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THE
ANNUAL REGISTER,

or a VIEW or Tur I] 7
HelS fT O R-Y;

POLITICS,

AND

Ll TER AS Rae
For the YEAR 1794.

THE SECOND EDITION.

LONDON:

Printed by R. Witxs, Chancery-Lane,
For the Proprietors of Dodsley’s Annual Registe?,

W, OTRIDGE & sON; R. FAULDER$ CUTHELL & MARTIN; OGILVY
& 8ON; R. LEA} Je NUNN3$ J. WALKER$ LACKINGTON,
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PREFACE.

HE present Volume, we hope, will be regarded

by our Readers as an additional proof of industry,

and punctuality in the fulfilment of our engagements to
bring up this progressive Work to the latest years, with as
much expedition as is consistent with those principles which,
in both its spirit and style, we v ish to be uniformly
-governed.—It is not an easy matter to compress that multi-
plicity of striking events which accompanies the commence-
ment of a great and important zra in the history of the
world, nearly within the accustomed bounds of our prece-
ding volumes, agreeably to the maxims explained in a former

preface.

The narrative which, by means of private communica
tions, as well as various, and some of these very recent publi-
" €ations, we have been enabled to give of the war in La Ven-
dée, during 1793 and 1794, will, we doubt not, greatly interest
every class of our readers. On every subject we have been ©
careful to investigate the truth; and candid, unbiassed, and
determined in representing and recording it. If, notwith-
standing that care and this disposition, we have involuntarily

oak Ag fallen

stheogeien PREFACE. | :

fallen into any mistake, we are willing and desirous to correct
it, and repair any injury to truth, if any such mistake or such
injury shall be pointed out to our conviction, in our subse-

quent volumes.

The affairs of Poland, our readers will observe, are occa-
sionally mentioned, both in our history of other European’
nations, and in the debates in the British parliament. To

have given an account sufficiently copious of these affairs,

interesting and instru ctive, even beyond the usual tenor of
the present times, so fruitful in novelty, would have rendered
the present greatly disproportioned to the other divisions
of this Work. In our next volume we shall resume the his-
tory of Poland, and deduce it from the period of the new
constitution in 1791, through the second partition of that
kingdom in 1798, to its final dismemberment and partition
in 1795, when it ceased to exist as an independent nation.—
So interesting a tragedy-will be exhibited more properly, and
with greater advantage in continuity, than if it were inter-

rupted by intervals of time, and detailed in different volumes.

THE

ANNUAL REGISTER
For the YEAR 1794.
THE 3

HISTORY
BUR OOP Es

CHAP. I:
ideas éniertained of the Power and Siiuation of France by the Coalesced Powei's
at the Commencement of the War. Their mutual Siispicion. Their Presump -
- tion on their first Successes. Close of the Campaign in 1793 unfavouratle to
- \ them in the Netherlands and on the Rhine. Activily of She French in pre-
paring for the next Campaign. _Numlers and Resolution of their Armies.
Abilities of their ruling Men. Prodigious Preparations of the French for
the next Campaign of 1794. Willingness with which they submit to Bur-
" thens in support of their Cause: Their military List double to that of the
» Coalesced Powers. The Promotion and Military Talents of Jourdain, Hoche,
and Pichegru. Aptitude and Patience of the common People in France in
‘the enduring of Hardships. Violence and Impetuosity of the French in Ac-
tion. Bravery aud Discipline of the Austrian Armies. Enthusiasm and
© Perseverance of the French Soldiers in attacking their Enemies. Colonel
* Mack sent by the Imperial Court to concert Measures for the ensuing Cam-~
paign with the British Ministry. Project of the French relating to the Ne-
therlands discovered and frustrated. Hopes of the Republican Administra-
tion in consequence of the Rivalship subsisting between the Houses of Austria
and Brdndenburgh. The Dike of Brunswick discontented at the Manner of
_ conducting the War. His Resignation of the Command of the Prussian Ar-
‘mies. Pernicious Effects resulting to the Confederacy from the mutual Jea-
~~ ‘lousies of Austria and Brandenburgh. Advantages arising to the French
fiom that Cause. French and Prussian Commissioners meet at Frankfort,
én the Pretence of settling an Exchange of Prisoners. . Suspicions of the
Public on this Occasion, Policy of the Prussian Ministry in its Conduct
* ‘with the Members of the Con Sen ‘Ideas of the People of England
~ Wespecting the Views of Prussia. The King of Prussia declareshis. Resolu-
| tion to recede from the Confederacy aginst France, ond assigns his Reasons
rtaking this Step. He withdraws his Troops from the Confederates.
ndeavours of the Emperor to procure the Accession of the Empire to the
igns of the Coalitionagainst France, and to obtain Supplies from the Diet,
or, XXXVI. B He

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

He proposes the Raising of the People ina Mass; but is opposed by the
Prussian Deputy. Prejudice to the Cause of the Confederacy from these
Disagreements... Subsidiary Treaty concluded tetween Great Britain ana
Prussia, . Discontents produced therely among great Numters of the People
in England. Their Suspicions of the good Faith loth of the Austrian and
Prussian Ministers’ Movements of the French Armies in the Netherlands.
Condition of the Austrian Forces, and those of the other Confederates. A
Council of War held by the Alhes. _ Plan of the ensuing Campaign proposed
ly the Austrian Ministry. Produces an Altercation, which ends ma De-
termination of the Emperor to command the Confederate Army in Person,
Fle repairs to Brussels, and is inaugurated as Sovereign of the Austrian Ne-
therlands. He assumes the Command of the Allied Army. The French at-
tacked and defeated near Landrecy. — Siege of that Town undertaken. The
French attack the Troops of the Hereditary Prince of Orange, and are repul-
sed. They obtain some Advantages over General Alvinxy, Lut are forced to
retire. They are attacked by the Duke of York, and obliged to retreat to
Camlray. The Duke attacked ly the French, Lut compels them to re-
tire with Loss. hey are repulsed at the same Time by Prince Colourg.
General Pichegrn attccks General Glairfait, defeats him, and takes Menin
and Courtrai. Landrecy surrenders to the Allies. General Jourdain in-
vades the Duchy of Luxembourg, and defeats the Austrian General Beauliew.
The Duke of York attacked by the French near Tournai. The French re-
pulsed. They force General Clairfait to. atandon Courtrai with great Losse
They are defeated by General Kaunitz near Mons. Th- Allies attack the
french in the Neighbourhood of Lisle, and gain some Advantages. The
French atta k ihe Allies, and obtain a complete Victory. Principal Cause of
their Successes. Great Defeat of the French, who are driven lack as far as

Lisle. Againdefeated with great Loss by General Kaunitz, Bouillon taken
ly the Austrians, under General Beaulieu, who defeats alarge Body of French.

He is compelled ty General Jourdain to retire towards Namur. The

french defeated with great Slaughter, ly the Hereditary Prince of Orange, .
and forced to withdraw from «Charleroy. The Siege of Charleroy resumed.
Battle of Fleurus, wherein the Allies are entirely defeated, and lose great
Numbers. Detilitated State of their Army. Charleroy surrenders to the
french. Ypres besieged by General Moreau, who gains a great Victory over
Clairfait, and takes that Town. Consequences of these two Events. Bruges
submits to the French. The Duke of York moves towards Oudenard. | Tour-
nai surrenders to the French. Oudenard taken,

NY HEN the coalition of European
potentates against France first

took place, the majority of politicians
were of opinion, that in. \the state of
disunionand reciprocal mistrust where-
ipthe French nation was so deeply in-
volved, it would proye unable to resist
thevefforts that were prepared to over-
whelm it. Some of the powers in the

confederacy had formerly _appeare
compeient to make head against that
potent monarchy, unassisted by. the
others, and relying solely on thei
single strength. In its most flourish
ing and formidablecondition, itsneigh
bours when not disunited had sue
cessfully opposed, its ambitious de
signs, and reduced it to the utmos

distress

HISTORY OF EUROPE.’ 3

Gistress. Reflecting on these facts,
they naturally inferred, that Kiaving
triumphed over this powerful ene-
my in the days of his greatest force
and union,, they might reasonably
presume on his inability to oppose
them, while distracted by internal
feuds, and seemingly rent to pieces
by the rancours and aitimeo-
Sities that characterized the par-
ties dividing the nation, which
Aad extinguished all sentiments of
humanity, and reiidered then inex-
orably bent,on their mutual de-
Struction. But while the coalesced
powers eagerly coutemplated. the
divisions and distractichs of the
French ndtion, they lost sight of
- those se-ds of mistrust and suspicion
that were profoundly sown among
themselves. The plan to reduce
France to its own limits, was at-
tended with collateral views, tbat
necessarily tended to promote jea-
lousies of @ach other amongst its
enemies ;_ and to break the bouds
of the alliance they had formed té
pient the dangers apprehended
-from the aggrandizement of France:
This spirit of reciprocal suspicion
did not however manifest itself to

any extent during the. first cam-

paign in Flanders in the year 1793.
‘The warmth with which hestilities
Were at the comniencement prose-
tuted against a people that avowed
themiselves the enemies to all Kings,
kept alive the determination to co-
Operate vigorously against ther.
But’ the successes of the allies on
eir first entering into action, the
‘Tepeated defeats of the French ar-
‘mies, and the reduction of some of
cir strongest towns, induced the
alesced powers to imagine that the

comp'étion of their designs would
hot meet with great difficulties,
Hénce they overlocked the neccs-

sity of acting with the firmest and
most indissoluble concord. Instead
of remaining in that conrpactness of
strength which had procured them
their first advantages, they thouglit
themselves able to divide their ope-
rations, Thus, by separatiug their
force, they fendered itineftectual for
the great aiid principal purpose they
primarily proposed, and lost the on-
ly opportunity of accomplishing it
which they could reasonably expect.
_ The close of the campaign. of
1793 in the low countries, lett the
Yrench armies in possession of so
many advantages, that the mostiexe
pert in military affairs, were con-
vinced that they would retain their
superiority-in the campaign that -
was approaching, This opinion was
cortwborafed by their successes on
the Rhine, and on the other fron-
tiers of France, and above all by
the total suppression of the vatious
insurrections against the republi-
can government in so many. pro-
vinces of that country. |The dili-

gence and activity with which that

govermment pursued its mieasures,
the Vigour which aaimated the of-
ficers and soldiers of its numerous
armies, the abilities of the mary
commanders that were Centinualiy
starting up-to notice, the indefatiga-
ble exertions of all men employed
in the public service, struck their
enemies with astonishment. How-
ever inimical to the principles that
actuated the Frenea, their most de-
termined adversaries could not for-
bear admiring the courage and ca-
pacity of those who were at the
head of that nation. The opening
of the campaign in the year 1794,
plainly shewed how resolutely the
Srench were bent, not only to pre-
serve the advantages they had
gained, but to earry them to the

2 utmost

4 ANNUAL REGISTER,

utmost extent their arms would
enable them. The approaching
year seemed pregnant with events
that would decide the fate of
France, and eventually that of all
Europe. Nor did the generality
scruple to predict, that however
adverse fortune had proved to the
allied powers, they were still
doomed to greater calamities... The
prodigious efforts of the French
government evinced how strongly
‘they were persuaded, that on the
issue of this campaign the confirma-
tion or the destruction of the Re-
public would entirely depend. In
order to secure a system which they
considered as superior to all others,
and to which their attachment in-
creased in proportion to the endea-
vours of their enemies to destroy
4t, they loaded thenation with every
species of burthen and hardship for
its preservation.

_ The military list exhibited by
France to the eyes of Europe for
the year 1794, was such as to oc-
casion the most serious alarm to the

coalition. The whole strength
they had been able to collect for a
contest in which they were so
deeply concerned, and the decision
of which was so quickly approach-
ing, did not exceed 360,0CO men ;
while thetroops sent into the fieldby
¥rance a'one, more than doubled
that number. But France relied as

much, ifnot more, on the temper of

the men that composed its armies.
Tutored by those who raised them,
and no Jess by those who were em-
ployed to teach them military dis-
ciplinein the maxims ot republica-
nism, so violently predominant in
france, they took up arms with far
otheryiews and ideas thanthose that
actuatedthe soldiers of the combined

1794.

powers. Obedience to the will
and orders of their rulers was the
sole motive that actuated these ;
whereas the French soldiers went
to battle, some of them, animated
with the deadliest sentiments of
revenge against men whom they
looked upon as the base instru~-
ments of tyranny and oppression ;
others, by the hope of rising in the
army, and acquiring both fame and
fortune ; and all of them by a de-
sire of maintaining the military re-
putation of Frenchmen.

Delivered from those anxieties
which had arisen from the intestine
commotions, which had proved so
difficult to be suppressed, the repub-
lican administration was now at li-
berty to exert the whole strength
of France in those quarters where
its successes would prove most deci-
sive. These were the low coun-
tries, and those lying towards the
Rhine. The former appearing
the more important scene of action,
it was chiefly there that the French
proposed to make the greatest ef-
forts. The flower of the German
and Ergon being stationed
in that country, with the double
view of protecting it from the inva-
sion of France, and converting it
into the principal depét of arms,
from whence to annoy the French,
it became the chief object of these
to frustrate both those designs, and
especially the latter. ‘The preced-
ing campaign in those parts had
terminated by a general action that
had covered the French troops with
particular glory. They had de-
‘teated in the battle of Maubeuge,y
that lasted two entire days, the
most illustrious commander in the
allied armies, Prince Cobourg, who
had taken so advantageous a posi-

tion,

HISTORY OF EUROPE. &

tion, that he seemed persuaded the
French would find it impossible
to attack him with success. The
reputation they obtained by van-
quishing the Prince in a pitched
battle, the first he had lost during
the campaign, added a lustre to
their arms, and inspired a confi-
dence in their officers which never
after abandoned them.

Jourdain, the General who com-
manded the French on that day,
had now attained a degree of cele-
brity, which rendered him the
principal favourite of the soldiery.
it was he who had first turned the
tide of success in favour of France
at Dunkirk. Had it not been for
his conduct and courage on that
occasion, the I’rench Republic must

have been reduced to the most se-.

rious distress. ‘The abilities he had
displayed, induced the government
to entrust him with the command
of the army on the Rhine, where
the fortune of war, notwithstanding
some very brilliant successes, had
not proved so extensively advanta-
geous asin the Belgic provinces.
The impetuous activity that marked
the progress of the war an the part
of France, was the principal cause
ofits success. The French were
coptinually forming and executing
the boldest enterprizes ; and tho’
frequently foiled, still returned to
the charge ; and through their4n-
vincible perseverance, seldom failed
tosucceed. Besides General Jour-
dain, two other men began at this
time to attract the public in a most
conspicuous manner; the cele-
brated Pichegru, and the na less
famous Hoche. Through their skill
and valour, that experienced war-

' rior, General Wurmser, had been

successively defeated, and the ef-
forts of the Austrians and Prussians

to penetrate into France, had been
completely frustrated.

In addition to the military talents
of their commanders, a circum-
stance operated to the advantage of
the French, of which it seems their
enemies were not sufficiently aware, .
Though natives of a country less
exposed to the rigours of winter
than either Germany or the low
countries, the commonalty in
France had Song been used to a
course of living that qualified them |
toendure almost every species of
hardship. From the high price of
fuel, they were particularly inured
to the bearing of cold; and, from
their general poverty, were satisfied
with very moderated supplies of
food. These two qualifications
combining with the enthusiasm in-
fused by the principles they had so
warmly espoused, rendered them
capable of enduring the greatest
hardships attendant on a military
life, and fitted them or the most ar-
duous urlliersiciied that could be
propased by the many enterprizing
and daring leaders with which their
armies now abounded.

In the depth of that rigorous
winter which was felt throughout
all Europe, from the close of 1793
to the end of the ensuing February,
the French troops began to act ina
variety of placesin the Netherlands.
Their operations were not of an
important nature, and were chiefly
calculated to keep them in action,
and to faugue their enemies: nor
were they attended with much suc~
cess. ‘heir first onsets in the va-
rious skirmishes wherein they were
continually engaged, were usually
so violent and impetuous as to bear
down all resistance : but the issue
of the contest was frequently no
less unfayourab‘e to them than the

B3 beginning

6 ANNUAL REGISTER,

beginning had been advantageous.
The fact was, that notwithstanding
the disasters which had befallen the
allies in the latier part of the.fore-
going campaign, their armies still
consisted of veteran troops, whom
it was not easy to put to the rout.
Flushed with the many victories
they had gained over the Turks in
the late Hungarian wars, they could
not bring themselves to look on the
raw levies that composed the French
armies, as men equal to themselves
in martial prowess;and encountered
them with a consciousness of supe-
riority that was at first justified by
repeated successes. Nor was it till
the French had acquired a consider-
able degree of experience, at the
expence of some bloody defeats,
that they gradually became able to
face their antagonists. Still, how-
ever, the German soldiery were
under so excellent a discipline, that
the uncommon fury with which the
French attacked them, was far
from always proving successful.
The steadiness of the imperial
troops was commoniy an equal
match for the impetuous valour of
the republican soldiers. Till the
immense slaughter continually made
of both parties had compelled them
to. renew the numbers they had
lost by fresh recruits, the advan-
tages of soldiership continued to be
nearly divided. This accounts for
the alternate successes that attended
the contending armies, until the
latter periods of the present cam-
paign. As soon, however, as the
greater part of the veteran troops
in the Austrian army had fallen in
the reiterated scenes of destruction
that marked the progress of this
dreadful campaign, the levies of
men that became necessary to sup-
ply the places of those who had

1794, -

been slain, -filled the: combine?
forces with men very inadequate -
to the task of encountering an
enemy no ways unequal to” them
in. military qualifications, — and
greatly above them in that spirit
which is produced by national at-
tachment, enlivened by hostile
invasion, to the ardour of enthu~
siasm. /

In the mean time, the prepara-
tions against them were carried ory
with a vigour and solicitude that
strongly denoted how formidable
they were ésteemed, and what ef-
forts were thought necessary to re-
pel the attacks they were medita-
ting. To this end the celebrated
Colonel Mack, a soidier of fortune.
who had raised himself to notice
and preferment merely by his cop- -
rage and merit, was selected by the
Austrian ministry to concert with
the British government a plan for
the subsequent operations in the
Netherlands ; where, it was well
known, the French had it in con-
templation to achieve a project of
the first magnitude, and: which, in
case of success, would wholly dis-
concert the measures now taken
by the confederacy. ‘This’project
was,tocollect an immense body out
of their numerous armies, to con-
sist of the best and most expert
troops in their service. This body
was to be divided into five separate
corps, The two first, each of great
strength, were appointed to force
their way, one into theterritory of
Namur,the other into thatof Liege;
in both of which, the latter espe~
cially, a great majority of the inha-
bitants were friendly to their
cause. Sanguine expectations were
formed of both these expeditions ;
the success of which would have

thrown the confederate armies into
the

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

the most violent disorder, and by
separating them from each other,
would have broken their co-opera-
tion. During these operations,
another no less. powertul. division
was to assail that part of the com-
bined armies that was posted in
the neighbourhood of Tournays
in order to prevent it from moving
to the succour of the countries in-
vaded. In addition to these divers
attacks, the strong towns of Valen-
ciennes, Condé and Quesnoy, that
had in the preceding year fallen
into the hands of the allies, were
each to be blockaded by a force
sufficient to cut off all assistance,
and to carry on a regular siege at
the moment when the other parts
of the general plan were under ex-
ecution, This plan was certainly
no less judicious than resolute:
but while it was on the point of
commencing, an officer of some
note in the French service, and
who,from his situation, was privy
~ to the design,renounced from some
disgust the republican party, and
withdrew to the allies; to. whom
he disclosed the schemes that were
forming against them, A discovery
of this nature having of course put
them on their guard, the whole de-
sign was at once frustrated, and
wholly abandoned,—to the great
concern and indignation of the re-
publican ministry, who had, ata
heavy expence and trouble, made
such preparations and arrangements
for the bold enterprize in agitation,
as would in their persuasion. have
completely ie ed its success,
This unexpected disappointment
did not, however, occasion the least
relaxation in the other measures
they had taken, to open the present
campaign with as much brilliancy

as they had closed the former. |

Their, »two,. fortunate Generals,
Jourdain and Pichegru, were now
placed at the head of that -prodr-
gious mass, of military force which
was marching from. every province
in France to the Netherlands, and

‘through the: immensity of which

the, republican administration pro-
posed, and-doubted not to be fully
able to crush the much Jess formi-
dable strength. of the coalition. A
variety of considerations combined
at this time to fill the French with
hopes, and their enemies with ap-
prebension. The ancient and
deep-roeted rivalship between, the
houses, of Brandenburgh and Aus-
tria. was. beginning to re-appear,
and to threaten the most fatal con-
sequences to) the coalesced powers.
This rivalship andits necessary con-
comitants, disunion and jealousy,
were, so strongly expressed in) the
conduct of the courts of Vienna
and Berlin, that.the Duke of Bruns-
wick, who-had, acquitted himself
with so much honour in the service
of the latter, thought it incumbent
on him to resign the commend of
its armies, seoner than, remain a
spectator of the evils which he fore-
saw roust. inevitably flow from the
want of unanimity between. those
two powers, ‘The letter which he
addressed on this. occasion) to the
Prussian monarch, clearly shews
how deeply he was convinced that,
from this cause,the most calamitous
effects would ensue to the whole
confederacy ; and that he enter-
tained no sort of hope that. the
great designs it had held forth to
Europe could ever possibly suc=
ceed,

The opinion and the resignation
of his command, by a prince of the
exalted character of the Duke of
Brunswick, was an epecha in the

BA history

eS ANNUAL REGISTER,

history of this unfortunate war
that will belong remembered. It
threw a damp on the minds of all
those who were friends to the first
promulgated principles of the coa-
lition; which went apparently no
farther than to restrain the inordi-
nate ambition of those who con-
ducted the affairs of France, and to

keep that restless and long dreaded F

nation within its ancient limits,
agreeably to the wise plan of the
#mperor Leopold*. ‘The Duke
of Brunswick's resignation took
place on the 6th of January 1794.
From the jealous behaviour of
these two courts, it was evident
that, as they were the two ruling
powers of Germany, the subaltern
princes and states of the empire

wouldside respectively with Prussia —

or Austria, accordingly as they
might happen to be inclined to the
cause of the one or the other, from
motives of interest ; or might find
themselves under the necessity of
supporting it, from the danger of
retusing their concurrence in its
measures. Such being the relative
situation of the Emperor and the
King of Prussia, the French govern-
ment was now considered as per-
manently established, and in no
danger of being overturned by ex-
ternal force. ‘The only perils it had
henceforward to apprehend, were
such as might arise from those in-
ternal convulsions, ‘the seeds of
which still lay too deep to be
eradicated by any power but that
oftime. In this: state’ of superior
strength, it was not surprizing that
the Convention and the authorities
constituted in France by its decrees,
should assume a style of speaking
and of acting full of confidence in

* See Vol. xxxiii. p.72.

1794.

its exertions, and of defiance to al
the hostile powers surrounding it.
They well knew that a disjunction
of Prussia from, the confederacy
against them, would weaken it to
such a degree, as te reduce it toa
mere phantom of what it had been
at its primitive formation. That
enemy, which of all others France
was principally solicitous to hum-
ble, would, by thesecession of Prus-
sia from the coalition, lose at once
all the benefits it had proposed to
reap through that profusion of
treasure it had lavished with so un-
sparing a hand, in order to fix this
fickle and wavering power in the
common interest of the alliance
against France. Could the repub-
lican administration succeed in de-
taching him from Great Britain and
Austria, the resentment and susq
picion accruing from such a derelic-
tion, and breach of faith, would ba-
nish all confidence in him ever af-
ter, and obviate all future reunion
between these three courts.

‘As these sentiments were justly
founded, they were acted upon
with all that solicitude and celerity
which characterized the conduct of
the republican government. Every

circumstance denoting a cessation
of real enmity between France and
the Prussian monarch, began at this
time to be noticed by the politica
world. ‘So carly as the month of
February, africndly ecmmunication
took place between them. The
ostensible motive was a reciprocal
exchange of French and Prussian
prisoners, On this pretext, com-
missione:s from the king and the
republic were appointed’ to meet

t F rankfort, o on the Maine. ‘The
French conimissaries made an entry.

¥ into

- 7

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 2)

into that city which had much more
the appearance of a solemn embassy
than of a meeting of commissioners
appointed to settle an exchange of
prisoners. They entered Franc-
fort in a sort of triumph, riding in
one of the most superbstate-coaches
that had been used on solemn oc-
casions by the late unfortunate
Lewis. The carriage had been
stripped of every symbol of royalty,
and instead of a crown, was now
decorated with the cap of liberty
and other revolutionary ornaments.
The commissaries were attended by
a suite perfectly corresponding with
the character of ambassadors ; and
their reception and treatment was
grand and’splendid to a degree,that
evidently shewed they came on a
most welcome errand, of far greater
importance than that which was
pretended. .
The public were under no de-
ception as to the real object of this
brilliant mission of French commis-
sioners ; and their suspicions were
amply confirmed by the character
of the person employed on the
part of the Prussian court. He was
no less a person than General Kalk-
reuth ; a man deepest in the con-
fidence of his Sovereign, The
conferences between him and the
French commissioners were held
in the profoundest secrecy. This
alone pointed out their importance,
and proved at the same time, that
they could not relate to a subject
requiring so little secrecy as a mere
exchange of prisoners: a transac-
tion always carried on in the most
open manner, and demanding no
manner of concealment.
This method of treating together

-on what was represented as so un-

important a matter, convinced the
world that the objects under the
consideration of the negociating

parties, were of the highest consé-
quence, and proved no less that
they were unfavourable to those
from whom their purport was so
carefully concealed. It was now
universally conjectured, on the
surest grounds, that Prussia meant
to withdraw itself from the confe-
deracy,and that France was willing
to purchase a secession so beneficial
to it, on the most advantageous |
terms to the seceder. The court’
of Berlin acted on this occasion
with its characteristical policy.
Before it ventured to declare its
intentions to abandon the coalition,
it formally applied to the diet of
the empire for a part of the ex-
pences it would incur for the de-
fence of Germany. In this par-
ticular, however, the little con-
fidence reposed in that court, ope-
trated to a refusal of its demands ;
and it must have submitted to the
loss of its pecuniary claims, had it
not employed intrigues of a more
effectual nature. é
The discerning part of the Bri-
tish nation were by this time con-
vinced, that however fair the Prus-
sian ministry might think it pru-
dent to carry it towards Great Bri-
tain, no dependence could be
placedon the sincerity of its:co-ope-
ration with the confederacy. What-
ever indeed its original allegations
had been for taking up arms against
France,and however well-pleasedthe
King was to act the first part in so
splendid a confederation, it was well
understood throughout Eurepe,thac
a partition of the French monarchy
was in reality the ultimate view of.
the Prussian cabinet, and that ic’
promised itself an ample share of
the spoil. When it became evident
that a subjugation of France was
impracticable, the court of Berlin’
deemed it most consistent with its -
interest

interest to renounce its enmity to
France, and to seek in due time a
reconciliation .with a power, by
prosecuting hostilitiesagainstwhich,
it- could not derive any, adyantage.
Still, however, the expeaces that
court had ineurred in the two. pre-
ceding. yeas, was teo serious an ob-
| ject to be, relinquished without
taking, every ettort, to procure a
compensation, ln default of the
Germanic diet, Great Britain ap-
peared the. only quarter left to
which an address for pecuniary aid
could be preferred with any expec-
tation of success. The readiness
of the British ministry to concur in
all designs inimical to the French
republic, opened a likely prospect
to the Prussian ministry of compass-
ing its aim, provided it could con-
vince the government of this coun-
try that without its assistance Prus-
sia was become unable to remain
any longer a member of the coa-
lition. In the mean time the Prus-
sian monarch, in order to enforce
the necessity, of complying with his
» request, openly. declared to the
Princes of Germany engaged in the
confederacy, that he found him-
self under the necessity of seceding
from it, The motives he, alleged
for giving up the contest, were pe-
culiarly remarkable. He repre-

sented the French nation as uncon--

querable ; its resources were e€x-
haustless, and the spirit and num-
bers of its people were become ir-
resistible ; their. enthusiasm over-
whelmed all opposition, and the
propagation of their principles ren-
dered them indefatigable in fra-
mingandexecuting every enterprize
conducive to that purpose. Such
an enemy was not to be combated
with ordinary resources. He had
voluntarily undergone the most

—

ANNUAL REGISTER,, 1794.

enormous |, expenditure while he
was able to bear it; but his means
were now totally exhausted, and
he could not, in justice to his sub-
jects, load them with burthens that
must wholly oppress.and ruin them,
without promoting the ends for
which the coalition had been formed,
This declaration was accompanied
with severe strictures on. the pro-
posal made by the court of, Viea-’
na to arm the peasantry of the
frontiers. of Germany towards
France, as a measure replete with
a variety of evil consequences,
and wholly inadequate to the end
proposed. The French were in
such force, so thoroughly disci-
plined, and provided with so tre-
mendous an artillery, that no sud»
den rising of an unskilful and raw
peasantry, totally unprepared for
such a measnre, could be compe-
tent to meet so formidable a foe as
the French. Nor did he omit. to
insinuate the obvious danger of
trusting arms to.a multitude,among
whom the principles of the enemy
might be spread with so much fa-
cility and speed, as shortly to con-
vert them into, friends and coadju-
tors of the French. Previously to
this declaration, which was made to
the, diet in the month of March,
the King of Prussia had ordered
General Mollendorf, who had stue-
ceeded the Duke of Brunswick in
the command of his army, to with-
draw the Prussian forces, from the
territory of Mentz, and to station
them at Cologne. He formally
signified this order to Prince Co-
beurg, Commander in Chief of
the imperial army in the Nether-

lands, et an
While the Prussian monarch was
occupied in these measures,the Em=
peror was no less busily employed
in

».

HISTORY OF EVROPE,

in the warmest endeavours to in-
duce the diet to espouse the quarrel
against France with the utmost ener-
gy- His ministry perceived in that
body a tardiness, or rather indeed a-
verseness, to co-operate inthe views
of the coalition. This dispo-
sition proceeded from a convic-
tion of the inefficacy of all the
measures proposed against the
French, and that it were wiser tq
“Jeave the settlement of that mighty
people to themselves, than to pro-
voke them to enmity against their
neighbours by hostilities that only
tended to convert them into a na-
tion of soldiers, and to render them
regardless of all other objects but
those of carrying war and destruc-
tion into every country around.
These sentiments, which were those
of that immense majority of indivi-
duals which was desirous of peace
were very unacceptable to the
Austrian ministry. Undiscouraged
by the disasters of the preceding
campaign, itstill cherished the hope
of being able by fresh exertions to
repair the losses they had sustained,
and, if not to add new territories to
their dominions, still to reeover
those which they had lost. For
this end the imperial envoy to the
diet had in the month of February

_ delivered a note to that assembly,

wherein the necessity was urged of

recurring to every means of put-

ting the frontiers of Germany in a
condition to repel the expected in-
yasion on the part of France. The
propriety of embodying the peaple,
and causing them to rise in a mass,
was vehemently insisted on; the fi-
nances of Austria were stated to
have been lavished in support of
the empire: and that it was incum-
bent on the Germanic princes and
gates to come forward on this

critical occasion, sith every exere
tion they could make for the ho-~
nour and preservation of their
country.

The envoy expatiated on the
zeal displayed by the Emperor in
his endeavours to protect the em-
pire from the contagion of French
principles, and to repress the spirit
of anarchy and irreligion with
which it was threatened by the re-
volutionary rage thet had per-
verted the sentiments of that peo-
ple, and rendered them the de-
clared enemies of all the established
governments in Europe. To stop
the progress of an enemy that evi-
dently aimed at their total subvers
sion, extraordinary measures were
indispensable, and it behoved the
diet warmly to goncur in leaving
the supplies prescribed by the Ger-
manic constitution in cases of emers
gency,such as the present, To this
purpose it would be requisite to call
on the princes and states for a tri-
ple proportion of their usual con-
tingent, in virtue of the regulation
enacted during the last century, in
a case similar to the present, when
the Turkish armies had overrun all
Hungary ; and Vienna, after sus-
taining a long siege, was on the
point of falling into their hands.
Notwithstanding the vehemence
with which the imperial envoy en-
larged on those varioustopies, he did
not make that impression upon the
diet which he had proposed. His
speech was not altogether so conct-
latory as the occasion seemed te
require ; in some parts of ip re-
proaches of negligence in contri-
buting their proportions of the ge-
neral supply, were levelled at some
of the members, and accompanied
with menaces of compulsion in case
of refusal. But the circumstance

which

which proved most ‘offensive and
alarming to the #mperial court, was
the opposition of the Prussian en-
voy to the proposal of raising the
people of the frontiers inva mass.
"This was described as a servile, and
no less perilous imitation of ‘the
French. So violent was the disap-
probation he expressed, that he ex-
plicitly declared, in his master’s
name, that if such a measure was
adopted, Prussia would immediately
renounce the confederacy, and re-
call its troops from all further ser-
vice in that cause,’

These various differences of sen-
timent in the princes and states
of Germany, greatly debilitated the
efforts that were intended to be
made against France. It soon ap-
peared that, from this want of una-
nimity, nothing very decisive would
be concluded on, and that, howe-
ver serious and sincere some of the
parties concerned in the war might
be, there were as many who felt a
repugnance to its prosecution, and
who could not therefore, notwith-
standing their ostensible concur-
rence with those whom they were
fearful to disoblige, be reputed
hearty and cordial in their assent to
2 measure which they were well
known to disapprove. ‘

The intelligence of this change
of disposition in the Germanic
powers, butespecially the defection
of Prussiafrom thealliance of which
. ithad,in concert with Austria, been
the primary promoter, roused the
indignation of that numerous and
powerful party in Great Britain,
who had so warmly abetted the
views of the confederacy. Fully
aware that a good understanding
between the courts of Vienna and
Berlin was indispensably requisite
for any effectual prosecution of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

o
hostilities against France, no me-.
thods were left untried to prevent
a secession between them. But
mere exhortations and reasonings
only, were lost upon a ministry
so keenly intent on the promotion of
its particular views as that of Prus-
sia.. The obligations of a treaty
framed on its own principles and
coinciding with all its purposes, had
vanished before the conviction
that the ends of that treaty
were no longer attainable. The
only character it now determined
toactin,was that of a subsidiaryally.
Nor was it without an enormous
expenditure that the British go-
vernment was able to prevail on
the Prussian monarch toact in that
capacity. No less than 2,200,000/.
would be the sum accepted by his
ministry. In consideration of this,
it engaged to furnish the com-
bined. armies with 60,000 men.
But this engagement was accom~
panied by a clause which, in the eye
of impartial politicians, rendered
it almost nugatory. This large

_ body of troops was to be under the
sole command of a Prussian Gene-
ral, appointed by the King of Prus-
sia himself. Thus it exclusively
depended upon him to om the
motiors of these troops; which at -
his sole and uncontrouled option
were to be made useful or inactive.
This implicit confidence was ge-
nerally deemed very injudiciously
placed by the British public. In
truth, after such proofsof an under=
standing between Prussia and
France, it was a mark of a childish
weakness. The suspicions that
had arisen of an amicable disposi-
tion to each other in the French
and Prussians, were openly expressed
in every country in Europe; and
people were utterly at a loss to ex-

plain

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

plain the motives that eould induce
the British government to pay such
a compliment to the good faith of a
‘power, with which it had buta
; doubtful interest.to form intimate
connections; and which at this
particular period \was viewed with
ie jealousy by every
member of the confederacy.

This period was not only re-
markable for the suspicions enter-
tatned of Prussia: its rival Austria
itself was involved in that mistrust
of political candour and sincerity
which now began by the scrutini-
zing part of the world to be affixed,

; Sa, distinction or exception, to
the conduct of every European
court. The source of this duplicity
was the deficiency of pecuniary
resources, of which neither Prussia

_nor Austria possessed a sufficiency
“for the great objects they both had
in view. The only quarter from
whence they could derive the sup-
plies of which they stood sc much
in need, was Great Britain. But
the interest of this latter not re-
uiring more than the reasonable
aidit was willing to afford for the
common cause, which was no other
than the balance of Europe, it

See the study of its allies to

render it subservient to their own

_ particular designs ; which extended
much further than they were will-
ing to ayow, and included schemes
_which, instead of promoting, tended
materially to injure that balance.

_ The treaty between Great Britain
We and Prussia not only occasioned its
__ particular application to the parties
peirectly concerned in this treaty,
ut gave rise to a suspicion that

the court of Vienna itself was privy
and consenting to the demands of

__ ghat of Berlin on the British minis-
id _ try. Doubtless, it was surmised these

j intriguing courts, well accustomed

-pacity.

to plans of partitioning policy, had
agreed to share in the spoils of |
an ally whom they both -contn-
buted to make the dupe of their ra-
How far a suggestion
of so base and odious a nature
should be admitted, no unquestion~
able. authority can decide... What

_may have given it currency, was a

circumstance much insisted on at
the time of that remarkable treaty,
which was, that it did not take place
tillit had gone through the hands of
Col. Mack, the well-knownagent of
Austria. Through his direct and
personal intervention, this treaty
was finally concluded and signed at
the Hague on the 19th of April by
the ministers of Great Britain an
Holland; which latter was to supply
400,0001. of the expence.

The facility’ with which the
treasures of Great Britain had for a
long succession of years been ob-
tained by its allies, had established
a sort of prescription, from which
it was not easy to, recede, Both
Austria and Prussia had, in the days
of their respective distress, expen-
enced largely the utility of aa al-
liance with Britain. Europe cas
witness that each in thei ture
owed their preservation to the ge
nerous as wellas wise policy of
this country, inheadizg at immense
expence an opposition to. the con
mon enemy. It was; Rot surpri-
zing therefore that, relying on
that jealousy .of the desigus, and

that apprehension of the aggran-

dizement of France which is na-
tural to a British administration,
they should avail themselves of its
readiness to favour those measures
which appear calculated to secure
that equilibrium of power among
Eyropean states; on which the is.
depeydence of . this part of the

world so manifestly depends,

.3 98 Th
+ ie

While the above negotiations
were on foot, the prodigious pre-
parations of Frdace for the ensuing
campaign had excited the pro-
foundest alarm among all the mem-
bers of the confederacy: The army
which the French administration
intended for the operations in the
Netherlands, amotinted to imore
than 200,000 men. As it was
there principally the decisive blow
would be struck, nothing was
omitted to render this army no
Jess formidable by its organization
than by its numbers. It consisted
of the selectest men, and the most
expert and valiant officers. They
were abundantly provided with all
the implements and appurtenances

of war; and-no drtticle, either of ne-
" cessity or of encouragement, was
wanting that foresight or ingenuity
could supply. The principal aim
of the French commanders was, to
make themselves masters of the ma-
ritime parts of the low countries, in
-order to cut off that quick and easy
communication with England,which
gave the allies so many advantages.
For this purpose a strong body
of troops, towards the close of
March, marchedinto Flanders. Here
they began to establish posts and
stations preparatory for the designs
they were projecting, They also
made incursions into other districts;
where they met alternately with
success and defeat. The losses on
both sides were nearly balanced ;
and as no materia) object. was yet
proposed on either, the war con-
sisted of skirmishes of little or no
consequence.

The court of Vienna, thoroughly
sensible of theimportance of the Ne-
therlands, and deeply anxious for
the preservation of the richest por-
tion of all her dominions, had made

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

the utmost exertions for its dé-
fence. Tne Austrian forces in the
Flemish provinces amounted, inthic
commencement of thecampaign, to
146,000 men. The excellent or-
der and discipline of the imperial
armies bad not however préserved
them from the diseases that proved
so déstructive at this period to both
the allied andrepublican armies :
the ntimber of sick and wotnded;
athong the Austrians, amounted to
upwards of 20,000. This*was an
alarming diminution of strength,

-where so much more was needed

than the whole complement of
their troops, had they been in per-
fect health. Nor is it probable
that the list of sick and disabled
in the other corps of the combined
army was less proportionably con-
siderable. Previously to the com-
mencement of military operations,
a great council of war was held at
Aeth, about the end of March, in
order to form, the preliminary
arrangements :—but this meeting
proved a source of discord among
the commanders of the allies. Ge-
neral Haddick was commissioned,
on this occasion, by the court of
Vienna, to produce the plan it had
for the toncerted campaign : butit
was so manifestly calculated to
throw the whole direction of tili-

tary affairs into the hands of the .

Austrians, and torender allthecon-
federate forces subservient to the
schemes of the Imperial councils,
that the Duke of York explicitly
refused to act upon that plan before
he had consulted the British court.
The Duke it seems, however it
may have been intimated by the
Austrian party, did not object to
that subordination to General
Clairfait which was assigned him
by the Austrian plan, from apy un -
seasonable

HISTORY OF EUROPE. is

geasonable pride of rank and dig-
“nity. His motives were of a supe-
rior kind. ‘He had discovered such
‘a preference in the Austrians to
every measure that accorded: with
‘their particular views, and such an
indifference to tlie common interest
where their own was not peculiarly
“implicated, that he thought it in-
‘consistent with his hongur and
“duty to trust himself and the troops
‘under ‘his command to the manage-
‘ment of an ally who had given too
many proofs that he would on all
ecasions consult his own ends ex-
‘clusively, ‘to merit that implicit
*eonfidence in his good faith and
fair dealing which, with so little
‘reason and very unseasonably, be
“seemed in a manner to insist upon.
"The altercations that’arose cn, pro-
~ducing this plan were so violent,
“that, in order to restore harmony
“amdng the contending parties, the
“eourts‘of London and Vienna were
“necessitated to enter into a recipro-
‘eal’ compromise, ‘by which it was
“agreed, that provided the Emperor
assumed personally the command of
‘the ‘atmes, the Duke of York
“would'serve under him. Such was
“the. ible termination of a dif-
‘Ferenc ich, begat in’ the sequel
Many unfortunate consequences.
Austrian pride never forgave the
refusal to acknowledge its superio-
“rity; jealousy and distrust increased
_ ‘on’both sides; and much evil re-
tr sulted from the defeat of that mu-
i ‘tual cordiality, without which uo
o connexions can prosper.

~ In ofder to afford a plausible mo-
tive for the Emperor’s quitting his
“imperial residence, the propriety of

his personal inauguration as Duke

¢
,

the Netherlands, would, it was re-
presented, powerfully tend to con-
ciliate his Flemish subjects, and in-
duce them to second. his endea-
vours to expel the’-French from
the low countries. Moved by re-=
presentations of this nature, the
Emperor repaired to Brussels,
where he arrived :on the 9th of
April. He was received with the
utmost magnificence, and avent
through all the forms prescribed by
the constitutions of the different
provinces, of which he was aeknow -
ledged the sovereign. After the
solemnities of <his inauguration
were over, it became necessary that
he should fulfil the agreement
which was the real motive of his
journey ‘to the Netherlands. He
set out accordingly from Brussels,
and proceeded to assume the com-

~mand of the allied army, svhich

was reviewed ‘by him on the 16tp
of April. ft was now resolved to
signalize his presence by an, enter-
ptize ef ‘some importance.» Vo
this purpose the siege of Landrecy
was undertaken. it was invested
on the 17th, and:th> whole army
posted in such a manner as most
effectually to oppose ithe endea-
yours which the French. might
make to compel the allies to raise
the siege. ‘The cembined army
was divided into eight columns, five
ef which attacked the French, whe
were very, advantageously posted,
with great vigour and success.
Two of.these columns were com-
manded by the Duke of York and
Sir William Erskine. That part
of the French army which they en-
gazed, was strongly entrenched,
and surrounded by woods very dif-
ficulttobe penctzated: theresistance
of the French was;according to ex-
pectation, very ebstinate; and it re-

quired

quired the most resolute exertions
to dislodge them from their posts.
This however was effected after a
long and severe contest, - wherein
the British troops acquitted them-
selves with remarkable courage
and skill. The other divisions of
the allied army succeeded in like
manner in their separate attacks
on the enemy. One of these divi-
sions was headed by the Emperor
himself, assisted by Prince Co-
bourg ; and he had the satisfac-
tion of seeing the French opposed
to him entirely defeated, and
obliged to retreat with consider-
able loss, though not without hav-
ing ,maintained their ground as
long as it was tenable, with the
greatest bravery. These advan-
tages did not prevent the French
from attacking the next day, which
was the 18th, the division under
the hereditary Prince of Orange.
They fell upon him with their
usual impetuosity, But the Dutch,
‘of whom that division consisted,
stood their ground so firmly, that
the French wholly failed in their
attempt, and were’ compelled to
retreat. Three days after, they at~
tacked Prince Cobourg’s advanced
posts ; and, after a warm dispute,
they forced general Alvinzy, who
commanded them, to fall back on
the mainarmy. Flushed with this
success, they advanced on a large

body of Austrians ; but these, sup-’

ported by Sir Robert Lawrie’s bri-
gade of British cavalry, resisted
them successfully, and forced them
to withdraw in great disdrder.

_ Exasperated at these failures, the
French assembled a large force at a
place near Cambray, known by the
uame of Casar’s Camp ; intending,
#s soon as they had received further

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794:

reinforcements, to risk a general
engagement. But the allies deter-
mined to engage them befofe their
strength was increased. The Duke
of York’s division attacked them
vigorously on the 24th, and after
a well-disputed day, put them com
pletely totherout, andobliged them
to retire again to Cambray. Un-
discouraged by this defeat, the
French returned to the charge on
the day following, and assailed the
Duke with the utmost fury. The
eombat was long and bloody on
both sides; bnt fortune declared
again for the allies: The loss of the
French in these two actions, was
computed at more than 3000 in
killed, besides thirty pieces of can=
non. Among the slain was Cha
puy, their General, and a great
number of officers. The loss of the
confederates was also very consider-
able. The division headed by the
Emperor was also assailed at the
same time, but with no better suc-
cess. The French fought with
their accustomed resolution; but
the dispositions made by Prince Co-
bourg were so skilful, that the
enemy were repulsed with great
slaughter. Eager to repair these
losses, the French Commande in
Chief, Pichegru, collected a large
force, together with a formidable
train of artillery, and advanced to-
wards Moneron, where General
Chairfait was encamped, and wait-
ing for the reinforcements promised
him before he entered upon action ;
but Pichegru gave him no time to
be reinforced ; on the 29th of April
he attacked the Austrians on every
side of their position ; and after a
fight wherein much blood was re-
ciprocally shed, he completely suc.
ceeded ia carrying it.
‘Thie

HISTORY OF EUROBE.

_ This defeat was immediately fol-
lowed by the loss of Courtray and

enin. In this latter town was
stationed a number of French emi-
grants: 4 body of Hanoverians, of
whichthe garrison chiefly consisted,
zealously assistedin preserving them
from the revenge of their. Fuidus
countrymen. With uncommon
intrepidity, they jointly fought
their way through superior num-
bers of the enemy. Tie loss of
these two places, wasin some mea-
sure balanced by the taking of Lan-
drecy. This small but well forti-
fied town had, in the space of ten
days, experienced the horrors of
many a longer sieges ‘The bom-
bardment had been so incessant and
destructive, that only thrée houses
remained entire: Of the garrison,
Which consisted of near 6000 men
at the commencement of the siege,
little more than 4000 were left; and
the inhabitants themselves co-
np so warmly in the defence
of the place, that some hundreds
were slain:

While these transactions hap-
peas in the west of the Nether-
ands; General Jourdain was no
less successfully occupied in the
duchy ef Luxemburg. Pursuant
to the plan of the French adminis-
tration, he had in the beginning of
March entered that province; with
the view of intercepting its com-
munication with those of Liege and

amur. He was opposed by Ge-
neral Beaulieu, at the head of a
numerous force of Austrians. He
had long been esteemed a brave
and expert officer, and his conduct
on this oceasion did not fall short
of the reputation he had acquired :
but the enemy he was now to en-
counter, seemed destined, by the
uncommon daringness of their en-

Vor. XXXVI.

terprizes, to break through all the
ordinary obstacles that skilland va-
lour could throw in their way:
General Jourdain, prompted by
that emulation which he felt from
the appointment of Pichegru to the
command of the northern armys
exerted all his talents against his
Austrian antagonists. On the 17th
of April he niade a general attack:
on the lines occupied by Beaulieu.
The courage and obstinacy with
which both parties engaged, was
such, that the battle lasted two
days. Jt terminated at last in fa~
vour of the French, who suffered
severely as well as their enemies.
In the province of Flanders, the
fortune of war seemed as yet more
equally balanced. Aware of the
active qualities of Pichegru, the
commanders of the allied army
were perseveringly on the watch to
meet his continual motions ; and he
was no less impatient to justify the
choice that had been made of him
for the important station to which
he had been preferred. Atfter ma-
king the previous dispositions for
the attempt he was meditating on
the 10th of May, the French, to the
numbeft of 30,000 of thei¥ choicest
troops, made a furious attack on the
force commanded by the Duke of
York, near Tournay: their inten-
tion was; by turning his wings, to
surround and place him between
their collateral fires. They began
first by turning his nght wing; but
it was forunately flanked bya wood
where the Austrian regiment of
Kaunitz had been posted to guard
against any such attempt. This
regiment maintained its post so ef-
fectually, that the French were
completely disappointed. They
next endeavoured to break in upon

the centre. Protected by their nu-

merous

merous artillery,they advanced with
great resolution to the charge; but
were received with equal intrepi-
dity: the fire on both sides was
kept up with unyielding courage
during a Jong and furious conflict ;
but the efforts of the French were
fruitless, aud they were at length
compelled to.retire with the loss of
near three thousand of their best
troops. In the hope of repairing
this misfortune, the French planned
and executed on the following day
an. attack on General Clairfait,
who was posted in the vicinity of
Courtray: they marched from this
town in great force, and assailed
him at once in several points. But
happily he was prepared for them.
After a conflict that lasted from
twelve af noon to near midnight,
he.routed and drove them: back to
Courtray ; but here they recovered
themselves; and the Austrians were
in their turn put to the rout, and
pursued so closely, that after cross-
ing two, rivers, they with difficulty
were able to take such a position
as might cover the three important
towns of Ghent, Bruges, and
Ostend. This was a fatal day for
the.allies.. The French had in this
action triumphed over the abilities
of General Clairfait, and the bra-
very of his best Austrian veterans.
The consequences of this remark-
able defeat were felt during the
whole campaign ; and it was in fact
a preludeto the many disasters that
followed... ,

Animated’ by this success, the’
French crossed the Sambre, and
obliged General Kaunitz to hasten
with his whole force to cover
Mons: but they followed shim with, .
the utmost rapidity, Bad brought
him to a very seyjous engagement ;
wherein, however, they did: not

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

meet with the success they had
expected.’ After repeated charges,
made with the most desperate va-
lour, and: in which they lost an
alarming number of excellent offi-
cers and soldiers, they found’ them-
selves-under the necessity of mak-
ing a retreat, and even of re-cross-
ing the Sambre, after losing in this
destructive engagement little less
than five thousand’ of their best
men. This remarkable defeat hap-
pened on the i4th-of May. After
30 considerable a check, it was
hoped in the imperial councils that
the: French might in their turn be
attacked with a.likelihood of com-
pelling them to withdraw from:
those parts of the Austrian territo-
ries: of which they had taken pos-
session. ‘To this end arrangemente
were concerted to recover from:
them: the province of Flanders,
which from its situation was of most
importance to the confederacy.
But what had befallen the French
on the opening of the campaign,
now happened to the allies: the
plan they had formed for the exe-
cution of their designs, was be-
trayed to the Freach, and thereby
completely frustrated.

Of this treacherous communica-
tion of their plan to the enemy, the
allies unfortunately were not ap--
prized. ~Accorting to the project
agreed upon, they advanced to~
wards the enemy during the night
of the 16th, intending to assault his:
lines before he had received intel-
ligence of their approach. The
allied army was formed into five.
divisions; the Emperer and the:
Duke of York acted with the strict
est concert on this important occae
sion, and neglected nothing that
could procure success to an enter=
prize-on which so much depended.

, Loe

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 19

The French were posted on the
banks of the Margne, opposite to
those towards whichthe allied army
Was now advancing. Two divi-
sions were to force a passage over
this river, while the three others
were executing other orders: but
the former arrived so late at the
-place of their destination, and were
so fatigued with the length of their
match, that the utmost they could
do was, to make good their passage
ovér the river, being utterly unable
to perform the remainder of what
“had been proposed. Another di-
Vision, On its arrival at the French
quarters, found them in such good
order and strength, that fearing to
be cut off by their superior num-
bers, it immediately retreated to the
position it had left. .The two di-
Visions under General Otto and

the Duke succeeded better, and’

drove the French from several of
their posts, In the last that was
carried by the Duke’s division, they

- were strongly intrenched,and made
a formidable resistance ; but by the
judicious conduct of General Aber-
cromby, and the valour of the
troops under his command, the
entrenchments were forced, dud
the enemy totally routed.

Thus ended the operations of
the 17th of May; a day rendered
memorable by the disappointment

_ of the sanguine éxpectations of the
allies to regain their posts in. the
Flerzish: districts, and re-establish
the superiority they:had lost there
at the close of the former cam-
paign. The effects of this unex-
nig disappointment were pecu-
iarly unfortunate for the confede-
facy j it excited, or to speak per-
haps more praperly, it revived a
Spirit of mistrust: which had in, a
#reat measure been laid, by the con-

sciousness of the necessity of acting
together with confidence and una-
nimity : it extinguished the readi-
ness and alaerity requisite for the
formation of enterprizes, by damp-
ing that hope of success which de-
pends on the honour and secrecy
of those who are privy to them.
The advantages obtained by the
allies in this conflict were of so lit-
tle importance, that the French
determined to renéw the fight next
day. Their Generals felt the ne-
cessity of recovering immediately
the ground they had lost. They
were conscious of the critical situa-
tion in which they stood, and that
the present occasion would prove
very decisive. Actuated by the
urgency of the moment, they lost
no time in making the most skil-
ful arrangements, and at break of
day attacked part of the Dike of .
York’s division which lay nearest
to them: another body was speed
ily ordered to move to its assist-
ance: but their attack was made
with such a superiority of numbers;
that they bore down all resistance.
The Duke’s main body being weak-
eued by the absence of the troops
ke had been obligéd to detach for
the suppoft of those that were en
gaged, the enemy seized this op=
portunity of assailing him. The
force destined for this putpose was
so ntimerous, that it completely
surrounded and fell upon him on
évery side. General Orto’s divisions
that lay at some distance, was dis-
lodged by them from its position,
and, overwhelmed by the irresistible
strength that pressed upon it from
al] quarters, and incessantly sup-
plied by fresh additions, was utterly
unable to afford him relief. The
Duke’s division wag, after the most
intrepid resistance, obliged every
C2 where

20 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

where to give way : the Duke him-
self was on the point of falling into
the enemy's hands, and compelled
to retire with a few attendants to
General Otto’s division. But it
was impossible, with so unequal a
force, to stem.the immediate torrent
of the enemy, and enable the
Duke’s division to rally. It was
with prodigious efforts that the
Generals Fox and Abercromby
found means to restore sufficient
order among the troops, to save
them from total destruction, and
effect a retreat. But even this
was attended with almost insur-
mountable difficulty ; the enemy
pressing upon them with incessant,
tury, and giving them no time to
recover from the forlorn situation
into which they had been thrown
by the unexpected immensity of
the numbers with which they had
to contend on this unfortunate
day.

The defeat of the allies was in
every respect complete ; not one
of their divisions was able to op-
pose the enemy to any effect: the
troops that were headed by the
Emperor and Prince Cobourg
shared the same fate as the rest.
Some hopes had at first been en-
tertained, that General Clairfait
might have made a junction with
the forces engaged; but a river
separated him from them ;, and the
French observed his motions with
so much vigilance, that he found
it impracticable to participate in
this action. The disasters of the
allied army on this fatal day, occa-
toned a variety of complaints and
recrimination among different parts
that composed it.. Want of con-
duct, and even of sufficient resolu-
tion, was imputed to some ; they
were accused of having made an

untimely retreat, which, by the
confusion it caused, threw the other
parts into irreparable disorder.
The precise loss of the allies in this
battle, which was fought near
‘Turcoign, was' never satisfactorily
ascertained ;. but it must have been
very great. The British troops
alone lost a thousand men, besides
a considerable train of artillery; and
the other divisions of the army,

‘though less deeply engaged, could

not escape the fury of an enemy
so expert in making the most of
every advantange, and deriving so
many from its prodigious numbers.
This complete defeat of the com-
bined powers filled the French with
an-exultation that led them to think
that no resistance to. them could
henceforwards be practicable. They
counted much less on the slaughter
of those who had fallen in. battle,
than on the discouragement among
those that survived. They did not
seem to reflect en the real and
efficient cause of their success; the
numerous and exhaustless multi-
tudes they were able to bring into.
the field, and to replace as fast as.
they were destroyed.

An. enemy thus circumstanced
was the more formidable, that he

_carried on the war at his awn

doors, and could. instantly, as it,
were, be supplied with whatever
force was needed for the operations
he might project. His enemy’s
situation was precisely the reverse.
Elis supplies.ef men came from far
distant countries:. they had un-,
mense tracks to traverse before they
reached the place of their destina-.
tion.. The countries contended for,

and in which the war was waged, .

afforded no recruits, or a very few ;
the generality of those classes
wherein soldiers are found, being

averse

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

averse to their rulers, and well af-
fected to the French. This was
Motoriously the case with the peo-
ple in the Austrian Netherlands.
In the Seven United Provinces, the
inhabitants have so many beneficial
occupations to follew, that their
‘military list is almost entirely com-
posed of foreigners. Such being
the relative situation of the French,
and of the confederacy formed
against them, it was not surprising
that the loss of men in battle was
so little felt by the former, and so
much by the latter; and that, pre-
suming upon ée important an ad~
wantage, the French should con-
tinually be forming fresh enter-
prizes, while the alliesfound it ne-
cessary to adopt no hazardous mea-
sures without the utmost caution,
from the serious consequences that
must necessarily ensue through the
difficulty of repairing their lesses
in killed ortakea.

Four days after the defeat of the
allied army, the French Generals
resolved to improve their advantage
by following it up, while the spirits
of their enemies were depressed by
their illsuecess, 'To this end they
determined to force their passage
over the Schelde, and lay siege to
the city of Tournay, wherein they

‘had many well-wishers. They col-

lected a force of no jess than one
hundred thousand men, with which
they doubted not to compass their
designs. The allies in the mean
time haying reunited their scattered
forces, prepared with unabated re-
solution to meet them again. At
five in the morning, on the 22d,
the French attacked the advanced
posts of the allies, and obligedthem
to fall back on the main body: but
here their progress was checked,
and notwithstanding the fire and

21
impetuosity with which they con-
tinued their various attacks till near
ten at night, the skilfuloess of the
dispositions made by General Fox,
to whom the command and honour
of the day chiefly fell, and the
steady valour of the troops under
him, their attempts were wholly
frustrated; and they were compell-
ed'to retire as far back as Lisle. The
loss of the French in this severe
conflict was estimated at more than
10,000 men. It would have been
much greater; had the British caval-
ry been able to act. But the :"rench,
who had on several occasions suf-
fered considerably by its exertions,
had taken the precaution to cover
both their flanks by thick woods,
through which the horse could not
penetrate. Had they not been
guarded in this manner, it was the
opinion of many of the ablest
judges, that sucha victory obtained
by the allies must have decided the
whole fate of the campaign in their
favour. It was at this period that
the Emperor, accompanied by Co-
lonel Mack, forsook the Nether-
lands, and -returned to Vienna.
His departure occasioned the more
surprise, that the fate of the cam-
paign was far from being decided.
The French had just been defeat-
ed; and the public were of opinion
that he ought to have remained on
the scene of action, were it only to
inspire his soldiers. All he had
done was te issue proclamations 5

to which no attention was paid.
The signal defeat of the French
near Tournay was accompanied by
two others; which, though not of
equal importance, contributed
greatly to raise the spirits of the
allies ; on which the activity of the
enemy, and the continual superio~
rity or strength they displayed on
C3 every

2
t a) 2h
every occasion, had made a ‘very
serious impression. ‘They saw that,
_ with all their efforts, even when
successful, they could not damp the
resolution of the French; who
seefed to forget their defeats the
moment they were able to renew
the fight, and to behave with as
much confidence as if they had
been the victors. The first of these
defeats was on the 24th of this
month, two days after the action
wherein they had received so de-
structive a check. They had taken
2’ strong position at Rouveroy, on
that sic: of the Sambre where Ge-
neral Kaunitz lay encamped. He
formed there with a design of sur-
prising them ; and didit so effectu-
ally, notwithstanding their usual
vigilance, that they suffered a total
rout, with the loss of near 5,000
men killed and taken, together with
fifty pieces of cannon,

Six days before, this event, the
Austrian, forces, commanded by
General Beaulieu, had invaded the
district of Bouillon, lying within the
precincts of France. A large body
of French were defeated, and the
town of that name taken and plun-
dered, on pretence of the inhabit-
ants having fired on the Austrian
troops: 1,500 men, it was report-
ed, were slain or captured on this
occasion. But these discomfitures
of the French, produced no solid
advantages to the allies; in the
district of Bouillon they soon re-
covered the superiority. General
Jourdain, at the head ef 40,000
men, entered the Duchy of Lux-
emburgh ; and. General Beaulieu
was in consequence forced imme-
diately to abandon his position, and
retreat towards Namur, in order
to protect it from Jourdain’s army.
Elated by his success, and confiding

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

in his numerous forces, General
Jourdain advanced towards Char-
leroy, of which he cut offthe com=
munication with Brussels. Alarm-
ed at his attempt, the allies col-
lected a powerful body of troops,
at the head of which the hereditary
Prince of . Orange. attacked the
French, on the 3d of June, so vi-
gorously, that they were obliged to
recross the Sambre, after losing
about 7,000 men. ;
It was not expected that, after
being forced to raise the siege of
Charleroy with so much loss, they:
would go readily be able to resume
it with a greater strength than be-
fore. This however they did in a
short time. They recrossed the
Sambre with 60,000 men, and
after destroying some fortified posts
that had been constructed to ob=
struct their approaches to the
town, they recommenced the
siege with the utmost fervor.
The commanders of the allies were
duly sensible of the critical situa-
tion they were in: Charleroy was,
by the present position of the con-
tending armies, absolutely necessary
for the- preservation of Brussels
itself. Should the former fall, the
latter could not. stand, Of this
the French were well aware; and,
from that motive, carried on the
siege of Charleroy with all possible
vigour.. Animated by the conaci-
ousness of the eminent dangers
that threatened them, were the
French to reduce this impprtant
fortress, Prince Cobonrg, in con-
junction with the hereditary Prince
of Orange and General Beaulieu,
determined to hazard a general ac-
tion with the French, in order to
compel them to raise the siege.
For this purpose the major part
of the allied army was drawn toge-
; ther,

mist ORY OF EURO Ps;

‘ther, and formed a strength which
was deemd sufficient for the great
-effort which was now’ proposed.
‘Two days were employed in mak-
ing the arrangements requisite for
the decisive day that ‘was ap-
proaching. The posts occupied by
the French were uncommonly
strong ; and they appeared ne less

solicitous on their side to leave -

nothing undene that could contri-
buté to their success. Early in the
morning of the 26th of June, the
allies moved en in several divisions
to the attack of every part of the
French army. |The opinion en-
_ tertained by both that this action
would be very decisive, induced
them to make the most animated
exertions. The contest continued
until it was very late in the day ;
‘aad victory long fluctuated be-
tween the opposite parties. For-
tune at length decided for the
French: the. allies were in every
quarter repulsed with an immense
slaughter: the enemy routed and
pursued them with such destruc-
tion, that they were obliged, with-
out halting, to make a confused re-
treat to Halle, a place at thirty
miles distance from the field of
battle.

_ This day fally proved, what both
parties had previously expected, a
final decision of the fate of the
French and the allied armies in the
Netherlands during the present
campaign. The present struggle
between them had been fully ade-
quate to so great an object. It
continued thirteen hours, during
which the French line had thrice
been broken, and on the point of
giving up the contest. But those
who headed the republican army,
had firmly resolyed that no retreat
should be permitted. They succeeds

3
ed by infusing their sentiments
throughout their men, who with re-
terated endeavours exhorted eath
other to die or conquer. It was six
in the evening before the French
were able to make any impression
upon theallies. General Jourdain
had the good fortune to receive at
this moment so powerful a refn-
fercement of troops, and espeéi-
ally of artillery, as immediately
turned the scale in his — favour.
The allies were now equally fa-
tigued and depressed by ‘their re-
peated and fruitless efforts against
an enemy whose numbers théy
found it impracticable te diminish.
As those who fell were constantly
replaced by fresh troops, they wete
unable to make any lenger stand,
and precipitately withdrew in all
directions. This battle was fought
on the plains of Fleurus,’ already
memorable in history for a victory
obtained over the powers in alli-
ance against France by the famous
Marshal Luxembourg, about a
century before, By the present
victory the reputation of General
Jourdain rese to its highest sum-
mit. This was the second time
his valour and skill had enabled the
republic to triumph over its ene-
mies at a dangerous crisis. Dun-
kirk in the preceding year, and
Fleurus in the present, were row re-
puted two events decisive of each
of these campaigns. What the
real loss of the allies amounted to
on this fatal day, was never ascer~
tained with any precision. The
numbers stated to the Convention
were upwards of 10,000: but what-
ever they might be, the loss of all
further hope to maintain their
ground in the Netherlands against
the French, was a circumstance
more depressive than any other.

C4 The

44 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794:

The chief object in contempla-
tion among the heads of the allies
seemed now to be the preservation
of what remained of their shattered
forces, and, if possible, of the prin-
cipal places of strength yet in their
possession. Allowing the reports
of the slain and prisoners inthe
allied army as laid before the Con-
vention, and published by their di-
rection, to be exaggerated, it ap-
peared that whatever might be the
causes, the combined forces had
suffered a diminution of more than
half of what their numbers amount-
ed to at the commencement of the
_ present campaign. The Austrian,
the British, aad the Dutch troops
then formed a total of little less
than 200,000 men ; of which not
more than 100,000 woe oor
yemaining to oppose the undimi-
nished AO the French,
which pressed upon them from all
quarters, and was daily receiving
additions ; so eager was the repub-
Jican administration to improve the
advantages lately gained, and to
overwhelm the confederates before
they could be reinforced, and thus
deprive them at once of all expec-
tations of recovering their losses.
Charleroy had surrendered to the
French onthe very eve of the bat-
' ‘tle: a circumstance that was not
known to the allies till ‘very late
in the action, and materially con-
tributed to discourage them, as
they relied on the garrison making
a vigorous sally during the en-

agement ; and which would have
proved a strong diversion in their
favour.

While these transactions were
taking place in the vicinity of
Charlervy, the French were not
less ective in the province of
Flanders. They were commanded

by General Moreau, one of the
bravest and most expert officers in
the service of the republic. His
operations were directed against
Ypres, the most important town in
that province, and the taking of
which would be attended with the
most signal advantages, as it would
open a road to all the other parts
of the country where the allies were
stationed, and lay them open to
the enterprizes of the French.
This strong town was accordingly
besieged by General Moreau, at
the head of near 60,000 men; part
of which force was intended to
watch the motions of General Clair-
fait, were he to attempt to raise
the siege. This he very speedily en-
deavoured to effect. Knowing the
consequence of preserving this
place, he collected the whole
strength he wasable, and advanced
with a full determination to ven-
ture a battle for this purpose.
He attacked the French on the
13th of June, and from this day to
the 17th left them no respite.
This engagement was, in point o

duration and uncertainty hew it
would terminate, the most remark-
able during she whole campaign.

Success seemed at first to incline |

towards the Austrians, who re-
peatedly drove the French from
their posts, and for a long time
rendered the “victory doubtful.
But after, five days continual
fighting, the final issue proved fa-
tal to the allies: they were driven
from the field of battle, and with-
drew in the greatest disorder to-
wards Ghent, where Clairfait ral-
lied his scattered troops, in order
to cover that large city, and pre-
serve a communication with Oude-
narde. But the French were now
posted between him and this town.
; Despairing

His TORY. OF EUROPE,

Despairing of receiving relief from
hime the Parthian of Ypres found
jt necessary to surrender. That
strong and importent place el
lated on the 17th of June to Gene-
ral Moreau, whose reputation and
valour were now greatly raised by
these various successes.

This reduction of Ypres, toge-
ther with the defeat of General
Clairfait, produced the same effect
in Flanders that had followed the

defeat of the allies at Fleurus and
the taking of Charleroy. It put
an end to all effectual resistance in
the Flemish districts, and so dis-
pirited the Austriangy, that theirop-
position to the French became
daily weaker, and of less avail.
Six thousand of their best troops
had fallen into the hands of the
French at Ypres, besides the num-
bers that. had been lost in the dif-
ferent engagements between the
French and General Clairfait.
This brave but unfortunate offi-
cer was no longer able to afford
rotection to the Spanish towns ly-
ing between Ghent and the sea :—
he most considerable of which was
Bruges, one of the largest and most
opulent places in Flanders. The
garrison consisted of an inconsider-
able body of Hanoverians, under
General Walmoden, who, finding
his situation untenable against the
numbers that were approaching,
retreated towards the army under
the command of General Clairfait.
This evacuation induced the ma-
gistracy of Bruges to submit to the
French army, and to acknowledge
the sovereignty of the republic.
“This submission was formally made
onthe 24th of June, to the great
satisfaction of the majority of the
inhabitants, who had long har-

boured discontents against the Aus:
trian government, and were hearti-
ly desirous of seeing it subverted,

_ The defeat of General Clairfait
had proved no less detrimental tq
the British forces commanded by
the Duke of York, which had been
posted at Tournay, as the properest
céntre of communication between
the army of General Clairfait in
Flanders, and that under Prince
Cobourg, in the more eastern dis-
tricts. But the disasters that be-
fel the latter wholly disconcerted
the plan of operations intended ;
and the Duke was now obliged to
move towards Oudenarde, in order
to act for its relief against the
French, who had invested it witha
large force, and held another in rea.
diness to support the siege, expect-
ing that the allies would not re-
main inactive spectators of its cap-
ture. By this movement the city
of Tournay was consigned to the
protection of a garrison totally in-
adequate to its defence against the
formidable strength that would in-
dubitably be employed in its re-
duction. The moment .the
French perceived that the force
which had been stationed there had
quitted it, and was removed to a
sufficient distance,to enable them to
cut off its communication with thae
city, they marched towards Tour-
nay; which, if properly garrisoned,
would certainly have been able to
have made a resolute defence. It
had been strongly fortified by the
most skilful engineers, after it had
been taken by the French during
the reign of Lewis X[V.; and had
cost many lives to the allies, who
retook it in the war for the Spanish
succession. But such at present
was its defenceless situation, and so

little

“26

little able was any part of the com-
bined army to’ afford it protection,
that on July 3, afterthe Duke's di-
vision had evacuated it, the! incon-
siderable body he left behind, con-
sisting of Hanoverians and Hessians,
thought it pradent to withdraw
from a place which it was clear they
could no longer preserve. ° Not-
withstanding the friendly footing
on which the British troops and the

ANNUAL REGISTER; T794.

party, that theit troops were wele
comed into the town with the

‘loudest acclamations, and treated

with “every. mark of attachment.
Upon the very day that Tournay
surrendered, the Duke of York
found it necessary to abandon his
position near Oudenarde, and to
retire towards Antwerp ; to which
city he sent his sick aad wounded.
Qudenarde fell immediately into

#he hands of the French; who made
a considerable booty. here as well
as at Tournay, consisting princi+
pally of ailitary stores and provi~
sions, per

inhabitants had liyed together, so
rooted. was their aversion to the
Austrian government, and so par-
tial were they to the principles and
wiews of the French republican

Carty Brith

Arrival of Lord Moira at Ostend, Evacuation of this Town, and March of Lord
Moira to the Assistance of the Duke of York. Ostend surrendered ta the French,
Exultation of the French at their Successes. Diligence and Activity of the
French Armies inimproving them. Prince Cobourg defeated, and Mons taken.
Brussels surrenders to the French, who establish their Form of Government
in that.and other Places. Reunion at Brussels of the French Armies of the
North and of the Samtre and Meise. Immense Captures by the French of
Provisions, Ammunition, Military Stores, and Magazines of every Kind,
Ghent taken by the French, Engagements between the French and the
Troops under Lord Moira. He effects'a Junction with the Duke of York,
Their joint Operotions against the French. They qiut Meshlin. Movements
of the Duke of York. Prince Cobourg proposes to attack the French, but
the Dutch decline his Proposal. Reasons assigned for their Conduct. The
Hereditary Prince of Orange endeavours to oppose the French, but is com*
pelled to reiire. General Clairfait defeated near Louvain, with great Slaugh-
ter. That City taken by the French. Project of the Allics to forma Line
of Defence between Antwerp and Namur. Frustrated by the expeditious
Movements of the Frenct. Capture of both these Cities. The Austrians
routed at lacge by General Jourdain, to whom that Place surrenders.
The French invade Dutch Flanders. The Dutch eoacuate Lisle. Cadsand
surrenders to General Morcau. Siege of Sluys ty the French. Its brave
Liefence. Surrenders io the French. Successes of the French upon the
Riine. Kayserslauern and other Places taken. The French surprised and
defeatedby Marshal Mollendorf at Kayserstauern. They gain a complete Vice
tory ozer the Prussians at Edikhoffan. Another over both the Prussians and
Austrians at Vripsiaat. Consequences of these Victories. The City of Treves
surrenders tothe French. The French retake Landreey, Quesnoy, Valen-
ciennes, and Condé, with immense Quantitics of Stores and Artillerys Their
inezorable Treatment of the Emigrants. Their Capture of the Towns in
Flanders. Brave Defence of Nieuport. Situation of the Dutch at this Period.
Endeaoours of the Siadtholder to excite themto unite in Defence of their

‘Country. Discontents and Complaints of the People of Holland, Prepara-
tions of the Dutch te oppose the French. Breda and Bojs-le-Duc put m a
Posture

HI SW ORY oF EWROPE.

Posture of Defence. The Duke of York stations his Forces near these Towns for

Preparations of the French to attack the Duke of York.

Their

immense Superiority of Numbers obliges him toremcve to Grave, afier sustaining

their Attackof his Posts on the River Dommel with great Resolution.
_tion in Holland at the Approach of the French.

Consterna-
Proclamations of the Stadtholdet

and the States, exhorting the People to Vigour and Unanimity in their Defence.
Address of Prince Colourg to the Inhalitants of Germany bordering upon France.

| Address of the Emperor to the same.
_ Empire at this Time.

Sentiments of the Princes and Stales of the
Emlassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor,

who engages to prosecute the War on receiving a large Subsidy for that Purpose,
Prince Cobourg resigns the Command of the Confederate Armies. Reasons alleged

for his Dismission.

URING these rapid successes
of the French, a considerable
body of British troops arrived at
Ostend, commanded by the Earl of
Moira. Intelligence being received
of theperilous situation of the Duke
of York, a consultation was held,
Whether it were not more expedient
to proceed with al] diligence to the
relief of the Duke than to attempt
the precarious defence of a town
that was encompassed by so many
laces possessed by the French ?
A siege of it would infallibly take
lace; and were the garrison to
make ever so brave a defence, this

would not prevent the enemy

,
j
A

]
wh

.
5
<'

_ them from England.

from pressing upon the Dake with
so numerous a force, that without
immediate aid he could not main-
tain his ground. These motives
determined the Earl to march his
roops with all speed to the assist-
ance of the Duke, while the gar-
rison of Ostend should immediately
embark in the fleet that brought
\ fro This evacu-
ation was effected with great dex-
terity by Colonel Vyse; who used
80 much expedition, that in the

si of a day, the Ist of July, be-
foreni

glit,allthe troopsof whichthe
garrison consisted, with their bag-

gage and stores of every kind, were

on board. ‘The Freneh troops,
apprized of what was transacting at

Ostend, made so rapid a march as
to reach it towards the evening ;
a strong detachment entered the
town as the last of the British
troops, were embarking: they
directly began to fire on the ship-~
ping; which answered them with
great spint.

It was at the end of June before
the arnval of the Earl Moira at
Ostend ; and the fleet on which the
British troops and garrison em-
barked, sailed for Flushing, in Zea-
land, on the 3d of July. Only one
vessel was lost on this occasion. It
ran aground in the entrance of the
harbour, and was burnt, to prevent
its,capture by the enemy. '

Notwithstanding the benefits re~
sulting to the people of Ostend
while it remained in -the possession
of the English, so infatuated were
the inhabitants, as to imagine that
much greater advantages would ac-
crue tothem fromthe French. They
received them of course with every
demonstration of joy; and the
French, in return, organized them
without delay, according to their
owrm plan. The force brought
from England, under the com-
mand of the Earl of Moira,

‘amounted to ten thousand effective

men. Previously to the approach of
the French to intercept his com-
munication with the allied forces,

Lord

Lord Moira had secured his junc-
tion with the army under General
Clairfait.

In the mean time, the exultation
of the French at their uninter-
rupted successes, Was boundless ;
the Convention resounded with
the applauses of their Generals ;
and they spoke of their enemies in
the most unqualified terms of indig-
nation and contempt. On the 4th
of July, the celebrated Deputy Bar-
rere made a speech on occasion
of the victories gained by the
French, wherein he enumerated
them with great pomp, or rather
affectedness of expression. By the
statements he laid before the Con-
yention, it was asserted that in the
different engagements with the
combined armies, these had lost
thirty thousand men slain in battle,
besides those who had been made
prisoners. It may be added, that
had he disclosed the numbers of
killed on the side of the French,
they would not probably have been
found less considerable. While
the people in France consoled
themselves in their victories, for
the many calamities that had be-
fallen them in the progress of this
sanguinary revolution, the French
armies, elated at their superiority
to all the resistance the allies fruit-
lessly endeavoured to make, a
presuming on the consternation
which was daily encreasing among
the allies and their adherents, were
becoming more active and enter-
prising than ever. Instead of re-
laxing in their career, they new
exerted additional diligence in im-
proving their good fortune. This
indeed was their leading charac-
teristic at this period ; and to this
they were indebted for the sur-
prising prosperity that now at-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794

tended them. Actuated by this
fundamental maxim of all permas
nent success, they pressed upon
their enemies in every direction ;
they pursued them without inter-
mission, and afforded them no op-
portunity of making any effectual
stand. After the battle of Fleurus,
Prince Cobourg having reassem-
bled his broken army at Halle, ex-
erted his abilities to recover it from
the dejection as well as the disorder
into which it had been thrown, by
so terrible a defeat. He advanced
towards Mons, hoping to protect it
from the enemy, by taking an ad-
vantageous position in its neigh-
bourhood ; but he was on the 2d
of. July attacked with relentless
fury by the French, who forced him
to abandon his post, and to evacus
ate Mons, into which they made
their entrance at one of the gates,
while he was hurrying with all
speed out at another,

Prince Cobourg, determined to
stand another trial to save Brussels
from the enemy, threw up stron
entrenchments in the forest o
Soignies, that lay between the
French and that capital of the
Austrian Netherlands. This being
the last efforthe proposed, or would
indeed be able to make for its pres
servation, he resolved on the most
resolute defence. -The Austrians
under his command fought accord-
ingly, on this occasion, with great
courage and obstinacy ; and parti-
cularly made a vast slaughter of the
French, by means of a formidable
artillery; but the latter terminated
at length this bloody conflict, by
rushing on the Austrians with their_
bayonets. Notwithstanding the
skill displayed by Prince Cobourg,
his troops were broken and their
batteries seized ; seyen thousand of

them

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 2g

them were slain, or left wounded
on the field of battle ; and the re-
sidue of his army,with the greatest
difficulty, made its way to Brussels,
through which it effected a retreat
during the night. Whether he
was afraid lest'the inhabitants of
this metropolis should have ga-
thered such intelligence from his
retreating men, as might have
proved detrimental to the allies, or
whether he was unwilling that the
people of Brussels, whom he Knew
to be disaffected, should enjoy the
satisfaction of witnessing the flight

_ of the Austrians, their former mas-

ters, from a place where they had

_ 80 long exercised unbounded, how-

ever hated authority, Prince Co-

bourg laid the strictest injunction
en the inhabitants to remain within

their houses, without opening their

_ doors-or windows, or presuming to

Took through them, during the
whole time of his army’s retreat.

* Instant death was threatened to the

disobedient. Such was the last act

of sovereignty exercised in this

capital seat of the Austrian domi-
“mation and grandeur in the low
_ countries, by the last Austrian com-

_mander that had it in his power to
_ enforce obedience. .

_ The inhabitants of this great
“city beheld this revolution of af-
fairs with uncommon pleasure.
Every victory which the French

_ gained, had long been to them a

Motive of rejoicing, as far as they
_durst avow their sentiments. On
“the rapid decline of the Austrian
_ Miterest, they could no longer con-
tain their satisfaction; and the min-

gled effusions of their anger and
‘Sarcasms at the flying Austr‘ans,

: Boral, loudly tothe world how

atleast howinjudiciously, that

\ family had vuled their subjects in

the Netherlands, how little it knew
how to conciliate their affection or
esteem, and how unwise the attempt
to maintain its power by hauchti-
ness and coercion. Brussels fell into
the hands of the French on the 9th
of July. This event was reciprocal-
ly viewed, by both the allies and
the French, as a final conclusion of
all farther hope on the part of the
Emperor of ever repossessing it.
Republican principles were so
deeply rooted among the Flemings,
and so few of them retained the
least regard for the government of
that family, which was now looked
upon as expelled, that they pro-
ceeded, immediately on the .junc-
tion of their metropolis to the arms
of France, to borrow from the con-
quering people, to whom they now
professed an unboundedattachment,
all the forms and regulations which
these new masters thought proper
to recommend for the good order
of the state. Thus the whole
French system was adopted, and in
a short time established in every
part of the Netherlands, from
which the Austrians were forced to
withdraw. It was peculiarly fortu-
nate for the Trench armies, that
the period of their conquests in
the Netherlands was approaching
to that of the harvest. ‘he ground

‘promised abundant crops of every

kind, and, notwithstanding the ir-
regularities attending the motions
of armies, the natural fertility of
the soil, and the laborious industry
of the inhabitants, had prepared
ample supplies.

The differentarmies of the Meuse,
the Sambre, and’ the North, on the
surrender of Brussels, united their
whole strength at this point, from
which they proposed, as: from the
centre of their future operations,

to direct their movements against
the allies. The plunder of every
denomination which became the
prize of the French, was equally of
immense value, and of the highest
utility. he rapidity with which
the allied troops everywhere re-
tired before them, Jeft no leisure
for the preservation of their maza-
ziuies and stores; and had the
French made themselves masters of
these alone, they would have found
enough to supply the demands ofa
whole campaign. The gaiety with
which the reception of the French
was everywhere accompanied, was
a remarkable contrast to the sullen
silence with which the Flemings
had beheld the arrival of the Aus-
trian troops, and viewed their de-
parture. They seemed so pleased
with their new guests, that they
met them at their gates with wine
and other refreshments, and hailed
them as their deliverers from op-
pression. We have seen in the
course of this work, that several
years before the French revolution,
the imperial government had be-
come hateful to the higher orders
among the Flemish nation, on ac-
count of the premature and impo-
litic reforms of the Fmpeior Jo-
seph II. As the higherranks were
discontented from a recollection of
the past conduct of the house of
Austria, so the lower classes were
moyed and agrtated by fhe ex-
ample of France ;—and stich in ge-
nera) is the brief history of insur-
rections, revolts, and revolutions.
The poor, forming the mass of the
p ople, are always persuaded that
they have spmething good to hope
for froma change of government.
The rich and great,dissatisfied with
their ancient ralers, and afraid of
tLeir return to powet, suffer things

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

to take their course: The reigti

of popular orators commences :

outrages follow: the greater part

of the nation are overawed by fear:

an apprehension of popular violence,
on the one hand, aad a mistrust
of royal amnesties on the other :
a general listlessness and tespond-
ency prevails : an indifference about
all political matters, which by the
silent lapse of time strengthens the
hand of usurpation. The revolu-
tions of France and of the low
countries, may be clearly traced to
the same origin: the faults of their
respective governments, but prin-

cipally their corrupt administration
of the finances, squeezing payment
for soldiers, and pensions for cour-
tiers, out of the blood and vitals of
the people ; premature and rash
innovations ; and a multiplicity and
fluctuation of councils and laws,

which perplex the minds of plain
men, and Jeave them in some mat-.
ters at a loss to know what is the
precise conduct that they ought to
hold with respect to government.
Confidence in government once
lost, is not to be restored by ma-
nifestos and proclamations. It
becomes impossible to arrange the

people around a centre of com-

mon opinions; scarcely are there
two men who entertain exactly the
same sentiments concerning pub-
lic affairs. An appeal is made, not
to public law and the rights of na-
tions, but to arms; and all things
are determined by physieal force,
instead of moral persuasion.

In the mean time the loss of .
Oudenarde had been. followed by
that of Ghent, which the French |
entered onthe 5th of July.. This -
large city enabled them to station
in ita numerous force, and to keep
the allies in its neighbourhood in

continual

HISTORY OF: EUROPE.

continual alarm. .The Duke of
< Yo¥k, in consequence of these

losses, found it advisable to relin-

quish the position he had taken,

and to draw negrer to Antwerp ;
where it had been determined to

form a junction with the troops

lately brought from England by
~ Lord Moira.

This prudent and indefatigable
commander had, after a most tedi-
eus and difficult march, and en-
eountering continual obstacles,
Teached the town of Alost: Such
had been the sufferings of his
troops, that, from ther leaving
Ostend to their present position,
they were without baggage and
tents, and exposed all the way to
the inclemency of weather. Pre-
suming on the fatigue they must
have endared,and their consequent
wearine s, the French attacked
them on the 6th of Joly, imme-
diately after their arrival, and for-
‘ced an entrance into the town ;
but they were obliged to abandon

after a sharp dispute, whercin

ey sustained a much more consi-
derable loss than the British troops.
Two days after this action, Lord
Moira effected a junction with the
Duke of York. They posted their
united forces along the canal be-
tween Brussels and Antwerp ; but
here they were not permitted to
femain. The French attacked
them in great strength on the 12th

ofthis month’; and they were com-
to take shelter in Mecilin,
blosély pressed by the French ;
hence however the latter were

en in their turn by a rein-
cementbreught forward by Lord
Aoira, and ubliged. to fall back on
cir posts with considerable loss.
his check did not prevent the
fench from renewing their at-
K three days after. They as-

sailed the posts in the front of
Mechlin, towards the canal, in its
vicinity. The allies,occupied a
dyke, from whence they were not
dislodged without an obstinate de-
fence. But the numbers and im-
petuosity of the French improved
this first success so completely, that
no Jonger-resistance was made, and
the allies retired into Mechlin ;
which appearing in their present
situatidn untenable, was immedi-
ately evacuated. The French were
now. in such force near Antwerp,
and this last defeat had so enabled
them to command its environs,and
straiten it on every side, that with
suc inferior strength as the Duke's,
it was uot not possible long to retain
possession of it. The Duke re-
solyed however to remain there, in
order to cover the operations of
the Dutch, and afford them an op-
portunity of putting their strong
holds in. the neighbourhood in #
condition to make a vigorous de~
fence.

But whatever determination the
Dutca might have come to, to de-
fend their fortresses with resolution,
they were totaily averse to meet
the French in the field. | Prince
Cobourg had resolved, notwith-
standing his late disasters, once
more to have hazarded a baitle
with the encmy : but the Dutch
troops refused to second him. Je
was alleged by those who excui-
pated the Dutch, that their num
bers were so reduced, that had the
French been victorious, which was
much, to be apprehended, the loss
of the Dutch, ‘a killed or taken,
might be so great as to disable them
from effectually protecting their
frontiers ; which in that case would
iifallbly fall into the hands of the
French. ‘This defection of the
Dutchentirely frustrated the inteu-

tions

tions of Prince Cobourg. His plan
was, it seems, to collect whatever
could be found: in good order and
condition of the allied troops, and
with these to venttire one courage-
ous trial of fortune with the enemy:
His superiority in number was
visibly the principel cause of his
success : and if, through skilful dis-
positions, this superiority could be
guarded against, the chahces of war
would remain equal, and hopes
might be justly entertained of giv-
ing battle to the enemy with suc-
cess. But this, in the opinion of
many, was a very perilous scheme.
‘The numbers of the French were
continually brought forwards with
so much arrangement, expedition*,
and dexterity, that it was impossible
to avoid them. Their tactics were so
ordered as to maintain a constant
succession of attacks, which could
not by any art be prevented: thus,
whatever numbers they might
bring into the field, they were all
brought into action, and rendered
of certain utility.

We have been. repeatedly as-
sured by different. persons, well in-
formed on the subject of French
affairs at the present period, that
the military plans and stratagems
of the French armies in the pre-
sent campaign, were not so often
formed by the Generals, though
unquestionably men of great genius
and ability, as by the joint (if not
superior) talents of a military com-
mittee established at Paris, for the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

peculiar purpose of directing all the
grand operations of war on the im-
mense frontiers of France in a sys-
tematic, and by the aid of the tele-
graph, an almost instantaneous
manner. This cominittee was
treated by Robespierré in his own
way. The members who com-
posed it were placed, arid in fact
confined in the Thuilleries; whi-
ther all kinds of military charts
were brought to them from the
war office, and all the military me-
moirs and observations of the most
celebrated commandets that had
been produced by France. In the
antichamber of these gentlemen
there was a number of aid-des«
camps, and a multitude of couriers,
for the purpose of transmitting such
orders as could not be communi¢
cated by the telegraph. A hint
was given them, that in case their
measures should not prove success.
ful, the guillotine was at their ser-
vice. In this manner the cunning
tyrant contrived to avail himself
of the abilities and experience of
many officers warmly attached to
the royal family and the old go-
vernment. It was of officers of
this class indeed that the commit-
tee principally consisted ; and,what
is also very remarkable, among the
members of this committee, there
were several gentlemen who had
offered their services to the army
under the French princes in 1792,
but were rejected on the score of
their not belonging to the roy-

* Among other ingenious inventions in the art of war, a contrivance had by
this time been fallen on fgr sending reinforcements of men from one place to ano
ther on sudden and great emergeucies, with great celerity and without fatigues
Itseemed, like other inventions of great importance, very simple and obvious too’

after it was invented.
other wheel carriages,
have been imitated by their neighbours,

It was no other than to take the assistance of coaches and
In this, as in other military improvements, the French

alist

HISTORY OF EUROPE,

slists of the first tind purest class,
or in other words, those who had
emigrated about the same time
with the princes, or joined them
in a tew months thereafter, at
Coblentz.

Another striking circumstance,
of which we are well assured, and
which will not appear anywise in-
éredible to any one who attends
to the natural movements of the
mind and heart, was, that even the
greatest royalists in that committee,
acknowledged afterwards, that, on
feceiving intelligence that their
plans had been crowned with suc-
cess, they could. not refrain from
indulging the saine Kind of satis-
faction that is enjoyed by a good

player at chess, when he gainsa

e by a train of sudicious com-
nations.
Although what we have here re-
_ lated may seear to carry in it some-
What of the marvellous and roman-
tic, we have nof the least difficulty
in giving it entire eredit, as it ap-
pears to our satisfaction to be sut-
vom attested; and as it is in

perfect unison with the character
ofthe dictator,and thenew, strange,
and often whimsical situations in
which all things were placed by
the successive revolutions *. ft
was long a very common error to
ascribe all successes in war to the
character of the chief commander,
But it is no longer permitted to
any others than poets to introduce
heroes, taging like Diomede»and
Achilles in the midst of hostile ars
mies, and ruling the storny of war
by personal exertions, and the ma-
gic power of example: Great

. names have no doabt an influence

on the minds of the soldiers. A
King at the head of his troops in- |
creases their ardour in his cause ;
a victorious General inspires his
troops with confidence; but the
strength of modern armies consists
much more in the organization
of the états-mayors, the artillery,
and the skill and dexterity of the
engineers, than in any superiority
of talents in the General. Now all
the advantages just mentioned, it
must be owned, were on the side

# From the military committee of Robespierre, we are fed, by a natural assodia-

tion of ideas, to ebserve that a very considérable portior of the army were friends
to monarchy at their hearts ; though it was irfpossible for great bodies of fen all
at once to pass from their usual habits, modes, and we may add means of life. But
they did not conce ve that it was any violation of duty, or becoming their cha-
facter as mititary men, toremain in the army and fight the battles of France against
all hostile invaders. Sentiments of regard and attachment to the royal Eau
se: army broke fort, on some occasions, without any disguise. The following
anecdote of Pichegru is told by a gentieman, worthy ef credit, who could not
nder any mistake as to the fact which he relates, and of which he was a wit-

bes pactsectral Pichegru towards the end of 1794, being in’ Holland, ssid openiy

at table before miany sfrangers as well as Frenchmen, that he wished: for a resto-
ion of nmronarchy, and “that he wished that he could contribute te’ go desirable
went. It cannot be determined whether Pichegru said this from aii’ unguarded

iper, ord designto sound the public mind, and particularly that of the army,
6m this interesting subject. But his words did riot seem to excite any surprise at the

when they were spoken. It was probably in consequence of some hints fronz
uw himself, that overtures forthe restoration of the French monarchy were

wards nrade to him by the French princes. .
ig XXXVE. D of

~—

vue

ofthe French. But it is farther
to, be acknowledged, that the go-
vernment of France was more cal-
culated to produce a great number
of good Generals, than those of the
Emperor and the other: allies. The
former opened a career of glory
to all who were born with a mili-
tary genius, however humble their
station, as distinguished merit was
ajsure, as it was the only road to

preferment ; whereas, in Germany, .
all the great offices,military as well:
as civil, were in the: possession of

the nobility. . The courtswwere un-
der a degree of necessity of bestow-
ing marks of gonfidence and fa-
your on the great families : and
a General must have «committed
many faults:and errors, -before any
rninister could come to the bold
determination of dismissing him
from his office: .Democratical go-
vernments are equally inimical to
the tranquillity and happiness of
their own people, and the peace
and security of their neighbours:
they breed turbulent and pestiter-
ous citizens; but alert soldiers, able
officers, and formidable armies.
However the intrepid spirit of
Princé Cobourg might view the
circumstances of war with cool-
ness and fortitude, the allied. ar-
mies could not fail, after such a
series of defeats, to feel some de-
gree of dejection at the repeated
disappointments of their most ex-
pert officers, It now appeared im-
practicable to aet on a parity with
the French. The advantages on
the side of these were so numerous
and evident, and there was so little
probability of diminishing them,
that valour afd experience did not
appear a suffici€nt counterpoise for
the prodigious ‘weight that con-
stantly attended them. The com-

ANNUAL REGISTER, . 1794.

manders of the allied forces were’ —
now chiefly occupied in preserving
from utter destruction what now
remained of the strength with
which they had fought so many
battles. The hereditary Prince of,
Orange, who had frequently sig-
nalized his courage and capacity
during the present as well as the
foregoing. campaign, continued
with undesponding activity .to op-
pose the enemy to the last. After
the unfortunate battle of ,Fleurns,
he placed himself in.so advantage-
ous a position, that the French
could not compel him to abandon
ity until their approach towards
Brussels, in. immense force, ren-
dered all farther resistance on» his
part equally vain and _ hopeless,
Retiring towards Louvain, he made
a resolute stand on the banks of
its canal; but here he was. again
overpowered by numbers, and
fell back on the river Dyle; which
he was also obliged to cross, to pre~
vent them from surrounding: him.
The French, after taking pos-

session of Brussels, determined to ~
use all expedition in subduing the
remaining ports in the district of
Austrian Brabant, and in the con-
tiguous provinces. For this end
they advanced npon Louvain, the
second city of note in this district.
The division appointed for the re-
duction of this city, was under the
couimand of General Kleber, an
officer of great merit in the French
service: Genera] Clairfait com-
manded a large force of Austrians
in the proximity of the city, and
with a courage and conduct worthy
of a better fortune, again hazarded
an engagement with the French,
The battle was fought with great
fury on both sides, as usual: but the
fortune of the French again pre-
\ vailed,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

¥diled.. General Clairfait was en-
tirely defeated, losing no less than
six thousand men; together with all
prospect of maintaining his ground
in that quarter. The result of this
defeat, which happened the 15th
of July, was the loss of Louvain.

t was not however yielded to the
French .with a desperate conflict,
wherein much blood was shed.
A stand was made by the Aus-
trians in the neighbourhood ; but
they were put to the rout by the
French General Lefevre, and pur-
sued with great slaughter as far as
Tirlemont.

The rapidity with which the
French carried all before them,
totally confounded the plans that
had been formed to resist them.
After it had been found that a de-
fensive system was the only one to
be adopted after so many disasters,
a line of defence had been project-
ed, wherein the principal places
esteemed tenable were included.
The two extremities of the line

| proposed were Antwerp and Na-

mur ; and it was expected that by
filling these places with numerous

_ garrisons long and tedious sieges

inight be sustained, and, not im-
.probably, weary out the patience

of the enem y, and prove in the is-

sue materially obstructive to his

general designs. But the unex-

pected celerity with which the
Freneh pursued whatever they un-
-dertcok, totally frustrated this
plan: whethet from not being pre-
viously put in a staté of preparation

tar. gular defence, or that a want

proper ;vigour was imputable to
the allies, the French be
little or no difficulty in compelling
sthe almost immediate surrender of
every town they approached.
Doubtless. the disaffection of the

4 f
ae
nN .

o
inhabitants to the cause of the
combined powers, operated against
them; but as they were disarmed,
a resolute garrison might have kept
them in awe, as well as maintained
their post against the enemy.

Both Antwerp and Namur were
famous in history for the sieges
they had sustained. Namur par;
ticularly had been successively bes
sieged by Louis XIV. of France,
and William III, of England, in
person, and neither of them redu-
ced it until after an obstinate re-
sistance / but both these cities were
now abandoned in amanner which,
by the severe criticisers of the con-
duct of the allies, throughout this
campaign, was stigmatized as de-
noting feebleness of conduct, and
dejection of spirit.

‘The troops at Namur were with-
drawn by General Beaulieu: they
were so apprehensive of being
made prisoners, that they took ad-
vantage of a dark night; and be-
fore the morning of the 17th of
July, had evacuated both the city
and the citadel; where, on taking
possesion, the French found a nu-
merous artillery. ;

The importance and extent of
Antwerp had rendered it a general
dépot of all the principal stores and
magazines of the allied army. . The
quantity of these was immense.

ager to s@ize a prey of such value
and consequence, the French has-
tened to Antwerp the moment they
were able, and summoned it to sur-
render ; which it did accordingly
on the morning of the 23d of July.
The enemy was disappo-nted how-
ever in his expectations of booty ;
all that could be serviceable to him
having been previously destroyed.
lt was computed at the time, that
the value thus lost amounted to

al mote

36.

more than five hundred thousand
pounds sterling.

The capture of so large and im~
portant 2 place as Louvain, had
ina manner decided the fate of all
the eastern parts of Brabant. The
French had no position of much
strength to encounter between
that place and the city of Liege,
which was the next object of con-
sequence they had in view. Here
however they were secure of the
warmest attachment of the inha-
bitants of all: that country, who
waited impatiently for the retreat
of the allied forces to mamifest
their disposition. General Jour-
dain was now advancing towards
this city with the victorious armies
of the Sambre and Meuse; the way
was clear before him, and the suc-
cess of the other armies had re-
moved every obstacle that might
have been apprehended on the side
of Brabant. He posted his troops
on the ground befere Liege on the
27th day of July, and attack-
ed the Austrians in front of the
city with so much fury, that after
standing a heavy canngnade, find-
ing the numbers of the enemy in-
creasing, and preparing to surround
them on every side, they withdrew
in good order to the high grounds
adjacent to Liege; from whence
they did great execution on the
French with their artillery. The
zeception of the conquerors by the
inhabitants of Liege, was conform-
able to that which they had inva-
nably experienced in every place
in the low countries that fell into
their hands. The people of this
city and its dependencies, were
however peculiarly distinguished
by the zeal they had long shewn
for a connexion with France of the

strictest kind, The Frepcb go-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1784,

vernment was conscious of this ¢
and it was with particular satisfac-
tion they reeovered possession of 2
territory so considerable in wealth
and extent, and of which the na-
tives were so firmly ‘devoted to '
France.

While this part of the Nether-
lands was thus returning to the
obedience of the republic, its arms
were equally triumphant in others.
The Dutch, justly apprehendin
that the French, after seizing al
the Austrian Netherlands, would
not fail to attempt their own coun- ~
try, endeavoured to put their fron-
tiers in a situation of resistance.
But the fate of their allies followed
them, illo, a fort formerly con-
structed to guard the inland en-
trance intothe Scheldt, was found
untenable against the strength-
which the French were expected to-
bring against it, and was therefore
evacuated.

On the coast of Flanders, oppo- ‘
site Zealand, the Dutch were mase
ters of some towns and fortresses
reputed of great strength. One of -
these Iay in the Isle of Cadsand,
renowned for having been the
scene of many actions between the
Spaniards and Dutch, when these
first threw off the Spanish yoke.
But General Moreau now took it
without difficulty, on the 29th of
July, together with a number of
cannon and of warlike stores. The
town of Siuys, that lay contiguous.
to that island, had not been taken
however till after a gallant defence.
The governor and his garrison
were, it seems, determined to resist
to the last, that torrent of success
to which others had in their opi-
nion yielded too readily. The an-
swer returned. by the governor to
the French General whg domed

HISTORY OF EUROPE, 27

him to surrender, was much ap-
plauded at the time for the spirit
and laconism of the style : .“¢ The
honour,” said he, ¢ of defending a
place like Sluys, that of command-
ing a brave garrison, and the con-
fidence they repose in me, are my
only answer.” The name of this
brave officer was Vanderduyn; and
he made his words good by the
valour with which he acquitted
himself : that siege was carried on
with great vigour from an early
period in July till near the close
of the next menth, when the place
was surrendered on honourable
terms, in consideration, said the
French, of the soldier-like beha-
viour of the garrison. The re-
duction of Sluys took place on the
25th day of August ; and it was
considered as an epocha of note
in this campaign, not only forthe

length and spirit of its defence, but
for having led the way in first.

making an able resistance.
In the mean time, during this
victorious career of the French on
the side of the Netherlands, their
armies on the Moselle and the
Rhine were not Jess fortunate.
After the brilliant successes ob-
tained in the close of the succeed-
ing year by Gencrals Hoche and
Pichegru, the raising of the siege
of Landau, and the retreat of the
Duke of Brunswick into winter
quarters, the French might boast
of the prosperous termination of a
campaign which had now placed
them in a situation promissory of
‘the highest successes in that which
was to follow.
The campaign of 1794,’ in this
marter, began by the reduction of
the fort of Kaiserslautern, of Spires,

- and of other places in those parts,

wherein large quantities of military

stores were found. Notwithstand-
ing the rigour of the season, these
exploits were atchieved with an
expedition and alacrity that alarms
ed the enemy, who had not ex-
pected such early exertions from
the French. Intimidated by so un-
looked-for an -incursion, the Ause
trians in garrison at Fort Vauban
deserted it, after applying matches
to the mines, in order to blow them
up before the arrival of the French,
who were fast approaching, and
whom they entertained no hope of
being able to resist. As soon, howe
ever, as therigour of winter abated,
the Austrians took the field, impa-
tient to recoyer that ascendancy
which the French had gained over
them. Many bloody skirmishes hap-
pened between both parties, the
animosity of whom was reciprocal;
and who lost numbers of men in
this destructive but undecisive mode
of warring. It was not till towards
the end hg May that any action of
consequence took place. Marshal
Mollendorf, who had succeeded to
the Duke of Brunswick inthe com-
mand of the Prussian army, after
this prince’s resignation, was de-
sirous to justify his master’s choice,
and to signalize his own appoint-

ment, The French were entrench-

ed at Kaiserslautern, and did ,not
imagine that their enemies would
venture to attack them in sucha
situation. But the Marquis, sus-
pecting this persuasion, resolyed to
umprove the opportunity which it
afforded him of attacking them by
surprise. He accomplished his in-
tentions so successfully, as to force
their entrenchments, and put them
toatotal rout. Their loss in slain
and taken amounted to more than

3000, besides a number of cannon.

This defeat happened on the 24th
ius of

pf May. This unexpected event
rendered the French more circum-
spect, as they had been routed
through mere accident, for which
they had not been prepared ; it nei-
their diminished their courage nor
their confidence. They waited
with additional vigilance for an op-
portunity of revenge. But the

conduct of Marshal Mollendorf.

long prevented them from obtain-
ing any material advantage ; and
the whole month of June elapsed
without any transaction of great
éonsequence, In the beginning of
July the French army received con-
siderable reinforcements ; and its
commanders became sensible that
it behoved them to strike some
blow before the enemy himself was
reinforced. For this end they ad-
vanced with their whole force on
the Prussians, who received them
with’ their accustomed bravery.
The conflict was long and obsti-
nate ; and victory seemed doubtful
during a great part of that day and
of the next, during both which the
battle lasted. The French were
seven ‘times repulsed, but their
eighth charge was successful. The
Prussians occupied strongentrench-
ments on a very high mountain,
which the enemy, by means of supe-
rior numbers, assaulted on every
side with such unceasing fury, that
they were carried at last with great
slaughter. Several Prussian i
of note fell upon this occasion; and
the loss of the French was very
considerable. So averse ‘were the
Prussians to relinquish the contest,
that it was eleven at night before
they retreated. This battle took
place on the 12th and 13th of July,
“near a place called Edikhoffen,
Not satisfied with this success, the
Vrench resolyed to bring, matters

ANNUAL: REGISTER, 1794,

to a final decision, and to render
the present action conclusive of the
whole campaign, by continuing it
till the enemy was entirely over-
thrown and disabled from keeping
the field. To this end, early in
the morning of the 14th, they made
another attack ona large body of
the enemy entrenched on the high
grounds at Tripstadt. After a fu-
rious combat, very destructive to
both parties, the French cartied
the works, with a number of pri-
soners and pieces of cannon. Elated
by this additional success, and full
of the plan they had so nearly com-
pleted, they extended their attack
on the following day, which was
the 15th, along the whole chain of
posts occupied by the Imperial ane
Prussian troops. The artillery o

both parties did dreadful execution
among them on this day, as from
their reciprocal position, they were
remarkably exposed to its effects.
This destructive cannonade lasted
above six hours. without ceasing ;
and it was difficult to tell which
guns were best seryed, those of
the French or of their enemies,
Tt was dark before the action was
concluded, whenthe allies, protect=
ed by the night, made a hasty re-
treat. he Imperialists crossed the
Rhine ; and the Prussians retired
further down the left banks of that
river, towards Mentz, The French
may be said to have entirely car-
ried the point they had proposed,
by the violent exertions they made
during these four decisiye days,
Sixty miles of territory in length,
from France to the Rhine, were
immediately abandoned by the al-
lies, in consequence of this defeat ;
and no appearance remained of
their being able, during the residue
of this campaign, to recover any

part

_ Fepublican plan.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

part of that ground. Another
eftect produced by this victory was,
#he determination toproceed against
Treves. The army of the Moselle
avas now no longer necessary to sup-
port that of the Rhine, but at
full liberty to pursue its opera-
tions along the former river.
began its march accordingly on
the 5th of August: after dorcing
some posts on its way, it arrived
on the 8th in sight of the city of
Treves. A bedy of government-
troops stationed there, evacuated it
immediately ; and the French made
their entrance in the afternoon of
that very day, to the seeming satis-
faction of the inhabitants. The
magistrates met them at the gates
intheir formalities, and assured them
of asincere welcome. The French,
on their parts, issued the strictest
orders against all irregularities ; and
organized the government of this
city and its dependéncies on the
The French had
now nothing more to accomplish
for the most prosperous termina-
tion to the campaign, than to re-
cover those towns that had been
taken by the allies within the pre-
cincts of France. In order to acce-
lerate their surrender, they threat-
ened the garrison to put them to
the sword if they made a defence ;
which they must be conscious was
totally needless in their present
circumstances, from the absolute
impossibility of their being relieved.

‘These threats had been decreed by

'the sanguinary administration of
Robespierre ; as had also the order
to give no quarier to the British
troops, nor to the Hanoyerians*.
But the French officers and soldiers

‘had toomuch honour and huma-

)

It~

nity to become the’ instruments
of such cruelty. As there. was no
likelihood of -receiving any king
of assistance from the allied armies,
the various garrisons that had. been
left in these: towns, did not think
it prudent to exasperate the Frenchy .
by a resistance, which could only
produce effusion of blood, without
serving the cause for which it might
be shed. :
Landrecy was the. first of these _
towns summoned te suirender.
The garrisen consisted of 2,000
men, well provided with the means
of defence, had it been practicable.
They did not however yield to the
first summons, and waited until.the
French General bad opened.ground, -
which he did in the night, somear |
to the town, that not apprehending.
him to have approached so close,
the fire from the garrison was di-
rected toa much more distant point,
and of course was lost. | A capitu-
lation was proposed by the Gover-
nor, but refused by the besiegers»;
to whom the: place was atlast suy-
rendered at discretion, about the
end of July. The next of those ©
French towns, that returned to the
obedience of France, was Quesnoy.
It was, like the former, in excellent
condition, and ‘duly, prepared tora
siege: but the same motives that
operated the reddition of the one,
effected the surrender of theothey.
The garrison amounted to 3,000
men, who delivered up the, plage
to General Scherer, the same offivet
who had reduced the preceding;
and who refused all terms but those
of absolute disoretion; to which the
garrison submitted on) the 15thyof
August. iat 5 te
Less harsh terns were granted

wA4

* The barbarity of this order was nably contrasted by the sentiments of humanity
and moderation which dictated, on this occasion, a prpclamation by the Duke of
_ Fork, See State Papers in this volume, page 168. i

to the allied troops that garrisoned
Valenciennes. They were allowed
a capitulation ; by which, though
prisoners, they were permitted to
retire to their respective armies, on
condition of not serving against
France till regularly exchanged.
The reduction of this important
town took place on the 26th of
August. So thoroughly was the
Imperial ministry conyinced that
Walenciennes would ‘remain to the
House of Austria, that they deter-
mined, as soon as it was taken in
the preceding year, to lay out
considerable sums on its improve-
‘ment. The period of its surren-
dering to theullies, promised them
far other events than those which
they so shortly after’ experienced.
‘The French had been so unfortu-
Nate, that few persons imagined
that they would ever recover them-
selves. Hence, the vast projects
formed by the coalesced powers
seemed to them in a state of cer-
tainty to berealized; and nothing
could exceed the astonishment with
which they were struck on the
great disappointments that follow-
ed.—The stores, provisions, and
Magazines of every species, depo-
sited in Valenciennes, were im-
mense, to say nothing of the mili-
tary chest, containing more than
6,000,000 of German florins in
specie. All these amounted to a
heavy and serious loss to the Em-
peror, at a time when his revenues
were iusufficient for his expences,
and the treasures he bad accu-
mulated entirely exhausted by
this unpropitious war. A circum-
stance that rendered the surrender
of this town to France an occusion
of deep sorrow, was, that at least
23000 French emigrants fell into
the hands of their enraged coun-
trymen. It could not be doubted

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794,

that the fate of these unhappy men
would be similar to that ot their
companions, who had been taken

in arms against the republic, and

whom the jnexorable decrees of
the Convention never failed to sa~
crifice to their vengeance when
and whereyer it could find them.
Numbers had been regularly exe-
cuted on being found in the other
places taken by the French and it
was beeome a matter of surprise
that, knowing the fate that awaited
them when taken, they were ‘so
ready to serve in garrisons.

