIN MOTH, A RECENTLY INTRODUCED PEST. U. S. Dept. Agr. 
Dept. Bul. 1469, 23 p., illus. 
(14) CHAPMAN, R. N. 
1915. OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF AGRILUS BILINEATUS. Jour. 
Agr. Research 3: 283-294, illus. 


(13) 


24. 


(195) 


(16) 


(17) 


(18) 


(19) 
(20) 
(21) 
(22) 


(23) 
(24) 


(25) 
(26) 
(27) 
(28) 


(29) 


MISC. PUBLICATION 74, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Cottins, C. W. 
1926. GBSERVATIONS ON A “ECURRING OUTBREAK OF HETEROCAMPA GUT: 
TIVITTA WALKER AND NATURAL ENEMIES CONTROLLING IT. Jour. 
Agr. Research 32: 689-699. 
CRAIGHEAD, F. C. 


1915. CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A CLASSIFICATION AND BIOLOGY OF THE NORTH 
AMERICAN CERAMBYCIDAE, LARV4 OF THE PRIONIN&. U.S. Dept. 
Agr., Off. See. Rpt. 107, 24 p., illus. 


1919. PROTECTION FROM THE LOCUST BORER. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 787, 12 
p., illus. 
1923. NORTH AMERICAN CERAMBYCID LARVA. A CLASSIFICATION AND THE 
BIOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICAN CERAMBYCID LARV&. Canada Dept. 
Agr. Ent. Branch Bul. (n. s.) 27, 238 p., illus. 
1927. THE TURPENTINE BORER ON THE FLORIDA NATIONAL FOREST. Forest 
Worker 8 (4) : 11-12. 
and Horer, G. 
1921. PROTECTION OF MESQUITE CORDWOOD AND POSTS FROM BORERS. U. S. 
Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 1197, 12 p., illus. 
Davis, J. J. 
1929. COMMON WHITE GRUBS. U.S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 940, 27 p., 
illus. 
DusHAM, E. H. 


1921. THE PAINTED HICKORY BORER. N. Y. Cornell Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 
407, p. 173-208, illus. 
Essie, E. O. 
1926. INSECTS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA. . . 1085 p., illus., New York. 
EVENDEN, J. C. 
1926. THE PINE BUTTERFLY, NEOPHASIA MENAPHIA FELDER. Jour. Agr. Re- 
search 33: 339-844, illus. 
FET, WH. P. 
1905. INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES. N. Y. State Mus. 
Mem. 8, 2 yv., illus. 


1917. KEY TO AMERICAN INSECT GALLS. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 200, 310 
Dp. -ilus: 
and JouTEL, L. H. 
1904. MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 74, 
Ent. 20, 86 p., illus. 
FRACKER, S. B., and GRANOVSKY, A. A. 
1928. AIRPLANE DUSTING TO CONTROL THE HEMLOCK SPANWORM. Jour. 
Forestry 26: 12-33, illus. 
GARMAN, H. 
1915. THE LOCUST BORER (CYLLENE ROBINIAE) AND OTHER INSECT ENEMIES 
OF THE BLACK LocusT. Ky. State Forester Bien. Rpt. 2: [82]-63. 
[Also Ky. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 200, p. 99-135, illus. 1915.] 
GRAHAM, S. A. 
1922. THE RED TURPENTINE BEETLE IN ITASCA PARK. Minn. State. Ent. 
Rpt. 19: [15]-21. 


1925. TWO DANGEROUS DEFOLIATORS OF JACK PINE. Jour. Econ. Ent. 


18: 337-345. 
1926. BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE WHITE-PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI 
PECK. N. Y. Cornell Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 449, 32 p., illus. 
and BAUMHOFER, L. G. 
1927. THE PINE-TIP MOTH IN THE NEBRASKA NATIONAL FOREST. Jour. 
Agr. Research 35: 323-333, illus. 
GREENE, C. T. 
1917. TWO NEW CAMBIUM MINERS (DIPTERA). Jour. Agr. Research 10 :313- 
318, illus. 
HERBERT, F. B. 


1920. CYPRESS BARK SCALE. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 838, 22 p., illus. 


(36) 


(37) 
(38) 


(39) 


(40) 


(41) 


(42) 


IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS 25 
Hewitt, C. G. 
1912. THE LARGE LARCH SAWFLY [NEMATUS ERICHSONII] WITH AN ACCOUNT 
OF ITS PARASITES, OTHER NATURAL ENEMIES AND MEANS OF CON- 
TROL. Canada Dept. Agr. Expt. Farms Div. Ent. Bul. 10, 2d 
ser., Ent. Bul. 5, 42 p., illus. 
HicH, M. M. 
1915. THE HUISACHE GIRDLER. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 184, 9 p., illus. 
Hofer, G. 