The strong town of Condé closed
the list of those which reverted to
their ancient masters: though of
small extent, its strength had in-
duced the allies to make it a prin-
cipal depositary of al] their warlike
appurtenances and preparations.
The place contained whatever of
that nature it could hold. The
quantities of all those articles
were prodigious, and alone a cap-
ture ot inestimable value It sur-
rendered on the 30th of August ;
and the garrison, amounting to
nearly 2,000 men, remained pri-
soners of war. ‘The fortifications
of every one of ‘those towns had
been considerably augmented and
improved, and they were altogether
in a better condition for defence
than before they were taken by the
allies.
Previously to the recapture of
these places,various fortified towns,
especially in Flanders, had been
reduced by the French. ‘That
which claimed principal notice was
the little but strong town of Nieu-
port. After the fall of so many
other towns in its vicinity, the
French did not imagine i would
have attempted a defence: but na
garrison consisted of men who, like
those at Sluys, were determined to

hold

- merals of the age,

' sive.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

hold out as long as they were able.
The French assembled no Jess than
30,000 men for the attack of this
place; which was defended with a
valour and obstinacy that ought
and might, in the opinion of good
judges, have been exerted on
‘several occasions of the same na-
ture. The artillery brought against
it was truly formidable ; and it sus-
tained a bombardment that Jasted
from the beginning to the end of
the siege. The garrison surrender-
edon the 15th of July.
The war was now become, on
the side of the allies, purely defen-
Those who coolly viewed
their situation, and weve competent
to judge of it, were of opinion,
that, by concentrating their force
and acting on a plan unanimously
supported by every part of the
confederacy, they might put a stop
to the progress of the French, and
secure the Seven United Provinces,
aud the adjacent countries between
‘the Meuse and the Rhine. Those
provinces, it was alleged, had, in
the infancy of the Dutch republic,
withstood, with a proportion of
strength comparatively much less
than they had at present, the ve-
teran and victorious armies of
‘Spain, commanded by the best Ge-
To this, how.
ever, it was replied, that the Dutch

Were at thet time an united peo-
ple, animated with the double en-
thusiasm of liberty and of religion,

_ either of which principles was singly

capable of inspiring men with the
Most desperate and invincible re-
solution; but it was notorious, that
at present the Dutch were actuated
by neither. The attention of the
natives of those provinces was very
little occupied with the active ser-
_viee of their country : their armies

were made up of any foreigners

that would take their pay; and, what
was worse, they themselves were
divided into two ireconcileable
parties, one of which was deter...
mined to side openly with the
French the moment it conld do it
with safety, and even to bring them
into the country ratber than submit
to the present government,

As this representation of the state
of Holland at this time could not
be denied, no reliance could be
placed on its co-operation against
a power to which.a majority of the
people was friendly. Nor did the

-ailjés, even while the Dutch troops
awere with them, put any conti-

dence in the Dutch themselves :
their troops being chicfly Germans,
looked upon the:United States ra-
ther as paymasters than as sove-
reigns ; and felt of course none of
that patriotic warmth which only
accompanies men who are really
fighting for their country.

The Stadtholder used frequent
endeavours to excite his country-
men to unite cordially against the
French. He had repeatedly, du-
ring the campaign, issued addresses
and exhortations to the inhabitants
of the Seven United Provinces, on
the necessity of exerting their
strength in common with their al-
lies, in order to arrest the career of
so dangerous a power as France.
When the tide of success had
brought the. French to the frontiers
of Holland, he renewed his appli-
cations with additional fervour :—-
he reminded the Dutch of the for-
titude with which their ancestors

-had resisted the potent monarchs:

with whom they had at several times
contended. ‘Lhe liberty and inde-
pendence of Holland, he observed,
had beenestablishedand maintained
inthemidstofevery difficulty. Spain
fivet, and France next, bad vain
strol¥

strové to subdue ‘their valiant fore-
fathers. The condition of the re-
public was much more critical in
_ 1672, than at the present period.
Not only some towns, but three
entire provinces, had failen into the
hands of the French ; and the affairs
of the republic were desperate ih
the extreme: but though —sur-
rounded by victorious enemies on
every side, and reasonably past all
hope, still their brave ancestors
would not despond ; they resolute-
ly called forth all the resources of
fhe’ state,—they employed them
with equal prudence andcourage,—
they undauntedly faced the ene-
miv,—they nobly hazarded their

lives and all that was dear to them
in repelling him from their coun-
try,—and they happily succeeded,
to the astonishment and admiration
of all Europe. Examples like these
claimed the imitation of their ‘pos-
terity : andhe hoped the Dutch at
the present day would shew them-
selves worthy descendants of their
valiant progenitors.
Such was the general purport of
the various addresses, issued occa-
sionally to the people of the Seven
Unired Provinces: but the effect
produced by them fell far short of
the wishes. of those who framed
them, They «were poweriully
counteracted by the spirit of dis-
content that had been increasing
among the Dutch ever since the
coercive interference of Prussia in
the affairs of the republic. The
Dutch complained, that ever since
their Stadthojders had intermarried
with royal houses, they had dis-
dained the station assigned them in
the commonwealth, and had never
ceased to use their keenest endea-
vours to, subyert it, in order to
render themselves absolute masters

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Orange, seconded by the many in-

passed, whereby the Stadtholderate

of the state. Herein they were
constartly abetted by those sove-
reigus with whom they had formed
family connections. When dis+
gusted with this conduct of the
Stadtholder, they had, on the de-
mise of King William of England,
declined the renewai of this office,
in order to be free from the dan-
gers attending it. "The intrigues of
a collateral branch of the House of

terested adherents who sought its
exaltation for their private ends,
procured it a matrimonial alliance
with the royal family of Great,
Britain, hoping, through so power-
ful 4 medium, to restore it to the
dignity of the Stadtholder. © This
being accomplished, neuch against
the sense of a majority of the prin-
cipal people in the different pro-
vinces, a number of regulatioris

was converted ‘almost into a mo-
narchy., It was niade hereditar}
both in the males and females, and
additional prerogatives annexed to
the office. Thus the United Pro-
vinces became’ in reality a king-
dom,and,like some other kingdoms
in Europe, were made subservient
to the views and politics of ‘the
reiguing family.” The interest of
the Stadtholderian family, it was
everywhere alleged in the pro-
vinces, wasalone consulted by those
monarchs with whom it was thro’
marriages connected. ‘The interest
of the state, it was said, required
peace with all nations; but that of
the Stadtholder being only secon-
dary, and subordinate to the courts
to whom he was related, he would
of course give them the _prefer-
ence, and act according to their di-
rections. Thus the late Stadtholde
was governed by the councils o

Grea

Great Britain, and the present by
those of the British and Prussian
ministries united: he had in fact
been no other than the lieutenant
of both these powers in Holland,
ever since they had by forceofarms
‘replaced him in the office from
which he had been expelled by the
voice of the public and the autho-
rity of that state, for his criminal
“adherence to these powers against
i a welfare of his country.

These heavy charges had for
“many years been laid to the House
of Orange : they had subsisted ever

“Great Britain, for the protection
of its American colonies: they
‘had continued daring that ‘unhappy
‘war, which terminated in their
‘separation from their parent state ;
fand they were now become louder
nd more rancorous ‘than ever,
ce the Seven United States had,
‘against the consent of the nation,
§ they beldly asserted, been forced
ato the war with France in pure
subserviency to the coalition apt
| power.

Ora sige? were nindetatigablen in dis-
seminating these sentiments among
rhe people : and they visibly gained
ground among all classes. They
a ere Hyrted ‘by the emissaties of

s in representing the advan-
ges that would accrue by casting
oft he yoke of Great Britain and
ussia, and uniting with a repub-
) ee nine | such as their

m might have been, after so

dtha Ider.

seconded” by the secret agents of
: French, were labowing to ex-

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

since the war between France and’

tend this inimical spirit to the pree
sent measures, the ruling powers of
the state exerted all their efforts to
avert the evils which they dreaded
from the French nation: This ap-
peared an event so replete with
mischief, both public and private,
that they omitted nothing that re-
mained in their power to prevent
it. They still’had the disposal ef
a numerous and well-disciplined
amilitary, which, in conjunction
with the British troops, tmecluding
those in British pay,composed afor-
midable strength. As defence alone
was the system proposed, the strong
towns on the frontiers of the United
Provinces were intended to be suf-
ficiently garrisoned for \a vigorous
resistance. The precedents of Sluys
and Nieuport had proved, that with
bravery and fidelity in the men,
and ability in the commanders, the
French,notwithstanding their num-
bers, might meet with such obsta+
cles as would impede their progress,
and give time for a further acces+
sion of strength to oppose their de+
signs upon Hiolland.

“Breda and Bois-le-Duc were the
two places against which it was
probable they would direct their
first attacks; their strength was per-
fectly competent to a:-long and ob-
stinate defence, and would de-
pend on the courage and determir
nation of their garrisons to protract
the sieges,as far as courage and skill
could effect such a purpose. His-
tory afforded numerous instances
of conquerors being stopped in
their career, by the unyielding va-
Jour of those who had _ resolved
never to submit but in the last ex-
tremity. Were such resolutions to
be taken when it became men to
take them, many more obstructions
would be thrown in the way of

victorious

victorious armies that they might
be able continually to overcome.
It was more by terror and multi-
tudes that the French had obtained
such constant successes,than by su-
periority either of valour, disci-
pline, or experience. It was there-
fore in fortresses that their enemies
should henceforth confide for pro-
tection against their numbers,
Here the immensity of those num-
bers could not overwhelm oppo-
nents secured by fortifications
against their violence and. impetuo-
sity ; and here cool and deliberate
intrepidity would have due scope
and leisure for its utmost exertions.

These were the grounds whereon
some very judicious and veteran
officers built their hopes of being
able tg withstand the impetuous
torrent of successes that accompa-
nied the French armies, Relying
on the precedents of former wars,
they flattered themselves, that,
through a parity of exertions, they
would be equally fortunate with
the many who, like themselyes,
had experienced a multiplicity of
disasters, but had at length, by a
manly perscyerance, risen superior
to them all, It was time for the allies
to act seriously according to these
‘maxims. ‘The French were now
complete masters of Austrian Bra-
pant, and preparing to invade that
part which belonged to the Dutch.
The Hereditary Prince of Orange
was diligently occupied in putting
Breda in a proper posture to re-
ceive them: the British forces in
the mean time covered his opera-
tions ; and to this end were at his
request encamped in the neigh-
bourhood of that town. Their
numbers had, thro’ various causes,
suffered considerable . diminutions
since the opening of the campaign:

ANNUAL REGISTER;

yet; afler quitting Antwerp and its
vicinity, and marching to che fror-
tiers of the United Provinces, they
were computed to be near 25,006
strong. ‘They remained im, the
positicn they bad taken near Breda
till about the end of August, when
the Hereditary Prince of Orange
had completed his prepayations ia
that town. They proceeded next
to Bois le Duc, tor its pretection,
while measures were taken for put~
ting i¢ ina like state of defence.
On their march to this place, they
were interrupted by a. body of
French, who retured . aiter a: slight
engagement; their intent being
chiefly to reconnoitre the motions
of the British troops. After Bois le
Duc had been supplied with the
necessaries for a vigorous defence,
it was garrisoned with near 7,009
men. Much expectation. was form-
ed from the natural strength of
this place : it was surrounded not
only with good fortifications, but
with large bodies of water, which,
in case of a siege, could be rendered
a great annoyance to the besiegers,
Besides the reduction of Breda
and Bois le: Duc, the French ha
formed the design of attacking the
army commanded by the Duke
York. As it consisted chiefly of na
tive British, they were the mor
desirous to obtain a victory over
people who had gained so man
battles over (hem, and whom th
considered as the most formidab]
of all their enemies, They wer
determined however to: leave
little as possible to fortune, and
provide against the chances of wa
by such a superiority as might e
sure suecess. The strength whi
they collected for this purpos
amounted to-80,000 men. Att.
head of this immerse hody Gener,
Pichegr

ee ee eng ee

° a Pe ee oe ee es eee ee ee

BMISTORY OF EUROPE.

Pichegru marched, in the beginning
ef September, towards the Duke
of York's army, that lay encamped
between Bois le Duc and Breda, in
erder tobe at hand for the assist-
anee of both. After employing
some days in securing advantageous
ground, and making necessary ar-
rangements for an action which the
French General was partieularly
solicitous to render successful, on
the 14th of September he attacked
the several posts which the Duke
had taken along the river Dommel,
and after a well-contested dispute,
so overpowered them, that they
were unable to make head against
the multiplied assaults with which
they had tocontend. Finding his
position untenable against so su-
péerior a force, the Duke retreated
onthe 16th across the Meuse, and
took a station near the town of
Grave. The loss of the British
‘troops, aud those in their pay, in
the action of the Dommel,was very
considerable; and thatofthe French
may be reputed not Jess. But the
latter carried a point of material
consequence, by clearing that ex-
tent of country lying between Bois
le Due and Breda, and obtaining

yanopening across the Meuse
into the Seven United Provinces,
by the pass of Dommel; which,
though a place of strength, they
were confident of being able to
force, as they had done so many
e of equal, if not superior

erie proximity of so daring and

$ an enemy as the French,

and so able 2 commander as Pi-

, oecasioned a deep alarm

joughout the Seven Provinces.

who were inimical to the

hy began seriously to appre-

efid that, aided by their numerous
a

45...

partisans in Holland, who now be-
gan to shew themselves less upon
their guard than ever, they would
not fail to succeed in the design
which it was known they had fra-
med, of revolutionizing the Seven
Provinces on the same plan as
those in the Austrian Netherlands.
The approach of the French ar-
mies bad already occasioned addi-
tional praclamations on the part of
the Stadtholder and the states ge-
neral, exhorting the Dutch in the
warmest ternis to make their ut-
most exertions for thé commor de-
fence of their country. Various
schemes were proposed for levying
money, raising men, and for pre-
viding every requéite to encounter
an enemy so much to be dreaded
as the French were at present,
from’ the determination they
seemed to have taken to sacrifice
every other consideration to that
of bringing utter destruction upon
every government and people that
did not coincide with their views
and yield to their demands. But
though these admonitions were
well accepted by those w ho dreaded
an entrance into Holland by the
French, their adversaries con-
stituted a majority that testified no
disposition to act suitably to their
requests, These proclamations
were dated so early as the 6th of
August, when the allies were: re-
treating everywhere, and the ra-
pid guecesses of the French had
filled all who wished well to the
state with the strongest apprehen-
sions.

It was about the same time that
Prinee Cobourg himself, alarmed
at the progress of an enemy who
had triumphed over so many Ger-
man armies, addressed himself to
his countrymen, in order to. api-*

mate

mate them. to new efforts against
the French. He deseribed. them
asa people infuriated with false
ideas of freedom, sporting with the
lives and happiness of men, tearing
asunder the bands of civil society,
and lavishing their blood at the
command of their tyrannical ru-
lers. He reproached the people
of the Netherlands for refusing to
listen to the call of their Sovereign,
and neglecting, from a criminal in-
fatuation in favour of the enemy,
to co-operate against him in defence
of their country. He required of
the Germans inhabiting the left
banks of the Rhine, an intmediate
contribution of provisions and of
money for the supply of his army ;
he insisted at the same time on
their taking up arms and defend-
ing their eoantry against. the
®rench ; andafter pathetically re-
questing them to comply with his
demands, he concluded by threat-
ening, that if, like the people of the
Austrian Netherlands, they should
now suffer themselves to be misled
by secret seducers, he should be
obliged to pass the Rhine and to
leave them a prey to their ene-
mies ; but would at the same time
deprive them, without scruple, of
what the enemy,Were it left in their
bands, -would convert to his own
subsistence, ;
The Emperor now probably
despaired of being able to retrieve
his affairs in the low countries ; and
was no less fearful that the enemy
bad in contemplation to invade his
German possessions. Actuated by
these considerations, he warned the
Circles of the Upper Rhine to pre-
pare the most vigorous resistance to
the French, if they were inclined
to preserve their country. from
subjugation; He informed them

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

that his treasures. were exhausted, ©
and that he was unable, singly, to.
defray the charges of a war against

France. He complained with

great bitterness that, notwithstand-..
ing the most ample subsidies he had

received from the British court,

the King of Prussia’s efforts had not

been adequate to his proinises.

He stated that unless the empire

united vigorously with him for its

common support, he should be

under the necessity of recalling

his troops to the defence of -his

own territories : the enemy now

being so active and suecessful, and

their nucnbers so immense, that he’

must concentrate all his force, in

order to oppose them with any

hope of success. He concluded

by reminding them, that they

ought, ina state of so much exi-
gency, to have recourse to those’

resources which yet remained un-

employed in the bands of eecle=

Siastics as well as seculars.. This

memorial was dated the 17th of

August.

The wisest heads in the Austrian,
councils began seriously to appre-
hend that a pacification was neces-
sary ; and that, as little hope res
mained of turning the tide of war,
the soouer it was terminated the
more advantageous terms might be «
procured ; whereas, should it conti-
nue and the enemy still retain his ,
superiority, the most calamitous is~
sue might justly be expected.

These reflections appeared to be _
so well founded, that they alarmed
all those who were not resolved to:
prosecute the war at all events...
Most of the German pFinces were
desirous of terminating it. - The
grandeur and interest of the House’
of Austria were rather invidious™
objects tothem ; and the depression

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

ef that potent family had always
proved acceptable. ‘The war, for
these reasons, was not popular in
Germany. Evenin the Emperor's
hereditary dominions, peace was
the general wish of the inhabitants.

In these critical circumstances,
the British ministry deeming it
necessary that the confederacy

should not. be dissolved, took the .

tesolution of employing the most
efficacious means for its continua-
tion. The Earl of Spencer and
the Honourable Thomas Gren-
ville were deputed to Vienna, in
quality of Ambassadors Extraordi-
nary, in order to induce the Em-
peror to remain firm in his en-
gagements. They arrived in Au-
gust, and succeeded in their nego-
tiation, The Emperor stipulated
to act with the confederacy; anda
large subsidy was granted to enable
him to fulfil his stipulations... A

vigorous prosecution of the war
being thus determined upon, as
ample reinforcements were sent to
the Imperial armies as could be
procured. They were no longer
under the command of Prince
Cobourg: he resigned his post
in the close of August, and in a va-
ledictory address tohis army, which
was expressed in very manly an¢é
patriotic terms, he assigned infir-
mity and want of health as the
cause. This however was contro-
verted hy some. persons, who pre~
tended to be fully competent to
judge of the real motives of his
dismission. Hehad, it was insinu-
ated, placed improper confidence
im some persons sho betrayed
him ; and, being himself of a can-
did unsuspicious nature, lay too
open to the artifices of designing
men, to avoid their cunning and
duplicity.

CHAP. Ill.

General Jourdain defeats, near Liege, the Austrians; commanded ly Ge-

* neral Latour.

Use made of an Air Balloon upon this Occasion, The

» Austrians again defeated with great Slaughter, and compelled to alan-
don Aix la Chapelle, which is taken ly the French. The French meet with
a Check from General Clairfait.. They attack the Chain of Posts he had
' formed from Juliers to Ruremond, and after a Battle that lasted jour
Days, completely defeat him, with great Slaughter, aud force him to re-

~ treat to Cologne and cross the Rhine. Juliers, Cologne,and other Pla-
ces, surrender to the French, who endeavour to conciliate the Inhatitants
by their Regularity and Moderation: Reduction of Coblentz by General

~ Moreau. Worms and other Towns on the Rhine submit to the French.
General Pichegru appointed to the Command of the Army destined for
the Invasion of Holland. The British and Dutch.Forces obliged, on ac-

* count of his vast Superiority of Strength, to remain entirely on the-Der

fensive. The French reduce the Fort of Crevecceur, and shortly after
Bois le Duc The Duke of York retires to Nimeguen. The French at-

tach the British Posts with Success, and force them to retreat across the
i at They advance to’ Nimeguen, and obtain further Advantages.

They besiege that Town, and meet with a resolute Defence.

It falls into

their Hands through an unfortunate Accident. Surprize excited Ly its

~ sudden Capture. Considerations onthe Disposition and Conduct of the Peo-

a
bee

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794:

ple of tlie United Provinces at this Crisis, and on the Political Ideas’
current in the Netherlands and Germany. Advantage taken of them by

the French. Muestricht besieged and taken ly them, after a long and
obstinate Defence. Pichegru prepares to invade Holland. Inferiority of
the Forces opposed to him. Distracted Situation of the Dutch.

HE operations of war con-

tinued in the mean time with
unabated vigour on the part of the
French. After their expulsion
from Liege by General Jourdain,
the Austrians retired to a strong
situation at some distance, where
they threw up some entrenchments,
intending to wait for expected re-
inforcements, with which they did
not despzir to make a further
stand, and possibly to cornmence
an effectual check to the progress
of theenemy. But General Joar-
dain, strengthened with additional
supplies of men, resolved to attack
the Austrians before they could
receive any increase of numbers.
To this purpose he divided his army
into four bodies, with which he
proposed to make as many sepa
tate attacks, The Austrians, 15,000
strong, were posted on the other
side of a river which he had to
cross, exposed to the fire both of
their artillery and musketry: the
banks were steep and rocky, and
the entrenchments were fortitied
with wneommon: care. General
Latour, an officer of great experi-
ence, commanded the Austrians,
who seemed to look on their situa-
tion as secure. On the 18th otf
September the several divisions of
the French ariny attacked the Aus-
trian encampment with their usual

impetuosity. They made little use

of their firearms; and as soon as
they had crossed the river, they
‘ pushed forward with their bayonets ;
and theis numbers enabling them

to relieve each other, and to make
incessant attacks, the bravery and
discipline of the Austrians proved
unavailing. They fought howevet
with such remarkable obstimacy,:
that they did not begin to retreat
till the 'rench had penetrated into’
every part of their camp. ‘Their’
loss of course was very considera<
ble, exceeding two thousand slain: .
on the spot, besides prisoners,
The action lasted till night ;' and
they did not retire without making:
a great slanghter of the French;
whose success was in a great meas.
sure owing to the discovery of
the position and movements of the
Austrians made by two expert en-:
giueers, whom the French sent up’
in anait-balloon. From this ma
chine they perceived with facility
whatever was transacting in the
Austrian camp, and gave continual
notice of all they saw by notes,
which they. threw down among
their own people. . By these means
the number of troops in the campy
the quantity of their artillery, their
motions and probable designs, were
instantly made Known to the
French, who directed their attacks
accordingly sgainst the weakest
parts, assaulting these with the
largest bodies, and with the greater’
confidence, from their presumption
and the probability of success.

_ The balloon, soon after its in-
yention, was considered in Britain,
as well as some other countriesy

merely asa curiosity ; as it could _

neither carry a burthen, ner be’
conducted:

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 49

@ériducted according to the will of
the aeronaut. It is true, that in
‘trade and commerce, it does not
yet appear that it can be turned to
any useful purpose: but still;

_ among an ingenious people, arid in
a great nation, this was no reason
for neglecting the study and im=
provement of balloons. There is
not a doubt, but various purposes
to which balioons may be applied;
will be found ont in the progress of
time: Things are discovered first ;
their uses afterwards. The proper-
ties of the penduluni were disco"
vered long before it entered into
the minds of those who knew them,
to conceive that they would be-
‘come the means of medsurifig time
with so much accuracy. he art
of ship-building was brought to its

_ present state by very slow degrees.
_ The properties of the magnet were
long known before they were ap-
plied to navigation: Many of the
asd to which gun-powder
as been applied, were long un-

_ known. -Nor is there almost any
discovery of which the same thing
may not be said. The French,
who are- the original inventors of
the balloon, have all along treated
it with more liberality than we
have done. Here it wae aban-
_doned to shew-men. In France,
its principles were investigated by
men of science; who, instead of
collecting shillings, collected im-
* provement;—and declared that it
Would one day, be of utility. It
Was not on the single occasion
above-mentioned that the French
armies made use of the balloon,
bat on several occasions before,
and on more since ; at the battle.of
i leurus, during the siege of Mentz ;
and more recently during thet of
the fortress of Erenbreit:tzin, on

Vor. XXXVI.

‘the right bank of the Rhine, op-

posite to Coblenty; In all these
cases it was found of utility ; but
particularly in this last, where the
great height of the fortress and its
inaccessible position; not unlike that
of Gibraltar; rendered it impossible
by any other means to reeonnoitre
the internal parta;

The French armies are attended
with a new species of reconnoi+
tring engineers; whose business it is
to do every thing relative to the
preparation and use of balloons.
The person who mounts in the bal-
loon, is furnished with paper and
pencils of different colours. ‘The
marks to be made, are agreed on
beforehand; and the paper, after
being marked, is attached toa small
tod, like an arrow, one end of which
is loaded and pointed, so that it
strikes in the ground, and stands
upright. A small piece of coloured
silk is attached to the other end,
like a flag, to render it more visible.
This is dropped from the balloon,
on ground that is “in possession of
the army to whicli the balloon be-
longs; and thus the informa-
tion obtained, is fully communi-
cated. .

But a contrivance for communi-
ccting intelligence of still greater
importance, and which was also
first made use of by the French,
as we have above observed, was the
Telegraph ; of which it would be
altogether inexcusable in this place
not to give some account; for next
to the power of prophecy is that
“of knowing what passes at a great
distance in a short space of time.

Whether the language of sound
of of signs existed first, it is ¢ertain
that they are both of them natural
languages. The human voice can-

no’, evcn with the aid of a speak-
E ing

—,

50 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

ing-trumpet, be heard at any con-
siderable distance: and as the firing
of cannon, or other loud. noise, is
not susceptible of those variations
in which the perfection of the lu-
man voice consists, signals by means
of sound are never employed with
advantage, ¢xcept when the intel-
ligence to be communicated is sim-
ple, consisting only of one or two
facts, and where those facts and
communications of signals and per-
sons are. previously agreed on.
The telegraph is an instrument, or
machine, intended to communicate
intelligence with accuracy and dis-
patch; and is different from any
ether contrivance for making sig-
nals, in this, That it expresses not
words, but letters; so that any in-
formation that may be given by
writing, may be, given by the tele-
gyaph.

The telegraph, in so far as it re-
presents words, is a new,—but in
so far it-makes use of signs, isa
very ancient invention. ‘Chere is
reason, to believe that there was
some sort of telegraph in use among
the ancient Greeks. The burning
of Troy was certainly known in
Greece very soon after it had hap-

pened, and before any persons had
ventured from thence.

A Greek
play begins with a scene in which
a watchman descends from the top
of a tower in Greece, and gives the
information that Troy was taken:
*°T have been looking out these
ten years,’ says he, ‘ tosee when
that would happen, and this night
it is done.”? ‘[‘he Chinese, when

* The ancient Gauls were an exception from this.

they send couriers on the great
canaly or when any great man tra-
vels there, makesignals by fire,
rom one day’s journey to another,
to have every thing prepared : and
most of the barbarous nations used
formerly to give the alarm of war
by fires lighted on the hills or rising
grounds*.

The telegraph of the present day
is, however, infinitely more perfect
than any mode of conyeying intel-
ligence quickly from one place to
another, known to the ancients ;
and differs as much from former
signals, as the articulate sound of
the human voice differs from the
noises made by brutes. Many of
the brute animals, such as dogs,
horses, and others, can by noises
and signs shew what they want, or
give the alarm when frightened or
hurt. But farther than sucha ge-
neral annunciation of a few very
common wants, feelings,and events,
their language does not extend ; at
least as far as men can understand
them.

Men who are deprived of the use
of speech make signs, and have
different motions or positions forthe
different letters ; and, when pro~
perly taught, ean communicate
every thing they knew with accu-
racy.
probably led to the French inven~
tion of the telegraph, by Monsieur
Chappe : for this: machine has aa

upright body, and two arms, like a —

man, each of which arms has a joint
or elbow ; so that, were two men
to make signs to each other, at a

Instead of lighting fires,

they gave great and continued cries; which were repeated by all who heard them,

until the whole country was alarmed.

This was but a stow and imperfect mode
of communicasion, when compared even with signals by fire.

The ancient Gauls

or Celis seem to have been as much behind other vations in improvement, as the
ravderu French are in many instances before them.

distance

And this fact it is that has |

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

distaice too great for seeing the
drdinary motions as made by damb
people, they would move their arms
as Monsieur Chappe moves his te-
Tegraph ; which is an upright post,
having affixed to ita transverse beam,
with two moveable arms; the
beam itself being also moveable.
The different forms of which the
machine is capable of assuming,
ate sixteen ; and these are the tes
lecraphic alphabet. A number of
telegraphs are erected at conveni-
&nt distances ; and the signals are
_ Yepeated from one station to ano=
_ ther. Early in 1794 this machine
was tried in France, and found to
answer. And as_ the combined
armies were at that time in the
_ Low Countries, a chain of tele=
_ graphs was established from Paris
to Lisle; by which short sentences
Were conveyed in a few minutes
| wih great accuracy:
___ The invention of the telegraph
- Was announced by Barrere in the
Convention; on the 17th of Au-
| Bust. ° The néws, he said, of the

‘recaptire of Quesnoy; by means of.

this machine, had reached Paris
Gn an hour after the troops of the
epee had entered that place.
_ The recapture of Condé was, on
“the 30th of that month, reported
“to the Convention with equal speed
in the same manier:
_ -‘Thé telegraph is a8 yet brt a
very imperfect as well as expensive
“machine. But, like other inven-
as, it #ill admit of many im-
fovements ; and, among others;
robably a reduction of the ex-
ence. find it is certainly to be
sidered as one of those inven=
“tons which opens 2 door to
wonderful changes. It has hi-
tto been employed solely in the
Wervice of # bloody war: but it

will also be-found subservient to a
number of purposes in times of
peace. With the aid of one inter-
mediate station across the Channel;
news might then be conveyed from
London to Paris in an hour; and
in three or four hours, an answer
received to a few simple questions.
This easy approximation of minds
would wear away jealousies and~
antipathies, and. promote recipro=
cally a good understanding. It is
a pleasing task to record the pro-
gress of discovery atid invention :
but it is melancholy to reflect, that
the most splendid inventions.of our
day have béen hitherto employed,
not for the benefit of mankind, but
their destruction. Meat al ;
In an age charatterized by the
application of discoveries in science
to practical purposes, during a war
in which most patt of the Euros
pean nations have beén, engaged;
and in which the French, the most
active; and certainly one ef the most
ingenious of all nations; has played
so distinguished a part, warlike in-
ventions were to bé looked for, and
are still further to be expected.

_ This nation; partly by new me~
thods of combimng and Employing
physical force, and partly by ope4
rating on the human passions, have
withstood; and in many instances
defeated the tactics of the most
experienced Generals; Before the
invention of gunpowder, it was
reckoned a capital point in all en-
gagements, to call forth the cou-
rage and exertion of every indivi-
dual soldier; For these two last
centuries, the great art of war con-
sisted in reducing the soldiers to
mechanical obedience. The French,
in their practice, returned in no in-
considerable degree to the princi-
ples and conduct of ancient war-

E2 fares

fare, in which trumpeters, dram-

mers, and bag-pipers, were officers

of great consequence ; as in the

time of Virgil, who gives. great

praise to him who was skilful :

Ere ciere viros, Martemque accendere
cantu*,

The power of the Marseillois
hymn, and other songs, are well
known. [rt is a fact worthy of no-
tice, that while the French soldiers
were sometimes without shoes, the
army was always furnished with the
best bands of music in Eurepe.

It has been predicted by men
of speculative genius and philan-
thropie dispositions, that the pro-
egress of science, by increasing the
enormous expence of military pre-
parations by the instrumentality of
powers less and less. subject to re-
sistance, and bythe reductionof the
whole business and consequences
of war more and more to calcula
tion,—-would be favourable to the
tranguillity and happiness of the
human race. But the present war,
more sanguinary and atrocious than
any recorded in history, reminds
us how much the passions of men
prevail over their judgment, and
forbids us to indulge in such pleas~
ing anticipations.

A powerful corps of Austrians
were posted in the midway between
Liege and Maestricht : they were
under General Clairfait, who, on
receiving intelligence of General
Latour’s defeat, ordered a strong
detachment to his assistance; by
meaus of which he made good his
retreat, and checked the pursuit of
the French. But on the morning
of the 19th they renewed the at~
tack with such fury, that he was:

* To rouse the warriors,ty the sound of the trumpet, and inflame their courag

by a song.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

forced to continue his retreat till
he had reached the body of men
stationed under General Dalton, as
a further support in case of need.
The pressure of the French, how-
ever, upon the Austrians, was so
violent in every quarter, that they
were totally unable to maintain
their ground. ‘hey were broken
and thrown into much confusion at
Aix la Chapelle, where they had
endeavoured to make a stand, and
fied with the utmost precipitation
and disorder towards Cologne 5
where, with much difficulty, the
scattered troops were rallied on the
third day after this unfortunate en-
gagement. .

General Clairfait, in consequence
ef this defeat, was compelled to
withdraw as far as Juliers, where
he was rejoined by the fugitives.
The French in the mean time
took possession of Aix la Chapelle,
from whence they proceeded on
the 26th im quest of Clairfait, a
division of whose army they at~
tacked in great force. But they
met with so resolute a defence, that
after several violent charges they
were unable to make an impression
on the Austriaus, and obliged to res.
tire with loss.

The situation of Genexal Clair-
fait was so advantageous, that while —
he kept possession of it, the French
would be materially impeded in
their operations. He had stationed
a chain of posts, reaching from his
camp as far as Ruremond; and
they were all in excellent order.
The French, notwithstanding the:
frequent defeats of this brave of
ficer, knew his value, and that
none of them were due to want

MISTORY* OF “EUROPE,

ef vigilance or of skill. They neg
lected of course no means of fa-
_ eing him successfully ; and were as
_ eircumspect in their operations with
him, as with any General in the
confederacy.
_ They acted on the present occa-
sion with a precaution that shewed
how much they stood in awe of
his valour and experience. They
waited at Aix la Chapelle tall they
had collected such a strength as
would justify the bold attempt they
liad projected, which was, by a de-
cisive action, to render themselves
masters of all those parts that lay
Between the Meuse and the Lower
_ Rhine, and to force the Austrians
to retire wholly on the other side
of that river.
’ General Clairfait clearly com-
_ prehended their desing, and made
“suitable arrangements to oppose it.
_ The importance of the eveat was
» equal to both parties ; and they
' were alike determined to dispute
op the point with the utmost obsti-
b cy. The French commenced
) their attack on the 29th of Sep-
= tember. It extended along the
e hole chain of Austrian posts.
| They first made good their passage
» Overa river in their front, and as-
» sailed the Austrian lines with the
Utmost fury. The resistance they
met with was of the bravest aad
ost skilful kind ; and they soea
ind that, in case of success, they
ust purchase4t at the dearest rate.
e conflict lasted with various suc-
3,0n the first aud second day;
and the dispositions made by Ge-
eral Clairfait were so judicious,
, nUtwithstanding the disparity
“of ‘strength, it remained doubtful
fo $0ine of the Preach commanders

_ whether they would not finally be

PE OE ne eS TE

Sa aaah cana

obliged te abandenm the attempt:
so resolute in the mean time were
the combatants, that after fighting
the 29th and 30th of September,
without coming to a decision, they
recommenced the action on the ist
of October, and continued it until
the 8d. The slaughter on both
sides was dreadful, and nearly equai.
But superiority of numbers and)
perseverance gave the victory to:
the French. The principal dif
ficulty they had to overcome, was,
a lofty mountain well fortitied, and
covered with batteries of heavy
metal. It was assaulted four times
by the most intrepid of the Frenclr
troops, before it was carried. On
the morning of the 5th day of this
destructive battle a fog arose,which
enabled General Clairfait to con-
ceal the motions he was now under
the necessity of making to secure
a retreat. Upwards of ten thou-
sand of his men had fallen ; and
the remainder of his army was un-~
equal to any further contest. He
was followed however so closely by
the victérs, that no less than three
thousand more were added to the
slaughter of this day.

This was truly a decisive battle :
it was considered ia that light by
all parties ; and all hopes of repair-
ing fora loag time the losses of this
campaign, were now extinguished.
It appeared even more decisive than
the battle’ of Fleurus that had be-
gun (but not completed) the ruin
of the Austrian armies in the Low
Countries ¢ from whence they were
now totally expelled, without any
prospect of return.

ft was however’ allowed, that
this last conflict was maintained
with a skill and résolution ‘that
did honour to both parties. They

£3 fought

54 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1994

fought with a courage worthy of
the prize for which they were both
contending; and those who lost it
still preserved their honour.

General Clairfait had ample rea-
son to be satisfied with the beha-
vionr of his men; and notwith-
standing the general character of
unfortunate, which a series of un-
toward accidents had affixed to his
name, still the officers and soldiers
under him had. lost none of their
esteem for his abilities; and were
determined to do him the justice
he deserved, by seconding his mea~
sures with their wonted alacrity and
Spirit.

This General conducted the re-
treat of his army to Cologne with
great circumspection. The enemy
pursued it the whole of its way,
and harassed it so incessantly, that
it was not without much care and
dexterity he was able to reach that
city : but, as it was defenceless,

and the inhabitants averse to his.

cause, he thought it prudent to
hasten over the Rhine with all ex-
pedition. The French were so
close on his rear, that they almost
came up with the last division of
his troops that were crossing the
river, insultingly telling them ‘ that
was not the road to Paris.”

On the 6th of October the
French made their triumphant en-
try into Cologne, where, in com-
pliance with the request of the in-
habitants, only four thousand of
their most orderly men were -sta-
tioned. They were extiemely de-
sirous, pursuant to the strict injunc-
tions of thee rulers, te impress all
people with a conviction that they
would respect the property and re-

ligion of every country and place.

that submitted to them; and

this they were not remiss in veri-
fying by their conduct. The peo-
ple of Cologne, on this ocd¢asion,
experienced so much good beha-
hayiour on their part, that few of
them left the city ; as they found
their persons and possessions in na
danger of being molested, nor the
exercise of their religion in the least
interrupted.

Juliers had already surrendered,
immediately after the Austrians
had left its walls. Venloo on the
Meuse, and belonging tothe Dutch
submitted next, and ‘was followe
by Nuys and Bonn, both situated
on the Rhine, and part of the elec:
torate of Cologne. -

There was a place in the vicinity
of this town which the French go-
vernment -were particularly soli-
citous to reduce. This was the
town of Coblentz, a dependence
of the electorate of Mentz. It was
highly obnoxious to them, on ac
count of the celebaty it had ac;
quired for bering long been the
principal receptacle of the i'rench
emigrants, and the capital seat of
their consultations and resolves
against the measures originating
from the revolution. For these
reasons, it was determined by the
heads of the republican govern-
ment, that it should no longer rez
main in the possession of its ene-
mies. General Jourdain was
therefore directed to detach a sufs
ficient force for its reduction. Ex-
pecting the French would not fail
to attack it, the allies had em;
ployed a considerable time in for-
tifying it ; and the garrison it con-
tained would, it was hoped, make
a resistance adequate to the ex-
pences laid out for that pur-

pose.
General

HAS TORY oO;F EUROPE.

General Moreau, a, young man

who possessed abilities far beyond.

his years, and had raised himself in
the military line by his sole merit,
was entrusted with the command of
a division for the execution of this
design. Having previously put to
the rout a strong party of the Aus-
‘trians, who had endeavoured to ob-
struct his march, he arrived the 23d
of October before Coblentz. The
Gelerity. with, which the works

erected at so much expence were.

carried, was truly astonishing.
Hardly any opposition was made;
_ and after a mere show of defence,
the Austrians hastily retired to the
other ‘side of the Rhine. The
country to the south of Coblentz
was now undergoing the same des~
tiny. Worms, the seat of a bishop-
ric, and several other towns of
less note, surrendered about this
tine to the French armies. sta-
tioned upon the borders of the
_ Rhine.

The great project now in agita-
tion among the French, was the
reduction of Holland. Winter was
approaching; and it was not
doubted among them, that should
- the season prove severe, and the ni,

vers that surround the United Pro-
" yinces be frozen, but they would

serve as bridges for the French, to
penetrate into the very heart of the
country, The talents displayed by

General Pichegru, in the course of

this arduous campaign, pointed him
“plitas the fittest man to be em-

ployed in a task of this nature,
wherein the yersatility of his genius
would find a yariety of objects to
work upon.
_ But antecedently to,so great an
undertaking, it was necessary to
_@vercome several obstacles which,
©

if not surmounted in due time,
might probably increase to a de-
gree that would render them very
difficult to be encountered. The
Duke of York’s army, though com-
pelled to retreat before a superior
force, still continued to maintain
its ground, and only waited the re-
inforcements promised by the late
treaty, to recommence offensive ope-
rations. Until this army was over-
come,2s others hadbeen, Pichegru’s
entrance iato Holland would cer-
tainly meet with powerful obstruc-
tions, /

But the total rout, of Clairfait’s
forces was a gloomy presage of
what would probably befal those
under the Duke. It was now bes
come impossible for reinforcements
to arrive from Germany, unless by
a circuitous march, that would con-
sume, more time than could be ta-
ken to await them, Finding his
strength incompetent for those ac-
tive operations that had been plan-
ned, on the presumption that he
would be seconded by the Austri-
ans, and these now being unable ta
co-operate with him, it became ne-
cessary that he should adopt only.
defensive measures, in conjunction
with the Dutch, whose situation was
daily becoming more critical, and
who had only the British forces ta.
rely on for any effectual aid. ;

The French in the mean time

‘had been preparing for the siege

of Bois le Duc, by seizing some
places in the neighbourhood that
might facilitate its progress. The
chief defence of this town con-
sisting in its power to inundate the
country round, the chief object of
the French was to obviate a mea
sure which would so effectually ren-
der the place inaccessible. For

E 4 this

this end they found it previously
indispensable to be masters of the
strong fort of Crevecceur, where the
sluices were situated, They in-
vested it accordingly ; and it sur-
rendered to them on. the 27th of
September. The loss of so im-
portant-a place, together with the
defeat of General Clairfait, which
followed it soon after, threw a
damp on the measures that were
pursued by the British and Dutch
commanders. Bois le Duc, deprived
of its principal means of defence,
was no lenger viewed as possessing
much strength. The French im-
mediately Jaid siege to it; and it
yielded to them on October 10th,
by a capitulation, which permitted
the garrison to retire into Holland,
on condition of not serving against
France till regularly exchanged.
The ‘like terms had been granted
to the garrison of Creveceeur. The
artillery and military stores found
in Bois le Duc were very consie
derable, ;

The Duke of York was now en-
camped under the walls of Nime-
guen. On the taking of Creve-
exur, and the approach of the
French army to Bois le Duc, he
thought it necessary to relinquish
Grave,as of too dangerous a prexi-
mity to the very numerous forces
of the enemy. From the begin-
ning of October, when he took
this position, to the middle of the

month, the French were chiefly oce .

cupied in the siege of Boisle Duc:
but as*soon as they had secured
‘this important place, they resolved
to strike a decisive blow on the
Duke, and, if possible, to compel
him to retire from the defence of
the United Provinces. For this
purpose the French crossed ever

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

the Meuse with thirty thousand
men, which were to attack the Brix
tish posts on the right, while ano-
ther body of no less atrength was
advancing to take them on their
left. Onthe morning of the 19th
of October, the several divisions
of the Duke's army on the right
were accordingly assailed by the
French, who, forcing a post which
was occupied by a body of cavalry,
a corps of infantry, which was sta=
tioned near it, was thrown into
disorder, and compelled to retreat
along the dyke on the banks of the
Waal. Unfortunately, they were
followed by a body of the enemy’s
cavalry which they mistook for
their own ; nor did they discover
their mistake till the enemy came
up and attacked them before they
could assume a posture of defence,
The whole of that infantry was
either killed or made prisoners.
The superiority of the French ren-
dering at the same time all farther
resistance vain, the Duke withdrew
all his troops from the posts which
they had cccypied, and stationed
them on the other side of the Waal,
in order to oppose the passage of
the French over that river. Ens
couraged by this suecess,and firmly
intent on the accomplishment of
their plan, the French, on the
27th cf October, made a violent
attack on the British posts in the
frontof Nimeguen, and, after an ob-
stinate confiict, obliged them, in or-
der to prevent theirbeing whollysur-
rounded, to alter their position, and
move to another of greater security,
The French were now encamped
in such force in the environs of
Nimeguen, that it would have been
rash to have attacked them in the
field; all that could be effected was

-_—_ —

an attempt

“HISTORY OF

to maintain the posts very near the
town, and so situated as to admit
of ready assistance if assailed. Im-
tient at the resolute defence of
the garrison, the Freach endea-
youred to surround the place with
amuutiplicity of batteries, in hopes
of keepiug so incessant a fire on
every part of the town as siould
reduce it to a heap of ruins. The
situation was such as rendered this
extremely difficult.
They succeeded however in erect-
jng one particular battery, with
which they annoyed the tawn in
avery destructive degree. Gene-
ral Walmoden, the governor, de-
termined that a sally should be
made, in order to destroy it. In

the night of the 4th of November,

General Deburgh, a remurkably
oni officer, was placed at the

2 head of three thousand men, Bri-
- tish, Dutch, and Hanoveriaus, to

effect the object proposed ; and they
_ marched out accordinsly with all
customary precautions; but the
French, by means of their spies,
were previously acquainted with
‘the design, and duly prepared for
it. The consequence was, that
both parties engaged each other
with much fury, and that a great
_ slaughter ensued ; but General De-
burgh was wounded, and the at-
pempt wholly frustrated
i ‘Two days after,the French erect-
: battery against the bridge of
Doats from the town, over the
ine, and another against the
wo itself. The fire of the former

* ees: immediately two of the

3 and the other proved of
it annoyance. It was there-
judged adviseable to Jeave no

‘More troops in the town than were
erveisice for its defence, and ta

EUROPE, 87

withdraw the others. This was
executed accordingly during the’
following night ; and the bridge be-
ing expeditiously repaired, afforded
a safe passage to the British, Hano-
vetian, and Hessian troops. A
large body of these was to remain
with the Dutch, and to form a gar-
fison ; which, it was presumed,
would be adequate to the defence
of the town. But this arrangement
proved ineffectual: when the major
part of the troops had passed the
bridge, the Dutch divisien, which
orought up the rear, found it on
fire. They attempted to cross t
river in the large flying bead
which was the usual method of
passing’; but it swung round to-
wards the town, the ropes being
cut by the cannon-balls of the
enemy, or possibly of their own
party, who fired on the French,
not knowing exactly how to direct
their shot,
The result of this accident was
very unfortunate. The French,
whnle this business was transacting,
had found means to effect an un-
expected entiaice into Nimeguen :
they directly proceeded to the
bridge, and made prisoners all
the Dutch troops there, as well as
all the others whom they found
remaining in the town. Such was
the issue of the siege of Nimeguen:
it had been expected, amidst the ra-
pid success of the Frenchin the sub-
duing ofso many strong towns, that
this one would have escaped the
_general imputation of having sur-
rendered too soon, ‘The number
of excelient troops it contained, the
gallantry the) had displayedoneyery
occasion, the importance of holding
out fill it became evident that no
succours could be expected from
any

any quarter, and, above all, the pro- '

priety. of proving to the world that
the spirit of national resistance had
not entirely deserted the Dutch,

and that they did not prefer the
throwing themselves into the hands
of the French to the danger of re-

pelling a foreign yoke at the risk.

of their lives and individual pro-
perty ;—all these various motives
combined, had induced the public,
in every country, to look on the
siege of Nimeguen as an event that
would terminate in great celebrity,
from its duration, the nuniber of
brilliant actions it would produce,
and the unyielding obstinacy with

which it would on both sides be.

accompanied,

The sudden and unexpected dis-
appointment of all these expec-
tations put an end to the hopes
that had been. entertained, that,
laying aside the animosity of par-
ties, the Dutch would at length
cordially unite in opposing the
threatened invasion of the French,
Plain reason pointed out the in-
fatuation of committing themselves
to the good faith of strangers inte-
rested in keeping them under sub-
jection, and preventing them from
acting as an independent people.
Those Dutchmen who exhorted
their countrymen to subvert their
present government, and call in
the assistance of the French to erect
another on its ruins, did not con-
sider that so mighty and so vic-
torious a nation would, like all
other conquerors, consult their own
views, and render those who sub-.
mitted to them the instruments of
their future wars and conquests.
Historical experience spoke inva-
riably this language; and the pre-
tended establishment of liberty, so

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

continualiy held forth as an in-
ducement to join the French, was
either the plea of that fond cre-
dulity whichis incident ‘to igno-
rance, and the usual concomitant
of fanaticism and all violent pas-
sions, or of that general enerva-
tion, selfishness, and indifterence to
their country, which seems to have,
fallen on so great a portion of the
Dutch nation, ‘Vhe Hollanders
had been now so long unaccustom-
ed to war, that they could not well —
be expected to measure their
strength with troops that had con-
quered the Emperor. As little was
it to be expected that there should
be any cordial union between the
Belgians and Batayians for the sup-
port of the Emperor and the Stadt-
holder, whose power and govern-
ment were odious to so great a pore
tion of their respective people.
If the. Flemings and Butch had
been at liberty to follow their own
inclinations, they would have re-
mained neutral. like the Danes,
and the people of Hamburgh,
There is a period of declination
and degradation in the history of
states, when. they become recon
ciled to the idea, of acting a sub-
missive and cunning part, and when
they resemble the beadles and door
keepers of those churches in
Switzerland and Germany that
are. open to Lutherans and Cal- +
Vinists in their turn ; and who pay
equal respect to whichsoever of
these» sectarians: is i sactual pos
session.

That the Breneh were deters _
mined to,conquer for themselves,
and in ,order to attain that» end”
would employ all the means that ~
could accelerate it, was obvious to
all persons of discernment. The

® most

‘ Noted,

‘open and avowed.

HISTORY OF EUROPE,

most efficaciqusof these means was,
to settle the government of every
country of which they obtained

“possession, exactly on the plan of

their ows. This was an act of the
profoundest policy They seem-
ingly divested themselyes of all
direct authority over the natives,
whom they appeared to leaye in

the fullest plenitude of their free-

fom, both in their public and pri-

‘yate concerns ; but they took care,

at the same time, to retain it thro’
the infallible influence of the power
which they exercised in virtue of
their ostensible connexions with
the state, and their secret intrigues

with the party that having first

introduced, was now necessitated
to support them.

That such would be the fate of
the Dutch was no longer doubted :

the unwillingness testified by the

inhabitants of both the towns and
country to co-operate with the
Military against the French, was
‘They seemed
éven sincerely desirous of their

absence ; and expressed their wishes

with little or no. dissimeulation.
Such a state of their minds was
very astonishing to those who were
acquainted with the long standing
habits of coolness and circum-
ction in their general conduct,
for which the natives of this part
gf Europe have been so usually
It proved that uncommon
pains must have been taken to
alter their ideas; unless it may be
supposed that, being convinced the
¢areer of the French was utterly ir-
Fesistible, they judged that the soon-
er they made terms with that con-
ing people, the better treat-
fhent they would experience.
Reasonings of this nature began

*
i

at this time to be very common
among the commonalty, both in
the Belgic and the United Pro-
vinces, Not only the lower but
the middling classes evinced a de-
cided repugnance to espouse the
cause of any king; and attributed
the invincible character of the
French to the conviction they were
under, that they were no longer
fighting for their kings, but’ for
their country. A persuasion of
this kind, well or ill founded, was
also diffusing itself very fast in
many parts of Germany ; and was
the real cause of the repugnance
which the pecple on the frontiers
of the empire visibly exhibited
when called upon, with exhorta-
tions and menaces, to join heart
and hand in repelling the French
from the confines of Germany.

hen these varicus considerations
are laid together, it was not sur-
prising that the French themselves,
conscious of the portiality their
cause excited in the majority of
the inhabitants of those countries
they were invading, should, by so
flattering and cogent a motive, be
actuated to the most indefatigable

and daring exertions; and prove

in the issue superior to those who
contended against them, under so
heavy a discouragement as the
hatred of the natives of those coun-
tries which they were employed to
defend, not for them, but for their
masters.

The yery loss of the town, which
has given occasion for the fore-
going observations, was imputed to
the secret machinations of: those
within the walls who were Jabour-
ing for the service of the French,
and continually giving them no-
tice of whatever was transacted

_treinity.

in the garrison. While such prac-
tices were on foot, it was impossi-
ble for either courage or military
skillto be of much ayail; and those
who were so ready to extol the
French for their exploits, ought
to have acknowledged that, situated
as their enemies were, the latter de-

erved no less admiration for bear-
ing up so resolutely against difficul-
ties, in their nature insurmounta-
ble ; as they were infallibly calcu-
lated to baffle all intrepidity of spi-
rit and wisdom of exertion.

The loss of Nimeguen was ac-
companied with that of another
place, still more famous for the
Various sieges it had sustained at
different periods, during the three
last centuries. This was the strong
and important town of Maestricht,
It had,by its noble defence against
commanders of the highest fame
in their day, acquired a reputation
which, it was presumed, it would
not fail to maintain; while those
who were entrusted with its de-
fence recollected the motives that
should animate them, The garzi-
son consisted of select officers and
soldiers, and amounted to upwards
of 8000 men, abundantly furnished
with the means of a brave and
obstinate resistance, The honour
that would result from the taking
of such a place was a very stimu-
lating motive among the French.
The person chosen to cominand
on this occasion was General Kle-
ber, who had already signalized
himself by his courage and con-
duct. He summoned the town
upon the 25th of September ; but
was giveu to understand that it
would not yield but in the last ex-
The besieging army was
very numerous, and the corps of

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

engineers attending it composed
of the most expert in that depart-
ment. On the town’s refusal to
surrender, a number of batteries
were planted on every spot from
whence the town was annoyable,
Their execution proved formidable;
and it became *necessary for the
garrison to exertits utmost efforts
to counteract them. As there was
a considerable body of cavalry in
the place, a determination was
taken to employ it in. making a

‘sudden and rapid sally on a bat~-

tery, of which the situation required
an expeditious attack, It was ac-
cordingly attacked and entirely de~
stroyed, and one of the guns car-
ried off. Encouraged by this suc*
cess,the besieged made anothersally
on the French batteries ; but the
enemy was duly prepared, and the
attempt miscariied. A third sally
succeeded better; and the bat-
tery against which it was directed
was almost entirely demolished,
But these vigorous efforts, on the
part of the besieged, produced ne
permanent benefit. The moun-
tainous ground in the environs of
the town, afforded so many situa-
tions to erect battering pieces, and
those which were injured by. the
besieged were so speedily replaced
by others, that the besiegers, being
constantly supplied with heavy
cannon, and constructingadditional
batteries wherever they could be
serviceable, surrounded the town
with them in sucha manner, that
their firing continued without in-,
termission. No part of the town —
remained unexposed, and many
parts were laidin ruins. This de-—
structive scene lasted several days
and nights, during which a great
slaughter was made of the garrison
and

HIS TORY) OF EUROPE.

and the inhabitants. The French
having completed their approaches,
and effected sufficient breaches,
were preparing to give a general
assault, when the magistracy of the
place waited on the Governor, to
request he would not deliver them
to certain death, by continuing a
resistance which could only termi-
nate ina massacre of the garftison
and people. These remonstraiaces
induced him to consent to a capi-
tulation ; by which the garrison
were to be considered as prisoners
of war till exchanged. On these

~ terms Maestricht surrendered to Ge-
~neral Kleber on the 4th of No-
-yember, after having stood a siege
of forty days, and suffered a2 ioss of
more than 2000 houses and public

_ buildings, either totally demolished

_ or materially damaged.

_ The capture of two cities of such
high considerationas Nimeguen and
Maestricht, filled the ruling party

in Holland with the most .evident

consternation; they now began
thoroughly to despair of being able
to make head against France, espe-
eially as their domestic enemies

+ were well known to have formed

_ the resolution of taking an active
‘part in favour of the French, the

- moment they could do it with any
prospect of personal safety.

The invasion of Holland was an
object of universal expectation in

_ Europe. The force under. the
command of General Pichegru,

who was placed at the head of this

| oes expedition, amounted to no
| 3s than 200,000 men. His abili-
| ties, and those of the officers who

Were to serve under him, annexed

——————— sc CCC CC —

a security to the enterprize, which
equally elated the French and de-
pressed their enemies. In less than
two years from the accession of the

overning powers-in the United
Povinae to the confederacy which
was to have reduced France, they
found themselves on the point of
beeoming the subjects of that irri-
tated power, by the most humilia-
ting and disgraceful of all means,
those of subjugation and con-
quest.

The strength which was to op-
pose this vast and victorious army,
consisted in the remains of the
British troops and those -in their -
pay, and of the Dutch troops. But
their numbers were beneath con-
sideration, when compared to the
multitude of their enemies; and
though far from deficient in mili-
tary knowledge any more than in
spirit, they did not appear adequate
to the arduous task of preserving
Holland from the designs in agita-
tion against it. ey!

A, neutral party subsisted in Hol=
land, which, without inclining to
the Stadtholder or to his enemies,
were decidedly averse to the en-
trance of the French; which/they
foresaw must put an end tothe
independence of the Dutch as a
nation. But their remonstrances
on the necessity of a reunion of
all parties against .a fereign inva~
sion, were lost in the Axed deter-
mination of those in authority to
trust none but their adherents, and
in the no less obstinate resolution
of their antagonists to destroy their
authority through the assistance of
the French.

. ‘CHAP,

64 ANNUAL REGISTER; 1794:
CHAP. IV:

Militar y Operations of the French in Spain. Difference between the present
and former State of Spain. Its Decline and Want of Population insuf-.
Jicient to encounter the French. Their Preparations for the Campaign of
1794. They first attack the Western Borders of Spain; and rout the

Spaniards near St. Jean Delux, and at other Places, and takea Number —
of Prisoners, with an immense ‘Quantit of Artillery and Warlike Stores.
General Dugommier forces a Spink, Army to lay down their Arms. |
Count De, i Union defeated by the French, in attempting to raise the —
Siege of Bellegrade, which surrenders to them, with a large Garrison.
General Dugomniet oltains a signal Victory over the Spaniards, tut is
slain: Honours decreed tohis Memor y. Battle of St. Fernando Defigueres,
therein a large Army of Spaniards is forced into its Entrenchments; —
and Count De L' Union billed. St. Fernando Defigueres taken by the
Frenth, together with a numerous Garrison, and an immense Booty of
all Kinds, The Spaniards again defeated, and er to keep the Field

on their Edstern Frontiers: Successes of the Frenchon the Western Bor-
ders of Spain: General Delaforde fi forces the Spanish Camp at St. Jean
Delus, and takes a large Number of Prisorers, and a great Quantity of
Military Stores and Provisions: “A remarkable Victory gained Ly " he
Fretich over a Sp.nish Army of superior Force. Losses and Consterna-
tion of the Spaniards ; Rapidity of the Motions and Successes of the
French: Fontaralia and St. Sekcstian submit to thein with their Gar-
risons. Immense Magaxines of all Kinds fatl into their Hands: Con-
duct of the French towards the Spaniards, diminishes thetr Aversion to
the Politics of France: Alteration in the Spanish Character since. the
french Revolution: A large Body of Spaniards defeated ty a small oné
of French. Desertion of some Y Spanish Troops to the French. The
Spanish Lincs, extending near forty Leagues, are forced by the French,
and the Spaniards routed with great Loss of Men killed and taken. Dis-
couragement of the Spanish Court aud Ministry. Their fruitless Aé=
tempt to-raise the People in a Mass. Distress of the Spanish Govern=
ment: The Methods it employs to raise Money. Military Operations
: of the French in Italy. Political View of the Ejfects produced b by the
Revolution on. their National Capacity and Strength of Exertion. “For-
mer Disappointments and Disasters attending the ‘French ia the Invasion
of Italy. They open the Campaignin that Country by the Siege of Ovie-
glia. Their cautions Conduct towards the Republic of Genca. On-glia
Lesieged and taken ly them. Consequences of this Captire. They
defeat the Sardinians and Austrians, penctrate into Piedmont, and seizé
large Quantities of Provisions and Warlike Stores. Exploits of Damer-
lion their chief Commander. He forces a strong Encampment of the
Sardinians. Numbers of them are killed and taken, with all thet Can-
nonand Magazines. Lie attacks and carries the Sardinian Entrenchs
ments at Colde Sanda, and compels them to abandon that Pass with
great Loss. Corsternation of the Court of Turin. It forms the eect
of raising the Inhabitants of Pie ‘mont ind Mass, They assemble in
large Numbers, but are gui kly dispersed by the French. Stccesses of
the French in the Alps, "Their General (Dumas) attacks the Fortifica-
tions of Mount Cenis, and drives the Sardinians from them, with great -
The Sardinians again defeated. The Austrians and Sardinians

Jorm

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

Alexandria.

the Close of 1794.

Bs | 7

a no longer the same.

~ present Government.
/

5 HILE the armies of France
de were victorious in the Low
- & ‘Countries, aud on the frontiers of
_ Germany, they were no less suc-
“cessful cn the borders of Spain.
a A singular change had now taken
place in the fortune of this once
ighty monarchy. Destined for

re e space of near two centuries to
figure at the head of christendom,
fs to disturb by its ambition the
eace of all Europe, it was now re-
uced to the necessity of courting
the alliance of other powers, in or-
der to preserve the remains of its
own importance. ‘The loftiness
and dignity which used to charac-
- terize its transactions with other
_ States, impressed little weight on
hem ; aud it was with diffic culty
t the court of Madrid main-
ed its rank, and some portion
ts former influence in other
ountries. The war, in which it
id united with the coalition of

“other sovereigns against France,
1ad ily tried its resources both
men and money. Hitherto the

bala nce ‘of war bad inclined to
pain; but it was through the most

vic Dicsetionsteoatice ground.
Ahe narrow population cf a coun-.

Gontaining half the number of its

+ Austrians and Sardinians are rediced to act on the Defensive.
~ strong Situation of the Prench in Italy alarms the Powers of that Ccun-
try: “Strictures on the Political State of that Country.
a ‘the Effects of the French Revolution in Italy. Situation of Europe~at
Review of the Primitive Causes of the Revolution
"im France, and of the Effects originating from those Causes.
a » Strength and powerful Operation.
oe by them into a Nation wholly different from what it was. The Face
7: of Europe so altered by the Events of the Campaign of 1794, that it is
The Consequences of that Campaign not termina-
ted. Reflections on the Enthusiasm of the French in favour of their

larger than France, but not

“form a Project ab aede the French, whi-h is completely counteracted ly
these, who compel them to abandon all their Posts, and take shelter in
The French remain Masters of the open Country ; and the

The

Conjectures on

Their
The People of France transformed

inhabitants, was a constant draw-
back on all its efforts to recruit the
armies requisite to face such nu-
merous forces as the French were

reparing to bring into the field ;

tai intention being to erneh
Spain with the weight of their mul-
titudes, as soon as they had over-
come some difficulties which re=
tarded the proper organization of
those numbers that were ready in
the southern provinces of France to
embody themselves, andto strength-
en the French atmies employed
in that country. The close of the
campaign in 1795 had been favour=
able to the Spanish arms ; upwards
of 5,000 French had fallen, either
slain or wounded, in the battle of
the 22d of Septeraber, won by
General Ricardos, in the neigh

bourhood of Perpignan ; and the
campaign terminated with another
defeat of their forces, not far from
Collioura, on the 28th of Decem-
ber. But although these were un-
propitious events, the French go-
vernment Was notin the least ap-
prehensive of their consequences.
Relying on the strength which
would be added to the French for.
ces employ ed against Spain at the
opening of the next campaign, they
entertained 4 sanguine hope that
it

64 ANNUAL - REGISTER, 1994:

it would prove entirely different
from the former; The French

army took the field early in the.

month of February. Impatient to
recover the credit they. had lost by
their preceding defeats, they at
tacked the Spaniards that were
posted near St. Jean Deluz, and
routed them with great loss on the
Sth of that month: Encouraged
by this success; the French forces
stationed on the eastern frontiers,
marched, in the beginning of April;
against the Spanish army encamp-
ed at Cerat, and obliged them to
abandon it, togethter with the town
of Boulon: they again attacked
them, cn the ist of May, near the
former of those places, of which
they had attenipted to retake pos:
session, and gained advantages over
them of the utmost importance :
they took an immense quantity
of artillery, together with 2,000
men ; the slain and wounded were
also very numerous.

But the event which gave a de-
Cisive turn to the war in Spain, was
the splendid victory obtained on
the 23d of ‘May by General Due
Shabani an officer of great cele-

rity, over a Spanish army near
Colljsare.. Besides those that fell
in dction, 7000 men laid down
theit arms; andall thebaggage and
cannon fell into the hands of the
French. This event was so satis-
factory to the Convention, that it
was proposed to erect a colum on
the field of action, withan inscrip=
tion to commemorate it.

Inthe meantime,the strong town
of Bellegrade, which the Spaniards
had’ taken in the preceding cam-
paign, was invested by a large body
of French troops. Count De L’U:
nion, a Spanish General of great
eminence, formed a plan for its

relief. At the head of some chosett
regiments he attacked the besiegers
with such impetuosity, that they
were at first drivenffom their posts
but they soon rallied and recovered
them. The fight continued with
obstinacy for a long tithe. Gene-
ral Mirabel, a French officer of
merit, and who contributed by his

-eXertion to the success of his coun-

trymen on this day, was killed with
a number of them ; but they were
at length successful, and the Spa-
niards were totally routed, with
the ldss of neat 3000 meh. This
brave but unfortunate attempt of
the Spaniards to raise the siege of
Bellegrade, took place on the 30th
of August: The garrison still hos
ping to be relieved; held out till the
29th of September; when, despairs
ing of any effort in théir faveur,
they surrendered to General Dus
gommier. Qn tke very next day
Count De L’ Union, unapprized of
this event, made a very resolute
attack on the French; but was
again compelled to retreat with
considerable loss. The number of
Spanish troops madé prisoners at
Bellegrade, amounted to 6000; a
heavy loss in such a scarcity of able
soldiers as Spain now daily experi-
enced,

The continual failuxes of the —

Spanish commanders in their re-
peated attacks of the French, rou-
sed them to a determination to col-+
lect such a force as might, through
the goodness of the troops, as well
as their numbers, afford better.
hopes of success.. With astrength

thusselected, they adranced against —

Dugommier, the most forrhidable

of their enemies, and whom for that |
reason they were chiefly desirous |
of having the honour of defeating.

He met them at S;anilles on the
17th

HISTORY OF EUROPE, 65

Mth of October. The victory was
disputed with great valovfr on both
sides, but after a bloody conflict
declared for the French, who made
a dreadful slaughter of the enemy,
and particularly of their emigrated
countrymen in the Spanish service,
/ A-great number of cannon and
warlike stores, withtents for 12,000
~ men, fell into their hands.

But the glory of this day was
heavily clouded by-the loss of the
General to whom it was owing,

_ Dugommier, zealous to reconnoitre
_ the motions of the enemy, in order
to complete the plan he had form-

* ed to cut off his retreat, was slain
by a cannon-ball in the moment of
victory. No officer seems to have

_ been more respected for his various
Qreat qualities. The convention

_ decreed that his name should be
inscribed on a column in the pan-
theon of Paris, among those war-
riors who had deserved well of their
country, and fallen in its service.
Three days after this great victory,
another still greater was obtained.
Exasperated at their continual de-
feats, the principal heads of the Spa-
‘nish army resolved to concentrate
_ their whole strength in a position
strong by nature, and which they

_ had rendered sti)l stronger bya chain
of entrenchments and batteries, to
the number of near 100. ‘These
Stupendous works had employed
six months of assiduous labour.

y were defended by an army

‘of 40,000 men ; and it was thought
_ by adequte judges in military af-
fairs, that the French would cer-
~ tainly be worsted, if they attempted
to forcethem. In this hope, some
_ of the most eminent officers in the

aaa

pervice of Spain had repaived to .

‘this army,, in order to contribute
+ Vor. XXXVI.

their exertions on the critical day
that was shortly expected.
Convinced of the necessity of
overcoming the obsiacles thus
thrown in their way, before they
could make a farther progress, the
French commanders drew together
the best troops that could be mus-
tered from the various posts they
occupied, resolving to make the ut-
most trial of their valour. On the
20th of October they marched to
the attack of the Spanish entrench
ments ; and after three hours fight
penetrated them in every quarter,
to the utter astonishment of the
Spanish commanders, Indignant
at so unexpected and humiliating
a disappointment, after using every
effort that bravery and skill could
employ to retrieve the fortune of
the day, they seemed determined
nottosurviveit. CountDe L’ Unien
and three other general Officers
were amongst the slain ; and their
army was completely defeated and
put to flight. This great and de-
cisive battle was fought in the
nighbourhood of St. Fernando de
Figueres, a place of great strength,
and gartisored -by near 10,000
men: but the loss ef stich a battle
in their sight, filled them with such
dismay, that they surrendered to
the} victors in three days. The
booty found in this fortress, and in
the encampment that had been '
forced, was immense. Among
other articles of high value, twelve
founderies for canuon, with all the
materials in readiness, were taken.
The importance of this victory was
such, that all resistance fell before
the French in those parts. They
followed the retreating Spaniards
with so much expedition, that
overtaking them at a place where
' they

they. endeavoured to make a stand,
they put them to a total rout, kill-
ing and taking numbers, and,
among other captures, seizing their
military chest, esteemed of ancom-
mon richness, These successes
made them masters of several towns
of importance, and of which the
situation opened the way into those
parts which they were chiefly de-
sirous to attack.

While the French armies were
gaining so many. victories on the
eastern. frontiers of Spain, the
northern borders of that kingdom
were equally the scene of their
success. ‘The Spaniards, after their
defeat at St. Jean Deluz at the
commencement of the campaign,
had made the greatest efforts to
retrieve that misfortune. They
assembled a large force on the
same spot:—but they were not
more fortunate than before. Ge-
neral de la Forde, a French officer
of extraordinary activity, fell upon
them in their camp, which he
forced, together with an adjacent
fort, in one day. The slain and
prisoners were numerous; and
the quantity of military stores, and
especially of provisions, was sovery
considerableas to occasion the most
serious distress to the Spaniards.
'’ This advantage, which was ob-

tained towards the close of July,
prepared the way for another of
still greater consequence. A body
of 15,000 Spanish troops had taken
a strong post on a mountain, the
whole extent of which they eo-
vered with their numbers. The
force of the French was much
inferior, not exceeding 6000 men ;
but as the execution of their de-
sign was materially obstructed by
the position of the enemy, they
_ resolved to risk an attack upon it,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

hotwithstanding their inferiority.
With that furious ‘impetuosity
which has so frequently’! proved
irresistible, they rushed on the
Spaniards so unexpectedly, that
they were thrown into a confusion
from which they never recovered.
They retreated with sueh precipi-
tation, that they abandoned: their
magazines, 200" pieces of cannon,
and ténts for 20,000 men, and lost
in their retreat 2000, who sub-
mitted without ‘resistance. “This
brilliant action struck the Spaniards
with so much terror, that itseemed
tohave deprived themof all presence
of mind. The rapidity of ‘the
French was such, that they» were
before the walls of Fontarabia on
the evening of this very day, when
it immediately surrendered; The
following day was signalized by
the seizing of Port Passage ; and on
the ensuing, they invested St. Se-
bastian, which capitulated the next.
Thus they accomplished in four
days what in former times had cost
the labour of months and the lives
of thousands, and had put to the
test the abilities of the most illus-
strious commanders. These res
markable days were the Ist, 2d,
3d, and 4th of August. The cap-
ture of those important places was
accompanied by that of more than
3000 prisoners, besides the acquisi-
tion of immense accumulations of
stores of every kind with which
those towns were filled.

The conduct of the French on
this occasion entirely reconciled
the inhabitants to their fate. The
severest orders. were issued, con-
formably to the directions of the
French government, against any
species of depredation or disrespect
against the established religion of
the country. This indeed was

dictated

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

“dictated by a policy peculiarly re-
“quisite in a country so wedded to
‘its religious opinions as Spain.
It was chiefly the violent appre-
hensions of the natives that the
French would deprive them of the
freedom of their worship, that had
excited their enmity and aversion
to that people. This induced
them at first to take up arms, under
| @ persuasion that Heaven would
assert its Own cause, and not per-
mit the French to triumph over
those who were fighting for it.
But when the course of events had
shewn that, however hostile to
kingly government, the French
were indifferent to speculative opi-
‘nions on spiritual’ manners, and
left every man’s conscience at
liberty, they no longer considered
_ them with the same abhorrence ;
and began to view the war in the
light of a political contest betiveen
the French on the one side, and
the European princes on the other,
both parties contending with equal
obstinacy ; the former for the re-
_” publican system they had adopted,
the latter for the restoration ‘of
monarchy.
’ Nor should it pass unnoticed,
_ that the general disposition of the
_ people in Spain had undergone a
remarkable change since the great
alterations that had happened in
_ France. . The inhabitants of the

and these of the scuthern in the
latter country, have so many mo-
- tives and methods to preserve a
communication with each other,
that all the precautions taken by
the Spanish court to prevent it,
had not been sufficiently effectual
- for the purpose chiefly intended ;
" which was to obviate an inter-

course of ideas and opinions on the

northern provinces of the former,.

transactions of the times. Many
of the political maxims adopted by
the French, had been introduced
among the Spaniards, and met with
abettors; and the impropriety of
blending religion with politics was
clearly understood. Hence num-
bers of people of all classes, espe-
cially the middling and industrious,
began to wish for a limitation Of
the regal authority, the weight of
which was experimentally found
too heavy for commerce and in-
dustry. Butthe only means of re-
ducing that excessive authority
within bounds, was to humble it by
distress ; and nc instrument of such
humiliation appearing so ready and
efficient -as a successful attack on
the part of the French, those who
secretly wished for a diminution of
the power hitherto exerciséd by
the court, were gladof the opporttt-
nity offered them by the successes
of the French; and omitted no oc-
casion to throw a damp on the
spirits of the Spanish military, and
to discourage that pertinacity of
resistance for which the Spaniards
had always been so remarkable in
their hostilities with France.

Thus the reduction of the places
that had fallen into the hands of the
French, was not a little owing to a
changeof sentimentsamong the Spa-
niards. Such pains were now taken,
tho’ inan indirect and imperceptible
manner, to magnify the prowess of
the French, that the opposition to
them was weakened in the most
visible degree, and the whole coun-
try submitted to them that lay be-
tween the places that had already
surrendered and the city of To-
losa.

The Spanish commanders, ala-m-
ed at.the readiness to admit the
French, which appeared daily to

FQ gaia

gain ground, thought it their duty
at all events to encouater them
before it had spread farther.
They collected a considerable
body, with which in the beginning
~_ of September they marched against
the French; but either they took
such improvident measures, or
their soldiers were so ill disposed
to second their officers, that a divi-
sion of the Spanish force, consisting
of G000 men, were engaged and
defeated by a detachment of hardly
1000 French. A transaction
took place on this .eccasion, to
which may be justly ascribed the
defeat of the Spaniards. A corps
of the King of Spain’s Walloon
guards deserted to the enemy,
either during the fight or pre-
viously to it: it excited such a sus-
picion that more treachery was in-
tended, that universal confusion
ensued, and a retreat became im-
mediately necessary,

It was a whole month before the
. Spaniards recovered from the pa-
nic into which they had been
thrown by this most unfortunate
event. Their spirits still appeared
too much depressed for their
commander to venture on offen-
sive operations,and they kept within
a line of strongly fortified posts,
extending nearly forty leagues.
The French however determined
to attack them, and did it with
such vigour and effect, that. not-
withstanding the strength of the
works occupied by the Spaniards,
who had bestowed an entire year
on their construction, they were
forced in no less than twelve
different places, where they were
at once assaulted. ‘['wo accidents
enly prevented the Ghtire destruc-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

tion of the Spanish army ; a large

division of the French, which was
to have cut off their retreat, did
not arrive intime ; and a thick fog
arose, which enabled the Spaniards
to make a retreat, after losing how-
ever 5000 men, killed and taken.
Disasters so unusual and so re-
peated, filled the court of Spain
with consternation. What chiefly
aggravated them, was a persuasion
that they were in some measure
due to disaffection. The violent
and sbsurd superstition that had so
long characterised the Spaniards,
appeared to be> considerably ef-
faced, and a disinclination to the
present war evidently to operate
among a laege portion of the con-
monalty.Symptoms of so dangerous
a.tendency deeply alarmed the Spa-

nish ministry, some of whom began -

to be of opinion that in the pre-
sent temper of the nation it would
be advisable to have recourse to
a pacification, in order to labour

effectually for a subjugation of the .

principles that had been imported
from France ; and that threatened
a still more general diffusion, were
the French to make farther ad-
vances into the kingdom.. Their
prodigious successes had so dis-
heartened the soldiery, that no
expectation remained with admi-
nistration to recover them from
their despondency ; and, what was
still worse, the loyalty of numbers
of thet was, from what had hap-
pened, not unjustly suspected.

In a situation so truly critical,
it was proposed by some of the
most zealous adherents te govern-
ment, that recourse should be had
to that measure which had proved
so useful and efficacious in the

Case —

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

ease of France, the raising of the
people in a mass* : but those who
were so weak and deluded by their
ignorance, as to recommend such
an attempt, soon found it imprac-
ticable. The French were be-
come a nation of enthusiasts; the
Spaniards still remained a nation of
bigots. The French, however
they might be mistaken in their
object, had now risen above all
principle but that of a violent at-
tachment to the constitutions esta-
blished in their country, and as
violent a hatred to that which had
been abolished. But the Spaniards,
though desirous to reform the de-
fects in their government, still
maintained an implicit devotion

comprehension and vigour which
adds so powerfully to manliness
and courage, and without which
mere brayery loses half its effect.
The attempts which were made to
disseminate among the people a
spirit of universal resistance to the
enemy, failed everywhere, to the
great mortification of the court,
which had not expected to be re-
linquished in so marked a manner
by the nation at large. Ocher me-
thods of encountering the ap-
proaching danger were now to be
provided with the utmost expedi-
tion ; andit was hoped that by ap-
pealing to those who were most
interested in the support of go-
vernment, it would be able to

maintain its guound, and if not to
overcome, still to prevent the
enemy from extending his con-
quests into the interior parts of
the kingdom, The nobility, the

to the absurdest tenets of the reli-
gious system so long prevailing
among them. Hence their minds
_ were debilitated by superstition,
and unable to rise to that height of

-* This expression of saising the people in amass is vague, and neither conveys
any precise idea, nor refers to any fact or event from which any clear idea may
be formed. At the famous epochs of 1789, the 14th of July, and the 5th of Oc~
tober, the people of Paris assembled in an immense body for a short space of time.
Bur if it had been necessary for this immense body to march out of Paris, it would
soon have found that they neither would nor could march to any great distance.
In France, since the commencement of the revolution, the natienal guards have
been formed into military bodies, as the volunteers have been since in England ;
but this organization requires time. And it if only after any number of men,
armed for the defence of their country, have been duly trained and disciplined,
that they can be of any material service, either byrecruiting the old armies, or by
forming new ones. If whole nations of men were to rise in masses, and to remain
for such a lenzth of time as would be necessary for the purposes of war whether
offensive or defensive, how are they to be fed? how cloihed? how armed? Who.
is to establish magazines for them? to provide lodgings? to furnish camp-equipage
and necessary carriages? There have appeared several quacks in Germany, Italy,
and Spain, who have talked much of the people rising in a mass; and periodical
publications have re-echoed the sound. But there is no man-versed in even the
rudiments of the military art, who will lay any stress on the possibility of a nation
carrying on war ina mass, and who will not consider the idea as absurd and ridi-
_ culous.—The counrry people sometimes assemble in multitudes, for the purpose of
attacking the remnents or wrecks of a conquered army; but the effects of such

risings are momentary, adventitious, of little consequence, and never to be much

reckoned upon. ‘To build any hopes of either subverting or restoring empires by
such means, in so enlightened a quarter of the world, and so skilful in all military
- atts as Europe, is extreme ignorance and folly.

F 3 clergy,

clergy, persons in office, and the
opulent acherents to government,
were now called upon to assist it to
the utmost of their abilities. A
fourth part of salaries and pen-
sions was now made a voluntary
donation by the incumbents them-
szlves.. The rich ecclesiastics con-
tributed largely; and the wealthy
in all classes imitated these prece-
dents in the most liberal manner.
Besides all this, it was resolved that
henceforward no placeman or pen-
sioner should be entitled to the
receipt of more than a stated salary,
though in the exercise of various
employments. The very highest
offices were placed under this ar-
rangement; and the zeal and ala-
crity with which they testified their
readiness to make these sacrifices,
did much credit to.the Spanish
character, though it proved at the
same time to what distresses the
government was reduced. These
ransactions took place in Septem-
ber; a period distinguished in
every theatre of the war by the
calamities that were accumulating
upon the enemies to the French
republic.

While the armies of France were

thus triumphant in the Nether-

lands, in Germany, and in Spain,
they were no less victorious in
Italy. During the-preceding cam-
paign, the fortune of war had re-
mained undecided in this part; and
the French had experienced some
considerable defeats: but the pre-
sent year totally altered the face of
things, and placed the arms of
France on a footing of success,
which alarmed ali the powers of
that country. The armies of the
Emp: ror and the King of Sardinia
had in former times always suc-
ceeded -n keeping the entrance of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Italy shut against the French ; or,
at the worst, in expelling them with

‘great loss whenever they entered,

Before this year, the pian of the.
confederacy seems to have pre-
sumed the Sardinian armies com-
petent to resist the attempts of
France in that quarter, while it was
attacked by such potent enemies
in so many other parts. But the
French had now opened a career
of exertions, of which Europe had
never imagined it. to be capable.
Accustomed to judge of the pres
sent by the past, it calculated the
strength of France on a relative
proportion at the utmost, to that
which it had yet displayed in the
most splendid eras of its military
grandeur. Lewis XIV. under
whom it arived at its highest sums
mit, never had armies exceeding
altogether 450,000 men; and these
were deemed greatly disproportion~
able to the just and natural strength
of his dominions, The-Mmisfor-
tunes that befel him. towards the
lose of his reign, were imputed to
the prodigious expences and ef
forts of every description to which
he. was necessitated to have re-
course, in order to maintain such
enormous multitudes, Rebespierre
was as great a despot as Lewis XIV.
But the court of Lewis consisted of
great and rich landed proprietors 3
whereas that of Robespierre was
composed of men who had neither _
property nor character. In impo-
sing the heaviest taxes, and exacting
contributions to any emeunt from
the rich, Robespierre met with no
opposition from his courtiers. If
Lewis XIV. had taken it into his
head to sell the lands of the great
lords of his court, he would not
have carried his design into exe~
cution without formidable resist-
; ance

pel 1 STOR Yoo EURO PE.

ance. A monarchy ‘therefore, if
limited, is more favourable than a
democratic goverment to the in-
terests of humanity, in as much as
it lays the rulers of kingdoms un-
_ der a necessity to put anend to
wars when they become a greater
- burthen than can be borie by the
exhausted people.

_. The rulers of a great nation, sub-
jected to the principles of demo-
__efacy, are not restrained in the ex-
_ _ercise of power by any opposition,
_ mor by any responsibility. They
4 page of the property as well as
_ the lives of the people, at pleasure.
_ Public misfortunes and calamities
. which weaken the hands of royal
administrations, strengthen those
‘of democratical governments. It
is no difficult matter to persuade
the poor and numerous classes of
society, that they are fighting in

their own cause, as long as they can

_ persuade them that it is necessary,
by acontest in arms with foreign

selves in the most critical of all
dilemmas, Their only alternative
was,submission to their enemies on
the terms which these should please
to dictate, ora resistance which
they foresaw would require such
exertions’as would almost undo
them, They magnanimously chose
the last. -And though this deter-
mination has -beeu attended with
events that make humanity shud-
der, yet candour will extort the
confession,’ that in such difficulties
and perplexities as they Were con-
stantly surrounded with on every
side, with potent enemies assaulting
them from abroad, and the most
rancorous and restless party inces-
santly conspiring against them at
home, they had no “choice but of
inflicting death upon those, or of
suffering death themselves , and of
conquering their foreign foes, or
of resigning their freedom and
lives to their discretion. Such a
situation necessarily called forth

i “powers, to maintain the national

_ dndependence. When oncea peo-
_ ple are fully persuaded that this is
really the case, their efforts in the
_ -prosecution of whatever they may
_ think concerns their safety, their

’ Jwelfare, or tacir honour, are be-
syond the reach of ordinary calcu-
culation: from whence a very ob-

every avility they possessed. Their
courage, their capacity, their re-
sources, were stretched: to the ut-
most. This was ‘not effected by
the mere power of government ;
it was not the work of administra-
tion ; it was the deed of the nation
itself. No other agent could have
performed what was done: ihe

i vious corollary is to be drawn, universal mind co-operated as a
_ which has no doubtboen duly con- single one : no labour, no hardship,
4 Lorde by the sovereign princes no misery, was refused: in these
: ae statesmen of the preseat every man partook, as they also
4! ee. did in the triumphs produced by

Sm Be There is no nation that has ever
7 ified the truth of these obser-

the activity, the patience, the suf-
ferings; which, by being endured in

ba ions s@- conspicuously as the
“a ees, Placed in the centre of
Europe, and exposed to the resent-
ment of the formidable potentates,
By whom their conduct bad so griev-
ously offeuded, they found them-

common, and evidently for the
sake of all, were the more cheer-
fully borne by every one in parti-

cular.
Inorder to produce these vast ex-
ertions, it is by no means necessary
that

€

that a nation submitting to those
burthens they require, should be
certain of obtaining those ends for
which it is willing to bear them ;
or that the object for which it is
contending, should not be an il-
lusion. It is sufficient that such a
nation is persuaded of the reality
of that object and of those ends,
to act a part which no other cause
could possibly effect; to astonish
the world by events beyond all
the rules of probability, and al-
most of possibility, and to set, as
it were, at defiance the conjec-
tures of wisdom and the experience
of ages. Such now was the spirit
and temper ofa people always fa-
mous for the brilliant characters it
often exhibited, both in arms and
arts; but which, though highly
elevated in the system of Europe,
was never thought capable of fa-
-cing alone all the nations around,
But the time was come, owing to the
causes enumerated, that the combi-
nation of al} the European monar-
chies would be found insufficient
to reduce that natioa to the terms
intended to be imposed upon it,
Among the countries of which
the powers were inimical to France,
there was none wherein the French
had for a succession of ages met
with so many disappointments as
in Italy. The ambition of their
monarchs had frequently led them
into that country ; but their suc-
cesses had always been transitory ;
and it was proverbially denomi-
nated the burying-ground of the
French, from the constant over-
throw and destruction of their ar-
mies. It was of course. expected,
that the same destiny would again
attend them; and that, should they
invade it, they would, as heretofore,
be finally expelled. On this pre-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

sumption, their entrance intoltaly
was viewed without much alarm in
the native powers. Nor did they
at first seem to threaten much dan-

-ger to those princes whose territo-

ries they invaded. But the French
having successfully got over the
first trial of the strength brought
against them by the coalition, and
terminated with advantage a cam-
paign which they began with the
gloomiest prospects, they now de=
rived from thence such hopes, that
they determined to leave no
means untried to realize them.
They formed accordingly a mul«
tiplicity of plans for the attack of
their diferent enemies, equally
daring and sagacious; that which
was proposed for {taly promised
to compensate for the disappoint.
ments of the last campaign there ;
and their success in the outset ex-
cited their most sangu ne expec=
tations, Among the possessions re~
maining to the King of Sardinia
on the sea coast, the only one of
any consequence was the town
and harbour of Oneglia. It was
noted for being the receptacle of a
number of privateers, which com.
mitted many depredations on the
commercial shipping of the French
sea-ports in its neighbourhood. It
was resolved, for that reason, to
commence the campaign by the
siege of that place. As it was en-
circled by the territories of Genoa,
it became necessary to ealm the dis-
quietude that might arise from
marching through these to attack
that town. The fortune of France
had not at that time declared itself
in such a manner as to render the
Freuch inattentive whom they of-
fended ; and they were particularly
desirous to commit no violations of
the treaties subsisting between spi
an

“HISTORY OF EUROPE.

-and other states, however incon-
siderable these might be, and inca-
able of resenting ill treatment.
i he strictest promises therefore
were made, to observe the respect
due to the sovereignty of Genoa on
its own territory ; and they were
kept accordingly on this occasion
to the particular satisfaction of that
republic ; which was exceedingly
solicitcus to preserve its neutrality
in the midst of those hostilities
which it had not the power to
remove from its neighbour-
hood,

A passage being thus opened to
Oneglia, it was besieged and taken
in the beginning of April. Hereby

the direct communication of the
court of Turin with the British
fleets in the Mediterranean, was en-
tirely cut off; which was a main
object with the French. The cap-
‘ture of this important place was
"goon after followed by the defeat
of a considerable body of Sardinians
and Austrians; and the French pe-
metrated into Piedmont, some dis-
tricts of which were compelled to
submit to them. Large quantities
of provisions and warlike stores
fell at the same time into their
hands, and proved an irreparable
loss to the troops that were ad-
wancing against them. The prin-
_cipal officer among the French was
Dumerlion, a very resolute and
_actiye commander. He had four
strongholds to reduce before he
‘could execute the design he had
formed of attacking the Sardiniaus
‘ima fortified camp, which they oe-
‘cupied. He attempted them, how-
“ever, successfully, the beginuing of
May, end immediately marched to
the Sardinian encampinent ; the
‘forcing of which did him the more
honour, as it had been fruitlessly

attempted in the foregoing cam
paign.

The French on this occasion
made two thousand prisoners, and
killed a considerable number of the
enemy. A numerous train of ar-
tillery fell into their hands, besides
vast stores of provisions and am-
munition. This success was dis
rectly followed by another of still
more importance. Eight thousand
of the enemy were entrenched in
one of the narrow passes into Pied-
mont, known by the name of Colda
Tanda. This had in former wars
often resisted numerous forces, and
effectually guarded the country bes
hind it ; but it could not resist the
impetuosity with which the French
assailed it. The Sardinians were
completely defeated, and lost a
great number of men in their re-
treat. These advantages, obtained
by the activity and bravery of Du~
merlion, in the districts between
Turin and the sea-coast, fully de-
cided the superiority of the French
in those parts, and spread dismay
through all Piedmont. The King
of Sardinia’s mivistry began to be.
veryseriously alarmed at theapprox-
imation of so resolute and suc-
cessful an enemy ; and were highly
perplexed in what manner most ef-
fectually to put a stop to his pro-
gress.

After many consultations on the
dangerous posture of affairs, it was
proposed to make an appeal to the
inhabitants of Piedmont, repre-
senting to them the danger threat-
ened to their religion, and the duty
incumbent on them to protect it
from the violence and profanation
of an impious enemy, ‘The attach.
ment of the Italians to the Romish
religion is notorious. Long be~
fore the revolution in France, they

considered

considered the’French jas far from
being such real and sound Roman
Catholies as themselves- That
event and, its consequences les-
sened still more their good opinion
and respect for the French in these
particulars ; and since the abolition
ef the papal jurisdiction in France,
and the dereliction of christianity,
openly avowed even by. some
French ecclesiastics in the course
of the preceding year, they looked
upon the generality of the French
with abhorrence. Such a disposi-
tion in the bulk of the people, ap-
peared highly favourable to the
design of exciting them to rise ina
mass to oppose the French. The
Piedmontese displayed on this oc-
casion more willingness than the
Spaniards had done. Lncouraged
by their clergy, and the numerous
friars who exerted themselves in
spiriting up the multitude every-
where, they assembled in July, to
the number of ten or twelve thou-
sand, and marched confidently to
the enemy. Butso little were the
French alarmed at this method of
epposing them, that they did not
think it necessary to make any ex-
traordin*ry preparations to meet
this body of undisciplined pea-
santry. A few regiments were
sufticient to put them to the rout.
They quickly dispersed to their
habitations,thoroughly disheartened
at atrial, from which both they
and others had formed better ex-
pectations; but which neither
seemed inclined any more to re-
eat.

While the French armies suc-
ceeded so completely in the south-
ern provinces of the Sardinian do-
minions, their forces in the north-
ern parts were equally fortunate.
No country in Europe » could be

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794,

more susceptible of every assistance _
arising from military knowledge,
Full. of .mountains,. defiles, and
precipices, it was often with. dif-
ficulty. troops could proceed on
their way even without seeing the
face of an enemy. The Sardinians
had fortified every post that was
tenable either by nature or by art 5
and the French were compelled to
fight for every inch ef ground on
which they stood, The strongest
of the many fortresses scatteredover
this country of rocks and moun-
tains, was that so well known to
travellers by the name of Mount
Cenis. It formed a central post,
supported by several others ; every
one well garrisoned and fortified,
Their situation obstructed the pas-
sage to it so effectually, that with- -
out previously taking them, itwould
remain inaccessible, Dumas, the
French General, whose particular
experience in this mountainous
warfare had recommended him to
this arduous expedition, exerted
himself so skilfully, that he had in
the beginning of May made every
preparation requisite for the com-
mencement of his intended ope-
rations. On the’ 10th of this —
month, at the close of day, a chosen '
body were ordered to attack a fort
that occupied the first pass. It _
was carried. after a stout defence,
together with a valuable train of ar-
tillery ; andthe garrison was obliged
to capitulate for permission to re-
treat. In the mean time, Dumas
himself, at the head of a select di-
vision, descended into a valley in-
tersected by a chain of posts,through
which he forced his way, and made
himself master of another fort.
After overcoming these. obstacles,
a number of precipices lay before
him, through which, with equal

courage

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

courage and circumspection, he
directed his march to a. strong hold;
which having secured, he next ad-
vanced to the foot of Mount Cenis.
This formidable mountain was
eovered with redoubts and bat-
teries that” did great execution on
his best troops, as he led them to
the assault. But, after a vigorous
defence, they were all taken by
storm, and the Sardinians driven
from their position. While this
was a-doing, another division of the
‘Prench army came upon them, by
"a circuitous march across precipices
that were not thought passable.
This sudden appearanee of an ad-
‘ditional and unexpected enemy, so
discourazed the Sardinian troops,
‘that they immediately retreated ;
prin behind them all their can-
} and warlike stores, and a
tt number of prisoners and of
‘in.
Bs _ This was a victory of the highest
importance to the French. It not
ly enabled them to subjugate a
etorable extent of this moun-
ious country, butit struck such
amp on their enemies, that it
with the utmost precaution they
‘Yentured to encounter +them on
oo and were continually
} wing up intrenchments in
y place where they expected
(in considerable force. A va-
"of partial engagements and
ishes- occupied the remuin-
of the summer, till the middle
TepSeptember ; when the Sardinians
€ to a more serious action with
he Frenci: : by whom, after main-
ing a regular contest, they were
length defeated with a great loss.
Pbey still however continued to
ee: ute their ground with so ) much

.
hy, ™
i? 4

tivity, received several checks,
and were not able to make
farther progress in those parts.

In order to retrieve the disasters
of this campaign, and to terminate
it more auspiciously than it had
begun, the court of Turin con~
certed a plan with the Austrian
commanders, the objcct of which
was, to attack in great force. the
various posts occupied by the
French to the ‘north of the Ge-
noese territory ; and by means of
which they were enabled to make
incursions far into the Sardinian
districts. Whether the French dis-
covered this project, or had formed
another toa sim Jar purpose against
their enemies, they counteracted it
so effectually, that before it could
be ready for execution, the Sardi-
nians and Austrians were assailed
in all their posts, defeated in the
completest manner, and compelled
to retreat with the utmost precipi-
tation, as far as the strons town of
Alexandria ; 3 tothe gates ‘of which
they were pursued.

This great defeat, which hap-
pened in the latter part of Sep-
tember, closed all the material ope-
rations of the campaign. After
rallying their scattered forces, the
Sardinians and Austrians remained
wholly on the defensive; and by
chusing advantageous positions, 80
far recovered the credit of their
arms, as to prevent the French
fiom advancing further into Pied-
mont, and even to worst them in
some encounters. Eut these were
not of a nature to raise any ap-
prehensions in the French that
they should suffer a reverse of for-
tune. They seemed indeed to
others, as well as themselves, so
firmly settled in Italy, that the va-
rious Princes and states of this

country

courtry, began to entertain serious
fears that they might acquire
such a‘degtee of power there, as
on divers pretences, to refuse re-
linquishing it. Plausible motives
would easily be assigned for their
keeping possession of what they had
obtained ; and while they continued
superior in the field, their rea-
sons would remain uncontro-
verted.

Italy, in the opinion of the
soundest politicians, was a theatre
whereon the French would act a
more remarkable part than in any
other country in Europe, . The
Italians, divided into sundry states
and principalities, none of which
were intrinsically very formidable,
had ever cherished a jealousy of
each other ; which rendered them
altogether of little consideration in
the scale of European politics.
Their country was perpetually ex-
‘posed to the invasion of those po-
tentates who thought proper to
form pretensions to parts of it, and
in the sanguinary disputes occa-
sioned by those pretensions, none
“were exempt ftom experiencing
eventually the horrors of war.
“Often had the wisest heads in that
country, which certainly produces
as wise heads as any, endeavoured
by arguments, and by the influence
their high stations gave them,some
of them being no !ess than Sove-
‘reigns, to form such an union of
force among the Italian princes
and states, as might enable them
to expel foreigners from their
country. The propriety of this ad.
vice was incontrovertible ; and it
‘might have been followed, to the
benefit of all concerned, had the
least patriotism existed among those
who ought chiefly to lave taken
‘the lead, in promoting so national

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1494.

a measure. Italy being therefore
the property, partly of Sovereigns
who have no natural relation to it,
and of others who consider their
possession as precarious, and the
rulers of states assuming the name
of commonwealths being usually at
variance with the people under
them, it follows of course, that

national attachments and recipro-

cal confidence between the go-
vernors and the governed, are
unknown in this country. The
only exception is found in Pied-
mont ; the inhabitants of which
are in general very well affected
to the princes of the House of Sa-
voy, their’ native Sovereigns for
many centuries.

Matters being thus circum.
stanced, it was the firm persua-
sion of persons of political know~
ledge and discernment, at the close
of the year 1794, that Italy would
be that country wherein the con-
sequences of the French vevolu-
tion would finally be felt in their
fullest extent, unless the alliance
between Sardinia and Austria
should be more prosperous than
it had hitherto proved; which, how-
ever, from past events, did not
seem probable» an alteration of
circumstances in favour of both
these sovereigns, depended not
only on the success of their arms in
Italy, but also on the better fortune
of those of the whole confederacy.

The termination of this cam-
paign left the affairs of Europe in
the most astonishing condition they
had ever experienced since that
political system had been formed,
which had kept them so Jong in
equipoise, and happily prevented
any nation from exceeding those
limits of power and consequence
which must have necessarily endan~

gered

a> NS

—_—-.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

- gered the authority and importance
of the others. That system was
now forgotten ; that equipoise de-
stroyed ;- and the whole fabric of
the standing politics of centuries
tottering to its foundation. The

causes of this amazing change lay

-much deeper than either the revo-
Jution of France, or the confede-
racy formed to counteract it. A
spirit had started up, which, dis-
daining to be fettered by those
maxims to which mankind has sub-
mitted for a long course of ages,
had struck out new paths, em-

_- braced new principles, and seemed

‘

determined, in defiance of all op-
‘position, to establish a new order
of things throughout the civilized
world *, This was an attempt of
‘such anature, that it could not fail
to excite the most violent resist-
‘ance. The enmity of many
would arise from the interest they
»woald feel in its suppression ; the
abhorrence of others would flow
. from the persuasion of its pernici-
- ous consequences to society ; and
multitudes would condemn it, on
‘account of that dislike of change
which must be attended with much
confusion before things can be tho-
roughly settled. -

In the mean time the operations
of this spirit were incessant. As it
fell chiefly on minds the most rest-

less, most turbulent, and most reso-

late, its activity at Jast knew no
“repose; its audacity dreaded no

_ danger ; and it laboured with an
_ indefatigable assiduity to gain pro-

selytes among all whose qualities

_ and way of thinking were simiar

‘to those of its propagators. In-
dividuals of this frame of mind

_ possess a natural ascendancy over

all others. Doctrines supposed to
be founded on moral rectitude, the
most powerful principle among mo-
ral agents, were readily embraced
by men who believed that while
they consulted their. self-interest,
they paid homage at the same time
to immutable truth and justice.
Noyelty too, proverbially the pur-
suit of most men, contributed
largely to their rapid diffusion ; and
as they differed essentia!ly from
many received notions, the truth
of these began to be called in ques«
tion, and they were gradnally dis-
missed to make room for more ac-
ceptable ideas Time and specu-
lation having, by degrees, ripened
them into a regular system ; among
their numerous adherents, the fer-
vour, with which these maintained
and were determined at all hazards
to support them, gave birth to a
resolution to let them no longer
lie buried in theory, but to bring
them forwards into actual practice. -

It happened at the same time,
that a coincidence of extraordinary.
events co-operated with the most
ardent wishes that could have been
formed by the professors of this new
system. A nation the most fervid,
and susceptible of those impressions
that fascinate the imagination, had
long lain dormant and deprest un-.
der an accumulation of difficulties
which had exhausted its patience,
Its government abounded with er-
rors, which had produced much
misery ; and the public was an-
xiously seeking for remedies to its
distresses. Matters indeed were
in a train for gradual and even
speedy reformation ; but the im-
patience of the French nation cans
not brook any delay ; and is dis»

“See Vol. XXXIV. ofthis Work, page 4.

posed

78 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

posed to pursue its object throngh
certain dangers, rather chan to wait
for its cer.ain and safe accomplish-
ment at any future period.

This was the moment which the
spirit of novelty and reform seized
with the keenest avidity for im-
mediate exertion. The very na-
tion so situated, abounded wih spi-
rits of this stamp. They lost no
time in seizing so favo rable an
opportunity of introducing them-
selves into the most active func-
tions, and of preparing the ma-
terials wherewith to erect the
fabric they had in contemplation.

With a circumspection arising
from the profoundest policy, they
concealed their ultimate views from
the majority ; whose minds, though
in strong unison with their own
respecting a multiplicity of objects,
were not yet arrived at that point
which would be requisite for the
accomplishment of those ends
which were finally proposed; but
when, through a surprizing va-
riety of favourable incidents, they
had gained possession of the public
mind, they threw away all con-

.cealment, and openly avowed their

purposes to the world.

As these purposes were highly
soothing to the sentiments of men
desirous of making a figure in so-
ciety, they were instantly joined
by all the bold and daring spirits in
the nation. Of such only they ac-
eepted for the execution of those
projects which were necessary for
the security of the system they had
established. In the coilision of the
many rivals struggling successively
for power, all principles of buman-
ity were trampled to the ground ;

but those principles on which their ,

system had been founded, remained
unshaken in the attachment of the

public. The very suspicion of en-
mity to these was a crime; and
tyranny, cloked a while with the
pretext of patriotic severity, was,on
the instant-of its discovety, doomed
to 1:pmediate destruction.

‘these maxims and passions have
wrought a radical change in the
reciprocal conduct of the French
and'the European powers, in their
various relation with each otiver. »
Conscious of the irradicab e enmity
borne by those powers to their prini-
ciples, they csn be friendly to
none, and are therefore suspect-
ed of eagerly watching for oppor-
tunities of subverting every system
of government but their own.

While Europe remains suspended
in its expectations and fears of
what will finally prove the result
of this natura] state of hosility be-
tween France and those potentates
whose all is now at stake, dissimula-
tion may hold forth the appearance
of peace ; but its reality willnever,
itis much to be feared, be known
till that awful decision is made
which will either confirm the new
system of things, or procure, thro’
its entire ruin, the restoration of
the old: a.consideration complete
with terror, when that fatal alter-
native is weighed, which hence
will of necessity arise, or at least
may be dreadfully apprehended,
that either France wili ultimately
succeed in overturning every go-
vernment in Europe, or that, after
shedding seas of bloed, and con-
verting this part of the world into —
scenes of devastation and‘horror, —
the old government will effect the
total ruin of that country and peo-
ple, andensure, by the rights of war,
its depression and degradation for
ages to come. ‘

In searching for an event, Or zra

‘

witha prodigious Slaughter.

HISTORY OF EUROPE,

in history, that might be found to

_ bear some analogy to this great re--

Volution ‘in the sentiments of so
large a portion of the. European
world, and that might suggest some
anticipation of its probable result,
and semé instructions for the con+
duct of nations, we have nov been
able to discover any nearer. pa-

wars that ensued were, like thépré-
sent, wars of opimon; and aftera
struggle continued, withsomeinter=
ruptions, for upwards ofa century,
were terminated at the: peace of
Westphaliaby a compromise. The
more a man’ reflects on: these two
objects, the> more circumstances
he ‘will certainly »perceive of dis-

the Commencement of the War with the Coalesced Powers.

' Promoter of the Insurrection.
headed by Stoflet and Catineau,

gallel than’ the reformation of’ re-
figion ; which, after various pre-
Judes in different countries, blazed

crimination |; but the’ more he
revolves themin his mind,intheir *
origin andi progress, the more he

_ forth in Germany in. the first part will also “diseover of ‘resem-
Of the sixteeath century. ‘The blauce.
nae’ CHAP. V.

Causes of the rapid Changes of Men and Measures, and of the Vicissitu-

. des in Government during the Progress of the French Revolution. Dis-

_tontents excited ly the Barlarities exercised by various Parties. Mo-
. tives for the general Submission of the, french tothe Ruling Party at
Determi-
_ nation of the Royalists to unite against the Republicans. Insurrection _
_ in La Vendée. its Causes, Beginning and Progress. Joined by Num-.
» bers of the Noblesse and the Clergy. Miltary Plans and Dispositions

made-by the Vendeans. Alarm of the Convention. Policy of the In-
surgents in concealing the Names of their Chiefs. Charette the first.
He erects the Royal Standard. Risings

Fears and Preparations of the French
_. Government against the bendéans. Distribution of tha Vendéan Arma
© into three Divisions. Appoiniment of Delbée to the chief Command:

_ The Insurgents supply themselves with Arms, ly seizing those of the Cor

» ventional Troops. Aduantages resulting from the Situation of’ their
~ Country. They adopt Defensive Measures. Their Victories They
meet with a Repulse at Nantes. Numerous Forcns march against them:
| They defeat thse Forces. New Methodto reduce them adoptedty the
| French Government. They are-overpowered and forced to abandon their
Country. They retreat across the Loire. They lose their principal
\ Chiefs, who die of their Wounds. They march into Brittany. They
attack St. Malo and Grandville without Success. Tney defeat the Ar-
mies sent against them. They quit the Sea-Coast, and make an Irrup-
-tininto Maine and Anjou, against the Advice of their Chiefs. Im-
mense Force ordered against. them. Tey receive Intelligence of the
intended Assistance from England, and march towards the Sea-Coast.
They are overtaken by the Conventional Troops and entirely defeated,
The Isleof Noirmoutier rs taken by Cha-
vette, He ts left by most of his People, and Noirmoutier is re aken Ly
tie Conventional Troops, — His remaining Followers obhiged to disperse:

, Barbarities exercised by the French Government upon the Royalists,
HISTORY

so ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

FISTORY does not furnish an

example of a nation that;
having emancipated itself from des:
potism, and acquired a constitution
founded on principles of freedom,
was again so quickly enslaved as
the French. Elated with their ac-
quisition, and impatient to give it
every improvernent of which it
might be susceptible, they did not
reflect that no species of system re-
quires so much inquiry and deli.
beration, and is slower in its pro-
gress towards perfection, than a
political constitution. The rules
that are applicable to the disposi-
tion of one people have, it is well
known, being sometimes found in-
applicable to others : and the pro-
priety of any government depends
so much on the circumstances of
time, place, events, and individual
characters, that what may suit one
nation, may proveunfit for another ;
and what may be proper for a na-
tion at one period, may be highly
improper at another, Totally in-
attentive to these maxiims, and hur-
ried on, partly by a native impe-
tuosity, partly by the artful impulse,
communicated by men who had
deeper designs in contemplation
than the rest, the French took such
rapid strides in their revolutionary
motions, that they underwent
greater changes in their political
system during the short lapse of
five or six years, than some nations
have experienced in the course of
so many centuries. From an ab-
solute, they emerged to a limited
monarchy : fromthencethey passed
to a democracy ; which speedily
gave way to au oligarchy: and
this was shortly absorbed in the
tyranny of one, In these expedi-
tious changes, the character of the
mation was singularly prominent :

inconstant in its ideas, fickle iit
iis attachments, restless in its mo-
tions, and invariably preferring
what it expected to what it pos-
sessed. When to this radical frame
of temper are added the machina-
tious and intrigues of ambitious
individuals, and of those who had
been, or thought themselves ill
used or neglected by men in power 3
when we advert to the current
notions of the tinies, the popular
zeal of liberty, the suspicious light
in which numbers were beld, the
resentment for past sufferings, the
dread of their return, the comse=
quent hatred borne to the former
arbitrary government, and the vio-
lent adherence to those principles
that overturned it; when the pri-
vate views by which so many were
actuated, areweighed, together with
the public motives by which the
mass of the nation was guided ;
when the vanity and opposition to
each other, of leading interests and
opinions, are considered, the warmth
with which they were espoused,
the determination with which they
were supported and enforced: —
when we take all these things into
consideration, we shall be at no loss
to account for the uncertainty and
fluctuation of the power successive~
ly possessed by the partiesthat were
precipitated from the helm with

such rapidity; nor yet for the ef-

fusion of blood that accompanied
these changes, and that marked
so strikingly the dread as well as
the hatred in which they recipro-
cally held each other.

The national character of the
Americans, and the geographical as
well as moral and political circum-
stances of that people, were so dif-
ferent from those of the French,
that we are not surprized to find

very

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

Wery different results arising from
their national councils. But there
is another circumstance of diversity
besides all these, to which, partly,
the wide differeace between these
results may be traced. In all the
_ stages of the American revolution,
~ one regulating and presiding mind
combined a great variety of parts,
‘and harmonized them into that
unity and consistency of design
_ which is scarcely to be expected
_ from the joint councils of a num-
ber of men, actuated by a variety
_ of opposite views and passions. Per-
haps, if Mirabeau had lived, and
FA hy perhaps, France might have
derived from him benefits similar
‘to those conferred on America by
General Washington.
It was natural that, viewing the
_ progress of revolutionary measures,
attended by such dircful conse-
quences, a large party should em-
_brace the contrary side of the. ques-
_tion. Comparing the inexorable
character of those who supported
the democratic establishment that
_ rose on the ruins of monarchy, with
the severity of which this latter
wes accused, they could readily
_perezive, that in the very worst
_ periods of monarchy, no ‘such bar-
_barities had been exercised as since
_ its abolition.
___ As facts are always more impres-
ve than arguments and reasonigs,
wever plausible, or even well
ounded, the multitude was forci-’
Dly struck with this difference, and
_ paid little attention to the apolo-
gies that were made for the harsh
measures that were pursued. Their
*barbarity was obvious; and no pre-
ince of their necessity could screen
them. Though strongly attached
to the cause of freedom, the peo-
ple sincerely regretted that such
» Vor. XXXVI.

means should be employed to main-
tain it. The only motive that in-
duced the generality not to ap-
prove, but, in some degree, to bear
with the system of terror and im>
placability now triumphant, was
the apprehension that, were the
formidable coalition, now acting
against France, to prove successful,
no mercy would be shewn to its
opponents ; and France, after be-
ing converted into a field of slangh-
fer and destruction, would. finally
be parcelled out among the coa-»
lesced powers, in the same manner
as the unhappy kingdom of Po;
land. ie
To such considerations may be
imputed the tame acquiescence
with which the Freach beheld the
supreme power devolve into the
hands of the most merciless tyrant
that ever was, through an unfore-
seen concourse of events, fortui-
tously raised, in reality, though not
in name, to a dictatorial throne.
In the mean time, the cruélty
of the ruling powers, and especially
of him in whom all the power of
the state became finally centered,
had excited the adherents of the
monarchy to unite with more vi-
gour and firmness than ever jn
opposing the new system. Among
those numerous opponents none
signalized themselves so conspi-
cuously as the inhabitants of that
part of France formerly called
Poictou; and in the new division
of that ,country denominated La
Vendée. As they acted with no
less sincerity than zeal in the cause
they undertook tomaintain, nothiag
could exceed. thei activity and
courage. Had not the strenyth and
abilities they had to contend with
been of the first rate, it is probable
that the issue of the ‘cantest would
G. have

have been in their favour. But
that strength and those abilities had
overpowered the combined force
of the most formidable coalition
that had ever been framed against
a state; and thus, notwithstanding
the desperate resistance of men
who knew that, if defeated, death
would be their fate, and that in
victory alone lay their security,
‘the genius and military knowledge
of those who act:d against them
proved ultimately successful. It
‘was aconsiderable time, however,
before that resolute party was sub-
“dued which took up arms for the
royal cause in the department of
‘La Vendée. All Europe beheld,
with astonishment, the obstinacy
and courage with which they main-
tained their ground, in defiance of
the immense superiority of num-
bers and.soldiership, and of every
advantage resulting to their ene-
mies from the support of a settled
and powerful government, and an
active and vigorous administration
of its vast powers and resources.
The long and celebrated contest
between royalty and republicanism
in this province, had subsisted-ever
since the death of Lewis XVI.
to whose cause and memory the
inhabitants bore the most fervent
attachment. Their resistance to
the established government was of
a peculiar nature, and displayed
ina singular manner the character
_ of men invincibly attached to the
political and religious system of
their forefathers. No part of the
French nation had beheld the al-
terations in the spiritual yoveri-
ment of the kingdom with more
disapprobation. They had re-
mained equally attached tothe an-
cient noble families of thé province,
and had zealously protected them

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

tating an opposition to revolution=—

Oe Seka

from. that barbarous treatment
which the noblesse had experienced
in so many other parts of the king-
dom. When the disobedience of
such numbers of the French clergy
had subjected them to the penalties
enacted against them by the Con- |
stituent Assembly, they braved all
dangers in affording them an asy-
lum against persecution. So ra-
dically indeed were they attached
to the former establishment, both
in church and state, that they look-
ed with contempt and abhorrence
on every decree that thwarted
them; and appeared constantly de-
termined to seize the first favoura-
ble occasion of openly opposing
them. Comformably to this dis- —
position, they had, as soon as they
were apprized of the King’s flight
from Paris, resolved unanimously
to take up arms in his defence, —
and made themselves ready to join
those who should espouse his —
cause.

These various considerations had
rendered them particularly obnox- —
ious to those who were in possession ~
of the supreme power; while it q
pointed them out, at the same time, —
as the fittest instruments of their
designs to those who were medi-

ary measures. From the senti-
ments unequivocally professed by
the inhabitants of La Vendée, that —
department had long been the re= ~
ceptacle of many of those daring ~
epirits who had formed a resolution
to avail themselves of the discon-
tents of the people, to incite them
to insurrection.. The dethrone-
ment of the King, and his impri- —
sonment, had filled-them with the —
highest indignation; but his trial”
and execution had roused them to —
such a pitch of rage, that they were —

ee ota

e
#

HISTORY OF EUROPE:

fio longer able to contain them-
selves wthin the bounds of discre-
tion, necessary to gain time suffici-
“ent to prepare for the bold design
“they instantly formed, and deter-
mined without delay to execute.
This design was, to rise in a general
“mass thoughout the whole depart-
“ment, and attack the republican
"party in every quarter. .This da-
“ring measure was suggested to them,
by the numerous individuals, of
_onrage and character, who had
suffered for the royal cause, and
taken re fuge among them. ‘These
~men no longer concealed them-
_telves; they appeared in public,
_ avowed their purpose, and openly
encouraged the multitude to join
them. They succeeded to the
most of their wishes. The pea-
mtry of the whole province una-
mously submitted themselves to
ir direction, and immediately
proceeded to action. Armed with
elubs, pitchforks, scythes, axes, and

_ similar instruments, they fell upon
municipal soldiery with such
, that these were unable to
so sudden and unexpected an
ttack: They were compelled to
_ fesign their arms to the insurgents,
who supplied themselves from the
public magazines with all the war-
utensils of which they stood in
need. ted with their success,
they spread themselves over the
iy" hole country, inviting all men to
_ follow their example: They broke
open the prisons, and set at liberty
all those who are detained there
for adhering to the royal cause.
bers of the noblesse and clergy
thus delivered from confine-
hent, and became a powerful ad-
dition to the Vendéans, from the
ght of their character, and the
periority of their abilities: They

organized those. raw but resolute
multitudes, aad by these means ad-
ded immensely to their strength,
and inspired them with fresh vi-
gour. These trarsactions took
place in the beginning of March. |
This insurrection; which had in
its commencement, appeared no
other than a mere ebullition of po-
pular phrenzy, which timely firm-
ness would easily suppress, assumed,
in a short time, an aspect of the
eepest alarm. An extent of coun-
try, more than a lrundred miles,
had openly thrown off, obedience
to the Convention, and taken up
arms against it. What was still
more terrifying, all the discoutent-
ed hasted from every part of France
to their assistance ; and these were
the more formidable, that they con-
sisted in a large proportion of offi-
cers and military men of all ranks,
who had either been discharged on
suspicion, or had quitted the service
out of disgust. The order and ar-
tangenent introduced by their
means among the numerous and
fierce peasantry that. received them
with open arms contributed in a
short time to reform them to a de-
gree of discipline and subordina-
tion sufficient to qualify them to
meet any troops that could at first
be opposed to them. The regular
forces of the nation were occupied
on the frontiers against the coa-
leséed powers; and the Convention
could provide no other troops
against the Vendéans than such as
were as inexperienced as them-
selves, Against armies of this na-
ture the Vendéans marched with a
confidence and resolution that con-
staatly procured them the most de-

cisive victories.
Among other measures adopted
by the insurgents to preserve them-
: selves

selves from the vengeance of an
irritated government, they tran-
sported into the most remote and in-
accessible parts of their country,
their wives, children, and aged rela-
tions, together with the most valua-
ble of their property, and-especially
every necessary article of subsist-
ence. Here they were guarded by
a force of 50,000 men stationed in
those passes through which the ene-
my could not penetrate. Thus de-
livered from the anxiety naturally
resulting from the dangers to which
all that was dearest to them must
otherwise have been exposed, their
whole attention was employed in
‘resisting and annoying their ene-
mies, ‘The heads of the Conven-
tion were fully sensible of the ne-
cessity of an immediate suppression
of this dangerousinsurrection. All
the troops, and all the best officers
that could be spared from the ar—
mies in Flanders and Germany,
were sent against the Vendéans ;
but, however experienced and ac-
tive, the soldiers and commandeérs
who engaged these desperate in-
surgents, found them more than an
equal match for all ‘their courage
and capacity. The accounts daily
received from this quarter, and
which found their way into all the
countries in Europe, excited their
universal astonishment. A parti-
cularity well deserving of notice,
was, that in the midst of the con-
tinual successes attending the arms
of those insurgents, it long remain-
ed undiscovered who were their

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1784.

Being persons of respectable famie
lies, and many of their relatives
being in the power of government,
they dreaded to become known, -
lest the vengeance of their enemies,
unable to reach them, should be
wreaked upon their friends and —
relations. ‘Thus they sacrificed the .
renown they might acquire by their
actions, te the generous feelings of
humanity.

The more effectually to conceal
themselves, they attributed the ho-
neur of theit exploits to a fictitious
chief, upon whom they conferred a
name of great eclebrity in the
annals of France. This name was
Gaston, borne at different periods
by some of the first and most celes
brated personages in the kingdom.
But the real truth was, that the
principal instigator and actor in this —
great and formidable insurrection,
was the famous and unhappy Cha-
rette*. He was ¢tiginally an of-
ficer in the navy, where his talents —
andcharacter distinguished him cone ©
spicuously. He was at this period ~
in the flower ef youth, little more
than eight-andetwenty years of ages
but the opinion of his capacity was
so well established, that all eyes —
were fixed cn him as the properest
person to assume the chief come-
mand. He was accordingly ac-

of that character, on the 10th of
March, 1793, he publicly erected
the royel standard, and proclaimed
the mfart son of the unfortunate
Lewis XVI. King of France, by
the name of Lewis XVII.

i
knowledged as such ; and in rh
y,
$

princes leaders the motives that
ed these to conceal themselves
were equally modest and discreet.

This was neither a vain nor an ~
ostentatious ceremony. It was per-

There are in Poictou, or La Vendée, a great many families of the name of
Charette. In this country as in the Highlands, and sorne other parts of Scotland,
almost ail the natives of some districts have the same Agimcs- :

formed.

z .

oe ¥.%
+

&
Y

HLiSPoORYOOrF EUROP-E,”

formed at the earnest desive of the
Wendéans, and as a signal of re-
wnion to all the friends of royalty.
¥t operated. with prompt efficacy.
“A.resolute subaltern in that.bady
of brave soldi-rs, formerly known
by the name of Swiss Guards, fol-
dowed. the example of Charetie.
This was the well-known Stofiet.

Another individual, less known,

“bur not less intrepid,imitated them.
is name was Catineau, and his
tank in life no higher than that. of
sexto.i,to,a parish church :, but the
vigour of bis mind, and the, intre-
‘pidity of his disposition, e'evated
him above his station, and he de-
rived from themacr dit and autho-

ity t» which birth alone could not
ae entitled him. io such critical
times. These were the three men
wander whom originally aro e that

_ formidab!e opposition to, the r. pab-

Hican goveroment, which crea'ed
more’auxicty, in its ablest aud bold-

est heads an;l assertors, aud ic st:a

_ greater expence of blood to France
than all. the strength aid exertions
of the coalition itself. What chiefly
Amtimidated tie supporters of. the

: Fepubiic,, was the dread Jest the un-

_ yielding perseverance of the Ven-

_déans should raise up imitators in
the many places throughout France,
where théir well wishers abounded,
This dread was founded on. the
consciousness of the hatred borne

to the rulers o; the nation, not only

_ by the royalists, but by the moge
Moderate of their own party; who
deeply abhorred the sanguinary
‘Maxins they had adopted and con-
tinually practised without remorse
or shame; and who, nv tw thstand-
ing their partiality to a repubican
form of vovernment, cou!d not re-

~ concile themselves to the means. by

which it was supported,

Notwithstanding their first suc-
cesses, and the daily increase of
th ir humbers, the lasurgents soon
found that they wee surrounded
on every. side with difficultics af
such magnitude, that, un ess they
were aided from other. quarters,
their own exertions could only
serve to protract the date of their
destruction, All the country round
them was in the hands of: their
enennes, and the geneality of the
inbabitants in their interest. Nu-
merous fore2s were advancing
agaiost them from every one of the
adjacent provinces. In this: peril-
ous. situation, after consulting on
the means of faciig the immense
multitudes that were preparing to
assail them, they divided their
strength iuto three parts: —The
first was stationed opposite the dis-
trict. of Nantes, and was put under
the command of Charette, who,

eing bern in. the proximity of that
city, was wel ac juainted, with the
people andthe country, where he
bad numbers of wellwishers. The
second division was posted in the
neighbourhood of tho:e di.tricts
that lie towards. Rochell-, and was
intended as ayprotection to ithe sou-
thern confines of La Vendée. The
third took its position in the coun-
try bordering on S.umur, a city of
great importance, and which it was
foreseen the enemy would. make
his head-quarters, and the centre
of his. operat on:, ‘The.e, disposir
tions were allowed by the best
judges to have been. extremely ju-
dicious. ‘Lhey were the result-of
that zeal for the common cause. in
whichthey had embarked, andwhich
had prompted the first leaders and
pronioters, of the insurrection to
devolve their authority upon those
military gentlemen who either had
GS bee

been rescued by them from prison,
or had afterwards joined them.
Out of those gentlemen a selection
was formed of excellent officers ;
at the head of whom was placed as
commander M. Delbée, a person
of long standing and experience in
the service. The vigorous frame
of body of the numerous peasantry
of which the Vendégan army con-
sisted, and the lofty spirit and in-
vincibie courage of those multitudes
of the young noblesse who flocked
from all parts to the in.urgents,
gave an appearance of strength and
of lustre to their cause, which in-
spired its defenders with the warm-
est hopes.

In the midst of these arrange-
ments, they still remained alarm-
ingly deficient in the most neces-
sary articles of war. They wanted
arms, and could procure noze, but
‘by taking them from their enemies:
they wanted also ammunition, and
every species of warlike stores,
The first object, therefore, that en-
gaged their attention, was to ob-
tain these in a sufficiency to supply
the vast numbers of their people.
Herein they succeeded through in-
cessant attacks on the republicau
troops, whom they constantly dis-
comfited. Ina short time, through
repeated victories, they became
possessed of immense quantities of
Military necessaries; and at the
same time struck a panic into the
eneny, from which it was long be-
fore he recovered. — .

The plan they first adopred was
entirelydetensive. Swayed by those
among them whose knowledye and
experience in the conductins of
-war entitled them to proper defe-
rence, they avoided all unneces:ary
risks, and kept within the limits of
their own conntry, saliying forth

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794,

only to procure arms, ammunition,
and such implements of war ag
they absolutely needed. The face of
theircountry being rngged, uneven,
woody, intersected by marshes, and
altogether difficult of access, se-
cured them sufficiently against any
sudden surprize from the enemy.
The three divisions of their army
were so advantageously posted, as
easily to assist each other mn case of
need; and the many defilesand nar-
row passes, enabled men of genius
to throw continual obstacles in the
way of the mot numerous foe.
Notwithstanding the superi. rity of
am enemy re,ularly supplied with
all he might want for earying on
his operations,or to repair his losses,
such was the activity and igilance
of those who commanded the Ven-
déans, that during the space of-
more than five months, from the
middle of March to the end of July,
they led them to perpetual victo-
ries, that succeeded each other with
daily rapidity. History can hardly
fur:ish a parallel to the’ career of
success that so long attended this
obstinate and spirited insurrection.
While the Vendéans were thus
triumphant in the field, they en-
deavoured to establish a govern,
mentamong themselves,on the same
plan thathad prevailedunder the old
monarcuy. ‘The atfairs-of the pra-
vince were managed by a supreme
council acting under the authority
of the crown, and acknowledging
the late king’s brother, the Count
of Provence, the regent of the
kingdom. ‘T'be po! litical views of

this council extended no farther
than to secure the country from
the attempts of the republican go-
vernment, and to protract the stand
they w-re making against it, long
enough to afford time to thosé
among

HISTORY

among the coalesced: powers, who
were most able to give them aid to
effect their purpose in the manner
they judged most advantageous.

served, that the government they
aimed to settle was very imperfectly.
organized; they were obliged, in
many cases, to apply military law ;

At the same time, it must be ob-

aad, by the want of regular go-
vernment, a door was opened for
the reception into their number of
whole bands of vagabonds and
highway robbers, It is the opi-

_ nion of many,considering the num-

“

bers and courage of the insurgents,

the natural strength of their coun-
try, the gradual irflux of malcon-

tents from every district around,

many of whom were military men

by promising

‘began to relax from that caution

of experience, and the knowledge
in warlike matters both officers and
soldiers were continually obtaining,
the probability that, had they re-
mained firm and compact in such a
situation, powerful succours would
have been sent to them, from the

rospect of their proving useful—
it is the opinion of many, consider-

‘ing all these circumstances, that, if

they had uniformly adhered to their
original plan, they might have
maintained their ground to the pre-
sent hour. But being elated with
uachecked successes, and allured

circumstances, they

which had hitherto kept them
chiefly on the “defensive. In the
course of their operations they had
peacently forced the . entrenched

ed of their: enemies, cut several
of their armies to pieces, stormed
some of their towns, and acquired a
prodigious booty both in money,
magazines, and valuables of every
Kind. Among other places of note,
they had, on the 12th of June, taken

OF, EUROPE.

the important city of Saumur, and,

with it an immense deposit of every
article necessary for war. The ac
quisition of this place was followed
by that of Angers, on the 15th,
and had been preceded by a dreac-
ful battle, wherein vast numbers
hod fallen on each side ; but which
ended in the completest victory
over the republican army. Here
it was they should have stopped,
and been satisfied with the fruits of
sq great a victory. But they were
sO intoxicate, with this last exploit,

‘ that they began to look upon their

enemies as no longer competent to
meet them in the field. They were,
at the same time, secretly invited
by the inhabitants of some towns of:
note,to march immediately to their
support, promising to join them as
soon as they appeared. These in-
vitations, with the likelihood of
succeeding in offensive as they had
done in defensive measures, were
laid before the council, and can-
vassed with unusual heat. The
moderate and cautious, strongly
recommended a continuance of
that conduct which had been pro-
ductive of so much safety as well as
prosperity ; but numbers carried it
in favour of a more enterprising
plan ofacting. They alleged that
the further they advanced, the more
friends they would find; and it was
eyen hinted, that terrified as the
enemy had certanly shewn them-
selves, a march to the capital might
he attempted.

Though an enterprise so hazar-
dous was laid aside, through the
many prudent considerations that
militated against it, yet it was
agreed, not however without much
dissenticn, that an attempt should
be mace on the city of Nantz, Hi-
tier a large body of insurgents

Gt marehed,

marched, and assaulted it on the
20th of June with their usual ar-
dour: but the inhabitants were
prepared for them. Supported by
a large garrison, they made so re-
solute a defence, that the insur-
gents were entirely foiled, and com-
pelled to abandon this rash uader-
taking. They retired after losing
a number of their bravest men.—
This was a check that restored, in
some measure, the spirit of their
enemies.

These transactiung and others,
sometimes prosperous, sometimes
adverse to the Vendéaus, happened
between the beginning of March
and thelatter end of August. ‘They
were of a nature to excite the ut-
mostsolicitude in the ruling powers,
who clearly ,*rceived that unless
the insurgents were immediately
suppressed, theirsuccesses woulden-
courage others to follow their ex-
ample, and raise at last snch an host
of internal foes, as would enable the
foreign combination to recover it-
self, and shortly to renew its efforts
against the French Republic with
better hopesof success than before.
It had happened, luckily for the re-
publican interest, that by the arti~
cles of the capitulation of Mevtz,
when itsurr: ndered tothe Prussians,
the garrison had only engaged not
to serve against the ,combined

owers; and was therefore at the
rick government’s disposal in
other respects. It did'not fail to
avail itself of this favourable’ cit-
‘cumstance, and ordered that garn-
son to hasten with all speed against
the insurgents of La Vendée. This
veteran body, reinforced by several
others, some of whom consisted of
tried soldiers, recommenced hosti-
lities against the Vendéans in the
beginning of September; when

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1994:

these imagined they had nothing to
apprehend till the spring of the en+
suing year. They re-assembled,
however, their scattered forces, and
fell upon the enemy with such fury
that they could not resist it ; and
were defeated everywhere with
prodigious slaughter. What ren-
dered those defeats totally unex-
pected, the Vendéans encountered
the troops acting against them with
far inferior numbers. Five or six
thousand of those. resolute insur-
gents attacked and put to the route
twenty-five thousand of the troops
of the line ; of whom they made a
terrible carnage. Another body of
them, consisting of much the same

number, had the boldness to assail

an army of forty thousand men $3
who were defeated, with the loss
ofa great part of their artillery and
baggage.

Equally exasperated andastonishs
ed at these endless disappointments
of all their endeavours to ernsh this
formidable insurrection, the French
government now determined’ to
adopt the most atrocious means to
combat it with effect. Their Ge-
nerals were commissioned to invade
instantly the country of La Vendée
at the head of all the troops that
could be collected for that purpose,
and to set fire to every thing they
met with on their march. These
sanguinary mandates were execu
ted with a barbarous fidelity. Nos
thing was spared. What escaped
the sword perished by the flames,
The immensity of numbers, and

the precautions taken by the ‘re-

publican Generals were such, that
the Vendéans were no longer able
to resist the destructive progress of
their enemy, who moved forward
deliberately, furnished with ever
engine of destruction, and guarded
7?

HISTORY OF EUROPE...

_ by all the art of tactics against the
_ expected rage of the people whom
_.they were coming to destroy. The
_ Wendéans were not. wanting to
_ themselves in so terrible a crisis.
_ They omitted no means of defence
_ which they were able to provide ;
and they fought with their usual

“Courage; but their enemies came

every postthey occupied, and which
they had hitherto considered as in-
; expugnable. They were gradually

chaced, step by step, from every po-
ae they took, in order to makea
__ stand against this dreadful and mer-
ei ess attack : but they could main-
~ tain themselves nowhere, and were
forced to retire on every side ;
ile they beheld, in their retreat,
_ all the houses, habitations, and ham-
_ lets around them, committed to the

In this desperate extremity their
‘only care at last was to save them-
selves and their families from the
gay, of an implacable foe, deter-
‘mined to shew no commiseration

+ poe

wa nd to giveno quarter. The num-
be rs of the Vendéans collected for
_ this purpose amounted to about

' hundred thousand. They
thidrew to thé banks of the river
Oire, almost destitute of provisions
dnecessaries, The most resolute
ld haye stood their ground, and
ssenited a front to the enemy,
was close upon theirrear ; but
‘the majority advised to cross the

“river, as the surest method of secu-
. the immense multitude of wo-
Men, children, and aged people, by
"Whom they were accompanied.

_ This resolution was taken, and exe-

"buted with all possible speed, They

had the good forturié to gain the
other side, before the enemy had
reached them. ‘This escape was, itt
their forlorn condition, @steemed @ .
singular and critical deliverance g
and, though labouring under the —
extremes of want, they began to
resume their spirits, and to form .
new plans of proceeding.

The only method that appeared
practicable, and held out any reas
sonable prospect of retrieving their
affairs, was, to mzke the best of
their way to the sea-side, where
they would be nearest at hand to
receive those succours from Eng-
land they had long been promised
and expected. This was truly aw
arduous undertaking, as they had
their way to fight through an hose
tile country. The length of the
journey reached from the spot on
which they were, at the banks of
the Loire, to the northern coast of
Brittany, a space above an hundred
miles. But they were now recos
vered from the terror they had éx-
perienced on the Sudden and une
expected manner of the irruption
into’ their country by the republi-
can army, and were prepared to en-
counter all dangers and difficulties
in the execution of their present
project. ‘The greatest misfortune
that had befallen them while con-
tending with the republican army
in La Vendée, was the loss of the
three principal commanders Delbée,
Bonchamp, and Lescure, who were
mortally wounded in the last action
that preceded the retreat to the
Loire. They were highly esteem-
ed and respected by the royal party,
and no less dreaded by the repub-
lican, Barrere declared openly in
the Convention, that the fall of
these chiefs of the insurgents was

_ equivalent to many victories over

them.

them, They were replaced by Sto-
flet and Laroche Jacquelin. This
latter was a young gentleman of
respectable origin, and of great
military talents. He was particu-
larly . noted for an intrepid cool-
ness, that supplied him constantly
with resources in the most despe-
rate situations.
* The flight of the insurgents
across the Loire had been much
disapproved by the two chiefs who
happened to be absent when that
transaction took place; but it was
now too late to attempt the re-
crossing that broad and rapid river,
of which all the passages were
strongly guarded, They were of
course compelled to follow the im-
ulse of the multitude, and to guide
it to the best of their abilities,
Under their conduct a bold and ra-
pid march was begun through the
province. of Brittany; they were
opposed by a number of republican
troops; but they quickly dispersed
them, and overcame every impedi-
ment thrown intheir way. When
arrived at the place of their destina-
tion, which was that part of the
north coastof Brittany which fronts
the island of Jersey, they had no
doubt of being speedily succoured
from England, They knew that
in such case, the two spacious, rich
and populous provinces of Nor-
mandy and Brittany, abounding in
royalists, would have furnished the
means of making a powerful im-
ression on the republican interest
in those parts; which was chiefly
supported by the terror of the seve-
rities exercised everywhere upon
royalists. After many consulta-
tions, the insurgents divided them-
selves into two armies: the one re-
mained in Brittany, where it block-
aded thg strong town of St. Malo;

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

the other entered Normandy, where:

it besieged Grand’ Ville, a town
upon the coast nearest to Jersey ;
but as they were not expert in the
tactics relating to sieges, and were
ill provided for such an enterprise,
they were repulsed, and forced ta
abandon it. They rejoined that,
division which had beet left in Brit-
tany ; and both of them waited
with the utmozt impatience for the

_ long desired arrival of the English ;

but, to their heavy disappointment
and alarm, they neither saw a single
ship, nor heard the least intelli.
gence of their motfons. In the
mean time, the destraction of-La
Vendée, and the punctual exe-

cution of the inexorable decrees —

of the Convention, had been pub-
licly notified at Paris, and afforded
the amplest satisfactiou to the re-

publican party, which naw looked .

upon the insurrection as totally
suppressed, and theinsurgents them-
selves as entirely exterminated; It
was with the utmost surprise and
indignation they were soon after

informed, that, after transporting _

themselves over the Loire they had
penetrated into Brittany and Nor-
mandy, and were waiting on the
shores of those provinces for the

assistance promised them from Eng-

land, It behoved them without
delay to obyiate the danger of their
being joined by the ls that
were preparing at this time to make
a descent 1a France, under the com-
mand of Lord Moira. They col-
lected with all speed numerous bo-
dies of troops,which were dispatch
ed against them from all quarters.
But the Vendéans encountered
them withtheiraccustomed bravery
and made such continual slaughter
of them, that had not daily and
hourly reinforcements arrived to

; replace

_ © HISTORY OFEUROPE.

‘replace the multitudes that were
slain, the insurgents must indubita-
have cerried every thing before

: em.
~ But this incessant replacement of
“men, and repair of eyery loss sus-
‘tained by the republican troops,
did not daunt the insurgents. The

‘only cause of complaint among
‘them was, the delay of chose suc-

ours so long held ovt to them
England. Their patience

fas at length exhausted ; and the
jajority at “last determined to quit
sea-shore, where they had met
e continual disappointments,
had so long ‘arried to no satis-
ctor y eee. in order to march

ed oy the numerous adherents to

ci reanse, who were secre‘ly but
aly, determined to declare them-

ves, the moment they ¢ could do it
i safety.

Aciuated by these motives, they
jitted the positions they had taken
Or he coast, and which had been
‘ osen with great judgment, to fa-
ar the landing of the English,
and precipitated their march to-
s the inland provinces of An-
“The plurality, as
rudént of their

ch hi endeavoured in vain to stem
€ torrent of disobodience to their
order, ‘and slight of their advice,
Which hurried on their people with
1 thoughtless violence and im-
sluosity ; but they met with the
ost t mortifying and injurious re-
se: they were charged with the
Biase of remaining on the
ast for the purpose of securing
if Qwn escape 9a.board the Eng-

lish fleet, and abandoning their
people to the vengeance of the re-.
publicans, Notions of this kind
spread so forcibly among the sol-
diery and subalterns of the insur-
gent army, that, without listening
to their superiors, they directly be~
gan their proposed march in despite
of all their entreaties and admoni-
tions. Nothing could have hap-
pened more unfortunately for themr
than the impatience and_precipita-
tron ‘hey were guilty of on this
occasion. They were hardly de-
parted when the British squadron
of men of war, and a fleet of transs.
ports, with a large body of troops
and immense quantities of provi-
sions, made its appearance on the
coast which they had left so imprus¢
dently. Every sign previously
agreed upon was made from the
squadron ; but no answer was re~
turned ; and after waiting fruitlessly
a due space of time, and finding its
presence useless, it sailed back to
England. The insurgents in the
mean time bad entered the pro-

- vinces of Maine and Anjou, where

nothing was able~to stand before
them. They defeated the repub-
hiean troops wherever these op-
posed them, and spread consterna-
tion over all the neighbouring
countries. Such was the terror
they occasioned, that all the bridges,
over the Loire were broken down
from Nantes as far as Blois ; and
the city of Orleans itself was filled
with the most serious apprehensivhs
for its safety.

The republican troops, intimi-
dated by the successes of the insur-
gents, and the defeais they con-
stantly experienced, kept within »
strong entrenchments, and care-
fully fortified all the passages over
the Loire and the other river that

lay

hay between them and the insur.
gents. In this positian they re-
mained, waiting for those immense
armies that were hastening to their
assistance from all parts of Fiance.
The: executive department had or-
dered 30,000: of their best troops
to be draughted from the army of
the Netherlands; and, for greater
expedition, they were conveyed in
fying wagons to the place of their
destination. The forees stationed
wp that peninsula where Cherbourg
ie situated, were commanded to re-
pair wich all diligence to the same
spot ; and the troops in the cistrict
of Brest, together with these in the
other districts of Brittany, amount-
ing to {aor score thousand men, re-
eeived bke ‘orders. The insure
gents were fully sens:ble of the dau.
gers that sw rounded. them on every
stile : buy unused to déspond, they
Were taker up- wath, deliberations
how-to act most to their advantage
in this perilous situation. Wate
they were thus occupi¢, am enis-
sary dispatched from the british
squadron, found means, thr-ugh a
multiplicity -of cbstaeles and perils,
to make his way to the insurgents,
~whony he informed of the \afrival
the English on the coast, and of the
determination of the; lyitish go-
vernment togive them the mostef-
fectual support. They were now
convinced, though too late, of the
érror they had committed in fers
saking the ceast, avd plainly saw
the consequenecs of the false step
they had sorash'y takem ; and ex-
pressed a2 readiness to be guided by
those officers. against whose better
advice they had taken it. .Lareche,

the Commander in chief, instantly
seized this opportunity of proposing
an immediate return to: the coast,

and to niake directly for Cier-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

’ facility.

bourg ; which being a town of it e
strength, they mi,ht master wi
Here they would be ab le
to make a stand till joined by ie J
English, who then would mee
with no sort of ebstruction in bring
ing them all the succours t
thought proper.

This. bold, but not enjudisl 7
proposal, was immediately ac=
cepted, as it appeared to carry ag)
few risks with it as any that could)
ba adopted in the: very ‘critical situs |
ation uv which they now s cody,
Their scattered bories being —
lecied, they. set forwards with great
resolution and confidence in their)
schemes. They marched in three
divisions ; the last of which formed)
their rear-guard, and were intended |
to resist any sudden attack, and
protect the junction of such af
their own people as bad not yet.
joined the main body; as also)
of those who. were desirous td!
Lecome adventurers in the samg
© use, a

‘The republican Generals were come
pletely aware that, if the insurgents is
succeeded in their design, they
would become mere dangerous than
ever ; aud, aided by so powerful an”
ally as England, might'seriously ‘a
danger the very existence of t
republ ¢. They exerted, of cours:
all theiv abilities and observed ever: ,
motion of the insurgents with a Vie
gilance which nothing could es
cape. As soon as these had bee
gan their march, they were fole

ode

‘ewed on every side by the res:

publican troops: a large body af
which attacked the rear guard; but |
were qu.ckly repulsed. Animat d

with this advantage, the roya‘is
“parsued them toa great distance,

but unexpectedly fell in with ong
af those numerous einen
that

a
P|

HISTORY OF EUR OPE.

that were hourly arriving to their
aid. Disordered and fatigued by
their long pursuit, the royalists had
© time to rally, and were unable’!
_to stand the charge of fresh troops.
‘They were putto the rout, and a
prodigous slaughter was made of
them by the republican cavalry,
whieh followed them in their flight
as far as the central division. Here
was the baggage, the provisions,
and all the ammunition and stores
a the insurgent army, with the
d, the sick, and the wounded.

his division, unprepared for so

_ Unforeseen an attack, was instantly
brokea through, and thrown into

irrecoverable confusion. No quar-

ter was given; and the massacre ex- -

tended indiscriminately to young
andold. Those who escaped to the
first division, threw it, by their re-
¥ 8, into such consternation, that
B lost all courage and presence of
mind. Turoche: and Stoflet united
their efforts to re-animate them;
betall was in vain: sucha panic
3 had seized them, that they thought
no longer of atty thing but flight.
Phi prder tobe the Jess ehicinitberéd;
they even threw away their arms,
and dispersed on all sides over the
~ face éf rhe country. But they

_ were chaced with the most bar-
barous fury to every spot where
? they had sought concealment, and
_ Uamercifully “slaughtered » without
inction of age or sex. Accor-

gto accounts reputed autheiitic
th Ritesh *eyedemioly extehided
more than one hundred miles.
e space through which they
“mere pursued was strewed with
he dead bodies of those unfor-
_ tunate mea ; and the computation
thai “vers slain amounted to

. three parts 000, which was nearly

in four of their whole

number. So eager were the vic-
torsinthis work of destruction, that

‘the searching out and execution of

this multitude was completed in
fifteen days. The manner in which
numbers fae them were ‘put to
death was so atrocious, as almost

to stagger belief. ‘They were shut

up by hundreds in barns, wherein
they were burntalives; others were
thrown by whole companies into
rivers ; and such of them as kept
above water, or got = were
shot.

General Westerman bik now
called to the bar of the Conven-
tion, informed them, that of the re-
bel army, which had been 90,000
strong in the district of Mons, not a
single combatant had escaped.
*« Chiefs, officers, soldiers, bishops,
Countesses, Marchionesses, and
Princesses, ‘had all perished by the
sword, by the flames, or by the
waves.” This report was heard
with applanse in the galleries, mix-
ed with bursts of laughter.

Some part of the insurgents, who
had, through more coolness and de-
termination than the rest, effected
a retreat, and escaped the fate of
their companions, finding it im~
practicable to return to their coun
try by ‘crossing the Loire, made the
best of their way to the district of
Morbihan in Brittany; of which

‘the inhabitants’ were’ well known

to bein the royal interest. But the
destiny of their unhappy ¢compa-
nions overtook them. They were,
alter a variety of adventures, as-
sailed and overcome by numbers,
aad perished all together, as the
others had done belore them,
While the insurgent army under
Laroche and Stoflet were sufferin
so many disasters, that body com-
manded by Charette had success-

fully:

fully attacked the island of Noir-
moutier, lying opposite to the coast
of Poictou: but as soon as they
were apprized of the misfortune
that had befallen their associates,
they were so terrified, that theyim-
mediately disbanded. Out of twen-
ty-five thousand men, of which his
force consisted; Charette saw him-
self at once reduced to little more
than four thousand. . They were
men, however, on whose fid:lity
and valour he could rely, and who,
knowing that they had no mercy
to expect, were all resolved to de
with arms in their hands, rather
than be passively massacred in the
field, or submit to an ignominious
death. With this handful of men
he took the intrepid resolution of
confronting his numerous foes, and
of disputing every inch of ground
in his possession. But in despite of
his invincible spirit and the cou-
rage of his adherents, he was not
able long to retain Noirmoutier.
The importance of this island was
too well known. for the republiean
Generals to suffer it to remain in his
hands. The dread of its falling
into the power of the English, in-
duced them to assault it with all
possible speed. After as brave a
defence. as the inconsiderable

strength he had would allow, he

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

-duced by the sword, that those —

royal party in the neighbouring
parts might derive a variety of the
most important advantages. The
loss of this island exposed him and
his followers to unceasing dangers,
His conduct and their unconquer-
able eourage, afforded constant em<
ployment to the republican troops
and it was not without the utmost
exertions they succeeded at last
in putting a period to the'r resist<
ance, and compelling them to diss
perses This was not effected withs
out many combats dnd much ef> —
fusion of blood. Forced at length —
to yield to inevitable necessity, his
brave and faithful baud was obliged
to disperse for individual safety ;
which could no longer be preserved
while they continued in a. body.
Both he and they- parted with the
most extreme reluctance; nor did
they consent to this separation, un-
til their numbers had been so re

who remained could not, without
the most blameable temerity, hope
for success in any farther resistances
It was at this calamitous period that —
the barbarity of the Freneh gos
vernment was carried to an excess.
that disgraced it throughout all —
Europe, even with the warmest —
wellwishers to the republican sys=

tem; and that affixed in the ima?
ginations of men a stigma to the —
national character*, which will *
require many years to be oblite=—
rated. The cruelties that sullied
the successes obtained over the in- —

was compelled to abandon it, to-

ether with the hopes he had
abla of being able, through
means of the English, to make it a
place of arms; from whence the

* Though not perhaps altogether, it is alleged by some, with justice. Whe-—
ther at this period (the question has been put) are we to look for the French cha=_
gacter among the royalists, or the republican government? When the Romans
groaned urwler proscriptions, they were to be considered rather as an unhappy than —
acruel people. Yet it cannot reasonably be supposed that such a tyrant as Ro- —
bespierre would have found in Britain, Germany, Poland, Denmark, or Sweden, so.
many prompt executicners of his bloody purposes, “a

surgente

“HISTORY OF EUROPE

“surgents: were such, that had not
_ the Convention, struck with their
whorrors, deemed itself bound, in

sompliance with the general feel-
_ ings of their friends as well as their
foes, to bring to open justice the
principal agent of those atrocious
proceedings, the world, however
_ anclined to hold their conduct in
_ abhorrence, would not have given
_¢eredit to the horrid reports that
were circulated of the abominable
treatment experienced by the roy-
_alists, after their insurrection had
_ been suppressed, and the repub-
lican.administration felt itself at li-
_berty to give an unbounded loose
- toits rage. The only extenuation,
_ if it be one, for the inhuman fury
‘that actuated the whole of their
conduct, was, that it originated in
one of the most execrable charac-
Beer that ever held the reins of go-
_ yernment in that or in any coun-
* try. The decrees that either au-
thorized or gave occasion to the
__ atrocious transactions of those
bloody times, were ascribed to Ro-
- bespierre and his associates. - The

loomy and inexorable disposition
f this infamous tyrant, is certainly
well known: but had there not
" existed an aptitude in the instru-
ments of his enormities for the

tration of any inhuman deed

these vile instruments proved
as numerous aud willing to obey
him as his Sanguinary temper re-
“quired, France would not have
_ seen so shocking a proportion of its
jtants acting cheerfully the
of the most unfeeling execu-
loners, and betraying, as it were,
native provensity to sport with
the lives of their fellow-crea-
/ tures.

f tha a country and nation hitherto

could have suggested, and had -

respected for its civilization, its hos-
pitality, its manners, and its emi-
nence in arts, its knowledge,. and
whatever adorns and refines human
life, Europe beheld, and posterity
will learn with astonishment and
horror, that for the space of several
months a tribunal existed in the
large and populous city of Nantz,
Jegally commissioned by public au-
thority to exercise the most mer-
ciless and cruel despotism, and to
condemn to the most unfeeling and
scandalous modes of destruction,
whole tribes and districts of their
fellow-citizens. Allowing that they
had been guilty of rebellion azainst
the constituted authorities of their
country, and’that their lives had
been forfeited. by the law of the
land, still the world must recoi! with

etestation at that strict and indis-
criminating severity which excluded
all species of compassion, and could
at one breath sentence to perdition
whole multitudes of men, women,
and children, congregated for this
purpose before that horrible tribu-
nal. Death, sufficiently awful ot
itself to human nature, was clad ia
every additional terror that could
appal the firmest mind. Thou-
sands at once, in pairs of different
sexes, were lashed to each other
naked, and sent in this manner to
be shot or drowned, in derision
of every sentiment of humanity,
These dreadful’ executions were
styled Republican Weddings. An-
other species of execution, equally
terrifying, was also adopted:—A
boat, contrived to drop its bottom
at will, was filled with crowds of
those unhappy people, who thus
were sunk in a moment. This
was denominated the Patriotic Na-
vigation, or Bathing. But these
rightful deeds were still exceeded

66 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1994.

by those that were perpetrated in
La Vendée.. Here the vengeance
of the republican party was glutted
in a measure far beyond the other,
After having said this, to enumerate
the cruelties committed here would
be equally painful and needless : it
must be left to the imagination to
conceive them. Ingenuity was ex-
erted to secure the perpetuation of
calamity and wretchedness in this
unfortunate country; it wasliterally
devoted to universal and everlasting
suin. The houses and habitations
of mankind, and of the very cattle,
were committed to the flames: the
fruit-trees, and all that was com-
bustible in gardens and cultivated
grounds, were set on fire.

When we reflect on this spi-
mit of death and devastation, and
consider at the same time that it
vaged in the centre of Europe,
in the heart of Christendom, me-

lancholy indeed must the faté
of nations appear which neither
arts can soften, nor religion hu-
manize. It may without partialit

be added, that in the scale of com-=
parison between the French and
their long noted rivals the English,
no deeds of equal enormity can be
imputed tothelatter. During those
civil wars in the last century that
aflicted the three kingdoms, the

contending parties were mutually ”

satisfied with the blood that was
shed in the field of battle. The
very few heads that fell on the
scaffold were undoubtedly respecta-
ble and eminent, and their fall is
lamented to this day ; but no cru-

elty or indecent treatment attended ~

their Jatter hour. The enthusiasm
of the victorious: party was tem-
pered with moderation, and the
British nation still preserved its
reputation of humanity,

CHA P. ‘VI.

Second Insurrection in La V-ndeée.

Junction of Charette, Stofiet, and

H
t
‘

LaRoche Jacquelin. Tiey expel the Conventional Troops from La Vendée. —
First Appearance of the Chouans in Brittany. Their Prozressand Resolu-
tion in contending with Hardships and Difficulties. Joined by Numters,
and become formidable. The Vendéans begin to recover Strength. Man- —
ner of fighting vractised Ly the Insurgentsef La Vendée. Their desperate

Valour in Battle. Prodigious Slaughter made in the Vendéan Insurrection. —
Quickness in the Milv‘ary Movements and Operations of the Vendéans, —
Their Neglect of artillery. Their Manner of seixing that of the Conven-—
tional 7roops. Their Want of Cavalry. Their military Accoutrements

and Method of proceeding to Battle. Dishonourable Conduct of the Pri-

soners. Patience and Fortitude of the Vendéans in their second Insur- —
rection. Strength of the Motives and Principles that actuated the Ven- —
déans. Zeal and Courage of the Clergy that joined them. The En- —

thusiasm of the Vendéans compared with that of the Conventional:
Troops. Influence of the. Women of Distinction who took refuge —
among them. Attachment of the Insurgents to their Chiefs. Honours —
aid to their Remaiis. Death of La Roche Jacquelin. Base and’
gruel Treatment of the Insurgents by the Conventional Troops. The Vir-
tue, Piety, Honour, and Fidelity of the Country People in Francé —
during the Revolution. Principal Cause of this laudable Conduct. Con-—

i vention —

ne Sees

HIST-GORY-OF EUROPE

‘ Pention decrees that Geierals.condemped to Death for Treason, shall be.

erecute

on this,
and

hoo

t
?.

_Trijunal.

OE unnatural excesses com-

arty, in Lia Vendée, produced an.
Ite contrary to what had
hi ged. By the unmerciful
es of that country, it was in-
ided to crush for ever the passi-
of ‘all insurrection. But in
troying the propetty of the
t cg eee they had not. ,
able to, involve them all in the ,

and Jay concealed in the.
ests of that woody région,
) many. marshy, tracks with
it abounds, and in the
indus and almost iuaccessi-
»Part ~ Auimated with. rage
| res mfoeay at the deprivations
¥ ag of subsistence, and
wig no longer any thing to lose
neir lives, they were new de--
i to sacrifice these, in order
venzed of their oppressors.
ee MXXVE -

mitted by .the republican.

destructicn: Multitudes had

‘at the Head of the Army. Alolishes the Practiceof Flogging

' eles and substitutes other Punishments... ddmits Two Mulattoes

. oh ne Negro as Deputies to the Convention from St.

Slavery. Establishment of the Maximum, and Speech of Bary .
Mecasion.” New Powers granted to the Conimittee of Pub

Domingo. Alo-.

‘L
ic:

9 ‘
Softy. Decree agaist neputed Enemies to the Revolitign., Answer to..
eclaration of the British Miniséry. Conduct of’ Robespierre, Danton,
Barrere. Enmity between Ralespierre and Danton. Machinations of
Robespierre against the Cordelier Glut dnd its chicf Leader Hebrt. Chas:
tacter of Hebert and of the Cordelier Club. Designs and Conduct of He-.
tert. He is arrested and, brought before the Revolutionary Tridunal,_
harges against him, He is condemned and executed, together with And-
ursis, Gloot=,. and eigheenothers. Danton and Camille Desmoulins _
unite in a Project for w rtilder System of Government. Rolespierre sus-
ts then Designs. Interview Letween him and Danton. Fabre d? Eglan-
ee Memtlers of the Convention. arrested» Legarde defends
_him in the Convention. against ihe Attaeks of Robespierte... Accomplices
the Conspiracy attriluted ta Fabre d’Eglantine. Trial of Danton,
mille Desmoulins, dnd; of the other Prisoners, by the Revolutionary
unal. duvectives of St: Just in, the Convention against Fabre
lantine. Bold Behaviour of Danton on his Trial: Heis condemned
leath and grecuted. His Charac.er, we
. is

The intrepid. and. vigilant Cha.

rette, who, from. the various con-
ccaliments in which he. had glain |
hidden, and indefatigably watched
the transactions daily taking place
around him, instantly seized this
opportunity ef rouzing once more,
the royal party into action. He
secretly visited these in whom he
could place confidence, and through
them prepared all the others to —
unite again for their common de-
fence. He collected in a short
time a body of twelve thousand
men, endeared to each other by
the misfortunes they had partici- ©
pated in the same cause, and ren-
dered desperate by the consideras
tion that their sustenance must
henceforwards be procured at the
point of the sword. At-the head
of this body, not less resolute from |
recessity than from prineiple, he —
fell upon a considerable force of
H republicans,

republicans, who, not expecting an
attack from men whom they looked
upon as entirely subjugated and dis-
pirited, were taken by surprise, and
near totally destroyed.
This was a signal for a n=w insur-
rection: all that remained of the
royalists scattered over the province,
repaired immediately to Charctte.
He was joined soon afterby Laroche
and Seotee: who brought with them
all they could collect of their disper-
sed followers. Theitstrengthgradu-
ally increased to nearly forty thou-
sand men; and they began to en-
tertain hopes of renewing’ their
former successes, ‘l’hey proceeded
accordingly to clear the countrics
around them of all the republican
troops, whom they attacked every-
where with their former resolution,
and with additional rancour for the
miseries they had experienced from
their barbarity. They, quickly ex-
pelled them, and gained posses-
sion of their country; but it was in
a state of desolation. Their villages
were in ruins, the fields stripped of
their produce, their families fled,
aid themselves deprived of all
those domestic comforts for the
défence’ and préservation of which
men are most ready to venture
their lives. The chief motive re-
maining to inspirit them was re-
venge. They had no other choice
but of submitting to the foe, or of
bidding him defiance. Submission
and death they experimentally knew
to be the same thing ; and it was
certainly préferable to die like sol-
diers in the bed of honour. Such
was the language of Charette and
his fellow-chiefs ; and they found
no kind of difficulty in persuading
their followers to adopt those sen-
timents; which indeed were found-
ed.on the etrictect propritty, as no

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

others could be suited to their pre-
sent condition. ,
They were not, however, entirely
destitute of favourable prospects. It
was precisely at this period, that the
Chouans began to make their ap-
pearancein Brittany. They took this
name fromthreeyoungmen, thesons
of asubstantial owner of several iron-
founderies, who had put themselves
at the head of a number of men,
whom they had prevailed on. to

take up arms for the royal cause...

This happened at the time when the
royalists, defeated by the republi-
cans, had crossed the Loire, and
entered Brittany. They at. first
shewed themselves in the neigh-
bourhood of Fougeres, and, em-
boldened by the example of the
Vendéans, were emulous to imitate
them. Like these, they fell with
great courage on the republican
troops, over whom they obtained
many advantages; but on the ap-
proach of the numerous forces dis=
patched against them bythe Con-
vention, those whom they had
defeated were enabled to rally, and, |
together with those reinforce-—
ments, composed a strength which -
the Chouans could not resist. They

were put to the rout, and compelled
totake refuge in the woods and -

fastnesses thickly spread over that
country. The terrible overthrow

of the royalists near Mans, and the
subsequent disaster at Savenai, by”
dispersing the Vendéanarmy, helped
powerfully to recruit the Chouans..
Unable to rally, and closely pur-
sued by the republican army, the
fugitives saw no other means < f
safety: than to direct their flight to.
Brittany, and join the Chouans.
But their numbers united were not”
sufficiently strong to cope with the

republican troops }said they were

PHLSTORY OF FUROPE

& while reduced to stich ‘straits for
“want of clothing,’ provisions, and

vall Kinks of necessaries,’ that, eon--

“tratily ‘to their primitive designs,

they “were forced ‘to adopt stich °

methods: of supplying’ their wants

as brought thein into universal dis-~

‘grace! They ‘became plunderers

and “highway robbers # and When”

“they wanted provisions, they fell, in“

“large companies; upon those places

in their proximicy, where tney pro-'
“cured a hard-earned subsistence, ~'
‘and courageously persevered in”

‘

bravitig every difficulty; in Hope:

of meeting with better fortutie. '

» Thesehatdships, however, “were:

‘ofsuch a ndiure, that the Chouans
must’ have been quickly destroyed,

had not they been relieved more’

“speédily ‘than was at first expected.

“The ‘dectées of that oppressive com:

“bination which governed France
“at this time, were daily becoming
“Go intolérably severe, that numbers
*of people chose to run all hazards
‘father than remain’ passive under
‘them. ‘The constant reqttisitions

Wisits, “the ‘Suspicions incutred by
“fiany, tlie dredd of being accused
“of disloya'ty, tlie harsh treatment

ttached to such a situation; these,

ha detestation of the conduct
mbraced:by the ruling powers to-
ards those whom they disliked,
: rove numbers of the inhabitants,
“both of the “towns and country;
fom their habitations, and added
hein to the Chouans ;. who,
‘st engthened by these daily and
iumefous additions, began again to
make 4 formidable appearance, and
attract the notice of the districts
mand. ‘Lite gentlemen in their
hbourhiood, and even at a dis-

n dnd thoney, the domiciliary |

disdait: to” join them. ‘“As“their

‘force inereased, many reputable*in-

dividuals, urged by’ their fears," and
conscious that their disaffection’ ta
government Was ho secret, deter-

oser

At the time when Charette again
drew together the Vendéans, “and

‘was joined by La Roche aiid Stot-

let, the nunibers of thé Chouans
were computed at about 30,000.
They occupied, in détached par-
ties, that part of Brittany reaching
from Fougeres, an inland town,
to . Vanties, a sea-port on the
southern coast of that province.
Their positions were in woods and
places difficult of access. In this
manner they stood their’ ground
successfully; and frustrated the in-

“cessant enterprizes formed agatir t

them by at army of more than
80,000 men. oi
During these transactions in Brit-
tany, Charette anc his two co!-
leagues; La Roche and Stoflet, were
exerting their united abilities to
form their people to such hubits
ot discipline. and subardiation: as
might qualify them to confront,
in a soldiet-like maatiner, those re-
gular troops whom they soon ex-
pected’ to encounter. He had the
goody fortune to provide them with
a sufficiency of tents and other
necessaries taken from the enemy ;
and they assumed an appearance
of good order ana regularity
which, cortibined with their bodily
iH 2 : vigour

100

vigour and invincible resolution,

attorded him the strongest expec-

tation of rendering this second ih-
surrection in favour of the royal
cause, of more efficacy than the

first.

Certain it is, . however, that

with very little admixture of tace

tics, the Vendéans had, in their,

_ first insurrection, performed such
feats of arms, as excited the utmost
surprise, of all the, military men

who witnessed them. Their man-
ner of fighting was peculiarly their
own. It was by no means framed

-in conformity to any of those mo-

dern, plans, so learnedly described
and recommended by the maost ce-

Jebrated professors of. the art of

war. It arose from the circum-

~ stances of the moment. Their con-
-Stant. aim, in every engagement,

was to.close in with the enemy,
and to fight man'to man. For this
they were admirably qualified by
their ‘bodily strength, and the vi-
gour and dexterity with which they
exerted it. Ppaness and almost ig-
norant of the danger they were
about to- encounter, they rushed
with all the lapidity. and violenee

“they could collect, into the ranks
_ of the ene: my; and without-em-

_déans.

ploying sctentific movements and
evolutions, fought only by main
strength and-eourage to break and
throw him inte disorder. Such .a
mode of engaving was necessarily
attended. with great bloodshed :

but. this- was. no. object tothe Ven-
Their’ animation in battle
arose from:their detestation of the
enemy, and-the copyiction that to

.. destroy him was the noblest duty

they could perform.
In_consequence of this persua-
sion, the battles. fought between

_ the, Venééans and the republican

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

troops were dreadfully destructive;
as both parties fouglit with extreme
obstinacy. The slaugliter was pro-
digious. The regular valour of the.
republican troops, and their cool
dexterity in the use of their arms,
always occasioned a terrible loss. of
men to the Vendéans before they
cotld engage them so closely as

to decide the contest by personal

strength and resolution. But here

_it was. that the Vendéans were sure

to triumph. Fired with rage and
fearless of their enemies, they fell
upon them with a confidence of
victory and a.torrent of exertion,
to which these were utter strangers —
in all the otherscenes of their war-

fare, and which never failed to sur- —
prise and put them. in) confusion.

| The carnage that followed’. was un-

avoidable. Mixed with their ene-
mies, the Vendeéans dealt the surest-
destruction among them; and it
was with the utmost difficulty that
these could disentangle. themselves
and have recourse to flight. . In no
theatre of the war was so much de-
struction known as in La Vendée.
In less than atwelvemonth it was:
complained of in the Convention,
that through the mismanagement,
of their Generals, the republican
armies were diminished by two
hundred thousand men. Of the
royalists. also vast numbers fell.
The fact was, that La Vendée was
the ground chosen, .asit were, to”
decide the contest. between the re-
publicans and the royalists,, Hither®
the latter eagerly repaired from all
parts of the kingdom, The ma-
jority of the officers and com-
manders .of the Vendéans came-
from thence ; and of common men
an immense proportion consisted of
those who flocked to them in:
crowds fiom the neighbouring pro-
~ “vincesy

HISTORY OF. EVDROFE.:!

winces, and even farther, and es-
sentially-contributed to repair them
losses.

One of the most effectual causes
of the surprising successes of the

Vendéans, was the method of @on-.

ducting their movements, whether
4o attack the enemy or to avoid
him. The face of their country,
droken, wneven, and boggy, was
peculiarly unfayourable to ‘the
transporting of heavy baggage.
* For this reason they encumbered
themselves with none. Every man
carried what was indispensably ne-

cessary for himself; anda few horses.

were sufficient for such luggage as
was not portable otherwise. ‘hus
equipped, their marches and their
retreats were equally quick. They
could surprise, attack, or escape
from the enemy with great.cclerity ;
to which he was-wholly inadequate.
When victorious, they were able
to pursue him to what distance they

pleased ; and had only to guard.
against amabuscades. When over-—
_ powered, they.soon were in safety,
From the quickness of theirmotions

unimpeded by the necessity of se-
euring their baggage and artillery.
‘It was commonly owing to the

ad and weight of these, that.

the republicans, after obtaining ad-
_ vantages, lost them immediately by
following the Vendéaus with their
_eannon and heavy baggage. ‘The
Vendéans, on purpose, retreated

to narrow passes and marshy

grounds, whither the enemy could

not pursue them; or where, if he

pted it, his gunsand carriages

~ Stuck fast, and atforded an oppor-

tunity of re-engaging him to ad-
vantage. Their local knowledge
enabled the Vendéans. also, when
routed, to rally from all parts with-
' Mt opposition, while favoured by

tol

darkness, and:to.renew the conflict
at break of day, totally unexpected
by the enemy; whom, for that
reason, .they frequently found un-
prepared::to ‘receive them. Often
too, when a :blow of importance
was meditated, would the royalists:

disperse: at the approach of the re~

publicans ; who, seeing no enemy,
and apprehending no danger to be:
near, were apt to be=less on their:
guard. When the appointed hour:
was come, which was always:on.
those occasions a little before the
dawn, they rushed from allsides on:
the €ncampment of the enemy,
who seldom) was able to resist
thera. ;
Such were the methods. prac-)
tised by the Vendéans in their war-
fare with the republicans. They»
so rarely failed of success, that, du-
ring along time, the numerous bo-
dies dispatched by the Convention,
to suppress the insurgents, were
usually either destroyed, or puit-to
flight. So disheartened at length:
were the republican troops, that it:
was with the utmost reluctancethey »
marched. against the royalists, of;
La Vendée ; whom they dreaded
much more than any other enemy.
What is peculiarly remarkable,
amidst the surprising advantages
daily obtained by the Vendéans;,
they had neither cavalry nor are)
tillery. As their first victories had’,
been gained. without these, they’
were never very solicitous to pro
cure them, until they found: that»
sieges could not be undertaken
without the one, norayictory com=
pleted without the other. Having,’
howeyer, no expert . engineers |
among them, they continued very»
inattentive to the utility of cannon ; :
and though they frequently. took ;
immense trains from the enemy,
3 they

102

they hardly made any use of them,
though taught by fatal experience
what destructive engines they were
inhandsthat were dexterous in their
management. ‘This, indeed, ren-
dered them very alert at the com-
mencement of an action, to de-
prive the enemy of his cannon.
Their manner of doing this) was
singular:—Ten or twelve stout-
bodied and resolute mem were se-
lected for the taking of each gun,
Armed only with cutlasses, for the
greater expedition, they ran cir-
cuitously with ‘the utmost’ speed
towards the piece they’'were to
seize. ‘The moment they saw the
match applied to the touch-hole,
they flung themselves on’ their
faces, and when’ the report was
heard, they arose and proceeded in
the same manner, till they had
reached their intended object ;
whies rarely escaped being spiked,

if not taken.

As, from the want of cayalry,
they found themselves unable to
improve their victories to the full
extent, they used their endeavours’
to procure a sufficient number of
horses’ for this ;~ but herein they
neyer succeeded. ‘Those which
they collected from their own stock
were taken from the plough, or
other heavy and slow work, and
of course were almost useless for
the field, ‘The only proper horses’
they could find, ‘were what they
took from the enemy ; and of those’
they’ never possessed’ more than
about five hundred;—so careful
were the republicans when de-
feated to save their cavalry; well
knowing the dreadful consequence
ot their horses falling into the
hands of the royalists. The insur-
gents owed in fact net only their

ANNUALLIREGISTER,

1794.

arms and implements of war, but
éven their very clothing, in short
all they had, to the booty they be-
came masters of by their amazing
successes. They took near 300,000
stata of arms from the republican
troops.and magazines ; and had no
other powder, and gecerally no
other provisions, than euch as they
had the good fortune to seize in
battle, or in the republican’ stores.
A singularity in the military dress
of the Vendéans, was, the relation
it expressed to the cause for which
they professed to have taken up
arms. Over their uniform they
wore a garment of white cloth,
breasted with a large black cross,
and fringed at botiom with relics
of saints, or the smaller bones of
fellow royalists slain by repulilis
cans. Round'theirnecks hung their
beads. Thus accoutred, they ap-
peared like soldiers of the ancient
crusades ; and this strange admix~
ture of war and religion carried a
look of fierceness and enthusiasm
which perfectly corresponded with
their real character, It was chiefly
when going to battle that they dis- |
played this in all its terrors. With
a slow pace, a downcast eye, their
muskets slung over their shoulders,
their heads uncovered, and their
beads in their hands, they leisurely
advanced towards the enemy, ré=
citing together psalms and fayers.
This pious ceremony ended, they

joined in a tremendous shout, ‘co-

vered their heads, grasped their
muskets, and rushed on the enemy
with loud vociferation, of “ Long
live the King, and down with the
republicans!’ Those who were wit- _
nesses of their first charge, concur
in representing it as the most ter-
rifie scene they ever beheld, No

‘words’

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

avords could express their rage and
dary, and the outrageous violence
ewith which they broke in upon
their foes... — f
~ But, notwithstanding their ani-
‘mosity against the republicans, they
were not backward in giving them
quarter, and setting them at Jiber-
‘ty, until these had basely broken
thé terms on which it had been
granted ; which were, to serve no
more against the royal cause. At
the reduction of Saumur, 15,000
-prisoners, who hhad been dismissed
by the royalists on that condition,
were a few days after found in arms
against them. They were recog-
nized by the precaution that had
been taken to cut off. their hair
before they were set at liberty, by
way of setting a mark-upon them.
When the royalists, overpowered
‘dy the republican troops, , were
obliged to cross the Loire, they
“were encumbered by about 12,000
prisoners, on whom a retaliation
-was proposed by those royalists of
ewhom the relations had been in-
‘humanly massacred : but they were
saved through the generous inter-
cession of Bonchamp, one of the
“three coramanders in chief of the
- royalists, who lay at that time ex-
‘piring of a mortal wound. But his
generosity was repaid with the
“meanest ingratitude :—they were
‘no sooner dismissed, than they were
perceived acting in conjunction
with the enemy. In consequence
.of this treacherous conduct, the
_Toyalists came to the determination
-toadopt the severest reprisals, and
‘to make no more prisoners. The
_ patience and fortitude displayed by
“the Vendéans, during the whole
- course of this terrible warfare, ne-
~ver was exceeded in history. As
btheir country, through continual

1G3

devastations, bacame at length un-
able to furnish them with subsist-
ence, they had no other resources
than the fortunate casualties of the
day ; and were literally reduced
to live from hand to mouth. When
they had crossed’ the Loire, and
made an irruption into Brittany,
they encountered every hardship
that human nature can endure:
they lay on the bare ground in the
open air, and fed upon a small pit-
tance of corn boiled in water. The
extremes of want, and the imprac-
ticability of procuring a sufficiency
of food for theirnumbers, obliged
them at last to separate ; and this
separation broke at once their
strength, and was the immediate
cause of their overthrow.
Previously to the extreme scar-
city which compelled them to dis-
perse, theyconductedtheir marches
with an art and dexterity that asto-
nished the enemy,: and confounded
all his endeavours to waylay and
surprise them :—they marched in
three columius, at about two miles
distance from each other. Upon
any hostile appearance between
these columns, a signal was given,
and they all three closed in upon
the enemy. Two remarkable de-
feats of the republicans were dye
tothis plan: the one at Fougeres,
the other at Dinant; both towns
in Erittany. They had penetrated
between two of these columns, and
imagined they werebroken asunder
and unable to reunite; but the
Wendéans quickly undeceived them
by attacking them on both sides. -
Thus piaced between two fires,
they were almost all cut to pieces.
After the reunion of the remaining
bodies of the royalists under Cha-
rette, Stoflet and La Roche, and
the second insurrection in La Ven-
li4 dée,

tot ANNOUAL REGISTER

_dée, their distresses in this desolated
country, were-such,/ that the main
object.of. their operations was. to
-procure themselves a sufficiency of
“provisions tor their.existence Ma-
ny aybloody engagement took place
from this sole motive. It was an
absolute struggle for life, much
‘more than foy victory 5 but as ve-
fore this was obtained, the other
could not be secured, the Vendéans
“were necessitated to conquer or to
die. As men thus circumstanced,
and thus reselved, must naturally
‘become formidable to their ene-
mies, the Vendéans , renewed the
terror with which they had been
viewed by .the republican troops
_antecedently. to,their late disasters,
and became.as, much dreaded as
ever.. They revived their former
system of combating; and not-

of enemies surrounding them, on
every side, they continued vigor-
ously and_ successfully to maintain
their groundand tobear upinyincibly
both against theindefaugableeffort
of their enemies, and the still more
insupportable pressure of that. pri-
vation of necessaries, which is:so
apt to overcome the resolution of
the firmest minds.

When we consider this inyinci-
ble courage under the greatest suf-
ferings, and this determination to

_ persevere in resisting their enemies
-to the last breath, our admiration
cannot be refused to the power and
influeuce of those .principles that
inspired them with so much hero-
ism. Those which actuated the
people of. 1a Vendée, had the
strength of ages in their favour.
“They had been traditionally handed
down from father to son for a long
* succession, and were not of a na-
ture to be easily eradicated ; genera-

‘tions past had«cheris
the greatest comfort of life, and the

5 1794-

hed them as
most powerful support in its many
trials : nations around had adopted

them ; and-even those who Were
ro in their attachmenticould

not eny that they were \a source

of the brightest hopes.and consola-
tions. These principles were, a firm
belief in the tenets of the Roman
Catholic persuasion, and a convic-
tion that the King had been unjust-
ly dethroned, and that his son was

‘Jawfu) heir to the crown. » Faithful

to these maxims, they looked on
the Convention not only as rebels
to the King and monarehy, but as
enemies to the Christian’ religion,
in abolishing its legal establishment;
and perce nine its ministers for re-
fusing to comply with their i injnne-

tions.
withstanding the immense number .

Such were the foundations on
which the Vendéans erected. their
resistance, and their resolution to
perish rather than embrace the re-
publican system, or submit in reli-
gious matters to the decrees of the
Convention. What »contributed
in the highest degree to confirm
the Vendéans in those determi-

_fations, was the influence of their

spiritual pastors, and the yast num-
bers of ecclesiastics who had taken

refuge among them. Their since-

rity in the cause for which th
contended could, not be ;doubted: :
they had sacrificed all worldly, con-
siderations. rather than forsake its
and had shewn themselves ready to
Jay down. their lives in its support.
They accompanied the ‘insurgents
tothe field of battle, exposed to
the same dangers as the combatants.
They comforted the dying, they
attended the wounded, and. per-
formed every pious and humane
office that religion and charity could
dictate.

|
|

|
|
|
|
:

:
:

“HISTORY OF EUROPE.

Wictate. Men thus employed, and
this behaving, could not fail, to
eommand the sincerest respect and
attachment ; add to this, that many
‘of them were mén of eminence for
‘theirbirth andtalents, and possessed
of those insinuating manners and
powers of speaking “that have such
authority over men. Hence arose
that enthusiasm in the cause they
had espoused, which distinguished
“the ‘Vendéans from all the other
eh in France: their motives
ere pure and disinterested : they
‘sought the restoration of monarchy,
and: of the ancient religion, unmix-
ed with any other views. The
— and simplicity they dis-
in all their proceedings, won
them the admirationand confidence
ofall those neighbours who enter-
tained the same opinions ; and pro-
‘eured them a constant supply of
‘whatever they couldaffordtor their
“assistance and relief.
~ The vigour and spirit displayed
‘by the republican’ armies contend-
‘Ing against the coalesced powers
for the defence of the nation, forms
‘the: most striking contrast, when
red with the very different
“spirit with which they generally
acted against the insurgents of La
Vendée. The enthusiasm of these
"was always far superior to that of
the republicans :—it was the enthu-

- #iasm of religion, the most power-

ful and the most terrible that can
“méve the human breast : all other
s of action shrink beforeit ;
in all ages, it has invariably
the most wonderful and
ndous effects. Animated with
enthusiasm, the Vendéans rose
all the ordinary rules of act-
‘The republican soldiers, ia-

with the noble ideas of li-
verty, may be said to have behaved

106
like men ; but they had to deal
with adversaries whose principles
had’ rendered them more than hu-
man. Nor should it pas unno-
ticed, that among other motives for
behaving bravely, a number of la-
dies of illustrious fimilies and dis-
tinguished characters had repaired
to La Vendée, in order to avoid the
merciless fury of the French go-
vernment, and place themselves
under the protection of the insur-
gents. They were received with
the warmest affection, and treated
with the respect due to persons
who had committed themselves to
their faith and honour, and had,
like them, renounced the enjoy-
ments of grandeur and opulence,
to follow the dictates of their con-
science. This kind reception was
amply requited by the emulation
which arose among the many young
gentlemen of family among the in-
surgents, to attract the notice and
praise of those ladies, who gradu-
ally became the judges and reward-
ers of the brilliant deeds that were
done, by the approbation and ap:
plause they bestowed upon them,
avd their gracious behaviour to all
those who sigualized themselves by
og valour.

Another powerful inducement
to the bravery ofthe insurgents was
the close and affectionate connex-
ion subsisting between them and
theit chiefs. The Vendéans, espe-
cially, had long been implicitly de-
voted to the upper ranks in their
country ; who justly deserved it by
the gentleness and equity with
which they treated their depend-
ents and inferiors. ‘The zealous
attachment of the commanders ap-
peared in every engagement, in
the readiness with which they obey-
ed their orders, and the solicitude
they

id6

they manifested for . their safety.
But no testimony of the high opi-
nion and veneration in which they
held their chiefs, could be stronger
then that which owas paid-to their
memory when they were no mere,
The bodies of those two brave. of-
ficers Bonchamp and Labiere, who
died of their wounds a few days
before the retreatiof the insurgents
across the Loive,/ were carefully
embalmed;and inclosed in; coffins;
which were, carried, with them
everywhere by the royalists, and
always, inaction, placedat tive foot
of the royal standard. » When they
were compelled by the irresistible
superiority of the enemy to have
yecourse to dispersion for their
safety, they. were anxious to pro-
vide a place ot con¢ealment. for
those respected remains ; dreading

that if they fell into the hands ef

the republican party,’ they would be
treated with all manner of indig-
nity. The death of thut gallant
young warrior Laroche Jacqaeliv,
was accompanied avith no less la-
mentation. Aftier the total defeat
of the royalists, on their march
towards Normandy from Lemans,
Stoflet and he, after manyvescapes
from the republicans,. bad. tound
means to cross’ the Loire,» and to
join the royalists under Ckareétte.
Here he continucd to exhibit his
courage and capacitys and was cop-
sidered as’ an) officer .of the most
promising virtwes and: talents.» Un-
happily for his’ party, he. did not
jong survive'the reputation he was

daily acquiring by his many ex-
ploits. He was slain while recon-
noitring the enemy, and inaking
preparations for an attack. .To-
gether with lim fell a young lady,
so stronglyattachedtohim, that un-
able to bear'his loss, and impatieut

a #2
;

ANNUAL REGIS DER,

to revenge his death, she rushed at

the head of his followers into the |

midst of the encraies ‘where she
soon met ber! fate) iin + droerd

~ Those losses af Niacin chiefs. were
more fatal te the-royalists than any
of their defeats.

and valour jof their commanders ;
but when -+hose were fallan, the
want of them was. speedily exper
rienced... Out of five excellent Ger
nerals only two remained, Cha-
rette and. Stoflet :—and however
great their abilities and merit, they
coud not alone supply the placer
of those that were Jost.
It was yot without the pre
reason: they so. sincerely deplored
the Joss of those brave and: experi-
enced leaders, under whom) they

had so otien triumphed oyer their —

enemies, and whose, judicious con-
duet so fortunately preserved then:
from what they deemed the worst
calamity that could befal them,
that of falling into the hands of the
enemy.) If the various reports may
be relied on, which persons of rank
andcredit among the royalists have
cireulated,, ¢ertain it is that the
state of those who were made: pri-
soners. by the republican troops,
was peculiarly lamentable.

heaps, and threatened with imme-
diate death on theleast no:se or stir
among them, or upon the approach
of any body: of: royalists. Some-
times they were tied to stakes, and

exposed to. the-derision of the re- —

publican'soldiery. . [n order toin-

sult at once) their religion and po- —

litics, effigies of the King and Pope
were sometimes produced before
them, decorated with mock irsignia
of their dignity. They were load-
ed bys some with every species pf

abuse,

These had cone.
stantly been repaired by the skill —

, \They i.
‘were thrust together, as it were, by

| HISTORY OF EUROPE.

|
| abuse, and reminded by others of
the outrages they had committed
on the native rights of man, by
_ taking uparms agajnst liberty ; and
_ how necessary it was that their
guilt should be expiated by mak-
ing public examples of them. Af-
ter shooting as many of them as it
was thouzht proper, a selection
Was made of those that remained,
‘in order to be sent to the neigh-
bouring towns, where they felt
the axe of the guillotine, by way of
impressing public terror.

- During these horrors, it is pecu-
liarly deserving of notice, that the
Most striking instances of disinte-
restedness, honour, and fidelity were
found among the rustic classes *.

‘religious and moral virtues
ned, as it were, to have taken
ter there. Whoever was per-

gecuted for his politics or religious
opinions, fled to the peasants ; and
was sure of being carefully con-
-cealed, and of meeting with every
comfort they could aftord. Gentle-
men, noblemen, and clergymen,
were hidden in this manner in the
ébscurest parts of the country, and
securely evaded, through their cha-

e care and dexterous manage-

ment, the barbarous intentions of
ling powers. Here too the

ee ts to the ancient religion
Jand enjoyed the celebration

ights without molestation or

- Numbers algo of the royalists,

sed after their defeats, had
ere with the only shelter they
| find from the pursuits and

] ‘of their implacable ene-
. In justice to those who es-
“contributed by their euce

gy: “fi ’

107

exertions to keep alive this spirit
of humanity and compsssion for the
afflicted, truth requires that the
most. honourable mention should
be made of the Frenchclergy. In
defiance of the conyentional edicts;
and in contempt of the hourly dan-
ger to which they were exposed by
their disobedience, they zealously
and intrepidly visited every recess
throughout the country, wherever
they thought their ministry would
beacceptableand useful. They made
use of their influence to the most
beneficent purpeses.. Innumerable
were the deeds of kindness and ge-
nerosity due to their interference.
The number of lives they helped ta
save, and of sufferers they were
instrumental in relieving, will do
them everlasting credit, even with
every disapprover of their politics
and religious tenets, that is not
dead to every feeling of humanity,
and that has the sense to know and
the courage to avow that the prac-
tice of this isa duty paramount toall
the obligations laid upon them by
the mere hand of power.

The Vendéans, it clearly ap-
pears, performed all that buman
contrivance, heightened. byextreme
necessity, could imagine,—and all
that human courage could dare to
attempt ; but they laboured under
disadvantages which mere con-
trivance and courage were *nable
to surmount,

The revolution, from its first be-
ginning, was an object of discon-
tent and dislike to the greater part
of both the nobles ‘and the clergy.
The first of theseorders bad, for
the most newts whenthe insurrection

oi os! 1 litte Ai tr dima: perillos i bie
Se Justitia excedens tecris vestigia fecits

bri,

Virg: Georg. Lib. 13
broke

ios ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

broke out in La Vendée, migrated
from their own country and joined
the Prussian and Austrian armies,
whose aim it was to restore unlimit-
ed monarchy. © The | insurgents,
though they raised the royal stand-
ard, were not exactly of the same
party with the royalists.in the ex-
terior of France ; being composed
of the discontented.of various elass-
és; among whom were constitu-
tionalists, federalists, thore who had
escaped from the scaffolds of the
pational Convention, aud others.
This mixed party was headed by
chiefs of the greatest courage and
bravery; but incapable of forming
and acting om such a system as
might support itself and extend its
influence, The task of drawing up
manifestoes was committed to the
priests who were of their number ;
who in their declarations expressed
the sentiments of missionariés, not
the principles and views of states-
men. ‘They denominated: their
army the Catholic Army, ata time
when the Pope, the Catholic faith,
and all monastic ideas were regard-
ed with general indifference, and
too general contempt. Thus they
wore an agpearance of fanaticism
which exposed them to the popu-
Jar and trivial eloquence of the Ja-
cobins, who Jaboured incessantly to
render them objects either of hatred
or derision. If they had styled
themselves the army of the. pro-
prietors of France, they would
have comprehended, and might
probably have attached to: their
party a greater number of the.peo-
ple ; and. of course proved more
formidable to the Jacobins. By the
aidof women, monks, and ministers
ef religion, it is possible to make
enthusiasts and mariyrs; but itis
oaly by ajust and profound calcula-

tion of the resources of a country;
the modes of directing public. opi+
nion to the same object,—of forms
ing an anion of the most general
interests, and, in.a word, of rais+
ing .all the various supplies, ways
and means ,of war, that it is possible
tomakesuccessful resistance against —
a government already organized
and in possession of the) »ational
territory. The inhabitants, of La
Vendée, after fighting and conquer-
ing the republican troops, were in
terrupted in. their career; by: the
want of camp-equipage, and mili-
tary stores and provisions. | Thesé
they expected from England; ‘buts
in their stead, received a: number
of generals and other officers front
the army of the French princes. |.”
It was an opinion very generally:
entertained at) this time? by» ithe
loyalists: in the interior-of France,
that the coalesced powers. were
under some apprehension, lest, if
the Vendéans skould succeed in
their enterprise, they might be in-
duced to proclaim a constitutional
king under similar restrictions: to
those that limit and define the royah
authority in England, or that of the
Stadtholder in the United Pro=
vinces ; and thai, in order to obyi=,
ate such a resolution, they had
judged it necessary to accompany
any succours they might send for
theirsupport,withsuchcommanders,
as might incline their mind and
direct their efforts to the re-esta-
blishment of the ancient monarchy::
the only mode of government that
suited the views of ys coalition.
The sentiments of the military
chiefs sent to the aid.of the Ven=
déans, did not well accord with
those of that. peoples The mea-
sures: that’ depended. on the co-
operation of England were wholly
defeated

efeatéd or abandoned. Fyance,
Pa great number of inhabitants
best, disposed to peace with
ein neighbours ; andthe enemies
' the revolution were propertion-
ably. diminished.
_ The, iprospect. of a favourable
termination of the dangerous con-
testwith the insurgents of La Ven,
dée, wasthe most auspicious cir-
amastance that accompanied the
ening of 1794.. ‘The Conven-
tion now indulged itself in forming
‘a variety of regulations for the
bette ‘aecomplishment of those pur-
which i it doubted not its abili-
"to execute whenever it should
ve no other enemies to contend
th than those that formed the fo-
| coalition. As they had ex-
enced a. number.of treacheries
se) yeral of. their principal. officers,
resolved that their punish-
D shouldbe made as public and
pressive as the case would admit.
ith this view, they passed a de-
on the first day of this year,
rting that every General con-
d to death for treason should
| future be executed at the head
of - army which he had attempt-
» betray. Inorder, at the same
> to. cherish that devotion of
and navy to their inte-
hich was to be their main
rt, they abolished the punish-

A i

me of flogging, as unworthy of

n, and derogating from the
of their character. Other
f punishment were adopted
ious, but not less effee~
to ppingtheir pay, reducing
nk, imprisonment, pubtic
Teproo and others ofa like nature.
A convince the world of their

ses

ity to all man-
“ei exception, they pub-

»-HISTORY -OFy EUROPE,

eis 18 ss to extend the rights:

109°

licly admitted toyseats: in the Con,
yention three deputies from. St.
Domingo, as representatives of that
colony,; two of whom were mulat-
toes, and one a negro. ‘This re-
markable admission took place. ort
the 3d of February; and on the
4th,, the deputies began the exer-
cise of their functions. by laying be-
fore the Convention, an. account
of the affairs of thatisland: It was
proposed on this occasion, totally to
abolish the practice of slavery in
every part of the French domi-
nions; and the proposal Was im-
mediately converted into a decree
to that intent. A negro woman
who was present fainted, it is said,
with pleasure at the henotr done
to-her countrymen by the French
nation. On the ensuing day, how-
ever, after representing | the incon-
veniences that might arise from so
sudden a transition from slavery to
liberty, it was moved by, Danton,
that the decree should. be referred
to the committee of public safety ;
that they might frame,such regu-
lations as should render it effectual
and safe. |
The searcity which had lately af.
flicted France, induced the Conven-
tion toexert itsel£ to the utmost pass,
for the cure of an evil which, if not
timely remedied, would probably oe
productive of many others. It was:
notoriously to a searcity that many
of the calamities whieh had attend-
ed the first periods of the revolu~
tion, and in some measure that the:
revolution itself, were due, A.
committee was appointed .to in-
vestigate the means of obviating
so great an eyil, and providing for
the future subsistence ofall classes.
—This committee,on the 17th day
of February, laid before the Con-
vention a list of the highest prices
‘that

116 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1494:

that should be affixed to all the ne-
cessaries of fife. It was much ap-
plauded, as setting bounds to ava-
rice and monopoly. Barrere, ih
particular, was warm in his enco-
miums on the pains taken by the
committee for the service of the
community. Some ‘parts of his
speech on this occasion were re-
markable. Let the rich, ‘says he;
‘resign the superfluities of theit ta-
bles, where luxury and vanity alone
are fed; let them cease to con-
sume in one day the food of many
months ; Jet us all impose on our-
selves some civic privations ; let us
suppress all delicacies, calculated
for voluptuaries, and not for repub-
licans.

But the public was divided in its
opinion of -the propriety of this
measure. ' Heavy taxes on the su-
perfluities; and encouragements to
the importersof necessaries, restric-
tion on the sale of young cattle,
bounties for the largest quantities
of indispensable necessaries brought
to market, severe discouragements
of costly entertainments, prohibi-
tions of culinary refinements, a re-
duction of horses kept for mere pa-
rade, confinement: to the plainest
food in the domestic fare of fami-
lies :—these, and other regulations
of a similar kind, were deemed by
many better calculated: to -reduce
the price of provisions, than limit-
ing the rates at which they were to
be sold:—a measure that must ulti-
mately tend to discourage both their

rowth and importation. © ;

’ However detrimental the decree
that established the maximum
might be deemed, that which was
afterwards enacted on the 246th of
February, for the extension of the
powers of the committee of public
safety, was evidently of a much

more dangerous tendency. It in- -

vested that Committee, already too
powerful, with the right of settin
patriots at iberty, Stch weré the
ttords of the decree. Buit a8 they
had been previously empowered to
arrest and imprison individuals de-
bounced to them as disloyal, it was
clear that this privilege of libera-
ting therh at discretion would pro-
dice much oppression, by inducing
them to deprive people of their
liberty, in ordér to extort money
from them for restorifig it. —
Much worse was that decree
which was enacted, at the same
time, against those who weré deem-
ed enemies to the revolution. Tt

confiscated their effects for the use -

of the republic, and condemned
them to imprisonment until peacé

was restored, and then sentenced —

them to perpetual banishment.—
This was a stretch of power ‘that

indisposed numbers against the go- —

vernment, who were in other re=
spects sincere friends to the revo-
lution.
of all property, as noman colild be

It was a virtual spoliation —

safe front the pretence of suspicion. —
A declaration had been publish= —

ed by the British ministry, stating

the motives for continuing the wat

against France. | This declaration
had been carefully circulated it alk
those countries of which the so-
vereigns were in alliance with
Great Britain, in order to Jet the
public see that views of ambition
and conquest did not operate with

this power ; but that it sought only —

to replace the system of Euro e
on the footing ou which it stood
previcusly to the troubles which
now agitated it: It asserted that a’
majority of the French nation was
desirous of a ‘restoration| of ‘moe
narchy ;~ and expressed a ‘fervent

wishi

wih’ for an opportunity’ (6 re-esta-!
blish peace. [t digtiatined all right’
Gis in the’ settlements of
ormer government in Fi rance.!
But it promised friendship and pro~’
1 n to all Frenchmen who, ‘by
dec aring for a moharchical govern-"
; , should shike-off ‘the yoke of
cH. ae
@ iret! ‘Answer’ to'this de~
datation, charged it ‘with a mani-'
avowal of a ‘design to restor
aaa n France, “and of coun=!
“tetlanicin de in the rést of Europe}
Insti Sabie to co-ope-'

| re-establishing the monarchy,
> acknov ledging’ that Great
J 1 fought for the preservation,
we state of society already
ablished. But the monarchy to

€ brea" iad undeniably been’
potic, and the state of society to
preserved. ‘Was ‘alindst every-
pe’ absolute slayery. ‘In order
{tain these ends, France was to’
reduced by fire and sword, to’
slavish condor from which it)
een emancipated. The asser-
that the return of monarchy

‘desired by mosf of the French
groundless.

In La Vendée,
and Touton, the insurgents
ctushed by ‘the superior
h of their opponents, though
red with monéy, and sup-
arms ty. the English —
sonents were all ‘French-
and consti acs an ‘indubi-
pay nation. ‘Lhe
ion af de British sit
t ‘they ardently’ desired
vere mere pretences. Peace
cir option whenever they
. They had only to recal
edt and armies, and. leave
to settle their internat
$ they ‘thought | roper,.
¢ sssaming that interlerence

HistORY “oF EV RVO'PEA fi

tb wAIEH HS ; cbuld Hi Hot fialp ; ace
Koveeang they ts had no ris Bhi
at, Cont rarily-t to these-pi ‘pretences,
chee, shet ment the’ quar-
oe between the 8 Gpporters Ss of the
esti ablished™ form ot g vernment
and it Sopposers 5. “who were evi-
den e minority, of ‘the people
in” ian With w ‘hat face, after
thi 3a, could the. ‘Br it ‘ish 1 ministr y de-
n their averseness (o the employ-
ment’ of violence, in ordet to com-
pel the French to submit to their
dictates?’ France was nosy’ in the
ferment of 2 a rey olution, making a
continual and violent rogress to-
37
Wards, liberty. . In sgh a situation
laws arose out the 1 necessity and
impulse of the moment; and lenity
or rigour, recompense or _punish-
ment, were apaiten to the demand
and conveniency of existing. cir-
cumstances only. It Was not equi-
table, therefore, to requiré the
same precision and regularity in
the conductors of such a_ state, as
in those who had only to manage
the affairs of a country in a state of
tranquillity. Great Britain ‘knew
from experience the yast differenec
between these two. situations. Ix
had also undergone i:s revolutions,
and was now enjoying 3 calm ohec
a storm, But it was not yet, ar-
rived at that degree of improve-
iment which: opportunities: had af-
forded the means ot obtaining. It
had ‘not profited by the severe les-
sons that had been. so Tepeatedly
;
held pat. Yhe laws of Ingland,
notwithstanding the struggles that
ought to have ameliorated them,
still continue barbarous and tyran-
nical. They were tull of -inconsist-
enc and improprietiés, ‘and: their
uncertainty was so notorious, thar
it was a National complaint : 2 It was
not for the rulers of such a state to
condemn

lig

condemn thé legal proceedings of
their neighbours ; but such was
their arrogance, that they repro-
bated whatever differed from their
own, without considering the dif-
ference of timesand circumstances.
The style of the British ministry
was in consequence no less pre
sumptuous and inconsistent. They
demanded for themselves afd their
éonfeierates what they must be.
conscious would never be granted,
indemnity for the past, and security
for the tuture. They required a
just ard ‘proper government to be.
seitled in France; as if such a go-
vernment were not already esta-
blished by the nation, which at
onee was entitled and competent
to decide on so weighty a subject.
The period was fast arriving, when
France would be requested by
Great Britain to listen to terms of
peace. But the French republic
would in its turn insist on the esta-
-blishment of an equitable govern-
ment in the British nation, where-
in the rights of the people should
beproperly considered. 1 he French
would then look upon the rulers
of England in the same light as
they now view the republican go-
vernors of France, as an associa-
tion of usurpers; and the people
of France would refuse to treat
with any but the people of Eng-
Jand,

Such’ was the substamce and pur-
port of the French answer to the
declaration of the British minisiry.
Ft was received with great applause,
not only in France, but also by that
numerous patty in England which
disapproved of the ministerial mea-_
sures, and reprobated the war with
France as pregnant with the most
fatal consequences to Great Britain.
Whether France remained a re-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 17094.

public or relapsed into a monarchy,
the loss of blood and of treasure
would still be immense, and not re-.
parable but by a long course of
years. Shonld France again be~
come a kingdom, it would natu-.
rally resumé its former system o
politics, The gratitude of princes
was proverbial, but not to be de-.
pended on; and the ambition o
the House of Bourbon had long
been notorious. But wit prben
lar party to prevail, and the re-
a ee settled on firm foun-.
ations, what would the resent-
ment be which the French wouid
bear to :he Englis!: for having en-.
deavoured to deprive them of that
form of government whicn, they
preferred to all other, 2nd to reduce.
them to their preceding state of.
slavery and wretchedness! Such a
resentment would not probably lie.
dormant and inactive: it would.
continually break out in their dis-,
courses, and Jay the foundation of,
inextinguishable hatred. Through)
means of treaties, public hostilities,
might a while be prevented; but.
war would only remain, ina state
of suspension, The spirit of inve-
teracy would always, be looking
forward to opportunities of exer-
tion. When. these arrived, they
would animate the French nation
against the English. ‘These would.
not be actuated by a similitude of _
motives, and could not therefore.
be supposed to feel the same anti-_
pathy to the French ; who woulc,
of course, come into action with 3
much greater degree of vigour.—
Doubtless, the English would be--
have with their usual courage; but —
they would have an enemy to en- -
counter much more formidable and
dangeérots than heretofore, stom
that desire of vengeance which is. .
TS

| mate of Gironde:
| Danton, and Barfere; who formed

HISTORY -OF' EUR OPES

$he of the most powerful stimulants
in. nature, and oftén inspires the
‘commonest men with the most ex-
traordinary energy:
_- The answer to the British mini-

ry's declaration was penned un-
der the direction of that celebrated
triumvirate which’ assumed the
powers of governnient shortly af-
ter the King’s death, and the over-
throw of that party kriown by the
Robespierre,

‘this triumvirate, were men pecu-
Jiarly calculated for this period of
diiculey, and endowed with those
alities that would most effectu-

sized a great part of the French
“hation; when it considered the
Strength of those mighty powers
hat formed the coalition against
hem, atid in the spring of 1793
btained such brilliant aud decisive
dvantages over the armies of
nce, ‘They certainly were in-
uals “of the greatest political
bilities, and perfectly acquainted

h thecharacter of their country-
n and with the resources of
eit country: ‘These they brought
ward ira manner that equally
istonishedandappalled its enemies;
who, though weil apprized of the
trength of France, had never ima=
dit could have been called
on $0 unprecedented and for-
ble a plan-
& junction ahd concord be-
en these ‘three famous leaders
tinued about the spacc’of a
lwemonth: but as it arose from
pand the fear of being
ited. by the heads of those
‘parties that were. striving
inst each other for pre-eminence

pawer, it lasted no longer than
Y were intluenced by those ap-
bensions. After the entire des-

Vor, XXXVI.

“remove the: terror that had -

113

tractionof the Girondists, the chiefs
of whom, all:mien of eminent: ta-
Jents, perished by the guillotine,
the connexion between; Robes
spierre and Danton began to lessen.
The envy ‘borne by the former
to all men of whose capacity’ he
stood in awe, and whom. hey sus-
pected of a disiriclination to’be subs
servient to hismeasures, led hiny to
consider Danton as the most dan-
gerous rival, and to‘harbour a des
termination to rid himself of so
formidable a competitor.
But, previously to the execution
of this design, he thought it meces-
sary for the accomplishment of the
many ambitious purposes he se-
eretly envertdined, to-dcfeat the
schemes that were in agitation
dmong the leading members of a
sociéty of men, who had risen: to
almost equal celebrity with the fa-
mous Jacobin Club, of which in
fact they were a’branch, and. from
whence they had.originally sprung:
The chief sonductor of its opera-
tions at this time was Hebert; a4
character well noted for his enmity
to the Christian system, and: his
zealous endéavours for its abolition
in France: » He »was.a man, of an
intemperate warmth in whatever he
undertook, and remarkable for. his
propensities to uncommon under-
takings. Heo had otcasionally
oved highly serviceable to, Ro-
fesbfieina 3 and ‘was a_ principal
attor in procuring the downfal of
Brissot and his party; when they
were’arrested: through the machi-
nations of that more popular and
active patty, styled the Mountain,
on thé famous 3ist of May, in
the preceding year.. Hebert was
at that time the promoter of the
insurrection at Patis;..which en
abled him. tor carry their violent
measures into execution.
I The

il4

The success whichthen attended
him inflamed his ambition, and he

ditated from this time how he

yuld raise himself to a greater
participation of the power he had
been so instrumental in precuring to
Robespierre, than the pride of this
Jatter would suffer him or any man
to possess. The Cordelier Club,
over which Hebert now exercised
the principal influence, was ready
to second him. Robespierre was
no favourite there; nor did they
enjoy his countenance. But the
circumstance which emboldened
him to set them at defiance, was,
the laxity of their principles in re-
ligious matters, and the dangerous
maxims they had adopted and la-
boured to propagate in civil affairs.
They now insisted upon equality
among men in the most unqualified
extreme: they even went so far as
to uphold in their public meetings
the propriety of an equal distribu-
tidn of property, by passing an
Agrarian law. Robespierre and
Danton had’ both been members
of this club; but abandoned it,
Its tenets did not suit their inclina-
tions nor desigas, and might have
prejudiced their characters in the
general opinion ; which was unfa-
vourable to the notions and maxims
inculeated by the club of the Cor-
deliers.. ‘This club was, in fact, a
sect of the most disagreeable cynics,
They aftected a slovenliness in their
«dlress,.in order to captivate the at-
tention and partiality of the lower
classes, by a conformity of appear-

ance; anda studied. familiarity of

behaviour. and language accompa-
nied their intercourse with the
meanest of the papulace.

-- Hebert, who probably relied on
the popularity that he and his asso-
ciates-had acquired by these means,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

had seen sufficient proofs how ready ©
the people of Paris were to receive —
impressions to the disadvantage of
the ruling power, when insinuated
with art and plausibility. Nor was
he without apprehension that Ro-

bespierre, who spared none that —

stood in his way, might beeome
jealous of his credit in the Corde-
lier Society, and among their meny

adherents ; and that, suspeeting him

of intentions incompatible with the

despotic authority he was at all

events determined to retain; he
might sacrifice him to his ambition.
Actuated by these considerations,
and not improebably by that thirst
of power which appeared insepara-
ble from the views of every head of
a party among the French, he re-

solved to bring about an alteration
He began this”

in public affairs.
attempt by endeavouring to aspers¢
the characters of Fabre d’Eglantine
and Camille Desmoulins,and other
members.of the Convention. He
represented them in a journal,
wherein he assumed the fictitious
name of Pere du Chéne, as accom-

plices in the designs imputed to.

Brissot and his associates,

Fabre d’Eglantine and Camille
Desmoulins had both acted a con-
spicuous part since the meeting of
the Convention. The latter was
a man of spirit as wellas ability,
Jt was he that excited the people
to rise in arms when the Bastile
was taken; -and he had been highly
instrumental in effecting the revo-
lution. The former had made
himself known chiefly by his an-
tipathy.to the established religion,
Robespierre had long lived in ha-
bits of intimacy with Camille Des-
moulins, and employed his pen on
this occasion against Hebert; who,
Agt centen} with the attacks he had
made

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

made in his journal, liad proceeded
so fat as to ‘procure a black crape
to be thrown over the table of the
Rights of Man, set up in the hall
of the Cordeliers. (This was a ma-
nifest insinuation that the ruling
powers were guilty of infringe-
ments on the liberty of the public.

He had even the boldness to make
a formal speech in the Tribune at
@ meeting of the club, where he
be and unequivocally declared,
dat tyranny existed in the republic.
This assertion of Hebert was con-
Strued into a denunciation of Ro-
bespierre and his party ; who de-
termined instantly to sacrifice him
to their vengeance and security, as
aman who, if suffered to proceed
im the plan it was clear he had
adopted, mijght ultimately effect
theirruin. He had already excited
an insurrection in one of the sec-
ions into which Paris was divided ;
ani was not without some pains
lat others were prevented fiom
joining it. To obviate farther con-

| pre he was arrested on the
15th of March, with his principal

_ associates, and brought before the
revolutionary tribunal. Here he
ied the intention of implicating
| Robespierre in his denunciations
of the other members of the Con-
ation, against whom his publi-
tions were levelled. But his fall
decreed, and a long catalogue
treasonable actions produced
igainst him and his party. They
were atcused of conspiring to res-
ore a despotic governinent, and to
lassacre the Convention :. and in
lis conspiracy it was alleged, they
vere the agents of the coalition,
y whom they had been promised
uniary rewards, and the highest
notions. The chiefs of the
nspiracy had assigned a part to

den

‘onary army.

115

each of the conspitators. A mate-
ria] part was, to explore the houses
of arrest, and collect the names of
those prisoners who appeared the
most proper for the execution of
their designs. Hebert, in parti-
cular, in conjunction with another,
was charged with calumniating in-
discriminately good and bad citi-
zens; the more readily to preju-
dice the public against the former,
by involving them in the same
accusation with the latter, of causing
a scarcity of provisions which was
in reality occasioned by the conspi-
rators themselves, to the great in-
jury of the service. They had,
with a malicious design, procured
the table of the Rights of Man to
be covered with a black veil. They
frequented public places, in order
to make defamatory speeches a-
gainst the Convention and the
Committees of Public and General
Safety, and to inculcate the neces-
sity of a new representation. In
conjunction with such public fune>
tionaries as abetted the conspiracy,
they prevented Paris from being

‘duly supplied with provisions, in

order to accelerate, by scarcity and
discontent, the period they were
aimingat for the compassing of their’
designs, which they intended te
execute by means of the revoluti-
This artificial scar-
city they. found means to increase
daily, aud to attribute it to the
Cenvention, in order to expose
them to the rage of the people.
One of the conspirators had formed
a plan to vilify the Convention, by
dressing out puppets in the conven-
tional habit, and exhibiting them
to the populace as perfect resem-
blances of the national representa
tives, who, while they. recom.
mended simplicity. of manners and
I2 apparel,

116 ANNUAL REGISTER,

apparel, contradicted their words
by their own appearance. Some
of the conspirators had been so
daring as publicly to mention the
names cf those representatives
whom they deemed deserving of
death, and.to.cirenlate bills in the
<apital and its vicinity, instigating
people to rebellion, and to break
open the prisons for the procuring
of assistants and accomplices. ‘Lhe
guards at the prisons were to be
massacred, andthemiint andtreasary
seized: but happily, at the moment
avhich theeonspirators had fixed for
the execution of their plot, it was
diseovered, and frustrated by the
seizure of the conspirators,

Such were the allegations agaist
Hebert and his party. They have
been enumerated, to shew the sas-
picious temper of the times, and
with what facility people could be
induced to’ believe the most ineon-
sistent reports. ‘Fhey prove also
the sanguinary dispositions of the
parties opposed to each other, and
the atrocious means they employed
to effect each other’s destruetion.
It appeared on the trial, that non¢
of those charges.could be properly
supported. All that. was proved:
amounted to no more than rash and
violent expressions, uttered in the
moment of unguarded passion.

* But the slightest imputations were
admitted as valid proofs before the
Revolutionary ‘Tribunal, which was
wholly composed ot individu-
als predetermined to find every
person gnilty that was pointed out
as inimical to the ruling party.

'. Out of nineteen persons’ who ac-

companied Hebert as) his accom~

“plices. before this:tripuual, several
6f whom weieof alow class, and
one of them a woman, only one
Was acquitted. P

‘tachment that is produced thro’ the

-démplishment of such ‘a sechemey,

1794.

Among those who were thug —
condemned was ‘the noted Ana- —
eharsis Clootz, a Germau by birth, —
but a Frenchman by choice. He ©
avas the only man.who had the cous —
rage to speak firmly i his defetice. —
The others seemed spiritless, and
were wholly siknt. ‘This extraor-
dinary man, whose wild notions —
had led him to assume the title of |
Ambassador and Orator of the Hu-_
man Race, solemnly appealed’ to —
his fancied constituents from ‘the —
sentence passed upon him, and —
met his fate with uncommon —
fortitude. ‘Hikfellowerutere/ 72 i q
bert did not behave with the ;
same firmness, and betrayed a debi- —
lity of mind that accompanied him _
to the Jast. He died unpitied. ©
His pernicious principles, and the
various scenes of mischiefin which |
he had participated, rendered hiny «
an object of abhorrenee to all but —
hisown party. The Parisians, whont —
he had considered as friendly to his”
designs, dic not seem afflicted at
his destiny: and yet there bad been —
atime when he stood high in their —
favour; sofickle and feeble isthe at-

violence of popular commotion.
This execution of persons whese
guiltat most was problematical,and
whose full was behe!d with somuch -
apathy, now convinced Robespierre
that he might proceed without fear
ot much opposition > a ‘eompleting
the scheme he had in contempla
ton; Which appears to have been
no less than that of renderin
himself supreme and. Ce
ruler of the state There still stoo
however between him dnd the ac-

some individuals of talents and Tee

solution, of whose subserviehcy 10

his‘yiews he had no reason to thin
him:

His TOR oO, EU.RIOPE,

himself secure; and whom he there-
fore determined to remove on the
first opportunity. To this last ex-
pedient he soon judged i it necessary
to recur, in order torid himself of a

man of whose capacity he had often,
_ made use, and had eyen just availed

himself . against Hebert. This.
was Camille Desmoulins, who lad
often done him the greatest perso-
nal services. But these were for-
gotten the moment he found him
inclined to disapprove of the wes
Serres heawvas pursuing.
‘seems that Caniille Desmoulins te
ured with. Danton, who dis-
approved. them no Jess; and with
“whom he was in habits of intimacy,
fo. unite their talents and credit in

_ he: Conyention, i in order to put a

| a

gore. the excessive severity of the
_ administration, by termi-
a hke revolutionary system of
ronment, diminishing the terror
asioned, and forming 2 consti-
_ tution’ which should reconcile all
_ parties,. by admitting: them to a
‘gommon participation of power.
» An pursuance of this object, Des-
mouliris boldly | condemned, in a
sriodical paper of his composition,
frequency of arrests, and other

act ctizes encouraged by: the revoe
Itionary system, which h2 com-
“pared to) the tyranny exercised of
‘the Roman Emperors. . He

ured next pon a personal at-
upon St. Justythe besom contie
of Robespier rey who, judg xing
% m his publications and his inti-
= Danton, ¢hat something
1 to him was concerting be-
them, resolved upon the

f both with all convenient

trvd secret ennity had Jong aati
Pot between Danton and Robes-
‘Mpierre; the two cdshiatesh ails
ey evuleiv logo cae

117

of the party called the Mountain +,
though it was more inveterate on:
the part of Robespierre than of
Danton, who had befriended him,
on seme critieal occasions, and,
eveatly forwarded his exaltation to,
the powe} which he now possessed.)
But the gloomy and unfeeling cha-
racter of Robespierre could pein
ther aliow of competition, nor even
of contradictier. ._It has been re-'
ported, though without appearance
of probability, coasidering the cha-
racter of the parties, that Dantony
desirous of» living upon amicable
terms with Robespierre, had, some
time pre eviously to his arrest, had a
long interview with him, wherein
he used many arguments to shew,
that theix mutual interests required
an unfeigned reconciliation; but
that “Robespierre stood aloof, and
treated him with great pride and
indifference. Danton, it. is said,

was. deeply afilicted by this inauly
ting behaviour, and. told him at
parting, that he plainly perceived
his faker iimesl but beware, said he,
that if you destroy me, you will

shortly -be destroyed youtselfs sind -
- These words, upon the supposi+
tionoily, of their haying been spot
ken, proved ultimately sprophetic 5
but they made.no impression upon
the ferocious min? of Robespierre,
already hardened, by: habitual. cru-_
elty, and inexorably, bent on. the
destruction of every man that stood
in his way. .Previewslyshowever to
the ruin-he svas meditating ayainst
this dreaded aival, be determined
to wreak bins Tesentment on some
persons, whe either had opposed
the passingyoi, decrees. moved. by
Ahimse!? or ins par tisans in the Com:

vention, of wkom he considered as
secret enemies; and whose charac-
ters were’ at the same time im

L,3 : , Mi w v such

118

such little esteem, or so odious to
many, that he ran no risk in sacri-
ficing them. Prompted by these
considerations, he procured the
arrest of Fabre d’ Eglantine, and of
other deputies to the Convention,
- on a charge of peculation and bri-
bery in the official situations they
had held in the republic ; of which
there appeared sufficient proof.
Their conduct was, by inference,
represented as treasonable to the
state, by the scandal it threw on
the Convention, through the de-
linquency and infamy of its mem-
bers. It was even construed into
a crime of a revolutionary nature.
But Amar, the reporter of the two
committees of Public and General
Safety, carried his accusation of
them much further. He charged
them with the receiving of pay
from the powers at war with the re-
public, and of carrying ona criminal
gorrespondence with them. Butnei-
ther this charge nor several others af
astrange and inconsistent kind, were
corroborated by any legal proofs.
Among the persons imprisoned,
besides Fabre d’Eglantine, were
Chabot the execapuchin, a mem-
ber of the Convention; where he
had long made a disreputable figure,
and incurred general contempt.
Bazire was also one ofthem. He
too was a member of the Conven-
tion; where he had signalized him-
self by supporting that decree which
denied to the members the privi-
lege of being heard in their own
vy ek So little favour was
shewn to these three by their
fellow-members, that they were
spoken of in the Convention in the
most disparaging terms. The par-
tisans of Robespierre insisted on
this occasion, that the committees
of Public and General Safety, the
‘first of which was empowered

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

to arrest whomsoever they thought
proper, ought to possess the
highest confidence and credit in
the performance of their functions,
and that the greatest deference
ought to be shewn to their opinion
and assertions. This tended di-
rectly to invest at once the execu-
tive department with exclusive and
boundless -authority, or, in other
terms, to constitute Robespierre
sole and supreme judge in all mat=
ters referred to those committees,
the members of which, however
indirectly, were of his own ap-—
pointment. It was observed on this —
occasion, that whether through in-
advertence or a desire to concili-
ate Robespierre, Danton expressed
his approbation of the sentiments
uttered by his enemy’s partisans.
This was the more astonishing, that
Danton, by such unreasonable and
imprudent candescendence, put
himsclf unresistingly into the hands-
of a rival whem Port to be im-
placable. Ten days only after esz,
pousing his cause in this decided —
manner, he was, together with his
friend Camille Desmoulins, arreste
in the night of the 30th of Ma
Two others were alsoimpriso
the same time, Julien de Tho
and Phelipeaux, become odious to
Robespierre, on account of the

faithful relation of the barbarities

committed in La Vendée, whither
he had been scnt as a commissioner.

Danton was warmly defended in
the Convention by his friend Le
Gendre, a man of great intrepidity ,

who moved, in contradiction to

Robespierre, that Danton and La~
Croix, his fellow-prisoner, should -
be heard in their defence at the

bar of the House. But Robespierre

argued with the most unqualified *

rulenceagainst both. Herepresente

La Croix as venal, vicious, and cor~

rapt

fHIST ORY OF 1 E.U’ROPE.

rupt in the extreme ; and spoke of
Dantonasone that, having conspired
eae the state, had no farther
claim to his regard ; and whom he
resigned to the Justice of his offend-
ed country, as he had done Brissot,
Petion, and others of whom he
ceased to be the friend, the moment
they became enemies to the state.
Chabot,’ Fabre d’ Eglantine, and Ba-
zire, who had been members of
the Convention, had, he said, been
refused the privilege of pleading
their cause before the Convention ;
and it would be violating the laws
of impartiality to grant to Danton
what was refused to others, who had
an equal right to make the same
demand. This answer silenced at
once all solicitations in his favour.
In the conspiracy attributed to

_ Fabre d’Eglantine, among the per-
“sons accused as principal accom-
a _ were Herault Sechelles, who
ad been president of the Con-

' vention on the famous 31st of
. May, the preceding year, when the
Gironde party was overthrown: an-
~ other was Chaumette, procureur of
the commerce of Paris; well known

iM his brutal behaviour to the Kin g

* iy trigl. Among them was also
_Gobat, who had been constitutional
° Bishop of Paris, and had about
twelve months before publicly re-
~ nounced his functions and religion,
- Ofthe same number waslikewise Ge-
-neral Westerman, who command-
ed the popular insurrectign on the
celebrated 10th of August, 1792 ;
- and who had so lately reported, with

such inhuman insolence and deri-

sion in the Convention, the barba-
_ ‘ities committed by the republicans
in La Vendée.
- The second of April was ap-
"pointed for the trial of the prison-
ers before the Revolutionary Tri-
bunal. The charge preferred

119

against Danton, was, that he had
engaged in a conspiracy to destroy
the republican form of government,
together wlth the national represen-
tatives, and to effect a .counter>
revolution in favour of monarchy.
Camille Desmoulins, La -Croix,
Phelipeaux,’ Herault, Sechelles,
and General Westerman, were in-
volved in the same accusation:
Fabre d’Eglantime and Chabot,
with the two Frays, his brothers-in+
law, both of them bankers of opus
lence, and five persons of less note,
were accused of peculation and cor
rupt practices. In orderto blacken
the character of Fabre d’Eglantine,
but more: probably to recommend
their own, he was, by the partisans
of Robespierre in the Convention;
described as a professed Atheist.
St. Just, one of his principal inti- ©
mates, insisted chiefly on this cir-
cumstance in the official report con-
cerning d’Eglantine, presented by
him to the members on this occa=
sion, and dwelt upon it as a sufli-
cient motive for his condemnation.
He made a long speech on» the
subject of irreligion and immora-
lity, wherein he laboured with
affected warmth to impress’ those
who heard him with a persuasion,
that persons now at the head of
affairs were the sincere friends and
supporters of the doctrine incul-
cating the belief of Providence,
the immortality of the soul, and
the necessity of a public worship of
the Supreme Being. Whether the
speaker exprest his real sentiments,
as well as those of his party, or
whether he courted popularity for
himself and for them by displaying
a zeal for religion, certajn it is,
that the baseness and cruelty of
which they were guilty at this very
period, and inthe very instance
which occasioned this yery remark-
{4 able

220
able speech, fully belied those pre-

tensions to piety and reverence for
the Deity, of which they:had the
insolence to make so. ostentatious
@ parade. 1. bas
. The:trial of Danton * and of his
felloW-prisoners, was attended with
circumstances . pecyliarly , memor-
ables: When questioned, :according
to the usual forms, respecting ‘his
nameand abode, ‘¢ My name,” he an-
swered, ‘willlive in history for ever;
but myabode willsoon benowhere.””
Herault: Sechelles answered to the
samé questions in a similar strain.
Being ‘asked what his station had
been previously to the revolution,
he-replied that he had once filled q
place of néte in the very: spot he
now stood; and was at.that time
held in abhorrenee by: his colleagues
for the principles of liberty:he had
the courage to ayow.—Both he and
Camille Desmoulins: forcibly ex-
posed the absurdity ‘of the charges
against them. Danton, by the keen-
ness.of his remarks, and the severity
of the reproaches he cast:upon the
proceedings of the ruling powers
and thear agents in the present bu-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

siness, struck the judges'with sum
prise, and put them. toa stand;
nor was it with words alone that |
he perplexed them... He had the
beldness to fling paper-bullets at
the president, .by way of shewing
his contempt; and he peremptorily
refused to answer interrogatories,
unless he was confronted, with his
accusers. Herein his fellow-pri+
soners resolutely concurred, alle-
ging, that when the governors) ofia
nation conspire against individuals,
these had a right to conspire against
their ingiuitous condnet,»and | by
detecting it to their facesy~to bring
them toa open shame. 2)

Robespierre: and his : coadjutor
Barrere, who were the persons al-
luded to, refused to appear against
the prisoners, on preténce »that a
plot had been formed for their as- -
sassination, On this refusal, the
prisoners persisted in their determi+
nation to answer no interrogatories,
insisting they were. illegal,, uniess
their demand was complied with,
The embarrassment of the tribunal
at this resolute denial was suchsthat,
averse to proceed without» being

* The. following is) the remarkable outline given, of Danton's public character

in the report of the committee of public safety, upon his ‘arrest, and that of the
other deputies :—‘* From one end of Europe to the other, the style af patriotism is
assumed; lét us see, Danton, what the-style of parriotism is ? You conspired with
‘Miryabeau, Dumourier, Hebert, and Herault. You: sought the protection of Mi-
vabeau ; and during his life) you remained mute: . This faction-mongéer knew. the
alue of your audacity, and displayed against the courva menacing front. He pe-
gished; and his death again plunged you into obscurity. You appeared again in the
Champ de Mais; andit was then in the Jacobins you supported the’ motion of
Laclos; and drew up, with Brissot, the celebrated address. | You soon after, how-
‘ever; coninived to enjoy tranquillity at Arcis-surAube; but on the night ef the
1o:h of August you returned, and i: required all the persuasion of your frixnds to
-keep you out of bed. When mister of justice you were surrounded by knaves ;
and, speaking of Noel, one of your agents, you observed that you knew him to be
a good tor-nothing fellow, but you had him watched. Upon’ Fabre D’Eslan-
tine you heaved riches and it was by your influence that both he and’ D'Orléans
‘were chosen for the Conyention. In this Convention you were the friend of the
Brissotines, with whom you concerted attacks to be made on yourself; and while
you demanded your accounts, you presented to them the olive-branch of peace.”

date eee Gael, Side tne tos dead ect e

\ \ ‘

»oHISTORY OF EUROPE,

ganctioned, they sent notice of the
dienlty they were in, to. the Gon-
wention. St. Just immediately
moyed that a decree should pass, em-
powering the tribunal to proceed
without hearing them, againstthose

Beem the national, justice.

is enabled the tribunal to execute
¢, commission with, which . they
-entrusted. Danton did not
however, to continue making
e and, spirited defence, not
1. from, any expectation of sa-.
is life, but inorder to lay ber
>the public the, tyranny of the

lutionary tribunal, and the bar-

of those who supported and
tediits operations. He spoke

his matter with such. boldness
mence, that the president,
tated at a liberty,to which he
Was not accustomed, enjoined himto
ce, by ringing the bell used for
purpose. But Danton paid no
‘to this injunction ; andwhen
ded of it, “President,” said he,
voice of a man Seance his
d charaeier, ought to silence
ur beil.”’? Then,, turning to the
ce, ahat seemed to disapprove
yeedomshe ha assumed, (Ci-
"he cried with a lond. voice,
judge me nat, till you have heard
at [have to say, Not only you,

all France, ought to, know it.

bre six months are past, you
| tear to pieccs those who now
dgment on me, as well as
ins by whose. orders 1 am
t to trial,” ‘To these pro-
ords he added many others;
vas with difficulty he con-
© retire out of court to take,
was told, some refreshment.
en, aby virtue of the decree
_Telractory prisoners, sen-
a passcd upon him, and on

ets who had been brought

“O

rhe

12t

before 'the tribunal, the jury havin

found them. guilty of the severa
charges laid to them, out of six.
teen, one only was acquitted. This
was Lallier, a person of the least im-
portance among them. of ached

This sentence was pronouncedat
three in the afternoon’; and they
were all executed: at, six, i0 the
evening ;—so expeditious were the
judgments of this bloody tribunal,
in depriving of their lives all those
whom it condemned. to lose them.
The! prisoners submitted to their
fate with great firmness. ‘T'he m+
trepidity of Danton was remarka,
ble,,. He retained the cheerfulness
and pleasantry. of his disposition te
the lastmoment, and metthe stroke
of. death with an air of dignity
that was long remembered.