1920. THE ASPEN BORER AND HOW TO coNnTROL IT. U. S. Dept. Agr. 
Farmers’ Bul. 1154, 11 p., illus. 
Hopxins, A. D. 
1904. INSECT INJURIES TO HARDWOOD FOREST TREES. U. S. Dept. Agr. 
Yearbook 1903: 313-328, illus. 


1904. CATALOGUE OF EXHIBITS OF INSECT ENEMIES OF FORESTS AND FOREST 
PRODUCTS AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION, ST. LOUIS., 
Mo., 1904. U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. Bul. 48, 56 p., illus. 


1907. THE LOCUST BORER AND METHODS FOR ITS CONTROL. U.S. Dept. Agr., 
Bur. Ent. Cire. 83, 8 p., illus. 


1909. PRACTICAL INFORMATION ON THE SCOLYTID BEETLES OF NORTH AMERI- 
CAN FORESTS. I. BARKBEETLES OF THE GENUS DENDROCTONUS. U. 
S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bul. 88, pt. 1, 169 p., illus. 


1912. THE DYING HICKORY TREES: CAUSE AND REMEDY. U. S. Dept. Agr., 
Bur. Ent. Circ. 144, 5 p., illus. 
Howser, J. 8S. 
1918. DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS AFFECTING OHIO SHADE AND FOREST TREES. 
Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 332, p. 161-487, illus. 
Howagp, L. O., and CHITTENDEN, F. H. 
1916. THE LEOPARD MOTH: A DANGEROUS IMPORTED INSECT ENEMY OF SHADE 
TREES. U.S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 708, 12 p., illus. 
KEEN, F. P. 
1929. INSECT ENEMIES OF CALIFORNIA PINES AND THEIR CONTROL. Calif. 
State Dept. Nat. Resources, Forestry Div. Bul. 7, 113 p., illus. 
KoRSTIAN, C. F. 
1927. FACTORS CONTROLLING GERMINATION AND EARLY SURVIVAL IN OAKS. 
Yale Univ. School Forestry Bul. 19, 115 p., illus. 
KoTINsky, J. 
1921. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO DECIDUOUS SHADE TREES AND THEIR CONTROL 
U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 1169, 100 p., illus. 
MIDDLETON, W. 
1921. LECONTE’S SAWFLY, AN ENEMY OF YOUNG PINES. Jour. Agr. Research 
20: 741-760, illus. 
MIttrr, J. M. 
1914. INSECT DAMAGE TO THE CONES AND SEEDS OF PACIFIC COAST CONIFERS. 
U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 95, 7 p., illus. 


1915. CONE BEETLES: INJURY TO SUGAR PINE AND WESTERN YELLOW PINE. 
U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 243, 12 p., illus. 
MILLIKEN, F. B. 
1916. THE COTTONWOOD BORER. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 424, 7 p., illus. 
PACKARD, A. S. 
1890. THE FIFTH REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMIS: 
SION. . . 957 p., illus. Washington, [D. C.] 
PATTERSON, J. BH. 
1921. THE LIFE HISTORY OF RECURVARIA MILLERI, THE LODGEPOLE PINE 
NEEDLE-MINER, IN THE YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA. 
Jour. Agr. Research 21: 127-142, illus. 


1923. PINE DEFOLIATION ON THE KLAMATH RESERVATION. Timberman 24 
(8) : 39, illus, 


—E——————— ehh ti 


26 MISC. PUBLICATION 74, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


(56) Perrrson, H. B. 
1921. THE LIFE HISTORY AND CONTROL OF THE PALES WEEVIL (HYLOBIUS 
PALES). Harvard Forest Bul. 3, 33 p.. illus. 
(57) 


1927. CONTROL OF THE BRONZE BIRCH BORER BY FOREST MANAGEMENT. 
Jour. Forestry 25: 68-72. , 
(58) St. Grorce, R. A. 
1925. THE RECENT DEATH OF LARGE QUANTITIES OF SOUTHERN PINES. 
Amer. Lumberman (whole No.) 2607: 50-51, illus. 
(59) SLINGERLAND, M. V. 
1906. THE BRONZE BIRCH BORER: AN INSECT DESTROYING THE WHITE BIRCH. 
N. Y. Cornell Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 234, p. [65]—78, illus. 
(60) Snyper, T. E. 
1915. INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FORESTS AND FOREST PRODUCTS. BIOLOGY OF 
THE TERMITES OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES, WITH PREVENTIVE 
AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bul. 94, 
pt. 2, 95 p., illus. 