The various discourses and argu;
ments used) by Danton on his.trial,
were carefully circulated by the
maay friends. who adhered.to him
in secret, and who lamented their
deprivation of a man, by whose
courage and talents they had hoped.
to be powerfully assisted in the pro-
ject they were already. forming for
the destruction of Robespierre ; in
whom they, had long discovered a
character. so sauguimary, and. so
fraught with suspicion and rancour,
that the smallest difference of opi
nion was sufficient to convert him
icto an enemy to his most. faithful
intimates, and to induce him to sa-
crifice them without the least hesi-
tation.

‘The character of Danton,though
sullied with unpardonableblemishes,
was, when compared to that of his
vival, deserving of respect. His
temper was open ana sociable; and
he was not inclined to deceive those
in whom he, found a readiness ta
trust him.. Like those who pro;
Pikes az ~ moted

122

moted the revolution, he had his
private views; but they were mixed
with public considerations. * His
eonduct respecting the King, ean-
not in any manner be exculpated ;
but he would not possibly have gone
the lengths he did on this occasion,
had he not been convineed that his
opposition would have been fruit-
Jess; and that hemust have perished
as all those ultimately did, who
ventured to oppose the party of the
Mountain. As ambition was his
predominant passion, he joined that
iniquitous faction, through which
only his discernment pointed out
the attainment of power, and of
riches, to the latter of which he
frequently paid a criminal attention,
and of which he seldom lost sightin
any of his projects. In other re-
spects, he was neither of an oppres-
sivedisposition, nor wantonly cruel ;
though it must beacknowledged, to
his shame, that to serve his political
ends, he occasionally countenanced
great cruelties, As soon as he be-
came possessed of power andconse-
quence, heshewed himself adequate
to his exaltation, and displayed abi-
hities that equally confirmed the
attachment of his partisans, and
struck his enemies with dread, -Yet
even to these he neither acted with
inveteracy, nor showed himself ir-
recongileable. His courage on
great occ3sions, secmed precisely
calculated for thm; and he ex-
celled in the greatest of political
arts,—that of inspiring others with
his own sentiments and animation.
Difficulties never daunted him, and
only drew forth the latent resources
_of his fertile and intrepid mind.
Danger seemed the element wherein
he was most himself. He encoun-
tered it with so chearfyl and unaf-
fected magnanimity, as to lessen its

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

appearance and terror to all whe
were concerned with him in repell-
ing it. When the Austrian and
Prussian armies hadinvaded France,
and were advancing through Cham=
pagne towards Paris, he stood foré-
most among those who resolved to.
wait the enemy, and bury them-
selves in the ruins of the capital
sooner than abandon it. This de-
termination, through the powers:
of his eloquence, became that of ali
men ; aud he had the ‘honour of
preventing the disgrace that would
have fallen upon the French name
and character, had Paris, at this
critical period, been deserted by
those on whom it was chiefly in-
cumbent to behave with unyieldin
firmness ; and to give those exa
ples of patriotism to their country:
men, which were then so much
needed. He became, during a con-
siderable time, the moving spring of
the Jacobin and Cordelier Clubs,
whieh then directed the motions of
all France : “and though he fre
quently excited and made use of
their fury for the accomplishment
of his ends, he also restrained it
occasionally, ‘Though helived at an
wera of dissimulation, he practised it
little : the boldness of his disposition
set him above it. He hada pecu-
liar ta'ent in discovering the talents
and virtues of men; and so qui
was his perception, that he looked
through them, asit were, ata glances
and seldom was deceived in the in-
stantaneousjudgmentsheso shrew
ly formed of their character. Rapid
and decisivein all his resolves, when
once he had formed them, he Ps:
uncontroulably expeditious in theit
execution. To thismaybeascribed
the criminal activity with which he
co-operated in the king's trial, and
the impetuous yiolenge wee

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

he assisted in converting the monar-
| ehy into a republic. In the many
daring transactions wherein his en-
terprising genius involved him, he
| never steeréd a middle course, nor
: a at little means to com-
| pass great ends. He moved boldly
: Ba towards the object before
A Temoving without fea

| every obstacle, and employing ex-
| ertions equal to the magnitude of
| his plan. When the European po-
tentates formedthat coalition against
ne which the world at first
t irressistible, he first con-

that grand idea of raising the
French nation, asmuch as possible,
-amass*; which matured and
through his sagacity and
diciousregulating, enabled France

to contend victoriously with

i
7
“)

, were no less due to his
= Though they be-
engines of cruelty and des-
Bain in the tyrannical hands that
the management of them,

et their original plan was of evi-
1. utility at the tempestuous sea-
\ son that gave it birth, and certainly
| ired an instant and powerful
barrier against the daily attempts
| to overturnthe new orderof things;

| which, without either approving.

\z. condemning those who had
a i it, thought themselves

ised to maintain. Among
e many qualifications that con-
to Danton’s celebrity; was
eloquence, It was the gift of
, and not the acquisition of
t or study. It supplied him on
occasions with a formidable, and

| a successful weapon.

a Europe. The revolutionary ©
tions that contributed so ef-
‘fectually to the preservation of the

123

Though it flowed from him with-
out forethought or preparation,
the impression it made was deep
and strong, and seldom failed to
overcome the arguments of his op-
ponents, His expressions were
traly the representatives of his
ideas, and, like them, were singular
and striking. Often has he been
known, with a few words, to have
completely foiled the purpose of
Jong and ‘deliberate speeches. But
the powers of his oratory were not

merely verbal ; his look, his voice,

his gesture, equally commanded
attention and deference. His as-
pect, especially, carried such autho-
rity, that with a cast’ of his eye he
was able to disconcert some of the
most artfulof his antagonists, and
to derange all the ideas they had
premeditated. Endowed with alt
these qualities, itwas not surprising
that his partizans were numerous
and warmly attached to him, as a
man upon whose abilities and firm-
nessthey could place a suredepend-
ence. Theonly instance wherein
want of penetration was imputable
to him, was the unguardedness of
his conduct towards Robespierre ;
whose violent proceedings he dis-
apptoved, and against whose re-
sentment, on account of this disap-
probation, he ought in prudence
tohave duly preparedhimself. Had
he suspected the intentions of Robes-
pierre, itis highly probable that he
might have easily counteracted
them ; the envy, and still more
the hatred, borne to his sanguinary
rival by those over whom he arro-
gated such undue power and pre-
eminence; the fears they began
to entertain of his ambitious and
cruel disposition ; the inveteracy cf

*See reflections on this subject, page 60.

those

i124

those who'had suffered through lis
iyranny, and the manifest proofs of,
its daily inerease, and of his deter-
midation to exercise it without mo-.
derationm or controul, and to, retain
it atanycogt,—these motives would. -
have furnished Danton. with ample
means of defence. ~His personal
resolution would have engaged
numbers to join him. The remains
of those parties, destroyed,» by the
barbarous faction of which Robes4
pierre was the:head, and,the mea-
sures of which Danton: had, never
approved, would have seized the
opportunity ef. revienging :their
friends ‘and seensing themselves,
by rallying, roupd, 0. spirited »a
chief as Danton. The two clubs
of the Jacobins and Cordeliers would
not havedeserted ane) whohadacted
so conspicnous a part among them,
inthe first, bis credit stood high ;
and the latter was fall of resent-
ment for the loss of their principal
member and director, Hebert,’
who had been recently sent to the
guillotine. Through the support
he would haye derived from these
various quarters, and his own cons
yage and abilities, he might not
only have intimidated his rival, and
have prevented his own fate, but
raised the standard of insurrection

CHA PIV TT:

ANNUALS REGISTE Ry 1794,

against-him and his party; and ings:
stead, of being destroyed. himself,
have brought them. to destruction. »,
_ The probability of such an event
was fally..countenanced by the rea-
diness testified onthe death of Dan-,
ton, to speak, ot him with respec

ard to commemorate with warmth,
the many essential sezvices he had;
rendered..the .republic., The ace,
cusations bropghtagainst him were,
so. improbable, and, so destitute of
truth, .that all. discerning, people
readily, perceived, what must have
been the real causes.of his: condemn
nation, and, unjted: in, regretting his
hard destiny. But those who, by
their situation, stood nearest to the
danger of sharingin it, were sensible
that, unless they made a common
cause, and. joined in a firm. and
speedy, union against the oppressive
power through whicly he fell, their
own fall would. in all likelihood
be soon or late effected... Conside,
rations of this nature produced 4

confederacy of the most resolute —

and able members, of the Conyen:
tion, Their designs however never
transpired... As the profoundest se,
crecy wasnecessary totheir success,
no indication of them appeared that
could subject them to the least diss
coyery, + Sahil sree

‘ ~ @*?

dar

Conifederacy formed in the Convention against Rolespierre, Genera? Dillon

arrested, tried, and condemned, together wtth the WV ife of Desmout
They are both executed, wi thGolat,

Chaumette,and. others. The Ci i =

. : i Bi dba tiie MAT Seis
tion orders ak: ek on Pain of Death,, fo give an. Account Of his

Revenue before

since the Revolution, Role:pierre's Conduct in pecu-

niary Matters. Conventional, Decrees against Ex-notles and Aliens.
Decrees relating to Law-Sujts. D:crees against Anti-revolutionary Dis-
courses. Decrees against Aged aud Nonju: ing Clergymen. Decree pro=
hibiting the Marriage of the JViyes of Emigrants with Foreigners. AF
tempt to defame the Memory of Louis XVI. Farmers-General tried t

the Revolutionary Tritunal, and several of them, condemped andexecuted.

;

Trial

oHISTORY! OF [EUROPE *

‘© Thiel and Execution of the Princess Elizabeth, Sister 'to Louis XVT.

« Terror.occasioved by the cruel Administration of Robespierre. His En-
deavours to retain and increxse his Popularity. His affected Zeal for

= Religion! Decrees of’ the Convention relating to Religious and Moral
Su'jects: Various Festivals decrecd. ‘Festivals in Honour of” the Su-

nf me Being, Attempts to assassinate Robespierre and Collot D’ Herbois.
General Discontent at the Cruelties of Robespierre. He remains infiex-

_ ritle in his Conduct.
ty

Roiespierre arrives at the Plenitude of « his Power.

___ Prepossession of the lower Classes im his Favour. Dreaded by his Ad-

herents.

His numerous and severe Decrees. Darigerous State of Society

> occasioned Ly shen... Encouragement of Informers. Revolutionary Tri-

,
2) eu

bunal and Committee of Public Sufety entirely under his Orders. His
ganization of Furies. Es Method of directing their Verdict. Exten-
€ Powers granted through him to the Revolutionary Tribunal. Pow-
ers of the Cmmittee of Public Safety enlarged through his Means, vi
order to serve his Purpuses. That Committee made permanent. Throuzh
the Sulserviency of that Committee, kis Power tecomesuncontrouled. Sul+
siveness of the Convention to his Authority. He procures a Revilu-
onary Army, and encourages a sanguin ry Spirit. His Persecution of
he Royalists. Through his Instigation, ihe Jacobins petition and oltaix
t Terror shoul te declared the Order of the Day. He procures a
peal f'the Decree Ly. which the Memfers of the Convention were en-
bto be hear? in ther Defence, before the passing of an Accusation
nst them. His Severity encreases. Situation of Paris at that Period.
ltation of the lower Classes. Depression of’ the better Sort. Alject-
s and Degradation of the French under Robespierre. Wretched Con-
| | tition of the People. Adulation and Homage pid to Robespierre. His

Speech to the Convention on the 27th cf May. That of Barrere onthe
th. Decree against giving Quarter tothe English, or to the Towns, ta-
From France’ on refusing t2 surrender in Twenty-four Hours. Power;

_ Popularity, and Influence of Robespierre in Paris.. Means by which he

| Rokespierre.
ic - prisonment of Thomas Payne.

: ESPI ERRE, whatever sa-
tisfaction he might reap from
estruction of the only rival he
ed, soon perceived that he had
arty behindhitn, which would
re his utmost vigilance, The
ce made by anton before
revolutionary tribunal; the in-
Veetives with wich he had loaded
x $ and their Constituents ;
6 adinonitions to the people ; the
Beldness with which Nes hed fore.

ns it. Reflections on his Conduct at this Time. Execution of Ld=
jignon Malesherlies. Conspiracies imputed to Persons tmprisoned ly
Execution of Baron Trenck and Colonel Newton. .Im-
Barbarous Treatment of» Prisoners.
mA mbers of Persons tnprisoned at Parés. ihind

told the downfal of the present,
rulers ; the interest which numbey>
seemed to take in the magnanimity.
with which he met hisfates-the ciz-
cumstance, so particularlyinsistedens
of his resemblance to Socrates, when
going to die,~~all these particulars
were proofs to Robespierre, that
the death of Danton had not nd
him of zi! his enemies, and that his
power still remaitied precarious and
unstable. ‘Dhis however he re-

sulved

196 ANNUAL REGISTER,

solved to maintain at all events, and
to cement it with the blood of
every one that opposed him, or
even approved of what they knew
must offend him. Conformably to
this inhuman determination, which
his conduct clearly evinced he must
have taken, he proceeded, imme-
diately after the death of Danton,
to exercise his rancour upon those
who had applauded his behaviour,
and that of his fellow prisoners, be-
fore the revolutionary tribunal.
Among the many unfortunate
individuals confined in the prisons
of Paris, were Simon, a member of
the Convention ; and General Ar-
thur Dillon, who had the command
of a division of the Frepch army
when the Prussians were repulsed in
their attack of it in the forest of
Argonne. He wasconnected with
Camille Desmoulins; and upon
hearing that the people present at
his trial had testified their approba-
tion of the demand he and Danton,
with the other prisoners, had made,
that they should be confronted with
their accusers, he also approved it
with warmth ; and expressed a wish
that the Parisians would insist upon
its being complied with, and employ
force, if necessary, to compel an
acquiescence ; this he did in pre-
sence of another prisoner, whose
name was La Flotte, and who had
been agent of the republic at the
court of Fiorence. The General
had also, in discoursing with Simon
about Danton and the other pri-
sonersontrial, confessed, in presence
of La Flotte, his fervent hope of
their deliverance. In expectation
of obtaining mercy, La Flotte in-
formed the committee of public
safety of the words spoken by Ge-
peral Dillon; who was, on this
informations brought before the re-

1794.

volutionary tribunal, by which he
was condemned to death on this
charge, and for having sent a let-
ter to the wife of Camille Desmou-
lins, inclosing an order for 1000
crowns, with which he was accused
of intending to hire a mob for the’
purpose of overawing the revolu-«
tionary tribunal. This unhappy
woman never received the letter :
but she was, nevertheless, con-
demned as accessaty to this inten-
tion, and executed, together with
General Dillon and the door-keeper
of the prison ; who suffered with
them for having neglected to in-
form the committee of public safety
of this fatal letter. They were ac-
companied on the scaffold by Chau-
mette, Gobat, and General Bayssury
charged with treasonable practices
while at the head of the forces ems
ployed against the insurgents of
La Vendée. The two former were
implicated in the charges against
Fabre D’Eglantine. The wife of
Hebert was also a sufferer on this
occasion.
Desinoulins, a very beautiful wo-
man, were the only persons who
excited the commiseration of the
public. General Dillan leftadoubt-
ful character; he was strongly sus-
pected of intended treachery in the
affair of Argonne : and the advan-
tage gained over the Prussians on
that occasion, was powerfully claim-
ed by another officer. These exe-
cutions took place two days after
that of Danton. ;
The peculations and corrupt
practices laid to the charge of se-
veral members of the Convention.
at these trials, occasioned a decree
to be passed on the 6th of April,
that every deputy should be ob-
liged, on pain of death, to give an
account of hie revenue before and
~ since

She and the wife of |

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

since the revolution. The necessity
of preventing the discredit aecruing
to the representative body from
theshamefulconductof itsmembers,
was the motive assigned by Couthon

mover of this decree, aud

_ the intimate friend of Robespierre.

Tt onght, in justice to this latter, to
beacknowledged, that ifhe possessed
any quality deserving the name of
virtue, it was disinterestedness. He

prided himself in the utter cons
tempt of money, and of those who
laboured to enrich themselves ; and

had always an eye to their future

punishment whenever he disco-
_ vered their delinquency in this re-

spect, which he always considered
as an unpardonable crime in a pub-
¢ man, So vigorously was he
inclined to discourage the accumu-
lation of wealth, that he was used
o assert that 3000 livres was a suf-
cient annual revenue for any man
France. It was upon this in-
corruptibility of dispositionin what-
ever related to pecuniary matters,
on Robespierre chiefly founded
his claims to popularity. The fame
of his integrity in those respects,
which is certainly a merit of the
first order in all who are in high
Stations, had procured him the
est attachment of the inha-

itants of Paris, and indeed of all
ance. It was, in fact, very na-
.. them to draw comparisons
et their present rulers and
past; and when they recollected
le avarice and rapacity of former
linisters, and contrasted it with
he very limited allowance with
which a man was satisfied who held
e reins of empire in a state that
hed over all its enemies, and
the sovereigns of Europe
with terror, —well might they view
him with the admiration which im-
‘partiality must acknowledge to have

127

been due to him in this particular,
After passing this severe decree,
which was levelled at himself in
common with his fellow-members,
Robespierre now thought himself
at liberty to act with his usual se-
vority against the royal party. Con-
furmably to this determination, his
agent in the convention, Couthon,
procured the passing of another de+
cree on the 16th of Apmil, by which
a number of restrictions were laid
upon all individuals in any manner
connected with the enemies of the
republic, Aliens that were subjects
to the powers at war with France,
and all ex-nobles, were enjoined to
Jeave Paris, under the severest pe-
nalties, and forbidden to reside in
fortified places and sea-ports, in
order to prevent them, either from
framing conspiracies, or joining with
conspirators. A variety of regula-
tions was made respecting the me- .
thods of proceeding. against them,
on this cccasion, by the two com-
mittees of public and general safety,
and the powers with which they
were to be invested for those pur-
poses. 39
This decree contained also seve-
ral ordinances for the better and
more speedy administration of jus-
tice in the civil courts. ‘They were
ordered to decide upon all pending
suits within three months from the
publications of this decree, under
the penalty of being deprived of
their functions. This order ex-
tended to allfuture law-suits. The
passing of this act afforded great
satisfaction to the public. The
length and tedious formalities at-
tending private litigations had long
rendered them a cause of the justest
complaint ; and though objections
might be made to so short a term
as three months, the few cases. res
quiring more time, were not an ob-

ject

128

ject of sufficient weight to balance
_the general inconveniences arising
from their long durations —«.
Among the severities of this de-
tree, petsons convicted of holding
discourses inimical to the revolution
were to be denounced by those who.
heard them ; and who, in case of
omission, were punishable them-
selves: ‘The offenders were to be
tried by the constituted authorities
of their district ; and; if under sixty
years of age, and enjoying health,
they were then to be sentenced to
transportation to Guinea; a French
colony on the northern coast of
South Ameri¢a: This decree was.
looked upon by the generality of
thepeople as too harsh, as it is tended
to convert familiar acquaintances
into spies upon each cther, by the
punishment it threatened to those
who, from sentiments of generosity,
- Would wish to conceal the unguard-
ed effusions to which men are liable
in the warmth of conversation.
. Atew days after, an act took
place, by which all aged and non
juring ecclesiastics were ordered to
reside in the departments to which
they belonged, in houses appro-
priated for their future abode. ‘The
punishment of exile was enacted for
concealing or entertaining clergy-
men condemnéd to punishment or
continement. — The occasion of this
act was the dread of that spiritual
influence which the ecclesiastical
order exerted so diffusely through-
out. France, especially over the
rustic elasses; who still remained as
entirely devoted to them as ever.
The jurisdiction they exercised was
the more ¢cifficult to bé prevented,
shat it arose from’ thé sole consent
of those who submitted to it, and
who thought theniselves bound in
conscience te such a submission in

ANNUAL REGISTER} 1794.

whatever related to religion. The
powers thus possessed by the eccle=
siastics, were; through the zeal ot
their numerous adherents, exerted
not only in spiritual, cases, but in
temporal matters of the highest im-
pottance. They were, not without
cause, reputed the movers, or the’
abettors at least, of every insurrec=
tion ahd attempt that had been
made in favour of royalty; As
they had been deprived of their
possessions by the ruling powers, it
could not be expected that they
Should bear them no resentment.
Actuated thus by private motives,
no less than public principles, they
were considered as domestic ened
mies; the more dangerous that,
tinder the appearance of performing
ecclesiastical duties, they governed
the minds of multitudes with the
most ahsoltite sway ; and could at
any time impel them to execute
whatever was proposed to them, by
representing it as a duty, which td
neglect would be highly sinful;
The more orderly clergy were the
most active and zealous, Long
habituated to the maxims and doc-
trines of former times,they viewed
and represented the revolution and
its consequences in the most odious
light. As their age and long stands
ing procured them proportionable
attachment and respect, their influ-
ence was much greater than that
of their juniors ; and they were lis-
tened to with more attention and
deference. Neither was it to be
expected that men; grown grey in
the beliefand profession of the docs
trines they had been accustomed to
inculeate with sq’much care, and
to maintain with so much zeal from
their youth, would’ ‘be “prevailed
upon to remain silently. i passive
amidst the daily wrecks they. wit-

~. m N"nessed

‘HISTORY OF EUROPE

nessed of religion, and of those po-
~ Jities, of both which they had so
_ long been the avowed and the offi-
- tial propagators ; and/from which
_ they had, during a long course of
_ years, derived so honourable a
_ Maintenance, and so extensive a
eredit and influence over every class
- 0f society. ‘These were motives
_ too powerful,,in men sirongly per-
- suaded of the rectitude of their
_ principles, and feeling so keenly the
ipjurious treatment they had re-
- ceived, to suffer them, while they
_ had the liberty of acting, to let pass
_ ghy opportunity of following their
Inclination. 4
_ Thetempestuousnessofthetimes,
and theynecessity of taking every
precaution to prevert insurrection

against the established government,
__‘Were.no improper plea for this de-
“ ree 5 though it was greatly dis-
_ pleasing even to many who were
_ -wellwishers to the republican sys-
tem. They were of opinion that
_ onciliation would effect more than
terror; aud that, by treating the
4 with lenity, those over whose
nsciences they had so much in-
=, would the more readily be
conciled to the present measures;
mat their spiritual directors, find-
ing themselves humanely used,
i" uld feel the less propensity to
Xcite the discontent of their fol-
% sthe dangerous consequences
- ‘which would fall on them-

"The foregoing decree was speed-
ed by another of a singu-
e, and which strovgly in-

ieated the rancour of the republi-

towards the royalists. The
ves of those that had. emigrated,
veary of their forlorn and unpro-
~ teeted state, and desirous of being

* with their hasbands, found it how-
? b.. VIL

% Wo. XXXVI

bands.

129

ever extremely difficult to escape
from the involuntary detainment

‘ they were held in, and which was

accompanied with so much peril.
They were looked upon as pledges
for the peaceable: behaviour of their
husbands, on account of whose hos-
tile attempts against the republi-
can government, the ferocious re-
sentment of its rulers might easily
find pretexts to sacrifice their wives.

Urged by these motives they em-
ployed every method that female
dexterity could devise, in order to
forward their evasion; but they
were so narrowly watched, that their
endeavours were usually fruitless.
An expedient was at length sug-
gested, which they readily em-
braced; and which for a time
‘proved successful. They contract-
ed pretended marriages with fo-
reigners who were in the secret;
and by whom they were carried
out of the country as their hus-
This contrivance did not
long remain concealed; and as soon
as it was. known, a determination
was taken to frustrate it. With
this view, adecree was made, pro-
hibiting the marriage of the wives
of emigrants with foreigners, under
the heaviest penalties.

To this rancour against the par-
tizans of royalty, was farther added
the hatred that pursued the me-
mory of its last possessor. On the
27th of April the Convention was

' informed that Frangois Germain,

locksmith to the late King, had de-
clared that he had constructed, by
his ordezs, a secret closet, in a wall
of his apartment in the Thuilleries,
with an irondoor. In this closet

_ were deposited those papers, of

which he gave information after the
10th of August 1792, and of which
such use had. been made against the

kK King,

190 ANNUAL REGISTER;

King. ‘This’‘ftian also declared
that while he. was at work, the
King brought hima bottle of wine ;
after drinking which he was seized
in a few hours with violent pains,
wich terminated in an illness that
Jasted fourteen months, and ren-
dered him unable, ever since, to
follow his business. In consequence
of his patriotism, in discovering the
papers thus concealed, and of his
sufferings and inability to work at
his trade, he petitioned for a a sup-
port from the Convention. The
Convention readily admitted this
man’s application, and decreed that
the depositions he had made, after
due examination, should be pre-
served in the archives of the Con-
vention, as lasting proofs of the
wickedness of the late King, and
should also be made public to the
‘world, in order to shew him in his
proper colours,
This decree proved highly offen-
sive’ to the discerning, as well as
humane, part of society. The
‘former reprobated it, as founded
*solely on the testimony of an indi-
“vidual interested in framing such a
“declaration. But it accorded so
ittle with thecharacter of that un-
happy, monarch, that it was even
. “destitute of plausibility, and carried
Sallthe marksofa forgery, either pro-
céeding from Germain-himself, or
suggested to him by others who

“sought, by his means, to vilify the .

late King. “The compassionate and
‘hothanet thonght, that having expi-
‘ated all ‘his 7 atots On the scaffold, it
was ungeneérous*‘and” inhunian''to
calf thenr back to’remembrance:
But the ruling powers felt no re-
“not sé in pursuing with the ut-
“most virtlence, not orily monarchy,
“but every offence committed under
that form of government. One of

. 4i
_

‘17946

the chief abuses that had character
ized the three last reigns, was the
oppression of the people by the far-
mers-general. ‘The extortions, of
which some of them had been
guilty, were undeniable, and had
been duly proved by a strict exami-
nation of their proceedings. Still
however it appeared inequitable
to the moderate to call them to ac-
count for misdemeanourscommitted
under a system of government
that was no more; and of which
the delinquencies ought, in good
policy, to be forgotten, as the too
merciless prosecution of them might
probably tend to make enemies of
many, who but for the severities
they dreaded, were their past con-
duct too strictly scrutinized, would
warmly support revolutionary mea-
sures, Butthe enmity of the peo-
ple to the very name of Farmers-
General, pointed out a road to po-
pularity, which was ‘too inviting for
the ruling party not to follow, when
they felt so deeply the need of the
multitude. In compliance with —

those clamours against the farmers- _
general, which hadbeen so loud and —

$0 universal in Francefor‘a number
of years, and were’ become in a
manner traditional,the Convention,

on the 5th of May, passed a decree —

by whigh they were consigned to the -
revolutionary tribunal, where many

of them were condemned to die, and —

executed accordingly.

But these were only ordinary vie-
tims of that strict and necessary jus-
tice, as it was now called, which vi-
sited withunbiassed impartiality the |
iniquities of the’ past as well as of
the present day.” In order to exhi-
bit the most striking specimen of
that equality in the inflicting of pu-
nishments, to which it was deter-
mined to reduce all individuals

without

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

without distinction, Fouquier Tin-
ville, the public accaser, a man well

_ fitted for the bloody office with

which) he was invested, formally
~ demanded that the Princess Eliza-
beth, sister to the late King, should

_ be cited to appear before the revo-
~ Tutionary tribunal, on a suspicion of

beingconcerned incounter-revoluti-

' onary practices. The utterimpossi-

bility that a woman under the sirict

confinement in which she was held,

_ should be accessary to any proceed-

ings of sucha tendency, was so ob-
eae ‘ :

_ vious, that all Paris was struck with
‘amazement when told that she was
_ to undergo atrial. Her character

_ was in every sense unimpeachable.
Her piety and resignation to the
. hard and undeserved treatment she

had so long endured, had 1endered
her an object even of popular com-

- miseration. When brought before
_ the revolutionary tribunal, she re-
_ plied to the questions put to her
_ With such unaffectedness, calmness,
_ and precision, that every one pre-
sent was convinced that she spoke
thestrictest truth. To the various
_ charges urged against her, she made

the most apposite and satisfactory
_ answers,andcompletely cleared her-

_ self of every accusation. To that
; aving encouraged her nephew
‘4 to hope that he would be one day

ing of France, she frankly and

* scently replied, that in the fami-

liar intercourse between them, she

_ had employed every motive to com-
fort him in his melancholy situa-
tion, This ingenuous answer was
immediately interpreted as an ac-

“Knowledgment that she had really
_ €ncouraged him inthatexpectation ;

‘and sentence of death was passed

uponher. Shesuffered, incompany
with twenty-six others ; andwasex-
ecuted thelast. Shebchaved inher

131

last moments with great dignityand
decency. :

These numerous and merciless
executions filled all France with
terror. This was the very end in
view. But this terror was accom-
panied with equal horror; and pre-
pared all men to look with impa-
tience and anxiety for an alteration
of affairs. The sentiments of the
public werenot kept insuch secrecy
as not in some measure to transpire.
In order to preserve, in the mean
time, the attachment of the multi-
tude by that ostentatious display of
religion which is so captivating to
the unreflecting and the unwary,
Robespierre now adopted an idea
which he doubted not would be. of
the highest utility to his designs :
this was to set apart the tenth day
for religious and moral obsetvance,

»in imitation of the seventh in the ©

Christian system. He resolved
- therefore, without delay, toincrease
the popularity he had already ac-
quired, by introducing the subject
of religion into the Convention, as
a point of the greatest importance,
and making such additional regu-
Jations in the matters relating to it,
as might impress the people witha
conviction that he was sincere in his
professions.

Full of this project, on the 7th of
May be ascended the tribune, and
niade a long and elaborate speech,
replete with the most turgid and
fulsomedescription of the fame and
grandeur which the French nation
had attained. The victories of the
republic, he said, were celebrated
in every quarter of the universe.
An entire revolution had taken
place in the physical order of things,
which ‘weuld indubitably produce
another in the moral and political.
One half of the globe had already

K2 : felt

132

felt this change, and the other
would soon feel it. ~The French
nation had anticipated the rest of
the world by 2000 years, and might
be consideredas consisting of a new
species of men*. He was warm
and enthusiastic in the praise of re-
publican morality anda democra-
tical government, describing every
other form of government and spe-
cies of morality as deserving of
detestation.. He justified the san-
guinary measures which had pro-
duced the present system, and that
now supported it. After this pre-
fatory discourse, he brought for-
ward the religious and moral plan
he had prepared; which, being laid
before the Convention, was digested
in the following heads, and formed
into a solemn decree.

The French nation thereby ac-
knowledged the existence of a Su-

preme Being, and the immortality -
It acknowledged that

of the soul.
the worship of the Supreme Being
consisted in the practice of the du-
ties of man to man. It ranked
among those duties the detestation

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

of treachery and tyranny, the pu-
nishment of tyrants and traitors, re-
lieving the unfortunate, assisting
the weak, the defence of the op-
prest, the ‘doing to others all possi-
ble good, and the avoiding of in-
justice towards all men, Festivals
were to be instituted, in order to
recall men to a recollection of the
Divinity, andthedignity of his own
existence. These festivals were to
be named either after the most sig-
nal events of the French revolution, ;
those of the virtues the most dear
tomankind, orthemostconspicuous
benefits of nature. The following
days were annually to be celebrated
as festivals; the 14th of July, the
10thof August, the 21stof January,
‘and the 31st of May. Every
tenth day of the month was also to
be celebrated as a festival. The

objects of these festivals were to be

the Supreme Being, nature, the hu-
man race, the French nation, bene-
factors of mankind, martyrs of li-
berty, liberty and equality, the
French republic, the freedom of
the world, patriotism, the punish-

* The distinguished excellence and glory of the French, was a very favourite

and popular topic of declamation.

On the 6th of September, 1794, the deputy

Geraud, in a long harangue in the Convention, insisted on. the glory of educating a
whole nation, s6*as to render them worthy of liberty. France, he observed, was
elevated to the very pinnacle of earthly‘splendor ; the eyes of mankind were fixed —
upon her doctrines, and fourteen centuries of ignorance, degradation, and slavery,
were now effaced, ‘The slaves of despotism had been struck with a mortal terror 5 ~
a protecting Divinity had elevated her empire on the smoaking ruins of a throne, and
on the bloody remnants of expiring factions. ‘* Mandatories of a great nation,” said
he, ‘let us consecrate a durable monument to the rising generation; the Areopagus
of Eurepe ought now to consolidate the majestic edifice of our immortal revolution
on the immovable basis of public instruction. Before we abandon the helm of
ublic affairs, let us anneunce to our constituents with a true republican boldness, to
wea and to all Europe, that we contemplate with enthusiasm one inviolable
maxim,—without public education, the empire of morals must be destroyed. “And ©
if the fury of new Vandals shall aim at the destruction of the republie ; if the dread

of this horrible calamity diffuses consternation among the passionate friends of liber-

ty—but I here pause, and consign my reflections to virtue, to the principles of the

French senate, to the cogitations of the learned, and to the meditations of’ philo-
sophy<’?- ;
YJ ment

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

snent of tyrants and traitors, truth,
justice, modesty, glory and immor-
tality, friendship, frugality, cou-
rage, sincerity, heroism, disiaterest-
edness, stoicism,love, conjugal affec-
tion, paternal affection, maternal
tenderness, filial piety, infancy,
youth, manhood, old age, misfor-
‘tune, agriculture, industry, ances-
tors, posterity, and happiness.

By this decree the freedom of
religious worship was confirmed ;
but every aristocratical or other as-
sembly, subversive of public order,

“was prohibited. In case of distur-

_ bances, the motive or occasion of
which might be any particular
mode of worship, those who should

_ excite them by fanatical discourses

and counter-revolutionary insinua- °

tions, and those who caused them
by unprovoked outrages, were both
to be punished with equal severity.
The last article of this decree, that
wherein Robespierre was personally
interested and had most at heart,
was the solemn celebration of a
festival in honour of the Supreme
Being, which was appointed for the
8th of next June. This famous
_ decree was received with great ap-
_ plause, and unanimously passed by
the Convention, which ordered it to
be translated into all languages,and.
_ dispersed throughout all nations.
_ The grand festival appointed in
honour of the Supreme Being, was
* intended by Robespierre to be a
~ day of triumph to himself ayd his
party. Lyery preparation was
- made use of that could render it
* magnificent. The relations that
have been given of the manner in
- which it was conducted, represent it
"as equally solemn and brilliant, and
perfectly calculated to please the
os of Paris, and indeed most
' Freychmen, who are particularly

133
delighted with scenes of this de-

scription.

What most particularly claimed
the attention of the public on this
memorable day, was,the attendance
of the Convention in the mostimpo-
sing formalities, and decorated with
all the symbols of the duties an-
nexed to their station. In front of
the Thuilleries, and facing that fu-
perb garden, aspaciousamphitheatre
was erected, in the midst of which
was placed a tribune; wherein Ro-
bespierre, as president of the Con-
vention, and as the head in fact of
the French nation, held forth, with
great solemnity, on the business of

‘the day. A variety of ceremonies

and singular transactions took place
in the course of this remarkable
festival, which closed with hymns
and musical compositions in praise
of the Deity. Inthe midst of this.
ceremony Robespierre seemed par-
ticularly intent on the enjoyment of
his own consequence, and indisplay-
ing it to the eyes of the multitude.
Forgetful of that republican equa-
lity which he always so vehemently
insistedon,and of the jealousies that
naturally attended the vast pre-emi-
nence he had attained, he gave a
loose to the native vanity of his dis-
position, and affected a personal su-
periority over his fellow-moembers,
by some circumstances in his beha-
viour that gave them great offence.
Allthings considered, this proved to
him a most inauspicious day.

The new religious creed and in-
stitutions of Robespierre, naturally
became.a subject of much specula-
tion. Among the most active and
formidable enemies of the dictator,
he reckoned those men who were
most conspicuous for their philoso-
phical aid literary talents, and who
were also most notorious for Athe-

K 3 isra,

134 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

ism,or Materialism. Cordorcet had
written an epigram upon him full
of sarcastic truth, which was pub-
ished in the news-papers, and
much admired, before the power of
the tyrant had risen to sucha pitch
as to restrain the French from ex-
pressing their sertiments. At the
time when he instituted his new ca-
lendar, for the purpose of effacing, if
possible, the very remembrance of
Christianity, what he dreaded most
was,anattachment to monarchy and
the ancient ecclesiastical establish-
ments. He began now to dread the
influence of a spirit of philosophy,
which, when genuine, naturally
tends to moderationand justicetoall
men, and orders of men, and to re-
flect that it was possible to recede
too far from the principles and gen-
timents of religion, which the mur-
murs of so great a part of the peo-
ple at the abolition of Sundays and
other religious festivals, convinced
him were the sentiments of nature.
He therefore resolved to pay some
homage to religion, by way of hu-
mouring the mass of the people at
the expence of the philosophers.
Jn the samespirit we sha!l by and by
find him endeavouring to raise
the lowest classes into considera-
tion, by degrading talents and ac-
complishments, as well as other
former maiks of distinction. It
will not fail to attract the atten-
tion of moral observers, that Robes-
pierre took care in his religious
creed to interweave all the passions
that were uppermost in his own
mind. In the middle of the four-
teenth century, Italy, having no
steady government, was wasted by
bands of robbers. It was particu-
larly wasted by a military leader,

of the name of Warren, an adven- +
turer from England, who, as we are
informed by more than one Italian
writer, wore on a tunic, embroid-
ered with silver, words defving the
Deity as wellas his servant the Pope,
and inspicing horror*,—Robes-
pierre, though still, the enemy of
maikind and of mercy, deemed it
good policyno longer to set Heaven,
at defiance, but to affect some small
degree of reverence for God andre=-
ligion. '

Not long before the festival of
the 8th of June, en event hap-
pened, which ought to have warned
him of the precariousness and dan-
ger of his situation, and prevented :
his assumption of unseasonable
pride. A resolution had been
taken to assassinate him and one of
his intimates, Collot d’ierbois, a.
member of the committee of pub-
lic safety, by a man of the name of:
Ameral; who, weary of life, and
labouring possibly under misfor- +
tunes, had determinedto put an end
tohis own existence; butpreviously
to the execution of this design,
had resolved to signalize his death.
by accompanying it with some me-
ritorious deed. :

Thedestruction of two such men
as Robespierre and Collot d’Her-
bois, would, he thought, be render-
ing a service to his country; and he
attempted it accordingly: but not .
meeting with the former, and find-
ing an opportunity of executing his

design upon the latter, he fired a

pistol at him in open day as he was
crossing a street. Being immedi-
ately pursued and seized, he con-
fessed the above particulars, and
gloried in his intentions, regretting
only that the attempt had failed.

* Duca Guarnieri, Signor della Campagnia, Nemico di Dio, di Pieta, ¢ di mi-

sericordia. ¥

_\ On the very day this transaction
happened, which was the 25th of

~ May, anattempt ofa similar nature
was made on RKobespicrre himself,

_ by a young woman of twenty years

_ of age, of the name of Cecilia
_ Regnaud. She went to his dwelling
_ and asked for admittance. Being
_ told he was absent, she expressed
_ much disappointment, saying that,
as a public functionary, he ought

_ always to be in the way of seeing
_ those who had business with him.
_ Her air and deportment occasioning
_ suspicion, she was stopped and car-
_ vied before the committee of gene-
_ ral safety. But she had betrayed
__ herself on the way, by exclaiming,

__ that while the King was living, he

b denied himself to none of his sub-
_ jects ; and that she would lose her
_ life to have another King. She was

* consigned to the revolutionary tri-

_ bunal, where, on being questioned
_ respectingher business with Robes-
” pierve,her only answer was that she
was desirous to see what sort of be-
ing a tyrant was. No weapons
_ were found upon her that could be
_ deemed offensive; and she appeared
_ father disordered in her mind,
__ However, ‘she was, together with
her family, against whom-nothing
_ could be alleged, sent to the guillo-
_ tine with Ameral, and above sixty
_ other persons.
These two attempts against his
_ life, were alarming proofs that the
popularity of Robespierre was ac-
- companied with more exceptions

than he might be willing to admit,

im the sanguine persuasion he che-
_ Fished of the attachment of the peo-
f toa cause which he so earnestly

ured to convince them was

their own. But they could not fail

_ to observe that hisseverity increased

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

with no mercy.

135

every day, and that the number of
zictimis, continualiy sacrificed to his
suspicions, were indiscriminately
taken from the lowest as well as the
highest and middling classes, and
that the revolutionary tribunal sel-
dom acquitted any one brought
before it, though nothing could be
more notorious than the insuffici-
ency of those proofs of guilt upon
which they took away so many
lives.. But whether he still can-,
fidedin the extent of his popularity,
and looked on those attenmipts as ac-
cidentalinstances of privaterancour,
no ways derogatory to his general
credit, or whether, like many others
in possession of great power, he was
resolved to retain and exercise it at
his. own discretion, and at all
hazards,— Robespierre did notseem,
inclined to relax fromthe severity.
he had so steadily adopted. ever
since his first entrance into power.
He possibly thought this, at 4 pe-
riod whenall partiesappeared so im-
placable to each other, the safest
policy. Were his own party to be
oppressed, he made no doubt rhat,
like those whom he had exter-
minated,he would in his turn meet
Judging of others
by himself, and being unhappily
withoutcommiseration, heindulged
his propensity to shed blood as the
surest means topreventthe shedding
of his own.

He was now arrived at the pleni-
tude of his power. What, through
prepossessionin his favour, fromthe
ignorance, the prejudices, the vio-
lence of the lower classes in the ca-
pital, and what throuzh the terror
whichhis power arid security every-
where difinsed, he acted without
controul; and even his most inti.
mate adherents stood in continual

Ka awe

136 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

awe of his unrelenting and sangui-
nary temper. The dreadful decrees
continually following each other,
with hardly a day’s intermission,
reached, in the boundless extent of
their application, not only to the
public and open conduct of indivi-
duals, but even to their most private
anddomesticrecesses. Nomanwas
safe from the malice or capricious.
ness of an inmate,or of an acquaint-
ance. Society was in a manner at a
stand; none dared to trust another,
unless indeed long experience of his
fidelity, or an evident similitude of
sentiments, removed all suspicions
of intended treachery. The prac-
tice of this was become the less in-
famous, that informers were secured
from detection, by the manner of
receivine and'of proceeding upon
their informatibn. No person de-
nouncing another was called upon
to allege his motives, or to discover
his name, profession, or dwelling.
Thus, the person accused had no
opportuuity of confronting, or of
knowing hisaccuser; whosedenun=
ciation, however, was allowed to
ceatry the greatest weight, and was

attended to as absolute and unde- -

niable proof.

The revolutionary tribunal, of
which the judgments were final and
withort appeal, decided at once on
the reputation and life of every one
that. had the misfortune to be
brought before it. An accusation,
an arrest, and a sentence of death,
were now reputed the same thing;
and by those who could not refrain
from indulging their fancy or levity
in the midst of these horrors, were
called the Revolutionary Trinity.
The tribunal that went by this
name, was the ready instrument
of the committee of public safety ;
and this was devotedly snbservient
to the suggestions of Robespierre

and his agents. The formsof jus-~
tice were, in the unpenetrating eyé
of themultitude, properlyobserved;
but the jury, that fountain of all

real justice, was constructed on-a ~

hasis far removed from the foun+
dations of equity. Their situation
was oficial and permanent; and
they were not to be challenged by
the accused; nor could they be
said, with any propriety, to be au-
thorizedto deliberate on the charges
laid betore them. ‘The victims to
be sacrificed were pointed out te
them: one of the assassins of the
revolutionary tribunal waited every
morning upon Robespierre with a
list-of the prisoners in a state of acs
cusation and trial; and it was bis
custom to mark with a cross the
names of those that were to be con-
demned.

The jurisdiction with which he

had takencaretoinvest thistribunal,
completely answered every purpose
he had in view. The vast multi-
plicity of cases in which they were
competent to decide, involved al-
most every occurrence in society ;
and their powers of interpretation,
as well as of decision, were so ex-
tensive, that they were able to find
almost any person criminal. To
oppose the principles on which the

ve
‘

=
te Ee eee ry

yevolution was founded ; to calum=

niate its friends and supporters ;
to countenance and abet aristocrats

liable te punishment; to labour at |
perverting the ideas of the people; -

to asperse the character of the revo.
lutionary tribunal,—these were of-
fences, a general imputation of
which subjected the accused to the
most rigorous prosecution , while
the proofs required were of so lax
and unprecise a nature, that ic was
hardly possible to escape condemna-~

tion.
The committee of public safety,
which

HISTORY OF EUROPE,

which was authorized to order the
arrest/and trial of individuals, was
‘at first so limited im its authority
and duration, that Kobespierre soon
discovered its insudliciency for the
execution of his designs, unless both
were extended. he members of
‘this committee at its institution,
were to be renewed every month ;
but on his being appointed a mem-
ber, and perceiving of what use he
could make it, he immediately
availed himself of the influence he
possessed over the Convention, and
procured a decree by which it was
rendered permanent. Those who
composed it, being thus through
his interest elevated to the highest
rank and dignity, became wholly
subservient to his views; and,
through them, he ruled with an
yond more despotic than ever
_had been exercised by any King of
France, or indeed of, any kingdom
inEurope. In the mean time, his
‘party, being uncontroulably pre-
inant in the Convention, every

decree which they proposed was_

carried with every latitude he could
‘Teguire. Ina short time the autho-
"rity of the Convention was totally
absorbed in that of Robespierre.
Through thesuffrages of that body,
‘now implicitly acquiescent, he gra-

lly obtained every species of

wer in favour of the committee ,

of public safety, which, in fact, be-
Game superior to the Convention
itself, In virtue of the power with
which this committee 3 invested,
he disposed of all places of any
“Consequence; he appointed nati-
| onal agents in every part of the
country ; their commissions were
wlunited by any instructions but
his own ; and no other -accounts
were given to the Convention of
the committee’s secret reasovs for

137

their proceedings, orratherhis own,

than he judged convenient. The
servility of thatassembly became at
length so notorious, that itwas pub-
licly spoken of im terms: of con-
tempt and derision. The ministe-
rial reports laid before it, which
werein factthose of the committee,
were listened to with scandalous
complacency. They tamely - re-
gistered the decrees moved for by
the ruling party ; and they passed
much oftener by acclamation than
after any real deliberation, as it
daily became more dangerous to
thwart them. On these occasions,
the firmness of the parliaments in
opposing and ‘refusing to register
the royal edicts was well remem~
bered ; and recalled to the attention
of the public, in astyle no ways fa-
vourable to the Convention. The
inconsiderable numbers to which
this body was now reduced, was
also noticed with much disappro-
bation. The House, when com-
plete, amounted to seven hundred
and fifty members ; but very rarely
more than two hundred were pre~
sent. Various were the causes of
this paucity. Some had fled, some
were employed in committees,
others in provincial commissions +
but thefewer they were, the greater __
was the influence, exercisea by
Robespierre, who always found
means to procure the absence of
those in whom he did not place
the most entire confidence.

Armed with such power, it was
not surprising that he made him-
self, if not the nominal, still the
real sovereign of France. He was
not only the executive but the le-
gislative power of the state. He
obtained the passing of any decree
that he thought proper, and exe-
cuted it discretionally. In order to

perpetuate

138

perpetuate his authority, a decree,
was made, declaring France under”
a revolutionary government until
peace should be restored. . The
distance at which this plainly ap-
peared, was a sufitcient earnest that
he should long. continue in the su-
preme power. Under pretext: of
consulting the general security, he
studiously encouraged a spirit of
ferocity, and blood-thirstiress. of
disposition. He collected a number
of ruffians, who were decreed to be
a revolutionary army, and whom,
by procuring them a large pay, he
secured in his personal tterest.
They acted, as it were, as his hody-
guards, and terrified all people into
submission. Such apropensity arose
at last to shed blood, that an ad-
dress. was presented to the Con-
vention by one of the sections of Pa-
ris, petitioning the sacrifice of nine
hundred thousand individuals, as
necessary to complete the establish-
ment of the revolution !. 4
Intoxicated by his power, and
infuriated by his hatred to mo-
narchy and its friends, he let loose
such a-persecution, of them, as
proved no less disgraceful to the
French for, abetting it than to him-
self for promoting it *. "They were
sentenced to imprisonment and de-
privation of property, banishment

* Though it be impossible to vindieate a very

ANNUAL REGISTER,

ee fe

1794.

| ‘
a

or death, as it seemed most suitable
to their supposed guilt, But that
PP g P:

which best proved the conformity —
of the times to his own disposition, —
and the devotion or rather imbeci- 7
lity of the Convention in coin- ©
ciding implicitly with ail his de-
mands, was, the requisition of the —
Jacobiu club, formally preferred by
that body, that terror should be
declared the standing order of the
day. Numbers of the members —
were well known to disapprove of —
the terrific measures used to keep
the public in subjection : and such
a requisition was manifestly in- —
tended as an insult totheir feelings. —
But that furious club was ready to
enforce with all its weight the mans —
dates of Robespierre: and he ©
was highly desirous to let the Con- —
vention see that he had another
assembly at his command, little less ~
formidablethan their own, and that —
might, incase of need, counterpoise —
their opposition to him, were their ©
sentiments to alter in his disfayour.:
But a trial of their complaisance
much more humiliating, and. at- |
tended with much more serious ©
consequences, was, that decree ex-_
torted by the clamours of this out+
rageous club, by which they di- —
vested themselves of one of the —
most valuable privileges that was —

great portion at least of the —

French nation, who were as willing to execute and even prompt, as Robespierre,
with his revolutionary tribunal, to enact bloody decrees, from the eharge of
a ferocious and blood-thirsty disposition, yet this disposition didnot. by any means hs
appear in the French armies; which cherished, even in the bloody reign of Robe-
spierre, ideas of military pride, honour and gallantry. While a whole section
‘of Paris petitioned for the inhuman sacrifice of near a million of their fellows
citizens, the armies refused to carry the decree for granting no quarter to the
English and Hanoverians into execution. Why did not the French soldiers turn —
their arms against the tyranny of Robespierre? Probably they: would have done.
miore if they had not been actuated by a dread, and occupied in efforts to repeal €x-
ternal aggression, and the dominion of foreign masters. . ee
annexed ©

annexed to their station. | Robes-

ierre, whose aim extended to the
Hire enslavement of the Con-
ation, had long borne with im-
ence that law by which the
ibers were entitled to be heard

ig an accusation against them:
0 ting to’ remove by degrees
very member obnoxious to him,
he learly saw the difficulty of ac-
Plishing such a desizn while

at law existed. Thecapacity and
qt=nce of those whom he was
F bent to destroy, formed an
iment which might easily
trate his attempts against them,
experience had shewn, that this
ege had been of essential
y to members in the most cri-
ositions. He employed there-
is interest with the Jacobins
ress this privilege, know-
eir inveteracy to those mem-
s whom he proposed to attack
er its suppression. ‘The Con-
n could not certainly be un-
his motives for making so
an attempt; but either the
of his partizans in the me-
$ was so great, and the influ-
the Jacobins so extensive,
y apprehended an insurrec-
favour of a measure that
DE d equitable to the people,
‘it placed them upon an equal
ting withother citizens ; or they
aded to render themselves sus-
/by a man whose talents for
‘igue and artifice were such, that

under the protection of this

98 might not think themselves

ure, and durst not therefore

enly oppose its re eal, lest, if he

uuld carry his pekin, which they

ch apprehended he would, not-
ry .

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

aw, those who feared his machina- -

189

withstanding their opposition, he
might immediately convert against
them the success he had obtained,
in ‘despite of their endeavours to
prevent it.

Whatever motives may have
swayed the Convention at this
time, the motion to repeal this pri-
vilege was warmly approved and
recorded ; and a decree was made
to this purpose, to the great sure
prize of the public, which might
well express its amazement at the
readiness with which their repres
sentatives gave up one of the strong
est safeguards of their freedom, and
delivered themselves, as it were,
intu the hands of a man who was
justly suspected of plotting the des
struction of many of them, and, in
order to accomplish it, had framed
the very measure wherein they so
passively acquiesced, .

This compliance did them great
prejudice in the public mind, Not
only their personal freedom, but
their official dignity was lost in the
eyes of the multitude, as well as of
him who had thus succeeded in de-
gradingthem, andwho, emboldened
by their want even of sagacity or
of firmness, determined to stop at
no measures in carrying into imme-
diate execution the many others he
now projected in consequence of ,
his success in this one. He now
unfolded the sentiments he had in
some degree wrapped up before in
the dark recesses of his mind: he
explained himself with less ambi-,
guity on those subjects that lay
nearest to his unfeeling heart: he
unequivocally asserted, that the re-
public could not be preserved with-
outthedestruction ofallitsopposers;
and that to pity those who were
condemned to suffer for ineir inimi-

~~" cal

140

cal attempts to subvert it, was to
participate in their treason, Death
without mercyought, he explicitly
insisted, to bethe portionof.all those
who contributed in any shape to
thwart the present system, Who-
ever affordedrefuge or concealment
to persons,accused of conspiracy 3
those who corresponded by words
or by writing with personsim prison-
edon his account; jailorswhoaided
or connived at this correspondence,
were involved by him in the like
punishment.: and those who expres-
sed dissatisfaction at revolutionary
measures, he threatened with trans-
portation. ,

The atrocities, of which the enu-
meration has filled so many pages
in the various publications of those
tempestuous times, became gradu-
ally so familiar to the sight, as to be
almost lost to feeling. ‘he depriva-
tion of relations and friends was

submitted to, with a patience and-

resignation that arose neither from
reason nor religioy, but from an
unmanly apathy that debased the
soul and the understanding. In-
difference to the public, and seltish-
néss, seemed to have extinguished
both magnanimity and commisera-
tion. he hourly evidence of the
danger to which every one was
exposed from capriciousness or
cruelty, was not sufficient to open
the eyes of men to the necessity of
running all risks, in order to put an
instant stop to horrors that threat-
ened toinvolve, with little diseri-
mination, individuals of all parties
in one common scene of destruc-
tion.

To judge from the conduct of

Robespierre, after he had obtained
unlimited power, he was of no
party. The enjoyment and the
exercise of this power without fear
er controul, was evidently the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 179%

"night.

sole object of his restless. endedy
vours to attain it. Ambition alone, hy
deeply tinctured with political
fanaticism, actuated him: it was
not only the. predominant, but —
almost the sole passion that chae —
racterized him; if he had any
others, they were so subservient |
to this one, and so intimately
blended with all its operations, as
not to be distinguished from it. f
Paris, that celebrated seat of
gaiety, refinement, and elegance, ~
wads now become the residence of , |
wretchedness and woe. Scenes of |
distress were continually passing ~
before the eyes of jts inhabitants,
without dividing the day from the |
Executions took up the —
one, and arrestations the other: |
yet, strange to relate, no man lifted _
his voice against the author of these”
calamities: only the calamity it~ |
self was deplored, and no one had_
the courage openly to vent his ine
dignation at these barbarities. So
thoroughly were people frozen |
with terror, that they beheld those
processions of death move along |
the streets, in silent dread, that
they themselves might shortly make
part of them. Every individual
trembled for himself, and hardl
dared to bestow a tear’ on the
fate of hisneighbour. This cauti-
ousness and timidity was the natu-
ral result of the dangers that ho-
vered incessantly over every mem
ber of any genteel class of society ;
only the baci or rather the vilest
of human heings, were exempt from
them. Thecommonalty was now
exclusively exalted into all that was
respectable and worthy of respect 3
they alone were asserted to.
not only.the strength, but the he
nour of anation. The meanest
occupations were placed above the
most po ite and liberal; and supe>
riority.

HISTORY OF EUROPE

“Hiority of intellectual talents coun-
ted more dangerous than useful.
The populace, in short, shielded
_ under the honourable name of Peo-
, restricted all merit, esteem,

and consideration, to those branches
ofthe community whose labours
and ingenuity supplied it with the
cessaries and conveniences of

; all others were held useless or
yolous, and only tending to raise
e artful and designing over the
ain and well-meaning. These no-
fons were daily spreading with ex-
pnsive rapidity ; and it was among
vilest of men that the most vio-
and outrageous partizans of Rg-
pierre were found. The more de-
t conditions lived, of course,
‘continual apprehension of the
ers, whose ‘envy and enmity
‘hand in hand to effect their
humiliation. But it was not among
e lower sort only that the basest
“his instruments were selected :
e more decent ranks supplied

e despicable tribes of spies and
ormers that infested every social
, and extinguished the enjoy-
ts of friendship and intimacy,
‘rendering men suspicious of
1 other, and putting them on
their guard against every face with
which they were not perfectly well
ted.

rench rulers and their nume-
bettors sunk to the lowest de-
tion that ever disgraced the
¢haracter of any nation. The ties
_ Of domestic confidence and of fa-
_ mily affection were so completely
Toosened, that servants thought
tiey acted a meritorious part in
betraying their masters; and, horrid
to tell! the nearest and most dear
_felations became the victims of that
trust which arose equally from na—

with the less furious but still

t was at this horrible period that

141

ture and necessity. Brothers were
denounced by their brothers, pa-
rents by their sons, and sons by
their parents. Such were the
effects of that patriotism which
taught mankind to trample on filial .
and paternal duties, and to stifie
every sentiment of natural tender-
ness, whenever it stood in compe-
tition with the ordinances of the
law. The abominable deeds of this
kind, said to have been perpetrated
in France, are so shocking 4s to re-
main almost incredible ; and none
but ocular witnesses have a right
to relate them. On the other hand,
in the midst of this horrible gloom
were seen the brightest examples
of courage, generosity in friend-
ship, and constancy even to death,
in various modification of affection
and love. Children exposed them-
selves to death for their parents,
and parents for their ohildren ;
husbands for wives, and wives for
husbands ; friends afforded an asy-
lum to persecuted friends ; and fa-
milies of the emigrants, at the peril
of their lives, made remittances for
the support of their proscribed re-
lations. The aspect of France
at this calamitous period, very for.
cibly recalled to mind the descrip-
tion that is given of the Roman
Emperor in the reign of Nero;
when acts of despotism in constant
succession, continual accusations,
the treachery of friends, the
ruin of innocence, ‘and trial after
trial, ending always in the same
tragic catastrophe, are gloriously
contrasted with the virtue of rela-
tives and friends, bold and daring
in a generous sympathy; mothers
accompanying their emigrant gous 5
wives following.their husbands into
exile ; and the fidelity even of slaves
defying and spuruing at the severest
torture™.

C * Vide Tacit. Histor. cap.2, 3.

142

An apology for the enormities
of the French at this time, com-
monly made by their friends and
abettors, for such they had in our
own as well as in other countries,
is so singular, and truly character-
istic of the insanity of party-rage,
that it is worthy of being recorded.
It was said that the excesses were
no more than proportionable to
their former oppressions ; and the
vicious habits and dispositions they
manifested, were only the natural
traits of an education under despo-
tism ; but that they or their des-
eendants would be better members
of society, when they should be
ameliorated by a republican go-
vernment : so that the very atro-
cities committed by the Jacobins,
were brought to bear against the
fabric of the ancient monarchy.

The world at the same time ought
to be reminded, that all these evils
were produced by tyranny; which,
whether in the hands of one or of
many, never fails completely to
subdue the noblest feelings and pro-
pensities of nature. Nations great
and illustrious, when crushed by
tyranny, have lost all those lofty
sentiments and ‘splendid qualities
that dignify mankind, and induce
the most mortal enemies to regard
each other with a degree of esteem
and respect. Long before the
French, the Romans had given the
most terrible examples of a murder-
ous disposition, contracted by men
exalted to despotic power through
civil commotions; and of the ser-
vility and abjectness to which they
had reduced mankind by their op-
pressions and cruelties. Were it not
that history had recorded them in
too circumstantial and authentic a
manner to be denied, they might
be justly reputed the fabrications

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

Peet tes.

of calumny and of rancour against
the victorious party. a
In the mean time, the situation of —
the people, if credit may be given
to persons of veracity, and to ac-
counts not suspected of inclining —
to falsehood, was wretched and mi-_
serable in the extreme. Notwith-
standing the general poverty and
hard course of living to which the —
French had been long habituated,
the vulgar now complained. that
their condition was become intole-
rable. ‘They laboured under the —
want of the commonest necessaries. —
Of bread, their chief and almost ~
only support, there was almost a —
continual scarcity: meat was at an
exorbitant price; and every other
article of sustenance and neces= —
sity, fuel especially, of constant dif- —
ficulty to procure. When, urged ~
by hunger and the extremes of
domestic distress, they laid their
piteous case before their hard- |
hearted rulers, they were bid to, ~
think of the victories and glory of
|
a

dure their sufferings, while they
conduced to such noble ends.—
True patriots, they were told,
ought cheerfully to submit to tem-
porary inconveniences for, the ho-
nour and welfare of their coun- —
try. #
If such was the language held

the republic ; and manfully to en- ©

to their acknowledged adherents, {
well might those who pleaded for ‘
compassion to the suspected, meet —
with the sharpest reception. A 7
great number of women whese ©
husbands, brothers, or sons had been 4
arrested or thrown into jail, ap-
plied with the utmost humility to”

the Convention for their pity to ~
those unhappy individuals; but —
their entreaties and tears made no —
impression on,the callous breast of

Rebespierre.

_owith counter-revolutionary
ects, and flying inthe face of
Convention; and ordered them
art in silence and. submission
its: decrees. Notwithstanding
peated instances; of his bar-
jarous .and brutal, disposition, the
lation of his umerous partizans
nd, admirers extolled him as, a
prodigy of patriotic''virtue. The
‘epithet. of Incorruptible was al-
ways annexed to his name ; he was

styled the shield of. the republic.
fle was described as possessing the
fness of a Roman, the, self-de-

of an Athenian. He was compa-
red to the Messiah, sent by Heaven
to reform the world, and manifest-
ing his mission by miracles. These,
and a variety of other specimens of
the basest adulation that could pos-
y be thought upon by the most
-servile and worthless miscreants of
the human race, were continually
offered up as an homage due to
his supereminent merit !
__ It isnot surprizing that the mind
of Robespierre should have been
imebriated by the incense of so
nuch flattery ; and that his vanity
should have induced him to accept
it asa tribute to which he was justly
mtitled. It was difficult, indeed,
him to deny himself the grati-
ication arising from self-compla-
onsuch incessant invitations
eindulge it. Exclusively of the
jumerous addresses pouring upon
him, as it were, from all quarters,
he seldom appeared abroad with-
out a crowd of dependants sur-
rounding him on every side, and
vying with each other both in ver-
bal and personal demonstrations of
tachment. His looks were watch-

“HISTORY OF EUROPE.

143

ed, and his smiles. courted like
those of a monarch ;. and when he
spoke, the profoundest silence and
attention ensued. He wanted no-
thing, in short, of royalty but the
formalities of a court; and those
were amply supplied by the sub-
mission and deference which he
commanded, bothinprivate and pub-
lic. In this career of intoxication
he.could not refrain from display-
ing the high opinion which he en-
tertained of his deserts, and of how
much importante he thought: him-
self to’ the public. To this intent
he repaired to the Convention on
the 27th of May, two.days.after a
supposed attempt against his per-
son, and. in a set speech of some

Jength, dwelt with great fervour
on the services rendered to the
common cause by himself and his

friends. | He thanked God that
these services had pointed him out.

to tyrants as an object of their ven-

geance. Unable to reach him by
their own prowess, they had em-
ployed the dagger of domestic trai-
tors and assassins: ‘he French ree
public had now risen, he said, to
the summit of its glory, Standing
on the brink of conspiracies ready
for successive explosion, the intre-

pid representatives of the nation

claimed the united attention of
heaven and earth ; with “one hand
they offered up to the Almighty
the homage. of a great people;
with the other they launched their
thunderbolts with the greatest ven-
geance against the tyrants that
were so basely, and without provo-

cation, coalesced against them.
This speech was perfectly suited
to the temper and taste ofa French
audience, ever prepared to listen
with applause to ideas that place
them at the head of all mankind;
and

j44 ANNUAL REGISTER,

and represent their strength and va-
lour as fit to contend with the
combined power of the universe.
It was by representations of this
kind that Ro»espierre had so fre-
quently confirmed his popularity,
and gained the applause of the
Parisians, who were peculiarly de-
lighted with those affected and
bombastic strains of oratory, that
filled them with lofty notions, and
soothed their national vanity.

But the speech made by Barrere
on the 30th, tended much more
directly to inflame the French
against the British government. He
explicitly attributed to it every
sinister attempt against the Conven-
tion; and concluded by moving an
address to the French armies, con-
ceived in the most rancorous terms.
England, he said, was capable
of every outrage against humanity,
and of every crime towards the re-
public; it attacked the rights of
nations, and threatened to annihi-
late liberty. He exhaled his en-
mity to the British monarch inthe
most unqualified Janguage. He
laid a variety of charges to him,
which amounted to. no more than
acts of hostility, committed since
France and Great Britain were at
war. But the inference he drew
was truly savage and inhuman.—
Addressing himself to the French
soldiers: ‘* When the event of bat-
tle,”’ he said, “shall have put in your
power either English or Hanove-
rians, bring to your remembratice
the vast tracks of country that Eng-
lish slaves have laid waste; carry
your views to La Vendée, Toulon,
Lyons, Landrecy, Martinique, and
St. Domingo, places still recking
‘with the blood which the atrocious
policy of the English has shed. Do
Not trust to their artful language,

¢ , “
1794,

which is an additional crime, truly

worthy of their perfidiouscharacter, —
and their Machiavelian government. —
You ought, therefore, republican —
soldiers, when victory shall put into

your power either English or Ha-—

noverians, to strike :—not one of |
them ought to return to the trai~_
torous territory of England, or to_
be brought into France. Let the

English slaves perish, and let Eu-—
rope be free.” i

Such were the preposterous and ©
contemptible effusions of Barrere’s
wrath against the English! they
afford a genuine specimen of that
species of eloquence, and of that
veracity of representation, which
filled the mouths of thow many
declaimers against the English who
occasionally started up in the Con-.
vention. The avidity with which
those speeches were received by
the generality of the French, and
even by the Convention itself, does”
no honour either to the discrimina-
tion or probity of that people. It
betrays an unpardonable readiness
to admit as truth whatever may
tend to disparage an enemy, and to”
render him odious. It is much_
to be lamented, that men are ‘so
prone to adopt such measures to_
vilify their foes, as are founded
upon falsehood and misrepresen—
tation. Natural enmity is strong”
enough between nations, without
studying to increase it by means
equally base and unwarrantable ;
and which men of generous: sen-
timents in all countries ‘have al-
ways condemned, and held in ab-
horrence.

In default of that propriety of
behaviour and sentiment, so no-
toriously wanting in the:Conven-
tion, that very class of men whom
they sought to ‘pervert ‘by ‘the

scandalous

Séandalous directions addressed to
them, evinced by their conduct that
| they had a better sense of their own
ee and entertained more proper
As of the treatment récipros
‘dué to each other by nations
at war, than thei? barbarous rulers;
fF father indeed than those san-
uinaty men by whom they basely
ed themselves to be ruled,
bloody decree that was made,
ee. of this inhuman
sch, prohibiting quarter to be
fiven to the English, was never
@artied into execution by the re«
publican armies. The very con-
+happened to what had been
toposed by Batrete. When, thro’
ie events of war, the English fell
ito the hands of the French, they
éd them with the wonted hu-
anity long practised by both na-
ons. ;
Bu notwithstanding the disincli-
tion so positively manifested by
‘French military to obey in-
ctions repugnant no. less to the
Ws of war than to their own feel-
a decree of a similar nature

fention, by which no quarter was
> be ¢ given to the «arrisons placed
y the allies in the towns they had
iken from France, if they refused
© surrender within twenty-four
urs after they had been summon-
l. This decree also met with the

me disobedience as the other.
“The power of Robdespierre was
jow arrived at such a height, that
as generally considered as fixed
unshakable foundations. His
larity increased proportionably
¢ intelligence daily arriving
victorious progress of the
ch armies, which wasina great
fi@asure attributed to his sagacity
inthe appointment of proper com-
Vor. XXXVI,

HISTORY OF EUROPE,

shortly after passed in the Con=_

145

manders. The municipality of Paris
was implicitly at his devotion,—the
places at his disposal, —and towhich
he nominated them preferably to
others, were effectual means to sc-
cure thetr attachment.’ The revo-
lutionary tribunal-contained a Jarge
portion of them. That immense
body, the Parisian national guards,
were wholly at his orders, as She had
the naming of all the principal of-’
ficers in the forty-eight sections
into which the metropolis was di-
vided. This and that other mili-
taty body, styled the Revolutionary
Army, formed such a support, a$
seemed to place him out of the
reach of all attack, founded on vio=
lence, The tide of popular opinion
ran strongly in his favour ; and his
influence in the revolutionary soci
eties was irresistible. That called
the Jacobin Club, was totally under
his management; and its numerous
affiliations zealously propagated its
principles throughout all France.
The Cordeliér club, which had
ventured to displease him, he had
suppressed ; and no private or pub-
lic assembly seemed inclined either
to oppose or to differ from him.
The opinion of numbers of the
most discerning individuals at this
period was, that Robespietre had
now a fair opportunity of perpetu+
ating his powet,by relaxing from his
severity. He had destroyed a suf+
ficient proportion of the enemies
to the predominant system, to se-
cure it from the attempts of those
that remained. Had he laid aside
that plan of proscription and terror
by which not only the foes to the
revolution, but even its friends,

_were kept in a continual state of

intimidation, the various parties
into which the revolutionists had
been split, were become co weary

yA of

- ~~

46 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

of the confusion and uncertainty of
the schemes wherein they. had been
bewildered, that they would gladly
have united under such a one as
would have embraced their general
interests, and allowed every man,
professing himself a republican, to
claim-and to exercise an undis-
turbed freedom of opinion and
speech on that form of a republi-
can government he might think
most conducive to the public wel-
fare; without being constrained to
adiere to the ideas aud measures of
the present, or of any ruling party.
This was the reputed scheme of
Danton; and looked upon by judi-
cious people as the most eligible
in the actual circumstances of
the nation: but as it did not seem
to favour,that perpetuity of- power
which Robespierre sought to fix in
his own party, and held up maxims
that might have weakened his per-
sonal interest and defeated his pri-
vate views, his unbounded ambi-
tion, and settled deteimination to
retain the sole power in his own
hands, induced him te crush at once
that scheme, by the destruction of
its author, and to persecute, unre-
Icntingly, all that appeared desirous
to adopt it. Thus he continued
the system of terror and tyranny
without the least relaxation, or ra-
ther indeed with additional vio-
lence.
ecetks the many unfortunate
individuals Who were yet destined
to be the victims of his. barbarity,
was that truly great and respectable
man Lamoignon Malesherbes. ‘The
justice due to his transcendant me-
rit, had been shewn him at atime
‘when France was governed solely
by corruption. and intrigue, and
hen the court consisted almost en-
ducly of men without puinciple,

_and reprobation of which, he was”

and whose views were directed it
the most shameless and scandalous:
manner, to oppose the influenc }
and exaltation of any man whom,
they suspected, to be capable and
inclined to set his face against their
practices. The unhappy Louis XVI.
who, if nota prince of very emi-
nent abilities, was certainly the most
virtuous man in his court, Aue how-
ever discernment enough to per=
ceive, and equity to. single out —
Malesherbes as a person deserving
the royal favour, and promoted
him to a ministerial post of the
highest dignity and importance, -
No choice ever did that monarc
more, ifso much honour. Males-
herbes justified it not only by the
talents he displayed, but by an up=
rightness and integrity of conduct
that won him the admiration and
applause of a court sunk in al
manner of vices; and his conte

Eee

above. concealing. But that part
of his character which will transmit |
him to the veneration of posterity,
is the gratitude and intrepidity with —
Ww hich, he undertook the defence of
that unhappy monarch,” when it”
was accompanied with the highest
danger to ieee and when he>
must-have been conscious that the
party be thus had the spirit to op=—
pose. would watch him ever after
with an eye of rancour, and that.
he would probably pay with his life”
for the magnanimity he had shewn.
He was accordingly dragged from
the retirement, wherein he had pro=
posed to spend his latter days; ands
upon some of those frivolous char~
ges which were always at hand for
the sang':inary purposes of the day,
this venerable man »Verging towards»
fourscore, was condemned to die

by the guillotine. a3
One-

m™ of the many pretexts- on
wh ch ‘those. merciless condemna-
ons were founded, was the carr y-
| a correspondencé with emi-

ence, evén in the nearest rela-
ions.. Another, no less effectual,
vas the charge of Conspiracy 5 Ma
‘persons imprisoned together
4 parently accused, when tio
ther charge could be fabricated.
It ewtiereven sufficient, in cases of
Conspiracy, to be suspected of a rea-
diness to join thé conspirators. A
Tady of high tank, whose husband;
sunt Noailles, had warmly es-
oused the cause of the revolution,
v2 as ,notwithstandingacircumstance
o much in her favour, doomed to
e, on a mere presumption that
he would certainly have taken part
conspiracy, of which some in-
ividuals in confinement were ac-
sed of having assisted each other
2in forming, though she made
ron her ttial that she was
t prison when the sup-
| conspiracy was formed.
mong the multitudes that suf-
under the tyranny of Robes-
, were four foreigners of note;
o of them were Germans, and

lootz, alreddy mentioned, we
his cotmtryman, the celebrated
n ‘Trenck, who had fled to
bel in hope of escaping the

sspotic pewer of which he had;
during a long portion of his hie,
; enced the woeful effects in
absolute monarchies ;—he too fell
the axe of the guillotine, bna
ge of counter-revolutionary
tices. The two Englishmen
the one Colonel Newton,
p bad risen to this rank in the
army by his valour and ser-
j he perished on the scaffold

HISTO JRY- OF EUROPE.

nts. | This was an unpardonable

nglish. Besides Anacharsis:

147

for vindicating the conduct of the
- BrisSotine party, andieprobating the
other as oppressors and murderer;
The other, the famious Thomas
Payne; a-man-whose writings have
made as much noise, and produced
more Cdnspictious effects than those
of any wreie on similar’ subjects,
As he was well known to be averse
to the tyranny of Robespierre, he
did not fail to incur his hatred; and
was imprisoned on pretence pia
mity to the!state. He probably
would have been sacrificedas well
as many others, had that tyrant
lived Jong enough to accomplish his
and their destruction.

Were we to relate the barbari<
ties of Robespierte, we would of
necessitymaké them the subject of
a separate volume. The followi ving;
which we have from unquestion-
able authority, is an indication of
such complete callousness to all the
feelings of humanity,_ that we can-
not forbear giving it aplate in thi
summary of the History of Europe:
—A lady of the name of St. Ama-
rante, thinking to secure the satiety
of her family “by polite attentions
to Robespierre, invited him to dine

with her and her family ahd friends.

Robespierre_aceepted her invita-
tion, and was accompanied by one
of his: greatest intimates. Next
day his friend told him, that he
(Robespiérre) having drunk more
freely than ordinary at dinner, had
let fall some things which it had
been better to conceal. Having
paused a little, he required # list of
the names of all who were of the
company, and also of the servants
who waited at the table. A list of
all these was immediately sent to
him: In four-and- -twenty hours
Madame St. Amarante, her family,
friends, and domestics, all perished
if 'D by

148

by the guillotine. The only won-
der is, that his friend, through
whom this fact afterwards trans-
pired, was not included in the num-
ber. Inthe mind of Robespierre,
all the sentiments of nature were
so overborne and superseded by po-
litical fanaticism and phrenzy, that
he regarded human beings merely
as geometrical figures on which he
could form systematic reasonings
by abstraction, without the smallest
emotion of humanity.

The conspiracies continually im-
puted to the unfortunate individuals
shut up in the numerous prisons in
Paris, afforded a fresh opportunity
and pretence to treat them with
the utmost rigour and barbarity that
malice and inhumanity could joint-
ly invent. They were deprived of
every comfort of life. The more
exalted and elegant their style of
living had been, the more ready
were their oppressors to make them
feel the reverse of their condition.
They were, without discrimination
of rank or sex, thrustinfo the most
horrid dungeons,—fed with the
coarsest and most loathsome food,
—exposed to the vilest taunts, rail-
leries and reproaches of their inso-
lent and pitiless keepers. There
was not, in short, a species of misery
and horror left uncontrived and
unexercised over the victims con-
demned by the cruelty of the ru-
ling powers to those lamentable
abodes. Every affliction that can

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

befal human nature, and render
death preferable to life, was here
daily and hourly experienced ; and
the reality of that vulgar but signi-
ficant expression, a hell upon earthy
was here exhibited in the most
horrible extent.

While these tragic scenes were
acted within the prisons of the me—
tropolis, the reign of terror was
spreading its baleful influence with-
out, and filling all classes of the
community with consternation, As
party and principle were daily ceas-
ing to be safeguards to the warm-
est partizans of liberty, people hard-
ly knew what maxims to avows
and what political persuasion to em
brace. ‘They were all equally dan-
gerous, unless they were accompa=
nied with an unreserved submission
to the governing power, and an
implicit acquiescence in the recti-
tude of all its measures. The ter
ror infused by those atrocities be~
gan however to be attended with
commiseration, The prodigious
increase of the number of prison-
ers was a sufficient motive for ge-
neral alarm,—no one knowing how
soon his name might be added to
the list. It was at this time enor-
mous, amounting to near 8000
persons, inclosed within the jails of
Paris only. Hence may be con-
jectured what the number must
have been of those confined in all
the prisons of France!

CH AP. “wir.

Motives of Sulmission to Robespierre. These motives begin to cease, and

Discontents to arise.

Party formed against him. Robespierre increases

the Power of the Committee of Pullic Safety, and of General Security.
The Decree to this Intent opposed ly Bourbon de L'Oise, and others. Op-
position to Robespierre gathers Strength, His Conduct, in order to coun-

terack

“ge

_ HISTORY OF EUROPE.

_ feract it, and preserve his Credit with the People. He procures the Pass-
ing of three Popular Decrees; one for the specdy Payment of Prize
oney to Seamen,—the Second, to prevent the Importation of forged
Assignats,—theThird, to encourage Military Merit,—and the Fourth,
_ for the Relief of the Poor, and People in Distress. Progress of the Party
forming against Rotespierre. His Conduct at this Crisis. Speech of the
Jacobin Club. Designs of which heis suspected. Proscriptians intended ly,
him. Conduct of the Party formed against him. Otlged to temporize.
Denunciation presented ly the Jacobins to the Convention, at the Insti-
gation of Robespierre. He makes a Speech in the Convention against his
Enemies and Opposers. He is resolutely opposed by the Majority of the
Convention. His Cause violently espoused by the Jacobins. Presumptuous
Address of St. Just to the Convention. Speeches and Behaviour of Tallien,
‘of Billaud Varennes, and of Barrere.

149

U RING the campaign of

. 1793, and the first months of
that of 1794, the uncertainty of
the good or bad fortune ultimately
awaiting the arms of France, sus-
pended all sensations and fears but
those which related to the subjuga-
tion or independence of the French.

_ Resolved not to impede those plans

i”

that had been formed, and were
now ina stage of execution for the
common defence, Frenchmen felt
only for the safety of the country;

mvinced that any domestic, how-

__- ever severe, was preferable to a fo-
_‘reigntyranny. To this motive, aid-

%
7

ed by the ensuing prosperity of
their armies, may be attributed the
patience with which they submitted
to the load of hardships and incon-
yeniences of all kinds oppressing
_ them at home, and particularly to
the extreme severity of their go-
vernment. But when the dangers
they apprehended from a foreign
enemy began to vanish, and they
were totally delivered from the
dread of becoming a conquered na-
tion, they began also to turn their
aftention to their domestic situa-
fion; and though they continued
their obedience to the ruling pow-
ers that had steered them through
the storm, they likewise viewed

their conduct at home with a more
observant and criticising eye,
Though this change in the dispo-
sition of the public did not imme-
diately manifest itself in a glaring
manner, yet it was very perceptible
to attentive observers, and accele-
rated those measures that had been
some time in preparation among
that party which, though checked
and intimidated by the tall of seve-
ral on whose cé-operation they had
depended, stil] continued in the de-
termination to put a stop to the
progress of the present system, as
soon as an opportunity offered of
attempting it without evident ha-
zard of ruin.

This party consisted of the most
able and resolute men in the Con-
vention; they read their own des-
tiny in that of Danton, Camille
Desmoulins, and Fabred'Eglantine.
No members of that body had ser-
ved him with more efficacy. To the
first he owed his primary elevation
to power ; and had long been sup-
ported by his great courage and
capacity, The wit and address of
the second, and the unwearied ac-
tivity of the third, were well known,
and had occasionally enabled him
to overcome great opposition, and
to overthrow very dangerous ene-

L3 mies,

i150 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

mies. Nevertheless, he destroyed
them on suspicion of their seeking
to relax the system of terror ; by
which only, it seems, he thought
himself secure. The destruction
of three such men, convinced their
friends that no safety remained
but in the removal of Rebespierre;

and that if they were not expe-
ditions, he would anticipate them.

Full of this conviction, they deter-
mined, at all events, to carry their
point, and, if necessary, to put him
to death in the Convention, and
trust to their country for an appro-
bation of the deed.

This however seems to have
been the last remedy they proposed
to have recourse to, for a cure of
the evils resulting from his’ tyranny.
They resolved in the mean time, be-
fore coming to this extremity, to
“undermine his influence gradually;
and to place him in sucha situation,
as to render him amenable to the
formal justice of his country. They
had vigilantly waited ‘or an occa-
sion of doing this with propriety,

and without seeming to intend a

rupture with him. One at length
presented itself, precisely of such
a nature, Whether Kobespierre
had any particular measure in con-
templation, to the execution of
which he might not think the
powers of the two committees of
public and general safety fully
adequate; or ‘whether he only in-
tended to supply them wirh addi-
tional powers for any occasion that
might occur, he thought it neces-
sary they should be enlarged. With
this view he procured a decree, by
which they were empowered to
consi2n to the revolutionary tribu-
nal whomsoeyer they might think
fit objects of national severity.
This decree was made on the Sth

of June, the day after, the’ grand
festival, wherein he had made so
pompous a figure; and it passed,
as many other decrees of his pra-
posing had done, without ‘contra-
diction, and with very little deli-
beration. ~~

But the following day opened
ahew scene. ‘This decree was sa

clearly intended to rivet the chains

of the Convention, that the party ©
in opposition to Robesp ierre, felt
the necessity of repelling it imme-
diately : they saw no less an op-
portunity of exposing the unwar-
rantable designs he was pursuing

against the authority of the Conven-

tion. A man of great intrepidity

undertook, on this occasion, to stand

forward in asserting the rights and
the dignity of the Convention.
This was Bourdon de L’Oise, whose
firmness had already been displayed
in some yery critical instances. He
demaided of the president whether,

by the power vested in the c com: ‘

mittees, they were authorized to
bring the national deputies | before
the rev olutionary tribunal ?

‘This question rouzed at once the
whole Convention. Surprize and
indignation at the treatment By
paring for them’ was expressec
numbers, who had not possibly He
tended at first to the consequences
involved in that decree. Bourdon
de L’Oise did not négiect to en-
courage the spirit that he ie re-
vived in the Convention. He con-
gratulated the members on “the
proof they had given of the sense
which they entertained of theit
privileges and of their liberty.
Presuming, therefore, that they
could neyer have intended to in-
vest the committees ¥ with the right
of bringing the ‘national deputies
before the Tevolutionary ogee:

€

1
’
a

;
3

*
:

»
‘

iy _he proposed, that the Convention
| ‘should formally decrée, that the
| committees, while they preserve
| » the right of arresting the mem-
bers of the Convention, should not
however consign them tothe revo-
_lutionary tribunal until a decree of
accusation had been passed against

them by their fellow deputies. It

was additionally moved by another
_ member, of great conspicuity and
o importance, Merlin of Douai, that
&

the right of passing acts of accusa-
tion against its own ipembers, and
yor directing the tribunals to try
them, was exclusively lodged i in the
"Convention.
Se The passing of these motions was
the first check to the power of Ro-
on “bespierve that he had never expe-
rienced in the Convention. It
was a mortification which, from the
recent display of his consequence
two days before, he had little ex-
_ pected. He seemed, from this day,

He ueither shewed himself in the
committees, nor in the Convention.
- Here a large and spirited party was
* decidedly formed against him.
[he committee of general secuvity
vas no less hostile; and in that of
public safety, the Sa considerable
_. part of the members yep no less
his enemies.
This was a mortifying reverse of
his former situation. He bore it,
however, with great coolness of
temper, and employed himself in
devising means to counteract the
schemes of hisadversaries;, of which
through the numerous tribes of
spies and informers at hiscommand,
he had sufficient intelligeace. Tho’
personally absent from the Con-
vention, he was highly solicitous,
through the medium of his two
. Most intimate and trusty agents,

*
o)

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

~~ to have lost much of his confidence.

135i

St. Just and Couthon, to labour
for the preservation of his popu-
larity, by procuring a number of
galutary laws to be passed. Those
which prifcipally deserve mention,
were the regulations in favour of
‘seamen entitled to prize-money ;
‘the equitable distribution of which
was very judiciously provided for.
Another national service of im-
_portance, was the prevention of
the pernicious effects to the public
finances, so much dreaded and ex-
pected from the deluge of counter-
feit assignats now poured into
France from foreign parts. Taro’
the arrangements made to obviate
their cireulations they proved of
little detriment, where it was in-
tended they should have done most.
Not more than 6O00I, sterling of
these forged notes found their \ way
to the treasury: the remainder
fell upon the people at large.

A decree was passed forthe re-
gulation of military promotions,
One third of the posts, from a sub-
lieutenant to a chief of battalion,
were, by this decree, appropriated
to those who had signalized theme
selves by their bravery ; one third
were to be conferred according to
scniority; and another third by
eléction., By this arrangement the
' first: vicancy in eyery corps was
‘given to seniority, the second by
election, and the third was disposed
‘of by the Convention. A list of
those preferred for their valour and
services was ordered to be publish-
ed every decade, and distributed
throughout the army. The effect
of this regulation was prodigious ;
it instantly excited a spirit ot emu-
lation, that pervaded all the armies
of the republic. To the enthu-
siasm that already animated them,
the prospect of remuneration was
‘ pow

152

now added. Those whom the
former motive did not so much in-
fluence as the latter, found the re-
*sampense they desired; and no
22an herceforth wouldhave to com-
plain of neglect, or of unequitable
usage,

A law was alsg passed for the
relief of mendicants, and the pre-
vention of mendicity. The mul-
titudes who subsisted by the beg-
ging of alms, were prohibited from
appearing in the public roads, and
bound to reside in houses appointed
for them, and where they would
be provided with employment suit-
able to every one’s age and capacity
for Jabour. Blindness and other
calamities that claimed the hu-
manity of the public, were also
taken into consideration. The de-
crees for the above purposes took
place in the course of June and
July. 9%

During these two months, the
victories obtained by the French
over the powers combined against
them, in every country wherein
the war was waged, seemed to cast
a lustre onthe administration under
which they were so triumphant,
that would induce the public to
look with indulgence on its errors
and deficiencies in other’ respects.
But the cruelties of Robespierre
were of a nature not to admit of
exculpation. They came home
to every man’s feeling so acutely
and with so tremendous an aspect,
that the whole mass ot society was
evidently interested in providing
speedily against their continuance.
In the persuasion that such was the
disposition of all reputable people,
the party that had been some time
pusiedinconcerting measuresagainst
the ruling powers, proceeded with
additional vigour and celerity in

ANNUAL REGISTER, 179%

bringing them to maturity, At the
head of this party were Collot
D'Herbois, Tallien, Freron, Vasier,
Bourdonde L’Oise, and LeGendre.
They were all menof noted abilities
and intrepidity. The latter hadbeen
the intimate triend of Danton, and
lamented his de*th so bitterly, that
many were astonished at the for-
bearance of Robespierre, in suffer-
ing a man to exist whom he knew
to be his inveterate enemy, and to
live in the strictest union with those
in opposition to him. }
Jess surprising that, knowing, as
he did, the intentions harboured
against him, he should have re-
mained inactivehimself, and trusted
to the exertions of his partizans.
Even they condemned his absence
from the scenes of contention,
wherein they were involved on his

account ; and thought itwould have ©

been more becoming the chief of
so formidable a party to have head
ed it in person, than to have de-
volved upon them alone the task of
confronting his enemies, the num-
ber of whom was hourly increasing.
The more decent classes had long
beheld hisconduct with a silent and
secret detestation, that waited only
for anoccasion to shew itself. With
whatever zeal the lower ranks
espoused his cause, the great num-
bers among them who had suffered
throughhistyranny, hadleft friends
and relations, whose resentment he
could not stitle, and who were not

wanting in the means, as well as’

the inclination, to represent him in
an odious light. Thus he had to
guard against the low as well as
the better sort ; and he must have
seen how imprudently he had acted,
by indulging that proneness to cru-
elty which had created him ene-

mies in so many different quarters. ©

The

Nor was it,

WMISTORY: OF. BUROPE, 153

The inactivity with which he
was taxed at this time was, how-
ever, more apparent than real.

‘He absented himself indeed from

the Convention and the commit-
tees durins six weeks ; but this in-
terval was taken up in devising
every possible method for counter-
acting the designs formed against
him, and in forming plans to unite
all his partizans for his and their
defence, in the critical hour that
was approaching, and which, he
strongly. represented tothem, would

decide their fate no less than his

ewn. But while he estranged him-
self from the committees and the
Convention, he did not neglect the
Jacobin club. Inthe former he
possibly thought that his presence
might involve him in altercations,
which he chose to avoid till the
measures he was taking for himself

were completed ; but in the latter,

he knew himself to be possessed of
_ sodecided amajority, that he appre-

&
\
ij ¥:
r

hended no contradiction or censure
upon any proposal he might think
proper tomake. Here it was there-
fore that he chose for the present

_ to use his principal exertions. He

appeared in the Jacobin club on
the 1st of July, where he made a
long speech relating to his conduct.
He observed that he was. equally
persecuted by domestic and foreign
enemies. The misrepresentatious
and calumnies retailedagainst him,
in the Parisian papers, were seen at
the same hour in the London pub-
lications in the pay of the British
Ministry. He insisted that a con-
spiracy existed in the bowels of
the republic for its subversion, and
pointed out the party, known by
the name of Indulgents, as acces-
sary to the treasonable designs in
agitation.

Certain it is, that a variety of re-
ports, highly detrimental to his in-
terest, had been industriously cir-
culated. Some of them were im-
probableandinconsistent; butothers
appeared so much in conformity
with his character, that they gain-
ed general credit. He was accused
of intending to procure himself a
nomination to supreme and abso-
lute power, under the title of Dic-
tator; and to appoint St. Just and
Couthon his coadjutors. Whether
such a triumvirate wasreally or not,
in his contemplation, is hard to de-
cide. Though his ambition was
boundless, and his vanity excessive,
he was not, probably, so deluded
by it as to imagine that the French
were so enfeebled by terror as pas-
sively to admit of an explicit and
formal establishment of tyranny.
While they beheld the forms of a
republic, they might, as had often
happened in other countries, sub-
mit to realdespotism ; but toassume
the name. as well as the authority
of an absolute master, would be
an insult which the nation would
not bear. It is not likely there-
fore that ne should entertain such
ideas. He was already possessed
of sovereign ‘power; and the
mere addition of a title could only
have endangered his authority, to-
gether with hislife. But another
report was abroad and firmly be-
lieved. In the committee of pub-
lic safety a powerful combination
hadbeenformedagainsthim. Hay-
ing discovered the parties, and re-
solved to destroy them, he had,
according to custom, inserted their
names in a list of persons whom he
intended to proscribe. Unhappily
for him this list was found upen 4
member of the revolutionary jury,
who had been arrested. The proz

scription

“

154

ANNUAL REGISTERS 1794

scription included thirty national This expectation they looked ypom

deputies. A report. of this nature
alarmed the whole of that party
which was leagued for his: destruc-
tion; avd they immediately deter-
mined, on its quickest acceiera-
tion.

Robespierre, though. checked in
the Convention, still relied on his
associates in the clubs and popu-
Jar societies, but especially in
the municipality. of Pasis.. He
“hoped” at the worst, that were
‘he to lose his influence over the
‘Convention, he would be able to
overawe it in the same manner as
had happened in the preceding year,
when the citizensof Paris rose upon
the Convention, and compeiled
it by force to yield to their de-
mands, He had been so tor-
tunate in all his contests for pow-
er, that he entertained little doubt
of success. in the present strug-

‘gie; nor was it doubted at the

time that, had he prevailed over
his opponents, they would ha-e
“been sacrificed in the same manner
as Brissot and his party. —

‘The nearer the day of decision”
drew, the more unsettled and un-
certain appeared the determinations
of his adversaries. Their inimical
resolutions were the same; but
how toeaecute them was now the
question.
far they would be supported with-
out doors; and even in the Con-
vention they knew not precisely
their own strength. What they
chiefly depended on was that the
moment a considerable number of |
members. of the first respectability
“had declaredthemselvesthey would
instantly be joined by a great num-
ber, probably a majority, if not the
whole Convention, with the sole
exception of Robespierre’s chief
intimates and immediate agents.

.timents.

s so justly founded, that they built

upon it as a certainty. Had they
not indead deemed themselves in
such a situation, it would have ar-
gued unpardonable temerity to en-
counter such*an enemy on mere
presumption: unless indeed one
should suppose that, conscious he
had devoted them to destruction,
they saw no other way, to escape
it than by risking their lives, which
otherwise they must lose at. all
events.

It appeared however on the 23d
day of July, that they were not
finally prepared how toact. —Bar-
rere, who headed the party in the
committees, found himself obliged
on that day to assume the niask of
dissimulation, and to speak a lan-
guage very different from what he
would have held, had he thought *
himself at liberty to express his sens
He warned the Con- |
vention to befon their guardagainst_
conspiracies, and to adhere faith- _
fwily to government. _

The enemies to France, he said,
were labouring to plunge it into
trouble and confusion; but the
Convention, he hoped, would not
slumber on its danger, though in
the midst of victories. The go-
vernment established “in France

They knew not how “was odious to all crowned heads

from its energy: they saw with
equal rage and impotence, that the
Frencharmies were irresistible, and
had humbled everywhere the ene-
mies of the republic; while at
home, conspiracy and rebellion
were constantly frustrated. Two
days after, he made another speech
much to the same effect ; wherein
he mentioned the existence of a
counter-revolutionary plot, and the
delusion of some misguided er per=
verted citizens, who were seeking

eHHIS@-ORY OF sEUR OP FE.

» tp renew the disorders of the 31st
ed in ‘he preceding year.
* He compared the triumphant state
»of France, under the present ad-
“ministration, to the situation it
“was in when convulsed with fac-
tions.
_ « Whether these .speeches an-
*swered the end for which they
ote were calculated, which was, it may
*be presumed, to deceive Robes-
* pierre and his party. into security ;
or whether, being apprized’ of the
‘ _ Machinations against them, it only
ved to increase their vigi'ance.
‘ 2 aye. appeared by their proceedings,
}

that they placed no farther confi-
Sdence in the Convention: the
gee? were now their main sup-
port. Mere it was that an address
to the Convention was procured, of
3 a more inflammatory nature than
. fo kad ever been penned by’ this au-
ig society. Herein the Jaco-

in club formally denounced a do-
~~ mestic faction, framed and conduc-
ted by the intrigues of foreigners,
and ainoing at the ruinof the Con-
‘ention and the committees, This
“denunciation, however vague and
“inaccurete, was clearly “ley velled at

ot a parties opposed to Robespierre;
d shewed in what manner he

153

‘ Emboldened by their apparent
backwardness, and thinking per-
haps they were beginning to shrink
from the contest, Robespierre first
entered the lists, and dared them,
as it were, to the encounter. On
the 21st of July 1764, the day
that followed the denunciation by
the Jacobin clob, he resolutely
maunted the tribune of the Con-
vention, after an absence of six
weeks from that assembly, and de-
livered a long and affected speech
on the state oe affairs, not forget.
ting to take notice of the accusation
that he aspired to the place of dic.
tator. He violently disclaimed
such an idea, and studiously reviled
the imputation ; which he attri-
buted to the malicious enmity of
the British ministry. He bitterly,
complained of the calumnies cast
upon him, both by his foreign and
domestic foes. The former he
said were the avowed encmies of
the republic, and well.known ; but
the latter he would not name.
They might however be recog-
nized by the virulence with which
they combated his endeavours to
establish. religion and mitiality,
He severely blamed the neglect of

those on whom it was incumbent ;

ay pe act against them. It was, to carry into execution the decree

€ Sasa come to a decision
e x to proceed fortheir ownsafety ; ;

d yet it does not seem that, to the
‘very moment when he began his
attack upon them, they had con-
certed any fixed mode of attacking
him. Probably they imagitied t at
his assurance and vanity would
afford them more advantages than

4s
y

2 they could derive from any pre-
# conceried scheme. It may be pre-
; sumed therefore that they waited

vigilantly for such an opportunity,
“wich soon offered itself,

against giving quarter to the Eng-
lish ; 3 which had not ina single in-

stance been complied w ith, He
concluded by an accusation, of the
members of the committees of pub-
lic safety and general security, the
majority of whom concealed their
traitorous views by a base pretence
to patriotism.

The severity of these insinua-
tions, contained in this speech,
called, up seyeral members ; who
retorted upon Robespierre in terms
equally sevgee. When it was

Ps smovyed,

\
oI

156
moved, as usual, that his speech
should be printed, his first and most
resolute opponent, Bourdon de
L’Oise, opposed the motion, and
insisted on its being previously re-

ferred to the examination of the.

committees. This occasioned a

iolent altercation between him
and Couthon, who required the
publication of it without a prelimi-
nary inspection. He complained
at the same time, that a system of
calumny had been introduced into
the Convention by some perfidious
tembers. But he was answered

’ with great spirit, that the season of

intimidation was now over, RKo-
bespierre himself, as well as his
partizans, met with undaunted re-
plies. ‘The violence of the debate
increasing, and hints being thrown
out on the boldness’ of some ex-
pressions, Freron exclaimed, that
without freedom of opinion, there
could be no liberty, and demanded
that no member should be arrested
for that freedom; without which
no man could speak his mind with
safety. Aftera warm discussion of
the several points that were spoken
to, the motion for printing Robes-
pierre’s speech was finally carried.
Elate with an advantage, which
he had not obtained without the
most mortifying opposition, he
hastened to the Jaocobin club,
where he read his speech ; which
was received with the highest ap-
lause. Heated with the business
of the day, and urged by the inso-
lence of the club, Couthon had
the audacity to denounce the two
committees as guilty of treason.
Coffinhall, a man of an overbear-
ing dis position, called, in the harsh-
est terms, for a purification of the
Convention itself; the meaning
of which was,. to @estroy. every

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794, .

member in sheoppetieiol to Robes.
pierre and his party. »

From the tyratgical temper of
Robespierre, i itwas imagined that he
would, on this juncture, have taken
violent measures against his oppo-
nents; but he perceiyed the dan-
ger of openly violating persona}
liberty without some ostensible

sanction for such a step; and asno_

Jaw couldauthorize him, he forbore,
and thought it more advisable to
employ his remaining credit in the
Convention, and hisinflnence out of
doors, for the preservation of hig

power, or at least for the security

of his person and party from the_

inimical designs that were evidently
meditated by his opponents.

His trusty colleagues, St. Just
and Couthon; resolved on this oc-
casion firmly to, exert theixutmost
abilities in his and their cause.
The former was not deficient in
courage and capacity ; but his im-
petuosity and presumption were
still greater. .He exhibited a fatal
instance of this in the very first

words he uttered in the Conve yention -

on this day, which was the 27th of
July. After informing the assem-
bly that he was directed by the

committees to make a report on —

the state of the republic, he sub-
joined, that the remedies which they
had proposed were ineffectual for
the cure of public grievances, and
he would therefore speak to the
Convention from himself. So pre-
sumptuous an exordium excited
the indignation of his audience te
such a degree, that he was immedi-
ately struck silent. ‘allien vigo-
rously seized this opportunity for
striking a decisive blow. He reso-
lutely compelled St. Just to quit the
tribune ; of which having taken
possession, he exposed in strong

term§

HIS TORY -OF cE UR ORE:

terms the insolence of both St.
Just and Robespierre : the former
had this day, as the latter had
the day before, assumed the uncon-
stitutional and unwarrantable free-
_ dom of presenting reports to the
» Convention in their own name: in-
stead of those they ought, as di-
rected, to have presented in the
* name of the committee. Abject in-
___. deedwas the situation of the repub-
lic, when private citizens dared
_ thus, upon their own authority, to
dictate to its representatives, _
_ ‘Tallien was powerfully seconded
by Billand Varennes. He laid be-
_ fore the assembly the outrageous be-
* haviour of the Jacobins ou the pre-
_ ceding day; their menaces of
death to several members of the»
- Conyention,andtheiraccusations of
_ some whose characters were irre-
_ proachable. Saying this, he pointed
at one present, who had been
guilty of those enormities, and who
was instantly arrested by order of
_ the assembly. He then proceeded
to tell them that feeble measures in
ty ‘the present case would be their
Tuin, as they were fallen into the
_ hands of men determined to mur-
der them. The military of Paris
¥ was entrusted to the command of
__ twomen; the devoted creatures of
Robespierre ; and whom he conti-
nued in that post in violation and
_* defiance of the law. Billaud, in ad-
' dition to these, enumerated other
instances of Robespierre’s illegal
_ eonduct in matters of great import-
ance, especially his ¢riminal in-
fringements of personal liberty: and
lastly, adverted to the design he had
clearly manifested of expelling from
_ the Convention all the members
who were not of his party ; and of
rap agian absolute by’ cor-
rupting the military force of the
metropolis. After this hald ex-

‘

157

planation, Billaud demanded, ina
loud and firm tone of vo'ce, whe-
ther the representatives of the
Frenchnation had reconciled them-
selves to the idea, and were cons
tent to live whder a tyrant. No,
ne, was the exclamation from all
parts of the hall. Emboldened by
this reply, he detailed farther par-
ticulars of Robespierre’s flagitious
conduct, and concluded by asserting
that either he or the Coavention
must perish. ~ *

Robespierre, in the mean time,
was struck with silent* amazement
at the unexpected and dreadful at-
tack made upon him, and sup-
ported by so decided a majo-
rity. Collecting his spirits, be
would have moved towards the
tribune, intending to speak; but
was deterred by ‘Lallien’s drawing
a dagger, and vowing that he him-
self would plunge it into his heart
unless the Convention deliveredhim
over to the sword of justice. Tal-
lien followed up this menace with
a violent speech, wherein he com-
pared Robespierre to Sylla; and
particularized the despotic attempts
of ,his principal’ adherents. He
then moved that the sittingsof the
Convention should be declared per-
manent, until the law had been
executed upon the guilty, and that
Robespierre should be arrested, to-
gether with his accomplices. The
decree to this end was passed im-
mediately and unanimously. The
arrest included all the staff of the
national guard of Paris, together
with Dumas, president of the revo-
Jutionary tribunal, who had in the
Jacobin club abetted and promoted
its rebellious proceedings.

Barrere now laid the report of
the committee of public safety
before the Convention. In conse-
guence of the representations it

contained,

i588 ANNUAL REGISTER) ijo#

e
contained, of the necessity of pla--
cing the Parisian military on a foot=
ingof subordination tothe Conven-
tional authority, and of preventing
its becoming the instrument of a
faction, it was decreed that all
ranks superior to that of chief of
a legion, should besuppressed; and
that, conformably to the original
organization of the national guards
of the metropolis, every chief of a
legion should take his turn in the

“
‘

a. :
command of the whole body. Th#
mayor of Paris, and the commande?
inchief of the military, were strictly
enjoined to watch over the safety

‘of the Convention: and were to an-

swer with their lives for neglect iri
preventing or suppressing commo-
tions.
speeches made against Robespierre;
by adducing a variety of circum-
stances .in proof of his* crimi-
nality. r

« t

CHAP. . IX.

Barrere then seconded the.

Robespierre’s Party rises in his Support. He is outlawed by the Convention.
Further Measures taken against his Party. The Majority of the People,
especially the better Sort, declare against hint.” Robespierre and his Party
are overcome. He is seized, condemned to die, aid is executed with
his principal Accompiices. His Charatter. Salisfactionexpressedby the

— Populace at his” Fall. New. Arrengeménts made by the Coyvention.
Satisfaction of all Ranks of People at his Death. System of Moderation
adopted. Measures propused in the Nation at larse, and resolved upon in
the Convention, to prevent the Return of Tyranny. Provisional System

of Government framed ty Barrere, and adopted ly the Convention. Sen-
timents of Europe on the Power of Robespierre. Affiirs relating to
France and America, Dissentions in the Convention, and Accusation of
several of its Members. They are honourally acquitted. Attempts to
assassinate Tallien. “Imputed to the Jacobin Club. Reasons assigned
for “this Measure. Punishment of Carrier and his Accomplices, for
their Crue'ties in La Vendée and Nantes.

ministration, liberated and restored to their Seats.
Sor giving no Quarter to the English.
-
: fa!

Repeal of the Edict

i Terms offered to the Insur=
gents. Members of the Convention, imprisoned during Robespierre’s Ad-

re ae deeply sen-
sible of his danger, endea-
voured to obtain a heazing, and
had mounted the tribune for that
purpose; out as soon as he was per-
ceived there, he was universally as-
sailed with the cry of Down with
him! Youshall not speak, said a’
member to him :—the blood of
Danton is upon your head ; it flows
into your throat; itchoaksyou. Is
it Danton thea? exclaimed Robes-
pierre, bewildered with rage.. Over-

whelmed at last by the denuncia-
tions of his manifold iniquities
poured upon him without mercy
from every quarter,—Leadmethen,
hecried, in the voice of despair, to
immediate death. Execrable mon-
ster! a memberexclaimed, thouhast
deserved it an hundred times. In
this horrible state he had the con~
solation, if be was capable of any,
of secing his. two intimates, Lebas
and Couthon, preserve their attach-
ment tohim, and courageously de-

y mand

<-> eS a “

AISTORY OF “EUROPE! 159

and that, as they’had been parta-
kers of his better fortune, they
might now sbare in his adversity.
They were acccrdingly inciuded in
the arrest, together with St. Just
aud Robespierre’s brother, who

his audacious behaviour to the Con-
yention.
' Such was the habitual terror in
_ which individuals had been held by
‘Robespicrre, that theofficer charged
to take him into custody, was at a
stand whether to obey; till he him-
~ self signified his readiness to com-
ply. Hewas led with his fellow-
_ prisoners to the prison of the Lux~-
bourg; but the police-cfficer
‘duty there, one of his -adhe-
s, refused to take charge of the
: soners: upon which they were”
conducted to the town-house, ra-

were soon reported over all Paris.
dbespierre’s party assembled im-
iately under their leaders; and
Jacobin club endeavoured to
cite the people to insurrection.
1¢_alarm-bell) » rung; numbers
ed themselves; and guns were
ought against the hall of the
nyention. Henriot, commander
in chief of the national guards,
had been arrested, pursuant to the
Convention’s decree; but had
found means to escape, and to col-
a, lect a body of men, which he di-
+ vided into three parts. One was
‘stationed at the town-house, as a
a peat to the necpeseoree, 3 anole
patched against the com-

mittee of public safety; and the

other against the Convention itself.
is arrangement of their force
~ Inspired the party of Robespierre,

__ which had formed a regular assem-

seems to have provoked his fate by —

bly at the town-house, with so
much confidence, thatthey declared
the Convention enemies and trai-
tors to ‘the state, and themselves
the true representatives ofi,the
people.

‘he Convention, alarmed at this
bold and desperate measuie, and
conscious that their lives were at
stake, lost no time in preparing the
Most vigorous measures . against
their adversaries. ‘They, began by
proclaiming a sentence of outlawry
against all those who formed the
meeting at the town-house. Le
Gendre and Barras, two men of
known intrepidity, were placed at
the head of the military, and of
others who had repaired to their —
assistance. Seven other members
were deputed to the principal parts
of the metropolis, to issue in eacha |
proclamation explaining the real
‘state of the case between the Con-
vention and its opposers. These
deputies exerted themselves with
so much expedition as well as pru-
dence, that long before night the
different sections of Paris were se-
cured to the Convention, and so-
Jemnly renewed their oaths of fide-
ity to that body, as sole represen. >
tatives of the nation. |

The principle that now ope

rated

“most ‘essentially in favour of the

Convention, was, that very terror
by which Robespierre had keptthe
public in subjection. Released
trom their fears, people now gave
the reins to their inclinations and
realsentiments. As those only who
subsisted through his tyranny were
interested in its support, an im-
mense majority appeared instantly
against it. ‘The reputable classes,
who embraced the opportunity of
throwing off so cruel a yoke,
seized the auspicious hour when

the

*
‘ *

isco) ANNUAL REGISTER, t794,

the alarm-bells were ringing ; they
rose unanimously, as it were, by ins
stinct the moment they were ap-
prized of the cause ; and, running
through the strects, Joudly exnorted
-every one to fly to the aid of the
Convention.

In the mean time, Henriot, at
the head of his division, made an
attempt on the Thuilleries, where
the Convention held its sittings :
but on their proclaiming him out~
lawed, his officers and soldiers for-
sook him directly ; and he with-
drew with this distressing intelli-
gence to his associates at the town-
house*.» | ;

Their affairs were now ina des-
perate situation. In addition to
this check, Le Gendre had dis-

* persed the Jacobin club and all
their partizans, and was now at the

and citizens, determined: and pre
pared to defend the Convention.
The only remaining enemy to be
subdued was the force collected for
the support of Robespierre and the
chiefs of his party, assembled at the
town-house. ‘That force however
was so censiderable, that had it.
retained its attachment to that
party, and acted with vigour in its
defence, the issue of the contest
would havé been very doubtful.
But relying on the effect which the
scheme of outlawry had produced,
the Convention resolved to attack

their enemies with that weapon, in_

conjunction with the soldiers and

‘citizens appointed for that service, —

at three o’clock in the mornings

On the 28th Bourdon de L’Oise

put himself at their head, and
marched directly to thetown-house.

head of a numerous body ofsoldiers He halted at the front of it, and

-® The heads of the Robespierrian party had withdrawn from the hall of the
Convention to, the town-house of Paris. Robespierre himself was in the midst
of them, in the full possession of his influence over the sections of Paris and the
national guard. The Convention were under a kind of blockade in their hall,
against which was pointed a number ofcannon. Henriot, theright hand of Robe-

spierre, was at the head of the armed force, which invested it on every side. The

first who moved the outlawry of Henriot was Barras. Several members of the
Convention made an effort to get out of their hall, and to promulgate this sentence
to all Paris; but they were opposed and driven back. But a thought struck one of
the mnembers, that the sentence of outlawry might be signified to Henriot by one of
their ushers or door-keepers; and this expedient completely answered the pur-
pose for which it. was intended. The usher made his way through the national
guards, and delivered the decree of outlawry into the hands of Henriot; who
‘ threw it into the messenger’s face without looking at it, saying, “‘ Go back to
those who sent thee to me, and tell them that I laugh at both them and their
decrees,” But when the man had gone, ona little reflection, he said, *‘ Let us
see, however, what those rascals would be at.” On reading the contents of the
paper, he was in great agitation, and coming again to his troops, said, in a faulter-
ing voice, ‘© Would you. believe it? They have outlawed mé.” Having said
this, he hastened to the town-house. The first of Robespierre’s adherents that
met him, pushed him under the stair-case with great disdain. ‘* Go,” said hey
“ you are a coward.” ‘The instant Henriot deserted his pest, the cannons, pointed
against the Thuilleries, were turned against the town-house, Barras was ape
pointed commandant of the military force of Paris, and Robespierre was over-
thrown :—a very striking proof, that the greatest revolutions and fate of nations,
may sometimes depend upon. the sudden and unaccountable emotions of one
mind!

read

ap he

5. 4, bat
“a ‘g
ae

* ad Aa. declaration ‘of outhiwry 5 3
‘on which the national guards re-

ught together to defend. No-

se, , where the dismay they were

_ escaped for the present were apes

o dily taken. gt

‘ ae ‘was found Mone in

€ he the rooms of the town
se. He had discharged a pisto

s mouth, which had broke his

oo ‘He held a knife in his

ispatching himself;
dier who discovered him, thinkin
€ he meant to employ it in his de-
we nc e, fired a Pa
‘ in the side. H is br
-and an arm; Couthon stab-
mself, but not mortally; only
ot himself dead on the
t enriot, in the mean time,
' ndeavouring, f from one of the
dows of the ‘town-house, to

madd, not to.desert the cause they
nape 1 promised faithfully to defend ;
bu he seized while he igs

the, stones, where he was
sed to death. 7.
he circumstances attending the
r hours of Robespierre were
He was first conveyed to
se of the committee of ge-
al security, whiere he was held
gna table, weltering in, the blood
oe flowed from his wounds, A
‘ Vou. XXXVI.

“HIsTORY. OF- EUROPE.

is was left to do, but to seize sence.”
eads of that party. Bourdon’ corresponded with that of his body.
’Oise, accompanied | withasufi- The one seemed torn with the most

it force, rushed into the towns violent remorse and agitation, and,

ie and ofa Bowe and eed

aE revail by his entreaties on. the sol
~ ders s who had been under his com” desirous wereall people toglut their

ag, eat ~ hurled headlong ,

161

ide
message bebe sent to the Conyen-
tion to know whether he should be

fused all further obedience and ad- brought before them, the answer
mm: erence to the party they had been was, “ that such a monster should

no more disgrace them by his pre-
The agony ef his mind

the other eonvulsed, with the most

er, made their discomfiture a excruciating pain ‘and anguish. In
ask of no difficulty. Mostof them — this condition he. was carried tothe
yere seized, and most of those who “Hotel Dieu, a hospital for the re-

ception of the sick and hurt of the.

lowest and most wretched classes.

Here his wounds were drest, merely”

to enable him to go through the

rms of justice. He was then re-
“moved to that prison, the Concier-
gerie, whither he had sent so many

d, apparently with the intention — others, and brought from thence
ut a sol-! betes the revolutionary tribunal,

his accomplices ; where Fou-
quiere ‘Tinville, the public accuser

, which Ne his intimate and his creature, was

officially compelled to demand sen-
tence of death against
them. He was conducted in their
company te the place of execution,

him and

”

where he had caused such numbers

to die, loaded all the way with the
“execrations ofa multitude that ex-
-eceded any numbers ever assembled
before on such an occasion :—so

eyes with a sight of a being so ce-
lebrated for his, iniquities, and so
deservedly punished for them.

The principal of those who snf-
fered with him, were his brother,
Couthon, | Std ust, Henriot, Dumas,
Fleuriot, mayor m4 Paris, Vivres,
president of the Jacobin club, and
fourteen others of inferior notice. In
the morning of this memorable day
the 28th of July, they were deeply
busied in the most daring and dan-
gerous conspiracy that ever threac-

M eed

ened the Caaivenioh ‘The esd icites ness sae iaeilelidn st “4
lution of those who formed it, their the second, he was enabled to win
abilities, their numbers, ‘strength, ‘the confidence of those with w whom ¢
and influence, were every way equal) he w was connected: considering tim *y
to the object they proposed; and (as an individual of great prudence — ¥
Gt was rather” ancertaii asa a »and discretion, they trusted him rthe —
while, whether they would not / more: readily with their ale ot Ra
succeed : but at five in the after-. crets. Tt, was chiefly b
“ndon their vast projects had been means, aided by. an easy 2 Be im
overthrown, and aS were all no pPressive eloquence, not t unfrequent,
‘more. me tae ly adorned with the en rgetic br
~ “Phe character of “-Robespierte ‘vity of a profound and bold senti-
has exercised thé ingenuity of va-- ment* and a steady ‘eourage; that
rious writers:—they all agree in he rose into reputation, and gained. ©
_Yeprobating his conduct; but they». the knowledge of those men whom —
” frequently differ in their opinion he was desirous to cultivate, and of
‘of his capacity, ° But in speaking ' those measures which he sough
of 2 man’so well known: by his ac- to guide. He had arrived at the)
tions, these alone are sufficient to age of thirty before’ he attracted
convey an adequaté idea of his particular ‘notice. ‘His’ parts did
"abilities, as well'as to shew the _ hot see calculated for any ce
frame of his mind, and by. what , situation, ‘nor eve n for much
motive he was actuated. ‘The fea- tion in the ordi nary oc ences 0
‘tures most predominant in his cha-_ life. His person was the reverse
“racter , were, the lust of power, dissi- prepo Fe his as
mulation. and’ en, He ha ie ly 5 oe i re
none of thosé magnani imous, senti- usually feat hE his country trymen, |
ments that occasionally counter- not visible in any of his ‘featu a
re poise the very worst'of vices, and ‘yet, with all these « isadvantages
~ eommand oe ‘respect for madi the necessity of renderi ing
duals for whom no re os la ceptable tothose whoe

-can be felt. His vicious’ ineli in the line of his profession, whic
‘tions were always ‘predominant; was the law, had taught him ob
they were at the bottom of all the quiousness od complaisance. He
“deep and latent views that perpe- pres) piodtin red himself the good-

tually occupied his thoughts, The will of his acquaritances, and, —
“only ‘two qualities he had, which through thetbmenis Msetaet with
might bestyled commendable, were his parts, made an advantageous
“eontempt of money and _impene-» figure at the bar in his n ee city
trable secrecy.” By the first of \ of Arras, the capital o ro-
oo he obtairied’ the fame of vince of Artois. Fhe a uiren

* At a meeting of. his political friends, ; does the trial of the Ki Set ’
_some ef them seemed doubtful and wavering in their resolution be Wo Bye
Robespietre, with a very-serious and significant look, said, “ If Lewis
pee guilty, what are you?” This produced an immediate effect—many voted fe
the — of the King, | thrush i fear of death to themselves,”
i 1 vi ‘esteem
: J

Lad
*

%.,
mi oe
5 i **
a

7 : |
25:
on

oe"

o.°*
Y

HIS

‘a

a i
TORY

¥ hpi he was in at the time when
‘ing the court thought it necessary to
_ ©onvoke the States General, pro-
» 7 bured his election as deputy to the
et ers Etat. ‘ Heré his behaviour at
®_firstwascautionsand moderate; and.
™ he seems to have enjoyed the fa-—

ourable. opinion of his fellow-
"Members. His principles however’

na completely popular, and the.
+ declamations in union with the
»pposition to court. “He didnot at
\is period shine much 4s an orator,

OF: ©. DROP £.

168

pitch. THe became the decided fa:
vourite of this assembly, and of the
people of Paris ; and he had the
address to retain them equally in
his interest to the very last moment
of his existence ; a proof, it may be
added, of his talents for intrigue,
and no less of his uneommon'dex-
terity in securing the attachment of
thosé whom he wanted.

@ Thearimosity whichactuated the

opposite parties,hadsharpenéd their
industry in devising all possible

being rather bold than argumen- means to thwart each other’s mea+
tative. It was not till towards the sures inthe Convention. —Peoplé
tlose of the constituent assembly were hired by both parties, wlio
that he was held in any considera’ filled the galleries; and applauded
tion as a speaker: by this time. and disapproved, by murmurs and
is faculties had expanded’; and vociferations, whatever was pro-
» through dssiduity of practice, and posed by theparty which they were
study of thosemodels continually engaged to abet or to discountes
ore him, especially of Mirabeau nance. Robespierre was particu-
and Bartiave, he attained at length larly active in organizing the in-

strongly recommended him to the
Notice of his party. His ambitious
sposition hegan now to operate.

Favoured by the comimonalty,

quainted, he readily perceived to”

~ fluence he could exert oyer, them.
But the connexion which laid
the foundation. of his subsequent
wer, and raised him,to the sum-
mit of his ambition, was, that
ich he formed with the Jacebin
» mow become the moving
ng of all the political transac-
tions of that day. His initiation _
into that society, and his vehement
“speeches on the manifold subjects
brought forward by the restless spi-
~~ fit of that tenipestuous era, in-
_ -Sreascd his popularity to the highest
. ;

“to a degrte of oratorial metit that _

struments of his party; and to: his

ingenuity were due various of. the
methods and devices practised on
those occasions. ‘
» He no less distinguished himself

vith thany of whom the intrigues) by his exertions to depress the royal
the time had made him ac- authority, and to criminate ‘the

conduct of its ministers and adie=

ybat use they could be converted, ents,to exculpate the people in the
d of course of what importance § excesses of which they were gulity,
might rendet himself by the in- “and which he maintained ought

to be attributed solely to the misery
and wretchédpess to which they
were reduced: they were naturally
well-intentioned, and seldom apt to
complain without sufficient reason.
It was byspeeches of this tendency
that he Jaboured with’ indefatigable
assiduity to recommend himself to
the mu'titude, and he succeeded to
the utmostofhis wishes. Hetookup,
with the same ardour, thedefence of
the clubs. There was, in short, not
a motion made to extend the rights
and immunities of the people, and

M2 ' to

_ So fervently did he strive to express. triumphan

tT: ¥ +90 » a rae Bits.»

164 “AwNoAL Region p wa

ov \s
to ‘abridge the Sih of eoremn the He cbolitiba be, monarchy ; eh ta
ment. in general, vowhich bi a sult rece » :

not appear a strenuous advocate. t 6 therépub system, whichwa
the Jacobin club ;
the warmest feelings for the public, ‘the great moa es 3
that he dece ived many, into a ae But we b ave 1 aan
suasion of his sincerity; who were not ‘ing fee rae any sa a-
not apt to be, misled by specious beso P proof that there ever
protestations, He had brought ‘subsiste anne eae imacy or
himself, at. the same time, into the’. of alae etwee the Duke 7
good graces of every patriotic city, oe Orleans an -obesp erre. ad
cle,;-by the studied modesty of h Roles ierre «aimed at
deportment, He disc a ar high he? than some post
personal, im ortanee, and listened nenceund r government,
with’ marked deference to aan dis- haye obtained this from the court,
course and opinions of ot but which, it is well enanah mee en-
contrivedin theme thoment ent, with deayoured y all means te ap ;
exquisite art, to ring Y Bron) un- one to its interests,
obprvedevengange nt discussion, "| ears to have b nine

to treasure up:in his: memory ik common objects o ambition as wf.
whatever could be serviceable to he was to money. His constant
him ata proper occasion,and which aim was, to raise him: i
he’ never failed-to deliver as his ally abo
own, At the dissolution of they tyrannized not o1
Constituent neni Reni but as far as
stood in high credit

that party. minds of othe ‘se In thi cts heer,
which condemned the King’s'resto-. bore a near resemb ance toour r yal ,
ration after his flight from Paris, tyrani (King Henry VIII. Astl

Many of them wished. a hat tim ere striking tions
to have aa Sac Riay aii ious er te Ki

established republicanism. Te is Gi hatever they were, he i
been asserted, that Rob re his subjects, € have fo
tertained some ideas, i njunctio ‘riations i in ie on

with the Duke of Orleans’s party us professions of the
of placing that prince on the throne which he also imposed on the
in the hope of holding higher posts tion, not less evident. How far he

under him than he could have ex- particip fed in’ the events of ihe
pected from the reigning monarch; 10th 0 August, 1792, has not

and that even when. he sent himto been cle; ascertained ; ‘but his
the scaffold, he hesitated whether nominati 4 diecit of an i
to consign him to the guillotine or by those y effected them, an

raise him to the throne. The noted exultati n at their success, suf

effeminacy of the Duke, it is said, entlyshew that, however ee
determined Robespierre not to run he was certainly ofthat party. The
any hazards to place the crown on dark veil that still covers many of ©
the head of such aman, against the transactions of those sanguinary
the sense of that formidable “party times, renders it difficult to fix the ©
which had decidedly resulyed on degree of his guilt in the meee
0.

‘of

“4

of September ; but, from various
circumstances, united with his in-
..human despotism, there is little
doubt of his having been accessary
+» to them.
pp ra From this dreadful: period. may
Z ; be dated those ambitious prospects
_»’ _ that filled the mind of Robespierre.
ah Had he been cautious enough to Jet
"+ no indication of his design escape
\ ~ him till the destruction of the un-
* happy Lewis had been’ perfectly
completed, the violent part he
acted against him might have ap-
"peared to proceed from other mo-
) \tives: but his precipitation and
_ vanity got the better of all discre-
tion. The Convention was hardly
met, whenhewas not only suspected
‘but accused of designs inimical to,
*« liberty: They were in the course
om Ss few sittings brought so strongly

jome to him, that hadnot the party
that favoured his designs found
“means to elude, not to disprove
>» theaccusation, which was evidently
_ , well founded, not only his popula-
~~ rity but his very life must have been

ry forfeited. The danger he incurred
, on this occasion did not render him
- quite so cautious as his unexpected
and triumphant escape made him
presumptuous and confident. He
urged the King’s death with every
_ argument that: his ferocious and
sanguinarydisposition couldsuggest.
His motives; were coristantly held
up as patriotic, and founded on his
conyiction of the King’s guilt, and
propriety of his being brought
- to public justice, But the detec-
Fo _tion of the criminal projects he had
= antecedently formed, was not for-
5 gotten; andthe real motives that
actuated him were visible to: the
world. He.had however other im-
»pediments toremoye;, still more hea-
vy and difficult to be evercome than

“HISTORY [OF EUROPE, 1€s

even the monarchy and the mo-
narch. A party,consisting of men
of much superior endowments to
his own, had paved the way for the
establishment. of that form of ‘go-
yernment of which he projected, to
avail himself for the execution of
his plan. As their character was
much more respectablethan that of
hisparty,he used every calumayand
falsehood to blacken,it. Plots and
conspiracies were imputedto them,
which had not the least shadow of
probability, or even of consistency ;
he layished, as it were,every means
of yillany to bring them todestrug¢-
“tion. After accomplishing this,-he
“ proceeded to lay schemes of ruin for
every man whose talents or, spirit
might prove an obstacle to that ini-
quitous exaltation he secretly medi-
tated over all law and justice, and
over al) the constituted authorities
of his country. In the prosecution
of this attempt nothing wasomitted
that could forward it. Imprison-
ment, confiscation, banishment,
death, were indiscriminately used,as
they seemed most conveniently -to
suit his purposes. The friendships
and attachments he had feigned, fer
he was incapable of forming them
sincerely, dissolved. the moment he
thought he na longer needed them,
and might by destroying the indi-
viduals he had thus deceived, either
rid himself of rivals, or obviate is
fears of future rivalship:. conscious
that he must be hated by all that
_knew him, he felt no affection for
them; and he looked upon his
;neéarest intimates as his most dan-
+ gerous enemies, unless he had se-
cyred their attachment by a:parti-
cipation: of -his crimes, » On_ this
principle he sacrificed successively
to his suspicions some who had
been the principal instruments and
M3 promoters

166

promoters of his greatness. Shame
and remorse were strangers to his
soul: it rioted, as it were, in the
perpetration of atrocities as in its
real element. This horrid propen-
sity could not always originate in
the dread of those who were its
victims: it must therefore have
arisen from a native thirst of biood

and ‘vengeance, anda readiness to”

indulge it on every one that ex-
cited offensive serisations in his
mind, Such a disposition opened
a boundless career of batbarity to

the fatal power he had of exercising » maxim, and prejudice that charac-

it,'and to the inhuman gratification
it afforded him.

After completely viewing the

‘deformities of Robespierre’s “moral ©
character, it is but doing him justice |
to say, that his intellectual endow-
ments were far aboye the common
level: his education was classical ;
ard he was well conversant in the
aneient writers, particularly the
historical. His talents for oratory
and ‘politics jay in a great meastite
concealed, until fortune ealled him
from the provincia] situation wheré-

in the fisure he made, though by
no means contemptible, could ne-
-ver have entitled him to any de-
gree of celebrity. Roused by that
ambitious temper, which under due
restraint is the parerit of all that is
great, he exerted those intriguing
arts wherein no man ever excelled
him, ‘in pérsuading his fellow citi-
zéhs to elect him their representa-
‘tivé. To this promotion he owed -
the opportunity of perfecting him-
self in political knowledge, and‘ot
improving his style and manner of
speaking.

The National Assembly was cer-
tainly a school wherein no!man of
parts and of industry could:fail to
learna nuniber of profitable lessons.

". suming the defence and protection

ANNUAL ‘REGISTER, “1794,

“What he - excelled in-was per»
sonal apology and declamations on
public affairs: the former suited.
exactly his wary and guarded tem~-
oper s and the-latter g gave him those
“ opportunities, in which he so much |
delighted, of pouring forth, intec+
tives on those individuals that were

‘obnoxious to him, .and on those’

measures that did not coincide with
his views; or, what he ‘had ‘ever
chiefly at heart, of rendering him-
self popular, by espovsing with the
moststudious ostentation every idea,

= 2

terize the muititude; and, by as.

of the vulgar wich as much anima-")
‘tion and zeal as if his own imme. ‘
diate welfare depended on. the suc: é
cess of his representations.» Herein
he may indeed be truly said-to have
felt for himself, as on them, hewe- a
lied for essential support i in ron
jected undertakings : but thoughit
cannot 6n the whole be denied that
he spoke well, it must be allowed.
that he wrote better.’ His: speeches,
when. he was not personally con-.
‘cerned, were often, if not generally
Rp with impetuosity, violence,
and inconsideration.... These, in”
truth, were the characteristics of»
the times; butin his ‘writings, he
was polished and refined; his dic-
tion was clear and correct ;.and os.
knew well how todisplay wit,fancy, ©
and humour, Mbenorer occasion re-
agai

As his speeches: were i to
-bis written compositions so his spe-
' culative reasonings were unequal to
the practical energies: of his mind.
His argumentations were apt to be
loose and inconclusive ; but in) the
-formation of his plans he was
shrewd and penetrating. Few or
none of these were stricily aes

S»

i ct ae eth i I ee Be
Tae: ie ae eee
é 4 ANN DAL RE mee Dee R, 1794. 167

ss » ep

8 own purpose

pemgr con: as it
a3 0s t useful ialegt in a politician,
he possessed i in_an eminent degree.
Rt Th rough | this he reaped | the. fruits

Sehab, plentiful | haryest « of
1 produced ‘the French reyo~
,and which, in a nation more
: - and: oe a less fiery

lents._ more

ae ee his own: se tas laid t totally aside that spirit of fore-
contrivance and_ arrange- sight and precaution which peculi-
oe 3 bur principally by taking arly, characterized him on all occur-
vere, of the capa-
of 5 others, and converting the mm. Vereign, reigning through his. vir-

5 This, a ae and beneficence in the hearts

rences, Had he been a lawful so-

fall his people, he could not on

hat day, which decided his fate,

have a ‘ee with’ less caution and
nfidence. He repaired to

the Convention, unpreparedto meet
those enemies who, he knew, were

gene him. Though duly in-

sca te might possibly. ‘ormed of the designs in agitation,
it pce oe natige * abn him, he neglected to station
n the tribuaes | those multitudes

mat nits

id ma
here hi sata

from sant a
Pistcrpostic

pees
fortuna
arty; butt

ane these i instances
hee after the meeting.

er. tence and va aj he pro-
that a accusation of tae eee ;
fg ames _ which, thu
struck hin m, from its truth, jand fi
D is nabilty, hpi to. repel the
charge: it was urged against, him
ibly, as to depriye him of
ower of speaking. . The arti-
his accomplice cos, “ind, the in-
rate lenity of his. accusers,
reserved him from the sword of
justice, suspended over his guilt
head. But in the last of nut o
gtances: he seemed to have wholly
pape ingaishecy himself, and to have

“he. possess jence his
rivable | “rom tender ineffectua

aoe TO-, wers “of | ‘their eloquence.
it to himself, | eR Fasc i ae forgot! en to call forth those
: ae an hai legions of. ruffians that had so often’

ist. «Bis. defect of struck terror, by their sudden pre- —
and of pre- sence

ular in.

Coretta: through «conduct 5

whose. noise and clamour were wont

He: es, and to
al all the exertions

nd menaces, into. those
mbes who were coming to the
nvention hostile to him. On.
e very. day ‘that closed, his dast,
scene, his partizans were not in
readiness without doors’; and their.

last proved — speeches within were the heig ght of

imprudence Yisorder ant” _ cone,
fusion attended the whole of their.
in imitation, “as it “Were,”
of their ¢ rief, who never appeared
_sodeficient of f capacity ; and courage, |

the Tatter. especially, as on, ‘this

decisive day. His manifest. want
of personal spirit, which on various
occasions appeared conspicuous, en-
tirely deranged his faculties, and
gave the finishing blow to all hope
and exertion in his fayour.

Having contemplated Robes-
pierre under. so many points of
vigw, we come lastly to observe
that he was egregiously deficient
in whatis.most essential in a. poli-
tician, sound judgment and common,
M4 sense.

»¢ ad oo ee aa
, : ae ube oie ue ee %
~ Ma rE, "0 SO ar te

wf oe é * a,
bs ‘ ts Ms a sa? a q
és AN NU A LR GISTE Rh 174 §
4 a awe
sense. His aedign,: after he came’ chy in ‘France, was just atid PS
to form adesign *, to controul the’ and that this end would sanctify « a “4
National. Assembly, by means of possible means by which it sight
the committee of public safety, the be accomplished.
revolutionary tribunal, the m munici- * The fall of: r Robespierre was at-
pality’of Paris, the Jacobin club, ta- “tended bycircumstances thatstrong>
mified into every part of France, “and proved his’ popularity to~ have ~
by changing the democratical | con- ‘declined 1 much | pies than ed ge
stitution of the civil authorities and netally» eyed. The lower, ye ?
armed forces into a chain of depen- sr athersind aii he lowest “orders 6
dencies, at the head of which he was + wie ty, were co sidered 1is ar |
to place himself, was in the highest zans‘almostito a man ;' ey Dae i
als of re-_.
or yx the: populace —

degree complicated gnginetaimot affording any testimonia
Tf hehad duly reflect. dontheinvete- ‘spect to his. memo
rate passion for libert ‘that’ had ‘per~ expressed GNA ait Tratisfae ction) at
vaded all France, addi iscomfited so. the u jumph of — the , Convention
many. me aby to preserve" si Groupes of them ape ox
monarchical ¢ overnment, E very quarter of the. metro
not have supposed that the’ Nae fog ae ea
nation could ” prop ‘tyrahhy i thie! deliverance from “te

person of an pstart dictator’: a ter now ippropriatec

_ dictator disdbvied with the s éplen— - testifying Maine

dor of military atchievements, ‘and of never seeing hislik
ry in the is opinion, aelbase indeed’ car

@ oy

by. ‘that ince and chicied which ‘tion in’ eve
are ascribed, unfortunately, with too wrong, goodo
much justice, to the profession of — Two igh oe: 2
the law, in every nation 3 in Europe: — about seventy” pea of
so. that the abilities and formidable idisaPtetianiass his favour, v
(for we. cannot say ‘respectable). put to’ death. They: were mos
qualities of Robespierre were ‘all ‘“thembers of the municipality, 2
of them contaminated and” ervert- officers’ of the national guards. sae
ed by ‘the most blind and deter-" the” room of those of the Loninithee
mined fanaticism :—a *fiscieatias: public’ safety bs been'exe-
inspired not merely by personal cuted ” with, Robespie ‘others
ainbition, but a conviction that the’ were appointed, ose. att chmeri
end which he ultimately” pursued, ' tothe ‘republican
the complete overthrow of monar- cir that ib ye nthe: late

is oa

* At first “yy is prabable he was actu ated sug wy a rete and in fisibe aig :
position, in order to appear a man of onsequence, in’ some shape or other.—It was
said by Cromwell, that-a man never moymed: “higher than when he knew not
whither he was going. If arsy tT

+ The following aaah was written on Robespierre, and snsicatada in the Parisian ;
Rapers about thistime: | Sisal aes
Passant, qui que tu seis, ne - plevies pas mon sort ; =? ‘
Si je Vivais, tu serais mort.
tyranny

'* “HISTORY 0

manifested it by their zeal and ac-
tivity, in aiding, at the risk of their
__ lives, in its destruction. In order

_ to obviate at the same time the ill
3 consequences resulting from a long
t ft Fetention of power, the Convention
_ deereed that one fourth of their
_ number should go ont every month
by rotation, and that their places
y af “should be regularly supplied bya

new “appointment. :

volution. that had taken place at
Paris was notified to all the depart-
ments in | France, and received every-
+ wk ere: with the loudest acclama-

Braet m was in) every respect

lied, and the persons in pow-

ally "feared and detested, the —

ee and’ measures of the Con- |
~~

The differ

ence. ;

one, i

which ‘they we
bata Mo quarter to the
“unive ersall} J indisposec

/ the-laws of war, established ‘among
p lized: n

; ench troops to retaliation when-

ever ‘the “events: of war should be
~~ adverse'to them. In| this view they
considered the decree as emanating
“ | from’ men who ‘sported ' ‘with the
oftheir fellow-citizens, i in or-

a ito gratify a base thirstof re-

A
eo . So pleased, in short, was,
‘ “eldas of society with the’
nares that)had’ happened, that
i ¢ tulations: upon them were

* Cprckenvea to the Convention from
‘ part of France, and every
‘branch of the service by tand and
pea, mapa, to use the phrase

In'the mean time, the great re-"

make it’ exposed’ the, “ms

F-EUROPE.’ 169

tyranny were known, and who had_ of the times, became the order of

the day, to the great jay of the
people at large; but particularly
the more respectable classes, who
now began to breathe from the fa-
tiguing anxiety with which they
had been continually agitated. In
compliance with the public opinion
and wishes, the revolutionary tri-
bunal, that engine of blood and bar- ’
barity, was pursuant to a decree of
the legislature, though not altoge-
ther abolished, new modelled, and
placed on a footing of equity and ©
justice that quieted the fears of all ~
the friends to’ the revolution, . at
the same time that itheld outno ~
_ further terrors to those who peaces ~
‘ably submitted 1 to the\existing go>
ernment. § — ee
~The prisons s too, conformably to >
the spirit of lenity that now pre-

x with a ready and un-' prailed, were no longer suffered to

~ retain indiscriminately, the innocent

ee of the’ republic concur» and t the guilty. Strict enquiries) -
ollowing the were made into every prisoner's a?
aaa case

a itary men a; matey its factor: oe “justly. Seat ieNe
resides i its teeny and violaigooy 2 and impolitic maxim of keeping the >

and where no legal motive
for dieation, appeared, thay wee 4
“immediately discharged. ‘The rem-
_nants oft! the terr orists, as they were,
from the cruel»

cred implicit subjection | bya
rciless severity, did not behold
aT great alteration in the system
of government without heavy com-
aints and representations of the
pernicious consequences of indul-
gence to men who were incorri-
gibly attached to principles inimi-
cal to liberty, and obstinately de-
termined to destroy the republic,
should events put it in their power,
‘Tisey were answered by-reasonings,
founded on the impropriety of
punishing Criminal intentions until
they had been openly manifested
by deeds; and that it was much
more consistent with good policy
to

170

to sceaial people by a mild and”
humane treatment, than by‘ re-
straints and severities; which, as
experience had shewn, instead of
prod. icing real submission, harden-
ed them in their enmity to govern-
mest, To conciliate, therefore,
was a readier and, surer method of
governing, than to compel... This
“might so far operate as to extort-a
feigned | acquiescence ; but the sen-
timents of men would still remain

7 unchanged, and would break out in-

: hay opportunity invited: .

. +

+ given to. the system of indulgenc

yi
hs Phone shouldbe permitte
Pe costaat systemof severi y and

“to acts of open resistance whenever
€ majority
of the nation. were sclearly on this
side of the -question,. The heads

~ and principal of the royalists eke their mistake: but the ,
"(pressed ghee lee cane losing »” was made too later;
© «their -partiza

these lenient
ie Sakis an

solved that a’ fair trial should be
e.
farther

and moderation, before.an’

The tyranny te. y Robe: a

er ierre, and so + ei felt by the”
& hole pation ad rendered p

4
wat
“'
+,
y

* extremely. anxio

eum of such. a calamit
venting its cause.

3 is was manifestly theo
retention’ of. official wee in
handsyof those who were inve:
with) the principal posts of govern-
ment. |.[t. was for. this reason the
auniversalwish, that someplan should
be adopted, by which a more fre-
quent rotation or. election shonld |

the

be established. By making the su- »

preme power.often shift, men would
be less wedded toit; they wuld
be upoma stricter equality, less fear-
fol of each ‘other, and more dis-
posed to examine critically every
person's conduct in office, - This

ANNUAL: REGISTER,

was” no, less. the opinion of, the °

“conduct, that his partiz:

o the» include the
terror. After,

fiom
to. See lena a they

Bone each other's political pini
“inclinations,

1794, ;

Convention. than of the nation at
large. The members of that body
had lived in perpetual terror during
the whole time of Robespierre’s
administration. _Difiident of each
other, and conscious. that the, least
indication of discontent at his mea-
sures would,expose them to instant.
destruction, they carefully conceal~
ed their real. sentiments, and .ex-
pregrad so much approbation of his
sin-that.

assembly had no room to's
general attachment. to

“were struck with astonishment, ag
well as himself, when aber fi

to Rebespierre i re
. den explosion; it came upon

med against t hit
ceived it to be so_

pela eee

Pinte

re the auspicious. Pe es
arose from the know ;

ada
Bein mined
republicans, they resolved’ to frame

ich a plan of ‘gover ernment as.might
efficaciously prevent the accumula,
tion of. ‘the whole power of the
state into the hands of one,
as the formation of such aplan
would employ z a considerable space

of time and deliberation, they

thought it advisable to frame a
provisional body of .regulations for
the security of internal peace, yand ©
to serve at the same time as.a guide
in the construction of the new plan

” ’

uspect ites g
» and_ fe J

But |

:
:

of governinent in contemplation.
43 erent selected for this pur-
ae se was barrere.. No man had
ie made u more conspicuous figare in
__ France since the erection of the

." ‘Fepublic. In the interior arrange-

ats, and in the management of
reign affairs, his abilities and dili-
gence had rendered him eminently
~ useful. ‘he precipitation of so
ny from the seat of power had
ecked his endeavours to rise
above that degree of consideration

citing envy, and exposing himself
the malice of competitors. He
teadily adhered to the republi-.
ystem, and would not abandon
Robespierre, till he became
ed that the: private safety

republic to remove’
sed frrc en wherein he -
0 wd “obnoxious:

ze party, b yy 7 sm passively s
ae ae sg was z au

iS ide

ne)

aes proposed : *

every) object

cision and foresight, providing at
-same otmadlo effectually agains

@ or few hands, that little or
‘i ada geMaeh tyranny ina single ©
r, could: be apprehended. It
red; altogether so judicious,

ai ne with so general an appro-
that many have, since the

titution of that plan which fol-

“Towed it a twelvemonth after, sin-
pouie /

HISTORY OF EUROPE,

h he might possess, without

venty-three articles stror

blic ‘nature with so much ee

or of oligarchy in a smiall with the

27 le,
cerely regretted that it Was ever
abrogated. It was accepted by the
Convention with pouch applause,
and decreed to continue in force
until the intended plan of 4 new _

constitution should bgve been duly .%

prepared and revised by that Assem-

‘bly, and have received its formal -

sanction,

In the mean time, the Abril’
of Robespierre was become the
great object of attention and dis-
“course throughout Eurepe. It ex-
cited much more surprize in foreign
parts than in France: they thought
him firmly settled in the possession
of power, both by the authority he
had acquired and exercised ea
such unlimited sway, and by the
unparalleled s success attending the

n concurred with that arms of France underhis administra-
him with” tion. They see

ed of opinion, that °

‘the, pe se buy joying an uninter--

ru pted gr ne me their vanity,
ub: 4 ae gy

ide for the c
‘tinuan ce ‘0 pr gratification.
Hence ‘they were
1ed when they heard ‘of his.

ob ollo ea b
ion that =
nselve

ie rty appeared

at utloyl ca not able és
t for the 1 facility with which
it a ‘been overcome, aving al-
ways imagined that hé never could

he eoncentrating power , either in” bi deposed without a long and vie-

lent struggle.) But the French
‘themselves were better/acquainted
2 et ot his power:
as it rose entirely from the pre-
possessions of the vulgar,they plainly
saw tbat the decrease 'of his popu-
larity would be attended with that
of his power; and from the spirit
of discontent and indignation at his
cudless

" J ¥
neommonly —

has O eX- : .

=. %,

*
€

2 OR

~ 172
endless barbarities, which was hour-

. 4y gaining ground through the low-
» est as well as the better classes, they
‘rightly conjectured that the end of

_ his tyranny was approaching. Du- —

_ ving the plenitude of his power, he

_ had occasionally assumed a great
appearance of superior dignity and
Importance, even towards those
‘states that stood ona friendly foot-
ing with France. His intercourse
with the Americans had not been
exempt from his vanity in this par-
ticular, though he must have been
conscious of the offence it gave,
and the mischief it might produce.
Since. the commencement of the |
“revolution, the French had uni-—
formly expressed. an earnest desire
to form the strictest ‘amity with the
~~ United States: of America. As

these were inisome measure indebt- "desirous of giving”

ed to the assistance of France for.
. the establishment of the independ:
ence, the French expected, ines
turn, their conbet Lg ee of
those chan
‘of France mhick
% Jarge looked,
. ive to its ha

pon as m reicondlag
es, than the Zor)
sumer unlimi

oe i crown,

» But, after he destr e of the
‘monarchy, and the | ap
entertained that the crowr
of Europe would mnite: for
throw of the republic, er
its ruins, the French conaeilie
the United States no longer a mere

wellwishers, but as deeply interes

ted in the support of principles
similar to their own, and bound by

every consideration to make one
common cause with their republi-
can brethren. of France. against
every sovereignand state that should
take up arms:against them. ‘These
ideas had been fav vourgbly received
by a humerous party in the Ame-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

pa | rage ae

sions”
Eda edhe eet

3) a

1794.
rican States. They all indeed sin-
cerely concurred in their good-will
towards the French republic; but
a division of sentiments took place
on the propriety of making the —
cause of France that also of Ame- 4
tica. Toa league’ of the strictest —
amity there could be no objection 3.
but to arny in her quarrel with so
many potentates, appeared an ime
_ politic violation « of that neutrality.
on which her’commeicial interests. |
were so materially and so manifest-»_
ly founded. The backwardness of
the ‘ruling powers in America to 7
engagein “hostilities conjointly with» a
‘France; produced at last a co ness"
between both countries, that was _
attended with many inconveniences a‘
to the Americans. ph ean

“time the American nent,

a public es

ony of its unfeignec ee 1

and respect for the rench re

an ambassador to t ven:

on, commissi ed toex ress { met

lhe a ci, b:

the gentle- -

“tis 2 ee

man ce,
“He was intr d
on on the» and
eet with | the greates demot
ations of respect. he fla
the United States was hy ng tf
the grin colours in the ha
with ‘the highest ‘applause of the
Assembly and the: mu umerous" com-
“pany. in the galleries ; and sanotiine
‘expectations were. formed that ca
would lead to amore intima 4
‘nexion with America. © os oc § 4
During tl these transaction s, which wy
‘were of a nature to’ administer
-much satisfaction’ ‘to the public,’ its
-hopes were’ directed to’ the more —
essential object ofa total extinction
of those feuds between the heads
of the nation, that/had hitherto"in-
~ volved.

A a, o * bea rh,
Pes a : 4 ‘ . Z :
4. . sHISTORY Or ‘EUROPE: 173
He * ¥ ¥ ‘
volved itin'so many disputes. The <The Sits inimical to the commits _ » |
death of Robespierre, it was ex- tees resolved, however, toproceed ~
pected, would,. ‘restore concord against them,. and, on the 29th of ©
3 among them, from the evident'ne- August, laid before the Convention
cessity of putting ar period to a an accusation against Barrere, Bil-
‘spirit of disinion.: that. had been laud Varennes, Collot D’Herbois,
'p roductiv ‘of so. many fatal conse- _Vadier,:Amar, and David; the last —
a 5 d had contributedymore ~ had beenva re adherent to Robes-
I ny other:causé, to the exal- pierre at that meeting of the Jaco-
,tation of the *tyrant.-to| supreme bins -where. i made his last a ap-
power. But that genius of discord pearance; and excited ‘such invec-

which had wrought such i mischief, «tives and'denunciations against 2% ae"

med insep parably, annexed | to the Convention. David had espouse
Conductors of ‘the yrevolution— . » his-canse in sai eee explicit man~
: hen no longer. oppressed With « ner, and went so far as to my ACE»
ies Ss hey became distracted _ withy Robespierre, and to sete him,’ th
jea jousies, as" 1ey had not a suf- a“ ‘if he was co demned t o.drink he by
1 eir abilities with- lock; like! crates e vo drink
g them! to the détri-” i it with: him) This attach nt di my
ach Jother. _. Scarce a” “not howevy er diminish the « est hee rit
ad € lapsed s since the death — iw -as held i in for his eminence in:
ierre, when a a hy o » eral, of the liberal ; atts: in thato

re broke oul ainting, he as the Ae man in .s
fs = y Lagaset

en the e. Nor was his a
a a r
«

c 1B nis fortune: |
ion against those —
ty

‘they
fo) os

not there
able had not Picgital ivalidity of th charges Cx.
"EC Bally 2 Abs er, that, they, against them, ane they we re hoe o 7
_ should have a en sha x, th ‘nourably acquitted, and the; Mace *”
Ss * acer oe the service tion pronounced false’and defama- 7
Raipadise been d, and claim tory. The truth was, that those ~~
rtion of power and pemobers of the two committeeshad. ~

\¢ public were _in conjunction with Robe- vg &
‘ciren mstances | ‘re on many occasions, whr eein

on they. a rather officially than in- ve
iS itso that the committees vad ac tention ly ‘concerned; ‘they had

ed as meritorious a part in that bu- long been desirous to extricate

had been able 3 and theraselves from this state of per- ©
pleased at a dissentionari- plexity ; but inauspicious circum-
motives merely personal. stances had re pyiated their inten-

4 "es a ol a uuons.

' ©

ey
+
>

‘

~ fo his directions, till that fortunate was aiming to obtain it! The party

_, his tyranny...

:
«

nee

wu
ae
a2

®~ members of the corn ofthe sures in the obloquy and

» made on ishife; and e was woutide. 2 to this new plan of =i

him and: Billau ennes ‘one ‘of » ee pede
Ps bes ee ;

_
“theig ciate he state its emp
“fied ats surprize at the patie sical lify th ae ee
remin

. shat they had boa cessive ely eo the last duly when tyranny

% ” hee » & '
* . elt 4 a

se ’ ‘. . te 7 et oF ’ 1% ae
174. ANNUAL REGISTER, Vi94. ss '

tions. They had sot been abe see’ tepiinert of every siolehey S aity hak
“throw off the yee of submission — obtained the possession of power, or

day which delivered France from that overthrew Robespierre having
ad openly embraced the system of mo-

. Tallien, a man’ of | great fesofus deration, and explicitly discarded %

* tion and talents, had borne.a prin-- that of terror, had given that sti

cipal share in this attack upon the © such offence, that it kept deme

10th of September ttempt was tion with eich it ” iBacint ev

‘ed with a pistol-shot. From . the

on the outrageous manner. in
rsonal enmity subsisting between which it insisted

on the, restoration §
os beha-
drew ger them the indigna- _
of gove ernments which thoug

ter get le ape club byw ic pee fully autho pr
io be | sume riety of ee hinkn
9 af it Pease violation of the respe

nngthe. conflict wi legislature, and the lic
‘ sei ital oO

ob =" ria, it was ine :
a pects the “public that 8 1d Pe slic ty

falta: Ly &; ions of the many Spe 2
: oa: who a da ses y
Ae

ee a ’ have

ssassination, : r ee Bray
y $ a prop

J ik n ae: a ation society. ’

havo note "ep
ed s

of the ead. v
and: the influence of "are “tion

itteesy

ve n

reflecte i Eg

“society; ; they vied in j power and
“veoreaa flues nce et heya hority re

forbearance of the Mpetlature yp sale aml a
conniving at the unwarr table — — overn orsof anation of their wre ty
_berties they took with every pe ¥ eta 1 rival powerto theirs ought n

lic person and i that to €xist in a states —— sy .

pleased them. the fact ae -be forgotten, that on th of |
s sub-

s < Vv erted,

i ad ca y
(*

verted, the Jacobins were in open
rebellion to support it. Presuming
_ op impunity, and that the Conven-
7 as ‘tion had not spirit to assert its dig-
nity, they still continued to bid it
; “Wefiance, It was therefore indis-
» pensably requisite, for the preserva-
_ tion of national tranquillity, to
suppress a body of men who aimed
| at dictating to the nation’s repre-
) | séntatives. The preservation of.
iM liberty required | the extinction ofa
- faction that filled France with con-.
ef ‘tinual troubles, and explicitly re-
ee re sedition na} blood- |
‘he only legal and repu- |
gt able societies Ply ona ‘of the —

unm, ested. ' Such was» the sub-"

Albihias rec Wee,
_s sien measur
as applaude de
| ony the A Ae

at fe

lied every place

proceeding
ee at |

arities Startle int

as Ca

ee. SATISHORYOGR BU ROPE.

a AS te
ation 3 which © fio
Ae Pee nd see nda
ho to ‘preventy, exp
ncy and Sonfi oops” perfor anc 0 aor ys pa a % |
n_ taine oe decrees Telatin

rbhances, and broke aE zht ove my ya ~ y
t ae 3: pie 2s th d a
n Tess accel

cee ae 7
f tho: Ss ; g

0 her sale s
on that it re opposed
uell. The pring

; : ntio he
a Fe

173

thought itself bound im honour to
make a public example of him.—

He was tried and convicted of the
crimes imputed to him, and exe-

‘cuted, in company with two mem-

bers of the revolutionary tribunal,

panions of his iniquities. This act

of j justice was followed by-a procla- |

mation, offering liberal terms to
those insurgents who submitted
within a month. A full and un-

‘qualified pardon was granted to

them, with an oblivion of all the
past, on condition of delivering up.
_ their arms, and promising ‘obedi-
‘ence to the Convention and the

» sections; and these would remain igeonstituted the ee The lenity »

shewn in the onyention | in the de-~

ee purport of the commit=" cree that passed to this purpose, did
SS. ive the public on eg equal credit to its Si 9 an

policy. “The insurgents w a rd
obabarte pace upon tt

it reducti sty Pus ee

die: deas ‘of a lic,

ne trea

ced, e punct

a heya an

to the governme

rep
it oe eles
“not Eaeistly “from an opiate

aployed in endeavours to recone
ile, throu h ae We the ni nlimerous

ade im that eth 40: re-
$ tore

at Nantes, who had been the com- ©

a hey

they had conceived of itsinexorable
ed oe
~ While the Convention was thus” ”

176

“store union between the parties
that still continued to divide the
nation. In pursuance of this spirit
of reconcilement and moderatibdn;

, the petitions that were presented
by those members that had. been

- outlawed or imprisoned by the party
that became predominant in the
preceding year, were favourably
received; and though for a while
opposed by some who suspected
the political principles of the peti-
tioners, these were at length resto-
red to their liberty, and shortly after

to their seats in the Convention.

Their number amounted to seven-—
This equitable termination

_ of a business that had occasioned decree repealing it was looked upon *
many disquisitions, took place in the» as a reparation of the public ho-
This® 1 nour, and. received in that light _

ty.

beginning of December,

. month concluded. with a decree’. with the greatest ‘approbation and
that afforded general satisfaction to. Ce le sy i ae
tee : we ° RS
Foi cae OE oe ee ra
te a Oe ® den SA S nny? a
‘ ee *. eae %, a” Aah . ok 4. ae”) ar 3%
. 4 4 r. ory - . ct «&

ae
Diff fl alarming Situation of the C
he French P

enti oe ents en ge eageg 0;

a -s and Kin rope; ¢
3: Aristocratical a d Democratical rties inthis Co , State of the * s
Public Mind at the Meeting of the British a: January i 794.
a
“3 Speech fr in Es Throne. pe i both ouses of pa
Tie hack? Geivy 793 ad cing Penske gs they hs aii
prove tu propitious “el othe fie ald. big with the most sanguine |
meee eatre of the war © ogetiidu of crushing, inavery —

where the oe
taken place, ‘that the coalesced
powers were serio gua alarmed at thie ©
prospect of those ficulties which
~they must surmount, in ord - to
recover the ground they | had lost,.

forts to make that i imp ession upon

: France which was the main object

of the coalition. a had
In the commencement of the pre-

ANNUAL. REGISTER, 1794.

sidered by all men of humanity asa _

ecisive events had. short time, the rep

‘design, ‘they had, after suffering |
before they could’ resume their ef- some mottifying defeats, been com~ ~

the people of France. Robespierre’s —
murderous edict, prohibiting quar-
ter to be given to the English, had
always been held in detestation by
the public; but the dread of his
despotic sway kept every tongue ©
silent on this as on other subjects.
As it did not however produce the
bloody effects he intended, and was _
totally. disregarded by the military,
it passed without notice, till some
members of the Gonvention, indig-—
nant that such a decree should ree
main on their registers, procured i its
formal repeal. As it had been con-

‘

monument of national disgrace, the

RA» , ai 4

Cott at the Close of 17932 1
ciples of Polity in the ay
more particularly in. Great Britain.

a “fabric |
tics had been erect ce on _
St ote

roto cs

er to_ its owners. _
Wee of tea

in this great “4

‘pelled to have

t rele |
grade motions, a atlast toact —

chiefly on the soy This was
a staieee and very unexpected” re-
de e hal verse

Be e” oe

“}rerse of the fortune they had ex-
perienced at the beginning of the

- campaign.
These events had equally asto-
3 nished and perplexed all the mem-
bers of the confederacy. The
: great mass of the people through- ©
out several of the dominions ” of
those potentates in alliance against
Trance, was deeply tinctured with

some of those principl that cha-
racterized the French ; the lat-
ter were extreme ydiligen to pro-

“pagate them in all parts of Europe,
» by means of those emissaries who
» Were either in their pay; or who
ciously undertook the task from
personal zeal in their cause. ~ >

pt neiples were more ostensibly
espoused than in any other, were
atthis time Great Britain and the
Seven United Provinces of the Ne-
_ the ands. Their neighbours in the

Belpic ‘provinces, “isicty reduced to

vain and ill-conducted att to
_ cast off yoke, were nearly of
the same sentiments; but restrained
rom manifesti them, ithr: h fear

of the numerous military station-
among th
artizans of

oi
ul €
= hom this
nan a is
uch a
plicitly rin
oe on ed jccllg
held the inhabitants ‘a

iriinic subjection both of b
and mod $Y i oly attachm
they felt cir ition :

ir rulers at in general, little

So ti ‘The ern-
_ Ments t lived a, }

duet ‘bein
¥XXV
he et! :

e new system of po-
ere very considerable

of the many sovereig

‘oy

ssiof |

’* Nee
> : 4 ‘

|
;

HISTORY -OF EUROPE.

_ The two countries wherein their »

the obedience of “Austri a, after a_

In Germany the the rel “he

ir
numbers; but she watch) To

“TA “pte |
iy t > ide a

— ves.

177

potic, commanded of course their |
external respect ; but their real in~
difference for the persons and in-
terests of their rulers, was notori~
ous, The vicissitudes attending the
27 ‘reigning families, had long prevent-
ed that affectionate connexion be-
tween prince and people, which is
chiefly founded on the long dura-
tion of vereignty in the indiyi-
dual§_of the same families. The
new principles adopted in France
had. indeed found;their way into
Italy; “but they had made few pfo-.
selytes among the commonalty :—
those who seemed to pay them
attention were chiefly the literati 5
and, even among these, they were
considered ‘merely 3 objects of
speculation, Little did they ima.
g e that the day was fast approach-
ng when the would be reduced
to practice 5 | and that, snext to
France, Italy was destined! to be-
coms Tae bio of their
ai “} of
oincaidfhe max-
the people ‘of

ain:
ims em tbiaaed oe
France, a i the conduct resulti g
from | rk universally
srepr proba - se attached to
ahs political tenets
sa fathers, the Spaniards and
Portug uéze had hitherto scrupu-
lously abstained even from be:
east reflection on och
looking upon them as
false and iniquitous,
Papidors to mankind
Heaven. ~ It was
rds the end of 1793,
her ¢ e opening of the ensu-
se ar, thatythrough sino in
able severe, the cont
Pages ts of France had! found
inuating

means, through thosewins

arts wherein a renc remark-

si excel, to Imtreduce their re-
publican

178
publican notions to the favour of
those - individuals in whonr they
discovered discontent at their go-
vernment. The number of these
in the Spanish provinces borderifig .
on France was considerable. They
recollected that, ‘in former days, the
French had assisted their forefathers
when they took up arms against the
oppressions of the Span
ment. Nor indeed were the Spa-
niards at large averse to the idéa of
limiting the power of the court,
and restoring the ancient ‘cortes,
or states. This ide ad lately been
favourably received by a large ma-
jority of the Spanish nation;
which, though by no means in-
clined to republicanism, seemed
thoroughly perSuaded of the supe-
ority of ‘a limited monarchy over
oop, The a la principally in
Catalonia, and the conti-
guous rovinces" that the French
weré studious a their
rere

principles; andy" ther

not a ie cess Te The dis- France, inthe hope of being able’

dnce o ortugal from the great. to p by the loss ana
Prccrcs of action, was its best secu- in w this would have involved

‘rity against the intr on ay them this hope}she abstained

French tenets. [imei the _ from active interference, and

profoundest bigotry 3 people’ eeserved herself for thé'critical mo-

of that country weret famibks sub. ment,

missive of any to the absuirdest doc-
sak the basest slavery

e northern. parts ee
stood aloof :¥ rather fearfuléhan un-

willing to share in this _con-- “The»dread these administered
test between France and eae ume- radencé to e, who Tom com- -
rous Enemies. ~e Swede ou lieated motives mi ot “
lately governed by a RY “have thought thems s sufficient

_openly avowed his hatre

cena bold ge maintain
resistance to un ualified monarchy;
and this pets had fallen a martyr

to bis pri es by the handswof
one ci Those to whom
ne

: Gag
ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

govern- .

that whatever insidious
bequea . hil of, “SS signs Russa might harb espect;

nistration, were too wise: to tread. «
in his unfortunate steps, in defxnce:
of the best part of the Swedish na-
tion; which therefore continued in
a situation of neutrality. . sc -
smark happily followed this

‘cedent, and though considered by
some politicians as an implicit de-
pendant of Russia, it shewed upon
this occasion, that, undef the gui-
dance of a. sagacious ministry, it
was able consult its own inte-
rest and void a servile acquies~

» cence in the dictates of an imperi-

ous ally.

Russia, the scourge and aha of
all her neighbours, could not, con-
sistently with the maxims of her
government, be the friend of any
nation that countenanced those of
France. » Risen victorious from
her contest with the Ottoman em-
pire, and flushed with her acquisi~
tions in Poland, she would willing] ly
have seen every, power in Eur
involved in the quarrel att

when those "powers, on
_ whom chiefly she kept a vigilant
Bs should retire from the quarrel,

aty and exhausted, ut her
views had hitherto been frustrated,

a ed by the measures ; enforced
a

nst them by a leading member

of the coalition, have sided
- France in ecisive and os-
ible manner. Thus. it hap-

pened t-,

all be

, ink,

% , sna a?
¥ 7

4
sh ——

Ae EE

‘?

“>
>

pies signification, should reca

‘ranks, denomina

“HISTORY OF EUROPE 149

' ing her neighbours, the suspicions

of her ambitious disposition fully
counteracted them, andat the same
time rendered her erimity to
rance of no utility to the general
combination against that power.
But of all countries, that wherein
the revolution in France had been
most applauded was Great Britain.
Notwithstanding the disapprobation
that followed the abolition of mo-
marchy, and the abhorrence of
those enormities perpetratedjby the
Fepublican party, a large portion of

_the British nation remained partial
to acaluse which they looked upon

as that of liberty. While they
condemned the excesses and hor-

‘ors to which the maintenance of

thisliberty had given occasion, they
2 ay that, or the two evils,

* porary confusion and anergy
Ww win preferable to the re-establish-

men of despotism. But this por-

n, however considerable, was yet_

inferior to that which considered
‘the restoration of monarchy in
France as. indispensably necessary

7 the safety of the British constitu-

ion; and held at the same time a
tepublican system of government
n that country, as incompatible
with the interests of every eidggow
in Europe.

was represented by the “ther as
harbouring gecret designsagainst the
constitution, and intending to seize
the first opportunity of imitatingthe
example set them by the French
republicans. So grievous an accu-
sation lay the heavier on these, from
the marked exultation they dis«
played at the victories obtained by
the French, and theit continual
complaints and reprobation of all
ministerial measures.
chiefly contributed to render this
patty suspected of the very worst

designs, was their positive and ¢x~

plicit demand of such alterations in
the constitution, as would tend
to throw the whole power of the
state into the hands of the people
This, ree with a'sttict imita-
tion, int numerous meetin

of. the phrases and personal mothe
of addressing each other, adopted
by the French republicansysap-
peared indisputable proofs of a de-

"termination to overthrow, the pre-

sent government, and to substitute

in its: placer an absolute demo-

Cracy a", -
Hence aroge the two cdious ap-
pellations of Aristocrat and Demo-
crat*. The former,. bestowed on
“those who opposed all changes in

7 ‘the constitution ;

the pe. on
That | portion of the British com- ‘those who demanded these, toge-

tunity which Lig oo those ideas,

: ”
* The word Aiaroetgty properly si ignifies, Fis. eto power in the hands ‘of
in the hands of the le. As

fiend at once to the le and
eran

rding to eer
thropy to. thee.
4 “The »
ly to be found damage theshi “i “<

e best men:
ere is no o
aristocratlor democrat. It is a pity t
“minds of all men, should have,be
question is, Whether wisdom and
aristocra
is the pretence of hoth

terest and ambition,
z° ”
|) a ’

Demotracy, the sovereign 9
ho would not wish to’ pass f
moralWisdom, there is no one who should
f cheseitwo
sentiments of
¢ the wate
ve are most hi
the mass. ofthe people? ™
eal object of the leaders, and a
st uniformly to be * own private :

“We.

| arti Th
o ses partizans of both, has been found

“ther with an immediate peace with

offended at being calle
ms, whichy «
nion and phi
-words'6f general discord!

genera

. ae %

But what

” France,

“

<. oe
* oeotheir =p int,

~ realyan
discovered that thenumber of in

iso

France; And an acknowledgment
of the French republice “The
question between the two parties

was now become of the most séri-

gus magnitude, It involved uni-
versally all the inhabitants of Great
Britain, The animosities it excited
were far greater and more dancers

_ ous than those which had been pro-

duced by the American war.
These, when at their height, ’ were
chiefly caused by difference of opt-
nion concerning the duration of
parliament, and the manner, of
tepresentation. But the’ present,
question embraced objects of much
greater impértance. It was not a
part, but the whole of the British
constitution, a seformg@ ypich was
required. This was Well wnder-
stood to be the ultimate view of
tHe democratic party ; nor was this
party averse to acknowledge the
rea of this imputation, The
vole. which agitated those who
approved, as well’as those who op-
posed thesrmeaaures of government,
foreboded the most unfortunate
consequences... “As they both ap-
peared equally resolute to main-
tain at all events the system they

He, seca telte an mengoly

prudence moderation, wh

ANNUAL REGI

\. in . ;
STE R, 1794,

inclination, The consequence was,:
that, guided by the maximto choose
the least of the two evils, they
thought it their interest to submit
to inconveniegces, of which the
constitution cbuld not in the pre»
sent fermentation be forcibly di-
vested without hazarding its exist~
ence. Such a determination ex-
posed them to the most virulent
ta and invectives of those who
were resolved to persist to the last
in requiring ‘those extensive re-
forms, without which,
leged, there could be no real free-
dom.
Such was the estate of the publ
_ mind when the parliament met on”
“the 21st of January 1794. The
royal speech, as it had been ex~
pected, recommended .a vigorous
rosecution of the war, on the
BB ccron, issue of which depended
up preseryation of the constitution,
law

they al- ©

s, and religious ee

‘of the kingdom, and the securit
of all civil society. The efforts as
France to resist her numerous

Thies, were, it was said, foc
solely on a violent usurpation o'
every branch of the nation into
thehandsofits present rulers, whict
rendered them absolute masters of

rach om ve é then a redress of people’ 3 lives, of which they dis-

visible .gri wances, $

dividuals of their owtway of think-

7 ig, Was too inconsiderable t ve
of an weight against the ti-
‘tudes either Hide that wet de-
‘termined.to

ae to no terms of
and {6° carry
or mish in the
ee «, ion of. this.
compel A them atwonce
ant ke their option between tliese
Pe bncledte
“range themselyes., ‘on that side

which a’ felt a preponderanceof

‘te La)

opporents, and to.

posed in the most arbitrary manner.
‘But as the system they had adopted
openly violated every restraint of
justice, humanity, and religion, it
had necessarily produced Auten
discontent and cougars and the
aS efforts proceeding from that
em tended rapidly to exhaust
thie tural andecal strength of the
pe ed y» The concluding part of
thespeech stated the ground and
origin of the war to have been an
attack on Great Britain and its

jr “ allies ; founded on principles tend-

ing to destroy all property, to sub-

vert
a id

HItsTORY -OF EUROPE.

.
_ ¥ert the laws and religion of every Europe was contending with the
ivilized nation, and to introduce French. Were that people to suc-
___— tinivereally that wild and destruc- ceed in the wild plans they had
; tive system of rapine, anarchy, and formed, the European world would |
impiety, the effects of which, as al- be plunged into the most deplora-
ready bgpiiicsted in France, fur- ble confusion. It was therefore
nished a dreadful but useful lesson the duty, and still more the interest,
to the present age, and to posterity. of all men to oppose attempts so

181

Such were the most remarkable
particulars in the King’s spesch. ,.

It was warmly applauded and
seconded by the ministerial party ;

manifestly inimical to the tran-

quillity and well-being of society.
Lord Mansfield was seconded by

Lord Grenyitle, who reminded the

which adduced a number of argu- House t Great Britain could
ments in support of the proe not, consistently with its honour,
priety, of the war, and themiecessity admit those“ideas of peace so cla~
of continuing it with the utmost , morously insisted on by the un-
firmness and spirit ; as on its prose- thinking and ill-informed part of
cution depended the preservation the nation. _ ‘Treaties had been en-
of the onal independence. tered into With foreign powers, and
Lord Mansfield was particularly could not be violated without the ®
strenuous in recommending a spi- loss of national reputation, Bat.
rited continuance of the war. — It who were those that ruled France,
- had been provoked by the conduct and with whom some people so
of the French: and the motives for zealously recommended, it to the
arrying it on were, the restoration British ministry to treat? They
of an orderly government we were notoriously men who had Sig-
France, and the overthrow of nalized themselves by the ferocity
those desperate men who had_ of their disposition, and their readi-
ith avowed their determination Yai to shed blood, and who, by
° revolutionize all Europe. Such “such means, had acquired the con-
a e were evidently the pests of fidence of the populace whose san-
i man society, A peace with such guinary principles and proceedings
F men was impracticable. ‘Che viz required such leaders. Were the
= cissitudes which continua'lyattended British ministry inclined ro treat, ,
the government of that country, they must-previously restore what-
precluded all possibility andexpec- ever had been taken from France,
tation of concluding any darable the Conventionhaving decreed that

; treaty with it, as the rulers of one no peace could be granted to any
Re ight on the following be power that rerained an inch of
£ buster py others, who would pay French ground. Would the lofty
little regard to engazements en- spirit of Britain snbmit to $0 arbi-~
tered into by'those whom they had trary and insulting a requisition ?
; displated. Die world was mis- Similarto these werethe principal

____ taken in calling the present contest “arguments in support of the ads
only a war dPwee i kings and na- dress urged by those other peers
‘i tions: It’ was, in the strictest in the House of Lords, who spoke

_ truth, the cause of mankind much on thé ministerial side of the ques-
7 more than of monarchs, fer which tion,
b | ot

N3 Lord

‘* a

isg ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Lord Guildford was the first who
spoke on the side of opposition.
He argued, that ministry avowedly
changed the object of the war.

‘The defence of Great Britain, and
the assistance due, by treaty, to our
allies, had been primarily assigned
as the motives of hostility to France.
The restoration of the French mo-
narchy was now held up in their
room. But whatever might be the
real object, Great Britain ought
not to have been precipitated into
a war, while anywise avoidable ;
nor, after so fatal a step had been
taken, should any opportunity have
been omitted to put a timely stop
to hostilities. Such an opportu-
nity had offered in the* course of
@ the preceding campaign, when the
French, humbled by defeats and
losses, would have listened to any ~
reasonable terms that might have
been proffered to them by the al-
lied powers : and it was highly im-
prudent in ministers to have slight-
ed so favourable an occasion of ter-

and the damage done to thecom-
mercial and manbfactoring interests
of the kingdom. It was a dan-
gerous error to imagine that France
could not undergo a repetition:of
the efforts it had made during the
last year. The pride of the French,
and their indignation at the at-
tempts ‘to dictate to them in their
own country, had roused their spi-
rit tv a much higher degree than
was generally known to their efte-"
mies. ‘There was hardly a species
of burden they were not willing:
to bear, in order to enable their go-
vernment to oppose the terrible

s
_

>a
:

combination assailing them from

every quarter.

The fayourers of ministry, at was
said, were loud in asserting, t .
to oppose the progress of French
principles, it was necessary to stem
the torrent of their saccess in the
field. But arms were not argu-
ments; and to these. alone princi-
ples, when erroneous, would be
compelled to yield! Great Britain
ought, in the mean time, seriously
to calculate the measure of assist:
ance to be expected from her al-
lies. But her expence and dis;
bursement, in their support, were
the chief objects in her contempla-
tion. ‘The cause for which the
Coalition was contending, com~
mon to all the» powers enyaged in
it; but, Britain excepted, they were 4
all nearly exhausted; and, but for
the pecuniary succours they relied
on from this country, would reaz
dily give up the contest. Thus
Gieat Britain must alone bear the
immense charges of this dangerous

uarrel ; the issue of which became
uncertain proportionably to its du
ration. It would therefore be act
ing with no more than the co 4
monest prudence to shorten it; .
and by no“means to place ‘much
eiigeree in the readiness, or even. —
the ability of our allies to furnish
men, while Britain could furnish
monéy. Neither of these resources
were inexhaustible; numbers.of — °
the best soldiers in the copied :
armies had already perished; and) 4
though men might not be wanting,
yet, without a considerabie share
of disciplipe and experience, they :
could not deserve the appellation
of soldiers. Much stress had been
laid by the adherents to ministers,
on the impropriety of treating with
a government of which the con-

* "ductors 4

ot Hi
| O« >, .
HISTORY OF. EUROPE. , 183

ductors were so frequently chan- France had a government ? Could
ging: but this was, the case in all Spain deny it, or the unhappy in-

; pular governments ; and yet it surgents of La Vendée, and of
did not appear that treaties with Lyons? The commanders of the

_ these were cither worse observed, allied armies in the Netherlands
4 or less durable than those con- would hardly doubt the existence
tracted with such as had been lately of such a government. But the
dignified with the title of legal and fact was, that the resistance to that
* regular governments. government, and the maggcres of
The Marquis of Lansdowa, in those unfortunate Frenchmen who
_ additionto the arguments adduced venturedto opposeit, originated on-
by lord Guildford, observed, that ly in their fatalexpectationsofassis-
the similitude of some transactions tance from the British government.
_ during the American war, to some Such were theechief allegations

‘<

during the present, wasstriking. of these, and of other members of
Britain had, in an evil hour, spurn- opposition _in the House of Lords.
ed the humble remonstrances of On rahe the address, it had been’
_ her colonists: but the calamities proposed, a8 an amendment, that
re that followed had punished her ar- his Majesty should be requested to’
rogance without curing it. She. seize the earlicst ,o portunity to
had lately been guilty of astill grea~__ conclude an honourable peace ; and
_ ter actof temerity, in rejecting the incase the prosecution of the war
solicitations of a much more for- should be thought, mecessary, to
: ¢ midable power than America. The commit. the management of it to
proffersof that power might have more* skilful ministers. Ninety-
_ proved the basis of a pacification | i voted against the amendment,
_ advantageous to all the parties, but and only tw
_ especially to Britain: but those The arg
e icitations weretreatedwith scorn, House, on moving
d the consequence was a war; the King, resembled, in many par-
bs com, “peaabe of which was ticulars, those that had been
’

. reased by the motives alles d. brought forward in, the Upper.

_ - forits continuation on the one'side; It was alleged by Sir, Pcter Burrel,

_ Wand by the rage and indignatidn in su port of the sures of go-

_ those: motives excited on the vei ent, that Great Britail had

other: To say that no fixed go- been foreed into the war by the

Z vernment subsisted ifFrance, ‘ most cogent motive that could have
rt

dail A 5. - impelledyher to such a step,—the
4 es were enacted, which, nO evident necessity of repelling the

¥,

contradic ay by facts.
BARA cic
n dared to oe taxes designs that were forming to sub-
pa

imposed, which we id as far as@evert th constitutional establish-

_ theypfople were able ; and rmies mept in church and state. Hav-
were raised,» that resisted allthe ar- ing formed engagements with other
fove,
“

mies of Europe. If this were powers) for the counteracting of
government, in what country wasit | one that was become the ‘common
to be ? Would General enemy of all, it was equally the

ser, the Duke of Brunswick, aut and interest of Britain to per-

or the King ne Prussia, deny that rar in those connexions, Nor.
° . -y * .
od a" te " F .

ye. _— ‘
¥ wt ‘ .

2 j

184 ANNUAL.

v
1794.

g*
was it in her option to SS value, and the credit reinlte

them without degrading herself in
the eyes of Europe.

Lord Mornington, in a long and
elaborate speech, exeited himself
to prove that the principles adopt-
ed by the French, rendered it in-
dispensably necessary to continue
the wargtill they had relinguished
them. hey had, atthe ara of
theCgnstiuen Assembly. d declared
to therworld, that they would never

engage i a war pnts A and
conquest: but inseontempt of this
declaration, which had been made
in the most formal and. lemn
‘manner, they had acted cisely
as if they had declared the very re~
verse. They had seized and an-
nexed to France _ the King of Sar-
dinia’s ancient*patrimony of Savoy;

they Rad torn the Austrian PTO.

“winces, in the Low Countriés, from
their lawful possessor ; they had ar-
rogantly assumed therights ofopen-

, ing the navigat on of the mete

prece
ccMately
eir system of po»

‘Vitics tended manifestly to embroil
the whole world in disputes. heir
intr ues thrown into confu-

sion the Un tates of America,
and had fille e Turkishy Divan
wi ispicions and. discord: y

, had,’ in the rage of their revolu-,
tionizing spirit, subverted, the fun-
damentalsof European colonization
in the West Indics;’ by instigating
the Begrdge to insurrection against
the planters,

the French, delighted in represent-
ing them’ as invincible; but the

precediig Campaign had proved the +

contrary ; ; the towns and territory
wrested trom them in the Nether-

faction in Great jsaught to inv
Britain, unaccountably whhacd to

ing from their acquisition, to
the arms of the confederacy.
France itself was become the scene
of every species of tyranny and
atrocity ; the people were reduced
to such poverty and distress, that

they were utterly unable to pay

the taxes requisite for the support”
of the state ; the consequence was,
the emission of paper-money to an
amount that had totally rained the
finances of that country. But, not
content with loading the ‘French
with every sort of burthen and op-~
pression, their infatuated rulers had
deprived them of the chief conso-
lation to which mankind had been
used to have recourse in €X-
tremes of human misery; they
had robbed them of their Mision,
hoping to enrich their exhausted.
treasure with its spoils * but this
had proved a very inadequate rea
source. Could the inhabitants of
Britain compare the «situation» of
the French with their own, and
not feel a determination to pre-
serve their,country from the causes
that had produced so much misery, ©

whatever might be a and

how reat soever the hazards they
at encounter? It was, there-

manifestly the interest of
Great Britain to continue a gwar
which aloné could’ keep those mi-
Series gt a distance; and it’ was no
pe Serene all rong te
In a common Opposition: t

French, Ruiped themselves, they.

Site a r ae

fore,

in i ru:
this, testable moti ee were
b me a nation of pl rers, and

e€ now tinetor the® booty

by which t ley, EXPE tcdet@ supply
themselves with the feaysdot

lends, Were ba cai important ia. a Bes yr to iad

ry me

ad Ped “ao
- wy vy es
i. «*
a

‘

;
4
{
a
‘4

F “> *.

§
>

wee

HISTDORY O

a
_ @uiesce in their doctrines, and to
_ follow their example. Whceee go-
vérnment and people acting *with
, such principles, no peace was prac-
ticable. “yThe enthusiastic fury of
_ the French was such in the propa-
_ gation of their principles, and in
the determination to yield nothing
they had gained, and to recqver all
i they had lost in their efforts to pro-
pagate them, that Great Britain

a must, in orderifo obtain that peace »

of strongly recommended: by the
nthinking, and by her secret ene-
5 S, consent to restore at once
atever “had been won by her

_ prowess from this common dis-
urber of the peace of Europe,
es indemnification . for ex-
pence or loss. She must also. tamely

_ submit to the, cession of all the
_ countries France had seized from

- her neighbours. Were those terms
to be endured? Did, ther History
| of eee afford the precedent of
since ‘her civilization,
ote the victor was allowed to
retain all he had taken,yand to re-
cover all he had lost? Such a treaty
"was yet to’ be discovered; ‘and such
A nds could pro only from
ee of vanity, insolence, and
spac. that ought to be manfully
resist ut were Great Britain,
__ dn, conjunction with her allies, to

' condescend to»such meanness,
fi itsecure theny from farther

2 “ PE ostrate enemy waSipro-» rankest enthusiasts,

Rect sce of contempt,
aly always begtrod upon,

an a resolu foe ‘that
our a to the fist ‘gees. |

on that rul liste ia

e +» 4 on "
: yas a
a < a, § iit

le Wie presumption of
the Prentik the Con ation
bad made it pital ce he
hy man to propose the ace
other terns. But, on a ai.

“ We: ;
F EUROPE. 185
®
the moment should relax from this
arrogance, would the supplanting
party ratify sucha measure ; would
it not rather avail itself of such a
circumstance, as a pretence for sus~
pecting its predecessors as violators
of the national honour, and of the
Jaws enacted for its support? A
treaty thus framed in contradic-
tion to these, would of course be
deemed agpullity. Better, there-
fore, to make use of the arms we
have taken up, than to lay them
down with so little security against
the necessity of resuming them,
when less prepared for action than
we are at present. But the fact
was, that no peace could be ex-
pected while France continued in
itsrevolutionary state. Those who
governed the French were inflamed
by s subversive of every sys
tem of covernment that had pre-
vailed hitherto, not only in Eu-
rope, but in every part of the globe,
They were, at the same time, un-
der a conviction, that France, by
her arms and by hier intrigues, w was
adequate to the task of subverting
hem,all. Urged by this persua-
siony they were entirely averse to
peace, as wholly intent on carry~
‘ing foywards what'they styled the
great’ work of the regeneration of
mankind. What’ was still worse,
they had succeeded in converting
,the French themselvesiinto the »
The people
at large’ were not the tame, and

obedien *e but the zealous and vio-
nt ins ents of their governors,
d seconded ‘their measures with

the most active promptitude and »

fidelity® © Till such a fatal delusion.

was rooted out.of the Jand, Franc eC.

ought to be considered as a coun- 4,

_ try infected. with apestilence jof ’

| Whitlrit behoved all its neighbours
® to

wef the revolutien, exprggsed a de- ¥

ae ag
i. |

: ” y ‘
Po : i >’

an 5 ae,
136 ANNUAL RECISTER, 1794.

> eo Mae ef!
to stop the contagion, and never: ties, and a manifest partialitysto”

to accomplish this object, till it from Words to deeds, and espoused
was completely effected. ; the cause of the court in such a
To the foregoing remarks, it was.» manner, as could not fail fo exas+
added by Mr, Pitt,at the close ofa perate the people. of: France? 4
speech, wherein he went over. Doubtless, the popular fury and its {
much the same ground with Lord consequences were deserving of
Morningten, that whatever might execration; still, however, it did»
be the future constitution of France, _ not follow that the whole nation
whether monarchical or kepubliean, ought to be punished for the crimes
provided it were divested of the committed by the miiltitude during
principles on which the present the rage ‘of tumult and insurrec-) |
government was founded, Great tion. The French were bursting,
Britain*might accede to a pacifica- as it were, out of the prison of "ay
tion. A monarchy was doubtless long slavery : they had recovere
the most eligible of the two, as be- their liberty, but knew not how
ing the most acceptable to the to use it: they were hurried by
judicious and moderate in that resentment to retaliate on their jy
country, and less tending to in- oppressers the il usage Be had
yolve it in quarrels with its neigh- suffered, and had carried this re-
bours: but while France remigined taliation to the most unjustifiable
In its present state, war a “and criminal excess. But was it
ferable to peace: either equitable or wise in the
A long speech was made on this European powers to ti

occasion by Mr. Sheridan, in-an- their punishment? They’ had an
swer to that of Lord Mornington. unalienable right to freedom, im
Undue advantage, he; said, was comnion with all the human race ; 3
taken of the passions attached toy and allowing »the vengeance they»
human nature, in order to excite gd wreaked on’ their former mas-
the indignation. of the British phb- “ters to havé~been ungenerous,
lic against ‘the “erench, ontlac ount base, and cruel in the extremes it
of the enormities. they had com- had been confined to Fr ceg and
mitted in the coiifse of the revo- foreign potentates ought to’ have
lution.. The guilt and infamy of _ reflected,thatby leaving the French
their conduct no person could de- to act towards each other without
Hy ; bit only affected them, interposing between them, though 4
nd no people had any other right that country would probably ha
_ than to lament the misfortunes of been deluged with blood, it would .
that “tountry,) without assuming, have been the blood of Frenchmen
howevers the Teast interferénce in along; and humanity would nét
its domestic affairs, unles by amide: have te régret the disiggal, des
Ae : ae . ;
gable mediation,.between the par-. struction of the m: thousands, » _
ties. But had Europe’ acted this whose lives had heen thtown away
friendly’ mibore it not, onthe i i ‘tal qua But it was 4
he Gommencement " atiments, eae a
“rench, orto mankind, that
: ~ rete it fl

8 interference arisen 3

Contfary, sinc

cided ayersion to one of the

on Y “we ov @
ie 3

ta *; * % O « Ms "> a
,* ry “ * a", y a |
* . ot 5 a
= 4 e., A

= <

| HISTOR
pect in ambition, France ap-

| peared in so similar a situation to
land ; the parties that distracted
jt seemed so irreconcileably intent
their mutual destruction, tha
grasping disposition, found ex-
mentally to be inherent in ar-
ary ag gi had led them to
m the most sanguine hopes of
Qfiting by those scenes of dis-
: they could not resist the
aptation, seemingly held out, fo
partition France among them, as
y had done the other unhappy
ingdom: this motive alone put
sinto their hands. But after
failing in their iniquitous attempt,
‘and instead of reducing the French
‘fo subjection, being themselves
nearly compelled to act on the de-
fensive, with what face ould the
_gomplain of retaliation on the part
pf the French nation? ‘These had
been driven by despair to exertion
f which they»were thought inca-
pable. Infuriated by the aggres-
m of unprovoked enemies. on
ery frontier of France, and mag-
animously resolved jto perish
~$ooner than receive the law from
tions which they had always held
Ima light of ti they had
_ summoned all the courage, all the
ilities, all the resources of which

aese, they had entered the field of
ontest, and had taught the coa-
powers the difference be-
een a state long broken asunder
»y an ill-constructed government,
md constitutionally, as it were, in-
glved in perpetual jars,—and a na-

ti indignity,and of whichan incom-
} parable majority, after casting off
the yoke of domestic nga se

“, " ' os

¢ ¥ ’ ed -
4) “%

ys .

3 ‘
Y OF EUROPE

be.

firmly united by a sense of .

- .
%

187

established. Whether it was a .
good or bad one, it beloifted to
the French only to decide. But
whateyer it might be, the French
Were too great a people; both in
their disposition and power, to bes
come the prey of the conquerors.
They were not only a great and
populaus nation, but their natural
strength alone was almost equal
to that of the whole confederacy
against them. Though disunited
among themselves, they still had
displayed sufficient dnion to resist
their foreign foes; afid’it was well
known that a plurality of those
who were dissatisfied wvere.the pre-
sent state of things among them,
still were much more adverse to a
foreign yoke, and readier to bear
with internal oppression, than to
see their country in the possession
of strangers. Was it surprising
that, after the resolution taken by
the European powers to treat the
French as their common enemy,
they should feel a resentment ade-
quate to such treatment, and
threaten, in their turn, the severest
revenge 2? The junction of Great
Britain with the coalition, was the
heaviest’ blow, in the opinion of the
French, that they could have
received. The English were the

were masters. Armed with) jonly people, since the revolution,

for whom the French had avowed
any esteem, It was of notoriety
that they held all “others in con-
‘tempt. It was, therefore, much»
against their will that they found
‘eaten; volved in Hath be
with this county., True it was,
that, after compelling the Prussians
to retire from France, and defeat-
ing the Austrians in Flanders, their <
rancour at the unprovoked inva.

a er ined to persevere to the last _ sion of their country by both those
Piiisintaintng the system they had
. +} f * ot:

powers, and atthe menaces con-
. ; taifted

» tainedsin their m

fall “

188

impel the French to threaten,
on their side, to espouse the cause

of: those nations that rose against . terpose in the afairs of othernations |
their oppressors but at whom was thad t 1erefore just reason to expect)

this declaration levelled? Was it
not nianifestly against the Emperor
and the King of Prussia? On the
first signification that Great Bri-
tain disapproved of this declara-
tion, was it not explained in such
a manner as to remove all cause
of offence ? Was nothing to be al-
lowed to th :
a people loadéd from all parts with
the most unqualified obloquy, and
held ont to*the world as the out-
casts of mankind? It was nugatory
to assert that this was no more than

truth :—it was not a language to’

be borne by individuals, much less
by nations. We ought to have
reflected, that public insults could
not fail to provoke public indigna-
tion, and create national quarrels.
Were the French ever so guilty,
who costituted us their judges ?
Private opinions, doubtless, were
free, and individuals had a right
to deliver their sentiments in con-
versation upon all public occur-
yences, both in their owrland in
foreign countries ; but no nation
was entitled to sit publicly in judg-

ment on the concerns of another,)Jadopt her views and measures, and

unless manifestly affected by:them.
But in what manner did the altera-

Wtion of government in France af

efect Great Britain, unless by meet-
ing with its disapprobation ? This,
however, was no just ground; for
dispute. England had, in the last
century, set the precedent of many
a deed highly disapproved of by
its neighbours, without being called
to account’ by any of them. It was
a law held sacred by nations, that
the disavowal of any act or -pre=
¢ ‘ “ii

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

: af . a
anifestoes, had tentions injurious to another, was)
a sufficient atonement. The French)

omentary rage of ducing fotcibly their principles and

jection, But had England act-

ty ~ ay
4 |

. * ‘

y
4

having disavowed all right to in~

thatGreatBritain wonldabstain trot
interposition in theirs. 1t ill be
came us, however, to reba:

the French for their GoM net in
this respect. Wehad carried cur
interference as faras we durst. If
the French had acted with ino-.
lence in the Netherlands, by intro-

forms of governments, had not Bri)
tain used compulsive measures to-
wards the Swiss Cantons, and those
Italian states she thought herself
able to intimidate ?, Did she not,”
as soon as she had thrown off the”
mask of neutrality, insist, In the
most arrogant manner, that others
should cease to be neuter ? Was not
this acting preciselyupon the prin-
ciple she so bitterly reprobated ?-
The French had been “justly re.
proached for their perfidy towards
those whom, under the pretence.
of emancipation from slavery, they.
had reduced to the meanest sub-

ed otherwise, in threatening the
severest treatment to those who
had expressed an unwillingness to

to join the coalition, whatever dan-
ger they might incur by their com
pliance? The hostile intentions o

France to this country had been
repéatedly urged, as fully sufficient
motives to treat the French as
avowed e:emies. But had not the
British ministry, from the very
commencement of the revolution,
expressed the most decided enmity |
to all revolutionary proceedings ?

What occasioned the recall of the,
British minister from” Paris, the

expulsion ©

on ¢

’ iy a

alsion of Frenchmen from Bri-
i fiscation of their mer-
dize in neutral bottoms, the
tion. of the;commercial treaty

n Great Britain and France
to complete these inimical
es, the contemptuotis dis-
of its’ minister at our
2 Were not these deeds of
and undeniable enmity? As
t he verbal declaration of war on
“part of France, would’ any
= nan of candonr say, «that the va-
_ fious steps taken by the British go-
“ernment against France, ante-
_cedently to that declaration, were
Rot, without declaring them such,

int ingements’ of, peace, abstain
_ from ali violence, and earnesily so-
“licit for amity and a good under-
standing between them and this
~ eduntry ? ? But long had our minis-
| try determined to cast them off
a unworthy of their friendship.
€ now were entering on a se-
‘ond campaign ; but what was the
object proposed? Had we not
¢ ptained the main point in contest,

Je supposed the French,
ey, confor y to their
mands, to remain unmolested in
heir domestic arrangements, would
use to agree (o reasonable terms.
Were they to be guilty of so rash
a sal, then indeed the British
; nistty would stand acquitted in,
TOs ing the war, against them
utmost vigour, and hold-
ig them ont as perversely inclined
‘to be our enemies. But if cir-
tances were duly ¢Onsulted,
this. tal war was meditated by
ini uy. be French attaek upon
was no Sod a a

a vand,-as it were signal

* : ‘ ;

*
ol

HISTORY OF EUROPE, 189

for commencing hostilities. “The,

motive ostensibly -held out to the -

British nation, was the preservation
a... ~
of laws, religion, prope ty, of all,
in short, that is dear to civilized
society. “This was a cause in which
our ministers insisted that it was
meumbent on all Europe to parti-
cipate in common, Such being
the case, and allowing ministers
to be eafnest in. this declaration;
why shotld they palliate the re-

solution they had most certainly .

taken, to engage ina war which,
onsuch grounds, was neither unjust
nor unnecessary ; and for which,
instead of blame, they were entitled
to praise ? But theselwere the real
motives that led them to undertake
this war? Until this were fairly
proved, it stil remained incontro-
vertiblé, that they were the pri-
mary ageressors in a ruinous and
unjtistifiable war, since no other
motives could defend it. The age

gression was clearly imputed to”
them, even ‘by their allies, Whos

demanded, iconsequence of it this”
immense pecuniary supply; which
they! could not have claimed with
any colour of equity, had Great
Britain been first attacked. But
whatever were the real or pretend-
sed motives of ministry, ‘or of their
allies)» the French still remained

unsubdued. That peace and safety yp

for which the confederacy was}
fighting, did not seem obtainable.
by their arms. The French had
resisted theifi so successfully, that

ace, wien it came, would proba- ¥"”

bly be concluded on their
terms. What a prospect did this
afford to the movers of the war !.
Whatever ministers could say upon
this subject, facts spoke decisively
against them. ‘They had’ not
nade that impression upon France
* which

.*%

]

190 » ANNUAL REGISTER, i
v

which they had at first expected.
The royal party, after the most
spirited efforts, wasentirely crushed.
The violent républican party, after
overcoming all its opponents, had
seized all the power of the state,
and exercised it with such conduct
and energy,’ as to have rendered
the French arms victorious almost
everywhere. From their vast suc-
cesses, they had: acquiredimniversal
confidence in their ble their
authority was uacontrouled both in
civil and. military affairs ; soldiers,
officers and generals paid them im-
plicit obedience ;-and the nation at
large was not/Only submissive, but
zealous in its ¢Ompliance with their
decrees. " mi
Hopes had been entertained by
our ministry, that the finances of
i must prove inadequate to
t support of the stupendous
mass that had risen in its detente :
but those hopes had been totally
efrustrated. Means had been‘found
gr provide amply for all themeces-
sary demands of thése immense
multitudes that had been brought
into the field; and instead ofdumi-
nishing, the strength of the French,
since the beginning of the war, had
increased, Could the same be as-
serted ofthe coalition? Were

their arms not surprisingly decrea-”

sed, and, what was much worse,
their spirit fallen by the numerous
defeats they had suffered frem an

enemy whom they had been taught) and who examined at the same —
i time the organization of
hig perience and ignorance in tactics? “force which France had ‘raised for

to,despise, ‘on accountyof his inex-

‘ThesAustrian$ and Prussians, long
reputed the hest disciplined troops
in Europeyihad. however been re+
peatéedly foiled by the raw French
levies, collected on the spur of the
eccasion, wholly unpractised in the

~ .

794:
« .° q
merely by the necessity offdefend=
ing their country; but"inspired at
the same time with an enthusiastic —
esolution to *bé@§wictorious, or to
se their lives. » ee 4
After ‘mentioning the Austrians —
and Prassians; the other branches
of the confederaey were beneath —
notice. What had Spain effected —
worthy’ of consideration? What —
had been done by Sardinia? To
what;4in short, had amounted the |
efforts of a confederacy formed,
with few exCeptions, of all the pow
ers in Europe? The answer was —
fatally too mortifying to reflect
upon it with patience, when we apa —

-preciated the treasure expended —

—
ik ee nine ied

snd the blood that had been shed, 4
against the paltry successes they ~
had purchased, and which were far ©
outweighed by the disgraces that so 4
guickly followed them. But the ©
efforts of a mighty combination i
against France amounted to’somes —
thing still more alarming: they had ©
proved that France alone, under
the influence of those maxims it
had embraced, was able to encoun= °
ter the united force of all Europe. |
This surely was a most important —
though mortifying discovervgtyet |
not surprising 9 those whescon=
sidered with a ool and philosophic ~
eye the comBequences naturally —
flowing from a spirit of enthusiasm, ~
ina cause, of the rectitude of which ~
men were intimately convinced, s

at gteatt

its protection. _ j
Contrarily to the long sanding |
practicesin the European armies; —
of confining rewards and promo-_
tion toemen of family and interest, —
soldiers were raised fro re ranks —

usages of .war, and led to battle” for theigy valour: they were pres)
eee |

. <. cs} ferred)
£
a

~ ¢ Bee
ty .

'\ HISTORY QF°EUROPE.... 19t
é : |

d according to theabilities they that all the wealth of the nation
ag and when they deserved was at the disposalof its rulers, and

"called to the supreme com- that with few exceptions, the peo-
. Was, it) marvellous that ple in France had laid aside all ih-
s thus regulated should be terests but those of the public.
ctorious ? The coalesced pow- Could as much be said fér the sub-
ald weigh, without the pride jects of those powers that had con-
umption that had hitherto spired their ruin? Were the Aus-
them, the prodigious differ- trians, and Prussiafig, or theinhabit-
between’ their own people ants of Spain, equally forward in
d the French in those, various contributing to the exigencies: of
ticulars, and not attribute tosu- the war? Were they indeed truly
jority of numbers what was ow- convinelll of its necessity, or of its
ng no less to the fortitude ae justice? The qeentie ie dis-
evation of mind arising from the contents in those countries suffici~
ineiples and ideas now uppermost ently proclaimed how much more
ong the French, and that had they were inclined to peace, and
asformed them into quite ano- how little disposed to give any mo-
‘therpeople. It was owing tothe lestationtotheFrench. But with-
energy infused by those lofty sen- out step out of Great Britain,
“timents that they borewwith a stoi- did it appear that individuals could
tal indifference the depfivation of be prevailed ‘upon to advance mo-
he luxuries and comforts of life, ney*to eae for the prose-
thought themselves happy with cution of this war, without ample

. . 5 ~ ee °
e bare necessaries for existence. ‘interest and ample security ?, Would

This temper i, tea general any minister dare to propose such
“among them; and to betray im- measures as were daily adopted by

to the charac true repub- lafement to the monied men of
licans. While*th reg conti- this country, to induce them to
-nued in this disposition, 1
f crifice every considefation in life ministry. Thisinteresteddisposition
to the preservation of their present pervaded all ranks of the commu-
“system, it would be Mees bie to. nity, frouf'the véty highest to the
destroy it, without first déstroying very lowest : all eat entcption
the nation itself. History did not Were eager to’seize eVery oppor=
_ afford more striking examples of tunity"of ensiching themselves, at
rful acquiescence in the hea- be cxMfice of the public, ped of
vio

“Wiest burdens, than were daily ex- in the spoils of’ thei

osed nothing, bowever wants. Ihe only classes that could
i oe nd Siigan ta thdlcir- be called t sea Bh oppressed,
= of individuals,to whith’ were the™needy and daborious.
y didnot readily consent. Those rdly able to ae ee
stood at the heli’ of the state’ they shad Jnopmoney te sparé for
e the Forermost in seit aes those immense loans that were such
be consequent: Was, a sOurceso profit to"the lenders,

_ r | & and

~ ¢ ’ d a

oun-
hibited in Francé¥ The Conven- oiiven in the midst of its sefert ;

mseélves, »

rence under want and°difficul- the’ French ‘administration? The |
was held unmanly, anddegra- prospect of gain was the onlpal- —

eady to co forward to the assistance of -

- causes of th

_ in the

“

>» a

192. ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

and of oppression to the bulk of the
community. It was therefore no
id it of wonder that the opulent
varmly patronized the war, any
more than that the indigent and
the industtious reprobated> it, and
were continually expressing their
wishes for it mination. But
then thé question, so often repeat~
ed, and so often answered, still re-
eurred, Who are the men in France
with whom we are totreat ? Could
any other reply be made moze appo-
site than that which plain sense di¢-
tated? With those who govern that
country. © Pride and affectation
alone could prevent a negociation
with those who had shewn them-
selves our equals in War ;gand with
whom to refuse eieatin ge was to
declare an everlasting war.

"3 Sheridan was vigorously se-
<onded by Mr. Fox. To assent tat,
while the Jacobin system existed,
no peace could take place with
France, was, he affirmed, to pledge
the nation for the performance of
what dear-bought experience had
fullygproved we could not aécom+
plish. Never would@the efforts 6f
the coalition eradicate the opinions
how so tenaciously rote iin

France: they were sown before the
revolution: they hadjproduced it ;
the Pench gloriediin them. But it
was not nea opinions that the
enormities perpetra~
ted. by the Hrench wenego be uid :

‘rule, prudence

«
¢ -

its perverters, and to deceive the
undiscerning into a suspiciomof its
real excellence. But whatever |
guilt and disgrace the Frenchwhad |
incurred by their atrociousconduct,
it was no valid reason for declini
a. negocration with them.
rulers of that country, whet
monarchical or republican, ought
to be considered inthe same light
respecting this country. France
had in the last century pursued the
same ambitious system as.in the *
present; yet our ancestors, however
Pe, Mame ca at her end@avours
to deprive them of their civil’and
religious rights, -and assisting in
that attempt the deluded monareh
when on the’ British throne, did ~
not, after they had expelled him _
snared family, carry their ;
resentment®so far as to refuse ne-
gociating with the perfidious court
that had re ty a By the same
ictated a pacifica-
tion with the present rulers of
France, however cruel and ambi. |
tious#” Those evil qualities were
unhappily too frequent smong meny
to be urged as just impediments to —
a cessatiOp of war. Bevis the duty
of minist rs to rovideagainst them ; - ;
not to pling nation into endless |
hostilities, onthe pretence of extir-
pating thosé wHo acted under their
influence.” But were the efforts of *
coalition to succeed in the restora-
tion of monarchy, would the prince

eee

the méhaces.and insults contained @restored rest satisfied with a muti- ‘

issued against them by their éne-
mies, sere! the rebecqusceet thé
_fage and indignatién th impelled
the Frenchyto those excésses that
had disgraced the cause of freedom

and done itsthe hee jaryy by
enabling its enemies to Inyolve it
im one common accusation against.

'
-

— 3

ifestos and protiamatigns ‘lated kingdom, on a supposition of

cessions being made to the mem-
bers of the confederacy? Would
he nit, conformably to the usual *
course of »politics, carefi wate

and eagerly seize the first favoura-
ble occasion t6 re-annex them to

_ his dominions ? Thus it, appeared, | |

that with whomsoever We treated, .

a, Bo Te
on ~ , .
. aad " F
¥ *
a. .

sale

Pit not therefore more adviseable long since we had made a trial of
- to conclude a peace, if an honour= this nature, to our fatal cost. “ Our

iBianc

designs against this country, than tresses, and our sanguine hopes of

- to
’ with an enormous waste of blood yield, they baffled all’our strength,

~ Sve had no réason to expect tore of the inutility of our efforts to rea”

HISTORY OF EUROPE wa

manent advantages from the duce such a peoplé to compliance”
ne than from the other. Were with our demands. It wasnot”

peace could be obtained, with American colonies were, if possible;

resent government of France, in a situation moré desperate and °
trust to our caution and vigi- forlorn than the French? ‘yety™
e for the preservation of evil amidst our daily taunts at their dis-. !

continue hostilities, attended their being finally compelled’ to :

and treasure, but not more produc- all our courage, all our skill, and, °

_ tive of security thana pacification? what we chiefly relied on, as we
Allowing the danger to bé equal do at this present hour, all that

either casé, that which freed us profusion of treasure which had °

from an immense charge was, ques+ nearly brought usto destruction, as’
tionless, preferable to the other. it certainly tended to’such an issue

’ Tt was vain to calculate the resour: at this no less unhappy, if not moré
‘ees of the French at the rate of a unfortunate period. In short, they

| commercial proportion. Theyhad might be ‘said to have fought our

“no commerce; they derived no ex- riches with their poverty: a serious
pectations from any other funds lesson to those who think that aflu-

than the productions of their soil: ence can compass all things:

_ these were the gifts of nature, and Mr. Fox, ina very serious tone
could not be taken from them’: , of Voice, implored the attention of
‘their industry andingsnuity knew the House to this topic, asa blind

how to turn them to the best ac- and obstinate confidence inout own

unt. The depreciation of their pecuniary resources, and ina fail<
r-money- had «not depressed ure of the pecuniary resources of
their affairs: it had not retarded a France, was the Great spring éf the
moment the vigour nor the cele calamities with which we were now

_ rity of their military operations, beset and further threatened, even
Whierever men were willing and to national disgra¢e and ruin. Mo-
resolved to bear with hardships, ney is, in fact; only a mark or sign

historical experience had proved of the value of labour. Ina gene-
that their resources were inexhaust- ral and comprehensive view of

) ible. Courage and ability were things, money is not sé much: the
the two main supports in all diffi- /cause,as the effect of exertion. Vir-
tulties, whether of a public or of a ‘tus preestantior atiro. Greet designs

te nature, me Hts had | + not to be regulated and circum-
uspicuously verified this maxim;

‘and it behoved us, while we testi- ¢alculation. A nation may be so

fiéd our abhorrence of their con- powerful, and so fertile in inven=

duct in so mdny instances, to do tions as to set derangements in
them justice in this particular: but finance, in’ some measure, at defi-

so domg, we should also recol- ance. Productions of art, a3 well
fect how strong a proof it afforded as reproductions of nature, may. be

‘ Vou. KAXVI. a. g carried

tibed by. the little rules of vulgar ~

19% ANNUAL REGI rs T ER, ‘

earried on with very little, or even
without any money, as the French
had already proved. The enthusi-
asm of liberty, though not properly
speaking, itself a resource, conducts
men, by its native heat and light,
to the discovery and invention of
resources. It excites every latent
faculty of the soul; and the ener-
ies of the mind, in full exertion,
all upom means which it would
have wholly overlooked in a state
of inaction, Though in the pre-

sent advanced state of commerce
money be a general representative,

and equivalent for commodities of

all kinds, among whi ch we reckon”

military stores and military services,
the order of nature by which all
things are procured by industry
and exertion, is-not inverted. In.
times of peace men pursue the me-
dium of exchanging the sign of
commodities. In times of war
they sometimes, nay, very frequent-
ly, pursue by more compendious,
ways the thing signified. In war
it sometimes happens that courage
and rage supply the, want of ordi-
naty arms.
ropedia, has observed, that iron
commands, gold. The French,
when their assignats fail, as it is
predicted that they will do, may
plundertheir neighbours. It must
e. allowed \that plunder is but a
eeting source: yet when a nation
“bas abandoned habits of peace and
industry, and acquired the views
and manners of predatory warriors,

* Alluding probably to certain’pamphlets that were published at this time, en-

deavouring to prove that the certain ruin
tain ruin of the French republic.

Xenophon, in his Cy- of human nature.

sett
ne
mie

it isai resource that. enables them .
to spread oppression and desolation
far and near. The Arabs did not _
conquer so Jarge a portion of Asia
and Africa, and even part of Eu-
rope, by money, The Tartars, or
Scythians, had no money, not even -
assignats; yet they subdued the. @
Roman empire, as the, Romans
themselves had by their hardihood

-and military discipline and valour — 5
triumphed over the money and nu-
merous mercenaries of Carthage.
ln our own times we,haye seen a
people without’ money defeating

the richest nation at present on ~

vearth. Are we certain that when — “y
the resource of the assignats. shall
be exhausted, the energy of liberty |
and the fertility of Frenchrinven- ._
tion will not be able to open others? . |
The resources of commerce are ~
fleeting and transient; but never,
in the divided. state of individuals |
and nations, can there bea conjec- .

ture in which courage and num-
bers may. not. alarm the fears, and

. political intrigues, in various ways, _
practise on all the various passions, ,

A is not possi-

- ble, said Mr. Fox, to imagine what
new m« of continuing the war
may be inyented by an. ingeni-
ous people, actuated by a spirit of
national independence and _ ho-
‘nour: and he deplored from the
bottom of his heart the fatalerror ,
which administration was at so. -
much pains, in various ways*, to
propagate. j ’

Mr.

of the French assignats would be the cer- ~

It was some time after this, however, that, Sir ,

Francis d’ivernois (author of atract published in 1782, and another in 1795, respect-
ing revolutions, at those periods, in Geneva) published his reflections “Sur le

Guerre,” and his *‘ Etat des Finances,” &c.

In the first of these works his object —

4s to shew, 1st, That the French republic will be ruined, just as the monarchy

wag by the state of the finances; and that before the expigation of the year 179

Joy
ac

HISTORY On ED KO rg. 195

Mr. Fox returned again to the America, would be treason to Great
andj ect of the Ameri ican War ; 3 be-. Britain; but necessity forced us to
tween which and the present there _ yield. “It had been foretold that
“were se many striking points of re- the cession of independence, to
acmblance, particularly’ in the fa- America would produce every spe-
“tal point, that in neither would mi- _ cies of national calamities, and sink
nisters listen fo any arguments or us at once to the lowest degradae
sany ‘Teports, other than those that tion. But were either of these
were agreeable to their own preju- predictions acComplished? After
Ps and passions. acquiescing in these demands, did
The loss of America, through we not in a short space emerge out
“our self-delusion, pride, and obsti- of every difficulty which that con
“macy, should teach us to be more test had engendered? Wee lost in-
gpioderate i in our views of conquest deed a multitude of subjects, but
nd subjugation ; especially when we acquired a multitude of useful ,
sdirected towards acountry and peo- connexions, far more profitable
ple less liable than any other to than if retained in subjection by.
become the slaves of their neigh- purchase or by terror. Inthe same
ours, and long accustomed to in- manner, by relinquishing an at-
spire them all with terror. After tempt beyond the strength of Eu-
_prowsctng the war with America rope to atchieve, we should fall
aruinous length, Great Britain back into that prosperous course
was glad to treat with that rebel- which that enemy, whose ambition |
ious foe. Why not assemt to a we had taken wp arms to repress,
Areaty with a power never depend- would never be able to disturb,
ait on our jurisdiction, and whose’ while we convinced the world by ,
offences, however great, have been our conduct, that his imputations
committed within itself, and are to our disadvantage were unjust, ,
menable only tothe tribunal of and that our intercourse with other
aged It had been predicted nations was founded on the strictest
bat to yield to the demands of principles of good faith and equity.

at farthest. 2d, That Mr. Pitt will be considered by futurity as a greater mi-
_onister, if possible, than his father. ‘The chances of war Sir Francis certainly shewed
"to be all in favour of that party who possessed most resources for prolonging the
contest. His mistake lay in assuming that the only resource and nerve of war is
‘mioney ; that the whole power of the French republic, and even its military exist-
_ efice, depended exclusively on the assignats; and that its momentary conquests
were wholly owing to the profusion of paper-curiency. M, de Calonne demon-
Strated, the fallacy of this opinion ¥ with great clearness of reasoning, and with ar
‘air of gaicty and pleasantry, The constant and repeated predictions of Sir Francis
aa were uniformly falsified by events. He then took refuge in the obser-
ion, thatthe French republic must have been ruined, as he had predicted, if it

” hdd “confined its exactions to France, and not also laid violent hands on property of
ether mations; but that they would, in case of necessity, be guilty of such vio-"
» was a case very likely to happen. It was said, and is somewhere hinted by
Sir Francis d'lyernois himself, that he was employed to publish his doctrine respect}:
assignats by Mr. Pitt; ‘who was naturally very desirous of convincing both ,

fand others of what he anxiously wished tobe true. This disposition in all

er peeuterly the great, is the most plentiful source of the greatest errors.

O. Dive, Anogher’

196, ANNUAL, REGISTER, 1794.

Another advantage would result
from a willingness on our side to
treat for a peace with France: it
would convineé the French that
we were not inveterately deter-
mined to continue their enemies.
This would naturally Jessen their
enmity to this nation, and dispose
them to be Jess subservient to that
violent party among them which
refused amity to all but those who
embraced its opinions. It would

do still more : it would reconcile |

tlie discordant in this country, by
shewing those who disapproved of
the war, that it was ameasure of
necessity and defence. “A cordial

union’ of all parties would instantly

be produced by such a conviction ;
and the ministry would meet with
none but approvers, of the most

vigorous prosecution of the war.

All these things duly considered, it
was time to depose that wrathful
and malévolent spirit’ which led to
so much useless crimination and
abuse.’ Instead of contemplating
with indignation the guilt ot a peo-
ple so studiously represented as the
most infamous of mankind, we
should coolly reflect what mode of
acting towards them would be most
conducive ‘to our, own welfare.
True policy in a commercial peo-
ple, consisted in avoiding causes of
discontent, especially to potent
states, more jealous of their honour,
and more inclined to, résent real or
imaginary afironts than, many. in-
ferior powers, who think them-
selvesagorieved, ‘The feclings of
neither of them’ could with safety
“4: 2
be Slighted; but! far greater. was

the facility aswell, as the danger’

of offending a°mighty neighbour :
deeds and words ought to be care-
. fally Weighed: the. latter some-
times were apt to create as high, if

withstanding thenumerous.and well

‘contradicted by facts, obvious to—

not higher resentment than the for-
mer. For these reasons, dropping
censorious Janguage, and all man-
ner of invective, it became a British
parliament to occupy itself solely. _
with the concerns of its constitu- |
ents. Whatever was irrelevant to
those objects wherein they were
interested, did not belong to par-
liamentary discussions. ‘The real

question before them was, Whether _

parliament was bound to counte-

nance those assertions in the royal, .

or rasher as notoriously understood,
the ministerial speech, which repre-
sented the affairs of this country in
a flourishing state. ;
From what had been stated on
both sides in the course of the de-
bate, it clearly appeared that the
general success of the war was in
favour of France. © No impression
of any Consequence had been made
oT that country and people, not-

disciplined |armies that had been
unremittingly employed against
them, and the prodigious sums ex-
pended to maintain the vast num-

ér of their Scenes and to create
fresh ones in every quarter; hence
it would be the meanest adulation
to coincide with the ministerial as-
‘sertions, which were so glaringly

all men. It were-more’ consistent
with the situation-of public affairs
to address the Throne for peace,
instead. of pledging themselves to
support the continuance of’ ‘war:
were even such a measure advisea-
ble, thoseunder whose ayspices it
had been conducted, had proved
themselves so dcficient in talents
and aptitude for its prosecution,
that they were no! Jongerfit to be 7
trusted witb so arduous a charge.
They had fallen into errors and —

improprieties

. See
improprieties in almost every at-

tempt under their direction : they
hh med plans, without provi-
d e means of execution. The

failure at Dunkirk, which proved
_ the origin of the many subsequent
disasters, was entirely owing to mis-
management. The advantages that
Sinight haye resulted from the pos-
"session of Toulon, were lost by
_ want of decision, and by an unpar-
donable procrastination of what
~ should have suffered no delay. But

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

197

waving these and other failures,
and adverting only to the fitness
of terminating thisunpropitious war,
it ought to be recommended, as an
amendment to the address, that,
without further objections to the
system of government established
in France, the crown should treat

' with it for peace, upon safe and ho-
‘nourable conditions.

On putting
the question, the addres, without
the amendment, was carried by 277
votes against 59.

Ie CHA-P. XI.

Pe me

Military ie ihe 29 and Strength of France and Great Britain in the

Course of 1793.

Body of Hessian Troops arrive in the Isle of Wight.

_ This Measure censuredly Opposition in the House of Commons. Defended
by the Ministerial Party. Motioii for increasingthe number of Seamen

; Sor the Service of the Navy ; for refirring to the Committee of Supply
a Treaty with the King of Sardinia: That the Land: Forces for'the Ser-

vice of the current Year should consist of 60,000 JZen. Conversations
_ and Disputations that arise in co eguence of these Motions. ° Supplies
_ for the Prosecution of the War New Paxes.

Act jor restraining the —

+ Payment of Money to Persons residingin France during the War. “An-

British ministry to the means
“of prosecuting the war against
nce, was equal to the import-
ce of which both they and the
“Majority of the people seemed to
sider it. ‘The French, at the
close of 1793, were complete mas-
‘ters Of the field on all their frou-
‘tiers: they had expelled the Aus-
ns and Prussians from their
‘country: they had taken possession
a Netherlands, and menaced
land with an’invasion. Great
Britain, ‘the principal guardian of
the balance’ of Europe)’ saly itself
Om 9) goitoe

a},
uel sd)

ly |
We

r ‘HE yattention paid by the}

al Motion by Mr. Wilberforce, for Leave to bring it a Bill forthe
bolition of the Slave Trade, in the House of Commons.
ions against the Abolition of ithe Slave Trade.
aitland, respecting French Officers in British Pay.

Carried: ‘Pe-
‘Motion ty Mr,

involved by the critical cireumstan- -
ces of that period, inthe disagree-
able necessity of interposing be-

“tween. the contending powers, in

order to preserve that equipoise
between thent, on’ which its politi-
cal importance and commercial
prosperity-so essentially depend,

“The naval'strength of the kingdom

consisted of no morethan forty-five
ships fit for service, of which one
third was of the line. They weie
manned by about 15,000 seamen,
‘(he’army amounted to its usual
peaceestablishmentofabout20,000,
But the yigour and activity of go-
OFA ; vernment

198 ANNUAL REGISTER, 794. |

vernment had been such, that, be-
fore the end of 1798 the navy had
been placed on the most formidable
footing. Above 300 sail had
been -put into commission, of
_ which fourscore were of the line,
anda hundred frigates. The num-
ber of seamen exceeded 70,008.
The army had been augmented to
100,000 men, including the militia,
which the excellent discipline now
introduced among that body of
‘men, rendered equal every way to
the regulars, ‘The various levies,
under the name of Fencibles, inde-
pendent companies, and’ yolun-
teers, amounted to more than
40,000; and the marines on board
the fleet were upwards of 15,000.
Thirtythousand Hanoverians, Hes-
sians, and other Germans, had been
taken into British pay, together
“with the same number of Prus
sians. '
It was not without sufficient rea-
son that the British government
had thought proper to make such
efforts. ‘The exertions of France
had astonished and alarmed. all
_.Europe:—she counted more than
1,000,000 of men now actually in
arms. More than the half of this
immense force was employed on)
the frontiers. he
The republican administration
were fully conscious of the critical
state they were in, and that if they
failed in the struggle, France must
submit to the discretion of its nu-
merous adversaries. . Hence no
means were omitted to oppose
them on every side; and fortune
had been so favourable to them,
‘that at the close of the year 1793
they had assumed a posture that
menaced the whole confederacy.
The superiority of Great Britain at
sea was the only circumstance they
dreaded ; but here too their efforts

found means, notwithstanding the’

had been so unremitting, that they

late disaster they had met with at —
Toulon, to equip a considerable —
fleet, which was lying at Brest, and:
with which they intended to risk
an engagement with the British
armament that was stationed in the
Channel to watcl: its motions. But
the chief object of the French at ~
sea, was, to carry on a predatory
war with Great Britain, by means —
of their numerous _ privateers. |
Herein they had been successful,
and had taken a large number of
British vessels: but these were —
mostly of inconsiderable value 5 —
the rich merchantmen, sailing un- |
der convoy, rarely fell into their ~
hands. - a
In the mean time a body of
Hessian troops, destined, it was
said, to besemployed in an expe= —
dition on the coast of France, ar- —
rived in a fleet of transports from
Germany, to the Isle of Wight. q
In order to prevent illness among —
them, through confinement om!
board, they were landed and quar- —
tered in that island, there to remain 4
till the expedition toek place. |
The arrival of thesetroops, together —
with their landing and going inte 4
uarters, being communicated to F
the House of Commons, on thei
27th of January, a vote of thanks
passed. for this communication: —
but on the next day, the measure —
itself underwent a violent censure
from the opposition, It coms —
plained that, exclusively of theillega-
lity of the transaction, the num- —
ber of troops landed, their ula”
terior destination, and the length —
of their stay in the island, shad ;
not been mentioned in, the mes=_
sage. These were particulars, —
a specification of which was ney —
cessary for the satisfaction of the
re public, |

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

wm > lic, “as well as of Parliament.