(61) 
1926. PREVENTING DAMAGE BY LYCTUS POWDER-POST BEETLES. U. S. Dept. 
Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 1477, 12 p., illus. 


(62) 
1927. DEFECTS IN TIMBER CAUSED BY INSECTS. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 1490. 
47 p., illus. 
(63) Swaine, J. M. 
1918. CANADIAN BARK BEETLES. II. A PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION WITH 
AN ACCOUNT OF THE HABITS AND MEANS OF CONTROL. Canada 
Dept. Agr. Ent. Branch Bul. 14 (pt. 2), 143 p., illus. 
CRAIGHEAD, F. C., and Bartey, I. W. 
1924. STUDIES ON THE SPRUCE BUDWORM. (CACOECIA FUMIFERANA CLEM.). 
Canada Dept. Agr. Ent. Branch Bul. (n. s.) 37, 91 p., illus. 
(65) SweEnkK, M. H. 
1927. THE PINE TIP MOTH IN THE NEBRASKA NATIONAL FOREST. Nebr. Agr. 
Expt. Sta. Research Bul. 40, 50 p., illus. 
(66) TrimBie, F’. M. 
1924. LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF TWO PACIFIC COAST BARK BEETLES. 
Ann. Ent. Soe. Amer. 17: 382-[391], illus. 
(67) Wess, J. L. 
1909. SOME INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FORESTS. IV. THE SOUTHERN PINE 
SAWYER. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bul. 58, pt. 4, p. 41-56, illus. 


(64) 


(68) 


1911. INJURIES TO FORESTS AND FOREST PRODUCTS BY ROUNDHEADED BORERS. 
U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1910: 341-858, illus. 


ADDENDA 


Most of the papers cited below were published subsequent to the preparation 
of this one. 


(69) ALLison, J. H., and Orr, L. W. 
1929. A NEW MENACE TO SCOTCH AND JACK PINE. J our. For. 27: 821-824. 
(70) ANNAND, P. N. 
1928. A CONTRIBUTION TOWARD A MONOGRAPH OF THE ADELGINAE (PHYLLOX- 
ERIDAE) OF NORTH AMERICA. Stanford Univ. Pubs., Biol. Sci. 
vol. 6, no. 1, 146 p. 
(71) Buscx, A. 
1915. THE EUROPEAN PINE-SHOOT MOTH; A SERIOUS MENACE TO PINE TIM- 
BER IN AMERICA. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bul. 170, 11 p., illus. 
(72) Division oF Forrest INSECT INVESTIGATIONS, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
1927. THE RELATION OF INSECTS TO SLASH DISPOSAL. U. S. Dept. Agr. 
Dept. Cire. 411, 12 p 
(73) FRIEND, R. B. 
1926. THE SPRUCE GALL APHID (ADELGES ABIETIS L.) AND ITS CONTROL. 
Conn. Agr. Expt: Sta. Rpt. Bul. 285, p. 223-228. 


(74) 
1927. THE BIOLOGY OF THE BIRCH LEAF SKELETONIZER BUCCALATRIX CAN- 
ADENSISELLA, CHAMBERS. Conn. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 288: [3895]-— 

486, illus. 


IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN FOREST INSECTS PA | 


(75) KEEN, F. P. 
1929. TUSSOCK MOTH MENACE. Timberman, 30 (11): 108. 
(76) MacA.Loney, H. J. 
1930. THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL (PISSODES STROBI PECK)—ITS BIOLOGY AND 
CONTROL. N. Y. State Col. For. Bul., vol. 3, no. 1, 87 p., illus. 
(77) Magtartt, C. L. 
1928. HOUSE ANTS: KINDS AND METHODS OF CONTROL. U. S. Dept. Agr. 
Farmers’ Bul. 740 (Rev.) 14 p., illus. 
(78) Miner, J. M. 
1929. THE RELATION GF WINDFALLS TO BARK-BEETLE EPIDEMICS. Fourtnb 
Intern. Cong. Ent. 1928, Trans. vol. 2, p. [992]-—1002. 
and PATTERSON, J. E. 
1927. PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE RELATION OF FIRE INJURY TO BARK- 
BEETLE ATTACK IN WESTERN YELLOW PINE. Jour. Agr. Research, 
34: 597-618, illus. 
(80) Patcu, E. M. 
1909. CHERMES OF MAINE CONIFERS. Maine Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 173: 
[277 ]-808, illus. 
(81) PatTrerson, J. E. 
1929. THE PANDORA MOTH, A PERIODIC PEST OF WESTERN PINE FORESTS. 
U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 137, 19 p., illus. 
(82) Peterson, H. B. 
1927. MANUAL OF FOREST INSECTS. Maine For. Ser. Bul. 5, 180 p., illus. 
(83) 