Che ministerial answer was, that it

%; we e highly impolitic, and there-

~ for improper to subject the in-
tended destination of those troops
‘to a parliamentary debate. The
time of their stay depending on
¢ontingencies, could not be ascer-
tained ; and as they were not all
‘arrived, the precise amount of the

‘S “force Janded had not been regularly

‘stated. This answer did not how-
“ever prove satisfactory to those
‘members in the House, and to
‘those numbers without, who highly
disapproved of this introduction of
an armed force into the kingdom,
without a previous application to
‘parliament. On the tenth of Fe-
‘bruary, opposition renewed its at-
tack. It was strenuously con-
“tended by Mr. Grey, that however
“expedient this measure might ap-
pear in a military light, it could
not anywise meet with their ap-
probation as constitutional, Mi-
‘nistry ought, in the King’s name,
_ to have applied to parliament for
itsconsent, as it was manifestly
-against law to raise or maintain a
standing military force in England
during either peace or war, with-
_out the permission of the legisla-
ture; it being expressly forbidden
by the very letter as well as the
_spiritof the act framed to this in-

_ tent, thatany office of trust, civil

or military, should on any account
_ whatever, be held by any but na-
tural subjects, horn within the
realm. The trust committed to
officers and commanders was of
the most important nature, and
_ could not therefore, consistently

with the obvious meaning of the

«
Ss

_ law, be lodged in the hands of
foreigners. Such was the watch-
fulness of the constitution, that

199

it had provided not only against
the existence of an army, inde-
pendently of Parliament, but even
of a marine, by making it necessary
to pass annually a bill for subject-
ing both to military law; without
which neither of them’ kad any
legal sanction. If no armed force
even of the natives could be suf+
fered in the realm without those
precautions, with how much more
vigilance ought the legislature to
provide against an army of fo=
reigners, used’ to despotic subjec-
tion in their own country, and
ever ready, for hire, implicitly to
obey any paymaster in the execu-
tion of whatever projects he
might purpose to execute through
their means? Parliament had by
various acts prohibited the intro-
duction of foreign mercenaries
into the kingdom. The principles
on which the revolution was

founded, militated against it in so

striking a manner, that no real
friend to that event could give the
least countenance to contrary ideas.
Parliament had constantly opposed
attempts of this nature, as evi-
dently subversive of their un-
doubted right to regulate all par
ticulars relating to the existence
and support of the military and
naval departments of the kingdom.
Occasions indeed might arise when
dispatch, and perhaps secrecy, re-
quired so instantaneous an assist-
ance, that no time could be spared
for the usual forms of legislative
assent to its introduction ; but in
such cases ministers ought imme-
diately to apply for an act of in-
demnity; otherwise they were
liable to a prosecution, as guilty of

‘the most dangerous of all. infringe-

ments upon the safety of national
freedom, that of putting the coun-

04 uy

wi
¥

ee cr Ww 2
ba \, AS “Hh

Wh aie @
a at

i a

(
%

200 ANNUAL. REGISTER, 1794,

iy: into the power of strangers.
ne royal prerogative ought not to
be invaded; but. wherever it mili-
tated against the spiritof the consti-
tution, this claimed a prior consi-
deration, and parliaments could not
be too. vigilant. in checking the
ministerial abuse ,of the preroga-
tive... In consequence of these
remises, it was moved by Mr.
esas ye to employ foreign-
ers in any situation of military
trust, or to bring foreign troops
into, the kingdom, without the
consent of parliament, was Ccon-
trary to law. This motion was
supported by Lord John. Caven-
dish, Major Maitland, Mr. Whit-
bread, and Mr. Francis, _
_. In, support of ministry, Mr.
Wyndham contended that, without
involving itself into. endless debates —
‘concerning rights and aillegalities,
‘the House should investi gate whe-
‘ther ministers had acted properly.
in advising the king to introduce .
“a body of fo reops into the
kingdom. The only rule of decision
‘was to consult circumstances, and
‘examine without prejudice, whether
_the exigency of affairs did not sanc-
tion such a measure.
“In addition to these reasonings

.it was asserted by Mr. Wallace,that

“no positive proot had been adduced
that the introduction of foreign
troops into the realm, when at
“war, was repugnant to any actual
law or usage. ‘Certainly’ the
‘ crown had not abused the preroga-
tive in ‘the present case; and no
' parliamentary sanction had yet been
"Deld requisite in the like cases. °
“Tt did not becoie parliament to
betray perpetual’ suspicions of the
executive power. ‘This could only
produce ili blood between the King
and people, whose interests should

never be represented as different |

from those ©f the sovereign, with-

out the most obvious and compul-

sivenecessity, ae 23

These arguments were enforced
by Mr. Pitt, who further observed,
that whether the foreign troops in
question had been sent for and
landed in this country, with the
design of employing them with
others ‘on some expedition abroad,
‘or whether they intended to remain
in the kingdom for its defence,
a communication from the Throne,
‘and a consequent address of thanks
from parliament, took away all
sinister interpretation, and implied
a regular consent. This was on
both sides a transaction »pertectly
conformable to former precedents.
‘Were the royal prerogative in
“cases of a similar nature to.excced

its just bounds, the law had pro-»

vided an adequate remedy, by em-
powering the parliament, to refuse
pecuniary supplies, and thus to
stop at once the. progress of any

_evil designs.

The debate on this important
subject was closed by Mr. Vox,
who strenuously opposed the en-
trance of an armed force into the
kingdom, either in peace or wal,
without a positive consent of par-
liament: sucha prerogative in the
crown was in direct opposition to
the Bill of Rights, sclemply esta-

blished at the revolution, with the

clearest intent of depriving the
crown of ail possible power to gos
vern by a_ military force, | The
mutiny bill was framed on the
same plan. The discussions that
took place during the American
war, when it was thought expe-
dient to reinforce’ the garrisons of
Gibraltar and Mincrea with Hano-
verian troops, shewed m what

ae he e alight

7
;

HISTORY OW EUROPE: zor

@ light the introduction of these
into any part of the British domi-
"nions was viewed by all good pa-
triois, and how indispensably reat
_ site it was deemed’ that no such
measure should pass without the
explicit. consent .of , parliament.
ee might give the most
positive assurances ‘that the stay of
ha foreign armed force would be
‘short , but that was not the ques-
tion, When once introduced,
and the principle of introduction
Ue tolerated, who was to‘limit the
/ numbers to be stationed on Bri-
tish ground, on those many pre-
| tences for which ministers. were
ever at a loss? When suffici-
ently numerous to. brave all con-
troul,-by whom were they to be
dismissed without their own con-
i sent? Would parliamentary re-
"presentations, without; something
‘more substantial and coercive, pre-
4 vail upon them to depart? In
~ such a case as the present, it
became him, and every member
of a British: House of Parliament,
' to speak out, mindiess of frowns
_ and careless, of favours, It was
notorious, that by granting an un-
limited ‘power of the sword to
(Kings and, Princes, the: liberties
eo Enrope had been destroyed.
_While parliament acted with wis-
om, it would look on its own pri-
yileges as. founded on
; that . once, ae ned,
Pe own privileges w ould soon
be violated. They. ought bs
“fore, for their .own. interest,
= by the people, who. ns

would stand by them in the day
of need; but to secure this sup-
%, port, they should beware of deli-
yering the nation intothe power
Ger sivangers, who, when once
fray settled, would for their own
t

public

sake become the instruments of op-
pression. Ministerial emissariesstu-
diously sought to represent num-
bers of people in this country as
enemies to monarchy ; but if this
representation were true, the most
eitectual method of removing this
enmity would be to divest mo-
narchy of its terrors, by ‘refusing
such an augmentation of his power
as the prerogative in question was
aimingat. The introductionof the
Hessian troops, from general views
of good policy in conducting the
war, Mr. Fox did by no means con-
demn ; it was merely, he affirmed,
the right of the exccutive power to
introduce them into. the kingdom,
independently of Parliament, which

-he denied; as a prerogative incom-

patible with the security of public

freedom, and. tending incontrover-

tibly to lodge a degree of authority
‘in the executive department, which
at some period might enable it to
compass the most fatal designs tothis
country. This long: and animated
discussion terminated in favour of
ministry, by a division of 184
against 35.

Opposition however considered
this subject in too, serious a light
to give it up without any further
debate ;—the public opinion was
on their side. Though people ap-
proved. of the measure itself, of al-
lowing the Hessians to enjoy the
benefits of a residence on so heal-
thy a spot as the Isle of Wight, still
the propriety of a parliamentary
permission for this purpose, ap-
‘peared too manifest for ministers
declining to accept of an indem-
-nity for a conduet which was not
reputed blameable in any other
light than-in their refusal to ac-
knowledge: its illegality. Their

- obstinacy on this occasion did them

considerable
~~ &

‘og ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794 |

-eonsderable prejndice. It afforded
-thetdiscontentéd a handie'to tas
“them ‘with iniquitous intentions
sand it was npt ‘without difficulty
that their friends could find mo-
itives to vexctilpate them. — The
‘false: pride of obstinate \ perseve-
pi in measures once adopted, ra-
ther! than! candidly and magnani-
wie oe own oan error, ‘has of-
ster been ‘accompanied by many
rests, both to individuals and na-
itions. ‘his false oa is noticed
eby forcieners as a ‘vice peculiarly
-incident tocthe Fitch.

This weighty subject was re-
esumed in the House of ‘Commons
onthe Mth of March. ‘The pre-
izogative of the crown to introduce
foreign troops witheut the permis-
saion of Parliament, was defended in
.x long speech by Mr. Grenville,
who msisted on the point, that he
rcould not find.any law clearly ap-
posite ‘to the Present case. My.

Grey, Mr. Adair, Mr. ‘Sheridan,
‘and Mr, Smith, bake on the ee:
ref opposition.

Mr. Fox declared,

jrogative in question, Were the
serown legally . entitled to such a-
_ aclaim, the constitution was a nullity ;
and those who had so boldly of Lae
sepresented it in this light, would
be found to have spoken a fatal
truth, Responsibility was the.
shield with which ministerscovered ©
themselves when meditatin une
constitutional designs ; but if such
@ protection were ‘allawedl there
’ was no measure, however 1 injurious
to this country, which they would
aot beable to carry, But ministers
should not be suffered to proceed
in. their iniquitous career: they
_ «should. be stopt in the outset :
merely to war them of their mise

‘4

ae ek ee .

i * na % " E y
“f * a |
be n 7 }

“tdmely to wait for new proofs of |

“the highest importance, mi cbt Sly

- ght bat be inclined. to eat,
‘harbour mtentions that canld ‘net
‘act

remove at once all suspicion, and

~agitated by their bringi

worst | evils’ at could befall the
in strong” Lord Mansfield, a name of the
terms, his reprobation of the pre. highest respectability, strenuously
“measures the legality of which was

_ selves by a bill of indemnity.

_terests. Ef it passed undécided, the q
_ public would povsibly imagine that, —
by their not contesting its s legality, ;

conduct, was no remedt ; and |

their guilt, especially im matters of

tend to place them beyond the |
reach of pumishenent. | Silence
in such cases’was: criminal in the —
representatives of a free peoples
who aught to, be duly apprized of
the degree of authiority lodeed in |
the Sovereign by the legislature.
But the acts and ' segulations ‘80
uften referr’d to, “were intcl-
ligible ‘to every’ liberal. capacity 5

aandinnn ae

wauld raise
meaniig..

any doubts of fiir
tf ministers, did not

bear inspection, why should they be
averse to challenge as their dure an
of ‘indemnity, which would —

tranquillize the public, not slightly
forward —
‘a prerogative, which if acquiescect
‘in, was evidently pregnant with the

. British constitution, The Tate 4

“recommended to ministers who,
"pressed by necessity, had taken

dowbtful, always to secure them- |
The —

point in agitation was of such im,
portance, that ministers could not
er caily clear their character.
ister Imputations. Nor

me pantie to defer a mo-

a longer the decision of a ques-
tion that involved such essential in-

tie House tacitly allowed the Prt
rogative to be legal, or, what would —
be more ignominious, that ot had”
wanted —

- 4

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

<waited spirit to contest it. Which-
ever of these opinions went forth,
yneither of them would do credit
.to the commons of Great Britain.

. (Mr. Pitt spoke next to this
, knotty question, The House, he
_ observed, had, on the preceding
+ ‘debate on this subject, explicitly
‘. declared the act under considera-

205

-the community :—-and such a bill
heshortly proposed toclaim. But
it were unbecoming to solicit such
a bill, merely to avoid altercation
or to obtain popularity.

After a few words in reply from
Mr. Grey, expressing thenecessity of
coming to an immediate decision
on this matter, the motion was

-tion not illegal. But were a bill of
indemnity to pass, would not this
«be recalling their declaration ?
“The business had undergone a so-
-lemn and mature deliberation, and
.no more could with propriety be
said relating to it. It had long
- been the wisdom of Parliament to
avoid’ precise decisions on. points
.of a disputable nature, and to act
-in the mean time witha view to
_ Seasons and circumstances, which
-were a surer guide. «Nothing but
‘unavoidable necessity should force
-men to decide in a case where the
issue must be mortifying to one of
_ the parties eoncerned. It had
been asserted that the prerogative

in debate had never yet been

laid properly before Parliament ;,

négatived by 170 against 41.

This subject was also brought
before the house of Lords on
the @2lst of February, by the
Earl of Albemarle. He took a
retrospective view of all that had
passed for along course of years
respecting the subject in debate, in
order to shew what solicitude it
had at all times occasioned. He
particularized the bill of indemnity
insisted on by the House of Com.
mons against the ministry, which
shad garrisoned Gibraltar and Mi-
norca with foreign troops. ‘The
previous landing of these in Eng-
Jand, in the way to their destina-
tion, occasioned a formal asseveras
tion in that House, that the
crown had no right to:take such a

.but this assertion was erroneous. step without the formal consent of
_ .No war-had occurred within a cen- Parliament. In consequence of
‘tury, that had not brought it into these premises, he moved that a
discussion. But Parliament had pill of indemnity should be brought |
Pa _ constantly declined a positive deci- in, for the conduct of ministers on
gion, doubtless for reasons which, this occasion.
when coolly examined, would to. It was contended, on the other
the impartial appear justly founded. . hand, by Lord Spencer, that when
y No specific law could be cited,” a foreign force was only landed in
A prohibiting the crown to <intro- the <ingdom on its passage to ano~
duce foreign troops into the king- ther place of destination, when its,
dom without consent of parla") residence was tovbe of short con-
- ment. Precedents were manifest! tinuance, and an immediate com-
in favour of this prerogative. Mu-) cation of the measure was
nisters were described as too prond _- to Parliament, there was no
» to court a bill of indemnity; but Jaw proh iting, the crown to in-
such a bill was no disgrace, when troduse foreign i under such
required for the legalizing of a cirewmstances. The quartering of ©
transaction, evidently beneficial to “the Hessi ;in the Isk ‘Wight,

4 . . - a
; y YS anewerng

af os ‘

ae ae

ea age ®
| 3

? ‘ae

204 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

answering precisely this descrip-
tion, the ministry: stood acquitted
in their use of the royel preroga-
tive on this occasion. It was not
pretended that the King’s preroga-
tive extended to the introduction
of a foreign military either to
suppress domestic insurrections,
to serve as garrisons, or to be sta-
tioned permanently in any part of
the realm, unless by formal con-
sent of Parliament ;' but no law
forbade their transient admission on
the terms above specified.

It was acknowledged by Lord
Auckland, that he did not con-
sider the landing of the Hessians as
strictly conformable to law, nor
yet as an illegal act on,the part of
ministry. The silence of the law,
in some cases, was an admonition to
Parliament to pass them over un-
observed, unless it were evident
that to be: silent, would amount
to.a breach of the duty they owed
to their country, But without
well-founded apprehensions that
an ill use was intended of the pre-
rogatives vested in the crown,
they should be left untouched, as
necessary for the quiet and good
order of the community.

Lord Romuey took notice on
this occasion, that nineteen years

per at present for debate. The
Hessian troops were in a situation
that required them to be landed
for the benefit of air and refresh-
ment:: this surely was no straining
-of the prerogative. The erown,
it was true, could not, without con-
. sulting Parliament, maintain a
‘standing army of natives, much
less of foreigners; but in the pre-
sent case, nothing had been done
to throw the least blame on mi-
-nistry. It was ungenerous to look
upon the exercise of the royal pre-
rogative as necessarily attended
with abuse... It might sometimes
appear inconsistent with liberty ;
but while under constitutional re-
strictions, was experimentally found
of essential utility. The responsibi-
lity of ministers had been held not
in a dangerous light: but it an-
swered two equally beneficial ends;
they. were not only answerable
for doing wrong, but also for omit-
ting to do what was right. Ina
case like the present, for instance,
were they to introduce a foreign
force without necessity, or to ne-
glect their aid when wanted: here,
they would be alike culpable. ©
Hence it fairly appeared, that to
press a bill of indemnity upon mi-
nisters for what they had done re-

before, when he was.a member of specting the Hessians, would pre-
the other House, it was not even yent all future ministers, as well as
pretended that to introduce fo- the present, from resorting to the
reign troops into the British domi- measure of calling in the-assistance
nions, was not contrary to law; the of foreigners when it might be
only point then agitatedwas,howto most wanted, and while they were
word the bill of indemnity granted’ also nearest at hand to afford re-
to the ministers who had taken that + lef. Better therefore to leave a
step, soasto remove all doubt as to doubtful business undecided, than
the unlawfulness of the rheasufel ne by circumscribing the motives -of
which all men were agreed. ministers, to expose government to
This subject was considered by a probable failvre in its opera-

~ Lord Grenville, as altogether of an tions against the enemies of this
abstract te : Dpros! country,

° 4 . “

’ ” ln
e gl ee
«le ao 4 ae
“* Se - “se

. a

> %

+ into the kingdom.

i
a

*
§

HISTORY OF

EUROPE. 205

In opposition to this reasoning,, tation of ministers, nor diminished

Lord Guildford was decidedly of
opinion, that no expediency
_ could be pened against the posi-

tive tenor of the law. A strong

example had been given in the last
century, of the backwardness even
of a wicked administration to run
counter to the sense of the people,
by introducing anarmy of foreigners
This was the
ministry of James II. However
violently intent on the accom-

j plishment of his designs, that mo-
march did not dare to accept of the
assistance offered him by his friend
and abéttor Lewis X1V. of France;
and:chose rather toincur the risk
of not succeeding in his projects,
“than to offend his. people by a
_ measure which he was conscious

‘would lay him open to their uni-
versal odium. ‘The bill of indem-
nity recommended to ministers,
shewed how little disposed the na-
tion was to censure them for what
they had done; but was no less a
proof how unacceptable the prin-
ciple of empowering the crown to
admit a foreign force was to the
sense of the nation. Messages
from the crown were no justifica-
tion of ministerial measures.,, The

, ~ words of Lord Coke, ona similar

_ says the law of the land?”

eccasion, might pertinently be
“quoted on the present; * tlre King’s
message was gracious; but what

rguments of the same importas
" those already specified, were urged
by other Lords, on each side of the
uestion. |
debate was, that the bill of indem-
“nity proposed by Lord Albemarle,
was negatived. by | ERASE ee
against twelve, “|
This rejection ofa bill which ,
sould: not have affected the: repu-

a
%

But the issue of the»

the influence of the crown, was
greatly censured by numbers, who
wished that government, while
engaged in so serious a business as
the contest with France, would
have laid aside. all needless tena-
ciousness .of its authority, and
yielded to the ideas of the general-
ity, especially as they extended ne
farther than to require the-genuine
principles of the constitution to be
acknowledged. It was said, an
abridgement of the royal preroga=
tive was undoubtedly in the cog-
templation of that party which had
imbibed the doctrines imported

from France among its neigh-
bours ; but this party was so greatly

ontnumbered. by those who ad-
hered to the established govern-
ment, that no danger could have
accrued from indulging these reite-
rated desires, that ministers would
refrain from all appearance . of
haughtiness, obstinacy, and love of -
power, and trust more than they
seemed disposed to do, to the good-
will and readiness of the public to
support and carry them through
the arduous task of putting a stop
to the progress of the ancient
enemy of the British nation.

The strength and_ inveteracy
of that formidable enemy were
now daily encreasing ;. and it re-
quired the utmost efforts of com-
bined Europe to meet him in the
field.» The empire of the sea was
that object which he strenuously
sought, aboveall others, tocompass;
certain that if he succeeded, the
world itself would be at his com-
mand. Full of .this mighty pro-
ject, his efforts were exerted in
every maritime town and province
of Trance,: to collect a sufficient
number of seamen to man the

fleet

206

fleet he was preparing at Brest, in’
order to make a trial of his naval:

prowess with’ the strength of
Great Britain; on what is nothinti:
properly” called) her own’ ele-
ment.

~ To prepare for a contest, the
issue of which would be very seri-
_ ous to the losing party, was equally
the study of the British govern=
ment.’ On’ the 27th of January
1794, Lord Arden moved, that
the number of seamen for the ser-
vice of the navy,
approaching season, should be aug-
mented’ to 85,000.
was chearfully complied with ; all
parties, even
proved of the war as unnecessary,
were alike convinced of ‘the pro-

priety of carrying it’on with vigour!

after it had-been undertaken, and'of
supporting the honour of the
British arms,‘ both by’ sea and land;
against an enemy who,’ flushed
vrithi his late successes, was become
more dangerous than ever,
menaced Britain particularly, as
the ‘chief agent’ in the coalition
against him:

° Mt.) Fox; though he acquiesced |

in the motion, was very severe in

his examination of the conduct of’

the war. Ministers, he observed,

had boasted of the good condition |

and great ‘services of the navy dur-
ing the preceding year, particu-
‘ Jarly of the attention shewn to the
commercial fleet; and yet it ap-
peared that several branches of our
trade had greatly suffered; sever-
teen of the traders to the Baltic
had been taken, and they had all
narrowly escaped: the shipping
from Quebec had been left to the
protection of only one ship in a
bad condition; and their safe ar-
sival was owing to the circumstance

during the’
The’ motion:

those who disap=\s, 4

and |

A NN UAL REGISTER; 1794.

of the absence of an'enemy. Inthe
Channel, six French frigates had
been’ suffered- to take twenty-six
sail of rich merchantmen. These’
particulars made him doubtful of
the care ‘and vigilance professed
by the ministry. Nor wasiit cer-"
tain that we had not lost as many
vessels "in the foregoing year as in
1771, when’ we contended alone’
with Holland, France, and Spain.
It was an undeniable fact, that,
since the commencement of the’
war, in February last year, the
French had seized near one hun-
dred vessels more than they had
lost.
Mr. Pitt, in reply, atsted) that
no ships had fallen into the enemy’s
hands tbrough want of convoy,
Six French frigates had remained
uninterrupted in the Channel the
space of six days, while our fleet
just returned from a cruise, was
lying in port to refit; but they
were soon driven into their own!
harbours. Our’ successes at sca
had, on the whole, been great:
our East and West India fleets had
safely arrived at their destinations
abroad, and sailed securely home ;
our Mcrae was immense, and pros-
pered in every quarter of the globe.
These were truths that could not
be controverted. The British’ na-.
vy had, in the mean time, ruled’
irresistibly in every sea. Many
years would elapse’ before the
French could recover from ‘the
blow they had received at Toulon.
Our fleets were out everywhere in
search of the enemy, who con-
stantly avoided coming to action.
As to the intelligence brought from’
France, relating to the advantages’
of which the French ‘were con-
tinually boasting, but little’reliance
could be placed upon it ; and the”
speakers -

go careful to magnify their suc-
seesses and diminish their losses,,
to represent their situation as
completely prosperous, though it,
owas well known that France was,
discontent, confusion, and .
dness.
Vit was moved by Mr. Pitt
treaty with the King of
; Sardinia should be. referred to the
mittee of supply, Mc. Fox re-
resented that treaty as one by
“which this country engaged te do
ich for aa ally whe was to make ;
retuen. The port, of Nice
pmight have been a compensation

: {were m sters, 2s well as of his he-
eedita Dukedom of Savoy. He
“was to receive a subsidy df twe
huadted thousand pounds to enable
pri to defend his owa dominions ;
and Great Britain stipulated at the
same
“of the ferritorieshe had fost. Buc
he fulfilling of these terme, con-
ring the iiany chances against ,
“us, afising from this unpropitious

ous weight to, this county With-
out entangling this « expensive ally

been wiser in us, and more
amtagcous to him, whenever a

nade the restoration of his domi-

“pions 2 condition of the treaty.

,, It was observed by Mr. Powis,

teply, that the ancestor of the
ng of Sardinia, who acceded to

ae vt, alliancé against France,

‘terms. The French were at
that time, as they are now, grasp-

ing at undue power ; and Europe
in like manner, compelled to
f°

HISTORY OF EUROPE

Speakers in the . Convention, were -

our aid ; but of that the French |

time to. procure. the recovery |

unite for its preservation, “Te pro=

tect the. King of Sardmia-was. ome:
of the means of .our.own defence. .
He was. subsidized to fight. our.
battles.as well as hisrown;. and the
successes he might obtain, were. aa
legs advantageous to us than to hite,

by weakening the common enemy,
ard by diverting. a considerable

part of that force which he might

otherwise employ agaiast thiscoun~
try and its allies.

Mr, Ryder added, that, in bis opi-
gion, the situation of the King of
Sardinia’s dominions-in Italy ren-
dered him am ally af considerable
weight, by. enabling -him to’ pre-
vent the Preach from penetrating
iate the Milanese.

The augmentation of the armr-
was the next cbject‘of tmportancess
brought before thé House. | The
secretary at wat, on the 3d of Fe-
bruary, moved, in- a committee of
supply, that the land-forces fot the
service of the current year. should
consist of 60,c00 mens. This aug-—

| mentation was opposed by. Mr.

Hussey, on the ground of its inefi-

€, might prove a burden of ruin-» cacy for the purposes of this war.

‘The navy of Great Britain ought
rather to have been augmented:

in a dangerous ‘quarrel, it would) A few stout ships were of much

more -utility. than a land-foree, ia
making such an impression upon

ification took places to have. the enemy as wonld be solid and

Nacrtieateie to the interests of this.
country. Je entertained no doubt
of the courage and gallantry, of |
our officergand soldiers ; but would
rather have seen our “naval list-care_
ried to 100,n00 men, than vote for
any farther increase of the army. |

"He was followed by Major Mait-
Jand, who’ entered laigely into the
subject. He complained that much

* . yes
, More money was expended in rais-

ing men than heretofore; and that

economy ~

cos ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

economy” was little attended to in
this branch of the service: But
for what were we expending money
in new levies? Yo encounteér ideas
and opinions, which were not of

a nature to be subdued by force’

of arms. Nor were ministers en-
titled to our confidence for their
application of the supplies granted
to them. The injudicious con-
duct of ministry-had been the ra-
dical cause of ali the disasters that
had. befallen ‘the British arms;
while the advantages that had been
obtained, were not the result of
their wisdom. The transient suc-
cesses of the allies at the opening
of the last campaign, were pro-
duced by numbers: .as soon as
they divided their forces, they lost
ground. The failure at Dunkirk
was an unanswerable proof of the
incapacity of our ministers. It
was totally due to their mismanage-
ment and presumption, and occa—
sioned.a long series of misfortunes.
Toulon was put into our hands by
the royalists, and retaken by the
republicans through want of timely
succours to keep it. Equal impru-
dence had appeared in a variety
of other measures.

Mr. Jenkins justifi¢dthe attempts
upon Dunkirk, in a variety of con-
siderations. It was attacked at the
only time when-such a‘thing was
practicable. Had the business been
delayed, it must have been given
over till next year. The com-
manders of the allied army made
no objection to the enterprize, and
an adequate force was provided for
it. But unforeseen accidents in-
terposed ; and, in the mean time,
an immense army came to its re-
lief. ‘ 4

‘Insupport of the augmentation
of the army, Mr, Pitt argued that

b «

the power of Great Britain at séaj ’
however irresistible on that ele-
ment, could not, in thé nature of *
things, make an: adequate impres- ~~
sion upon an enemy, whose whole ’
strength was concentrated on lands
and who, for that reason, could”
there only be asailed with ¢
It was to prevent the invasion of,
the territories of their neighbours, —
that the war against the’ French
had been* undertaken;—it was
therefore at land they were to be
encountered. ~Great! Britain was
no less deeply cottcerned than its -
allies, in putting a’stop to the ené
croachments of France. © Were it
to succeed in the projects it had .
evidently formed, its aggrandize+
ment would be such, that-all Eu-
rope must submit to its dictates.
This was far from being a mere
surmise. The style of the Con-
vention, their continual boasts and
threats, theaffected superiority with
which they treated other states,
the plans they openly avowed of
compelling all the powers of Eu-
rope to bow before them,—these
were unequivocal indications of
the arrogant designs,they harbour
ed against their neighbours. The
great scheme they had not only

i 2

formed but executed, of converting
the people of France into a nation
of soldiers;) manifested their real
‘views, which were those of con«
quest and subjugation. A nation ©
acting upon such principles, was |
necessarily at enmity with all others.
Whatever’the original causes were
of the differences subsisting be~
tween the French and the neigh-
bouring powers, the contest’ at
present was clearly, Whether they
should give laws to others, or con- —
‘tain themselves within their own
limits? No exertion, therefore,

2 ought

ought to be Lomi itted by Great Bri-
fir, in ‘conjunction with its allies,
oJ reduce so dangerous a people
eon ‘bounds, “and | to _humbie
mm O completely, as to deprive
90th of the inclination and

‘to. disturb the peace of En-

5 e. It had been insinuated that
“te wee strength of the confe-
‘was ninegual to such a task;

e aba A itiat was the language of de-
ppundency. France might make
ms ong and desperate resista: 14 bed
i the resources of the coalitioh

would, if employed with vigour,

Ber oastiraity, enable it fo hold
longer than France, and ob-
re that er ie ity people to listen
to reasonable terms.
Mr, 8 in reply to the argu-
paral: s adduced by ministry, asserted
that the ‘preceding campaign did
a no means deserve the epitktet
successful. Our failure at Dun-
‘Kirk and expulsion)
‘were sufficient to
K fences to success. —
ing of Toulon was
pieseing the honour of the
tion exert every endeavour
pte it, ministry ‘ouishtdaiave
’ provided a sufficient force to rep
“the attacks of the besiegers; where
as the strength employed i in its de-
fence was so inconsiderable, that
“no doubt subsisted of its inability.

‘

Ss the force which the

nch government was preparing
against it. The retention of Tou-
ie was a duty of the first i impor-
ince. Had it been put into an
¢tual posture of defence, the
"condition of France was such at
_ that time, as to afford well founded
, ~ hopes of a powerful insurrection
~ of the royal party in the southern
parts of that kingdom. Such was
language of the enemies to the
Vor. AEXVI,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

inexcusable,

209

Convention at that time; and it
behoved ministry to make a fuk
trial of its veracity, as they pro-
fessed themselves of the same opi-
nion. But instead of this, they
sacrificed Toulon, and its inhabit-
ants, to their projected expeditions
in the West Indies. He did not
however place much cor.fidence in
that language: he had experienced
the fallacy of similar assertions by
the adherents to government in
the colonies, during the American
war. While we possessed Toulon,

Lyons was in arms against the Con-
yention, and Mai eilles in a state
bordering upon insurrection ; yet
none of their neighbours shewed
the least dispodtion to join them.

This proved how little we could
depend on assistance from the peo-
ple of France in favour of a coun-
ter-revyolution. ‘The delays of mi-
nisters in fitting out the expedition
intended for the coast of France,
“under Lord Moira, to succour the
royalists ; and the feeble efforts

_ made in their behalf at Toulon,

had convinced them that we were
not able to bring them effectual
relief; and that they ought not,
therefore, to trust in our promises.
Inthe mean time, all these attempts
tended to widen the breach be-
tween Great Britain and France,
and to kindle a spirit of inveteracy
productive of great evils to both
countries. Peace, however, was not
so difficult an object’ to attain as
some: people imagined, or aftected
to believe. The French and Eng-
lish had more than once heen in-
volved in the deadliest quarrels,
France had strove, ‘with’ all her
might, to impose an arbitrary go-
vernment on this country, to sub-
vert its religion, and to replace a
banished family on the throne,

P ' "These

210 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

These were certainly most heinous
attempts; yet they never induced
us, in the beightof our resentment,
to vow eternal war with the French.
By aparity of reasoning, the French,
notwithstanding our endeavonrs to
force upon them a system of go-
vernment which they had repro-
bated, would, on our desisting, not
refiise to treat for a peace, which
they could not want less than we
did; and we ourselves could not be
supposed so inveterately fixed in
our hatred of that people, as to
eternize hostilities for the purpose
of gratifying it, until they submitted
implicitly to our own terms. But

- this we had no 1eason to expect,

while they continued an armed
nation. The supreme power in
that country was now lodged in
those hands which alone could ef-
fect the changes we required; and
they were determined to persevere
in resisting us and eur ailies to the
very last.

After a few words from Mr, Pitt,
staling, that by an armed nation he
meant no more than the imniense
mass ot people compelled by the
Convention to take up army, the
several resolutions of the commit-
tee were agreed to.

Or the 5th of February, the
minister laid before the house an
account of the supplics necessary
tor the prosecution of the war, to-
gether with the ways and means
to raise them, the particulars. of
the intended loan, and of other
methods of procuring money, with
the taxes that would be requisite

4o pay the interest accruing on

the sums additionally borrowed.
He observed, thai the exertions
required, though great, were indis-
pensable; and that every man

should bear in mind that he was
now struggling for the preservation
of all that was dear to him. The
public had likewise the satisfac-
tion of knowing, that both the —
naval and military department
were on the most respectable foot-
ing ever kbown in this country :
the exertions of government had —
been such, that the numbers voted
by parliament were already nearly
completed in both these branches
of the service. The interior strength

_of the kingdom consisted of one

hundred and forty thousand effec-
tive men; and that of the navy, —
of near ninety thousand: the ar- —
tillery had been placed on a foot- y
ing of great improvement, and
amounted to near six thousand —
men. ‘The foreign troops in our —
pay were almost forty thousand:
constituting altugether a force little ~
short of two bundred and seventy
thousand men, in the best condition
and discipline. He then proceed-—
ed to the statement of the sums
necessary for the maintenance of
this force. The navy would re-
quire five millions five hundred
and twenty-five thousand pounds 5
the army, six millions three hun-
dred and thirty-nine thousand ;
that of the ordnance, one millton
three hundred and forty-five thous
sand; and the miscellaneous ser-
vices would call for two hundred
and six thousand. ‘The deficien-
cies of last year in grants, amount=-
ed to four hundred and seventy=
four thousand pounds; in the land
and malt-tax, three hundred and
fifty thousand: the sum appropri-
ated to the discharge of the na
tional debt was two hundred thou
sand; and the exchequer bills:
would amount to five millions five
hundred

HISMGRYs@F EUROPE <-211

hundred thousand. Thus the to-
tal of the supply, wanted for the
present year, would be nineteen

millions nine hundred and thirty-

nine thousand pounds. The ways
and means to raise this supply were,
the Jand and malt tax, two millions
five hundred thousand; the grow-
ing produce of taxes afier answer-
ing the charges of the consolidated
fund, two millions one hundred
and ninety-seven thousand; the
East India company, five hundred
thousand; and the loan, eleven
milions.. The taxes proposed by

the minister to pay the interest of

the new loan, were two hundred
and forty-three thousand pounds
on British spirits, and that upon
brandy and rum, at the rate of one
pensy a gallon for spirits; nine

pence for rum, and ten pence for

brandy. Seventy thousand pounds

on bricks and tiles, at the rate of

eighteen pence additional for every
thousand’; thirty thousand pounds
on slate and stone, carried coast-
ways, at the rate of ten shillings a
ton for slate, and two shillings and
Sixpence for stone; fifty-two thou-
sand pounds additional on crown
and. plate glass ; sixty-three thon-
sand pounds additional on paper,

_ twenty-five thousand pounds addi-
tional upon attorneys;
with four
eight thou-and pounds surplus of

together
hundred and twenty-

taxes in 1791. After producing
this statement, Mr. Pitt noticed,
that the public revenue was in a
state of prosperity beyond expec-

_ tation. © The produce of taxes in

1793 exceeded by one hundred

-and thirty-seven thousand pounds

the average of the four preceding
years; and the total amount of the
fevenuc had been more, by five
hundred thousand pounds, than at

the most flourishing of former
periods.

This general plan of taxation
was approved by Mr. Fox, though
he considered several parts of “it
as oppressive.

On the 7th of reas among
a variety of taxes that passed the
House, the rule by which the Ro-
man Catholics were charged a dou-
ble rate to the Jand-tax, was can-
celled, to the great satisfaction of
the liberal-minded of all persua-
sions.

The new taxes chiefly objected
to on this occasion, were those up-
on attorneys and paper; the first
of which had already been adverted
to by Mr. Fox. Mr. Adam con-
sidered this tax as exposing the
profession to unjust reflections.
No pessons were professionally
employed in a more confidential
transactions than attorneys : they
were necessarily entrusted with the
secrets of indiyiduals, and of Whole
families: the character of the pro-
fession ought therefore to com-
mand respect. Doubtless, there
were petsons exercising it litle to
their credit; but this was no re-
proach to the profession itself,
wh:ch contained as excellent indi-
Viduals as any class of society. This
additional tax was a heavy incum-
brance ; as after paying it, together
with the foregoing duty for a ji-
cence, stilla man was liable to be
struck off the list of attorneys were
a court of law to judge him unfit
for the profession; in which case
he not only lost his situation. in
lif, bat received no indemnifica-
tion for the money he had expend-
ed in qualifying himself for it.
The heads of the law, and among
them were those, the chief justice
especially, whose endeavours to

P 2 raise

212 ANNUAL REGISTER, i794

mise the credit of the profession
were well known, would become
more averse than ever to degrade
attorneys, from the consideration of
the ruinous loss with which such a
degradation must be of course at-
ended,

_ The additional tax on paper was
censured by Mr. Brandling, as
amounting to much more in fact
than the specified amount. He

‘was warmly seconded by Sir M.

W. Ridley, and by Mr. Burdon. *

This gentleman contended, that
the duty imposed on paper of the
best sort, was no more than four-
teen per cent. while on common
_ Writing, and on whited brown pa-

per, it rose to fifty per cent. This
was a grievous and most inequitable
charge on the inferior parts of the
comnianity; nor ought it to pass
unobserved, that it deprived them
of the epportunities cf information
which they had hitherto enjoyed,
from the high prics at which papers
of intelligence must henceforth be
sold. ‘his was a consideration
that ina free country ought on no
account to be overlooked. This
reasoning was secouded by Mr.
Sheridan, who took obeasion to
lay befure the House a circum-
stance which he reprobated in the
most indignant térms. ‘This was
the establ shment of a manufactory
of paper for the purpose of fabri-
cating assignats. ‘The excise officer
who superintended this manufac-
tory, doubtfal whether such a pros
ceeding was lawfal, had applied
for directions to his superiors; but
was authorized to attend the ma-
' Nufactory as any other legal occu-
pationof the same kind. Mr. She-
ridan did not mention this circum-
Stanee as a mere report; he was
ready, hesaid, to particularize the

whole transaction; adding, at tlie
same time, that it was unworthy
of government to countenance, and.
disgraceful to the nation to suffer
so ignominious a stain on its cha~
racter. After some further obser~
vations on those matters, on the
side of oppositien and of ministry,
the motion by Mr. Brandling for
recommitting the two bills, on at-
torneys and on paper, was nega-+
tived.

The rancour entertained by the
government of France against those
Frenchmen who were not of their
party, or who, diffident of the sta-
bility of their system, had conveyed
their property inte foreign funds,
was. strongly manifested by the
proceedings of the Convention at
this juncture, By their order, the
committee of finance was directed
to employ all possible means to dis-
cover the property of Frenchmen
in the various public funds of Eur
rope, to the intent of seizing it for,
public use, and paying for it in
assignats valued at er. ‘This de-
termination of the French govern-
ment, Mr. Pitt laid before the
consideration of the House on the
Ist of February. It was remarked
byhim, tbat exclusively of the in-
justice of forcing individuals to ex-
change their property for what
they had a right to consider of far
inedequate value, the measure
went to supp'y the Convention
with the means of acting against
this country. By the laws’ of the
realm, the crown mignt suspend ~
the payment of debts to an ene,
my. The less severs usages of the
present times did not exact the ob-
servaace of the law: but if this —
lenity did not securet he interests
of foreigners in cotamercial cor-
respondence with.thi country, and

subjected

His FOR Y¥., OF gE URO PE.

subjected their property to be
seized by our enemies, and em-
ployed to our detriment,—it was
t of justice to ourselves to

nt their intentions, by de-
taining this property in our own
hands: in so doing, however, the
strictest faith should be kept with
those individuals to whom it be-
longed, and to whom it should in-
violably be remitted, whenever it
could be done with safety to our-
selves. He would, therefore, pro-
pose to stop the payment of what-
ever might be due in the line of
property to individuals now resi-
dent in France, whether foreigners
or natives of that country ; taking,

_at the same time, every precaution

‘

to keep in the profoundest secrecy
the names of those French indi-
viduals who possessed property in

this country, lest they should, by a

detection, become liable to suspi-
cions, and fall in consequence the
victims of the barbarous policy
of their inexorableenemies. After
some inmaterial objections, the pro-

posal was passed into an act, mak-
ing it high treason to violate it, and

securing, at the same time, the pay-
ment of the property to the lawful
owner,

The subject so long agitated of
the slave-trade, was again renewed
by its orignal mover, Mr. Wilber-

force. Shortly after the opening of

ure session, he introduced a bil) for
the abolition of that branch of the

trade by which we supplied with
slaves the islands qnd territories
belonging to foreigners. Hereby,
he observed, their possessions would
receive less cultivation, and become
less able to maintain a competition
with our own. Those who con-
tended fur the recessity of an
ample supply @ fsiaves, could not,

213

he said, consistently with such a
requisition, 1¢fuse to second his
proposal ; and those who had de-
clared, that if there were no slaye-
trade, they would oppose the es-
tablishment of such a trade, were
no less bound, if sincere in their
declaration, to unite with him in
opposing that branch of it he was
now endeavouring to abolish; and
which was already so much on the
decline, that to prohibit its further
continuance would be of little con.
sequence to any one. |

Sir William Young replied,. in
Opposition to the motion, that the
whole of the slave-trade being, in a
state of gradual abolttion, it were
more prudent to let it fall of itself,
without any further acceleration,
He was seconded by Colonel Caw-
thorn and Mr. Dent.

It was observed by Mr, Dudley
Rider, in answer to these and some
other allegations of the same ten-
dency, that the general intention
to abolish the slave-trade having
been approved of as a_ laudable
measure, and gradual abolition al-
lowed to be the most prudent and.
adviseable method of proceeding,
it would be unreasonable to reject
the bill now proposed, which coin-
cided evidently with that method.
The argument, that other nations
would take up this branchof the
trade were we to relinquish it,
was no justification, The motion
tended completely, and at the same
time without the least precipitation,
to effect the ultimate purpose in
view, and was therefore unobjec-
tionable.

The sentiments of Mr. Pitt were
equally favourable to the motion.
It could not, he said, be the inten-
tion of the House, after consenting
to abolish tne slaye-trade by de-

3 grees,

214

degrees, to stop in the midst of its
progress, and never to accomplish
its abolition, The resolution to
this intent was to take place in
-1796. An immediate abolition
had been moved by the original
proposer of the design; but the
serious inconveniences and losses
that must have fallen upon indi-
viduals by so sudden a measure,
induced theHouse to proceed gra-
dually. But the present motion

answered so precisely this deter-°

mination, that it well deserved to
be received favourably. Mr. Wil-
berforce’s motion was passed by
63 against 40.

In the mean time, petitions had
been presented against the bill
moved for by Mr. Wilberforce,
on the behalf of the West [ndia
merchants of London and Liver-
pool. When laid before the House,
they occasioned a multiplicity of
discussions, similar to those already
produced by this long debated sub-
ject. Amongother particulars, it was
asserted by Mr. Vaughan, that the
negroes in our West India islands
were well acquainted with the
transactions relating to them in
parliament. They were no longer
to be consideved in the same state
of ignorance as formerly ; and
though not to be kept im order
without the exertion of authority,
yet much more would now de-
pend upon good policy, “he mu-
lattoes and negroes that had ob-
tained their freedom, ought, thro’
kind treatment, to be secured in
our interest; which aiso required
a larger number of small settlers
than heretofore, while the negroes
were implicitly submissive.. Mr,
Fox was decidedly of opinion, that
parliament should express itself
unequivocally onthe present occa-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

sion, and openly declare a fixed re-
solution to persevere in its repro-
bation of the slave-trade, and finally
to abolish it; otherwise, the s

porters of this infamous trai

would avail themselves of their
silence on the subject, to insist, at
a convenient opportunity, that par-
lament had given, as it were, a
tacit consent to itsexistence. The
House of Lords not having come
to any precise determination on
this matter, it was the more incum~
bent en the House of Commons
to be firmly attentive to it, and to
remind their lordships of the ne-
cessity of paying it the ike atten-
tion. From their judgment and
equity, he promised himself a con»
currence with the Commons in a
business of so much weight and
importance.

In further support of the bill,
Mr. Pitt observed, that the freedom
solemnly granted by the French to,
the negroes in’ their West India
islands, was the powerfullest argu-
ment that could be adduced in fa-
vour of Mr. Wilberforce’s propo-
sal. We were, insome measure,
compelled by what the French had
done, to adopt new methods. of

proceeding with our own negroes 5 »

not indeed by proclaiming them
free, in imitation of the precedent
set up by the French ; but by ju-
dicious regulations in behalf of our
slaves, and by treating them with
a due admixture of gentleness and
authority. The emancipation of
their negroes by the Vrench, ren-
dered the farther importation of
slaves into our islands extremely
dangerous, as it was evidently an
acquisition of strength to those of
our negroes who were mutinously
inclined. Those newly imported
would be the most likely to join

them,

His Tt OR XY, OF, EV.ROP.E.

them, from their discontent and
resentment at being torn from
their country, and reduced to bon-
. It was clearly, therefore,
ie height of imprudence to aug-
ment the number of our slaves at
atime when the French were set-
ting theirs free. This transaction
conld not long remain concealed
from our own; and they might
claim from us what the French
had given to theirs, and insist upon
it in such a manner, that we should
not dare to refuse it.
After some remarks by other
members, the motion for deferring
the bill six months, was negatived
by 56 against 33.
* The generality of people were at
this time extremely anxious about
the issue of the question concern-
ing the slave-trade. The transac-
tions in the West Indies relating
to the negroes, were exceedingly.
alarming. The Convention at

_ Paris dreaded the difficulties that

would attend the preservation of
the French colonies ; and that the
majority of the planters were in-
clined to apply to Great Britain
for protection against the edict for
the emancipation of their slaves,

and to become its subjects on that
_ condition.

on. Hence they used every
exertion to retain the possession of
those valuable islands in the West
Indies, that had been the source
of so much wealth ; and were
determined, rather than to part
with them, to admit the negroes
to an ample participation of their
benefits. Jn their principal island,
St. Domingo, Polverel, the chief
agent of the Convention, issued a
proclamation so adyantageons to
the negroes, that it could not be
doubted they would oppose, with

all their force, any attempt to de:

215

prive them of the advantages it
held out to them, in order to se-
cure their allegiance to France.
By this proclamation, they wese
empowered to make choice of a
master every year; and, after the
expences of the plantation had
been deducted, to share one-third
of the profits : the business of the
plantation was to be conducted by
persons partly chosen by themsel-
ves. Privileges of this kind
would necessarily interest them
deeply in the defence of a country
where they had so much property
at stake 3 und would, at the same
time, serve as a dangerous prece-
dent to the negroes in our own
islands.

In the midst of these discussions
the main question, of the total abo-
lition of the slave-trade, remained
undecided, to the great discontent
of that numerous part of the nation
which was desirous it should, if
not immediately, yet gradually, be
wholly abolished. ‘The question
was introduced into the House of |
Lords on the 10th’ of March, by
Bishop Horsley ; who, after ur-
ging the propriety of coming to a
speedy division, complained that

three sessions had elapsed since the

important subject had been laid be-
fore the house. In order to procure
expedition, hemoved that the hear-
ing of counsel and evidence on that
trade be referred to a committee
above stairs.
The Duke of Clarence opposed
the motion, on the ground that it
had already been negatived by a
great majority. The method of
conducting this business had been
already settled, and it was of a
nature torequire time, ‘The ma-
turest deliberation was due to a
branch of the British commerce
P 4 and

216 ANNUAL REGISTER, i794

and navigation, the benefits of Several other members of the
which amounted annually to four House spoke for and against the
imillions ; that employed an im- question. iq oA

mense number of seamen; dnd Lord Guildford in_ particular
wherein property. was embarked» observed, that, by their suffering
to the extent of seventy millions. the business to remain at the bar
The Bishop's motion was support- of the House, it might be protract-
ed by Lord Grenville, as condu- ed to the very term which the

cing most effectually to a prompt
decision: but opposed by Lords
Mansfield and Thurlow, on the

Commons, had appointed for its
total abolition. Such a protraction
tended to a delay still more injuri-

impropriety of referring an object) ous to those whom it affected, a3

of such magnitude to a.committee.
Those Lords who could not attend
the business at the bar of the House
could not attend it ih the commit-
tee. Lord Grenville replied, that
the committee being ap open one,
it ought to be presumed, that every
_ one convinced of the importance
of the subject, would make it his
duty to attend. :

The Bishop of London, inan éla-
boratespeech strenuously supported
the propriety of the committee, as

_mostconduicive to expedition. Pro-
perty was doubtless an objectof great
consideration; but was it greater
than the interest of fifteen millions
of the natives of Africa, who might

in case their Lordships should con-
cur in the propriety of abolishing
the trade, they might be requested
and prevailed upon to permit its
duration some time longer, lest the
abruptness of its abolition should
prejudice the interests of those con-
cerned in it. The motion, how-
ever, waS negatived by a majority
of 2. ‘
On the 2d_of May, when the
bill for abolishing the foreign slave:
trade was debated in the upper
House, it met with very few sup-
porters. Lord Grenville opposed
it as improper, while the question
itself remained undecided. Other
Lords joinedissuewith him. Those

strictly be considered as petitioning who were/not friendly to the trade
for commiseration and relief from itself, seetied to think tliat the gra-
their Lordships? Fourscore thou- dual abolition of the whole would
sand of them were, by this inhu- suffice, without terminating any
man triftic, yeatly banished from branch of it in particular. lt was
their own country; and condemned therefore, after a long debate, né-
to slavery. gatived by 43 to 4. ror ges

gh OP he m

W a

CHAP. XIi.

General Anxiety concerning the Issue of the War in both France and Eng-
land. Motion in the House of Peers for Peace with France. Arguments
for and against it. Charge against Ministers in the House of Commons,
of Neglect of Nova Scotia, Answer to this Charge. Motion by Mr. Pitt
in the House of Commons, for an Augmentation of the Militia, and. for
levying a Voluntecr Force of Horse and Foot in every County. Debates on

these Motions. The Motions carried. Spirited Protest of the County of

Surry against Ministerial Attempts to procure Subscriptions for Supplhes
without

HISTORY OF EUROPE. a17

without Application to Parliament. A Message to Parliament from the
King, requiring the Succours necessary for repelling menaced Invasion.

to the Crown to be used for

_ Address in Answer. Motion Y Mr. Sheridan aganist Loans of Money
ublic Purposes, without the Consent of

Parliament. Debates thereon in both Houses. In loth carried. Motion
“inthe House of Cominons, for enabling the Subjects of France to ent.
into his Majesty's Service vn the Continent. Debates thereon in loth

“Housés. Carried.

ee these parliarnentary
i J transactions, the minds of all
" men were anxious in what manner
_ the powers involved in the present
conflict intended to regulate their
ovements in the ensuing cam—
5 paign. ‘It was clear to all the un-
‘prejudiced, that whatever might be
e isste of this obstinate war,
whoever obtained the ascendancy
would use it with very little mo-
eration: The threats of the Aus-
_trians and Prussians, at the com-
nencement of the war, and their
Uhcttions to fulfil them, of which
é French entertained no doubt,

had filled these with a resentment,

the effects of which had been se-
_verely felt by those two powers in
the campaign of 1793, when, thro’
‘the defection of Dumouriez, and

‘the confused situation into which

-it had thrown the armies of France,
the coalition was enabled, during

some time, to assume a formidable
‘ app ance.

Itdisplayed so firm and
rstematic a determination to treat
rance with unbounded severity,
id to eradicae, as it were, all
traces of its former greatness and
im ortance, that the Byerich were

Bobyinced no mediuin remained
for them but the basest ssfite of
subjection to their enemies, or to
fompel them by defeats to renounce
the schemes of conquest, which
_ Europe fully understood they had
, d respecting France. ‘The
_ €ampaign of 1793 had nearly de-
“eided the question. After some
suspense, fortune seemed to have

‘

declared in favour of France j and
that decision, to some good judges,
had appeared final and conclusive.
Thecoalition would doubtless strug~
gle fora recovery of the situation
it was in, previously to thedisasters
it had incurred at the close of the
campaign ; but the causes of thesé
disasters, and of the superiority
which the French had gained in
the field, subsisted in their full
force; while the motives that had
formed the coalition seemed daily
to lose their influence, in propor-
tion as its arms were unsuccessful.
Of thethreegreat pillars, as it were,
of the coalition, one was beginning
to giveway ; and of the other two,
one only could be depended on
for ability and resolution to persist
in the contest ; the meatis of the
other being almost exhausted, to
say nothing of the unwillingness
with which-its restoration to its
primitive power’ was likely to be
viewed by a considerable portion
of its allies. The unity of France
against those three powers was held
by many profound politicians as
the very reverse of a disadvantage :
their different and almost opposite
interests were looked upon as sour-
ces of discord, that would not fail
to operate to the dissolution of the
confederacy, or at least to the di-
minution of its efforts against
France ; which, though standing
alone, yet when driven to the most
desperate efforts by the terror ef
being subdued by a merciless foe,
would from that circumstance de.

rive

218

rive a fund of spirit and of resist-
ance, that, aided by its native
strength and genius, would weary

ont the patience and expectations.

of the allies, more prompted by the
personal views of their rulers, than
by their public interests, to engage
in the destruction of the French
system of government. For these
reasons the majority of the nation,,
though cordially abhonent of the
atrocious conduct ef the French
republicans, and nowise inclined
to give their principles admittance
into this country, still bitterly la-
mented that spirit of inveteracy to
their principles, which had put
arms into our hands for their cxtir-
pation ; asif the experience of all
ages has not invariably borne wit-
ness, that persecution is the feeblest
weapon wherewith to conquer the
human mind ; and that opinions al-
ways make the greater progress,
from thecndeavours tooppesethem
with any other arms than those of
reasoning and argumentation,
Great was the fermentation oc-
casioncd among all ranks at the
prospect of the uncertainty attend-
ing the winisterial measures, and
of thefatal consequences that would
probably result from their failure.
Numbers considered the minister
as influenced by other motives than
his own, to continue a war, evi-
dently of a more dangerous as well
as of a more destruetive nature
than any antecedent one, and of
which, from the fluctuation of for-
tune that had hitherto attended it,
the duration threatened tobe consi-
derable, allowing even that the ul-
timate issue, noiwithstanding some
unfavourable appearances of late
might prove altogether not unpros-
perous, with what a price must any
advantages be purchased! After

ANNUAL, REGTS TER,

1794.

the profusion of lives and. of trea-
sure they would cost, what would
Great Britain finally reap? The
utmost that could be expected in
the hopes of reasonable people was
that France, exhausted as well as
her enemies, would at Jast consent
to remain within her antient limits,
and give up what she had seized. As
to the conquest of that rich, popu-
lous, and extensive country, it ne=-
ver entered into the expectation of
any rational and well-informed in-.
dividual.

Such being the general opinion
of those in whose knowledge aud
understanding men at large, were
disposed tocontide, i it waswith much
grief and anxiety that the enlight-
ened part of the public, bowh in
France and England, contemplated
the pertinacity with which the war
was now carriedon by both parties,
and threatened to becomestill more
destructive, from the accession of
fresh auxiliaries on both sides ; ei-
ther bribed by subsidies to lend
their assistance, or stimulated by
motives of fear or of jealousy to
become parties in the contest. The
speculations in writing or in con-
versation that took up the interval
of hostilities in the winter of 1793
and the ensuing spring, were much
of this tendency,—deploring the
probable continuance of the war,
but foreseeing no period of its ces-
sation. ‘Lhis indeed could not ap-
pear othe: wise than remote ; the
motives of this unfortunate war
being diversities of opinion, the
usual obstinacy with which men
maintain these, aflorded.a sad pre-
sage of the fatal length of a dis-
pute that involved, in the persua-
sion of multitudes, the dearest con- —
cerns of mankind, and that coud
not be terminated while cither of |

the

| MES MOR YY: OF cE WR O PE.

. the combatants remained undestroy-
ed or unsubdued.
| While the public was busied in
the altercations that continually
arose from these gloomy appearan-
ces and prognostications, the British
ernment was firmly intent oa
the means of bringing its plans
against the French republic toa
state of forwardness: the majori-
ties it counted in both Houses were
uch, as to overwhelin at once all
itiesnce. “Never since the Ame-
rican war had its hands been so
“strengthened by the adherence of
“its friends, and the accession of
_ those many oppenents who, dread-
ing the influx of French principles,
‘were ready to sacrifice all consider-
‘ations of persons and party-attach-
ments, in order to join in counter-
ting them. As it were unjust to
Rea: the sincerity of the declared
“motives that actuated those in forsa-
- king their former political connex-
ions, it would be equally illiberal to
tion the repeated assertions of

- these latter; that their opposition to’

the measures of government was
solely dictated by the convictionthat
they were erroneous, and by no
means proceeding from disaffection
totheconstitution. Theyindignant-
complained that a motive so hein-
ous and unfounded should be so
frequently reproached to them by
the owed plurality they had con-
y.to contend with, and which
accused, in their turn, of load-
‘ing: them with those vile imputa-
tions, as a revenge for their having
rto, with amazing patience

end resolution, contested. inch by
inch, as it were, every point that
in their opinion demanded litiga-
tion. Certain it is, that without
‘spousing the cause of either party,
pach has adduced yemarkable in-

4 r

219

stances of the variety of ways and
metheds of attacking and defend—
ing opposite opinions ; and how
much wit, genius, and knowledge,
may be displayed by men of abili-
ties, on whichever side they may
be engaged.

A powerful attack was made upon
the conduct of ministers on the 17th
of February, by the Marquis of
Lansdown, one of the most conspi-
cuous members in the opposition.
He had uniformly combated the
idea of a war with France on ac-
count of its revolutionary princi-
ples; and recommended the main-
tenance of peace with that country
as the safest policy that Great Bri-
tain could pursue in the present
juncture. He introduced on this
day, and supported wita a multitude
of arguments, a motion for peace
with France. He had, he said, en-
tertained some hope that ministers,
at the sight of the tremendous dif-
ficulties they were about to en-
counter, might have reflected how
much more they would ingratiate
themselves with the nation by ter-
minating, than by continuing this
ruinous war ; but, from their vast
preparations and their numerous
alliances, he too plainly saw their
determination to persevere at all
hazards in this arduous conflict :—
this had induced him coolly, but
seriously, to investigate the motives
on which it was founded. He
would not on this occasion appeal
to the passions of men; he would
calmly ask, Whether the public
would approve the voting of thir-
teen millions demanded by ministry
to prosecute a war, the necessity of
which was attempted to be proved
by extracts from a French pam-
phlet, written by the member of a
laction in that Sanntny 2 Both that

faction

220

faction and the writer had been de-
stroyed, and others risen in their
tum. But were inflammatory
speeches or writings to be con-
verted into authorities for making
war? Before we undertook a third
eampaign, it was incumbent on us
to review the former two, and to
consider whether they afforded
grounds to expect better success in
that for which we were pteparing.
We were involved in a multiplicity
of treaties, mote expensive than
profitable, while we continued to
act as we had done during the pre-
ceeding campaigns, France had
been attacked by the ablest Gene-
rals, at the head of excellent troops:
but it had been precisely where
the most consummate masters of
the art had pronounced France in-
vulnerable. In defiance of an as-
sertion confirmed by. two years
failure, we still persisted in the at-
tempt, on the credit of an officer,
brave and enterprizing indeed, but
not to be preferred for his military
merit to those who had already
been unsuccessful. The advanta-

ges that had been obtained in Flan-

ders were short and accidental: it
was notorious that we owed them
to thedissentions among the French,
Since they had proceeded with
unanimity in the defence of their
country, we had gradually. jost
ground ; and the necessity of being

ANNUAL REGISTDHR, 1794.

of their rulers, were become the
terror of their enemies. It beho-
ved us seriously to reflect on the
consequences that would probably
follow from compelling the Frenek
to cherish those ideas, and keep
alive that desperate frame of mind
which enabled them to do such ex-
traordinary things. Were we to
continue in that violent disposition
towards them, which appeared the
design of the coalition, they naust,
in their own defence, become a
military republie, the more dan-
gerous for being»placed in the cens
ter of Europe, whence they might
disseninate their principles among
their surrounding neighbours. The
French were but one people, and
the coalition consisted of many :.
but when a great people, rouzed
by indignation at ill usage, real or
so deemed, called forth all its pow-
ers and faculties, it instantly assum-
eda new character, and every man
rose above himself. ‘
Great oceasions naturally gave
birth to great men, and difficult
emergencies produced the most
striking exertions. France was now
a military school, where every youth
was educated a soldier, not from
interested views, but ai: enthusiastic
passion for the glory and independ-
ence of their country,
This being the real situation of
France, was it wise to continue a

unanimous would always keep men war, pregnant, from the causes spe-

together in the field, whatever

cified, with imminent danger to

parties might arise in the Conven- Europe, and wherein, sheuld the

tion among those who were strug-
gling for power. But, whichever
party was predominant, the power
obtained was exerted in the mest
formidable manner; andthe French,
through the influence of the prin-
elples they had adopted, and the
indefatigable capacity and exertions

coalition be unsuccessful, it had
every thing'to dread from the re-
sentment of the French? It were
unworthy of sound politicians to
rely upon the utility of the treaties
we had entered into with the vari«
ous powers in the cae helet
fear and jealousy - would dissolve

them

‘them the moment we became ob-
_jeets of suspicion: and this we
d not fail to become, from the
»plans in our contemplation, and
| “the means we possessed to execute
“them. Spain would not content-
edly behold our fieets seizing the
/¥rench islards in the West Indies.
he high haadwith which we forced
‘a trade on their coasts,—their re-
_ > membrance of the late quarrel about
Nootka Sound,—the disapproba-
_-#ion they expressed at our taking
ssion at. Toulon of a ship ef
ne hundred and ten guns, to. which
+ they thought themselves preferably
entitled, asthe nearest protectors
ets ourbomfamily,—these were
likely soon to induce that power to
96k upon us with an invidious
eye. Prussia ancl Austria were such
tural competitors, that they could.
mot long be expected to remain
rdially united. Austria could not
-aggrandized but to the detri-
“ment of Prussia:, this power was
__wiewed by allthe inferior princes
~ and states in Germany, as their na-
tural protector against the long ~
guiding ambition of the House of |
hustria. Were Prussia and the _
desser Germanic powers oppressed
_by Austna, it would give laws to
ull Europe. The Austrian politics
aimed at a monopoly of power, to-
Aally inconsistent with the interest
of its present allies, who therefore
__ placed no confidence in the impe-
ial

“
-¥
'

ministry. Had. its late designs -
mn Bavaria succeeded, the Emperor
would have become absolute master
Sermany : but were the courts
f Vienna and Berlin subsiaatially
wonnected, it could be to no other
end than to divide the empire be-
en them, as they had done Po-
; in which case the danger to
opean freedom would be much

“

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

221

greater than from, the .power and
ambition of France.

Ali these considerations proved
how little Great Britain could de-
pend on the stability of her foreign
connexions, and how much reason
the branches of the coalition had
to hold each other in constant sus-
picion, An alliance between pow-
ers thus situated could not last, nor
be an object of much terror to
the French. While we were busy-
ing ourselves with the affairs of this
nation, we had suffered a power
to aggrandize itself, already much
tog potent for the welfare of Eu-

rope, especially the north, where

its influence amounted almost to a
sovereignty ; we had suffered this
mighty power, in defiance of every
maxim of common prudence, to
seize all the eastern provinces of
Poland, countries abounding with
all the necessaries of life and ma-
terials of commerce, watered by
large and navigable rivers, and peo-
pled by near 4,000,000 of inhabit-
ants. By such an acquisition Oc-
zacow, a place of little consequence
before, was now rendered of the
most important value to Russia.
Here armaments could be fitted
out, and supplied from its neigh-
bourhood svith all the appurtenan-
ces of war. Hence an attack could
with facility be made on Constan-
tineple itself, and the Turkish em-
pire in Europé be annihilated be-
fore the European powers, interest-
ed in its preservation, could have
time to prepare for its defence.
An alliance with this formidable
power mizht appear useful in the
present plan of confederating every-
where for the subjugationof France;
but no faith could be placed in
Russian promisesof assistance. ‘Fhe
policy of that court was, to encou-

sage

192: ANNUAL REGISTER,

rage all the southern powers to
unite for the extermination of the
French, and to wait till they were
so exhausted by their fruitless ef-
forts, as to be utterly unable to
impede the Russian schemes. ‘Phe
resources of that Empire, from its
immensity, and the abundance and
variety of its produ<tions in so
many different climates, could, with
no more than tolerable manage-
ment, be rendered fully sufficient
for all the projects it had in view:
the obvious interest of all Europe
required bounds to be set to the
rapacity of Russia. Great Britatu
had ample reason to look upon it
in no friendly light. Its hostile in-
terference in the American war,
uader the treacherous pretext of
an armed neutrality, shewed what
this country had to expect from
Russia, whenevér occurrences were
favonrable to its insatiable thirst for
dominion, and its ambitions pre-
tences to-extend its influence into
every part of Europe.

In addition to the support to be
derived from Russia, Holland had
frequently been mentioned as an
ally of undeniable weight in the
present combination against France.
But what help had been afforded
to us from that quarter? The
Dutch, it was well known, had
been forced into this quarrel against
their consent: and was it to be ex-
pected they would join us with
heart and hand in a contest wherein
they had wished to stand neuter ?
Our behaviour tended rather to
make them our secret enemies.
They indirectly refused all naval
aid, by a spontaneous neglect of
their marine. Far differently had
they acted when fighting at differ-
ent, periods against France and
Spain: but then they were acting

formidable footing than was com-

1794.

for themselves, and not compelled
to sacrifice themselves for others.
Sardinia too was held up as an ally
of utility, by the position of the
ltalian territories: but experience
daily shewed that the King of Sar-
dinia, instead of being able to at-
tack the French, was reduced to-
the necessity of depending on the
subsidies of Great Britain for his.
own defence. These various allics
were united by no precise and de-
cided principle of action ; their in-
terests were too much at variance
to permit cordiality and confidence
among them. France was undoubt-
edly an object of ambition to the:
principals in the @onfederacy: to-
share in the spoils of such a state, |
some risk they were not unwillin

toincur. But were the secondary
members of this great coalition to
receive any benefit from an aug-
mentation of power in the leading
heads? -Was Great Britain itself,
in the preseut circumstances of
those whom we styled our friends, |
authorized to look for that indem--
nification of our toils and expen-
ces which, by increasing the com-
mercial grandeur of this country,
would necessarily plice it on a more

patible with the secret, though not
imperceptible views of the princi-
pal powers in the coalition? This:
vast body, unable to support itself, .
challenged, as it were, a right to
throw its weight on the strength
and opulence of thiscountry. Hence
it claimed and demanded supplies, .
as if they were a tribute fairly due>
to its exertions in our favour. In
the mean time we demeaned our¢
selves to the inferior powers, as if
we thought them bound to be sub-
servient to the measures of Great
Britain. The courts of Sweden

| and Denmark in the north, of
| Florence in the south of Europe,
- withtherepublic of S wisserland, had
experienced British haughtiress, in
Belcptce hardly precedented in the
- history of the most arrogant and do-
-mineering poweis. TheGrand Duke
/ Ber tisasy, brother to the Empe-
| ror, whoseitmperial diadem he might
shortly inherit, had been warned
yi cby our minister at his court, to re—
_ nounce his neutrality, aud to dis-
amiss the French resident in twelve
~ ‘hours; or the British fleet, in the
- Mediterranean, would take posses-
sion of his port of Leghorn. Was
not this, besides its beingan insult to
_ ‘the Duke,an open infringement of a
_ regulation made so long ago as the
year 1712, by which Leghorn had,
for the general conyenience of all
_ the European states, been declared
_a perpetual free got! Sweden
~and Denmark were not ina position
"to be so readily terrified by our de-
_ mands, any more than Swisserland ;
_ and they answered in a style becom-
- ing independent states.
_ ‘The conduct of the British mi-
nisters towards America was at-
tended with circumstances involv-
ing the suspicion of the basest en=
_ mity. Happily for Britain and the
|} United States, the latter wereunder
| the guidance of a man worthy of
4 deing proposed as an example to
| the rulers of all nations. Instead
acs to the resentment of
the multitude at the violent pro-
_teedings of Britain against the ships
~ and commerce of. America, he pre-
— vailed 6n the public, by his pru-
deuce and moderation, to wait with
“calmness for the satisfaction that
vGuld be required for those out-
" ar, es. Far contrary was the be-
st Ries of our government. With
i @n unbecoming impetuesity, an or-

“HISTORY OF EUROPE. 998

der of council was issued relating to
America, which it was found ne-
cessary to repeal in six weeks: so
little did the Americans trust to the
candour of our government, that
they supected it of having counte-
nanced the depredations of the Al-
gerines on the American traders,
andthe hostilities ofthe{ndians. com-
mitted against the people of Ame-
rica. If we added to these difficul-
ties. raised by the inipropriety of
our measures, the bad state of the
finances of our allies, we had a
complete view of the perplexed
situation in which we had involved
ourselves, Spain, hardly able to
give currency ¢o the paper al-
ready emitted by her government,
had been compelled to fabricate
3,500,000 more; the result of
which was a fall in the value of
twenty per cent. Of all the con-
federacy, Russia alone retained some
credit. Holland, once the seat of
pubtic credit, could not now, upon
trial, raise 1,000,000 sterling at five
per cent. interest, though long
used to give only two and a half.
France, on the other side, con-
yerted to the service of the state
whatever was seizable. Gold and
silver were paid for articles im-
ported of indispensable necessity ;
and paper was used for domestic
transactions. Having duly re-
fiected on this state of things, what
could induce this country to per-
sist in a contest of which the ex-
pence fell almost entirely on its-If,
without any fixed or rational view
of indemnification ?

Peace with France, so far from
being insecure, could with more
safety be relied on than with any
European ministry. Peace with
‘the French was the first step to re-
cover from all their distresses ; but

courts

224

courts afforded daily proofs that
the wretchedness of the common-
alty could not divert them from
ambitious projects, when appear—
ances were favourable to their ex-
ecution. This was invariably the
case where absolute princes ruled :
but the government of France
was in the hands of the people,
who had tasted sufficiently of want
aid misery, gladly to embrace the
opportunity of being delivered
from such a condition, and anxi-
ously to beware how they were
again reduced toit. ‘Treaties with
a people thus circumstanced, would
probably be more stable than with
states, the heads of which were far
removed from common sufferings,
and where the popular clagsesheldin
zbject thraldom, had nothing to say
in the management of public affairs,

The objection to peace was, the
question, With whom to treat?
But with whom could we treat
better than with those people?
Let both parties be sincere, and a
pacification would soon follow.
Cavils of the same nature had

been ratsed against treating with |
America; but they were merely’

proofs of the unwillingness of
ministers to make a peace; in
which case Parliament, imitating
the laudable example of their pre-
decessors, ought to close the present

dispute with France, as they had -

done that of America, by cutting
the kuot which ministers refused to
untie, and removing at once, by a
decisive vote of disapprobation, all
the obstacles which they had
thrown in the way of treating.
France could not, in the nature of
things, be averse to a measure
which tended directly to the accom-
plishment of every purpose she

ANNUAL REGIS:TER, 1794,

had in view, and was contending
for under a complication of difii-
culties and distresses, which would
instantly cease by her joining in
issue with us. Indemnity had been
demanded by the advocates for
the continuation of the war; by
which it might be supposed, they
required the cession of Some French
possessions in the West Indies.
But the time was no more when
such an acquisition could be of
use. Principles of democracy daily
gained ground in the French
islands, and rendered their possession
rather precarious and undesirable
at the present juncture; and the
difficulty of maintaining our au-
thority in any of the Islands that
might be ceded to us by France,
far outweighed the utility deri-
vable from them. Such indemni-
fications would also lead the mo-
nied people in Great Britain into’
dangerous attempts to make them
profitable, as whatever they laid
out in their improvement might,
through the fluctuation and uncer-
Re a. .
tainty of the arrangements. that
would take place in those distant
settlements, independently of their
concurrence, and with little or no
reference at all to their interests,
be placed out of the expectation
of recovery, either as to interest or
principal,—to say nothing of the
ae the French would feel
at being obliged to make such con-
cessions, and the secret methods
they might contrive to render them
a source of perplexities. It wae
therefore beneath the notice of
Great Britain to seek for such com-
pensations. The detriment occa-
sioned by a single year’s stagnation

of the industry and capital of the -
British nation, was more deserving -

sof our attention than the greatest
possible value of their richest
island. But for what determinate
_ object was the war continued?
* Ministers havirg left the public
“in the dark respecting their real
_ views, the only method of disco-
_wering them was, to examine the
" Mlanifestoes published at several
times, by those who commanded
“the armies or ficets of the different
* powers engaged in the coalition ;
and which being formally addressed
_to the French nation, might very
easonably be supposed to con-
tain the objects proposed by the
confederacy. ia
In the two manifestoes of the
wg uke, of Brunswick; in that of
General Wurmser and of Prirce
Lobourz ; in those of Lord Hood,
Admiral Langara and General
O’Hara,—no clear and distinct
ea was held forth connectedly
ough the whole of them taken
ether; they inculcated absolute
ower and unlimited obedience ;
ut there is not one which did
a either contradict itself, or
which was not contradicted -by
another ; or which had not been
tirely disregarded_in the con-
of those by whom they had
issued. Thus the real object
he war, and the conditions on
ich the coalition would make
» had never been explicitly
ioned. Vhe knowledge of
being necessary for either
ace or war, the Throne ought
_be petitioned, to make them
equally known for the satisfaction
of the public. A precedent ex-
sted in history applicable to the
state of things in France.
. French monarch, Lewis [X.,
interposed in the quarrel be-
en our Henry I11. and his peo-
ple, inthe character of a fricadly
Wow XXXVI.

HISTORY) OF BUR OPE.

995°

mediator, and had succeeded in
effecting a reconciliation, Such
ought to have been the interposi-
tion of Great-Britain. Were we
at the present hour to shew a dis-
position to lay aside a hostile spirit,
and to admit sentiments of friend-
ship and generosity towards the
French, we should meet with an
adequate return. Interest and in-
clination had, from the commences
ment of their troubles, prompted
them to wish ardently for a good
understan@ing with this country.
But the evil. genius of invective
and detraction had unhappily taken
possession of both people, To
this should be attributed the dread-
ful calamities that followed. It
was time however to advert to the
situation in which we stood. The
loss of one battle would, in all
likelihood, decide the fate of the
coalition; but the French might
lose several without being disabled.
From the numbers of their peo-
ple and the enthusiastic fury that
animated them against their ene-
mies, their armies would always be
supplied with numerous recruits ;
while the confederates, fighting at
a great distance from their respec-
tive countries, would suffer a con-
stant diminution both from their
victories and defeats, which it
would be impossible to repair.
The consequences would be, that
ultimately the French would re-
main in such force, that the allies
would no longer be able to con-
front it..-The Marquis concluded
his speech by saying that he: had
not Jaid these various arguments:
and easonings before the House
in the hope that they would produce
an immediate effect; but solely
that they might be taken into con-
sideration. He would however
move ah address to his Majesty,

Q to

“996

to represent the extreme improba-
bility of effecting the reduction of
_ such a country as 5 France ; ; that the
coalition could not be relied on; a
and that Great Britain must fi-
nally bear all the expences. of
the war, and, if unsuccessful, the
whole blame of having continued
it: that however it might be pros-
_,Perous, good policy forbade its con-
“tinuance, as no conquests were
worth purchasing at the price they
mrust cost, and at the risk of pro-
Ving the causes of future wars:
that the trade of the kingdom had
suffered immense losses from this
_ war, and would probably suffer still
greater! That, were France dis-
membered, those powers would be
aggrandized, from whose disposition
most danger was to be appre-
-hended. ‘That. the opinions of
men were not to be altéred by vio-
lence, and that to obviate thie ex-
trance of democratic’principles, the
rulers of nations should govern
them with lenity, and avoid those,
harsh. and oppressive. measures
that produce, popular, discontent.
That, notwithstanding the adhe-
rence of the French to the révo-
Jutionary government, so much
.complained of by their enemies,
sit was through the necessity of self-
“defence they bore with it; when
delivered from the dread of the
confederacy. formed against them,
they had long purposed to es-
tablish one less liable to excep-
‘tions, both abroad and at home:
_that we ought to be exper imentally
-convinced that our interference
inthe domestic concerns of the
French, would be attended with
destruction to those whom we
favoured. We had constantly
failed in every attempt; aud it was
rash and inhuman to expose peo-
‘ple to certain ruin by renewing

for the proof of what he asserted, —

‘loading ourselves with? disgrace,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

* *

‘them: For these reasons the King
should be earnestly requested to

declare, without delay, his consent
to enter into a negociation for
peace with France upon such equi-
table terms as would evidently tend
to secure its duration; and that he
would signify this determination to
his allies, to the intent of putting
an immediate stop to hostilities.
The Marquis: of Lansdowne’s.
speech and motion were opposed
with great vehemence ‘by Lord
Fitzwilliam. The address “pre-

sented to the King at the opening »

of the session precluded, he said, *
any motion of this nature. The

French having: endeavoured
disseminate their pernicious max-

ims through all Europe, it had»

a just. right to take up arms to
prevent so great an evil.

appealed to the writings of Brissot

These sufficiently manifested a
concerted plan to spread their in-
novations every where, and to dis-
turb the peace of society in’ all
countries. The motion was. cal-
culated to violate’ the compacts
formed with such’ mature delibe- »
ration with the most’ ‘respectable
courts, and to enter into engage-—
ments of reconciliation and amity
with a people who had put their
monatch to death, and mapmacred
multitudes of innocent individuals;

aud whose enormities, if ‘not re-
pressed, would revive the days Of
blood and barbarism, and plunge
all Europe into a secénd state
of incivilization, “The®c compacts
franied by goverament were highly
laudable ; and weé could fot aban-
don* the. confederacy, * ‘withott

the interests
The atrocities
shewed ©
«the

and relinquishing
of the ‘kingdom. P
perpetrated by the French,

ae”

to.
4

He +)

Seog (STORYOOR EUROPE. 227

BP ec of «their ‘present. go- haughty. a. requisition, was, more

~ Syvernment, and of what excesses ithe spirit of opposition to: mi-

they Would be giiilty, if not in nistry than of sound judgment on

“W dite titmeiprevented by the alliance the present. circumstances of the

* that now happily opposed them. British empire; thé honour jof

ra iii that had beét made ‘which would be essentially - tar-

¥) > utroduce their principles into -nished by-not persisting with the

_ ‘this’ country, would have suc+ utmost firmness in the confederacy,

_ weeded, but for the vigilance of of which. it had been so active a

" ‘government.’ It+ would not’ be |promoter, . The interest. of this

| @enied that they were the aggres- country demanded a complete, hu-

/* “sors in this quarrel. ‘They, had, miliation of the enemy, before any

- “ithmediately ‘after the battle of idea of peace could with propriety

> Jemappe, when they imagined ~be adautted into ovr councils.

" “themselves above their enemics, Were government te act other-

proclaimed’ to al! the world their wise, it would couatcnance the

“determination ‘to ‘encourage the guilt of | which it . accused» the

qprevolt of subjects against their Prench, and lose its credit and dig=
awful sovereigns. ‘They had at- nity in the eyes of Europe.

ed and wrested the Duchy A» Peer of the first rank, who

yof Savoy from its native possessor; had Jong absented himself from

Wthey ‘had ‘seized upon the Me- Parliament,,. took. an, active | part

anew “invaded Holland with- on this occasion. This was the

t provocation, and opened the Duke of Grafton, who formally

figation of the Scheldt in defi- en that .an intimate con-

ce of othe: faith of treaties. viction of the propriety of, the

enmity to Great Britain motion brought before the House,

d at anentire overthrow of ovr -aftet the maturest consideration,

itution: they insisted on its - was the sole motive that induced

lition as the price of peace. him to second it. He was not

Id) we therefore etl ¥e- so sanguine as to have formed a

wr alliances, and remain — hope. that the party with which

‘such a critical juncture, he concurred in opinion _ would

tet sacelngin whave sufficient weight to. alter

ands? ‘The more we be- the resolutions taken by adminis-

‘Saftthiot
+ 56% / :
ne submissive, the greater would | tration; but he flattered him-.
arrogance. Peace there- . self, that by undeviatingly oppo-
~bevattained and secured sing the present, measures, and
firmness, not by condescen-" perseveringly exerting themselves
2 Such a their. pride,-to shew their tendency to injure
they would listen to no ac- this country, those who were
ydation, unless we previ- now a minority might, in the end,
ithdrew from the country — succeed in their endeavours to pre-
ad taken from them, and vailona majority to embrace the
:d to their moderation for same opinion, and unite their ef-
ble terms. A British mi- forts to terminate a ruinous. war.
p ought in honour and duty That fatal contest which concluded
n at such insokence: and to with the loss of Ameryica, would
a compliance with so have probably lasted longer, and

Q2 produced

228

produced more disastrous effects,
had not a minority, inconsiderable
at first, and loaded with all manner
of teproaches and obloquy, infle xi-
bly persisted in opposing the minis-
terial phrenzy of the day, and
by patience and perseverance ef-
fected a total revolution of senti-
ments in Parliament. The mo-
tion now laid before the House, did
not affect the dignity of the crown
nor the interest of the nation: it
would, on the contrary, provehighly
beneficial, by saving thousands of
lives that otherwise must be lost
in this destructive contest, as others
bad, which might have been
spared, if wiser councils had been
followed by the heads of this
country; and of that pernicious
coalition which had done and was
still likely to occasion many evils.
Unhappily for the people of this
country, their calamities seemed to
proceed in a considerable degree
‘from the change of disposition ef-
fected through ; great artifice by the
friends of arbitrary power. Whe-
ther through interested motives, or
an absurd notion that freedom. led
to licentiousnéss and confusion,
they had for some years past la-
boured with indefatigable zeal to
persuade people that opposition to

ministers proceeded from personal.

disappointment and disaffection,
and that want of confidence in go
vernment denoted an unfaithful
and disloyal subject. Tenets of
this sort had made’ an alarm-
ing progress; and those ‘who
opposed them were represented
: as- factious, and ntovers of se-
dition. ence the hands of mi-
misters had been strengthened to
en unconstitutional degree. Rely
on the bese and blind submiss‘on of
_the public, they hud pursued of
late such measures 2s evinced-how

ANNUAL REGISTER,

“tify them; but this was far from

1794. °

little they were. concerned for the
welfare of the commnnity, pro~.
vided they could bring that system
‘to bear, which they fondly ima~.
gined, would insure to them a per-
petuity of power, by rendeting —
government absolute: forgetful of
the mean dependence to which
they would be reduced themselves,
were once the executive branch of ~
the constitution to be raised above
ali controul, The time however
would probably arrive, when the
nation would exercise the liberty
of iudging for itself; in which case
‘the propagators of those slavish.
principles, and those who have
availed themselves of the tempo-_
rary delusion they had wrought, to
plunge this country into difficulties, 4
would be called to a severe ac-
count. However excellent the —
British constitution might appear
in theory, the flaws in its practice 4
were obvious to all men who did ~
not studiously strive te conceal or.
to palliate them for sinister pur-_
poses. It was the duty of the le- —
gislature to investigate the causes _
of those enormous abuses of which © :
all parties were, in their turn, so
ready to complain when out of
place. Ministers in the mean time ©
could not be supposed so deficient
in abilities, as not to be. sers:ble |
of the highly perilous’ situation in
which they had involved this counae
try. Nothing short of manifest.
ard undeniable necessity could jus- _

being the case. Numbers of the
most judicious and well informed
were of acontrary opinion to mi-—
nistry. There could be no cer=—
tainty where opinions were so dif-
ferent, especially when ministers
differed themselves in the most es _
sential points, and spoke at « short
interval of time a languagewbolly
opposite

dence. Only two years since
ce, without interruption for
een years, had been held out for
nation as a maiter of certainty,
together with the prospect of ex-
tinguishing a considerable propor-
of the national debt. But
w quickly were these expocta-
| “tions ‘converted into the deepest
Ge gloom! . Twelve months scarce

elapsed when government, instead
alizing those fair promises,
ught proper to involve the na-
in a war reputed avoidable
alarge majority, and the object
DI which had never been clearly
xplained by its authors, though;
all their subterfuges, they
| not conceal from the world,
that the object for which they
Bawere in reality contending with so
“much warmth, was the restoration
bitrary power in France, in
« » as they were accused openly

some, and shrewdly suspected by

blishment in this country,
hatever motives had in-
Pa, ministers to precipitate
e and Great Britain into a
, it was a lamentable circum-
nce that each of the two nations
d think itself under the neces-
y of exterminating the other,
88 it complied with the requi-

i 7 id with theutmost positiv enessand
a
A

with the utmost violence _
on either side. . How
former i eas of eats a war so
on in its, princ: Mee
ther in condescendence to su-
r authority, or from A very
‘ dy change in _ his own con-
ceptions, it was plain that he had

: site to that which they had

to pave the way for a simi-

respectively insisted on, and

the minister reconcile his.

he MRISTORY.OF EUROPE. 229.

embraced a system totally different
from that which he had originally
proposed respecting France. But
the interference in its affairs, and
the alliances w:th the continental
powers, had already proved the
entire destruction of 100,000 men,
without serving the cause for
which they had been sacrificed.
Our attempts to force the French
to regulate their affairs on our
plan, were not only fruitless, but
inequitable, as no right could be
challenged by any people to inter-
fere in the most domestic concerns
of another. In order to prove the ~
inveteracy of the French, the
speeches in the Convention were
cited, as if invectives were proofs
of any more than the rancorous
disposition of those who made —
them, or at most of the temporary
rage of an exasperated enemy.
Nations, like individuals, when they
became cool and composed, would
speak in far milder terms. The
French knew their interest, and
would pursue it ; and angry words
would be forgotten, when impe-
rious necessity had recalled cach
party to the use of its reason, We
céertain'y had no pretence to com-
plain of harsh expressions: we first
had adopted the style of abuse ;
the French had only followed our
example. It was in the mean time
unfair to distort the meaning of

‘the motion before the House; it

neither recommended breach of
treaties, nor ‘a. desertion of the
confederacy, of which Great Bri-
tain was the bead and chief support.
In this: very capacity its thio.
tions to pear € would operate to the
same end upon ovr allies; whose
dispositions must naturally and ne-
cessarily' coincide with our own.
Nor if. the French, on the suppesi-

23 tow

# "

250

tion 4 a treaty, should insist on the
disbanding of our armies but if
the same proportion ds their own, -
‘did the motion imply the leat ac-
quiescence’on our part in so un-
reasonable and insulting aproposal.

The treatnient of the French by»

the associated powers in Germany,
at the beginning of hostilities, had
given birth {o the: outrageous
speechesin: the C Convention. These
never would have taken place, had
gt the Duke of Brunswick's pro-
amation been published» If
fo had previously communicated it
to our ministry, they oght to have
prevented its appearance and if.
this communication had not beep |

made, it argued g great want of re- tile to this country ; but while
‘spect in the ‘Austrian and Prussian) constant

ministries tor the: court of Great —
Britain. ts

After thas expatiating on the
danger and expence that would in- .
evitably attend the continuance of |
the war, the Duke concluded, by
declaring his persuasion, that it
threatened not only the prospetity
of the British nation, but the very
safety of government and of the
British throne.

The specch of the Duke of Gtat-
ton was represented by the Earl of
‘Caernarvon as calculated to render:
‘us suspected by our confederates.

~The motives of the war, he said,
Were just, and fully authorized us
to undertake it. The motives iny-
puted to. ministry were unfound—
‘ed; but ha they explicitly decla-
red for a restoration of monarchy in ©
Franceasa necessary step to forward
their measures, hewould hay égiv en
them his cordial approbation. ©.

In feply to the preceding, and

other allegations on the Iiinisterial
side, Loid Guildford s tated, that, »
allowing all the inyeétives against’

ANNUAL REGIS TER, lie

: duct of te rulers while a Mona

‘treaties were so binding as to invas

+B rance, ' after

‘right? Me d Great Britair
Ww hen
dimemnbeted Poland ?

British government had taken &t

theigncorantand the velgar. Liberty. b

oor 3 nie

the present ¢ he of! or ta
have weicht, still thé: former’ con= .

Was ndless deserving of censure:
the French court wes equally am-_
bitious at least 5’ and as lit tle faith) '
could be placed in it'as it the Con-
vention... Reace, it wa’ affirmed,
Was inconsistent with the treat
we had made with foreign powers:
But he wou'd alsoaffirm, that’ no

5 re

lidate the pri ivilege ‘of Othe: Jegisla-
ture, to Femonstrate against t

and to require, if contrary to tht
sense, that those treaties shou
annulled “ga The designs of France
‘were inscribed as inveterately in

a spoke the lang SON ‘-
enemy ow could we &€
the a should speak a ie ‘ether’ .
Could any thing be more vit ind
than to Beets to them a oi
gover nment whieh they ha
~feninly pronounced ae
What foundation had oath.
“exercise cf such a prer ogative over
rbearing it Cc
orded us equal.’
terpose —
Prussia,
But the ;
French had actually complied with
our demands, they ‘had formally ©
oretvbetea that decree at which the
ch
umbrage, ‘The dangers \so often
_ pretended, to laws and to religion,
were mere declamations for the.
purpose of inflaming. the ‘minds of

casions. that —

ia, Austria, -

of conscience would “het destroy
religion; and thelaws of one coun. *
try would not subvert those of an- :
other. But exaggeration seemed
the maxim ‘generally -adopted by
those who hated the Frencln; as if

»
po
. :

ead
»

ro it were not illiberal and unjust to,
B misrepresent evenanenemy. Our
‘business was not to abuse, but to

’ eonsider in what manner we could

: live in peace with them, without
“prejudice to our character and our
“23 interest.

a The motion recommended by
is ‘Lord Lafsdowne was objected to
_ by the Duke of Leeds as improper-
ly timed, and ili founded. With-

out enquiring into every motive for
this war, it could not aitogether be
_- Feputed. unjust. The French sys-
be tem of government was so opposite

\ jo. its very nature to all the esta-
; _blished governments of Europe,

' ‘that it must necessarily bev iewed in

the lizht of a coustant aad perpe-
a tval enemy, that would never cease
3 toact against all the others till it
~ had destroyedthiem, or till they had
brought about its own destruction,
t _ The manifestation of a desire of
" peace on our side, would rather tend
_ to elate the French than to recon-

4 ” ile. them. They would attribute

it to timidity, and would probably

* rise in their terms.

ig he Duke of Leeds wasseconded
lord Sy dney, who observed that

he motion amounted to a declax
on that we were no longer able to

te the war;

nc i on. ‘the coalition, aad
knowledzed the cause of
Heys. to be just. Peace in
. t stage of the contest
of ee en table ; nd it now be-
tame act with firmness, and

" wii nothing to. an enemy
: om we were in a situation to

encounter, with Eros reasonable
hope of compelling him to an
4 agreement _ that. ey prove en-
U , said satisfactory to ire views pro-
posed by the confederacy. |
_ He was followed by Lord Lan-

‘ ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794:

at we placed

231,

derdale, who spoke with his wonted
warmth on the aspersions cast on
the opposition to ministry. ‘They,
were, he said, represented as the
Jacobins of this countrys but their
principles were those on which the
constitution of Great Britain was
founded, and without which. it
could not be supported nor justi-
fied, The French were become
odious to the princes of Europe,
for having cast off the burthen of
“absolute monarchy ‘but was that a
valid motive for Englishmen to
coincide in that odium ? The ex-
cesses of which they had been guil-
ty, no good man would extenuate,
but no honest: man would deny
that they were perfectly justifiable
in refusing to submit tothe injunc-
tions of other nations in the ma-
nagement of their affairs.
in answer to these allegations in
favour of the motion, Lord Carlisle
asserted, that however a speedy ter-
‘mination of the war was desirable,
it could not with prudence or pro-
" priety be attempted while the ene-
my remained so violent and invete-
rate, and while our preparations
were so formidable, as to excite

“reasonable hopes of lowering his

arrogance. Ourarms had compel-

led him to abandon Holland, and

expelled him from the Austrian
Netherlands ; we were masters of
some of his strongest towns. In
the East Indies we had completely
triumphed over them, What ne-
cessity could therefore impel us to
sue for a peace, which would pro-
mote an intercourse the wisdom of
the legislature had prphibited, buit
which war only could effectually
prevent ? ’

Lord Grenville spoke next a-
gainst the motion. He considered —
the various arguments in its, sup-

Q4 port,

232

port, as inadequate to the proof of
‘its expediency at the present time;
aud of its practicability during the
ferment and implacable disposition
manifested in the Convention.—
The debate of this day would, in
the mean time, he observed, satis-
fy those who had heard it and the

ublic at Jarge, that government
had not acted rashly by prosecu-
ting the war on the prine#ples that
moved them to undertake it. The
people would be convinced that it
was both just and necessary, and
not entered into from ambitious
and sinister motives. They would
see how much it was their interest,
as well as their duty, to preserve
this country uncontaminated by
those pernicious maxims that had
filled France with all manner of
wocs; and from being one of the
most agreeable countries in Eu-
rope, had. converted it into one
great and dismal scene of misery
and horror. ‘The designs of the
French against the European go-
vernments, particularly that of
Great Britain, were the constant
topics of declamation both in the
conventional and other assemblics,
Such was their universal animosity
to this country, that were it in their
disposition to hegociate, tio man
among them would take upon him
to be a negociator, The abcitors”

of the war had been desired to-

comprize in aby two words its real
motive. "The answer required but
one, Security. Provocation to war
had been given to the German

owers, and to Great Britain,
which studiously sought to avoid a
quarrel. The reproach of having
altered the system of a fifteen years
peace into that of a needless and
expensive war, was unfair and illi-
beral. Could the minister foresee

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794...

future contingencies? Was there
at that time any symptoms of the
dreadful explosion that since hap=-
pened in France? Phe complaints
of opposition respecting the treat-,
ment of M. Chauvetin were high
ly unjust: that minigter exerted
all the abilities he was master of to
sow the seeds of sedition in this
country ; and was at the bottom of
some projects of actual insurrec-
tion. He had done sufficient mis=
chief to merit an instant dismissal,
and to authorize the conduct of
ministers towards him, notwith-
standing the pains taken to de-
scribe them as haughty and over-
bearing. The partizans he had
gained were not, at this very hour,
inactive ; and were striving with all
their might to: effect the purposes
of which he had recommended the
execution. The words and phras:s
they had borrowed fiom the
French republicans, they were con-
tinually endeavouring to introduce
in<all discourses, for the purpose of
rendering them familiar ana accept-
able to the public.
Notwithstanding the pressure of
the war, commerce flourished, and
the national resources were produc
tive of all the means that were
wanted for the public service. They
were levied in a fair and regular
manner; not with that disarderiy
violence and compulsion which
characterized the management of
the French finances, and subjectéd
individuals to continual acts of ex-
tortion and rapacity.
In reply to these allegations, it
was observed by the Marquis of
Larsdowne, that several of his ar-
guments, andiof those adduced by
the Duke of Grafton, had been-re-
presented in a light that placed
them, together with. the other -dis-
, approvers

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

approvers of the ministry, among
__ the worst enemies to their country.
Butif what they-had said was strict-
__ Wy attended to, and fairly repeated,
it would be found that they had
_ spoken truths highly disagreeable
perhaps to ministers, but no less
necessary to be known to the pub-
lie. Ought it not, for instance, to
’ be told, that i in Birmingham, a ma-
) nufacturing town of the first repu-
“tation in Great Britain, business
-had so decreased, that since the
4 breaking out of the war no less
than four thousand individuals had
been added to the poor’s rate ? In
the country towns traders were
Ny daily breaking ; and incessant com-
_ plaints were ‘made of the heavy
burdens laid upon them. These
‘were occurrences not to be denied
Ad or explained away by specious
ay reasonings. The nation in gene-
yal, not only those who were averse
Rag ‘the war, but even those who ap-
~ proved of it, were equally loud in
censuring the inequality of treat-
_ ment experienced by multitudes in
the repartition of taxes, at the time
ja) Milien they ought to be’ ‘apportioned
1 the most rigid equity to every
=, “ person’ s real capacity to pay them ;
__ andnotpromiscuously imposed with-
outsufficiently attending on whom
“they fell. Another grievance too,
i | scandalous nature, and of long
‘stand a: demanded seriously-to be
redresse'

——.

‘This was thé prodigious
mbe BE: sinecures, and of places
le other efficiency than to
produce emoluments and perqui-
-BILeS to persons i in the service or fa-
your of ministers.
s ce existed, greatly offensive to a

. = considerable part of the na-
‘tien, and deeply reflected on its
_ honour and generosity :—The vast
body ot the dissenters, notwitstand-

Another griev-

‘ng their firma and noted attach-

233

ment to the British constitution.
and to the family on the throne,
had of late been distinguished by
some acts of the legislature, as 2
dangerouiscombination of disaffect-
ed subjects, watching for opportu-
nities to bring forward innovations
inimical tothe interests of theking-
dom: but what were those innova-
tions ? ‘To enjoy the same rights ip
civil matters as the other subjects of
Great Britain. Various arguments
were urged against their demands ;
bat the real cause of their meeting
with a refusal, wastheir attacliment
to the principles of the opposition.
They had certainly an uncontro-+
vertible claim to every right en-
joyed by their fellow- subjects, and
it was a shameful grievance to with-
hold them. The duty of ministry
in these critical times, was to con-
ciliate all parties and all persuasions.

The debate closed, by 103
against the motion, and only 13 in
its favour.

The great and unexpected suc-
cess which had attended the arms
of the French republic in the close
of the year 1793, had so materially
reversed the relative situation be-
tween them and the coalition, that
all those lofty ideas and expecta.
tions it had indulged previously to
the beginning of the last campaign,
were totally obliterated. Detence,
much more than conquest, was be-
come the objects of the most judi-
cious of their enemies, who clearly
perceived, that toeffect a reduction
of so large a country as France, in-
habited by a people so numerous,
so determined to resist them, and
animated by motives that had pro-
duced such wonderful exertions,
was a task to be accomplished only
by enemies impelled by motives
equally cogent and enthusiastic.—
But the situation of the subjects of

the

‘eh ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

the various princes forming the The first. of these motions wag
coalition, held out no objects suffi- agreed to; but the second warmly | A
» ciently strong to stimulate them in opposed by Mr. A. Taylor, as ine
like manner. This was acircum- jurious to agriculture .and indus-— y
. stance, however, which they did try. i Mp
not sufticiently consider. ‘The ~ It was observed by Mr, Francis,
events of the latter part of the cam- that after boasting of the successes
paign,. though conspicuously influ- we had obtained over the enemy,
enced by the national disposition of whose inability to resist had boldly ——
the French, they still viewed as been asserted a twelvemonth ago, .
mischances solely occasioned bythe we were now called upon to make —
ordinary causes, that decide ef ill themostseriouspreparationsagainst
fortune or.of success, and were not the dgnger of bis invading this L
willing to relinguish the hopes in . country. That’ such a danger did
which they had primarily indul- exist, he was inclined to believe,
ged, and which had been the basis fromthe less arrogantldnguagenow
op which the coalition was origi- adopted by ministers ; and would
nally founded, These hepes were not for that reason oppose the aug-
generally understood tobe thesame mentation proposed. a a
that actuated the junctionof Austria After some memberg had spoken
and Prussia, when they availed in favour of ;the motion, Mr, Fox |
themselyes of the distractions and’ rose,and ina speech of considerable
’ aug of an ill-governed and divi- Jength, ‘severely reprchenced the’ ©
ded nation, to deprive it of inde- conduct of ministry. Greater ex» ‘fs
pendence, and partition it between ertions were now required, he said, C F
them and other powers, without ® than when this*country had not ~
whose concurrence such a’ trans- *a single ally to face the united
action,could not havebappened. - strength of America, Holland,
But whatever ideas the continen- Spain, and France, and was hourly
tal members of the coalition still threatened-with an invasion: and
continued to entertain, the ruling | now, with amarine decidedly snpe-
- powers in Great Britain began to ior to that of the enemy (without” ~
xemit of the sanguine prospects consulting parliament) and almost _
with which they had entered into .a‘} Europe to assist us, Francealone, »
the confederacy against France. represented as unsuccessful, was
Instead of jthe triumphant career able to intimidate us. “During the
they had promised to the public, American war our dang marae
they found.themselves necessitated but did not appear so i mipi-
to. apply ‘to it in afar different style sters affected to describe it. He
Thee tale badhithetosdonted. would nevertheless assent t . the
‘On the 6th of March a motion was motion for augmenting the mili. 9 —
made by Mr. Pitt for an augmenta- ‘tia. i i“
‘tion of the militia, in order to pro- Mr. Iyder, in reply, took notice,
vide for the better security of the «that thengh incapable of persisting
kingdom against a menaced inya- much longer in the contest, the
sion by the French. ‘To this mea- French might, however, in some of
sure he added another, which was those momentary exertions that had
1oJevy a volunteer force of horse proved so successful and, astonish-
and foat in every county. ing, meet again with the like suc-
: cess;

¥ 7

HISTORY OF EUROPE. 235

eess, unless we were duly prepared

\. tocounteract them.’
1 To this Mr. Grey made answer,
_» that these momentary exertions had
_ Jasted uninterrupiedly from the
_ beginning to the end of the*cam-
) paign ; and that, from the extreme
anxiety of ministers, it appeared,
__. notwithstanding \ the advantages
' gained by the armies of the-coa-
jition, that the situation of this
+ country, instead of. better, was
"dg worse; and that we were now in
A “more danger than at the beginning
_of-hostilities. The motion, after
_. some more ‘observations on both
% sides, was now carried, - ry
‘ On the 17th of March a warm
“debate took place in the House of
_ Commons. The ministry bad issued
requisition, under the name of a
‘Tecommendation, for the raising of
yolunteer companies of horse and

+, foot, in order to: preserve internal’ into such a posture of defence as <

' ‘ ‘peace, and suppress domestic in-

gurrections ; and to aid the military,
nd ‘necessary, to repel an invading
enemy: ‘The measure was con-
_ demned by the opposition as un-
ss ‘constitutional ;-and’ the voluntary
4 st iptions proposed to suppoxt

‘it, were in particular declared un--

__- Jawful, without the»specific con-
.- ‘sent of the legislature. In a sub-
sequent discussion on the 21st of

- ‘March, Mr. Sheridan demanded,

. Bebe that recommendation pro-
oy” led from the’secretary of state?
‘in case it did, that it sheuld

4 communicated: to the House,

- which must of course be apprized

» of it, as it related to the levying of
‘troops and money. The minister’s
reply. was, that the recommenda-
tion was no more than a method
adopted ‘by ministry to direct it in
the formation of a plan to be pre-
“génted to the House as soon as

proper estimates of the expence
had been regularly made out. Let-
ters having been written by go-
yeroment to the licutenants of the
several counties on this subject, Mr.
Sheridan required they should be
produced: but this being refused,

he gave notice that he would move |

the House to declare its disappro-
bation of the measure. The mini-
ster, in answer to this, asserted that
it was founded on precedent; and
that money thus raised, had in vari-
ous instances been expended in
the support of troops, as it was pro-
posed in the case before them.
Pursuant to the noticehe had given,
Mr. Sheridan resumed this business
on the 24th of March. Being in-
formed, he said, that a principal
member of the coalition was about
to leave it; he would of conse-
quence gladly see the kingdom put

might secure it from the danger ac-

cruing trom this unexpected dere-_

jiction: but this, did not autho-
rize any description of men.to con-
“sulttogether how to,raise and pay
‘a military force without the con-
sent of Parliament. This was the
more censurable, as they did not
act from their own motion, but
by the direction of a secretary of
state. But what aggravated it still
more, was the notice publicly given
in the papers, that those who re-
fused compliance ‘with this direc-
tion, would be considered as ene-
mies to government. Ministers in
this matter had grievously offended.
—Why did they not consult Par-
liament, without applying to lieu~
tenants and magistrates of ccun-
ties, who certainly could claim no
tight to levy money on the subject ?
He moved, in conclusion, an ad-
Mess tothe King for a communi-
“cation

236

gation of all the papers relating to
this subject.

Mr. Western added, that if the
crown were once allowed to raise
money, under the preiext of bene-
valences, there would be an instant
stop put to the exercise of all the
rights and duties of parliament.
Exclusively of its priv lege to legis-
late, the power of raising money
by imposing taxes, belonged solely
to that body ; but the scheme in
contemplation would transfer this
power to the executive depart-
ment.
would be no further occasion for
parliament to meet, as it would
then be divested of all tts authority
aad importance. iis

‘l'o these reasonings Mr. Pitt
replied, that voluntary contribu-
tions for levies, when these were
assented to by parliament, were
strictly lega}, andconsistent with the
precedents ; and that a message
from the King would be brought
to the House on the subject in
question,

Mr. Fox insisted, on the other
side, that the precedent alluded
to by ministers, was totally ir-
yelevant. The contributions du-
ring the American war were truly
voluntary; as no official authority
had prompted them ; but, in the
present case, it was plain that the
executive power had assumed the
right of demanding pecuniary as-
sistance from the people, without
the intervention of parliament ;
which was undeniably unconstitu-
tional, and subversive of all the
yaws that had so carefully provided

against the levying of any money

but with the positive and formal
consent of the > arith of
the nation.

He was followed by Mr. Francis,

ANNUAL REGISTER,

Were this to happen, there _

1794.

who asserted that ministry was um-
der no necessity of recurring to
such a method of obtaining money :
it was both irregular and needless.
The readiness of parliament to
grant supplies, was unquestionable,
To what intent had ministry res
sorted toany other medium, unless
to create a precedent unfavourable
to the commons, and to producejea-
lousy and discordamong individuals?

Mr. Serjeant Adair, who spoke
next, did not deny the illegahty of
the mode recommended ; but he
exculpated ministry, onthe ground
of expediency at the present junc+
ture, and as nowise aiming at in-
fringements of parliamentary rights,
It was altogether an abstract ques- |
tion, better avoided than brought
into discussion.

A contrary opinion wasexpressed _
by Mr. Grey, who said he thought
it incumbent on the House to pass
a censure of disapprobation on the
measure, as militating against the ”
Jaws and constitution of the realm.
The question being put, was car~
ried in favour of minist

A message from the King was
delivered to the House on the 25th
of March, purporting the intention
of the enemy to invade the king-
dom, and requiring the necessary
succours to oppose him, by in-
creasing the militia ; and informing
it, at the same time, ‘that,relyi ing on
its concurrence, the King had is-
sued orders to that, ‘purpose. A
corresponding address was moved
by Mr. Dundas, to assure the King
of the readiness of the House to
concur in all the measures requisite
for the prosecution of the war, as
just and necessary. The address
proposed, was carr lee without op-
position, ;

‘Lhe ministry’s attempt to pro-

cure,

‘eure subscriptions without appli-
cation to parliament, had, in the
mean while, created much dissatis-
* faction. It was vigorously opposed
in several counties ; and counter-
'.gesolutions cniered into by. meet-
ings for that purpose. That which
was published by the county of
- Surrey, on the 27th of March,
_ merits recording. It was conceiy-
_ din the following terms: “ Re-
_ solved, That it is the opinion of
this meeting, that it is their duty
"to refuse any countenance to pri-
- wate. subscriptions at the requisi-
tion of ministers, for public pur-
~ __poses but that we are ready at all
; “times to stand forward in any con-
stitutional manner, in support of
ay King and country, against all

: sa foreign and domestic enemies.
“4 On the 28th of March, Mr. She-
> idan, agreeably to the notice he
had given, moved in the House,
4 that it was dangerous and uncon-
" stitational for the people of this
_-- eountry to make any loan of
Money to parliament. He asserted
_ that ministers had, in the business
of the subscriptions, aimed rather
at establishing the legality, than
at deriving. any present utility from
them, Were the Sovereign en-
3 led to procure supplies from the
_Mectings of counties, or of pri-
, Fate individuals, he would be re-
leased from the necessity of ex-
plaining for what purposes he
wanted them, to the representatives
of the nation ; of whom he would
_immediately become independent,
Ty, in other words, absolute. It
s ‘was prudent, therefore, to prevent
ny popular infatuation from pro-

ing such effects, by limiting’

a ‘ade power of granting money to
_ the nation at large, regularly con-
Panel in parliament; but in the

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

237

instance now before the House, it .
was well known that the subscrip-
tions were not so voluntary as re-
presented. Persons employed in
the collection of the revenue, and
the other numerous, dependants
and emissaries of ministry, chiefly
composed the list of subscribers :
but were such a measure not re-
pugnant to the constitution, still
it was attended with an impro-
priety that would soon be mani-
fested. The sums already required
for the expences of the. year,
amounted to no less than thirty-_
five millions. This surely was an
enormous requisition, without re-
curring to further exactions. But
60 great was the zeal of this nation
‘presumed to be for the important

_ objects held out to it, as the mo-

tives of the war, that the very ex~
tremest exertions of which it was
capable were confidently looked
for ; but ministers misreckoned, if
they relied on those causes as pro-
ductive in the degree that some of
their most zealous advocates ex-
pected. Numbers might doubt-
less subscribe ; but what a propor-
tion of them would act from mere
compulsion | The influence of go~
vernment and of its many adhe-
rents, together with the dread of
being considered as disaffected,
could not fail powerfully to help
out the subscription. Personal os+
tentation and. interested motives
would also contribute towards it ¢
but the aggregate of its produce
would not answer the prospect of
those who might indulge sanguine
hopes of its being very consi-
derable.

These reasonings wete opposed
by the Attorney General, who jus-
tified the conduct of ministers, as
agreeable ta precedents and ‘con-

stitutional

238

stiestobal authorities. He cited »
‘the letfers written by the arquis
of Lansdowne, then Lord ‘Shel-
bourne, while in office, to the
‘Lieutenants: of ‘counties, in 1782,
as a cas€ precisely similar to the
present;
© of companies by private subjects,
at their own expence on other’ oc-
casions, in much the same light. |
Mr. Fox, in answer to this, af-
“firmed, that in that letter no money
nor subscription had been solicited,
‘nor any received.
“dent which thé ministry were én-
“deavouring to establish, amounted
“in reality toan order from the King
to the people, unconstitutional -in
‘a British monarch, as being in-
consistent’ with the freedom of
“a British subject. It would cet-
_ tainly tend to keep alive those'jea-
‘lousies of ‘the executive power
*which had of lateexcited so power- |
‘ful and extensive a spirit of demo-
cracy ; nor was the measure de-
“serving of the pains taken to carry
it. Three hundred thousand pounds
was the utmest it would produce.
Was the public, for so paltry a
consideration, to be sae oa to
‘party feuds and disturbances ?
The sentiments expressed! by Mr.
Wyndham, on this subject, were
‘that the Subscriptions recommend-
ed wére" essentially different from
‘the benevolences and compulsory
loans formerly used, and justly re-
‘probated. If the ‘letter in 1782.
did not specify subscriptions, "ati
its purport could “be no other, as
without money no arms nor ac-
coutremetits could have been pro-
Mie for the men, nor pay to main-
tain them.” “He strongly vindic ited
“hibit FPG the accusation of in
consistency, so frequetitly alleged
against him. He didnot, he’said,
eovet the praise of consistency by

ANNUAL REGISTER, ifos,

and mentioned the raising |

The prece- -

‘remaining in’error; and would ae
ways be governed by his conviction
-of ‘what was right, however this |
“might ‘make him appbas to’ have”
“changed ‘his opinion. He con-
cluded, by saying that the oppo-
sition of the present day resembled
that of the year 1745 ; which, ‘to
favour the cause of the Pretender,
declared the ‘country vote | in Ho”
danger: 5 eal bi
These assertions, mid use hen
the part of Mr. W: ndham, drew an
animated reply ‘from Mr: Shetidan ,
~who recalled his remembrance* to
the vehemence with which he used
bio inveigh against t the present mini S-
‘ter ; and spoke with great severi
of his-dereliction of the ‘minority. ~
There were, said Mr. ' Sheridan,
some fundamental | principles, which
“no man could be justified in’ ‘for-
‘saking. ‘Yo grant no supplies to
the crown, but through Peoemia te
~was the essential part of the consti-
tntion. ‘To relinquish ‘this privi-
ege, was to empower the crown —
at once to corrupt parliament, and
subvert liberty. ‘So’ far, however,
"was opposition from impeding the _
ministerial plats of -detence, that
it was ready to legalize the subs ‘
scriptions they had recomm oh
provided they were not drawn in
a precedent. The debate ‘con-
‘cluded with’ a majority of 170 for
the previous questions)" ~ .
‘The lawfulness of ‘the suibscrip-
tions was warmly ‘debated in ‘the ~ i
‘House of Lords, onthe 28th’ of
March, and supported, as well ‘as
“attacked, by much the same ‘argu
ments as inthe House of Commons,
Lord ‘Lauderdéle tinned ts that
parliament had always”
tremely attentive in Titehiig and
preventing the success of attempts
of this mature, which ‘had often
been made by the crown, and re-
sisted

by * eR > *” * cw .*
ga : ‘ ‘ ra

| eee Pte” OL FF ae
vm HISTORY -OF EUROPE, 939

A
‘sisted by the legislature. The in- ledge several persons had joinedy

fluence of the crown was an object the subser iption against their appro- a

‘that could not be too seriously ‘op- bation, out of the fear of becoming
‘posed. Years ago, when not ar- markéd men if they réfused.
* " Tived at its present magnitude, the ‘The Marquis of Townishend'con-
“House of Commons had formally tended; on the other side, that in
ses ote! th4t it had ‘too much inerea- the ‘cott inty of Norfolk, of which
sed, was still indkeasing a and ought he was Lord Lieutenant, the people
to be diminished. The ' present were strenuobsly, disposed ‘to sub-
“war had sufficiently evinted the scribe, from their zeal forthe con-
“vast accession of power tomini isters, stitution, and the preservation of
who rewarded their adherents, and ‘their country against the attemipts
" P inished their opposers in a man-~ of the disaffected to introduce
that alarmed all men of inde- French principles and government.
endent® principles. The newspa-' Individuals, acquainted with the
pers in the, ministerial pay were ‘sentiments of their néighbours,
_ instruments of their severest ven- would certainly be the properest to
ance; whoever thwarted. their . be employed in watching their mo-
oe ; were described as foes to’ tions, and defeating their imachina-

r country ; and some persons tions. The evil- disposed were nu-
of rank and importance had been merous, and could only be known
- indirectly accused by them of re- to those who dwelt in ‘the same
eiving wages from'the French for places, and who would therefore
osing governnient. He con- be nearer at-hand to suppress them
ended, ‘at the same time, that mi- than regular troops fetched from a
Bf istry, by their present efforts, great distance. In this light the

er striving to raise the executive mahenien in agitation was highly use-
ee. toa higher degree cf ful and salutary : it tended most
wer than ever: were it invested effectually to secure the public

ith the prero ai of levying peace, by keeping in constant rea-

joney without consulting the great | diness,every where,men who could

oo uneil of the nation, parliament, © “be depended on for their loyalty ~

at more would be needed to and attachment to government, and
“e that department t above all who, being of the middle classes,
ntroul 2 He would therefore ere interested in preventing dis-
move that it was unconstitutional turbances, and protecting industry
nd ‘dangerous to grant to the exe- an muopettY:
ativ ee he any private aid) ‘ The tarl of Caernarvon additi-
2 hedews lence for public purposes, onally observed, that to consult
ithout ‘the consent of parliament. with individuals, legally ‘convened
He was answered by Lord incounty meetings, about the mean-
awkesbury, who insisted on the of levyin men, or with private
‘obvious difference between a forced gentlemen engaging to faise coth-
con tribution and a voluntary gift. —_ panies.or regiments on their own
. The Earl of Derby observed, in funds, were ‘iransactions similar to
sare of the motion, thatcompul- each other; if the latter were law-
on consisted in terror as much as fl, the former must be the same.
actual violence, ‘Fo his know- Money was the medium to be’ i
cure

240 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

cured in both cases, without ap-
pealing to parliament. In 1782,
the great towns were called upon
by letter, officially directed to
them, to furnish a certain number
of men, stating to them what share
of the expence government would
bear. Was not this a clear inti-
mation that the other share must be

defrayed by them? What were.

the subscriptions now proposed, but
precisely a repetition of that mea-
sure ?

The discussion of the present
question was greatly censured by
the Lord Chancellor, as too much
involved in theory. Facts were
the best principles to consult. In
the year 1745, twelve noblemen
offered each to raise a regiment at
his own expence : -their offers were
accepted, and provision was made
by parliament for the subsistence of
those levies, notwithstanding the
cavils raised against ministers upon.
this occasion. ‘The business in agi-
tation ought, in his opinion, to be
maturely weighed, before liberty
was taken to censure it. The let-
ters to the lieutenants laid before
them a scheme, which they were,

in conjunction with others, to exa-

mine, in order to settle the method
of carrying it into execution, pre-
viously to its introduction to parlia-
ment. Such a line of proceeding
gould not be illegal, as all pecuni-
ary negociations with ministers were
transacted in the same manner, be-

fore they were brought into parlia-
ment for its approbation or dissent.
The discussion ended by a majority
ef 76 against the motion. :

Mr. Pitt, conformably to the
notiee he had given, moved, ou the
Ast of April, for a committee on
the bill for the encouragement of
those who should voluntarily enrol

Cohaes 4

wet

themselves for the general defence
of the kingdom, during the war. —

Hereon Mr. Francis enquired,
whethe-, in case the bill should

“pass, it were to be understood that -

subscriptions for raising troops
would be considered as thereby
_sanctioned by > agai Prece-
dents in this mat
viewed as principles: the conduct
of persons in office was no rule to
those who succeeded to them, any
more than the measures sanctioned
by our parliament could bind ano-
ther to give them the same appro-
bation.. The legislature ought to
direct its principal attention much

moretowhatshould be, than to what «

had been done. Taking the mea-

sure proposed in this point of view, *

he judged it illegal and dangerous.
When the bill came toa third
reading, it was again firmly opposed
the billof rights, which, in the most
express and positive terms, prohi-
bited the levying of money without
the concurrence of parliament.
He was followed by Lord Wy-
comb, who contended that the plan
contained in the letter of 1782,

by Mr. Francis, as contradictory to |

present subscriptions: the former
went to arm the people, the latter

to arm the crown ; the former ap-

pealed to the opinion and inclina-
tions of the people; the latter was”
intended to controul them. Ac-
cording to the plan of 1782, the
officers were to be appointed by the
lieutenantsof the countries; accord-
ing to the present, by the crown ;
by the former, those officers were
to be men of property in that part
of the county in which they wete
to command; and the men were
not to be called out but in case
actual danger; but by the present
; no

er ought not to be _

4
“

was entirely dissimilar to that ofthe

py Ag

% sa
¥. *

> » I> Data. ers

4 &

-in/the officers; and the men were
~ liable to the utmostyseverity o

‘of a riot: the yformer raised, no
_ bupplies, the intent/of the latter
, ca

rliament™ ~~

/ «Ih reply to L

* Be Senigng

be valleg

the former of *these measures,
tally: stified the | atter : the for-
from ree ing’ bscrip-
from pr scrip

tinderstood to
theiiy-that the comty

ord Wycomb, Mr.
‘it whatever could

strued it into a recommendation

vat tenden
7 *

were taken at this proceeding.

city, for the service of govern-

ame of the first authority, decided
lawfulness of the transaction,
dozen no
to employ their funds in this
er, 1

odo the saine? Subscriptions for
7 oh 4.4 . an . 4 *.
th public service carried nothing
ous in them; and subjects
ought, in reason, to be at liberty
‘to apply their property to so laud-

bicause. ‘Lhe staintes formerly
ed against thar method of le-
money, called a Benevolence,
were in fact a real relief to the
~ people, by shielding them from ar-
bivary exactions. But were free

. Gael donations to be class-
Sed with tyrannical cxtortions ?
) The subseripions now, prapossd
fe vou. MUXVI.

’

= 4 rope ya ete
* HistTORY OF EUROPE

Hh . ‘
zi iH such qualifications were required

o raise themingependspty of

d for the justification of,

lready maintained —
le badly, cru by tb
On receiving that letter,

and agtareeced ;

c€ companies by means of new.
scriptions: no exceptions how-

hen several regiments had been
d by noblemen in their private herents to ministry.

Po»y m=
y. » #
~~ -"Z © ‘ &

241

would, besides ftir general ulility,

‘produce an effect of particular con-

sequence at this critical time : they

_ martial law, on the least appearane *would*convinee the French that

the English went heart ‘and hand
with government.

* Mrs Fox animadverted severely
on ur ‘latter argument. Far, said
Jey from operating to that end, the

“ Subscriptions, would | robably tend

onfirm the French in their idea,
hat the majority of the nation dis-
agerovee of the war, from the in-
onsiderable number of subscribers
when €omipared to the multitudes
that would not subscribe. Two
descriptions of men niight reason-

" ably be expected to refuse: those

who looked on the measure as un-
constitutional, and those who de-
The} good policy of the war.
They were both extremely numer-
ous, and yetas firmly inclined and
ready to oppose the aggression of a

foreigménemy, as the warmest ad-

Inaddi ion to the plan of raising

ent, in 1745, Lord Hardwicke,va, ap internal force by voluntary sub-

cripuons, Mr, Pitt brought a pro-
posal before the House on the 7th

men were autho- of April, to enable the subjects of

France to enlist in the King’s ser-

hy should not somehun- vice onthe continent of Karope,
s of loyal subjects be allowed “and to employ French officers as

engineers, under certain restrictions.
Many advantages, he was of opi-
nion, might result from such a mea-
sure, considering how deeply they
were interested in our success, and
how zealously they were attached

‘to the cause for which we were

contending. Two amendments to
this proposal were moved: the first
by the Attorney-General, to oblige
these who enlisted, to take the oath
of allegionce; the second, by Mr.
Sheridan, to Jimit tHe operation of
the bill to welve monihs, th¢ term

M - dae to

fh a?

242 ANNUAL REGISTER,

to which the nau bill was con-
fined. The former of these amend-_
ments was adopted; the latter re-
jected by a majority of 97. ©

Mr. Sheridan suceeeded howerer
in proposing, that no greater num-
ber of these tioops shouldbe sta-

tioned within the Kingdon than ® hope of pardo ony, to join th their Pony, 7

5000. |
je on the second redding of the

bill, it was most strongly opposed. , who considered the

by Mr, Baker, on account of its
wanting a specific statement of the
numbers to be enlisted, and its al-
lowing them to be qitaWered

British ground, Mr. Sheridan now
declared himself against the bill,

and among other motives, lewedy ong» th
the certain death awaiting these - bloody and destructive, as to ys

men, if defeated; asking, at the
same time, whether in such case
we could venture to retaliate? Mre
Burke immediately replying i in the
affirmative, was veh emently re-
proved by Mr. Sherid lettin
tall an expression that p ight prov
so fatal to our own troops, and lead
to scenes of reciprocal blood:

unpreced_nted in the wars betwen » remot

Europeans. He strongly insisted
on the danger of committing t Oy
the disposal “of the crown an amy.

of 50 or GO,000 men, all) strangers”

and sworn enemies to the very
name of liberty.—Mr. Burke's an-~
swer was full of asperity towards
the present, and of praise of the
late government of France: and
he concluded it by asserting, that if
the property wrested, in France,
from its a.cient owners, were not
restored to them, property would
not exist fen ycars longer in Eng-
land. The motion was carried by
a majority of 185.

The commitment of the bill was
carried by a majority of 102, When
“qecame 0 athird reading, it was
Mugain. oppesed by Mr, Harriscu,

—

Me wp a ) © el >. ae oe
oo ve te Ne, we
grey 4 oe ae
Lo ae in
> ~ *, "3 a
% Pi

i 17946"

iil remarked that it was highl
imprudent, while we were’ unde

the apprehension of being invaded »
. by the French, to put arms into
the hands of those multitudes of
emigrants in England, who might.
very probabl be tempted, by the

try men. : ~

He was!econded

by, Mr, Fox,
billas an enw
gagement on the part of this coun- ,
try, to, id € to the emigrants the
possessions from whic! y "had
been ov pat sand 10 a establish the jp
ancient governm at ab ar
eye a, mu ae
e war, but rend

*
q

ate the two nations: from! each
other, in’a degree that neither pru=" 4

dence nor humanity could justify
‘Thesuccessesthat mightlattend o
arms would not aller the sentiments ,
of the French: they were inet
ferent about their distant settle-

“ments, while they preserved tees
hiteelf. Re, were not fighting for
jects; their safety at.
, home. he their independence of
“foreign masters, occupied them en-
(3 ‘rely. Yo conquer such a peo} le,
we must attack them j oar own
country; it was there only Gwe:
could bring’ ‘them to: subje ction: |.
But would ; any map, net bereav ed

ef reason, recommend sueh-an at
tempt? Why, ther ore oi
we so much forget past e «pe ence,
as to: imagipe that, after, the most
resolu eas well as the most numer-
ous bodies of royalists had repeat-
edly failed in their endeavours to
resist the French government, we
should be more likely to succeed
through the help of at imconsidera-
able number that had fled their
country, and whose prowess had
not been tried? Notwithstanding
the’

Pan oe ee a. a
STORY OF EUROPE. 243
; % * ¥
‘the advantageous descriptions of times. Buta motive, paramount
~ France under the monarchy, he. to all others, for ‘using our utinost
© too, said Mr. Fox, had travelled in _ efforts to compel France to change
at country, and could with truth its system of government was, that
- affirm,that thecircumstances ofthe while it subsisted, no other system
peasantry were wretched and miser-, was safe.
.< able to a degree not exceeded by As to the fate awaiting the emi-
that of the poorest inhabitants of grants, if unsuccessful, they knew
any part of Europe. *Dreading to it, and had made up their minds
_ be reduced to that deplorable situ-__ for what might happen, undismayed
ation, could they refrain from in- - and fearless of events, No less ,
_ dignation and fury, when they were, ge a force of 500,000 men had |
told that the powers in the coali- en mentioned as requisite for the
_» tion against France had takenup subverting of the French republic. —
ats for the avowed purpose inthe would be highly ac-
forcing them back to Gages of ‘ceptable to every ore that sincere-
‘Misery? Py Pree ly wished for a suppression of the
-Inanswer to Mr. Fox, it was al- enormities that had so long afflicted
ed by Mr. Dandas, that the pre- France and menaced all Europe ;
et a more moderate number would
v Ye suffice for that purpose, and ex-
. redlite th € not less hat bap#l
edited, they were not less hated ~ Yi,
than Sireaded By the dendtalits of much bl
people. Werethesewellassured, yacconiplis
i pie e

y of lavishing so
d treastre for the

f being supported, it was the nd. .
| of good judges, thatthey were» Mr. Dundas was supported by _
. insurrection against th My e€, who declared it was_
blicansystem. Itwould, there- a for the nour and bene- .
e, be van th t of the “emigrants, to accept ‘of
re this opportunity of recovering their
nicht be effect y- ‘just rights, than to linger away
¢ numerous emigrants that their lives in banishment and de-
estified a”desire of being pendénce. He then spoke with
: insomeenterprizeagainst his usual asperity of the proceed=
the uy Urpers of po in their own ings and character of the French,
country, and t tore its ancient against whonrthe coalition of all
vernment. n enterprize of governments was, ‘in his opiitien,
this kind was ‘the more deserving fair and lawful, as the foes of those
of Encouragement, that none could. civil and religious rights hitherto
1 sn 0 acquaiuted with: the “enjoyed in the werst of times, and
_ “means of forwarding it in France; through all the vicissitudes of poli-
* patie of th

sa
pIOvVea

at.country conversant ® tical events, by the various classes
in allits aifairs,and in possession of of society, without disturbance or
_ humerous connexions, united to fear of deprivation. Under pretext.
_ them by relation or friendship, and of asserting the liberties of man-
_ bbove all, by an® identity of sen- kind, they. sought the extensiom of
_ timents on the transactions of the their dominions, andthe increas:
Bee. R2 . of

244 Awwuan. REGIS

+ her y ‘
, their’ “inflaétice and power, in ean ahi ;
Ty at the same time, to intro>. discovered. Much had been
ai “€ every where a conformity to ‘out by ministers about the lit
— eir destructive precedents. "probability of Robespierre’ s ile
tT these charges Mr. Sheridan tinuing long i in power but his fall -
replies that it merited an enquiry,» would at ‘no time fa ote =)
- how far the iniquities of which the — subversion,of the Fr ench republic: _ + oe
French, had been guilty, wer o it was founded onthe consent nd
be ascribed to the character’and support off millions, and by no
‘ disposition of the natives of Fratce means depended on the life of one
or to ot inibed ahd as came single man. “a, So af
they had imbibe igh Sap The Marauisof Lnsdownespok a
_- their former ihe aie 5 Duke of Bedford: He
; Othe membe nest 2 for and patti of reta i
, xan “Ssh catricdy tion inded t the Honse
- afier along gand dious contest. Be the c oh ces it Soe §

It was opposed ab: oy nee ya in At ca. Some
Lords, on the samé ground as in’ ‘grants, helnoliced, had pressed
that of the Commons fr one their er that. they would be
vother: arguments, it was. urge by. soled in France a numbe ‘
Lord Albemarle, that it was asantry on the lands a
‘policy to collect, ates the sam est Plormeriy their te ut
standard, men of ditt opini- was tere at men, W! oh ad s@

: ons. on the very vhich\ griev sly fale hepa ions. ex

. they were brought't ' ised we the fara c et
French, .w hol were t
for the service pr mn
», grated at differe :

‘Da

t Fah Sera
thein, in o1der to F
bitrary a tion an

_. different’ motit sd-wer thi
ew oe pect “other's” ;: ti © for asters?) He,‘
ments. au) iV pers f
«Lord Hawkesbury, eae: of vho h
- the» bill,» represented. how little inn ie to”

‘could’ be apprehended frem so in- _ many P ane
“ gonsiderablea body of menas. 50,000, — positivel ly:
no more being allowed by the bill at} was ina |
to, land in this,country at a time } cultivation an
and they were-neton any pretence. ter, gircunasta? E
wtb gs beyond five miles from thewPrevolution, c ed
velaring bimiself en enemy to the”
} "Phe Dukeof Bedford contended merccuion of barracks ee te 7
“with great animation against the duetiomof foreign armie
: compalsion .exercised npon — the Other Lor Isex presse athe mislves |
so enmgriats, who ‘were.cal'ed upon, for and ahathst the bill.
: uaden the penalty/of disgrace, to Lord Star hope, in “SEE |
. takeian active partin measures that tcok cecasion’ to speak with great
) must! lead them to destruction. . acrimony of the slight and contempt
eMther ways of providing for these with which some persons of exalt ie
Tau

;

ies 4) ap ye Gee Ee ar *
7 ¥ ace Ph) ry
ry, ee ag
ay tM, ; 4 ahs if
Y % ed "9 He pele \. a +e bi .
TOR Y° OF EGR OPE. 245.

) es sdpeeak Ph i we a
of their greatness would cease, as li-

: | this country, th ati
epersons owed theirexaltation. of 54 for the bill, and of 7 only

ver that spirit was departed, _Against itp ae. |
Dun « P , » nv
a fad ° " _* hb. a - » #
he ne » is CHAP, MITT, tT ante il os

we i “es a *
eaties concluded between the British Minister andthe several Members of
the i is age againstit in the House of Commons. Debates there--
on... Motion ly Lord Stanhope tn the House of Peers, for abstaining *
from ‘a Be | the Domestic Concerns of France. Motion by.
4 Lord Hawkesbury, for the Employment of British Seamen discharged”
bit rom the Navy in. Time of Peace Poi ion Cy Mr, Grey, relative to the
Failure of the Bea Arms-at Dink

irk and Toulon.» Debates thereon.
P Finantesiof India. A Message fromthe King t Parliament, conterning *
3 a Pecuniary Subsidy t russia. Debates thereon: Discontents and Jea-
™ — lousies entertained ly the North-American Provinces of Great Britain.”
Zo lite and wise Councils of the: Americans. Differences betwecn those’

© Powers settled. Motions and Debates respecting thesein loth Houses of
D Parliament. Motion'in the Houseof eers, by the Duke of Bedford,’
"for terminating ‘the. War with France © Motion to’ the same Effect,
y Mr. Fox, in the House 0 Come Detates thereon in both

0 SS. o i. » av ¢ s
al 58 ~™ '¥

’ a o, Ae)” ‘

> x) . LE these various itters Pinduced opposition to make them a.
P VV ere im agitation,”d ers subject of parliamentary , debate.
Pryintt s concluded by inistra-_ An address to the King was moved

_ tion, with the! several princes form- “in the House of Commons, on the °
tt “ak aie y expences. Gth of March, by Mr. Grey, for

Wwhich ahese occasionedy and the® the purpose of expressing theircon-

_ obligations contracted, were objects cern phan should have formed a

* ; ‘ : : :
Oi. SO uch magnitude, that reat nnion wit [| powers, whose apparent

ad alarmjat their consequcnces! to this aim wastoregulateacountry, where-
cour had _ filled® ne maids ‘of © inthey had no wright togiaterfere.
or mp ituces, not» Fach a fa- The Kise of Prussia had not taken
friendly to, the measures of pSvern- up arms against Fran€e in conse-

‘Ment, than as they thought it too .querce of the defensive, treaty
§ precipitate in listening tq the de- by which hé was bound to assist
_ : mands of its allies, who had objéets » Great Britain, in ease af an aggres-
"to accomplish, which, howeverbe- sion from that power ; but a coali-
g eficial to themselves, did not in- tion hadbeen formedywith him and
_” terest Great Britain so deeply as to othersagainst the French, who were
» authorize the degree of exertion not the aggressors in this war ;_ by
) which they expected from the Bri- © which this country was involved in
> tish ministry. The complaints to enterprizes injurious to its interest,
which these demands gave occasion and to the i:berties of Europe. He

is v1 es sup-

vee 2 rhe" ref
tot a bg ast
a, er 4 i yt ay ‘ate.
Oe + - Ma” ¢ Cae bs Pes wie

246 Ay paw

pits, prove

wards’ France, Whatever our de=»

cargens had been for the constiz
tuti
France, it was not a roved
Austria. There was no faith in
either of these powers. Had |
\ first invasion of France’ b
cessful, the balance and freedo
Europe must have b n loste

The views of the cc
ers were justified by I Mr. snore ch
who stated, that the 1 mair
the war was, to recover from th
French the countries they hed
taken. The means emplarg to
obtain this end were. entirely
per.
tous in preventing the French from
extending their dominions. — e
case of Poland, however blameable
the conduct of the power. pistane
ested in the transactions relat rd
that state, was nowise applicable t to
the present war.

In reply to Mr. Jenkinson, it was

dom of

asserted by Mr. Fox, that koth mo-
ral and religious eonsiderations
should induce us to contrast, the

benefits deriyable from our politi-
cal connexions with the ignomini-
ous consequences attendiny ‘them.
Neither the’ French Convention,
nor Jacebin club, had produced in-
stances of perfidy so criminal as

that of the King of Prussia to the
After encouragin gthemto ©

Poles.
form a constitution, he had in the
lapse of a year united with its dis-
approvers, ° and assisted in its des-
truction, from the hope of sharing
in the dilapidation of the Polish
monarchy. The different style in

Ww oe ‘the ate
They views of os eee ‘of, seem

accepted by the late King of baser than the! condtict

Deo HIS 5

rabined ees n of

02 q ished

We could not be too solicie™ tion, shev

1 sale
to” ir

mata (
ed Of

“ony meri ed ey. :
a and ee t
viest punishment. W
at the time of Dumouriez? petie es
tion ? While the army that he had

~ commanded was thought idhere | » an

chemes, Prince Cobo

Ps éclared a a rasan to “i
restoring the ‘French’ 4,

1789, founded on 7 :
‘the principles ‘of “Iiberty.. But as
f ‘soon as thatyarmy had for saken it
Genera “that manifesto was imme-_

diately etracted, The atment

that neral after h e. win
Con iS

f man:fes
sist him in

service of the

a what others had to
‘expect d Lilie Nie
i the honour or t
po of the allies. i
Prussia, i in. us nin Ra

eu we recolle
t yiour to
ee ? cpt oe Bee

uced, would “th well-known ani__ m4
ew ait
them t tle mice *
Nation without | a

fairs Of that —
among themselves ? ? Happily,

and contests. ~
ot for | eat Britain, Ae im s
son her

a
of the co "
unreasonable z baie ge

fm
¥

/mosities,

all the impartial world must
pate her, were ‘she. to throw
oppressive and unnecessary a load.
In answer to Mr. Fox, those ar-
guments were urgea by Mr. Pitt
that had already so often been ad-
duced. Jt was happy, he said, that
so many powers thought it their
interest to unite with this country
against France ; and it were ex-
tremel} ¥

—_: gt

ee ‘ oaistoRy

Ge %

any rate would endanger this coun- °
much more than the continua-
‘tion of wart, which, for’ ovr own
ety, ought Not to be terminated
“in conjunction with our allies,

resources ‘of the allics were
eater in the aggregate than those
of the French. By patience and
" perseverance ‘they must ultimately

revail. ’
ae Whitbreadreminded Mr. Pitt

Americans with far inferior re--
rees to those of the French,

in the House of Peers on the
pgeth of March. It was open-
d by the Eail of Gurldford, who ~
ybserved, that the House had the
cl ares right to advise the Crown —
against allengagements with foreign
vers that might be detrimental
he kingdom. We were upheps"
connected with some that h
‘med the vain pr oject of conquer-
Hae which, were it p
: ight n nae the aig
enclicial ‘aah E cou Nedts 1c
ve it unmolested

; hd

ee hat
in our ncils.
‘with many,

Sarkgire’t, powers:
d coalesced against

Aas i h
ae “each Pe até”
oy yer we had bo uid our-
cae tu second them,
by. peers o no perce without
theirgeo ae ‘Would they go
the ria ah in ¢ favour ?>—
-_ couclu i by making a motion

ae pe
¥ OF EUROPE.

rely iparden the dissolve 5 . CN to that made by Mr. Grey in
ana Hianee, A peace obtained. at the Lower House. » *

The same subject was debated, ous a neighbour.

Sof thi

247

_ Lord Hawkesbury acknowledged
_the” “tight of the House to ae
“cuss the propriety of treaties; but
insisted on the good policy of ad-
hering to ch osk that had been
framed at the present juncture, He
si incerely w ished that uot a. power
in Europe had remained neutral.
The invasion of the Austrian Ne-

« therlands, and the attempts upon

Holland, gave sufficient grounds for

hat had been affected b the rovocation, especially as Trance
X Pp 2 Pp af

by the acquisition of the former
was become so near and so danger-
Tie treaties
viewed in this light were highly me-
rirorious: awa could not frame too
many when our security was so
evidently threatened by an old and
Inveteraie enemy, Wwho, whatever
his internal government might be,
would probably continue such trom

iety of motives, —
ta Py? Yguderdale observed,
perdi coalition to be prosperous,
a , ject of dispute would probably
arise concerring the gover ment to
€ established in France :—herein
1@ coalesced powers would in all

that

he se
5 *Jikeli 00 disagree, and a difference

stad would not be termi-
rated casi It had been asserted,
that be was obliged by
no treaty to the re- “establishment of
the constitution accepted by the late
Kiog in 1791; but this very consti-
tution had b’en made the ¢ ground
of our reception at ‘Youlon; and it
would be a direct violatioa of the
national faith, pledged by Lord
Hood and the thet commissioners,
not to insist omits restoration. Ma-
ny benefits had been promived from
our successes in this war; but one
evil is certain: —we should be loasicd

R4 with

‘substance for the persecution o

* on we! +s

248 ANN DAL RT is WE, Fs 17948"

with subsidies fi.3 our allies, wi
might, nevertheless, fro Hotwer
of ‘convenicncy, be extr temely a pt
to abandon the confederacy

The Ear] of Mansfield ma tain
ed, on the other. side, the need we

stood in of allies, to accomplish the > ot zht to be spared |

objects which the vinterest of this
country evide lendly “required. “Phe
miass of the F Freneh, though silent”
through fear, heartily desired the
return of monarchy; and if duly
supported, could more effectually
restore it by their own exertions,

than by the intervention of a.fo-

yeign force. .

‘The expressiventss of dhl tree
tics was severely condemned by
the Marquis of ‘Lansdowne. It was
surprizing, he. said, thata people

circumstanced. like that of Great:
Britain, could so readily be recon-— serine) to which the continuation

ciled to sacrifice so much of ee

quarrel in which shina of

them must necessar ‘ily p

principle of trusting to the ai oie

ment and fid-lity of the pesple i in
their defence, was “manifestly
probated by the coa'esced prit
The King of Prussia heen

objected to it from the danger, Jest, »

when in arms, they might culge
the more frecdom in pole ideps
and imbibe some of those adopted
by the French. T lis was-a proof
how conscious those princes were
of the hard usage experienéed’ by
their subjects, and how little they
merited their.affection. Was the
grandeur of such princes deserving
of the efforts of this country to
support it? and could its preserva-
tion redound to the benefit or ho-
nour of the British nation ?
Lord Stanhope, one of the most
strenuous opposers of a war which
lie deemed entirely ministerial, on

e %* . ‘
$3 rs ay
“8 Phy

a i

the oh af Maveh, “made a ‘m0. a
‘tion in the. Uppet Howse’ against ~
“any further interference in the do-»
_mestic concerns of France. He’
severely veprehended Lord ps-
fie'd’s opinion, a po nj

Vis cout:
to procure as extensive an ‘insurrecs ;
tion against the present government ¥
of France as money could effect i in”
that country.’ He condemned it as:
fcoutrary beth to religious aud po=y
litical principles, and particularly,to,
that system of civilized society: ~
“which had so much contributed to » ¢
sofien the ferocious nat ure of war. 4
‘He expatiaied largely on the cons
sequences of such an opinion, and
on its tendency, to kindle internal,
flames of discord in all countries...
He reminded the House of the sufi. «

of the war must necessarily subject . «
the people of this country, and of |
‘the injurieselready 1 sustainedduring » *
e short space it had lasted. ‘The
ech and. motionsof Lord Stan- °
e were ychemently censured by
sfield an Lord Grene!
o moved at, in order to
event t e recolnieer ropose bee
peat r aa

(ong

vw hich was
on forg’ cote a led

This tmcihod ot j
“agreeable r soh cer rita ap
corded) gave 4 offence
sition, and to ot lit ra hee rg a
cisapproy ing of Le Stanhope’ $
opiatuite theug! bt him enti ted to
insist cn its i. rion i Ths jour-
nals ef the House. *
Lord Laud. rdale denied the right 4
in

a S
7

‘

aunt

> At Os
1 the Roker of a stn to
muti] ce r alter any, Motion; oth

“wise freedom of expression \ uke
"wearadually be obliterated. He mo-
eyed in consequerice, that motions
» sho put, in the words they ,

® %

and used with thé. sole
sev" ob viating a more disagree-
¢ manner of rejecting 4 he mo-
on. warm discussion followed,
wbich® was terminated by an ad-.
urnment, and the question itself
al “ undecided. 4
“In the midst of these parli ihnen’,
lary altercations, the public saw
vithmuch Sieg sod roger

_ into the House of Commons,

» atic national utility; to se,
d command at once’ pegencn-
e of all parties. is was

_ introduced by Lord Daeg

th eding complained, of w vas
_ order. ans

mber of seamen that must in
equence be discharged would
‘immediately ie provided Penta

oy nent. »

stings vessels fo admit
a seamen daring’ peace.

en attended with danger
fig of w By another pro-
of this hi o ship, without
ed registered as belonging

co any. should haye the

feo ‘itish: ports. This
ould £

this arises, ani tend to augment

ntl a OF

t )madaitn 1588.

ssion “of the present Royal Fa
k to take place at the end of in the year 1714, to 421,000:
* 4¢ war, and by which a great, the yeat 1750, to 699,

inten-
jon Rake bill: he peu to e all
tish merch pptmen to be manned ¥)

alter vegulation would pre-
eigners from bean ac-.
oar s;aknow- 1

TO Pe
+ 5 1 4
EUROPE. » "OR",

men. He be 4 aa quantit y
shipping in Great Britain at sixteen:
thousand vessels, measuring more
than one million of tons, and man-> ~

“hed with ne hundred and eighteen

thousand British mariners : : twelve :

ad b
5 av" de. “thousand of these vessels | belo: oid a
% sent ‘hurlow contended, that‘#to England alone, and employe

one hundred and seyen thousand of
‘those mariners, aiasch a summit.
-of prosperity had'the naval power
of Great Britain risen within the ,
last hundred years, t
American war, Lis -erpool alone had
fitted out private $s exceeding in)
tonnage and number of : seamen the
wheh aie the grand fleet employed
by England avainst the Spanish Ar-
At the restoration, -
in the year 1669, the? shipping,
of England amounted to 95,000

b 4 at the Revolution, twenty »

ars aiter, 190,000 ; at the acces-
mally, 4
3 in the
year 1774, | the yeaty, bee. the
American war, to 795,000; a nd i in
i792, the year preceding the pre-
“sent war with France, to 1,330, 000.
The strong probability that thes )

had ben confidently predicted iy

its, approv Sy began at this time
to excite reat alarm in t

ae eae « majority ha
nselves, that f the coalition
were not) able i ee all the
designs it had originally proposed, »
still it would succeed i inaccom ish-
ing many ; and at ail events, that
France would be compelled to ace
cede to-such terms as might affect
the tranquillity of Europe, and

ewvessels belonging to ‘leave the French themselves in pos-
fels ners fm the enjoyment of session of an internal system of go-
J] e sy B

verament, witich, tho’ not repugnant

_ panier of our owa merchant-" tothe ge neral sentiments oj that na-

tion,

be
A 9
at during the + tow

..,
a

v".

¥ public
ttered

. er
oe

a ri ;

caine’ not inconsistent
1 the views of the coalition.

P ‘But these expectations having to-

tally failed, and the duration ot a
ae appearing now uncert : eae

ve determination to prosecute it until

¥
principle never to be relinquish-

ed. Those who were averse to the

ed war itself, professing great zeal for
»sthe reputation of the” British arms
. ». and councils, resolved to exert their
abilities in the investigation of those
‘yeauses to which the late, failurés
‘were due. In pursuance gf this
resolution, the documents r ating
to the transactions of the last cam-
paign were moved for by Mr. Grey
and Ma ajor Maitland ; but on being
refused the indpection o them,

‘Major Maitland, on the. isth, of | which the reneh republicans rae
ouse of formed and pursued ever since the » 9a

4035. proceeded in the
ommions to aretrospect of thé oc-
» eurrences of 1793. The transac-
tions at Dunkirk and at ‘Toulon

~ were the objects of his animadver-
_sions, together with the projected
“expedition under Lord Moira. He
entered circumstantially into

oving for a committee of the w
louse, to enquire into the causes”
which led to the failure of the army
under the Duke of York at Dun-

Lord Hood and General Dundas.

» In opposition to Major Maitland,
it was asserted by Mr. Jenkinson,
that no exertions had been wanting
on ‘the part of ministry. The bra-
very of the British troops, and the
prudence of ii. who guided our

affairs, were alike unimpeachable. the failure was attributed merely to

The attempt upon Dunkirk was de-
feated by the pr odigiousstrength em-
ployed by the French in its detence, ©

; hoi ty:
ANNUAL seine |

~ stitution of 1789, they i not».

. certainly mean that of, 17) Dae" “
the coalition had obtained its ends’ care had been taken, Shen, t ate
seemed to have been adopted as a" place was evacuated, to provide the »

the ©
: pega of these paiersy by 7 aan marching to Paris,

_ allies resolutely to move |
#, Kirk, and | to those which occa ioned numbers would infallibly j ie
the evacuation. of Toulon under ‘on their wayes og

Wer
thai fi

No violatién of agreemen: be
imputed to this country in the af-
fair at Toulon. When the people ;
in ‘that place stipulated fo for the Phe

means of safety to all randtese 6 .
accept of them. The s apetse s of,
the expedition commande by Long

Moira depended entirely on “i

junction of the Royalists. a
they possessed a harbour oo his
ented he doubtless would have of

landed, and done hisutmost in their #
cause, ‘The object in the view of
government, was not to compel 9
the French to embrace any partis, » ¥
cular form of government, butto put
an end to perc ambitious projects ©!

‘extinction of monarchy. The Ja- of
“eobin system had generated this rest-
-less spirit, and till that ign
scheme was destroyed, France ve
neither enjo y peace itself, nor su vig é
its, neighbours to enjoy it.
withstanding the pretended imprac=

as. the best plan “that could be»
vadopted. France’ was fall of ene-
‘mies to the Convention #_

Mr. Jenkinson was secon
Lord Mulgrave and Sir, ;
Murray. ‘The firstspoke in
fication of the proceedings a ‘Tous
lon, where he was present. The ‘
second, in vindication of the British
commanders before Dankirk, where

the immense force brought to its
-rescue by the French, whose num-
“bers were irresistible, The retreat

was”

i 4 PP icy

rder and spirit, and
“th 4 not considerable. ~ »

M otion was negatived
b} me ae a

? The affairs o did Reet the dis-
atch of other business of ims
ortance, wexeibpotgit before the
Jouse by ee undas on the 4th
f April. ae verages of
three years © een the war in
ia, and of the, thr ee “years suc-

g: he formed an estimate, by
: *. ippeared, that. the net_
rovement in the Company's af-
irs*by re uction of debts ar . by
ease .6f assets, amoun d to
1,669,700'.. The resources of the
OM pany ereby weie equal tosthe ©
ands théy had to answer. ‘Phe

British p prions

world ted, as iy ost justly totinded’ as he v a privately
t . :
¢ ling uation ‘only negociating with the French .go-
iopean power that w pre- vernment at this very time, and
hended, was no longérin ers prepari ng for that secession from ~
and 4 ost dange efor ofthe na- | the con edengey gi@hichiy he had aj- ©
ti € powers was Cc stely disa- or ady resolved on. ait
No withstand in ~ some * of On a comparison of. these enor~_

m the quantity
eing Jess than e
a one gs ae by
oool. and there.
bbe thay reial di
bod ees | agen

I a
sate wr

a good ma
! past neheiee
de expedie

the ante to il
apital, ‘bytenabling t to
nue their bonded del 2

0,000, and to issue new bonds

D Ponda’? s motion, was agreed to ac-
rdingly. Prd 2
Oo ae 29th of April a message
vas delivered from the King, in-
ing the House of Commons

bai, pal

fiewuplicrs
ry. city 5

in that part of

ter

wt necessary :

* @”
a “hi

€
+ a:
EU ROBE suas,
of the treaty net
King of Prussia ;
Brita and the States General had
jointly stipulated to grant ‘that mo-
“nareh a larger subsidy for the prose-
cution of the war. . When the
terms were laid

jt appeared t bati,s 0001. were to

be ‘paid him tor the services of a
twelvemonth _ Holland
was sa Theim-
“mensity ty of such a'sum, advasitbd to

4 prince in whom little or rather
bo confidence
those who dreaded’ *

and that being onces ,

in possession - ‘of this treasure, he
“woul ttle concern for thaaee®
101

wien he Pa ‘received it.
€ was the more

‘hi

the services they were given to pur-

* ah thea it was not surprizing that

the
‘should ji
itate oe they.
o be eranted.

t forward ih the opposition
goog" “that many would

n moved the House to put

magnitudes. for at least a fort-

ciel might, that the members might have

full leisure for consideration. This
notion gave birth to a warm dis-
cussion on its propriety, at a junc-

ee more. This, on Mr. ture when ministry insisted that

the most expeditious decision was
and its opposers con-
tended, with no l»ss obstinacy, that
due time should be taken to weigh
the reasons that might be adduced

fie ‘the House, ©

ough Bains

ees eo the very next day, Mr. Cur-

ES
conclusion of a business of

: 4

v aA”
*

uded with the al
which Great

hig
s

as reposed, awaken- *

mous terms with the uncertainty of +.

Bot
rh)

ie
A

we
ia

”.

é
* Me
;
e
% 2

4 on both sides of the question. —Mri
Cu n was armly seconded: on
"this occasion Mr. Whitbread,
4 Mr. Taylor, Mr. Harrison, and Mr.
_. Francis ; but the motion was we-
Ne gatived, and the following, day ape
pointed for a serge determina-

rs en This : was t 30th of-April.
Mr. Hit enter pe the subject

by represe ng adequacy" of.
*® the Prussia the nie, & ose-

cution of the war, unless they were » Prussian ministry requir

» further supported by our” dwn, t

le ‘point to be consic
‘proportion of the expence i
at athe succours that e
, evished : and this, he asserte was
vety equitable. ita. this cot

. ‘clothing, and accoutrements, the
levy-m ey “amounted to fifteen
; papa man: whereas,
sites included, we"paid
ane for Brusett fete
_ * "was a more moderate price ie
sthat we gave either for the
vetiatis or the Hessians, or indeed
. for any continental troops. He
“\. moved,’ that 2,500,000. su
~~ voted, to enable tlie Kin
his engagements with Prussia.
Ts, wer to this mo

e minister's speech, that the Ki
Prussia was no longer to act, in.
8 original character of a priffei-,.

pal in this war, but as a subsidiary |
ally; while the real fact was, that
che first took up’ arms in this condi
“test, and that we were ‘only accessa-
ries; though, by artifice ‘and con-
trivance, we had been brcught: so

much forward as to icome the *

very heads of the confederaty. It
was by assuming this imprudent
situation, that we were called upon

3 ANNUAL? REGIST! R, mtd

which only resort made on tr aying it into uae Sie
The present emerger wen own creating, and | eaving us t
er w Ls
‘ a
bel .B utgwhat | reason Would our, ¢
y>
besides the: disbursements. for raat ‘st

requiey by aony €
nly thirteen Nor hadsmni stry displayed much

o-" at

to ful Vt

Nore observed, that it a vf

to support . the: Ps
conduct of Prussia o oe cca
he asserted, was caval perfi

e |
pa

and car After Ge this: 7
count a air which, but
for fuhigis of that court,
would have been a dy itt

“1 | uponyus, and threatened -
to abandon the ¢ a gomegeM sls swe Sm
supplied th jeans of nuing) <4
it. -With” what face, een! the ¥
any Ss
fidence from this country; ce

ith

nless We ]

tricate ourselves any a

rom ther for
ministry assign for entrusting |
ommand of cn to their

that ne §
faith d be putin Ta: and
he as erse “i any risk in —

Wangerous quarrel? Fis

sagacity in trusting. to the Lo chi
‘eau 3 for ow sha’

ityers ah to
be no s in bust ess, and.
bet el ir determined to Jimi
their concurrence herein Dae
Ivemonth.— He concl
t uo i stim ahOe dam

in question) |
bhdprinieneil

ated ft Mr. Wyndham, |
added, that vane on= |
duct of Prussia have been,

ee en for the ai
ome e Faiscaee’ |
re advantageous terms 5.

oi dat gladly to secuie them. ~The
famendment fannored ee Fox
was rejected by 134 against 33.

"In the Hob se of, Lords, a mes-
sage to the same etieet was taken j
inkpiceneiteeati oll ‘Lord Grenville
observed, that when this coustry:

apphed

e i * i . x! sill re my 7 —
ws = Png ws ok eas te y Wf *
Fe | "ot ty t %. ese awe ie

Co nites6 ORY or BU ROPE f. 259.0

"app lis 20 foreign princes fo- the . ‘se: nad tRioced % Had we not ta-
use of their troops, it was not from ken this method to secure that
want ES able men of our-own to ‘power, it would have been los t to ”
3 fight our Battles ; ; but; good policy the confederac “4 ay
which led us to spare our own peo- »The'sentim ts expressed by the a.
)_ ple for the’culrivation of arts, busi- Marquis of Larisdowne on this ac- 3
nesses, and agriculture at b« ¢.— casion were, that ministry had un-
‘The worst policy, on the other reasonably narrowed the time ae Ye
hand, prompted our enemies torruin considering the treaty with dre at-
heir country, | by draining it of} tention. This treaty most com-
: , useful hand’ that could be victel reveied typ the order of things. *
rm rom a - necessary Pursuits Off, Prussia, the leader of the allie s .
i ed nation, ; and sent iato the™ powers, could: hardly now be = vie
ere ever raat dit ova ed in any other Jigh than asia a hirer” 4
& 1 forgotten, an no mae ve-. of troops, spate alition. “Bu pe
me <a ade but ‘those ofdeth td oo aet lary Peatie had long».

y those ‘coetiiiroedis, th beg the c nel through which ‘
oe mg ss of society. was forced ~ snes of 2a fl .
int n5—but ‘th. el pa c ur allies; w «,
ee ent tolbe lasting.” It seemed to 1) a presumptive
j T but a short-lived. righ > load us with all the ex- ,

was a

‘ tion ba all the strength and pencesgafvbar eofpetiius with ®
power of a nation 3, which being them. t what amity subsisted be- *

_unna atural, and contrary to the fun- tween 7 and ‘Austria to unite m
jental princip of civilized sol” a]

their co. op Oe Vin a Ei a com-
i must cereale 5 in its disso. mon Focmny on and
D as soon as theemeans of oa é ns Visgh eac bg 6 fo) bstructed

‘oduced i ulti tion be- a lity; and the expence 4 4
tan But w lis exer- eiheic: ent to encourage, ;
tin own should yea on m, tended usu- .

ee it,’ though n render thew rivals in rapa- |
eager neh

sthe sa oie ep extrem n of or ry

67 re, to se i a be ort im rom es ts
al evi: re onght hea cad io subsidie >*

4 Ctifice all the se eee oe th Sy ee sesieting hems &
' sibly with, ae ieee ct a» to each other. tual inve- ys

ortion of strength, a tera s the Xe of the ill suc.
found, as would enable us eéss of the coalition: and would =
he aoa until that pe-’ th’s treaty bring any remedy?— ’
r ived ich must gt Prussia boasted. that 70,000 of its ©
“ ah When he would be radica) choices t fae had been einployed
7 hav ied. On this princights the against pee but that, with
we Prussia was Founded.” all their b-avery and veteranship,
by acquired a numerous they had b: en assailed by such mui-
Me. path well disciplined force at much “titudes, that valour and skil were
less cost than we could have~ ob- unable to stem so incessant. and
_ tained levies of raw men, unfit fur overwhe'minga torrent. This tor-
service till a long space of train- reat was daily encreasing, and be-
coming

i «

tee

”

wr. 7
>.

254" AN N U AL

coming more sfbsist: Bie bul my
stead of 70, we bad little more
than 60,000 Pr russians to aid us in

the approaching campaign; and ~

these far from chosen troops. Up-
on. what then’ did we build those

sanguine hopes _ we were so confi-

dently bid to i: idulge? "The French
royalists themselvescomplainedthat
we held up no precise and deters
minate object ‘to their view; and-
ssigned this as a material discou-
“Tagement, as it led them tosaspect
~ that plans o of gone beraadt and
pica rein reser Fe: nce
if the coalition a: © crush th
But thi sa peared: a

Fenuniiane
the bonds

Berek attem a Let
union bety nthe Confederates:

/ way, and

were so feeble: —it were imb: -cility” y

to imagine that they felt a common
cause “with this count ‘They
dissembled an attachment, while
they felt our Mability to » supply their
wants ; anc while this" country and”
its alli

“desert us.
no cordiality -f uspit, were z
“ temptible debi Ity to retaimany to-
wards them, T he sooner
sed the d ifference ae €
Britain and France, th
latter would t be to meet”
even to sacrifice soi
the fog lad we had made i in the.
West Indies, in order to” cure a
cessation of enmity on our part. |
‘The Earl of Mansfield insisted
‘strongly on the good policy. of t!
“treaty. The subsidy he allowed t

be the Jargest ever given ; but no-

precedent subsisted of so critical an
emergency. He expressed a_ fa-
vourable opinion of the King of
Prussia’s integrity, and violently
reprobated the idea-of compromi-
sing with the Trench in expceta-

wt
bs A ae
we ong enh nth 179s

raged this © rope
tive fosing,t ey were t ad the war bat by reciprocal consent, |
But as they ent ed ~

con= Feet

Fehese

f interested ine

is war, was the enormous "

€ reader this” it required for its co-oper:
alf

of fallacious hopes,—the fatal illus

- cate to that of the pub

ee FF.

‘

40% 4

tion of cessions in the W i aa
This would completely degrade us
in the eyes of Europe, and prove |
ultimately the worst of policy, by
detaching from us every ally whom » 7
the reputation of our national faith
cs had hitherto tanght to
Jook up tous with the highest con-
fidence and respect. To preserve
this reputation unsullied, we should |
not hesitate to stand firmly by the » |
coalition, til] such a government®
was established in France as would
secure ‘the future peace of E es
ord Lauderdale noticed -the
last words, as an a avowal t that mini-
stry were aiming ata specific en
of gouge@acnt in that” ore §
notwith anding the reiterated a
surances that this cou y clai
no interference in the internal are
‘rangements)of France. He'expli-
citly demanded whether, after th fi
King of Prussia had broke

en the prior’
treaty, biading him: not to We ser
his allies nor the. prosecution of

it beca me ue to trust him? gThe ¥
s Pred
how little

t he latter migh
“be expected. .A/
russia thought i

The. _grand foundation of all our”

sion" which ministers wi 9 SO.
“niuch pains and even expene =: it
fame reported thes to fost
their own minds, and t com
c, was, t ei
the capital of France was in.a stat
of rapid consumption, and must!
soon come to an end: and he ‘rG-
minded the House of the instat
in which physical prod: ictions, aa
lents and virtues, bad triumphed |
over the accumulations end the re-
yenules of an extensive commerce.
Notwith-.

ee? bi =
re ae + 2;
eae | .

. ib iisssiging ‘this observation,
_» which had been so often made, and
y illustrated in both House
+ as_yarious productions he
© press, “though indeed the fact re-»
+ quiredt but little illustration, we.

‘madly preserved in a ‘course which.

supposed that ithe only nerve of
. RH power,

own

ie finance, and that our
ances were’ sinexhaust-

able
v | ai thir affirmed, that —
es though he “could not foretell the

MBiedhen i would arrive, eK
Casy t to foresee, Tak <a

es ust inevitably be “fala ouns)
al me of public
rivate transaction
paper, “esteemed of no value.
Phe debate closed with 99.in fas»
® prrroftite. motion, and6 ayainst it.
" [eh ministry were providing,
enormous €xpence, for a yi-
ous is prosccution ‘of the war with
ce, the nation was on the point
of being involved i ina serious dis-
' putelwith another republic. Sinee’
the. recognition of the indepen-
ce of the British colonies in

d States, they had preseaae y
P watchful eye on the conduct o
British court and ministry, con=
a loss of so consider-
¢ aportion of the empire | had
tbeen submitted to by the go-
verament of this. _country WADE
e keenest regret ; and that the”
ition of it at some future
according to DA spiri
igen powers in similar sit
s, was an idea not tota
ished in the political ecule-
of our statesmen. On _ this
nd they viewed the revolution
a France, and its subsequent erec-
ion into a commonwealth, as
-events that added security to their
jewasituation, by removing all pro-

1 aoe

h America, under “yi name of a

A ithey tha ge Bicughs oats a
juring a ail government, :would : |
passively permit North America to
revert’ by conquest sto the British
_m narchys They were of late be-
ycome less disposed an ever to be
satisfied with the conduct of Great
Britain, A short time after the
breaking out of. ‘the war with the
ane “republics ‘the British go-
rnment/ordered. all the American
vessels Jaden with, corn to be
nd their cargoes to be de~
ying a reasonable price
. a Se those and freight. This be-
_ haviour was construed by the Ame-

ican -state$ as an action of .infrac-

vas reduced » tion on their indépendence; and
” wadhighiy reséne

‘by the people
atlarge uthat country. This pro-
ceedi of the British goyerument *
was not long after followed by, one
that gave still greater offence. In
“the ensuing month of November,
‘an order was “a for seizing alt
“American v essels car
and stores to the 'rench colonies.
The consequence was, that in the
space of five m a the number of |
n vesse [8 seized i in virtue of
thiso er, amounted to more than
six hundred :—nor were American

vessels’ permitted» to. sail from the %..

British islands without giving pre-
vious security that they would lan
their Sale| in, British. oe in neu-_
tral ports. "These transaction
qpemtpni hy by another, that ex-
cited universal a larm amongthe in)
habitants ef the United States. The
British troops in Canada retook
, possession of 's e fi on the
“boundaries, i ahith had been ceded
to the Americans by the treaty of
peace in 1783. All these differ-
ent events had raised a great fer-
mentation among them. Those
who favoured the French repre-
sented the English as arming to re-
cover

HISTORY OF.Et ROPE. 99 255 “*

ing weenie"

”

S$ were ~

ve,

ry, cover the De ite of “North"A ‘ tain and Afferica. ka an
ah rica, and exhortéltheircountrymen John Jay, chief justice of the hall

en, io ake one common cause Pika ane who repaired. to E q
es and Sane toc ‘om- ty nd he summer of b794.— sop

” “mence hostiles with Great i-¥ BF to the Secretary of 8 State ~ j
# arm, on the subject» ‘of his sanygs twas"

*” -

gee

Tad

dain, poe occasion of “ala
was a4 conference he|d with séve-
ral Indian tribes by Lord Dorches-

- ter, the avoir Canada. /P, ‘hey
had repaired t nebec,.10 | or oO
lay before him their eomplaint

against the people of the Uni

"States, for encroacliments én tl

territory. The answer th

Ed yy seemed to ey

- hostilities ities on the part

- ment. a
These variotis hi and had

created much anxie

- British merchants. The ¢

of great benefit to aca acy :
it employed nearly 250,000 tons
of shipping, and took off an im:
mense quantity of, our ma: utac-
tures. In
gation from
» “Indies would suffer great and in-
evitable depredations from the nu-
merous priv rateers. with
Americans would cover the W

Indian seas. ‘Our islands too would
lie i ie to theimattacks ; and,
in co njunction with the French,
they would certainly attempt their

‘i

reduction, Happily, however, both, men,

' for Britain and the Unite States,
-- Moderate | counsels prevaile ‘in the

é Congress, over the anger expressed

- by the public at the treatment they tistacton and redress forall
lari

had experienced. _ Noewithstand-
ing the violent temper of the pub-
lic, the ee mt est yielded no fur
ther to its fury than to lay an em-
bargo on the British shipping in
-the American ports for thirty days.
A minister was appointed to settle

-the differences bétw.en Great Bri-

(250, ANNU AT (Rk BGISTER,

’ France. Hg complained a Rs
bea tie number of American + vess

Jur governs

aia the and aE Mey at to serve on ee,

merce meme Ege ships of w

* with North Vinadtiece wa “is vie vi

mat a war, the navi-
vitain to the West

ich they, assured the American minister, ee

| 794.

time particularly fa-
vourablé to t emonstrances if
contaiaed, The allied ries uy
‘the Netherlands, had been: ‘repeat-
edly defeated, and the events
vwar were decisive every where.for

presented a

n irregularly ca ture Brand ‘|
Seon the Br atistha iralty-

courts; @ at Americin sea

had been ith: great severity

war. ord Gren- »

id not deny | that iniégalaricite® e°
had*been comu i: but attribu->
ted them to th difficulty « being "9
avoided in’a naval war of s : ast aN
extent. He engaged at
time that strict justice shox he 7
“one, and due compensation’ also jj
be made to every person, according ~
to the Joss he had sustained. He

Ag, intention: “was © ever ‘harbou
to impress the natives of the Uni-

‘tel States; >» but, spea ce ie
Englis

language, if was ex
to distinguish then

Al! possible precauti zs
should henet eforth be taken, i in r
der too dhe all complai

kind, and to procure the

or b

Vhis answer from the | Brie
wii intsten® ‘rendered farther re-
presentations unnecessary at ad for-
tunately brought about concilias_
tory measures ‘betwee both par-
ties.

In the mean time, the conduct of
government towards America ce-
sioned

he casioned a motion in’ the House of
Peers, on the 26th. of May, by the
Margnis of, Lansdowne,,,for ‘sAn
4 address to, the King, requesting his
Majesty to direet copies to be laid ~
before the House, .of the instruc-
» tions sent to Lord Dorchester reja-
tive :o all .diflerences between this
country and. America, and such
communications ‘as,-had been made
* sof conferenccs with the Indian
, tribes north-west,of the Ohio.”

» Lord Grenyille represented the

necessity of annoying the enemy by
all means, consistent with the law
of nations: according to, which the
Bs. “detenti | he of ships going to France
© with provisions was justified, on pay-
; ment of the cargo and also freights;
"i paprivions that were fully perform-
ed. These being valued, and ho-
' nestly y paid for, the American ships
| awere released : an indulgence not
allowed to other neutral states.
/The Americans had certainly no
% real cause to be offended at our de-
taining their ships for the sole pur-
pose of purchasing their cargoes in-
__ tended for our enemies; and which
‘were paid for in British guineas in-
_* stead of Frenchassignats. F
_ After some observation from the
Marquis of Lansdowne, who stated
that the law of nations did not au-
* thorize us to starve whole nations,
“nor interrupt the commerce of an
ty independent people, his motion
bp “ia negatived by 69 against 9.
A motion of the like tendency
a made by Mr. Sheridan on the
same day, in the House of Com-
* mons. Little stress was laid by
Opposition on the detention ef the
_ American vessels: and, for the af-
fairs of Canada, Mr. Dundas posi-
tively asserted, that no instructions
of an unfriendly kind to the Ame-
ricans had been given to Lord Dor-
Vop. XXXVI.

HISTORY OF EUROPE,

257

chester 3. on which Mr. Sheridan
withdrew his motion. is od
. Four days after,a debate of more.
importance took place in the House
of Lords:—The Duke of Bedford,
on the 30tb of. May,’ produced ,a
series of resolutions for terminating,
the war with France, He. pre-
faced them by aretrospectiye of the
principal events that had oceasioned
‘its commencement and continus
ance; stating. the. various views
professed, at different times, by its
promoters and abettors.|, He se-
quested the House to examine the
domestic and foreign situation of
affairs ; and whether, fromthe -
measures pursued, there was any
likelihood of compassing the end
proposed, of compelling France to
submit to our terms, He then pro-
ceeded)to_the reading of his reso-
lutions. From,the, facts. on whick
these were founded, it appeared, he
said, that the first ostensible motive
of the war, was. to oppose the navi-
gation of the Scheldt, and to pro-
tect the Dutch from a French: in-
wwasion: these ends having com-
pletely been accomplished, terms
_ of pacification might have ensued
on our part, instead of impru-_
dently prolonging '.a contest, the ~
profest object of which was attain -
ed; but our ministry had deter-
mince to interfere in the affairs of
rance, and declared accordingly
_ for the, re-establishment of mo-
narchy. The French were charged
with having first declared war; but
had we not first given the proyo-
‘cation? After- engaging in. this
war, on being promised the con-
curring aid of the other powers
that formed the coalition, circum-
stances induced government so-
lemnly to declare that, provided
France established a government
8. - gn

258

on equitable principles, and capa-
ble of maintaining the accustomed
relations of peace with other pow-
ers, this country, in treating fora
pacification, would require only
- rhoderate and equitable conditions.
If such were offered, said the Duke,
the people of France would com-
pel their rulers to accept them.
As to the assistance to be expected
from our allies, it was in us a mat-
ter of self-deception. We had,
to use our own phrase, taken up
_ arms in the defence of the rights of
all nations: but Sweden, Denmark,
and America, did not look upon
us as acting in this light; and Ve-
nice and Genoa retused to join
with us. Of our alliances, Russia
did no more than promise ; and
Spain, Portugal, and Sardinia, had
hitherto effected nothing ; the Ja-t
ter, indeed, was a mere burden.
Prussia, after first declaring war
against France, and acting as a
principal, had formally seceded
trom its engagements, and refused
to act even as an auxiliary, with-
out an exorbitant subsidy. Austria
was approaching to a situation that
would probably require the help of
our finances, notwithstanding that
it was more deeply interested in
this war than any other member
of the coalition. This conduct of
the enemies to France had been
invariably, said the Duke, marked
by inconsistency and duplicity.
- Prince Cobourg, after uniting with
Dumoriez to restore the consti-
tution of 1789, and publishing a
. deelaration to that purpose, totally
revoked it four days after. All the
ether declarations; made subse-
quently by other members of the
coalition, differed from each other,
: and could not, therefore, be relied
‘en by that numerous party in

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794. .

France, which, thottgh attached to
monarchy, know, from past expe-
rience, the necessity of its being
limited. The Constituent Assem-
bly, whose form of a monarchial
government was probably the wish
of a majority ef the French nation,
were unquestionably, for the most
part, persons not only of rank,
but of virtue and abilities. The
system they formed was doubtless
imperfect, and required muchemen-
dation ; but the calamities that af-
terwards befell the French, did not
arise from this constitution, but —
from the intemperate dissatisfaction
expressed by the neighbouring pow-
ers at the downfall: of absolute
power ; which they considered as
ominous, and preparatory to their
own. This rouzed their enmity
and malice at those who had ef-
fected this mighty change in the
government of France. They
combined their whole strength, and
all their intrigues, to counteract —
it. Discord and suspicion unhap-
pily spread throughout France.
The unfortunate monarch, how-
ever pure his intentions, was, by
the imprudent conduct of those
who assumed the character of his
friends, and supporters of his rights
and dignity, rendered an object of
- jealousy and mistrust to all the vio-
lent partizans of liberty in his king-
dom. Through the ill timed and
injudicious denunciations against
these, and the haughty declarations
in his favour by the despotic sove-
reigns, who, with more zeal than
sagacity, espoused his cause,— that”
well-meaning and worthy Prince
becameat last suspected of treachery
to his people, and of being secretly
leagued with the enemies of their
newly acquired liberties. Hence a
hatred of the monarch grew eet

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

_ val, and was easily converted by
the farious republicans into a de-
testation of the very office of King.
Such was the radical cause of ail
the enormities that had been per-
petrated in France.

The Duke then advetted to the
‘apprehensions so often expressed,

that war was necessiry topreventthe ©

entrance of French principles into
this country : but was it among a
people enjoying such rational li-
berty as the English, that such
principles would be admitted?
_ They could be welcome only
among a people made frantic by
oppression. True freedom was the
surest bar against licentiousness.
‘But ministers, in the heat of their
violence against French principles,
had imitated, in various respects,
the tyrannical conduct of the French
government. ‘No peace of any
_ permanence, it was alleged, could
» be expected with Franee: but what
' treaties were proof against infrac-
_ tion, when opportunity and inte-
_ rest prompted men to break them?
, Wet breaches of public faith seldom
4 ailed to be attended with condign
_ punishment. Reficsting seriously,
therefore, on the probable conse-
quences of continuing a contest
+ Aitherto so unproductive of the
effects we had promised ourselves,
) and on the uncertainty of the re-
fiance we had rashly placed on our
; “Confederates, it was our duty to
_ Consult our national safety, by re-
+ sing any longer to sacrifice our
- people and our substance in the
_ Vain pursuit of so unattainable an
end as the subjugation of France.
~ Lord Auckland affirmed, in an-
_ swer to thé Duke, that the war was
- undertaken on just grounds; and

“

that we had ne other alternative to-

tre

Jey and Earl Fitzwilliam.

259

preserve us from internal confusions
and miseries: but despondency
was inconsistent with so clear a
truth, as, that the infatuation of
the French must, in the nature of
things, quickly terminate. Provi-
dence, he asserted, would not per-
mit such a system of destruction
to overrun mankind. We shortly
should arrive at a close of this un-
fortunate, but indispensable war,
and conclude it more auspiciously
than either the open or the secret
enemies of this country had taken
upon them to ‘prognosticate. In-
duced by these motives, he would
move for an adjournment. .

He was seconded by Lord Darn-
The
latter observed, that it was highly
becoming so high spirited a peo-
ple as the English, to interfere in
the defence of Europe: they had
done it before, under the auspices
of King William; and had resisted
the ambition of France in the days
of Louis XIV. with the universal
approbation of al) nations.

It was observed, on the opposite
side, by the Duke of Grafton, that
four years ago government would
have involved this country in war
with along standing ally, in order to
preserve the balance and the liber-
ties of Europes; but was now
labouring to destroy both, for the
purpose of restoring an arbitrary
government in France,

To adopt the resolutions pro-
posed, would, it was asserted by
Lord Mansfield, be highly dis-
honourable to parliament, after
having so repeatedly approved the
Measures against which they were
framed. France, he affirmed, and
not Great Britain, had provoked
th¢ war. 1n proof of this affirma-

$2 tion,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

260

tion, he quoted a letter from
Sieyes.to Neckar, in which he ad-
dressed him in these remarkable
words : ** I shall. ever regret that
France has provoked war, and set
all Europe against her.”

Lord Lauderdale said, that it had
been. reiteratedly and ‘confidently
asserted, that the mass of the French
nation was inclined to the restoration
of monarcliy; but that he bad been
in France, and from all be had seen
and heard, would aver that assertion
to be) false. Were the coalition,
therefore, to succeed in replacing
a King on the French throne, the
expence of maintaining him against
the will of the majority, would form
a weighty object of calculation.

The danger of interfering with
the prerogative of the crown in
the question of peace or, war, was,
by Lord Hawkesbury, rep-esented
as very great ; particularly at this
critical period, Were the, Fretich
to imagine that the legislative de-
partment was at variance with the
-executive, their backwardness to
peace would increase, Cur allies
too must necessarily be dispirited. on

suspecting a branch of our legisla-
ture to be inimical toa confederacy yh

of which this country was the soul.
. The surest means of re-establishing
tranguillity in Europe was a change
of government ip France. ‘Lwenty-
five’ millions were too numerous
_#people to be governed by repub-
- lican_ maxims. The English, a less
populous) ination, had wnsaccess-

- fully attempted this form of. go- ,

vernment in the last century. The
means of persevering in. this im-
portant contest, were far from
wanting. Money was continua'ly
flowing in from ovr conquests in
the West Indies.

Through the ac-

quisition of the French islands, the |

commerce of. this, country, and of
course the nation.1 revenue, were
incessantly increasing.

In answer to Lord Hawkesbury’s
ideas on a republic, the Marquis
of Lansdowne observed, that no
resemblance existed between the
situation cf England before the Re-
storation, and that of France at the
present day. The division of pro-
perty was much more equal now

among the French, than it was -

then among the English; and this
equalization was the very ground-
work of a republic. Nothing, he
continued, could. more strongly
prove a def.ct of political , know-
ledge, than to presume thai so en-
thusiastic a people as the French,
in the united defence of their coun-
try and its opinions, could be re-
duced to subjection by the remains
and the recruits of those veteran
armies of Austrians and Prussians .
that had not been able to stand
before them.

Lord Grenville, in opposition to
€ resolutions, contended that it.

ere absurd to depend on any
treaty with a government so shift-
ing and unstable as that of the
French republic ; numbers of thos
who, bore the sway last year, were

now no more. Ministers were per=

petually challenged to declare and
to abide by an uniform object of
war. He would produce the most —
justifiable of any, a safe and ho-
nourable peace: he would go fur-—
ther, and acknowledge that the re-
establishment of monarchy was the
sole security. to be relied on for
its continuance; by monarchy
however, he did not mean despo-
tism. He largely insisted on the
desperate methods of raising money

at)

ay.
&
7

4
vn

- HISTORY OF EUROPE, 261

- in France; on the unproductive formed of the necessity to prose-
' state of their revenue; the ap- cute it,from othermotives; which,
al proaching annihilation of their if mentioned at first, they would
_ assignats, the only nerve of their have disapproved... The stipulations
_ power; the total. ruin of their made with the different powers in
commerce, and the discontents of the coalition, were all to their ad-
_ their nation, deterred only by the vantage; as we thereby engaged
terrors held over them, {rom break- to make no peace tifl whatever do.
ing out in a general insurrection mmions they had lost, or might
- against the tyranny of their govern- lose, were restored to them, with-
ment. out requiring similar terms on their
E. _ Thedebate closed by Lord Auck-. part. The ministers of both Aus-
_ land’s motion for the adjournment, tria and Prussia were alike averse
being carried by 113 againg 12. _ to open theirtreasures. Prussia had
Fourteen resolutions of the same already applied to government ina
import as those of the Duke of | direct manner: Austria had taken
Bedford, were brought into the an indirect method.
House of Commons by Mr. Fox | Peace was affirmed to be unat-
_ on the sameday. He therein con- tainable while the present govern-
© epi that the sole motive for ment. of France was suffered to ex-
the war had been the ostensibieob- ist, which was pronounced subver-
_ ject held out to the public, not only sive of allother governments. But
. before, but after the ot! erthrow of the experience of ages had shewn

“the monarchy in 1792, and even that between governments totally

bsequently to the horrors of Sep- - different, and even repugnant, in
temberin that year. Heallowed the ,their very first principles, agree-
‘rectitude of the intentions then ac-.. ment and amity could subsist. Why
nowledged by ministry, that ifthe should nota peace with France rest
rench attacked our allies,or should on ai fair trial, before we.,presumed
tig plans of aggrandizement, to declare it) impracticable? But
P

a. *.

would oppose them. The should we experimentally find, it
‘inciple-of a right to interfere in © such,,@¥en,then the transition from
the settlement of the domestic at- peaceat@yay;would bedess.difienlt
irs of France, was not avowed than froth ga) unprosperaus war to
sven after the commencement of an iHonojtable peace. . Asygo,the
hostilities; and no determined ob- — French principles, so virulently ob-
jection was made to trear wich the jected to, they were originally; of
_ existing government of France. English growth, and tran ed

” Such had been the line of conduct with our colonies to Amenjcgz$tom
_ adopted by ministry previously to whence they found their way to
the close of the last session; but France After arguing, with great
~ since that time ic had altered gra- energy, on a variety of otherpoints,
~ dually, though they could not cer- he concluded, that whatever the ob-
~~ tainly assign a more valid reason ject of ministry in prosecuting the
for theirinterference at this, than at war might be, they ought openly
“that period. The war was under: toavowit:andifit werethe re-estab-

- taken on the principle of self-de- lishment of the former government,
fence; but the nation was now in- its adherents would probably join
s3 nates

262

us: if the constitution accepted by
the late King, we might reasonably
expect the co-operation of the con-
stitutionalists. Were it even acon-
stitution framed on republican prin-
ciples, this was preferable to no
avowal of any determinate object :
but whatever plan was adopted, we
ought to rest persuaded that the
conquest of France was the pro-
ject of folly. After the loss of
200,000 men, she still was able to
meet the coalition with a superior
strength, and to overwhelm it with
fury and numbers, if not with regu-
larity and discipline.

In answer to Mr. Fox, Mr. Jen-
kinson urged those» many argu-
ments that had so often been
brought forward to justify the war.
He added, that the principles on
which the rulers of France founded
their power, excluded all ideas of
moderation; whoever, in the suc-
cessive changes of men in power,
had ventured to act on this prin-
ciple, had been destroyed. Such
a system must not therefore be per-
mitted to exist. He then moved
the previous question.

Before this was put, Mr, Sheri-
‘dan animadverted onthe isanguine
‘ hopes ‘entertained by government,

hotwithstanding that he allied ar-
mies had been obliged to retreat
before the French, and that every
Bt intelligence weakened the

pectation of future success.

In reply ta Mr. Fox’s resolu-
tions and prefatory discourse, Mr.
Pitt asserted that they were de-
signed to stand on the journals of
the House, as an abstract of the sen-
timents of opposition. He denied
the silence of government on the
object proposed by taking up arms.
In the King’smessage tothe House,
onthe 28th of January, the pre-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

ceding year, it was particularly
specified, that we armed to guard
against the danger to be appre ends
ed from the power that had been
assumed for the most pernicious
ends. The very movers of the re-
solutions had, at the close of the
last sessions, concurred in the pros
priety of such a degree of inter-
ference in the domestic affairs of
France as might prove necessary
for the security of this country.
But the resolutions opposed ail m-
terference, even now that we were
at open war: this, however, wat
a right sanctioned by the practice
of all nations: Mr. Fox himself
had explicitly recommended in our
late interposition on the behalf of
the Stadtholder, that such a form
of government should be scttled
in Holland as would most effecs
tually secure our interests in that
country.

It having again been asserted,

‘that a majority of the inhabitants

of France were inimical to the pre-
sent government, Mr, Fox adduced,
in proof of the contrary, the inac~
tivity of the great numbers on
whose resolute endeavours to force
their way at any rate to a junction
with Lord Moira, we had so con-
fidently relied. But this relianee
on the general devotion of the
French to the royal eause, had con-
stantly proved anillusion, On du-
mouriez’s defection, he was only
followed by some intimates and a —
few soldiers. At the taking of
Valenciennes, the garrison remain-
ed faithful to the Convention.
When the royal standard was erec<
ted at Toulon, how small the num=
‘ber that repaired to it! The truth
was, that. however the French
might wish for another system of
government, they had teo much
Wi8e-

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

wisdom as well as too great a spirit,

to submit to the interference of
other powers in the settlement of

their domestic concerns. The be-
hayiour of Austria and Prussia in
the business of Poland, had taught
the world what to think of them.
This unhappy war, said Mr. Fox,
too fatally resembled that ruinous
one which lost us America: the
Same arguments were brought to
justify it in parliament, and the
same conduct and success attended
it in the field—nor had we the

263

least prospect of a more auspicious
termination. As to the repugnance
to treat with the present stiles of
France, had not the minister him-
self treated with Chauvelin,—and

‘Lord Auckland with Dumouriez ?

Ought charges of Jacobinismto stand
in the way of nations? or should
studied obstacles prevent the recon-
ciliation of states ?

This long and obstinate discus-
sion concluded with 208 votes for
the previous question, and only 55
against it.

CHAP. XIV.

Motions in both Houses of Parliament for revising the Trials of Messrs:
Muir and Palmer. Arrests and Trials for Sedition and Treason.
Constitutional and Corresponding Societies. The Pullications of Mr,

. Burke and Mr. Paine, the grand Signals for Political Controversy.
Committee of Secrecy for the enquiring into treasonable and seditious

Practices. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act.

Popular Societies m

i all the three Kingdoms. Their leading Principles and Practices. Mo-
tions in both Houses of Parliament for Addresses of Thanks to his Ma-
{ jesty for his Communications respecting Seditious Practices.

Xs, ‘ 4 Ngo progress of what were

which they would be transported.
called the principles of the

These were the firat instances in

French, scarcely less alarming than
that of their arms, produced in
Britainarrests, trials,and discussions
both in parligment and courts of
"justice, concerning the spirit and im-
port of certain laws relating to se-
dition and treagon, )

By sentences of the court of jus-
ticiary at Edinburgh, and of the
circuit-court at Perth, in August
and September 1793, Mr. Muir
and Mr. Palmer, for the crime of
teasing making *, were adjudged to
transportation; and Botany Bay was
understood at the time the senten-
ces were passed, to be the place to

which transportation was imposed
by the court of justiciary in Scot
Jand for an offence of that nature.
In the last session of parliament,
within a few days after, the House
of Lords had finally decided,- that
no appeal was competent from the
caurt of justiciary in matters of
law.

Mr. Adam gave notice of his
intention to propose early in this

- session, some alterations in the cri-

minal law of Scotland, particularly
on appeals from the court of justi
ciary in matters. of law. Accord.
ingly on the 27th of January 1794,

* A term in the Scottish law importing the speaking of words tending to. exeite

Wiscord between the King and his people.

five

_five days after the meeting of par-
liament in the present session, he
intimated to. the House, that he
would, on the 4th of February,
move fora bill to grant such an ap-
peal. He stated at the same time
that the cases of Mr. Muir and Mr.
Palmer, which were ‘unforeseen at

_the periad, of his original notice;
would lead him, in some nieasure,
to enlarge his plan, by moving, if

. the bill should be received, for an
instruction to the committee on the
bill to insert a clause that should
have a retrospect to all cases in
which the courts of justiciary had
pronounced judgments in the year
1793 ; thereby rendering it compe-
tent for Mr. Muir and Mr. Palmer
to appeal for error in law.

Mr. Adam’s motion for leave 'to
bring in such a bill being rejected,
he gave notice. on the 14th of Fe-
‘bruary, that he would bring for.
ward a motion for the relief of

“Messts. Muirand Palmer, in another
The consideration of his

form.
motion was deferred to the 24th of
February : andin the mean time,
- Mr. Sheridan presented a petition
‘from Mr, Palmer, representing,
that he conceived, the sentence
“passed upon him by the high court
- of justiciary, from which there was
‘no appeal, to be unjust.

Min Pitt objected to the receiv-
ing of this petition, which, he said,
would be an undue interposition
between the sentence of a cumpe-
tent court, and its execution. °

The petition wes justified by Mr.

Fox, on the principle that it was .

the duty of the legislature to attend
to all the complaints on thesubject.

But Mr. Dundas signified, ‘that
the senterice was already executed,
the warrant for the trahsportation
of Mr. Palrter being both signed

“ sentences passed upon them,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794 ©

and issued. This proceeding was
loudly condemned by opposition,

which asserted that while the House

was about to deliberate on the law-
fulness of the sentence, to suffer it
to be executed was a mockery of
justice, A motion was directly

“made to stop the sailing of the

transport 3 but negatived by a great
majority, and the discussion of the
petition was put off to the 27th.

Mr. Sheridan produced on that
day such valid precedents in proof
of the right to present it, that Mr.
Pitt wasobligedto retracthis words,
and the petition was admitted.

Mr. Adam, onthe 10th of March,
moved accordingly for a review of
the trials of ‘Thomas* Muir and the
Rey. Fysche Palmer. From the res
cords demanded, his object, he said,
was to ‘question the legality of the
t! But
as no appeal could lie from the de-
cision of the court, however ques:
tionable, he proposed, in conse-
quence of the doubtfulness of the
case, to move for the production of
certain records relating to the trial,

‘and for a’petition to’ the crown in

their’ favour. The crimes for which
thosemen were indicted, werestated
in Scotland leasing-making; corre-
sponding to that misdemeanor ‘in

England, called a public libel onthe
government, and tending to disturb’

the peace. No other crime was
charged in their indictment ; and
transportation could not be legally
inflicted ‘for leasing-making : the

~ only punishment for which by law,

was fine, imprisonment, or banish-
ment. Wor, if the acts Greet in
the indictments did not amount to
leasing-making, were they charged
with any crime known to’ the laws

“of Scotland. “He then adverted to.

various circumstances attending the
trial,

1
f

‘a
4
4

HISTORY OF, EUROPE.

trial, which he decidedly repro-
bated as oppressive and unjust ; and
‘condemned the sentence altogether,
438 legal, arbitrary, and unwar-
Tar'able. On these grounds, Mr.
Adam maintained, that their pu-
iy “nishment exceeded all the bounds
“of equity and moderation. He
‘concluded by declaring, that he
had undertaken the present business
neither from interested motives, .
‘personal affection to the sufferers,
whom he knew not, nor disrespect _
‘to the judges who had presided at
3 ‘this tria!; but solely froma persua-
‘sion, that an impartial administra-
‘tion of justice was the surest pre+
‘gervative of public liberty, and that
j the perversion of the law, where the
ae of the whole community
was at stake, tended to introduce
despotism or anarchy.
* “A multitude of arguments and
_Yeasonings were brought forward
on this important subject. The
uord Advocate of Scotland, Mr.
'yndham, and Mr. Pitt, contended —
strongly for the propriety of the
pi tence, and of the proceedings of
otch courts. The first of
nese ‘gentlemen. even went so far
as t Eee the superiority of the
otch over the English laws, for
punishment of libels and the
uppression of sedition.—The se-
a Eich | to insinuate, that if
the. glish laws were not equal to
‘those purposes, the Scottish law
ould be substituted.—The sup-
rters of Mr. Adam's motion were
Beet and Mr, Sheridan,
; spoke i in very severe terms
by TRE sentiments and opinions de-
ered by the Lords of justiciary,
ie * of whom had said that no man
jad a right to'speak of the constitu.
ion, ‘unless he possessed landed pro.
periy; avd another had asserted, that

The |

265

since the abolishment of torture,
there was no adequte punishment
for sedition.

Associations, said Mr. Fox; had
not many years before been formed
in England, on the very plan and
principles of those formed in Scot
land by Mr. Muir andhis associates,
These unfortunate men, ‘said Mr,
Fox, did no more than the Chan
cellor of the Exchequer and the
Duke of Richmond had done be-
fore them. ‘The addresses of these
two noblemen to the people of |
England, were not merely to peti-
tion for a teform in parliament—
not simply to state abuses, and pray
for redress, but to demand them as
their right.

Mr. Sheridan was not less pointed
_at the Lord Advocate, whom he
Teprehended with the most animated »
indignation for his preference of
the Scotch to the English law.
“Such assertions, he said, ought not
to be made in the hearing of the
House of Commons, without meet-
ing explicit abhorrence and con-
tempt. He examined with great
freedom and, spirit ae particulars
of the trial, which both he and
Mr, Fox exerted their utmost abili-
ties to represent as a base and ini-
quitous stretch of legal tyranny.
The motion was ona division re=
jected by 139 against, 32.

Mr. Adam still persisted in his de~
termination to introduce, if possible,
some regulations into the Scottish
_courts of justiciary, that would be
more favourable than the present to
_ the liberty of the subject, and toa
milder administration of justice.

But he was most strenuously op-
posed by Mr. Dundas, who coin-
cided with the Lord Advocate in
declaring, that the English laws
were not sufficiently severe in their

punishment

266
punishment of seditious practices ;
and that some rigorous measures
ought tobe adopted. Mr. Adams's
motion was then negatived by 77
against 24.

Motions for an examination of
the trials of Messrs. Muir and Pal-
mer were also made in the Upper
House respectively, by the Earl of
Lauderdale and the Earl of Sran-
hope. These motionsbeing negativ-
ed by vast majorities, were followed
by another from the Lord Chan-
cellor, declaring that there were
no grounds for interfering in the
criminal courts of justice as now
established, This motion was car-
ried, and put an end to the discussi-
ons on these subjects; the import-
ance of which had, while they were
in agitation, greatly excited the at-
tention of the public, and raised
the hopes and fears of numbers,
both in Scotland and England:
the former being extremely desi-
rous of an extension of the English
laws to that country in the cases un-
der debate ; and the latter being no
less apprehensive of the Scottish
Jaws obtaining an introduction to
England.

There were at this time two fa-
mous political societies in England :
the one styled the Society for Con-

~. stitutional Information ; the other,
which was the most numerous, the
Corresponding Society. The avow-
ed object of each, was, a reform in
the parliamentary representation of
the people. But far deeper and
more dangerous designs were im-
puted to both, especially to the lat-
ter, which consisted of the middle
and lower classes, The commer-
cial and manufacturing towns were
full of them.
society, in their meetings, were ex-
tremely free in their censures of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 179%

"The members of this”

“S

administration, in reprobating the
war against France, and even in ©
explicitly wishing success to the —
French. They did not seem to ;
entertain the least dread of ministe- ~
rial power. Publicaticns frequently —
appeared, notoriously patronized
and circulated through their means,
the contents of which were of so |
daring a nature, as equally to ex- ©
cite the astonishment of the pub-
lic and the anger of government.
They had organized theirassemblies
and proceedings with the utmost
regularity ; and the various resolu-
tions and sentiments adopted in
their meetings, were published to —
the world by addicsses and adver-
tisements in the newspapers. ‘They
appeared resolutely determined to |
shun concealment, and to let all
people know their intentions,
Whatever these might ultimately ~
be, their ostensible aime went na
further than to bring about such
changes in the system of electing
the representative body, as might
enlarge the number of electors, and —
shorten the duration of parliament.
Bur they were charged with views
of another kind: they were accused
of an enmity to the present con-
stitution, and of covering, under
the pretence of legal reform, a.
radical design to destroy, it fundas
mentally, and to introduce a repub-
lican form pf government, That
such designs were harboured by
many of ‘them, cannot be de_
nied; but that such an imputa,
tion was applicable indiscriminate-
ly to all, cannot with any truth be
asserted, ' - )
The publication of Mr. Burke’s
sentiments on the French revolu-
tion, and the subsequent angwer ta
Mr. Paine in his ¢vlebrated peg-
formance, style the Rights of Man,
were

—

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

__ were thefirst signals to the ministe+
_ rial and the popular parties in this
_ country, to engage in that violent
and acrimonious contest, which is
mot yet terminated, ‘These two
famous performances revived, as
it were, the royal and republican
parties that had civided this nation
jn the last century, and that had
Jain dormant since the Revolution
_ in 1688. They now returned to
_ the charge witha rage and animo-
sity equal to that which character-
_ jzed our ancestors during the civil
- wars in the reign of King Charles
» the First ; and it remained a long
time in suspense, whether this re-
- newed contest would not be at-
nded with the same calamities :
go eager were the partizans of the
respective tenets contained in those
~ performances, to assert them with
~ unbounded vehemence.
Among those who publicly and
* wnequivocally maintained the doc-
_trines contained in the publication
“styled the Rights of Man, were all
the popular societies in the three
_-kingdoms. The book written by
_ Mr. Burke was chiefly patrovized
by the upper classes. But this, in
stead of intimidating the l.wer,
_ servedrather to rouze them to dan-
gerous enquiries into the nature of
__ that superiority claimed over them
by those very classes. ‘Thus, the
_ dispute betwee the higher aud the

lower orders became every day.

__ more virvlent, and threatened very
_ serious consequences. I[t was not
however till the middle of 1792
~ that government took ay formal
notice of those traneactions. They
then issted a proclamat’on against
_ seditious mectings ; which, instead
_ of preventing the reading of that

performance, against which it was

Chiefly levelled, the Rights of

267

Man, contributedtoitsdissemination
throughout every part of Great
Britain and Ireland, and gained it
more readers and prosciyics than
ever. In the course of that year,
the events that had happened ia
France so much alarmed goveri-
ment, that it was thought necessary
to counteract the socicties in this
country, by opposing to them other
societies, on principles wholly con-
wradictory to theirs. With this
view were instituted the associations ,
against republicans and, levellers.
But these associations, tho’? nume-
rous, and composed of the gentecler
parties in society, did not deter their
still more. numerous antagonists,
These continued resolutely to act
ea the plan they had prinarily
adopted, and to manifest a spirit of
resistance to their new. opponents,
which afforded sufficient ground of
alarm .to the friends of domestic
tranquillity. Government in the
mean time kept a watchful eye oa
the proceedings of the popular so-
cieties. These continued to hold
their meetings as usual, and to de-
clare their sentnnents with unli-
mited freedom. In some of those
mectings, however, they exceeded
the bounds of discretion so far as to,
use expressions that laad them open
to the charge of sedition: but the
circumstance which principally ren-
dered them obnoxious was, the
regular correspondence they had
established with the many socictics
in the kingdom acting on their own
principles ; but chiefly the intimate
communication they held with the
copyention that assemb!cd in Scot-
land, and to which they sent depu-
ties to represent them ; intending
shortly to summon a convention in
England on the same plan, and
composed of the, deputies from all

) Poe
tHG

asartsaae

_~¥ * Lf q

as ae *
a68 ANN UAL

the socicties established in this part
of the united kingdom.

But after the trial and sentence
passed on the principal jenters in
the Scottish convention, govern-
ment, it se°ms; resolved to pursuc
the same measures respecting the
English societizs. ‘To this end the
principal members of the Corre-
sponding Society, ard of that for
ennstitutional information, were ap-
prehended as guilty of treasoriable
and committed to the

ower. Their names were Thomzs
Hardy, secretary tothe Correspond-
ing Society ; Daniel Adams, secre-
tary to the Society for Constitu-
tional Information ; the celebrated
Horne Tooke; Jeremiah Joyce,
domestic tutor to Lord Makon, son
to Lord Stanhope ; and John Thel-

wall, well known as a political lec-
‘turer. gh nye ’

Qn the 12th of May, a message
‘from the King was delivered to the
‘House of Commons by Mr. Dun-
das, informing them that seditious
“practices had been carried on by
societies in London, in correspond-

» a

“ence with other societies, to the
intent of assembline a convention —

fo represent the people of England,

in defiance and opposition to Par-
Jiament ; and on principles’ subver-

sive of the laws and constitution of | original view; and that. they were
the kingdom, and introductory of only waiting a fit opportunity to

the anarchy prevailing in Franec.
Their papers had been seized, and
would be laid before Parliament ;

“to which it was, recommended to

examine them, and to adopt such

‘measures as might appear necessary.

They were produced accordingly

‘on ‘the next day ; when Mr. Pitt

moved an address of thanks to the
King, for the communication re-
ceived, and proposed that the pa_
pers should be referred to a com

‘subsisted between these societies —

a ee

mittee of secrecy, consisting of | |
twenty-one members, chosen by
ballot. The report of this com.
mittee was produced to the House
by Mr. Pitt om the 16th of May.
lt contained the proceedings of the
tro societies, from the year 179] 5
most of which, however, had been
already published in the newspapers
by the societies themselves,
It appeared to the committee,
Mr. Pitt said, that a plan had’been
formed, and was in forwardness, to
assemble a convention of the peo-
ple ; which was to assume the cha-
racter and powers of 2 national re-
presentation, and to supersede the
authority of parliament. Tf the
House concurred in the same opi-
mion, of which he entertaine no
doubt, not one moment shoul be”
lost in arming the executive power
with sufficient authority to prevent
the execution of such an attempt.
A mere parliamentary reform w
not the real aim of these societies :
their papers would make it evi< —
dent, that they were, during the |
two last years, leagued ina corre~
spondence with other societies in
this anda neighbouring country ; -
from which the clearest inference
might be drawn, that a conventiong’
such as described, had been their

realize it. He bitterly inveighed
againt the doctrines contained in
the performance termed the Righta |
4f MM awe +g Weta Wn ¥
of Man 3 charging it with all the ©
evils that had befallen France, "and 4

as tending to propagate them in all
Europe. The report, he said, would ©
shew that a ‘correspondence had

and the Jacobin club; that they —
had scat delegates to the ‘Convens _
tion at Paris, which had formally —

j _ received ©

‘ od]

; & % f )
' AHISTORY OF EUROPE. 969

‘Feceived them ; and that when the

rénch Jacobin government com-

~ mericed ‘the war against Great Bri-
tain, thése societies had, to the ut-
most (of their power, “acted” an
hostile | part, manifested ‘an “adbe-
rence’ to the same’ cause, assumed
ther expressions and appellations,
and“labotired to disserninate their
7 ‘principles.’ It was chiefly in the
manufacturing” towns ‘their efforts
were greatest; from the number of
ignorant and discontented. people
with which’ they abounded. Not-
withstanding their endeavours to
conceal their intentions at times,
‘they had not been able to disguise
them at others. In one of their let-
/ ters, thatto'thesociety at Norwich,
they plainly intimated that they

Jooked for no reform but from the .

convention they had in view, ad-
» vising, however, a continuance of
petitions: for reform, as a cover to
‘their designs. ‘They had the auda-
city to style the Scottish conven-
tion a legal representation of the
_ people; and to justify those whom
the law had sentenced! to punish-
“ment... The condemnation of those
oo was the signal at which they
had agreed to come finally to an
issue upon the point, whether the
Taw should frighten them into com-
. Pp yor whether they should op-
pose it with its own weapons, force
d power. Whatwas this, Mr, Pitt
aid, but declaring, in other words,
it the time was come: when
er tamely to submit to the laws
their country, or resolutely to
rise up against them ! ‘This society,
wever despicable, and consisting
the lowest vulgar, had found the
means of a most expeditious and
extensive increase; it counted thir-
_ ty divisions in London only, some
. ef them amounting to six hundred
!

individuals ; and it kept ‘a regular
correspondence with many others,
systematically distributed: through
various"parts of the kingdom, par-
ticularly in’ the manufacturing
towns. It had audaciously assumed
the task of watching over the trans-
actions of parliament, and of limit»
ing boundaries to its powers, threa-
tening destruction if it dared to
transgress them, It was no longer
than six weeks, he said, since the
Corresponding ‘Society had laid be-
fore the Constitutional Society, a
scheme for calling together a \con-
vention of thepeople, manifestly for
the purpose of dissolving the go-
vernment, and lodging the supreme
oe . - . .
power in their own hands, This
was to have been executed in a
few weeks. .The addresses they
had drawn up to this effect were
circulated with the utmost care and
expedition: they had chosen 'a
centralyspot, in order to facilitate
the assembling of delegates from all
parts; and every society was re-
quested to transmit an estimate of
its numbers, that the strength of
the combined socicties might be
exactly known. These wretches,
said Mr. Pitt, expected, by follow-
ing the precedents of the Jacobin
principles and practices, to arrive at
the lame degree of power. They
had, no longer since than the 14th
of April, held aconsultation, where-
in the members of every depart-
ment of the state had been most
scandalously vilified, as unworthy
and incompetent to hold their of-

ficial situations. The report, he also

said, mentioned that arms had been
actually procured and distributed
by those societies. In consequence,
therefore, of the informations con-
tained in this teport, he would
move for a suspension of the Habeas

Corpus

270 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Corpusactyas particulatly hecessary ©
when a conspiracy existed in the
lieart of the country: against which
government ought to be empower-
ed to proceed with all possible vi-
gour and expedition.

In answer to Mr. Pitt, Mr. Fox
expresyed bis astonishment, that so
much pains had been taken by the
committee of secrecy to lay before
the House a collection of facts no-
toriously known to them and to the
public at large for years, Whe-

ther the individuals concerned in
the transactions just related, bad
acted consistently or not, was hot
deserving of consideration. One
point in their conduct was clear;
through the whole of the business
they had taken in hand, they con-
stantly expressed their wishes for a
parliamentary reform. The Scotch
convention had, in the most public
manner, declared a resolution not
to oppose government, ‘but only to
request a redress of grievances,
Were convention and sedition sy-
nonimous terms? He had been a
member of one in the year 1736,
which ¢crresponded openly with
» societies formed on the same _prin-
ciples in divers’ parts of England.
They presented their joint petition
to the House, which formally re-
ceived it, without charging them
with sedition. Conventions never
had, till the present period, been
reputed contrary to the letter, or to
- the spirit of the constitution. By a
convention the Irish had obtained
a free constitution: by the same
~ medns the catholics in that king-
dom had obtained the privileges
they now enjoyed. He would not
countenance the convention pro-
posed by the societies ; but it would
be dangerous for a House of Com-
mons, the immediate protectors of

the franchises of their fellow-sub<
jects, to declare it illegal. To pre-—
tend alarm at their attempting to
scize the reins of goveriiment, was
mere affectation, Were any con-
vention formed on such a plan, to
be so dispossessed of their reason as
to venture on such a step, they
must immediately become an ob-
ject of too much derisign to com-
mand any obedience. The extent
of the ministerial measure was no
less than to invest the executive
power with absolute authority over ~
every subject in the kingdom : the
restraints with which it surrounded
evely man, were incompatible with
that manly freedom of thought and
speech, without which no liberty
could exist. The suspension of the
Habeas, Corpus act was by no
means warranted by any actual ne-
cessity. The suspensiousthattook —
place in the years 17:5 and 1745, —
were no precedent for the present
period. ‘Those were truly perilous
times: the religion, the liberty of
the kingdom, were both menaced
by a rcbeilion in favour of a popish
pretender, and of a despotic go-
vernment,

Mr. Sheridan, in opposition to
the bill, took severe notice of the
impatience with which the mini-
sterial party had called for the ques-
tion. Such conduct went to the —
preclusion of all parliamentary dis- 4
cussion, and to impose silence at
once upon the legislative body.— —
It would be more reasonable to —
limit the operation of the bill to _

dividuals belonging to societies —
engaged in the carrying forward —
political undertakings, than to de-
liver up all men indiscriminately to
the will of the minister.

Mr. Burke contended that the
catholics in. Ireland had not deno-

minated

—

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

- minated their assembling together
a convention, but simply a meet-
ing of delegates.’ Their object was
manifest and acknowledged; but
the conventioi alluded to, embra-

. > 7

ced every object, and assumed a la-
titude of power superior to that of
parliament itself. The suspension,
far from being an oppressive mea-
sure, had frequently saved families
from ruin, by placing the heads of
them in custody, and preventing

- their rushing into rebellion. ’

__. The motion for a suspension be-
ing carried by a large majority, the
bill, at three o’clock in the morn-

ing, after going through a first and

_ second reading, was voted into a

_ committee and reported.

E _ But the third reading was defer-
red tothe next day, when it was
moved, but strenuously opposed by
‘Mr. Grey. He accused the mini-
ster of unjustifiable practices in ap-
pens to the public voice when
he flattered himself it would be fa-

_ vourable to him, and by speaking

¥ ‘of it ina disparaging manner when

~ heexpected it would reprobate his

“measures. He reminded him of

__ Ais behaviour when defeated in his

~ former projects of parliamentary re-
form, and of the resolution in which
he participated at the Thatched

House in conjunction with Mr.

‘Herne Tooke and other gentle-

men: “that, considering it was in

_ Yain to look to parliament for a re-

_ generation originating within itself,

it be recommended to the people

ughout the kingdom, to assem- |

an le during the ensuing summer, in
wicts, for the purpose of an ap-
ion to parliament upon that
“subject.” What difference could
__ there be, said Mr. Grey, between

the meetings thus recommended,

; the convention that was now

ant

271

proposed? Were not their objects
precisely similar ? But how altered
was the promoter of those former
meetings ! William Pitt, the refor-
mer of that day, was the prosecutor
and persecutor of reformers at the
present! he then exerted himself
to stir up tne passions of the people,
and to render parliament odious to
them ; but he now thought them
unqualified to judge of their rights
and interests: and he pursued with
the rancour of an apostate his once
intimate associate in the business of
parliamentary reform. He.had that.
very day been taken up in the exa-
mination of Mr. Tooke, for perse-
yering in the sentiments which he
had himself warmly avowed. He
ought therefore to be considered as
an abettor of the doctrine of ap-
pealing to the people, instead of
applying to parliament: if they
were guilt in this, the minister was
eminently guilty.

Tt was asserted by Mr. Canning,
on the ministerial side, that if pre-
cedents were wanting, the occasion
would justify the measure propo-
sed, and it was clearly warranted by
the report of the committee. He
fully agreed in opinion with the
minister, that though a parliamen-
tary reform might be a proper ob-

ject of discussion at a season of

tranquillity, it was highly improper
in times of war and popular agita-
tion. He explicitly declared, that
as he had sided with the minister in
his ideas onthis subject, beshould fee}
no fepugnance in adopting his sen-
timeits upon it on any future oc-
casion, when be might be pleased
to express them, confidentthat they
would be apposite to times and cir-
cumstances.

Mr. Courteney, after noticing,
with much husnour, the readiness

of
¥

272 “ANNUAL REGISTER aod, °2

; »
of Mr. Canning to adhere firmly
to the minister, and which had
already “produced ) not a little
laughter; observed how strongly
Montesquieu, in his Spirit of Laws,
had recommended it to the English
nation, to considerthe Habeas Cor-

us act as the palladium of their
Siam Nothing therefore could
justify its suspension, but the ex-
tremest necessity ; but. none existed
at present: no arms had been
_ taken up, nor correspondence | car-
ried on with the»enemy ; and no
legal proof could be adduced of a

conspiracy to subvert the govern.

ment. * ay 5

In answer to what had been
spoken concerning precedents, Mr.
Dundas observed, that an exact con-
currence of circumstances precisely

similar, was, in the nature of things, diamentary reform, Granting that —

hardly possible. In matters of great
“moment, it was sufficient that inci-
dents bore some resemblance to
‘authorize a similitude of ‘conduct.
"The Habeas Corpus act had been

“suspended nine times since the

Revolution, under circumstances of
danger to the state, without pro-
ducing those evils that were de-
‘scribed in such alarming colours.
No undue severities had -been ex-
ercised by government on those
“occasions, and no individual ever
had just reason to complain of be-
ing ill-treated in consequence, of
that suspension. The low condi-
tion in life of the members and
-iriends of the societies in question,
was pleaded as a motive for view-
ing them rather with contempt
than terror; but from individuals
of this description much was cer-
“tainly to be apprehended : having
little,or nothing to lose by civil
disorders and confusions, and per-
haps, in their imaginations, a great
deal to expect, numbers, if not the

majority, might justly be presumed

“not answer their views, In one of

to favour ‘publicidisturbancessw A
meré \parliamentary reform) would ~

their societies it had been expressly —
stated, “* That some things were

_ not to be submitted to, either with —

or without the sanction of parlia+
ment.” But though they did not
all effect such a style, he had not
the least doubt that a conventions
met on the principle of establish- —
ing universal suffrage and. annual
parliaments, was totally inconsistent —
with the existence of the monarchy —
and parliament. © rik "
Mr. Dundas was replied to by
Mr. Sheridan, who took particular —
wotice, that ever since the French —
revolution, ministry had Se a.
remarkable apprehension of a par=

discontents existed, did they prove —
a determination to rise in open re-
volt ? Did the report, so much in-
sisted on, make it appear that the ~
arms said to be in possession of those ©
societies, had not bern provided by
individuals to guard against the
fury of a church and king mob? =

Mr. Wyndham observed, that it +
could not be reasonably denied —
‘that: suticient proofs had been ad- —
duced of « conspiracy to overthrow —
the constitution. ‘The principle of b
universal suffrage was alone a
source of the most lamentable
evils, as France could amply tes~
tify. The mild conduct of governe
ment having failed of putting 5
stop to the “licentious spoteariodl
of ill-mentioned individuals, it was _

“time to employ severe methods ; and —

if those did not produce theend pro-
posed, stronger and severer mea-_
sures still must beadopted. The evils —
threatened must be obviated at all
events ; and if the laws in being”
were inadequate to that purpose, —

others”

Hib TORY: ORvEUR OPE.

others more effectual ought indis-
pensably to be framed.

These observations occasioned a
Most animated speech by Mr. Fox.
After condemning the measure of
suspension in the strongest terms,
he adverted to the menacing tenor
of Mr. Windhaim’s discourse, which
seemed to portend a gradual depri-
vation of their liberties to. English-
men, Should the restraints.already
Jaid upon them not auswer the
views proposed, which were ap-
parently to break their spirit, and
tame them into submission, other
means were to be tried, and others
still to sueceed, unti! those views
were completely effected. But
what severer usage than the present

could remain in the contemplation
of ministers ? Would they forbid
people to meet and communicate
‘their sentiments on public affairs ?
Were such an injunction disobey-
ed, would they sentence them to
imprisonment? Would they, in the
¥age of resentment, at the hatred
excited by their tyranny, erect tri-
_bunals to punish the indignant pub-
lic? Was it, resolved, in short, to
demolish the British constitution
one part after another, under pre-
tence of preventing its destruction
by French principles? The fact
"was, thatin Englend, as well as in
France, terror was to be made the
_ ofder of the day, and not a voice
be lifted up against the ministers.
The word Convention was now held
Up as an object of alarm, to terrify
“the people, and induce them to
think the kingdom was in imminent
_ danger of some great calamity. But
_ what was a convention but a meet-
ing of the people? wherein, if they
bebave seditiously, or did any
_ thing unlawful, they were Jiable to
_ be imprisoned and punished in the

5 Vor. XXXVI.

/
con

273

same manner as if there were no
convention, Where they was the
danger of such a meeting? The
object of the societies, which they
scrupled not to acknowledge, was to
obtain universal suffrage. Allow-
ing such a system to be impracti-
cable, it was far from clear that
the confusions in France had arisen
from tbat cause ; it was a theory
which, likeall others, mightthrough
the iniquity of men be rendered
instrumental to wicked purposes :
but did it follow that, because im-
proper ideas of liberty had been
taken up by the French, or that
liberty itself had been abused,
every man who mentioned that
word should be charged with dis-
loyalty ? The misfortunes of France
were due to the previous oppres-
sions of the former government,
which had renderedthe French na-
tion desperate, and: prepared it to
receive any talents that thwarted
tyranny. Had that nation been
protected by a Habeas Corpus act ;
had» the government been con-
strained, by standinglaws, torespect
the rights of the community, those
tenets would not have found an en-
trance into that unhappy country.
By a parity of reasoning, those mis-
fortunes werenot to bedreadedhere,
while theconstitution remained free
from perversions, But it was the
very essence of the Enelish con-
stitution, that men Should speak
their minds. Were the freedom
of complaining against grievances,
and of meeting for the purpose of
petidioning for redress, and of ex-
postwating with persons in autho-
rity, to be branded with the name
of sedition, what would become of .
our boasted constitution, .of-that
liberty whichdistinguished the lf ng-
lish frora all other nations ? But

Ps nothing

274

nothing was more certain than its
very speedy dissolution, if ministers
were permitted to carry every
measure they proposed for the cur-
tailment of the long established
franchises of the people. As the
thirst of power was never satiated,
so those who possessed it would,
if unobstructed, proceed, step after
step, to autforihd themselves with

all the terrors of parliamentary de- -

crees in favour of the executive
authority delegated to them, until
that authority become finally para-
mount to allresistance. But why,
said Mr. Fox, should the manifest
danger of so fatal an issue be incur-
red? > Was it to punish the discon-
tented, and root out all discon-
tents? But if the suspension was tu
continue till this were effected,
then it must never have an end: a
supposition which would not suffer
@moment’s countenance,

The necessity of suspending the
Habeas Corpus act, was argued no
less strenuously by Mr. Pitt. The
question, he said, was, whether the
dangers threatened to the stake
Were greater than any that coul

“arise from the suspension proposed,
‘which would terminate in six
‘months, and conld not in the mean
time anywise affect the vivhts of
the people, or the privileges of any
rank of society ? Were the power
thus confermed te be abused, the
Jaw would still lie open against the
guilty, and prove more inexorable
ae in any other instances of mis-
conduct, from the very nature of
the offence; which would be a
breach of public trust in the most
criminal degree. It was unjust, he
s2id, to compare the conduct of go-
vernment in this country to that
which was now exercised over the

French. Vhe truth was, that we
:

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

were necessitated to resist French
crimes by opposing to them French
principles. Whatever might be al-
ledged against severer measures, if
those already employed to obviate
the apprehended evils were ineffi-
cacious, more effectual mnst be
used. Was lenity: to be admitted
where the constitution was at stake?
Were a convention upon Jacobin
principles once established, who
could foresee how it wollld end?
No indulgence, no concession ought
to be shewn to those societies.—
How could they expect or deserve
any from a government and con-
stitution they indubitably proposed
to subvert? Not to stop the pro=
gress of their opinions, were no
better than’ granting a toleration to
sedition and anarchy. As to the
extent ofthe rigourintended against
them, that must depend wholly on
the audacity of their attempts. No
undue severities however, said Mr.
Pitt, would be resortedto : and the
degree of punishment would net
exceed that of criminality, Tt were |
nugatory to deny the existence of —
designs against the government and
constitution; and he doubted not
that the measure taken to obviate
these would appear exceedingly
Propet as it did not oppose the
right of the people to meet toge=
ther for lawful purposes, or to pes
tition for a reform, or a redress of ©
abuses, But the convention ‘pro-
posed by the societies, went far
beycnd all those bounds, as fully —
appeared from their papers. No-—
thing would have satisfied ‘it less —
than a controul over parliament
itself.

Lord Grenville, on the 17th’ of ©
May, ,brought into the House of
Lords a message from the King, |

similar to that which had been de- |

livered ©

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

livered to the Commons of the
a2th. He moved, that the report
“of the secret committee of that-
-House should be referred to a se-
eret committee of the House of
‘Lords.
. This motion was opposed by
Lord Stanhope, on the ground of
the papers differing in those respects
_materially from that report ; which
could not, for that reason, be con-
sidered as fair and impartial. But
the motion for a secret committee
was carried, This committee sta-
ted to the House of Lords, on the
22d, that having compared the re-
‘port of the committee of the Com-
‘mons with the papers it was ac-
_-companied with, it had come to the
sime resolutions that had been
adopted by that committee.
_ Lord Grenville moved in conse-
quence, that, in order to strengthen
the hands of government, the Ha-
sbeas Corpus act should be suspend-
ed. He supported his motion with
arguments similar to those that had
been employed for the same ead
in the House of Commons.
' Lord Stanhope opposed the mo-
_ tion in the same style of reasoning
with which it had been combated
in the: Lower House. He repro-
bated the bill of suspension as a
aes to the Bastile and the
Lettres de Cachet,
_ Lord Thurlow expressed himself
with great cautioa on this subject.
“Hee acceded to the bill, he said,
merely on the presumption that its
hmecessity had been proved. From
his inspection of the report, it con-
tained; in his opinion, many facts
‘amounting to réal sedition, but not
to any higher crime. The suspen-
‘sion would not, he said, invalidate
‘the Habeas Corpns act, which
would remain in full force, those

275

cases only excepted where an ins
dividual was detained on suspiciois
well founded.

Lord Lauderdale spoke vehe-
mently against the bill of suspen-
sion. Ministry, he asserted, wes
pursuing a revolutionary system in
this country by a chain of innova-
tions fundamentally destructive of
the constitution. It was hard to
decide, he said, which was the
greatest calamity to a state,—a suc-
cessful struggle for an increase of
despotic authority, or the introduce
tion of licentiousness. The bill,
he contended, should not extend
beyond the societies under accusa-
tion; otherwise it would establish
that system of terror which we so
much reprobated in France. He
concluded by moving an adjourn-
ment.

Other Lords spoke forand against
the bill.

Among a variety of arguments,
it was alleged by the Marquis of
Lansdowne, that the societies now
so grievously accused, were in truth
the offspring of those societies that
made so much noise in this country
towards the close of the American
war; and to which much more ré-
proach, if any were deserved, was
due, for having led the way in this
method of calling upon-government
to do justice to the public. But
the English Jacobins of that day
had renounced their principles, and
were now persecuting the Jacobing
of the present. As to the demands
insisted on by the Jacobins of both
epochs, if they were justly founded,
such was the disposition of the peo-
ple and the nature of the constitu-
tion, that they must ultimately be
granted to them in despite of all
ministerial opposition,—unless in
deed one were to suppose that the

T 2

“276

constitution was so far gone, as to
be irretrievable, and the people
become so degenerate, as to have
Jost all ideas of asserting their rights,
What were the objects of the harsh
measures already adopted, and of
the still harsher, so explicitly threat-
ened? Was total silence to be
imposed upon the British nation
on the imprudence and mismanage-
ment of their rulers? Were armies
oi informers to be let loose on the
community, to discover what pre-
parations were making against their
empleyers? But, without such
odious and despicable instruments,
why did not ministers, if they really
apprehended that arms were fabri-
cating against them, apply for in-
formation to some of the chief ar-
mourers in the metropolis? without
wkose knowledge no fabrication to
any large amount could possibly
take place.

. The Marquis of Lansdowne’ was
replied to by the Lord Chanceller,
who, among other reasonings, al-
Jeyed, that the constant mention of
a parliamentary reform by the so-
eleties, could no more clear them
of illegal intent, as their proposed
convention, than the expression of
God save the King, at the bottom
ofa seditious libel, could clear it of
sedition. The individuals compo-
sing those societies, he asserted fo he
ten times as numerous as those
concerned in the riots of the year
1780.

After the adjournment moved
by Lord Laudeidale had been nega-
tived, a motion for the third read-
‘ing of the bill was opposed by him
as irregular, and violating the stand-
ing order of the House, chat no
bill should go twice through a read-
dng on the same day. Such pre-
Gipitation, he sa'd, would impress

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

the public with a belief that it was
intended to prevent a_ petition
against the bill: but bis opposition
was over-tuled, not however with-
out a spirited protest against the
bill by the Duke of Bedford, and
the Earls of Albemarle, Stanhope,
and Lauderdale.

An address being moved, on the
13th of June, by Lord Grenville,
to assure the King of the House’s
loyalty and determination to punish

the participaters in the conspiracy —

laid before it, and to invest him
with additional power for the sxp-

pression of actempts against govern= —

ment, it was warmly opposed by
Lord Lauderdale, but carried and
sent to the Commons for their con-
currence.

On Mr. Pitt’s motion for amad-
diess to the King, similar to that to
the House of Lords, Mr. Lambton

took occasion to condemn the me- —
thods used in framing the report

of the secret committee. Partial
selections and extracts from the
letters and papers of the societies

could not, he said, be considered as —
fair proofs of the charges alleged;

againstthem. He appealed to the
words of Algernon Sidney on his
trial, * Thatif quotations were suf

fered to be mangled and discuised |

to answer party pupases, he would
prove from the Bible itself: that
there was noGod.” Partial extracts,
without’ any overt act, were not
evidence in a court of law, and
could net therefore be admitted as
proofs by the court of parliament.