(79) 


1929. OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIRCH LEAF MINING SAWFLY. Jour. Econ. 
Ent. 22: 588-594. 
(84) Sr. Georce, R. A. 
1929. PROTECTION OF LOG CABINS, RUSTIC WORK, AND UNSEASONED WOOD 
FROM INJURIOUS INSECTS. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 1582, 
19 p., illus. 
and Beat, J. A. 
1929. THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE: A SERIOUS ENEMY OF PINES IN THE 
soutH. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 1586, 18 p., illus. 
(86) Snyper, T. E. 
1910. DAMAGE TO CHESTNUT TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH POLES BY WOOD- 
BORING INSECTS. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Ent. Bul. 94, pt. 1, 12 


(85) 


p., illus. 
(87) 
1929. TERMITES IN BUILDINGS. U. S. Dept. Agr. Leaflet 31, 5 p., illus. 
(88) and Sr. Greorce, R. A. 


1924. DETERMINATION OF TEMPERATURES FATAL TO THE POWDER-POST BEETLE, 
LYCTUS PLANICOLLIS LECONTE, BY STEAMING INFESTED ASH AND 
OAK LUMBER IN A KILN. Jour. Agr. Research, 28: 1033-1088, 

illus. 

(89) Swarne, J. M. 
1924. THE CONTROL OF THE DESTRUCTIVE SPRUCE BARK BEETLE IN EASTERN 
CANADA. Canada Dept. Agr. Ent. Br. Pamphlet 48 n. s., 20 p., 

illus. 


APPENDIX 


These additional references should be consulted under the species 
mentioned. 


The southern pine beetle (85); the eastern spruce beetle (89); the engraver 
beetles (85) ; the Jeffrey pine beetle (78); the black horned pine borer (84) ; 
the belted chion (84); the cedar tree borer (84); the pole borer (86): the 
powder post beetle (88) ; the red shouldered powder post beetle (84) ; termites 
(87); the spruce twig gall lice (70, 73, 80); the pine bark louse (80); the 
white pine weevil (76); the European pine shoot moth (71); the pine soft 
seales (69): the birch leaf skeletonizer (74); the larch case bearer (82): the 
Pandora moth (81); the Douglas fir tussock moth (75); the birch leaf 
miner (83). 


INDEX 


Page Page 
‘4 | 0 EO ee ee ee 16.) Wonelie fe Veale 22s trae 
Weinivesanieris_- (Coste. 2k See 15°) Douglas firtchalctd= 2252-20322 16 
Madelees COOL Yi = =aa see oo oe a oe eee 15.1. Douglas firlooper >- eee . 19-20 
Merdus Anxwys ) Oo Seeks ote lee 6.1 Douglas fir pice mottos 2 a eee 10 
Ress DUMOdLwS 2255) = saws eco ost 6 | Donglas fir tussock moth __..- >=. eee 20 
PIPTOMI YEA ACCHIS = se oes 5 ee ae eee 10 | Eastern hemlock bark borer__--------------- 8 
Agromyza amelanchieris_-_-_._.-_------------ 19. Wastern spruce béetle:—. *_ "==" (is ee 4 
PETIBEOSIA DOOUICS.- 23 5 42 oa 2 et Se ett 11 | Eastern white pine cone beetle___----------- 15 

v ACEYGTOY Eg G71 50 (Cr EY 6 F; pe a ae Sa eres is {“Bhrhornia cupressi: -.-.----- 17 
WOVISOIa SONS LOLA 25 o> = 5 gto 5 18 |. Blaphidion villosum=—- 22 = ee 7 
PISO SPM 4. ee eo tse ot 18 | llopia fiscellaria > 2-2 2-2 == ee 19 
PRsISG bE WIT PAT IONSIS os 2 ge 8 ae ae Fy 18 .}-~ MODIS SOIMM Ara -— o-oo 19 
MEDALINOS IGHIAS © = 2 = 4s = 2 Se cc i4-| Mllopia spp: -. -- 2... ==. eee 19 
Argyrotaenia pinatubana-__---------__------- 2) } Mili Doerer-- = > eee 9 
pO ASU DOLEE 2 eee ae ate ek 13 | Engelmann spruce beetle__--_.--__---------- 20 
Welied. chign: 2... o2- oe tc be 12 -|. deneraver peeves... 5-6 
Birehieal miner: 2 23255205. 22 ess 25 | Bupsalis minuita: 2-2 2 See 2s eee 11 
rnchdpatskelelonizen 2.22 2-2 = c= ht. 18 | European pine shoot miotli: .. 4s ee 17 
Bineko tts DOGO een as. FT re ne te he 3S 5: |) Minbark beetle. .22-2- - 22 eee 6 
Black-horned pine borer__------------------- 12) |) lat oak DOrer-=-s-+ 2-2 c 14 
lark turpentine Deevie: = | - 2-5" --. 2-2 4 | (ralenarasp © 2 20-2 =. 19-20 
rue hive Worerrs. 2 a - Sso os ee tee 6 | (Gillettea) Adelges cooleyi_._.....--_--------- 15 
row Lal HOLM sso) 2) ete ee os 2 | Gipsy moth: 2.4.2 eae eee 21 
Bucculatrix canadensisella___..----....------ 15° | Gly cobius speciosus. =~ _ = 2. ae eee 7 
ESDTESUIS APTICARS! ss oo 0 8 ee Fe qd J, Goes pulcher=. - 5 2. eee ee 7 
nenecia Tumilerana == 22. ot ee ae 18 | Goes pulverulenta.--_-s--.- eee “¢ 
Malioriia Oak WOlMe. 5.2.2) 5 -_* sets stk 24.1) does tesseliata 228 2 eee 7 
SMligiiN ANLEANAGHIN 522 2 st aoe 12.9 (Goes fierina = 222k 2 ee ee 7 
Seprrt HTT) SGN Soo et er re 204. Gitane calaspis: 2... eee 18 
Camponotus herculeanus pennsylvanicus-_--_- 1 |). 4aray ash Doren. 42-22 oe eee 13 
ROETIOTI GORE AIA eae Se holo 14 | Green-striped maple worm----_-_------------ 18 
CAG ge (00s ee ee ee ee 10 | Hemerocampa pseudotsugata____._-__------. 20 
asalnn Spank 52 - soe sa ae eee tae 19 | Hemicallidium amethystinum_____-.___----- 12 
Modan POlO DOLCE — 22 ns wee nae at 9 | Hemlock. bark maggot... -- = 3 eee 1] 

eA nI-LECO POPE 2 Sone: Sos Seok I ole 12), Hemlock buidwerm:..--22- 2 ee 2] 
MerALomiy CAN DAG 88 et ent cece 194 dtomiock loopersss. = -— 2 ea eee 19 
Mbalepus Gorsalis! = a 18 | Heterocampa bilineata._~-_--_-_ =.= 2222 20 

Si oHosa SIASKOnSIs as ea re I oa 4 | Heterocampa biundata— 2 3" Sa ee 20 
(Chermes) Adelges abietis___...-..-.-__----- 45-1 dieterocampa gubtivitta___.-!— -  e 20 
(Chermes) Adelges cooleyi__-_----------_---- 15). Hoeterocampa manteo._.- ee 20 
| (Chermes) Pineus pinicorticis__......_..---- 26\ 4) -Heterocampa SDD... -. -_- 2 - eee 20 
q Chestnut timber worm_--___-.-.-..-.---...=- ith) StICKOLY. Dark beeviG:—.--. --3 + ee ee 6 
{ Ghigquaspis pinvioliae.—- 22. 2- sess coSsok ay i Seuieckory-twie ition. 2. =. 2 et eee 8 
“Ss THY PELE (G57 ae ee ee es eS A?) A. eMISHeROPILGIOL 5 —— ssc tee eee 8 
Solsspis Drunnea <2 seks See £8. Adeyleceetus Ide bris. 222.2 < sa ee ee 11 
SESIEOPHOTA LATICO te. 2 =e hs ee 16 Fl ee VAG DIS palest so o5. Weeks. ak eee 16 
@oloradia PandOre 2-2 222 2 elon oe 16) seoylotrapes bailus= 3). 12 
Columbian timber beetle__.-.-_------__-_-_. 11 | (Hylotrupes) Hemicallidium amethystinum~ 12 
UCD S ee ee eee aoa wea VlGibrpeswig meus. 22. =~. bk 12 
Conophthorus coniperda--__----_-------._-.. ESR WRLC je LF eo a a a BF cope 6 
Conophthorus lambertianae__-___-.-:_.-_-.. 1541 sipsvcallipraphus. .-- .— 2... =. — ee 6 
Conophthorus ponderosae-__--_--------..---. £5 /ieegss CONlUSUS= 2 = ee ee 6 
SManepht horus SPU == 2 eee #5 j| sips 6marpinatus. 2-22... -. pest oes 6 
Soryibius columpianus——-.-.- =~ set Wl) ies prandicollis ~~ 88. = 22 eet ee 6 
SeoLLon wood borer... =. = oa Fe arden o Bil SHUG GON so oan a tectaes 6 
SRECHIO SPD ooo. a2 oes oe ent sate! #5 HOS Spptes- 4. eno le yo ee 5-6 
eytenecaryae: 2. a A es ost ote 124)" J free Dine. beetle. = 22 +--- == Ae ees 5 
Syilene TODINIae: 2222 =k tak neste ects Wa akalotermes SPP. 2. =... 2. ee ee 14-15 
ELL G51 FC RS ea ee pees: Soret ee 154) pwarchcase-bearer...-.....-=.--...=...--caeeee 19 
e-ypress: Dark scale... 2a ne TI MUArCH SAWINY -._....-s-5>--..-5.- 22 
ALAR AADLOPETTIMIS © 8 Se Poe eo nek oa pace 191i #tead-cable borer__......=._=.-.--ss:ed5-aseue 14 

IDS orci ciith hp: a FURIE eeGparG: MObh: oS tere 10 
Waendropielia aspera-= -. 9-2 =e oe fA aMeen DOLGr <2. see eee 9 
oeudroctonus barberie= =. 22.52 -- 222-52 Sele dalvingpeeen borer... 2 ..=. 554... <2 7 
Dendroctonus brevicomis--_-_._...---...___. Reldaving hickory borer. ~..~2- 2.22. eee 7 
Dendroctonus engelmanni_________-_--___..- 2 | eeeoCust-DOLGr> 222.8 eee 7 
Wendroctonns trontalis. 2.25... J. Be. 4: ocust leat aminer:. <2 =. . - eee 18 
Wendroctonus jefireyi* =) 5-25: 2225 eek 5. 1) Lodgenole needle tier... ..-2-3 32 eee 20 
Dendroctonus monticolae_______-___-_-____.. 2 ede epole SAWily:_ 2. 2 == 2 eee 20, 22 
Wendroctonus piceaperda_-.- "=e 4: i) eone-horned pirdlers-: 2+.) 528 eee 8 
Dendroctonus ponderosae_--__-----.--.---... 5 | Lyctus es Ee eee ee 14 
Dendroctonus pseudotsugae-___--_-_---____.. bel) Syctus spp 5-222. 222 o  e eeeee 14 
Dendroctonus terebrans__..=........-...-L.. 4 fictions Melittomma sericeum-.--..-.- 11 
Pendroctonus valens.. -==:..5225- 222-2. 275 #4 | Malacosoma amoricana: =: ..- . 2-2-2 eee 21 
TMeLMeWIn AUICLEUIR. 92 =o. -oas ose eee 9: | Malacosoms, californica. 22<....22.-2eec aces 21 
PHOEVECLTIA AMIAUEIIAS oe ok 9. || Malacosoma constricta....i.s... 33. eee 21 
Dioryctria ponderosae.. 6... S48 se es Ou heivialaccsamardissiria: os =< kee a 21 
Dioryctria xanthaenobarea_.__....-.....-... O51 Malacosoma fragilis... 622 8 eee 5 21 

29 


30 


Page 
iMalacosomaipluVviblisesssse = ee eee 21 
Maple defoliators =< 22oe2 iss 22 eee 20 
IMigsyabeeulesi<-=- ee a asa. ates ee Saleen 16 
Mierastiomusial DiitOnsss-) 2 ons. ae ne eee 16 
Miecastiomusamnilleri =) ssa eet 16 
IMIGEAStIC MUS: DICEAO!o=52- => ose ee 16 
IMGraStifmMus pINUS!-42 9252 16 
Megastigmus spermatrophus--...______----- 16 
Melanophila fulvoguttata----.....-.-_------ 8 
Melanophila centilis= 22. as ee ee 8 
MeILLOMIN a /SPVICEUM ==. esses aoa ee ee 11 
Nionochamlls COnfUSOl 22 n2e 2 nee 13 
Monochamus maculosus__.....---)-_-.-_-__- 13 
Monochamus marmorator_-.._-.---__.------ 13 
IMonochamus scutellatus= =2220. 222222" 2 13 
INMONOCRAMUS SDDS ees eee 13 
Monochamus) tittllators-25 ==) ose 13 
Monterey cypress bark beetle_---_________-. 6 
Mountain’ pine beetle. 2) = 222) as 4 
Nantucket pine moth=2 25222 eee 17 
INGMatus Crichsoniiee= 3-4 ees eee 22 
INSocly tus! capraba = -o- 2 eee eee 13 
INeGoclytusiconjumctis= ===. sae 13 
Neoclytus erythrocephalus-_-_-___..________- 13 
INeodiprion banksianaeee"=- 920s 2 eae selene 22 
Neodiprion excitansee== 2229 =—2 52 2o=nen a eee 22 
INGodiprion:lecontel = eee 23 
INeodiprion’scutellaris: 3220 ee 22 
Neodiprionispp 2222s ee ee 20, 22 
INGophasia Menapig= Hae as ernest an ee ae 21 
INTER WiCCVTIS 22 tt eke ee ee ene a 15 
Nivea phacorrhoeas. = eee 20 
Oak and maple defoliators____.._._.-__------ 20 
Oak sapling borers=2cs2= =e. ee ee 7 
Maksim ber worms... .2-2 ee eee 11 
Oakat wii pruners 222224 steers 7 
Oberea-bimaculata:------2- Se eee 8 
OP Srea IN VOPS =< 2a er ee ee nals ee 8 
@berea'schatimil 22252- ee eee 8 
MOereasp pes face n eee eee ls 8 
Obereattripunctata sees ete oe ee ee 8 
@ld-housaiborer! ==... 222 ee ee eee 12 
Oncideres'cingulata =e 2 ene 8 
QOncideres putators:<e- eee ee 8 
Orange-striped oak worm___........._.--._-- 18 
Baintedshickory borer== 22 eee 12 
iRalestweevile-=- = ee eee 16 
EAndora Moth cee ee See 19 
Parandraipriimneg=---— =e eee 13 
Reronestvanianas = oes eee 21 
Ehioeoesinus:cristatus= = ee 6 
Phryganidie californica_>—— a ee 21 
Phyllophaga spp se Se 16 
Bhyllotomamemoratan ee ee ee 23 
iPhivamatodes vaniabiliss== =o eee eres 13 
Hine bark louses=-32. 222-2 ee 16 
ine butterfly 5225. 222 ao a ee 21 
pine nesdle: miner! 22. 22a ee ee 22 
Pine needle scalessssc2--2 2 ee 17 
IPIN@ SAW YOLS $22 22c2s2 2 en 13 
ineisoft:seales -26s ose esses 17-18 
IPINeUSHPINICONtICIS: 24 =k a Lee 16 
Inn Olen horers eos eo : 
Pinipestis'zimmermanis—. ee 
Pissodes strODle 23.03 Sos Peas a ee ict 


Pitch moths. (See Dioryctria spp., Douglas 
fir pitch moth, and sequoia, pitch moth.) 


Plectrodera scalator_ casero esbo 8 
Pole boters=:<< 225222 s22525222-- aaa 13 
Ropar DOrer=-orscesoe ea eecsels 9 
Porthetria dispars-.-s52.s-24222-. 2 ae 21 


MISC. PUBLICATION 74, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 


Page 

Powder-post beetles (see also red-shouldered 
powder-post beetle)___....-_.-._-__-__-__- 

Prionid' root POLES] |=. see eee eee 8 
Prionoxystus robiniag== essen ee eee ee 10 
Prionuscalifornicus so sese 2) eee 8 
IETIonUS im pricornise= se ee ee 8 
IPrIOnUS JATICOlSHe) os sk eee 8 
IPrIONUS SPD 228 ene eee 8 
Recurvariasmilleris 222222 eee 22 
(Red-headed ash borer] 2222-2) ee 13 
Red-headed pine sawfly_-.-_-_______--...---- ae 
Red oak: borerss::+:-2s5--s2s<25-s 5) & 
Red-shouldered powder-post beetle____._.__- 14 
Red turpentine beetle_.___.___________-____- 4 
Reticulitermes!spp=ssssc2222 55-222 ee 15 
Rhyacionia-buoliang=<2222-22 25 ae 17 
Rhyacioniaifrustranass22 eee 17 
Romalenm rufnlum 522222222225 er eee 8 
Saperda calcarata.22-~2i2---22- eae 9 
Saperda-tridentata-=-22-=--22-- Sees 9 
Saperda ‘vestita:-+====2282-e-2¢2--<4 8 ee 9 
Sapwood timber worm: --=-.--2:-/ 2202s 11 
Satin moth: 2: .:2222+24 023-22. =.» ee 22 
Dawflies: --5:-=<2-2<-2=22.0 i Ee aie 22 
Scobicia declivis-«:-==:-+-:=2-2-- 2202 Sa 14 
Scolytus quadrispinosus__......--._-_---_--. 6 
Scolytus: ventralis! =2=2-<2---2-2-.- ae et 6 
Seed chaleids-..-2.-.=2---2 Ps ea 16 
Sequoia pitch moth. 22222. eee ee 10 
Small metallic wood and bark borers_--__--- 6 
Smodicum cucujiforme--........._____--_--.- 14 
Southern’ pine: beetle. =------22-29768 Seas 4 
Southwestern pine beetle___....._-_-___-_-___-. 5 
Spiny oak worm .+=<<--2022-2 ene ee 18 
Spruce'bud:- worm: <-<.<-.2- 2): SR Meer 18 
Spruce-twig:gall' lice---~------ 2S eee ee 15 
Stilpnotia:salicis--.-.. =~. ee eee 22 
Sugar maple borers... a eee 7 
Sugar pine cone beetle____.......--___---=1-- Maa 
Synanthedon novaroensis-___..._-__-_---___- 0 
‘Panbark-borer=: ==-+<:-----+-=.- + eee 13 
‘Pent caterpillars: -.---+- 4-244 1ew ieet 21 
Termites (nonsubterranean)-_..__.______----_- 14-15 
Termites (subterranean)___-______________-- 15 
‘Fetropium-abiehs-__—--_— ee 9 
Tetropium velutinum-______......_-___.__-- 9 
Toumeyella numismaticum_-__-.-______-___- 17-18 
Toumeyella parvicorne-_..--2.2 222002 Es 17 
‘Toumoeyoella pinks 32 eee eee 17 
‘Foumeyella:spp-.--+ 2222 ae ee he FOS 17 
‘Trachykele blondeliz 2 122221 see tea 9 
Turpentine beebles--.u.=-=22- 2.0 2 ee ae 4 
‘Furpentine ‘borer=2-2-= = ee eS 7 
Pwigtunnelers.+22 2-2 8 
Two-lined chestnut borer__--.-.-_.---__-_-- 6 
Vespamima sequoiae-----.....-.------------ 10 
Walnut caterpillar: =< ee eee 19 
Western cedar bark borer_-__--__________---. 12 
Western fir borer-s2-22222- 55 9 
Western flat-headed borer_.___-_--._______-. 8 
Western Jarch: bark borer:-2-20! 552 2a 9 
Western:pine beetle... 22-222 eee 5 
White grubs: 2252s ee 16 
White oak-borersss2s2se-.<5l A es 7 
White pine weevilz--2-2222-2-- 32 aoe 16-17 
X ylobiops basilare- = ee 14 
Yellow-necked caterpillar___._._--__-________- 19 
Yellow pine'cone beetle-o 22-2... S22 See 1E 
Zeuzera PYTiNa = <= 22225 sessewsssseccsconeeece 10 
Zimmerman pine moth z-<2=5-c-seeecseee eee 1¢ 


ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
WHEN THIS PUBLICATION WAS LAST PRINTED 


Bee Of AGTICMENTE.— = 225.25. oes = ArTHUR M. Hype. 
cig a ns a R. W. DuNuapP. 
Durecora, ocenitge Work .- =.=... ..__- / A. F. Woops. 

Parecior of. Reguatary, Work... -=-2.--==- WaLTER G. CAMPBELL. 
erecter of Pertension Work................ C. W. WARBURTON. 


Director of Personnel and Business Adminis- W. W. STOCKBERGER. 
tration. 


Director of Information _____..._._._-.-.-. M. S. EIsENHOWER. 

OE Se E. L. MarsHALu. 

eter Severe eae en 8 eS Cuarues F. Marvin, Chief. 

Hien 6) Ame emausiry. $e JoHN R. Mouter, Chief. 

meee of Daeg indusiry. 2 __-______- O. E. Reep, Chief. 

areas Of.) dame sy ee Wiuuiam A. Taytor, Chief. 

eee eo rane R. Y. Stuart, Chief. 

Bureau of Chemistry and Soils_____-_____- H. G. Kniaut, Chief. 

ureau a; Pntomelegy 2-8 C. L. Maruatt, Chief. 

Bureau of Biological Survey__-_----------- Pauut G. Repineton, Chief. 

Buren oe; Paplietseads 2 2 Tuomas H. MacDona.Lp, Chief 

Bureau of Agricultural Economics______--- Nits A. OusENn, Chief. 

Bureau of Home Economics________-_--_--- Louise STANLEY, Chief. 

Plant Quarantine and Control Administration. Ler A. Strona, Chief. 

Grain Futures Administration____________- J. W. T. Duvet, Chief. 

Food and Drug Administration___.____----- WaLTeR G. CAMPBELL, Director of 
Regulatory Work, in Charge. 

Office of Experiment Stations________-_-_-_- —————., Chief. 

Office of Cooperative Extension Work____-_-- C. B. Smita, Chief. 

SD Let be Ss eee CLARIBEL R. BARNETT, Librarian. 


ol 


U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1930 


For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D,C, - - - + - Price 10 cents 


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