The statements in the report were —

inconsistent and confused: it men-

tioned that arms had ~ been pre=)
pared: they amounted ona speci-

fication to eighteen pike-heads, ten
batile-exes,
plades. Such were the ~ warlike

preparations

and twenty sword-*

preparations for encountering and
destroying the British government.
Mr. Lambton was seconded by
Mr. Robinson and Mr. Martin, and
-_ opposed by Mr. Serjeant Watson,
_ Sir Watkin Lewis, Mr. Alderman
_ Newnham, and Mr. Burden.
_ The address was opposed by Mr.
| Fox. He thought it unnecessary
_ inthe present case, and tending to
make it appear of more importance
than it really was. No motive ex-
isted to prompt government to the
extraordinary exertions of power,
recommended by ministers :—the
_ courts of law were amply compe-
tent to punish the individuals ar-
rested on treasonable charges, if
they were found guilty. The loy-
alty of the House could not be
questioned on this or any other
occasion, and its advice was not
_ ‘called for. What could therefore
\ be the purport of an address at
- present, unless to assure the King
_ of their persuasion that a conspiracy
existed, the reality of which had
not however been legally ‘proved ?
- Was this a matter worthy of an
_ address, which was solemnly to de-
_ clare the constitution in danger?
_ Hestrongly reprobated the affected
alarm at the term Convention, as if
> ‘the thing itself were. necessarily
W pregnant with evil. He reminded
» the, House that a convention had
_ @alled the King’s ancestors to the
__ Sticcession of the British crown.
» This alone proved the utility. of
\ Onventions, and that popular
Meetings ought not to be heldin
apodious light. Were people once
_ debarred from assembling in order
bf to discuss political subjects, it would
infallibly prove a mortal wound to
_ the constitution, of which it might
tn linger a while, but would ultimately
Me die, ‘Te old Tory faction, he said,

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

277

was, fast reviving in this country,
and zealously striving to destroy
the only fence to the constitution,
in cases of extremity, This only
effectual fence was the lawful re-
sistance to lawless proceedings, au-
thorized both bythe theory and
practice of the constitution. Was
it impossible to suppose a case
wherein the people might legaily
assemble by their delegates, and call
upon parliament to do that which of
its’ own accord and. motion would
never have been done? Why,
therefore, countenance doctrines
and measures that would necessarily
establish passive obedience and non-
resistance;, and rob us at once of
that constitution which some per-
sons invested, in an evil hour for
this country, with high credit and
authority, durst not asperse with
their words, but were indefatigably
striving to subvert by their actions?
When we viewed with a dispassion-
ate eye the persons implicated in
the supposed plot, they appesred
to be men who might co-operate
in a revolution, but could, never
produce-one. Such men the law
could easily: reach, if guilty of what
they were accused. They might
have held imprudent and even se-
ditious language; but that was
punishable without recurring to se-
verities to terrify the whole com-
munity, andqwwithout anticipating
the declaration‘of their guilt ina
court of justice after a regular trial,
Such an anticipation parliament
could mairifestly be, charged with,
by declaring its belief in the aces
Sations broughtagainst them. He
acknowledged, that in states where

-the destruction of a few persons

subverted the order of things, a
small number of obscure individuais
might effect a revolution ; but in

T 3 this

278

this country, where such an event
must rest on the broadest founda-
tions of popularity, it was unrea-
sonable to think that so insignifi-
cant and diminutive a set of men
could seriously, with any remains
of sanity in their minds, have en-
gaged in such an undertaking.

He concluded a long speech of ,

great animation, by recommend-
ing principles of moderation as the
firmest. security of government,
and finally moving to omit that
part of the address which specified
the persuasion of the House, that
a conspiracy bad been carrying on
against the constitution.

Sir William Dolben warmly re-
jected the proposed amendment,
as disrespectful to the Lords, and
tending to expose the proceedings
of both Houses on the subject be-
fore them, to public derision. Were
such an amendment adopted, we
should then have, he said, a pas-
sive obedient King, non-resisting
LLos:ds, and a rampant, republican
House of Commons.

The Attorney General, in sup;
port of the address, contended that
the societies had incontestably the
most treasonable views. He con-
sidered, in’ particular, that which
was styled the Friends of the Peo-
ple; and another instituted for the
Tabexty of the Press,.as peculiarly
dangerous, from the persons of
birth and distinction that formed
them: the latter of these societies
made it/their business to applaud
and patronize individuals convicted
of misdemeanours against govern-
ment, and to extol the integrity
and patriotism of those members of
the! law .who had pleaded their
cause, as if those retained on the
opposite side merited reprobation.
He warmly maintained the pro-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

priety of the address. The exs
pressions it contained relating to
the conspiracy, were founded on
indubitable facts; and to retrench
them, would deprive it of the most
essential part.
posed by ministry, were the most
apposite to the threatened evils ;
they went to preyent them; which
was certainly better than to wait
till che punishment became neces
sary. Had government taken pre-
ventive measures in the year 1780,
much mischief would have been
obviated.—The issue of this long
and warm debate, was the rejection
of Mr. Fox’s amendment, and the

passing of the address.
In this manner terminated the
parliamentary discussions on the
apprehension of the members of
the societies, and the suspension of
the Elabeas Corpus act. ' Those
*members remained, in consequence,
close prisoners in the Tower, till
they were brought to a solemn
trial before a special commission at
the Old Bailey, on the 25th of
October. A bill of indictment had
been previously found by the grand
jury, at the Sessions-House, Clerk+
enwell, on the second of October,
against Thomas Hardy, John Horne
Tooke,J.A. Bonney, Stewart Kydd,
Jeremiah Joice, Thomas Wardell,
Thomas Holcroft, John Richter,
Matthew Moore, John Thelwall,
R. Hodson, John Baxter, and John
Martin,—The first person tricd was
Mr. Hardy:—His trial began with
a long statement, specifying nine
overt acts of treason, wherein bis
fellow-prisoners were equally in-
volved. They were accused of hav-
ing conspired to raise a rebellion
in the kingdem, in order to sub.
vert the government, and depose
the King. For this purpose they
_ had

The measures pros

ee eee ee eee

fhad composed and published va-
- rious books and addresses, recome
mending the election of delegates
to a convention: they had con-
sulted on the means of forming a
convention, and where it might
be held: they had agreed among
themselves and others, to meet to-
gether for the execution of those
purposes: they had procured arms
to be made to thatintent; and they
had resolved to aid the King’s ene-
mies.
| ‘The speech made by the Attor-
ney General, on opening the
“prosecution, lasted nine hours: it
- ¢ontained a circumstantial account
of all the particulars mentioned in
_ the reports of the secret committee.
_ Among the papers he produced in
evidence, many were intemperate
and ‘abusive of persons in the mi-
_nistry, and of high rank in official
departments; but however severe
on the character of individuals, or
_ yash in the expression of sentiments,
no charge of treason could strictly
* pe brought against the writers.
It was aremarkable circumstance
on this celebrated trial, that of
_ those witnesses who deservedcredit,
none criminated the prisoner; and
that those who deposed against him,
' were found, on examination, to de-
serve none. Another circumstance
_ no less favourable to him, was that
i “ aa
_ the proceedings of the socicties
_ were of public notoriety. They had
- applied to members of parkament,
_ earnestly soliciting that they would
_ present their petitions tothe House
_ of Commons for a parliamentary
reform; which appeared uniformly
tobe the sole object of their re-
quest. The legality of Mr. Hardy’s
conduct was convincingly proved
eprom the answers to every question
od cross examination by those who

HISTORY ‘(OF EUROPE.

279

were summoned to give their evi-
dence. A variety of means was
tiied to substantiate and bring the
charges of treasonable — practices
home to the prisoner; but they
proved ineffectual; and the good=-
ness of his character repulsed every
insinuation to his disadvantage.

The speeches of Mr. Erskine and
Mr. Gibbs, in defence of Mr. Har-
dy, were universally considered as
finished “pieces of professional know.
ledge and eloquence. The public
was loud in its mutual congratula-
tions ‘on the forcible and effective
manner in which they silenced
every attempt to establish the fatal
doctrine of constructive treason.

The satisfaction uf the public qn
the acquittal of Mr. Hardy, which
took place on the Sth of Novem-
be, was for this reason great, and
expressed without restraint. Every
man felt himself interested in op-
posing the introduction of maxims
destructive of all personal security,
and that subjected him to the ini-
quitous interpretation of the law
in eases that ought never to need
explanation.

The trial of Mr. race! lasted
eight days; during which the anx-
iety of all men how it would ter-
minate, was visible not only in the
metropolis, but in every place

-throughout the kingdom. When
the circumstances of the trial were
made known, the verdict of the
jury impressed the public with the
highest sense of the importance
of that strongest bulwark to justice
and liberty, that had been telt for
many years.

Mr. Tooke was tried on ‘the
17th of November: his personal,
character and his distinguished ta-
lents contributed to render his trial
peculiarly remarkable. It was

attended

280

attended by personages of the first
rank. The abilities of Mr. Ers-
Kine and Mr. Gibbs were again
eminently displayed in his defence ;
and, notwithstanding the endea-
vours to criminate him, he was
cleared of every charge and impu-
tation brought against him on this
occasion; and his acquittal was
accompanied with the same appro-
bation and applause that pine mark-
ed the preceding.

Mr. Thelwall was tried on the
22d. The grounds of accusation
were much the same as those al-
leged against the other prisoners,
with the addition only of rash and
violent language on particular oc-
casions : but the evidence in proof
of this allegation, which was that
of two iuformers, being fully inya-
lidated, he was also acquitted, to
the great satisfaction of the public.
The zeal and capacity of Mr. Ers-
kine and Mr. Gibbs were exerted
in his cause, as they had been in
the two former. They were no less
veady to- undertake the defence of
the remaining prisoners; but this
task was rendered unnecessary by

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

the cessation of all further prosecu-
tions on fhe part of the crown ;
consequence of which all the per-
sons indicted were set at liberty.
Such was the issue of a business
which had by numbers been ex-
pected to have terminated in quite
another manner. ‘Those partizans
of ministry who, previously to those
trials, had manifested sanguine
hopes that the arrested members
of the societies would have been
condemned to severe punishment,
did not appear sodissatisfied at their
acquittal as it had been presumed.
They could not help perceiving the
dangerous consequences to which
they themselves must in common
with all men haye been exposed, had
that condemnation ensued of which
they were so imprudently desirous.

in 4

Those also who had been alarmed —

by rumours of the vast strength of
that party, from which disturban-
ces were dreaded, could not fail
of being ‘gratified at the, discovery,

that its power and means to effect _

the purposes imputed to it, were
too inconsiderable to excite any
reasonable apprehensions,

‘

'. CHAP. XV.

Mction for an A-count of the Money advanced to the King of Prussia and

the Troops employed ly him in the Service of the Coalition.
Naval, Colonial, and Commercial Affairs.

of Parliament.

HE session of parliament was
mi Hh now drawing toa close ; but
the intelligence from the continent
did not promise mimstry an op-
portunity of dismissing the mem-
bers with any well-founded hopes
of success to the arms of the con-
federacy. On the eve of the pro-
rogation, opposition entered into an
animated discussion on the situation

Prorogation

of affairs, and the gloominess of

the prospect abroad.

Mr. Sheridan moved for an ac-
count of the money advanced to
the King of Prussia, and of the
number of troops _etoployed by

—— so er

‘

him in the service of the coalition. ©

What wasthe Kingof Prussiadoing?
Was he massacreing the Poles, or

:
§
:
4

was he fulhiling the stipulations of)
thel

-HISTORY OF EUROPE. 281

the treaty by which he had been
entrusted with so much money? It
were ignominious, and past for-
et in a minister, to tell par-
iament that he had not imagined
that prince would have deceived
him; it was the minister’s busi-
ness never to have thought other-
wise of a prince of this character :
he was forewarned what to think
both of him and of other princely
membersof the confederacy. After
dwelling onvarious other particulars
with great animation, Mr. Sheridan
delivered it as his opinion, that the
magnitude of the objects now press-
ing on the attention of the public,
and the duty of ministers to come
forward with every information in
_ their power for the satisfaction of
parliament, ought to induce them
at this critical season to advise
against its prorogation.

lt was replied by Mr. Pitt, that
the conduct of so powerful and im-
portant an ally as the King of Prus-
sia ought not to be scrutinized or
reprehended in a public manner,
in the midst of a campaign so event-

fuland decisive.

The usual period of prorogation
being arrived, it would argue un-
necessary apprehensions to prolong
the sitting of the two Houses: mi-
nisters were still answerable to

_ them, without the necessity that
_ theyyshould remain on the spot to
watch their conduct.

Piste Mir Grey adverted with great

only was no secret,—that the King
of Prussia had received the mofiey.

This debate was accompanied by\
many personal charges on. both
sides, urged with great vehemence
and acrimonv,

Mr. Sheridan concluded it at last
by withdrawing his motion, in
consequence, he alleged, of mini-
stry’s refusal to give the informa-
tion for which he had applied.

On the 11th of July, the sessions
of this year, after having lasted
nearly six months, were closed by
a speech from the throne; where-
in, after thanking Parliament for its
assiduity and zeal in the public ser-
vice, the King congratulated them
on the victory over the French at
sea, on the 1st of June, and the ac~
quisitions in the East and West In-
dies; exhorting them to firmness
and perseverance, notwithstanding
the successes of the French in the
Netherlands. He commended their
diligence in the investigation of the
designs formed against the govern-
ment and constitution, thankfully
acknowledging the trust reposed in
him, and promising a vigorous but
prudent use of the powers he had
beenadditionally investedwith forthe
preservation of public tranquillity.
Relying on the affection of his peo~
ple, he doubted not effectually to
repress everyattempt to disturb the
peace of the community. He re-
minded them that the inimical de-
signs against government were con-

nected with the system prevailing
in France, the prineiples of which
were irreconcileable with those of
every other government. It was
therefore incumbent on them, from
every consideration of domestic
safety, faithfully to co-operate with
the allies of this kingdom in the
contest wherein they were vite

: 4 fpointedness to the reluctance of
ministry, when called upon to ex-
__ plain the conduct of Prussia. That
_ business, he observed, was wrapped
Up in secrecy; it was a secret why

_ any treaty was made; a secret why”
purchased at so. enormous a price ;

a secret why the troops were

_ paid for so lavishingly. One thing

9232 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

for their reciprocal interest; on the
prosperous issue of whichdepended
the future security of this and every
country in Europe.

It remains for us to satisfy the
turiosity of our readers, by a sum-
mary account of the several objects
just mentioned, of his Majesty’s
congratulations to parliament. On
the 1 morning of the 28th of May,
the French fieet were discovered
far to windard by the British
Channel fleet, under Lord Howe,

“ eruizing off the north-west coast of

Brittany. The French fleet con-
sisted of 26 ships of the line; the
British, of 25. Partial actions took
place ontheevening of the 26th ; and
on the 20th, by vast exertions, the
British, Admiral weathered the ene-
my’s line. On the morning of the
ist of June he beheld them to lee-
ward, waiting his approach,and not
declining battle. He soon brought
the hostile fleet to a general and
decisive action. Six_sail of the line
were taken, one sunk, and many
crippled. The disabled ships, with
the remainder, retired from the
scene of action, and took’ shelter
in the harbour of Brest. The
usual intrepidity and exertion of
British seamen were fully displayed

on this glorious day; but it was a

hard contest. The valour of the
French could not be exceeded ;
and it is but just’ce to say, that the
victory turned on the British Ad-
miral’s superior knowledge of naval
tactics. His*own ship, the Queen
Charlotte, of 100 guns, and a few
more, gallantry went through the
enemy's line; and by this, com-
bined with other manceuvres, ob-
tained the weather-gage: and again
on the day of the general action,
he performed the opposite ma-
neuvre, by breaking through their

line, and fighting them in close
action to leeward.

While the enemy’s fleet went
back into port, ours regained, in
triumph, their native shore; and
were welcomed with the loudest
applause by all ranks and degrees
of loyal subjects. The grateful
public, with the usual sympathy
by which our countrymen are so
much distinguished, generously con-
tributed to assuage “the sufferings
of the wounded and maimed, and
to dry up the tears of the fatherless
and widow.

Though the attempt on Marti-
nico in 1793 had failed, the plan
of reducing the French islands was
not abandoned. Anarmy of 5000
men, commanded by General Sir
Charles Grey, protected by a fleet
ander the command of Sir John
Jarvis, sailing in the ead of 1793,
for the West Indies, reduced Marti-
nico after a gallant resistance on
the part of the French, in the diffe-
rent forts, particularly in © Fert
Bourbon, the last that fell; where
the Generalissimo, Rochambeau,
commanded. The date of this
event was the 25th of March 1794,
Soon /after this, the English made
themselves masters also of St. Lucia
and Guadaloupe, with its depen-
dencies,the Saints, Marie Galante,
and Desiderade. | Theisland of To-
bago, as mentioned in our Jast vo-
Jume, had already fallen once more
under the protection of the British
arms and government.

The burning bilious: fever inci-
dent to Europeans in hot climates,
and called, from the tinge which it
gives in its last stage to the com-
plexion, the Yeliow Fever, is at all
times to be dreaded by troops newly
arrived from nor:hern regions; but
particularly in war, when the blood

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

be ‘violently agitated by excessive
exertions during the day, and the
body suddenly chilled by the heavy
dews of the night. This disease,
even in peaceable times, and in
the ordinary course of things, is
found to consume two thirds of an
European regiment in three years.
_ Unfortunately for the British army,
the calamity was not confined to
_ the ordinary limits of devastation,
Its malignity was aggravated by a
pestilential infection, imported 1 ina
Guineaman from Africa, and com-
municated not only to the West
India islands, but also to America;
where even the keenncss of a fro-
' zen atmosphere did not stop its
desolating career till the second
_ winter.
It was during the prevalence of
this epidemic ” distemper, that a
small armament of about two thou-
sand men, from Brest, escaping the
vigilance of the English cruizers,
and Janding in Guadaloupe, imme-
diately stormed and overpowered
the weak and sickly English garri-
son in the fort of Grand Terre.
The British General, by collecting
reinforcements from the other
"islands, endeavoured to retrieve this
“Joss; but the ranks of every regi-
ment were so thinned by sickness,
_ the wants of so many is!ands, and
"the waste of so active a campaign,
that this was no easy task. Ar re-
_ spectable force being at length col-
lected and landed, drove the enemy,
_ commanded by the French commis-
‘sioner Victor Hugues, after a stout
_ resistance, from some commanding
heights that lay between him and
the fort: but the pursuers, on the
same day, were attacked more than
once, by a reinforced multitude of
all colours, whites, blacks, and mu-
Kattves clad in uniforms, and obli-

283

ged to have recourse to the bayonet
before they could be compelled to
remain sheltered behind their for-
tifications.

As the commencement of the
rains had now terminated the-sea-
son for military operations, the
General, about the end of June,
made a concluding effort to expel
the French by a nocturnal attack.
From different accidents and mis-
takes, the attempts of our men,
though made with their usual gal~
lantry, wete completely frustrated.
Tn various rencounters five hundred
brave British officers and privates
were killed, wounded, and missing.

The British General retired to
Martinico, leaving a force for
maintaining the other posts that
yet “remained in the hands of the
English. This force, soon reduced
by mortality to one hundred ‘and
fifty privates fit for duty, was
taken (though not without a long
and vigorous defence) by the ene=
my: and the whole island fell
again into the hands of the repub-
licans.

From St. Vincent, the seat of
the Caraibbs, or what remained of
the ancient inhabitants of the
islands, the passion for liberty and
equality was communicated to the
minds of the mulattoes and negroes
in Martinico, St. Lucia, and the
Grenades; and a spirit of disor-
ganization and anarchy introduced
into every part of the West Indies.
Of all the French West India
islands, Martinico alone escaped
(and that through the vigour of
the regulars and colonists) the cruel
devastation of invasion and insur-
rection. The contagion spread to
Dominica; but wasrepelled, though
not without a long struggle, and
much loss of property. i Jamaica

the

284

the maroons, or original inhabitants
living in the mountains, commen-
ced a war of unexampled barbarity,
putting prisoners to death with the
most excruciating tortures ; and
when reduced to extremities, cut-
ting the throats of their own wives
and children. By the vigilant and
active policy of Lord Balcarras, and
the military skill of General Wal-

pole, they were at last surrounded
in the woods and fortresses, and
reduced to the ney of sur-
rendering at discretion.

By the British conquests in the
West Indies, large additions were
made to private fortunes by cap-
tures or plunder, which did not
escape the boldest change of un-
feeling rapacity ; and, what was of
more importance, the national re-
venue of Britain was prodigiously
increased by duties levied on im-
ported sugar, rum, coffee, indigo,
and cotton. A new source of re-
venue was also opened i in the East
Indies, by that participation of the
trade of India, under certain limi-
tations and restrictions, which was
granted to individual traders of this
country, by the lately renewed
charter of the East India company :
a wise and important measure, of
which we shall have occasion to

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794,

take more particalar notice wher
we come to mark its effects, and
the progress of its operation, in our
future volumes. b

On thewhole, the affairs of Great
Britain in 1794, though unfortu-
nate on the continent, flourished
on her natural element. War was
evaded with America; our govern:
ment and possessions in the East
lately enlarged, were now, by new
and jodicious regulations, impro-
ved, and our commerce everywhere
prosperous. -

But this éplehaid horizon was’

clouded by an apprehension that, if
the French should retain pessession
of maritine Flanders, make peace
with the continental powers, and
bend all her efforts to the con~
struction of a navy, the commerce
of Great. Britain would, at some
future period, be diminished ; that
of France proportionably exalted
on its ruin 3 and the political prinei-
ples of the French prevail with
their prevailing power over Europe.
All the advantage, therefore, of a

present good, and indeed infinitely -

more in the anticipation of national
resaurces, was absorbed in plans
for the prevention of contingent,
but what were deemed but toe
probable evils,

CHRONICLE.

Bs CHRO

He
7

p Eat

= if bowdizds 21 je iit f
$0 MO JANUARY: |

. seilt es ound oss fl

Ast. St. Petersburgh, er, king
©) < Noveig. O. S. 'R of Great
‘Biitainhavin g beet! graciously plea-
ssed to nomiiiate Charles Whitworth,
‘Esq. his Envoy! Extraordinary aad
Minister | Plesipotentiary obethis
‘court, tobe a Knight Compaition of
Ithe mostNoble Order of the! Bath,
“and his majesty being desiroyts that
the should be knighted; and invested
owith the ensigns’ of the said'drderin
sthe most ‘honourable and most \dis-
‘tinguished manner) Mr. Whitworth
pplied to herimperial majesty, the
empress Of Russia, by order of the
King’ his’master,'to desire’ shewould
Secret ‘to represent his majesty
mm this occasion: .to which her!im-
‘perial majesty very readily consent-
id, expressing inthe strongest terms
ther sentiments of friendship andsaf-
Fectiontowardshis Britannic majesty,
sand: was at the same time pleased to
) appoint Sunday, the 17th, immedi-
after! divine service, forthe
ormanceoftheceremony; which
as follows: , » fy
Mr, Whitworth having at noon
Fepaired to the palace, according to
appointment, he was there received
; the .grand master of the cere-~
honies, whoconducted him into the
Udience-room, where her imperial
tety was/attended.by count Os-
ermann, the vice-chancellor ;_ the
rand Duke and Duchess, and all
he principal officers of the court,

iyo 3

NECEE.: et

f° |
oe

touched his leftshoulderthree! $
-with ‘it, pronouncing these words,
WSoyex! bonet honorable chevalier; au
cnom de Diew ; and on Sir Charles
(Wohitworth’s rising up, and kissing .
her imperialmajesty’shand, the em-
»press added, \Etipour wots prouver
\combien je suis contente de vous; je
ivous fais présent deT épée avec la-
-quelle je vous at fait chevalier Then
sir Charles, afteriexpressing to her «
imperial majesty his respectful and
grateful sense of those most gracious
land extraotdinary' marks of favour,
withdrew from the empress’s -pre-
sence, observing. the same. ceremo-
nies as at his entrance. 194
_ Last week. arrived; from Sierra
Leone, the Felicity, captain Wen-
ham, with a cargo of wax, cam«
wood, &c. The dispatches by this
ship contain very, flattering accounts
of the health of this.colony, and of
its progress in commercial pursuits 5
but wearesorry to add,thatthey bring
% alse

2 ANNUAL REGISTER; 1794

alsoan account of the death of prince
Naimbonna, who dicd, on the even-
ing ofhis arrivalat Sierra Leone, ofa
putrid fever, contracted by him on
fhipboard, in the course of his pas-
sage from this country. This ami-
able young man had been for some
short time in England, under the
protection of the Sierra Leone com-
pany. He possessed a very excellent
understanding, a disposition earnest
i the pursuit. of knowledge, and
great facility in receiving imstruc-
tion. His mental acquirements,
during his stay in this country,
-were the subject of, much admira-
-tidn, and his easy address and sua-
'yvity of manners endeared him to all
.those to whom he was introduced,
-He had imbibed, and he professed
to the last moment of his existence,
-the strongest attachinent to the
-principles of the Protestant faith ;
andby his will (made in the begin-
ning of his illness) he earnestly re-
quested -his relations to, set- their
faces against the slave-trade, and to
- befriend the Sierra Leone company
to the utmost of their power,
6th. Monday. morning, at nine
© e’clock,cameonbeforethe high court
of Justiciary,.at Edinburgh, the trial
sof William Skirving, accused of dif.
ferent seditious practices. He con-
_dacted- his defence without the as-
sistance of agent or counsel, and
after a long trial, which lasted till
one o’clock this morning, he was
‘found guilty of sedition, and sen-
tenced to fourteen years transpor-
‘tation, After the verdict: was. re-
~corded, and before sentence was
~passed, the pannel addressed the
‘court. He said by an unlucky
aceident he had been deprived of
counsel on his’ trial, but had. this
“morning received, by post, what

he had expected, viz. the opinion —
of English counsel on his trial : and
although it had arrived in some
degree too late, yet even at this
period it might not perhaps be al-
together useless. He then stated
the opinion of the English counsel _
to be, that the indictment was ille~
gal in so far as it charged him to be
guilty art or part of the crime libcl-
led. On such a charge as this, he
was informed, no legal triat could
proceed, He also stated, that to
this hour, although he had often
asked, he had never yet been in-
formed what sedition was. When
their lordships delivered their opi-.
nions as to what punishment should |
be inflicted,they also took notice of |
the opinion of this English coun
sel, of whom they said that, how-
ever learned he might. be in the
law of England, he was grossly
ignorant of the law of Scotland,
else he would have known that there:
was a Special Act of Parliament
authorising the charge of art and
part. After sentence was pronoun-
ced, the pannel addressed the court,
saying the-sentence did net at all
appal him, that he had long since
learned to throw aside all fear of
man; but this sentence would
rejudged, and that was all his com-
fort and all his hope.
gth. Edinturgh. This morning,
about ten o’clock, a vast crowd as-
sembled in front of the Black-Bull
Inn, where Maurice Margarot, in:
dicted forseditious practices, lodged.
He shortly after came out, attende¢
by three friends. When he got th
length of the Register-Office the
mob forced all the four into a chais
which they trad provided, and fron
which they had previously taken th
horses. “This done, they immedi.
atel

@ H:ReO.NeLC LE. 3

ately drew the carriage to the Par-
| liament Close, where Mr, Margarot
| and his friends alighted, and walk-
ing i into the Parliament-house, he
assisted himself atthe bar. On his
way home, Mr. Margarot was again
forced into a carriage by the mob,
along with five of his friends, and
the horses being taken from the
coach, the mob drew him to his
lodgings at the Black-Buall Inn.
arth. The king in, council signed
an order for the transportation of
Messrs. Muir and Paljner to New
South Wales for the term sentenced
by the court of Justiciary.
13th. Edinburgh.. Mr. Margarot
“was accused of “different seditious
practices. He conducted-his. own
defence. After a long trial, the
jury found him guilty, and the court
sentenced him to fourteen years
_ transportation beyond the seas.

‘In consequenceofthe proceedings
“on the Qthiastant, while Mr. Marga-
rot went to the justiciary Court,
“every precaution was taken this day
by the lord provost, magistrates,
and thesheriff, to prevent any breach
_@f good order and police. A great

crowd assembled at bis lodgings in
- Leith-street about ten o’clock, and
he was conducted witha iy neatly or

tf arch held over him, with inscrip~

ons of Reason, Liberty, &c.
bout the middte of the North
ridge, however, the cavalcade was
et by the lord provost, sheriff,
stable, peace-officers, &c. and
nmediately dispersed, the arch de-
lished, and its supporters taken
E. cusiody. - A press-gang at-

rt. Margarot then walked to the
_ court, escorted by the lord provost
“and sheriff, and no disturbance en-
_ sued,
by 16th. At the Old Bailey, John

tended to assist the peace-officers,

Lyon stood indicted cap'tally for
forging several receipts, purporting
to be receipts for the payment of
certain dividends, of a loan, to ke
raised under an act of parliament,
for the service.of the year 1793,
with an intent to defrand the go-
vernor and company of the Bank
of England... When the clerk. of
the arraigns put the usual question
to the prisoner, ** How say you,
are you guilty or not guilty ?”’ the
prisoner replied, that he should beg.
leave to decline making any defence, .
on account of the nature of the evi-
dence intended to be produced
against him, He was recommnend-
ed by the judges to plead not guilty,
but he peisisted, asd the plea was,
recorded; but the judge’s lumanity,
to prevent the prisoner from bein
in some degree the instrament of his
own death, urged Mr. Wood, who
was counsel for the prisoner, to try
his influence with him; .it occurred
to Mr. Wood, that as :he evidence.
of his sister was the ground of the
prisoner’s objection to plead, that
he might demur, to the indictment,
which, by an admission of the facts,
left it to be argued in put of law :
after Mr. Wood. had explained the
nature of the demurrer, and that his
sister would not then be called ia
evidence against him, he conseated
to demur tothe indictment. The
prisoner was also indicted for the
‘same offence in another form, to
which he also demurred. His coun-
sel applied for copics of the indict-
ments, which were not granted.
The demurrericame on to be arpued
on the 2othinstant, but thedecision
of it was pestponed to a future
day. Pe
17th. Thia morning a fire broke
out in the hot-house of Mr. Parker,
of South Lambeth, which consumed
B2 many

ANNUAL

many valuable exotics, among which
were several Botany-Bay plants.—
The flames were very fierce, and
threw thew hole neighbourhood into
the greatest consternation ;' provi-
dentially the damage was confined
to Mr. Parker's premises.

28th. The following are some

circumstances attending a late mar-’

riage between a branch of the royal
family and a daughter of a northern
earl, About eighteen months since,
lady Dunmore, whose husband is
now governor of the Bahama Islands,
went with her two daughters into
Italy, where they resided till very
lately. His royal highness prince
Augustus, being at Rome, met with
those ladies, and very naturally
coulted theiragreeable society: the:
consequence’ of which was, a mu-
tual attachment between his: royal
highness and lady Augusta Murray,
and they were there married. Lady
Murray became pregnant, and re-
turned to England. His royal high-
ness did the same: and, at the in-
stance of the lady and her friends,
a second marriage took place. The
parties were regularly asked in the
church of St. George, »Hanover-
square, in the month of Noveniber
last, and on the Sth of December
they were’again united, aceording
to the ceremonies of the church of
England, under the names of Au-
gustus Frederick and Augusta Mur-
ray. The circumstances having come
to the king's knowledge,his majesty
instituteda suit of nullity in his own
name, in the Arches Courtof Can-=
terbury, to set aside the validity of
this marriage, on the ground of an
act of parliament passed’early in the
reign of his present majesty, for the
prevention of the marriage of any
male branch of the -royal family,
without the previous consent of par»

1794.

liament. On the &th instant Mf,
Heseltine, the king’s proctor served
a citation on lady Murray to an-
swer the charges of the suit: The
privy council has been occupied, for
two-days, in the investigation of
the cirecmstances attending the late
marriage of hisroyal highness prince
Augustus Frederick and lady Aue
gusta Murray. . The persons who
have beenexaminedon this business
are, lady Dunmore, lady E. Murray,
a coal-merchant and his wife who
livein South Moulton-street, where
the lodgings were taken, to com-
plete the residence of one month in
the parish of St. George, Hanover-
square ; the clergyman who mar-
ried the parties ; and a gentleman
who resides at Twickenham. Lady
Aug. Murray was brought to bed
of a son on the 13th instant, who
is likely to do well.

30th. Dudlin. Came on the trial
in the court of King’s Bench of
Archibald Hamilton Rowan, esq.
on an informationex officio for pubs
lishing, on 16th December, 1792, a
seditious libel, purporting to be an
address fromthe U. ited Irishmen of
Dublin to the volunteers of Ireland,.
Mr. Curran made an admirable de-
fence for the prisoner, but the evi-~
denice wasso conclusive against him
that the jury, in three minutes, re-
turned a'verdict of guilty...

10th. Diep. After a lingering
illness, aged 84, Sir Clifton Win-
tringham, bart. M.D. fellow of the
royal colleges of physicians in Lon-
don and. Paris, F. R. S, physician-
general tothe army, and physician
in ordinary to his majesty ; much.
esteemed by all who knew himasa -
man of amiable manners and exten-.
sive knowledge. :

llth, Aged 65, Dr. Hinchcliff,

bishop of Peterborough and dean —
of

CHRONICLE.

ef Durham, This learned prelate
and eloquent orator, was born in
1731. His father kept a livery
stable in Swallow-street. The son,
after passing through the forms of
Westminster School, went toTrinity

College, Cambridge, where he had

scarcely jaken a degree. before he
was chosen to be companion of the
duke of Grafton during a tour of
_ Europe. Heattended the duke of
Devonshire also on his travels, and
atterwards attended Mr. Crewe, of
Crew-hall, Cheshire, whose sisterhe
married. The duke of Grafton,
during his administration, conferred
on him the yaluable vicarage of
Greenwich, and by the same mi-

bh nisterial influence he obtained, in

. 1769,thebishopric of Peterborough.

Tn 1783 he was promoted to the
yaluable deanery of Durham.
16th. In his 57th year, Edward

_ Gibbon, Esq. the celebrated histo-

ran, whose posthumous works we

_ understand will shortly be edited

y lord Sheffield, with memoirs ef

the author's life, written by him-

self; with extracts from which we
hope to enrich a future volume.

FEBRUARY.

$d. This evening a melancholy
accident happenedatthe Haymarket

- theatre, at which theirmajesties had

gommanded “ My Grandmother,”
** No Song no Supper,” and ‘* The
Prize.” It was occasioned in tke

_ following manner: In the crowd

one of the deceased was thrown
down ; the people kept pusiiny for-
ward, others were thrown down
over him, and all were trampled
‘upon by the crowd, who passed

_ over their bodies into the house.

The pit lies lower than thethreshold
of the door leading into it ; those
therefore who go i must go down
steps. Here it was that the mis-

chief happened; for the people
whowere the unfortunatesufferers,
either not knowing any thing of the
steps, or being hurried on by the
pressure of the crowd behind, fell
down ; while those who followed
were immediately, by thesame irre-
sistible impulse, hurried over them.
The scene that ensued may beeasier
conceivedthan described ; theshouts
and screams of the dying and the
maimed were truly shocking; while
those who were literally trampling
their fellow creatures to death, had
it not in their power to avoid the
mischief they were doing. Seven
bodies, completely lifeless, were car-
ried intoMr. Wyrch’s, the druggist,
next door to the theatre, some. to
the shops of other tradesmen, and
the remainder to St. Martin’s bone-
house, to be owned. Medical aid
was called in, and every thing done
to restore animation, if it was only
suspended; but we are sorry to say,
that success attended the process in
one case only, which was that of
Mr. Brandram, of Tooley-street.
The following is alist of the persons
who were trampled to death: Mrs.
Fisher, sister-in-law to Mr. Bran-
dram of Tooley-styeet. Miss Bran-
dram, niece of Mr. Brandram, Mr.
Brandram, his nephew. Mr. Bran-
dram himself was carried out appa-
rently dead, but was recovered; he
is since dead. Benjamin Pingo, esq.
York herald, of the heralds’ college.
J. C. Brooke, esq. Somerset herald,
of ditto. Mrs. and master Willis,
wife and son of Mr. Willis, attor-
ney, o: Gray’s inn. Mr. Garbutt,
late master of the Three Sisters, of
Whitby. Mrs.Gwatkin, wifeof Mr.
Gwatkin, dancing master, Bartlett's
Buildings. Mrs. Spencer, St.
James's Market. Miss Wiiliams,
Pall-mall, daughter of Mr. Wil-
liams, of Shoe-lane. Mr. Robin-
son, of Coleman-street, farrier.

Bs Miss

Miss Pushnel, hiece of Mr. Norton,
of Bersers-street. Mrs. Edgar and
son, of Pall-mall. In all fifteen
persons. i
€ inquest of the coroner is lo-
cal. Yhat of St. Martin’s parish has
returned a verdict of—** Accidental
death by suffocation, and being
trampled. upon atthe pit-door of ihe
Hay-market theatre.” Exclusive of
these Jamented victims, who were
all respectable persons, near twenty
others suffered ma'erial injuries, in
bruises, broken legs, and arms,
some of whom are since dead.
5th. This morning were executed
before Newgate, pursuant to their
sentence, John Rabbittsand William
Brown (alias Bartlett), two very
‘old offenders. They confessed seve-
ral robberies, amongst which was
that and the murder of Mr. Eaton,
in Berwick-street, Soho; of Mr.
Woodcock, who was knocked down
and robbed of his watch in Bedford-
row, &c. &c.
7th. This night, at eight o'clock,
the duke of York arrived-at White-
hall from the continent. His royal
highness came passenger in the
Vestal frigate, which conveyed
prince Adolphus to Ostend, and
landed at Ramsgate, afier a short
passage of fourteenhours. The duke
of York, immediately upon b's ar-
rival in town, set off for Oatlands,
where his duchess was. His royal
“highness was accompanied on his
journey to England by colovel
Hewgill of the'guards, and captain
Crawford, hisroy al highness'’saides-
de-camp.
gth. On Wednesday morning the
arrival of the Swallow packet at
Torbay, with the most noble mar-
quis Cornwallis and part of his
suite, was a:pounced at the !ndia-
house. The Swallow left Madras
the 10th of October, when all the
presidencies and possessions of the

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

company were ii) an unexampl!ed
state of prosperity.

10th. Thismorning Messrs. Muir,
Margarot, Skirving, and Palmer,
were removed trom Newgate, in a
post-coach and four, attended by
two king’s"messengers. We Jearn
that they were taken on board ves-
sels bound to Botany Bay. |

By the court of King’s Pench, in
Treland, it has been decided, that
Mr. A. H. Rowan shall no: have a
new trial ; and judgment has. been
pronounced, that he shail be impri-
soned for two years, pay a fine of
5001. and find securities forhis cood
behaviour, under apenalty of 40001.”
for seven years.

11th. A fire this night broke ovt
at the floor-cloth manufactory in
Knightsbridge. By it no Jess-than
20,0001. worth of property, with
the buildings, was destroyed, and
nota farthing of either insured. The
above fire was occasioned by the
neglect of a boy, who in heating
some Colour suffered it to boil over.

13th. Cardiff. The canal from
Merthir Tidvil to this place being
completed, a fleet of canal boats ar-

‘rived from Merthir, laden with the

produce of the iron-works there,
to the great exultation of the town.
This canal is 25 miles in length.
14th. This day was determined, —
in the court of King’s Bench, an
action of crim. con. Howard against -
Bingham, attended with circum-
stances so peculiar, that we shall
give a fuller account of itin the ap- —
pendix to the chronicle than. we
could do here.
22d. Leister Last night a boat
belonging to Messrs Ella, Douglas,
and Poynton, arrived’at their wharf,
in the Friers, fre'ghted with mer-
chandize from Ga nsbo ough. The —
advantages of an immediate com-
munication by water from thisplace
to the coasts of Lincolnshire and_

Yorkshire, _

4
’
,
:
:
|
a

CHRONICLE.

Yorkshire, through the heart of the
country and the whole southern dis-
trict of Dottinghamshire, are ob-
vious.

» Diep. $d. At Dublin, the ho-
nourable Richard Power, LL.D. se-
cond baron of his majesty’s court of

_ Exchequer in Ireland; he was

drowned near the Pigeon-nouse,
Dublin. The jury sat upon the
body, and returned a verdict, ac-

_ ¢idental death. The baron’s property

in the English funds was estimated
at upwards of 60,0001. The baron
was usher and accountant-general
of the court of Chancery. By vir-
tue of the latter office, all moneys
~ pending on suits in that court were
lodged with him. A cause of the
Chandos family, having beentwenty
years in that court, lately came toa
_ decision ; and, by virtue of a law,
the claimant of the property de-
manded the interest which accrued
upon the principal; this the baron

*~ refused, alleging that the principal
only was adjudged. The party

4
»

complained to the chancellor, and bis

____ lordship ordered the baron to appear

ie complaint.

rsonally in court to answer the

This the baron’s pride

_ revolted at, having been a judge of

_ Many years standing, even when the
chancellor was a barrister ; but he
was ready to account to the claim-
ant, under his Jordship’s decree. The
chancellor was inflexible, and allow-
ed him five days to appear. On the
third, the baron (after making his
will, and leaving his papers in a re-
gular manner) puta period to his
existence, by drowniug himself at
the above place.

Liverpool, Feb. 11th. All the
belis of this town are now ringing,
to celebr:te the capture of seven
sail of French West Indiamen
brought in here by only two of our

privateers: they could have taken
two others, but from a’ deficiency
of hands to put on board them.
Five of the above ships are from
St. Domingo. They are all fine
and richly laden. 5

28th. J. B. V. Guillotine, M.D.
formerly of Ly ons, was among the
multitude of persons who have late-
ly been executed there. He was
charged with having corresponded
with | persons at Turin. It is an ex-
traordinary thing that he should die
by an instrument of his own inven-
tion. He died with great reluc-
tance, and declared, that, when he
produced hisintrument to the world,
it was from motives of humanity
alone.

MARCH.

lst. Copenhagen. On Wednesday
evening ,about five o'clock, a dread-
ful fire broke out in the royal palace
of Christianbourg, which commu:
nicating from thehereditary prince's
apartments, where it began, to the
rest of the building, in the space of
seven or eight hours reduced the
whole to a heap of ashes. The royal
family have happily escaped without
accident, but the greater prt of
their valuable effects have been a
prey to the ames, It is not yet
known what number of lives have
been lost, but it is to be hoped, con-
sidering the rapidity of the conffa-
gration, which was increased by a
very strong wind, that the number
is not great. ‘his palace, one of
the most commodious and most
sumptuously furnished in Europe,
was built in the reign of Christian
the sixth, and is said to have cost, in
buildingonly, considerably above a
million sterling ; it seems therefore
BA not

S$ ANNUAL REGOSTER, 1794.

not an exorbitant calculation to sup-

pose; that, with theloss sustained by ,

thehundredsof individuals by whom

it was inhabited, the whole damage.

may amount totwo millionssterling.
It is some consolation, in so great a
disaster, that the royal library, con-
sisting of between two and three
hundred thousand volumes, whieh
stood detached from the principal
pilé, has been fortunately saved,—
During the whole of this distressful

scene, the gatrison and the citizens,

were under arms, and every eftort

was'made, both by the military and;
the sailors, to prevent disorder and,

pillage. His Danish majesty islodged

for the present in an apartment at:

count Bernstorff’s, and the rest of
the royal family are dispersed in dif-
férent quarters of the town, where

which a debate took place. At
twelve the house divided, on the
motion of sir Hercules Langrishe,
that the bill be read the second time
the 1stof August—Ayes 142—Noes
44—Majority against the bill 9s. +

10th. Edinburgh. This day came
on'the trial of Joseph Gerald, esq.
late of Bloomsbury-square, London,
Theaccusation,at the instanceof the
lord-advocate of Scotland, charged
him with being a member of a sedi-
tious association, called ‘‘The Bri-
‘tish convention,’? which met at
Edinburgh in November and De-
cember last; and that, on the @Jst
and 28th of November, he made ad-
dresses of a seditious nature to the
membersof thesatdconvention. The
indictment also charged Mr. Gera'd
with being presentin the conyention

when the magistrates and sheyift
went to disperse the members.—
When the court met, before the li.
bel was read over, Mr. Gerald ob>.
jeetéd to the lord justice Clerk sit
ting on the bench. Upon this, his
lordship rose, and lord Henderland
tock the chair. dMr. Gerald then
presented a written minute, con-
taining the specific objections to his
lordsbip’s sitting on the bench, and
the facts which he offered to prove
iM support of these objections: they
were, that his lordship had pre-
jad zed his cause, inasmuch as, some
time since, when in the house of. ’
Mr.. Rochead of Innerleith, he said,
«< What would they think of send-
ing Margarot to Botany-Bay, and
giving him a whipping also ??—
This minute he desired. might be
entered on the records of the court.
Their lordships in general were of
opinion that the objection was not
well founded; for the words alluded
to were merely part of a conversa-
tion at table ; and could any man
suppose that such language could
have any influence upon a judicial

procedure? Would it be proper to —

give force tosueh a charge, founded
on afew loose words, and not at all
connected with the proceedings of
the court,» nor delivered in the ca-
pacity of a judge ? Lf such objec-
tions were to be tolerated, they
mightbeattended with themostdan-
gerous consequences. twas throw.
ing an indignity upon the court, and
wasintendedasa foul aspersion upon
the character ofthat respectable and
learned judge who was vice-presi-
dent of the court, and who added
honour to the bench. Suppose that
such words really had been spoken,
how could they tend to prejudice
the cause of Mr. Gerald, when it
remained with a jury to try him ?

One

“

CHRONICLE:

_ One of their lordships remarked
that the charge against the defend-
ant, if true, was highly aggravated

by the ill-founded charge he had
now made upon that respectable
judge ; and, if a verdict were found
against bim by the jury, he would

_ teenyears transportationas too small

=z say but he might consider four-

“

highly reprehensible.

a punishment to be inflicted. In the

case of Mr. Margarot, he hesitated
much whether fourteen years ought
to be the punishment, or whether
one more severe should be imposed ;
fot he considered the conduct of that
person, in che course of his trial, as
The accusa-

tion which the defendant now made

.
w

might originate in malice. Their
Jo: dships resumed the consideration
of the objection, and were of opinion

_ that it wasirrelevant, and ought to

be rejected. _ Upon this, lord chief

+ justice Clerk was called tothe chair,
The indictment was then read over,
_ to which the defendant pleaded, not

‘,

ve
a
4

*,,

4
a

“guilty,
Mr. Gillies then addressed the

| eourt in defence of Mr. Gerald,

» 13th. The High Court of Justi-
ciary met, agreeably to adjournment
of Monday, on the trial of Joseph
_ Gerald, for sedition. The pleadings
on both sides continued till cleven
o'clock at night, when the jury
withdrew, and brought in a verdict
next morning at eleven o’clock, una-
“nimously finding the pannel guilty,

' when the lords passed sentence of

‘
1

banishment beyond seas for fourteen
years, &c, The diet against Sin-

clair is deserted pro loco et tempore,

on account of the imbecility of his
‘mind,
24th. This evening a set of resur-
fectionists were apprehended ata
house near the turnpike, Mile-End.

That morning acoach was observed
to stop at the house, and an ill-look-
ing fellow came out of it witha
sack, containing, as was supposed,
a body, which he carried into the
house, and returned immediately
with a large hamper ;—they then
drove uff to a neighbouring public-

house, when, after a short stay, they ~

took up some ochers,and were traced
to the Launch at Deptford. Inthe
mean time the parish-officers were
informed of thecircumstance. About
six in the evening, the coach again
returned witha similarlading, which
was deposited in the house. Some
constables, accompanied by a num~
ber of pedple, surrounded the house,
and, forcing an entrance, they found
two men and a woman drinking tea
on a beuch, at one end of which lay
the bodies of two children. They
were secured; and on entering an
adjoining room, the bodies of six
adults were discovered unmutilated 5
besides which, the floor was strewed
with limbs, in a state too. shocking
for public, description.

26th, The Brown Bear public~
house, Upper Moortields, was en~
tirely destroyed by a dreadful fire,
in which the landlord, his wife, and
two children, perished, Two lodgers
escaped by jumping out of a twoe
pair-of-stairs window.

Boston, North America. In the as-
sembly of New York, on the 13th
January, Mr. Willocks moved,
*¢ That the titles of excellency, ho-
nourable, esquire, and every other
characteristical designation not war-
rantedby theconstitution, and which
are unnecessary andinconsistent with
the plainness and real dignity of re-
publican manners, be abolished,"””—~
which motion was negativedthe 17th
of the same month,

APRIL,

APRIL.
2d. Bury, Suffolk. This morning

were executed, pursuant to their
sentence, John and Nathan Nichols,
father and son, for the wilful murder
of Sarah Nichols, daughter to the
ove and sister to the other. The fa-
ther and brother way-laid the help-
less, girl in the evening of the 14th

of September last ; the former drew -

a stake out of a hedge, aud, giving
it to his son, urged him with threats
to commit the horrid deed; where-
upon the boy, strikipg his sister on
the head, knocked her down, and
repeated his blows till he had de-
prived her of life : he afterwards, at
his father’s desire, went and tied one
of her garters round her neck, and
dragged her intoa ditch, where she
was found thenext morning. Na-
than Nichols was nineteen, and his
unfortunate sister seventeen, years of
age. On their arrival at the fatal
tree, they both persisted in their im-
nocence ; and, notwithstanding the
very ample confession of the boy,yhe
then said his father was innocent,
for all he knew, of thefact for which
they were to suffer, The behaviour
of the elder Nichols was very un-
danuted, declaring his innocence to
the last moment. After hanging the
usual time, the body of the elder
Nichols was conveyed to Faken-
ham, to be hung in chains, and the
younger one was taken for dissection
at Bury. John Nichols was about
sixty years of age, and had been
many years employed as hedge car-
penter to the Duke of Grafton.
sth. At two o'clock, the lord
mayor, accompanied by aselect com-
mittee of thecorpovationof Londons
proceeded trom the Mansion-house
to New Burlington-street, the resi-
denceof Marquis Cornwallis, atteud-

ed by the city marshal on horseback,
music, and colours, to present that
nobleman with the freedom of the
city, ina gold box of one hundred
guineas value. When the gold box
wes delivered by the chamberlain,
thelord mayor addressed hislordship
in ahandsome speech. The mar-
quis returned his thanks to the lord
mayor for the very flattering manner
in which the freedom had been pre-
sented to him, The committee then
returned, with the marquis and his
friends, to a very elegant entertain-
ment that had been prepared for
them at the Mansion-house.

rith. Brussels. On Wednesday;

about five o’clock in the afternoon,:

the emperor our king gratified the
wishes of the Belyians, by honour-
ing this city with his presence. The
states, in a body, presented the keys
to his majesty at the gate of Lou-
vain, on which the following inscrip-
tion was read :-—

“ Casar adest, trement Galli.”
Young men, dressed in white scarfs,
representing his people, drew slowly
the coach. Some detachments of
cavalry preceded and followed ata
certain distance. The procession re-
paired to the church of St. Gudule,
where the 72 Deum was chaunted.
His majesty passed afterwards
throughapartof thiscity, amidst im-
mense crowds, who thronged on his
passage, rending theair withthe cries
of Vive ?PEmpereur! Vive le Roi!

14th. Atihe assizesat Bristol, he-
fore Vickery Gibbs, esq. recorder,
commenced the trial of Mr. R. V.
Perry, charged with having forcibly,
and without herconsent,taken Miss
C. Clarke from a boarding sckool
in this city. The prosecution was
opened in avery abe speech, by
Mr. Bond, — Evidence was then
exan.ined, on the part of the pre-

secution,

CHRONICLE.

secution, but interrupted by Mr.
Erskine, who with his usual force
and ability contended that Mrs.
Perry was a legal evidence, and that
by precluding ber the court would
be deprived of the only proper wit-
ness. This was warmly objected to
by the counsel for the prosecution,
and referred to the decision of the
recorder, who admitted the evidence
of Mrs. Perry. Aftera trial of more
than eight bours, Mr. Perry was ac-
quitted, the jury finding him ‘* Not
guilty,” without going out of court.

14th. Ecizburgh. The tragedy

~ of Charles the: First was performed

this evening at our theatre. The
house was much filled on the occa-
sion. When the play began, several
hisses were heard at any sentiment of
loyalty uttered by the characters,
and applauses attempted when con-
tiary doctrines were inculcated; but
this being still persisted in, the or-
chestra wasdesired, by some officers
in the boxes, to play “* God save the
King,” which was accordingly per-
formed. It has been usual of late,
when this tune is played, for the
_whole audience torise, and the gen-
tlemento stand uncovered ; upon this
being done, about eight or ten were
discovered, sitting in the pit, who
ucither rose nor took off their hats :
it was immediately concluded that
these were the persons who had dis-
turbed the entertainment, and there
wasalguadery of « off hats,” to which
the others paying no segard, it was
soon changed into “ out, out with
them!” Thisstill producing no effect;
a gencral uproar took place; a few
‘gentlemen, and several officers of the
Aryyleshire fencitles, who wcie in
the boxes, rushed into the pit, anda

scuffeensued:atlast,somerefractory |

_ persons wereturned out, and therest
compelled to take off their hats.

The play afterwards went on with-
out any interruption; and, upona
second callfor ‘‘ God save the King,”
many respectable people, of their
own accord, immediately retired trom
the pit. On Wednesday, the trage-
dy was performed again, when a
renewal of. the disturbance took
place, which was, however, quitted
without any bad consequences.
18th. The tumult has by no means
subsided; the magistrates, last night,
and their friends, nearly filled the
house, irfsisted on the audience being
uncovered at the playing of “ God
save the King :’” they succeeded in
their demands, for the opposite party,
on the supposition that the transac-

tion was at an end, had neglected |

to attend,

30th. New Drury theatre con-
tains in the pit 800 persons, whole
range of boxes 1828, two shilling
gallery 675, one'shilling gallery 308,
total 3,611, amounting to 8261. 6s.
There are eight private boxes on
each side of the pit, twenty-nine all
round the first tier, and eleven back
front boxes; twenty-nine all round
the second tier, of which eleven are
six seats deep ; ten on each side the
gallery, three tier ; boxes in the
cove, nine each side. The diame-
ter of the pit is 55 feet, opening of
the curtain 43 feet wide, height of
the curtain 38 feet, height of the
house from the pit floor to the ciel-
ing is 56 feet 6 inches.

Disp. 14th. At Mr. Welling’s,
engraver, Tavistock-street, ofa mor-
tification in his bowels, aged 60,
that ingenious artist, Samuel Hiero-
nimoGrimm; the exertions of whose.
pencil were not confined to his more
immediate patrons, Mr. Rhodes, sit
William Burrell, bart. and the rev.
sir Richard Kaye, bart. deanof Lin-
celn, but will be remembered with

regret

regret by all the lovers of our na-
tional antiquities, Mr. Grimm was
a natiye,of Switzerland ;) and toa
niece, stil! ¢esident there, he has be-
queathed the little fortune which he
had vested in the British funds, a+
mounting to about 20o0l. or 3col.
and whatevermay arise from the sale
of his drawings and other personals,
by private contract, in which he has
given, by will, a preference to Mr.
Rhodesandsir William Burrell, with
an apologyto sir Richard Kaye, ‘for
whom (says he) I have made so-ma-
ny drawings, which] shallnever have
it in my power to finish.’ His re-
mains ware interred in the church-
yardofSt. Paul, Covent-garden, the
dean of Lincoln paying the last of-
fice to his departed friend, Those
who have seen the almost innumer-
able subjectsof Mr, Grimm's pencil,
in Sussex, Derbyshire, and Notting-

hamshire, will earnestly wish that.

they may be perpetuated by good
engravings at the expence of the
respective proprietors under whose
patronage they were taken, as the
Maundy Celebration hasbeen by the
then sub-almoner. The last legacy
to the public was the views of Cow-
cry-house, in its perfect state, pur-
chased by the Society of Antiquaries
_ for their * Vetusta Monumenta.” =

For them, Mr. Grimm, by anticipa-:

tion, preserved the historical pajnt-
ings on the walls of that noble man-
sion ; and for them, he copied the
funeral of John Islip, abbot of
Westminster, from a roll ascribed
to Holbein, in the possession of the
dean and chapter of that church.
Lately, the celebrated traveller,
Major Houghton, who, some years
since, left England on a journey of
discovery in the interior parts of
Africa, and had preceeded a consi-
derable way in the object of his

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

journey. He was discovered dead
in his bed, and although without
any visible signs of violence, there
is much reason to fear he was mur-
dered by those who attended him
for the sake of the little property he
had about him. 3

Aged 65, at his residence at Kin
naird, near Falkirk, in Scotland,
Jamcs Bruce, esq. the well-known
Abyssinian traveller; of whom some i
biographical notice will be taken in
a subgequent part of this volume,

MAY,

Ist. Hamilton Rowan made hig
escape from the prison in Dublin ia
which he was confined ; and William

‘Jackson, a divine of some notoriety

in England, with some others, wag
apprehended for high treason.

3d. Dublin. Some circumstances
of a most alarming tendency and
treasonable nature, which have tran+
spired relative to Mr. Rowan since
theapprehensionof Jackson,aresup-
posed to have been the motives that
urged the former to attempt a pre-
cipitate escape, in which he effec-
tually succeeded. Matters, itis said,
were so well preconcerted in this
business, that Mr. Rowan had a
horse in waiting, upon which he
set off immediately be Rush, trom
whence he was directly conveyed on
board an American vessel, which
waited for him off that place, and
sailed the instant he came on board,
The charge made against Jackson
we understand to be, that he has
held a correspondence of a criminal
nature with several persors who

-now belong to the existing governs

ment of France, in which treason-_
able information was given to the
enemy respecting the force in Great

E Britain

CHRONICLE.

Britain and this country, with the
pretended opinion of the people as
tothe prosecution of the war.

4th. A mob of poor people met
on Streatham common, and set the
heath furze on fire; the conflagra-

tion was tremendous, but the neigh-

“ES

bours rather'promoted than lent any
assistance for extinguishing it. It
seems that the Duke of Bedford
used: formerly to let the poor have
the furze, but this year he sold it
for, near 80]. On Saturday Mr.

M’Namara, his agent, by his grace’s

‘order, took in some ¢round from

the common which: was formerly
used for the poor people’s cattle,
and in the evening’a hackney-coach
drove to. the spot, when six men,
dressed in black, and crapes over
their faces, got out of the carriage,
and with carpenters implements cut
down the. paled inclosure, returned
into the coach, and drove off.

A horrid marder has fately been
committed on the bodyof Mr. Reed
of Swanley, inGlocestershire. Hav-
ingbeen lately illin health, his wife
persuaded him to make his will in
her favour of the pvhole of his pro-
perty, amounting to GOOUl. Soon
after theexecution of his will, there-
was reason to believe she had infused
a dose of poison in some broth, as it
was observed, after he had taken it,

mitee in a most violent manner.

Mrs. Reed then persuaded him to
go to bed, where he had not long
heen before one James Watkins
came into the house, when she to!d
him the job was not completed.
‘No sooner had she spokenthe word,
than he took a broomstick in his

hand, and said he would finish it ;

’

and, going up stairs, struck the un-

fortunate man several blows upon.

“the hea¢, one of which cut the flesh

down three inches over the fore—
head, and he repeated the blows
till he was dead. Hearing, soon
after the decd, that it had gone
abroad, and that. the coroner was
determined to have an inquest, Wat-
kins abseonded, but the ‘women has
been taken and admitted 'to’ bail by)
the Glocestershire Magistrates. The
voluntary narrative of ‘Robert Ed-
gar, a stripling of the Dorsetshire
corps, led to the discovery of this
murder, and the apprehension of
Mrs. Reed, the surviving widow,
by the vigilance of the Bow-street
magistrates. Since heradmissién to
bail, she has written to the brother
of her murdered husband in London ,
that the perpetrator of the horrid
deed was her own brother—Wat-
kins; and that the remorse’and con-
trition impressed on his own mind
‘¢ had Jed to the destruction of him-_
self by a pistol.””. The investigation
of this circumstance remains to be
unfolded 3 and the measures of the.
Bow-street magistrates are well ar-
ranged to!develope this extraordie
nary mystery. Mrs. Reedy when at
Poole, was enamoured*of Edgar,
who was bred a surgeon, and is yet
amere boy, ‘to appearance not more
than 15 years old; and according
to his own narrative, was led to

ae her marriage in case of her
he began to be very sick, and vo-

and’s death, and Watkins un-
dertook ‘to rid them. of him ona
promise of 200].

An inquest has been taken, at
Bishop-Frome, Herefordshire, on the
body of Watkins, who hadshot him.
self at his father’s house in that pa-
rish, where he had been concealed
since the murder of Mr.Reed.. The
jury brought in their verdict, Felo
de se. :

14th. London. Mr. Stone, acoal-
merchant of Rutland-street, Thames-

streer,

Into ctistody.

14 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

street, was taken up on a charge of
high-treason ; and after various ex-
aminations, was committed to New-
gate for trial.

Mr. D, Adams, formerly clerk in
the Auditor’s office and secretary to
the society for Constitutional Infor-
mation, and Mr: Hardy, who signs
himself secretary to the London
Corresponding Society, were taken

17th. The king having been
pleased to order that the colours
taken at Martinico, which were

~~ lately brought to the palace at St.

James's, should bethis day deposited
inthe cathedral of St.Paul; detach-
ments of horse and foot guards were

“ordered to parade at St. James's at
ten o'clock, and marched before his
majesty, whowas pleased tosee them
pass by in the following order:

A captain and forty life-guards.
A serjeant and twelve grenadiers.
Music of the firstregimentof guards.

Twenty-nine serjeants with the

French colours.

"A field-officer and 100 life-guards.

In thismanner they proceeded to
the west gate of St. Paul’s, where
the colours were received by the
dean and chapter, attended by the
choir ;
at the Tower and Park were fired.

The colours are since put up eS

cathedral church, as a Jasting
morial of the successof hismajesty’s
arms in the reduction of the impor-
tant island of Martinico.

20th. The rev. Jeremiah Joyce,
private secretary to earl Stanhope,
and tutor to lord Mahon his son,
was last week arrested ; as have
been since, Mr. Thelwall, Mr. Bon-
ney, Mr. Richter, Mr. Lovatt ;

and, on the 16th, Mr. HorneTuoke. _

On the 19th, after examinationsbe-

about which time the guns

-neas for their honesty.

fore the privy council, these six
were committed te the lower, char-
ged with high treason. The priso-
nets were conducted fo separate
apartments. The rev. Mr. Joyce is
in the house of the head gaoler,
Grauz, guarded by two wardens,
and two soldiers outside the door,
a.d no person on any account is
suffered to have access tohim. Mr.
Tooke is in the house of the head
gaoler, Kinghorn, with the same
guard. Thelwall, whose restless
conduct caused great uneasiness in
the mind of Timms, the messen-
ger, was sent to the apartments for-
merly occupied by the unfortunate
Mary Queen of Scots. Lovatt and
Richter were put into different
strong apartments in the White
Tower, Bonrey was conducted to
an apartment inthe east wing, with
the same orders and guard. The
prisoneys were conveyed in separate
coaches andstrongly guarded. They
went by the route of the two bridges,

A few days since, as three car.
penters were removing an old escru-
toire, in Leeds castle, Kent, they
found concealed there, in guineas,
half-uineas, and other coins, nearly
to the amount of 500]. which they’
restored to Dr. Fairfax, the present.
proprietor of that ancient mansion,
who rewarded them with 10 gui-
The mo—
ney is of Queen Anne’s reign, and
is supposed to have been there ever
since the beginning of this century.

10th. Diep. Guillotined at
Paris, madame Elizabeth, sister of
the late king of France. She was
fetched from the Temple the day
preceding, and takento the Concier-
gerie the next day, where she was
examined before the revolutionary
tribunal ; which examination, how-

* ever,!,

;
ae

3
-

,
”

}
+

-
_

.
*

‘

CHRONICAE.

ever, was very summary. The
only, questions put to her, were her

_ pame and quality. To the first she
answered, that her name was Phili-
pina Maria Elizabeth Helena, of
France, and her quality, she said,
Was’ aunt to the king.» This asser-
tion was sufiicient ; she was imme-
diately declared guilty of conspiring
against the.republic, and executed
the same day.

e shod : ; Ti

aro dwere-of IU NEw:
IE r £
> 4th. As Mr. Clarke's stage wag-
gon, was passing along the road
near, Burstall, Leicestershire, it was
overturned, owing to, the horses
_ftakingfright at'a peacock,,and three
aipable horses were killed,
~ 6th. “A fire broke out ina room
adjoining the laundry at Oatlands,
the seat of the duke of York, which
burnt with great fury for nearly an
hour and a half, when it, communi-

“cated to the grand armory, where

arms to the amount of 70001]. were
totaly destroyed ;,.and had it not
been for the activity of the neigh-
bouring inhabitants, the whole of
the house had been levelled with
the ground. ‘I'he whole, damage
As estimated at 2000] -The duchess
was at Oatlands at the time, and
“beheld the dreadful conflagration
_ from her sleeping apartment, which
is situated in the centre of theman-
‘sion, and from which the flames
were prevented communicating by

instantly hewing down a gateway,

’ Pe

-ever which the winged’ joined to
the house. His majesty visited
her highness on Saturday morning,

and gave the necessary orders for
clearing the ruins, aud rebuilding
the wing of the house which had
been des: royed.

15
10th. Lord Chatham carried the
account of lord Howe's.great naval
victory (see Appendix to the Chro-
nicle) tothe Opera, and just after
the second act ic was made known
to the house. A burst of transport
interrupted the Opera, and never
was any scene of emotion so raptu-
rous as the audience exhibited,when
the band struck up Role Britannia.
The joy continued for the whole
night, and at intervals the acclama-
tions of triumph drowned the per-
formance: Morichelli joined in the
general joy, andGod Save the King
.was sung by her, Morelli, and Ro-
vedino: Not content with this, the
spectators seeiug Banti in abox, she
‘was called on by every voice to sing
God save the King! Sbe chearfully
obeyed the summons, came on the
stage, andthe transport of the night
was crowned by her singing the
song.

- The duke of Clarence went to
Covent-garden_ theatre, where he
communicated thejoy ful intelligence,
to the manager. who ordered it to
be announced to the house, which
was accordingly done by Mr. Incle-

‘don. ‘The music played God save
the King! and Rule Britannia !
which were loudly applauded.—
Lord Mulgrave and colonel Phipps
in the mean time went to Drury-
lane house, and informed the ma-
nager of the ylovious achievements
of the British navy, which he order-
ed to be aunounced to the audience
by Mr. Suett. The music and per-
formers joined in the loyal sounds
of God save the King! and Rule
Britannia! which were loudly ap-
plauded by the wh le house. The
event was celebraied throughout
the night by the ringing of bel's,
firing of cannon, &e¢. and this day
at nvon the Park and Tower guns.
13th. The

13th. The metropolis wasillumi-
nated for three successive evenings,
and some windows were broken
belonging to those who refused to
exhibit this matk of satisfaction at
the important victory obtained.—
‘Among others, the house of earl
Stanhope was damaged, in conse-
quence of which, he next day in-
serted thie following advertisement
in the newspapers :

“ Outragein Mansfield-street. -
«© Whereas a hired band of ruffians
attacked my house in Mansfield-
street, in the dead of the night, be-
tween the 11th and 12th of June
instant, and sctit on fire-at different
times ; and whereas a gentleman's
carriage passed several times to and
fro in front of my house, and the
aristocrat, or other person, who. was
‘in the said carriage, gave money to
‘the people in the street, to encou-
rage them: this .is to request the
friends of liberty and good order to
send me any authentic information
they can procure, respecting the
name and place of abode of the
said aristocrat, or other person who
was in the carriage above-men-
tioned, in order that they may be
made amenable to the law.

June 12, 1794. STANHOPE.”

17th. Naples. On the 13th ult. at
ten o'clock at night, all Naples was
sensible of the shock of an earth-
quake, with a horizontal motion,
which lasted about 30 seconds.—
On Sunday last, the 15th, about the
same hour, the earthquake was re-
peated, which was followed by a
violent eruptionof mount Vesuvius.

The mountain opened in twoplaces
towards the centre of its line, when.

columns of black smoke, mixed with
liquid inflamed matter, issued from
each mouth ; soon afterother mouths
were opened, and ina line towards

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

the sea. © The explosions from all
these mou-hs, louder than thunder,
mixed with sharp reports, as from

the heaviest pieces of artillery, ac-

companied by a hollow subterrané+

ous rumour, like that of the sea ina -

storm, caused all the houses toshake
to their very foundations. Thélavas
gushing from these mouths, after
havingrun fourmilesin a few bours,
destroyed the greatest part of the
town of Torre del Greco, about a
mile from Portici, and made a eon-
siderable progress into the sea,where
it formed a promontory about ten
feet above its surface, and near a
quarter ofa mile broad, having heat-
ed the water to such a degree that a
hand could not be borne in it at the
distance of one hundred yards from
the lava. It cannot yet be ascer-

tained how many lives have been >

lost in that city; many families are
missing ; but whether they have es-
caped, or are buried under the rnins
of their own- houses, is not known.
Naples is covered with ashes, and
every object is obscuredas in a thick
fog. But Vesuvius, though not vi-
sible, continues very turbulent, and
more mischief may be expected,

although the lavas are all stopped at

this moment. The head of St. Ja-
nuarius was carried in procession
yesterday, andopposed tothe moun-.
tain by the cardinal archbishop of
Naples, attended by many thousands
of the inhabitants of this city.

18th. 'The bishop of Lincoln this
day consecrated the mausoleum
which Mr. Pelham has erected to
the memory of his late wife, near

his seat at Brocklesby in Lincoln- -

shire. It is esteemed the finest
building of. the kind in this king-
dom, and is supposed to have cost

‘nearly 30,000}.
30th. Portsmouth. His majesty
arrived

CHRONICLE

in pursuance of the resolution he
had announced of visiting the fleet,
_ and was recéived by the governor
and. lord Howe, and conducted to
_ the dock-yard; whence he proceed-
‘ed to Spitheadwith the royal family.
- Lord Howe’s flag was shifted to a
frigate, andthe royal Standard hoist-
ed onboard the Queen Charlotte;
on board which his majesty and the
: foval family remained till six o’clock.
‘The lords of the admiralty hoisted
their flag on board the Queen, ad-
~ miiral Gardner’s flag being temoved
4 onthe oc¢asion. ‘The whole garri-
Son Was undef drnis; the concourse
P § of people wds immense. The king,
with his own hand; carried a valu-
J able diamond-hilted sword, from the
- commissioner's house down to tlie
ce boat, which he presented to earl
Howe; on board the Queen Char-
lotte, asa mark of his satisfaction
and Entire approbation of his con-
: @uct- His majesty also presented a
. agile to which a medal is
__ hereafter to be annexed, to admiral
sir Alexander Hood aid fear-admiral
Gardner ; the like honour was con-
a, red on lord Howe’s first captain,
sir Roger Curtis. The wounded ad-
s inirals, Bowyer and Pasley; who con-
quently could not attend, have
» © been distingitished with similarmarks
- 6f favour. The royal family, in the
vening; On their return from Spit-
head, rowed up the harbour to view
the six Freneh prides, which are at
oorings there; On Friday, theking
t gave audience to the officers of
lord Howe, and afterwards indis-
_ ériminately toall theother naval and
military officers. Some marks of dis-
inction were conferred, On the
levee being ended, the royal family
_ feturned to the commissioner's house
inthe Dock-yard to dinner, and in

Vox. XXXVI,

res

z
.

frived here on Thursday morning; -

the evening proceeded up the river
to view the French prizes.. The
town was brilliantly iiluminated in
the evening, and every possible de-
monstration of joy manifested. On
Saturday, the royal family attended
the launching ofthe Princeof Wales,
a fine second rate. Four flags were
flying on board the Prince of Wales
during thisceremony; the royal stan-
dard, the admiralty flag, Sir Peter
Parker’s white flag ds port admiral,
and the union flag. The cheering of
the multitude, in honour of the roy-
_al visitants, wherever they appeared,
made the air ring ; and bands of
music continued playing in the yard
and on board the ships and: yachts
up the harbour. Immediately on the
Princeof Wales being brought up to
her moorings, their majesties, prince
Ernest, and the princesses, embark-
ed in order to go on board the A-
quilon frigate, captdin Stopford,
at Spithead: As the barges ap-
proactied théships at Spithead, two
gunsfrom the Queen Charlotte were,
as on a former marine trip, the sig-
nal for a general salute; every
ship; in consequence, fired twenty-
one guns, and thie crews cheered as
thie barges passed. On their majes-
ties going on board the Aquilon,
and getting under sail,the like salute
was fired; and the bands of the dif-
ferent ships played martial sympho-
nies for the greatest part of the day.
“The Aquilon, after sailinground the
fleet, stood away towards the Nee-
dies. Owing to there being very
little wind, soon after the A:quilon
frigate had got to the eastward of
Cowes point, she, in going about,
touched the ground; by which acci-
dent they were stopped an hour or
two; and night coming on, their
majesties and all the royal party took
to their barges. The Aquilon, on
me . bis the

ANN UAL, RE

the rising of the tide, was o off
without receiving damage. On
Monday morning, their majesties,
prince Ernest, and the princesses,
-wenton board the Niger frigate,
and sailed for Gouthampton, where
they landed in the afternoon, ‘and
immediately proceedéd in carriages
for Windsor. ste,

Diep. 24th. At his apartments
in Westminster, Charles Pigott, esq.
author of The Jockey Club,” in
two parts; “ ‘The Female Jockey
‘Club 22, « Strictures upon Burke ;’
(f Treachery no Crime; and many
other well-known publications, His
remains were interred in the family
vault at Chetyud, Shropshire. ‘

—
“”

OLY.

ad. About four o'clock in the
afternoon, the ear] of Waldegrave,
a youth about ten “years of age, was
unfottunately drowned as he was
bathing in the Thames, near a fiel
called the Brocas, in the parish. of
Eton. His lordship was educating
at Eton school, and going out with
two of his companions, the latter
were induced, from the heat of the
season, to bathe, but desired his
lordship, as the water was deep,
he not an expert swimmer, not to
venture in ; Jord Waldegrave, how-
ever, jun iped intothe riv er, and wa
never perceived to rise; it is suppo-
sed he got entangled among the
weeds, ‘The body was not found
till Monday morning, and-was taken

“up close by the place where he
sunk, * @

Gth. Therewasa violent storm of
thuiderand lightning at Malden, in
Fssex, which moved ina north-east
direction. Thelightning, which was
awtully splendid, set fire to a barn,

~mer had three horses kille

GISTER, 1794.

upon the farm called Mountains,
near Tiptree-heath, and intirely_ o
_stréyed it. :

At Hereford, the same sera
there was a very heavy fall of rain,
attended by thunder and lightning.
At Goodrich, in that comnty, was
the most dreadful storm ever, expe=_

‘rienced by theoldest inhabitant; the

rain fell in such torrents, and was
accompanied with such thunder and
lightning, as to occasion a general
alarm. Three sheep, belonging toa

- farmer in the parish, were killed by

the lightning, which shivered in
pieces a large elm that grew near~
the church, and killed several small
birds that had taken refuge in the
te at the commencement of the
ae i Considerabledamagehasbeen
e at yarious other places, parti-
ase ly atShrewsbury, andthrongh-
out the county of Salop, where the
storm fell w ‘ith awful violence. © In
the neie ohbourhoodof Ludlow, afar-
d by the
lightning : numbers of sheep suffers
eda imitar fate.

In the neighbor hood of lisbu-
ry there was much thunder and
lightning, attended with very heavy
storms of rain. Great damage was
done. by the lightning, at, many

and places ; and at Albourne, ‘in that

county, a violent storm of hail fell,
which was Yer y destructive, parti-_

cularly to all the glass that was op- |

posed to its direction. Some of the
stones measured five inches round,

The parish church of Beenhams
in Valence, Berks, of which a well--
know
many years vicar, was consumed by
lightning.

SAt Northill, Bedford, alargetree
was shivered i in a most extraordinary.
manner by the Jightning, between

six and seven 0 clock on Monday
Morning,

writer, Mr. Stackhouse, was.

’

a
’

*
|

z
|

CHRONICLE

stning, large splinters being: dri-
yen to the distanee of near thirty
yards from the spot. Three men
were standing under another ttee,
in the sanie field; one of whom was
struck down, and appeared lifeless
fora short time ; in the course of
about three or foiir hours he so far
overed as to be able to walk, but
is still incapable of going about his
business. :
13th. This afterticon; at So’clock;
#firebrokeout at the bakehouse and
| warehouse of Mr. Alderman Curtis;
Which was-unfortunately burnt to
the ground. A sugar-house, adjoin-
__ ing, likewise caught fire, but by the
-«&Breat. exertions of the fitemen a con
siderable part of it was preserved.
: dreadful fire broke out at Rad-
| tliffe, at three o’clock in the after-
fioon of this day, which consumed

—

houses than,any one conflagra-
tion sinte the memorable fire of
~ London. It began at Mr. Cloves’s,
» barge-builder; at Cock-Hill, neat
Radcliffe, and was occasioned by the
boiling over of 4 pitch-kettle, that
hn stood under his warehouse; which
was consumed in a very short time.

’ * “Ate communicated to 4 barge; it
ing low water, lying adjoining the

: jalan. laden sth elt peti and
ather stores: This octasioned the
_ vonfiagration to spread widely in a
very hon, time. Several other ves-

sels andismall craft, lying near the
on after took fire, without

‘any possibility of getting them off.

1 het bowing” vp of the saltpetre
om the barge, occasioned large
flakes of fire to fall on the ware-
“houses belonging to the East-India

ing to the Tower (20 tons of

J
receding day). The flames soon
‘ sini et ee here the

,
a,

scene bécame dreadful : the whole
of these buildings were consumed,
with all their contents, to a great
amount. The wind blowing strong
from the south, and the high-street
of Radcliffe being narrow, both sides
caught fire, which prevented the ene. .
gines from being of any essential.ser-
vice; and, in the course of the even
ing, it extended itselfto the premises
of Mr. Joseph Hanks, timber-mer-
chant; in London-street, where it a-
_ gdin raged most furiously; and come
municatedto Butcher-row, thewhole
of the west, andpart of theeast side
of which was consumed. The fite
thentook its courseup Brook-street,
Stepney causeway, caught the pres
mises of Mr, Shakespierre, ropes
maker, and burnt through to the.
fields on the one side, and the whole
of the dwellings on the other; form-
_ ing altogether a square of great ex-
tent. What is very remarkable, the
dwellinghouse of Mr. Bear; an ex<
tensive building, although surroun-
ded by the flames, was fofttinately’
preserved without the least injuty.—_
Mr. Devaynes carried an account of
this dreadfnl fire to the cabinet mi«
nisters, who wete assembled at lord
» Grenville’s j_ dand measures were im-
mediately taken for giving every as-
sistance in the power of governmient
fox extinguishing the flames, and pre-
serving order and tranquillity inthe -
midst of such dreadful a calamity.—
Asutvey has been taken by the war-
den kf other officers of the ham-
let, whose report was, that out of
1200 houses, of which the hamlet
eonsisted, not more than 570 were
preserved from general conflagra-

r, company; whence the saltpetre was tion sand what is more to be fe-
«grettec

had been foretagtels taken the principal ae

, the greatet numbet were

the support of the poor.

t having
been reported that the fire
Ca

was mas

liciously

liciously occasioned, upon the most
minute inquiry it isclearly ascertain-
ed it ‘was intirely. accidental, from
the cause above mentioned. It ra-
ged with so much violence, that it
was with the greatest difficulty Mr.
Cloves. and his seryants.escaped, one
of whom was terribly burnt, and is
now in the Londor hospital; and
Mr. Cloves himself had .unfortunate-
ly, his. arm broke, and is otherwise
much hurt. That some idea may
be formed of the very great loss sus-
tained by this unfortunate event, the
warehouses of Mr. Whiting, contain-
edsugars to theamount of upwards of
40,0001. which were intirely destroy-
ed. The distress of the miserable in-
habitantsexceeded alldescription. In
the surrounding fields were deposit-
ed the few goods, consisting chiefly
of bedding, they were able to save.
Stepney church was opened for their
reception; and above a thousand
people were obliged to remain all
night in the fields watching the
remnant of their property. Chil!ren
erying for their lost parents, and pa-
rents lamenting the fate of their
children, added to the horrors of a
scene not equalledduring the present
ios
century. At least 1400 people are
thrown on the public benevolence.
By the humanity of government,
there were about 150 tents pitched
in an inclosed piece of ground ad-
joining to Stepney charchyard, for
the reception of the poor sufferers,
and bread was distributed from thé
vestry for their relief. [he tents
being found insufficient to contain
all those who had been thus so sud«
denly deprived of their nabitations,
a number of covered waggons were
sent from the Tower, to accommo-
date the remainderof these distressed
objects. ‘The number of spectators
to view theruins of the fire, and the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

encampment of. the poor inhabitant¢
whom this unusnal conflagration had
driven to livein tehts, was wonderful,

26th, A.meeting of the afiluent
inhabitants of the city was, heldiat
the court-house, Weilclose-squarey
this.day, to take into consideration
the mosteffectualmeans of alleyiating
the distress occasioned by the late
fire; when a sum yery little short of
10001. was immediately subscribed ;
the East-India company gave 2101.
Qn. the same day the: subject was
taken into consideration at Lloyd’s,
and about 7O000!. collected, Several
humane gentlemen, who were at the
Wellclose-square meeting, ettended
since at the different avenues lead
ing to the desolated. scene, for the
purpose of soliciting the benevolence
of these persons whiose curiosity led
them to witness the distresses of
their fellow creatures. ‘

The subsctiption, for the unfors
tunate sufferers by fite at this dread-
ful conflagration, discovers portraits
of universal charity, peculiar to En-
glishmen; but the following, though
of the humbler kind, déseryes to be
recorded : on one Sunday collection
of the visitants who thronged to see

this encampment of the wretched,

800l was received ; 4961. odd of
this sum was collected in copper 3
and $8l. 14s. of it bestowed in far-
things. i

28th. As some workmen were’
undermining a lime-pit, in the liber-
ty of Staunton Harold,a large stone,
which ‘was forced to a great height
in, the air, in descending, unfortu-
nately fell upon Williany Smith, a
young man who was passing along’
the top of the pit with a bundle of

hay on his arm, and killed him “in

stantly. Ha
$ist. A fire happended at Nassing~
ton, Northamptoushire, by which
. thirteen

CHRONICLE.

_ thirteen dwelling-houses were de-
‘stroyed, and a great number of ho-
vels and other buildings adjoinin g)
with nearly the whole of the pro-

erty of the inhabitants, who were
all uninsured. The loss is computed

_ at from 3000). to 40001. ; and the

situation of most of the sufferers is

‘rendered pitiable indeed.

A number of ingenious French
emigrants have found employment
in Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire,

and other adjacent counties, in the’

_ manufactory of lace; and it is ex-
: pected that, through the means of

theseartificers,considerableimprove-.

‘ments will be introduced into the
methods of making English lace.
Pre Diep. 28th. At Paris, aged 35,
_ under the guillotine (with nearly se~

venty of his party, members of the

. convention), Maximilian Robespier-
_te. This emulator of Cromwell was
i short in stature, being only five feet
two or three inches in height. His
step was firm, and his quick pace in
walking announced great activity.
By a kind of contraction of the
‘nerves, he used often to fold and
compress his hands'in each other;
andspasmodiccontractionswere per
os ceived in his shoulders and ne¢k, the
x of which he moved convulsive.

from side to side, Inhis dress he
"was neat and even elegant, never
ling to have his hair 'm the best

rder, His features had nothing re-
kable about them, unless that

tl ir a, aspect was somewhat
oa ding ; his complexion was livid
and bilious ; hig eyes dull, and sunk
» intheir sockets. Theconstantblink-
‘ing of the eye-lids geemed to arige
from convulsive agitation ; and’ ke

_ Wasneyer without a remedy in, hia
‘pocket. He could soften his voice,
chwas naturally harsh andcroak-

“ ‘tng, and could give grace to his pro-

‘

yincial accent. It was remarked of
him, that he could never look a man
full in the face, He was master of
the talent of declamation ; and as a
public speaker was not amiss at coms
position. In his harangues, he was
extremely fond of the figure called -
antithesis ; but failed, whenever he
attempted irony. His diction was
attimes harsh, at others harmonious-
ly modulated, frequeutly brilliant bat
often trite, ard wasconstantly blend
ed with cunimon-place digressions
‘on virtue, crimes, and conspiracies.
Even when prepared, he was but an
indifferent orator. His logic was
often replete with sophisms and sub
tleties; but he was in general sterile
of ideas, with but a very limited
scope of thought, asis almostalways
the case with those who are too
much taken up with themselves,
Pride formed the basis of his cHarac-
ter; and he had a. great thirst for

literary, but a still greater for sere

cal, fame. He spoke with contempt.
of Mr. Pitt; and yet, above Mt.
Pitt, he could see nobody unless him-
self. The reproaches of the English
journalists were a high treat to h
‘vanity :—-wheneyer he denounce!
them, his accent and expression be- _
trayed how much his self-love was
flattered, It was delightfulto him to
hear the French armies named the
“armies of Robespierre ;” and |
‘was charmed with being included
‘in the list of tyrants, Darin and
cowardly at the same time, he threw
a veil over his manceuvres, and was
often imprudent in pointing out his
victims. If ane of the representa~
tiyesmade a motion which displeased
him, he suddeily turned round tow-
ards him, with a menaging aspect,
for some minutes, Weak and re-
vengetul, sober and sensual, chaste

“by temperament, aud a libertine by

ie the

22 | ANNUAL RE
: ‘

the effect of the imagination, he was

fond of attracting the notice of the

, omen, and had them tmprisoned,

the sole pleagyre of restoring

m their liberty. He made them

‘ther 0
_* shed tears, to wipe them from their

~ cheeks, Jn practising his delusions,

” it was his particular aim to act on
tender and weak minds, He spared.
the priests, because they could for=
ward his plans; andthe superstitious
and devotees, because he could con-

vert them into instruments to favour » off his head, his jaw fell down, in
res- consequence of the wound

is power. His style and exp
sion were in a manner mystical ;_
and, next to pride, subtlety was the
most marked feature of His charac
ter. He was surrounded by those

. only whose conduct had been highly |

_ cious and distrustful, that he could Lent upan different ap-
% plications
~ There were applications

erin because he could
word, deliver tnem over to the pu--
nishment of the law. | He at once
protected and terrified a part of th
convention. He converted crime
into errors, and errors into crimes
He dreaded eyen the shades of the
‘martyrs of liberty, whose influence
“be weakened by substituting his
own. He was so extremely suspi-

have found it in his heart to guillo-
tine the dead themselves. ‘To enter
into a strict analysjs of his character,
Robespierre, born without genius,
could not create circumstances, but
profited by them with address. To
the profound hypocrisy of Cromwell,
he joined the cruclty of Sylla, with-
out possessing any of the great mili-
tary and political qualities of either
- ef these ambitious adventurers. His
‘pride and his ambition, far above his
means, exposed him to ridicule. To
observe the emphasis with which he
boasted of having proclaimed the —
existence of the supreme being, one
might have said, that, according to
bis opinion, God would not have.

_ might of the 27th of July, he found —

, with one »

GISTER, 1794,
» .
existed without him, When, on the

himself abandoned by his friends,
he discharged a pistol in his mouth,
and, at the same time, agens-d’arme
wounded him by thedischarge of an-
‘other, Robespierre fell bathed in
blood ; anc a sans-culotte, approach-
ing him, very coolly pronounced these
words in his ear, ‘* There exists a
Supreme Being.” Previous to his —
execution, the bandage beip ig taken ’

which he
had given himeclf, ' > ;

" ¥ 3
~~ AUGUST.

Ist. The commissioners appoint>
ed by parliament for issuing Ex-
chequer bills, for the relief of the
commercial credit of the nation, ©
have made their final report on the
pe entrusted to thers, from eT
which the following statement aps

M ws ”
&
bills, granted under r

pears ; 4
the act of parljament 5,000,000

Amount of Exchequer
A

hyp

eee
+ 7

» + 95202,200

oa i,
for above - +; +++, 4,000;
morc ; but they were ) / i
withdrawn, and some ‘

few were refused for _ "
want of the security

required. i As W
from interest
ae 6 98,083)

uting the

. f eee - 8,685 ,

Profit arising
paid . se ewes

Expence of exec
commission

Exchequer 4,548

Profit paidintothe
i 5 Yo

7th. The most’ violent storm of
rain and hail, aceompanied with
taunder and lightning, took place »
'" a Le

CHRONIC LE. 28

the metropolis, thathas been known force. Yortunately the heavy rain
ie for many years. It commeuced be- had driven every person from the
tween three-and four P. M. and was street ; and ue coach was passing.
_ gccompaniedby longand lividflashes he first effect observed was similar
_ oflightning. The rainat thesame to that produced by an explosion of
4 time burst downfrom the cloudslike gun-powder; every particle of straw,
: cataracts. The oldest inhabitant of mud, and eventhe water, was com-
Bei Londan, it is believed, never wit- pletely swept from the street ; and
~nessed so awful an event. [he the doors andwindowsef the houses, .
_ thunder was so loud, that those who particularly on the north side of the
‘ have faced the rage of the eleme:its street, wereshaken, and some others
in all climes do not remember ever driyen open, The centre beam at
_ to have heard peals of such force. Lloyd’scoffeesroom suddenly crack-
» The lightning, attracted by at iron ed during the storm, anda great part
a weather-cock, struck the rogfof the of the ceyling fell dowa:; the torrent
examiner’s office in Rolls-yard, of rain was so great that in a fe
_Chancery-lane, and made a hole minutes the floor was covered wit
large enough for a man to creep Water ; no gccident, however, hap-
_ through, shatteringmgnytiles,bricks, pened in consequence. In Great
_ &c. and just afterward a ball of fire Windmill-street, twoballs of fire fell
fell near the lodge in the same yard, within ten minutes of each other,
which felled two persons fora mo- the direction of which extended to-
nt without hurting them, and, wardsthesouth,of prodigious length,
sing again, made its course through but withqut much injury. 4
eof the windows, which wasopen, — 8th. A few days ago, at his mae
of the Crown-office in Chancery, jesty’s suit, the cause respecting the
- and, it is apprehended, must have marriage of prince Augustus Fredee
"passed out at one of the back win- rickandlady Augusta Murray,which
: s of that oilice, which was alsg had been solemnized at the parish
; Fe. 4 aa O) a “ue Ca
open. From the glouds of smoke church of St. Sig! ¢, Hanovere
at immediately issued and conti- square, was finally determined in
ed for several minutes, it was the Archescourt, DoctorsCommons;
feared the office was on fire; but, when Sir William Wynne delivered
5 Dn Opening the door, it was happily the judgment of the ouft, that the

iscovered to have received little or said. marriage was utterly nyll and
no injury. On examination it was — void ; and also declared, that 4 for-
und, that the nails and iron-work, mer marriaze, pretended to have
1 the lightning met with in its been had at Rome, was also, by the
assage, had been melted, and partly law of this country, invalid and ile

tied by the intense heat, ‘The legal, gg

Co apebie bovee, Temple-bar, re- _ By a late decree of the court of
_ @eived some damage ; fortunately, Exchequer ina tithe cause, instie

eon it did not catch fire: the tuted by the rey. D. Collyer, vicar
2 which hurt this house was seen. of Wroxham, against two of his pa-
» to come down, in.an immenge body, rishioners,, it is established, that no
_ afew yards cast of Temple-bar; it tithes are due for clover cyt green,
Jed about with great velocity, and given for want of other foodte
struck the street with immense horses used in husbandry, and that
i. a GB, C 4 ” "glover

: a
.
~

; a

clover cut for hay is to be tithed by
the swarth. ‘
tath. At Maidstone assizes came
on the trial of Thomas Purefoy, in-
dicted for the wilful murder of colo-
nel Roper, in a duel in December,
Ae. since when Mr. Purefoy had
uiefly been out of the kingdom.
In the year 1787, major Roper was
eommander-in-chief at the island of
St. Viacent, and Mr. Purefoy was
ensign in the 66th regiment. The
Fitter having obtained Jeave of ab-
sence, had a festive day, with some
others of the junior officers, in which
they committed such excesses as oc-
casioned a complaint to major Ro-
per, by whom the absence was re-
éalled. The remonstrances of Mr.
Purefoy were made in such a style
as to induce major Roper to bring
him to acourt-martial. By their
verdict he was declared to have for-
feited his commission, and this ver-
dict was afterwards confirmed by
his majesty. This sentence was dif-
ficult, said the counsel, undoubtedly
to be borne, as breaking in on all
the pursuits of a young and ardent
mind, Yet it was still the duty of
*. Purefoy to have submitted.
The witnesses were then examined,
amongst whom were Braeral nteer
wix, the second to colonel Roper.
The prisoner being called on for his
defence, said, ‘* that he entertained
no malice against the deceased. He
felt not the asperity of revenge. He
was led by a cali of honour, or,
more properly speaking, driven by
the tyranny of custom to an act,
which in early life bad embittered
his existence, but without which, he
was taughico believe, that he should
lose all the consolations which so-
ciety could afford. The last ahal-
lenge, he observed, had come from
colonel Roper ; and, as some expia-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

tion for his offence, he had already
suffered near six years of exile, and
nine months of close confinement.—
[The latter part of his address wag
yead from a written paper by Mr,
Erskine, the feelings of Mr. Purefoy
being such ag to overpower his ut=
terance, ”

The prisoner called nine gentle-
men to his character, most of whom
had known him from early life.
They al! spoke to the general mild,
ness of his character, and the goods
humoured ease and aversion to quar=
rel which marked his general de-
portment. After a charge by the
judge, Mr. Baron Hotham, which
did equal honour to his justice and
sensibility, the jury, without hesitas
tion, returned their verdict “¢ Not
Guilty.”

15th. About two o'clock, a me-
lancholy accident happened in John-
son’s court, Charing-cross. George
Howe, a genteel young man, was
taken to a recruiting-office there bes
longing to the East-India company,
to be enlisted; and, upon attempt~
ing to make his escape, his handg
were tied behind his back, and in
that situation he was put into a gars
ret, where he wags not many mi-
nutes before he jumped from the
window, and was killed upon the
spot. This circumstance yery nas.
turally attracted the attention of
passengers, and presently a crowd
was collected, who, fired by indig-
nation, pulled down the house. A
detachment of the Guards was call-
ed in, and with difficulty the moh
was dispersed. iy aan:

16th, The populace seemed in-
clired to attack some other recruit-
ing-houses in the neighbourhood of
Chaiinz-cross. The toot guards
had remained upon the spot; anda
detachment of the horse guards
. Was

CHRONICLE,

was added to them who patroled
during the night round Charing-
——-€FOss, | St. Martin’s lane, and their
vicinity. The coroner’s inquest re-
turned this evening, after a delibe-
_ yation of eight hours, was, that
_ George Howe, the deceased, had
come by his death in consequence
of endeavouring to escape from il-
legal confinement jn a house af bad

ec. .
17th. This morning, between one
and two, a fire broke out on the
Surrey side of Westminstey-bridge,
at Astley’s amphitheatre, which was
_ soon in a general blaze, and totally
destroyed, together with several
houses in front of the Westminster:
road ; a public-house and some other
_ smalldwellings down Stangate-street:
a and it was with difficulty prevented
communicating to the wheel manu-
_ factory, the boat-builders, and a
~ timber-yard in the neighbourhood.
48th, Mrs, Hanau, the mistress
. ee house in Johnson's court, was
brought to the public- office, Queen-
Square; but as no evidence was
produced to criminate her, she was

‘ consequently. discharged. — John
_ Jacques, who kept a recruiting-
office in the next house to that of
4. Me Hanau, was also examined
, ae .
relative to a person found sick of

; es smallpox in his house, who, on
_ the recommendation of Mr. Rey-
folds, a surgeon, had been subse-
‘ aue tly removed to the work-house
of St. Martin's parish, where he
he next morning. He also
was discharged.
9th. The White-horse public-
‘house, Whitcombe-street, Charing-
"eros, a recruiting-house, wherein
Edward Barrat, a mariner, had been
. ill-treated, was saved this evening
* from destruction by the intervention
gf the military.
:

22d. On this and the preceding
days some riots took place in the
city, in consequence of which the
following hand-bill was posted up and
circulated in the city next morning :

‘© The lord mayor sees, with inex+
pressible concern, that notwithstand~
ing all the caution which has been

.given, and the endeavours of the
good citizens to preserve peace and
good order, that the same daring
attempts to overpower the civil of>
ficers of this city, which were made
on Wednesday night, were last night
renewed in Shoe-lane. The inha-
bitants of this city must be convine
ced that the authors and actors in
these tumults have no other view
than that of overturning and de-
stroying our laws, our constitution,
and theliberties which through them
we enjoy, in order to introduce
among us the same bloody and fe~
rocious government which France
now groans nnder,

“<< Thelordmayor, therefore, gives
notice, that, if any farther riots or
tumults shall be attempted, he shall
feel himself obliged to use the mast
effectual means to suppress the same,

-and therefore enjoins you to keep
your lodgers, geryants, and all others
of your family within doors as soon
as it is dark, as you will answer for
the comsequences which may arise
from any breach-of the peace.

“ Mansion house, Aug. 22, 1'794.”

Plymouth county, New England.
This is become one of the most po-
pulous districts of the United States,
notwithstanding the barren and late
uncultivated part of this part of the
country. The inhabitants are en-
lightened and virtuous: crimes appa-
rently aré unknown, or, at least, sel-
dom if ever committed ; fora capi-
tal execution has not taken place
there for upwards of sixty years. _

A dread-

Paid ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794. —

A dreadful fire took place at Bos} a of this gentleman will a given

ton nearly at the the same timeas the ‘ina subsequent ; part of this volume,

ae late shocking fire at Radeliffe Lon-» In the Fleet rison, after an ims

‘don; and, what is very remarkable, pr isonment of eleven years and three

from ‘the. same cause, (the boiling . ‘months, in his 67th year, Pepiernig #

‘ > Whvide a pitcheketile), which burat » Pope, esq: | _ He wasp yasrey

‘with such rapidity as to consume » markable a character a \d Elves

“yearly one-fourth of the place, dew “ot enurious memory, e He was —
stroying several wharfs and staves in orf tanner in So yuth hwark, —

a few hours., The loss of property — Sateale so. largely anes xter sively :
ys estimated at 100,000), st: ring, in this branch, “ that’ his stock in

and, it is believed, the whole is un- “trade was for ‘many getetiorteanes. :.

"jose Fay hat is true, it will occa- to be worth 69 0 or 79,0 the
sion the ruin of ats, respect nL eal part of pining ape h
able families. — ~~ oe when he was ea kcbontt 4

action was a ed at the last i! ‘so much mot ney, as, to ee
_Shrewsbu bury assizes, yn a special” cab Plamb Pope, he took to the
- jury, brought by tw. oung ¥ gentle- ding of money, ‘discounting,
men of the name Y Passi cham matt buying Coes. m SAgesy
a) "against a Mrs, Llov Chester, to Pa In this branch of bus 8S, it
»" recover estates of t e value of ap ears, ey Pope was sl? suce
howd a 150,00¢1,, which she had en joyed cessful as in as in his former'tra for |
, ae years, ‘The plaintiffs pro- the name of Pope the u fe every
104 witnesses in support of now and then ata e prox
eir'claim, which was clearly esta- . “ceedings of our e: courts of law, when —
_ blished ; and the jury returned a our sages in the law commonly difs |
verdict th their favour, ” fered idely from Mr. Pope in §
. One hundred auid:five snakes, in their opinion of bis practices i inthis
’ £ e nest, were discovered and Kile Bara oh o business. The most Tes ‘
: "Wits. ya at ‘Halesbury, in gies and the last instance ¢ of
7 this sort was, when he was cast in ~
Me e eter, who pris lately executed m2, cool. damages fox some usurious ,
at Ichester, was about three | oan | legal practices In some mone
since elected king of the Gypsies —> transactions with sir Alexander —
His wife and daughter attended at Leith, This was s generally CHEE
|" the) place of execution, and were» a smart sentence, 2 and perhaps a
» Bot more remarkable forthe beaury © well-known and well scouted. cl aa
f their persons) than for the very racter of the man, contributed not a —
_ €ostly appearance of their dress. little towards it, Mr. Pope kee §
The Duchessof Marlborough has thought it so ORF cae {
just built and endowed six zlms- just, chat he never, In all h 13 |
hale amPlenheinte ior the residence afterwards, left Of | shin -
of as many indigent females, who loudly of it, and even printed 4
~ are to have an annu‘ty of rol. each ei setting farth the hardship
~ and linen and fuel, for life,” # reat loss he suffered, At fit
Diep. At Pac dingto),. George Mr. Pope, to ‘be even aul gr
Colman, esq. patentee of the theatre- platif, went abroad to Fi a
eye al Haymar!et, F arth: r particu with all bis” efits and pope

BRP s here
t , , a ad ay
4

CHRONICLE ey

© where aman in his advanced years, shop, and that generally served him
ample fortune, and without any fa- fortwo meals. But in these points
-mily but his wife, a most worthy he was not much at a loss ; for his
nd respected woman, might cers family, though living ata great dis.

» tainly have lived very comfortably. tance, knowing of his penurious dis-
But Mr. Pope abroad was removed _ position, sent tohim very frequently
“from his friends and customers, and a very comfortable and proper sup-

_ his. money being idle, which was ply: and on these occas’ons he has
always considered by him as a great even been known, sometimcs, to
» misfortune, he resolved tg come give same leavings to his errand-
home ; andto shew his resentment girl, orelsetosamedistressed object,
* (ashesaid) toallthis oppression, sub- ‘To do justice to such an eccentric

" mitted to imprisonment rather than character as Mr. Pope, itis proper
a#ithe money, This de did most to state, that while in trade, he had
Sercically, and suffered the long im- early begun the benevoleat practice
prisonment of eleven years andthreé of givingaway, every week, a stone.
months, Inthe course ofthistime of meat, and often more, among his
Mr. Pope’s affairs wore very diffee workmenand poorneighbours; and
yent complexions; and at one time this practice he never leit off, not

th might have got his liberty for a__even when he was every day weigh-
-thousand pourds, but he remained ing his candle, or looking after the
PP Goficxible, and sent them word that measure of his small beer. In money
“ this would be ackaodilgiai the transactions Mr. Pope suffered ma-
5 jst of their debt, which he ny frauds and impositions in prison,
would die sooner than do,” and he as he had not that scope of custom-
° ‘kept his word. Mr. Pope, in pri- ers in his confined state, and always
Seated tact op] ortunities of in- beat upon making the ea of 4
© dulging those propensities he had money, was more easily imposec
fae life ice Semariele for. upon; so_ that he is supposed to
e looked always at the pint pot have lost, by suchmeans, more mo-~
of small beer before he paid for it, ney than would have paid his debt
to see that it was full; a precaution and costs, large as they were.
hat in him was somewhat excusa- > ™
» ble, as the pintlasted him generally oh ii
two days, water being his common — SEPTEMBER.
ink ; and as to strong beer, it used Me Toy
eee e @ note of admiration with his ist. As the corpse of a gentleman
_ fellow-prisoners when he crank any was proceeding tothe burial-ground,
with ane at their apartments; but it was arrested by a sheriff’s officer
? as for his sending for any for him- and his followers, under the usual
elf, of that he never was guilty. warrant ona writ of capias ad satis-
a Beebe farthing candle healways faciendum. The friends, who fol-
ught by weight, that is, had the lowed, immediately left their coach-
. heaviest of six, cight, or ten, forhis es, and told the ollicer, if he chose,
ney. In allthis time, near twelve he was welcome to take the body, _
8, he has never had a joint of butheshouldnothavecotffia, shroud,
t ou his table ; his greatestlux- or any one particle in which the
sry was @ groat plate from the cook | body was enveloped, as those things
ae * bh yrers

ANNUAL ORE

were the property of the executors ;
and farther insisted, that, as the de-
ceased had, by his will, bequeathed
his body to them, no execution
would hold good against the corpse.
The bailiff, after attending to many
literary and persuasive arguments,
and having discussed the matter as
fully as the time and: place would
admit of, was very properly con-
vinced that the spirit of the law
meant a living and not a dead body,
and accardiagly marched off with-
out insigting farther on the legality
ot his capture, This, it is presum-
ed, is the first and iv instance of

the kind that has happened since
the arrest of the dead body of a
sheriff of London, not many years
since.

Among the. vast number of per-
sonsliberated fromthe King’s-bench
prison, a now almost uninhabited
place of confinement, under the late
Insolvent act, was a farmer, who
had remained therein custody eleven
years, for the costs of an action, in
which he sailed, for having killed
a hare on his own grounds.

3d. Edinburgh. On Wednesday
came on, before the court of oyer
and terminer in this city, the trial
of Mr Robert Watt for high trea-
son, The particulars of the charge
were, that he belonged to: certain

committees of the Friends of the

Peoplein Scotland, called the com-
mittee of union, and the committee
of ways and means, whose professed
aim was, in conjunction with cer-
tain societies ia England, to form,
at a certain time and place not spe-
cified, a convention of persons,
whose avowed aim was to usurp the
powers of government, to compel
the king and parliament by force to
make laws, altering the mode and
duration of parliament, and thereby

GISTER, 1794

to subvert the constitution; with
having, to effect this purpose, caused
certain pikes and battle-axes to be
fabricated ; with having formed a
design to scize the castle, the bank, ©
the judges, &c. and with having |
attempted to seduce the soldiery
from their allegiance, by causing a
FM of printed handbills, ad»
ressed to a regiment of fencibles,
tobe distributed at Dalkeith. After.
evidence had been adduced in sup-
port of the facts, Mr. William Er-
skine, counsel for the prisoner, said,
that he would rest his defence on

the correspondence carried on be~

tween theright hon. Heary Dundas,
the lord-advocate, and the prisoner,
by which it would appear, that he
had attended the meetings of the
Friends of the people with no other
view than to give information of
their proceedings, A letter from
the prisonerto Mr. secretary Dundas
was read, which stated, that, as he
did not approve of the dangerous
principles which then prevailed in
Scotland, and was a friend to the
constitution, he thought it his duty
to communicate to him, as a good
subject, what information he could
procure of the praceedings of those
who styled themselves Friends of
the People. From an acquaintance
with several of the leading men
among them, he flattered himself he
had this in his power; and he then
went on to mention some of the
names of those leading men in Perth,
Dundee, and Edinburgh. It con-
cluded with enjoining secrecy. To
this letter an answer was returned,
which was also read. It acknow-
ledged the receipt of Watt's lett
and, after expressing a a ty .
things were not so bad as.

e had

represented, desired him to go on, }

and he might depend upon his com- —

munigations —

CHRONICLE ° 99

taunications being kept perfectly se- obliged toassumé, not only the ap-
cret. Another letter from Mr. Dun- ‘pearance of those whose secrets he
das to Mr. M‘Ritcbie, the prisoner's meant to reveal, but even to take part
» agent, was next read, in answer to in their proceedings, in order to:pre+
_ one from Mr, M‘Ritchie, requesting vent a discovery. A spy im an army;
to know of Mr. Dundas what let= he said, was obliged, not only to as«
ters he had of the prisoner’s. The sume theuniform of the enemy, but
answer was, that all the letters he eyen to appeat inarms ; andit would
had received from Mr, Wate had be exceedingly hard, indeed, if taken
- been“delivered to the lord-advocate. in a conflict, that he should be pus
The lord-advocate then: ‘gave an ac- nished for discharging his duty.
Count ofthis business. Hehadcons — After the lord president had’sum-
tersed with the prisoner several med up the evidence, the jury res
’ times at his. own lodgings, and he tired athalf past five in the morning,
_ had at one timé given ‘him some ins and, in about five minutes, returned
_ formation which he thought of im= with ayerdict—guilty.
pertance; this was respecting the ‘The trial lasted nearly twenty-two
_ disaffection of scme dragoons of hours,
_ Perth, which, upon inquiry, turned 6th Yesterday came on the trial
out _to be ill founded.. In March, of Mr. ‘David Downie, on the same
1793, an offer had heen made to charge; and, tiearly the same evi-
him to disclose some important se- dence being produced, he was found
erets, provided he would give the guilty: but the jury unanimously re+
“prisoner one thousand pounds : this commended him to mer cy, on ac-
he absolutely refused: however,some count of some favourable circum-
’ time after, the prisoner having in- ~ stances in his case.—And_ this-day,
formed him thathe was much press- _ the prisoners being, placed at the bar
ed for money, to discharge a billof he follewitig awful sentence was
ixty pounds, his lordship(who was passed on them :—‘‘ Robert Watt
-in London), not wishing he and David Downie, you have been
should be distressed for such asmall found guilty of high treason, by your
“ocala an order for the payment peers; the senience of the court is,
of it. All this happened previously therefore, that you be taken to the
8 to the meeting of the convention ; place from wheace you came, from
which time, at least since Oc- thence you shall. bedrawnon asledge
ened did not recollectseeizng to the place of execution, on Wed-
ene sy oh aaa, J Mr. nesday, the 15thof October, theréto
hang by your necks until you are:
. “Ms, ‘Hambleton, counsel for the both dead, your bowels to be taken
mer, dwelt long on the ecorre- out and cast in your face, and éach
ence between Mr. Dundas of your bodiesto be cat in four quar-
WV tt. He. said, the” tis ters, to be at the disposal of his ma-
eserted the service in which _jesty ; andthe Lord have mercy up-"
. ‘ppt but had not had an on your souls !”

nity of exercising it, till the 15th. An alarming-fire Soke out
a was apprehended. He in the new corn-mills and drying

spy for govemment; and it kiln, situate at Wigan, belonging to:
well known, that aspy was, Messrs. Bevan, Chapman, andico.—
« The

The buildings, (which cost 12,0001.
were verylarge and extensive, being
seven stories in height, and were ini-
tirely colsumed, as the fite com-
menced in nearly the atti¢ story,
whereby there was no possibility of
saving it. Fortunately, it wd$ a very
calm morning; of the greater part
of the lower end of the town must
inevitably have been destroyed. The
fire was, not extinguished the next
evening, _ da ey:
14th, This day (Stinday) Saffron-
Walderi church was robbed of
about thirty prayer-books; the thief
made choice of | all the most valtia-
ble. "ERC? —* "
16th, A fire broke out at wWin-
€anton, Somersetshire,
about eight houses in the front of
the street, and sorhe tenements be-
hind. It is supposed to’ have been
eccasioned by a sack of lime being
put against a faggot pile.
18th. The roof of part of Battle-
Abbey, in® Sussex, which has been
used for some time as a town-hall,
was by the violence of the wind and
rain driven in, one part of that noble
building totally destroyed, and the
inhabitants of the town thrown into
a dreadful consternation.

which burned ,

ANNUAL REGISTER, i704, -

’ bal ; ?. ei =: ars
Nearly seventy prisoriets were préd_

sent, who were thoroughly cleansed
and new clothed, and made a very
decent appearance; and their beha-
viour was extremely proper dnd se=_
rious. ‘The service was petformed

by two retetend magistrates for the
county; at the request of the co

The prayers weré tead by Dt: Gas
briel ; and a sermon, suited to the
altecting situation of the prisoners;
was preached by Dr. Glasse; from
Matthew, xxv. 26, <« I was in pri-
son, and ye came unto me.’ The
prisonets, were fed, oh their return
frorn the chapel, with a mess of good

broth; one only excepted, who, for

misbehaviout within thé prison, was

in close confinement, on the ordinary

prison allowance.

29th. A melancholy accident haps
pened at Stradishall, in Suffolk, where
a chimney-sweeper’s boy, named
John Brewster, between thirteen
aud fourteen years of age, stuck fast
in the tunnel of a chimney ; and,
although every endeavour was used

to extricate him, it proved fruitless,

till too late, as he was suffocated ;
and a'l the means used to restore
him, proved ineffectual.

‘The privy cagpeil was conyened,

19th. About 9 o'clock this night, for the examination of a plot said to

as the Stourbridge waggon was go- have, been entered into by some ins

ficant young.men for the pur-
pose of taking away the life of our.
the

“Ing from Oxford to Woodstock, i
was overturned in passing Kin
bridge, across the Oxford cana), in

the parish of Woolvercott, bywhich _ theatre, by means of a

accident two men were killed on the

gn’

gracious soverzign, ve at
irgun.
At the close of thesessions, eleven

spot, and a boy so much hurt that his unfortunate men, capitally convicted
ife j ired of. d Bailey, were brought up
life is despaired of. _ at the Old Bailey, e brought up A
23th. The chap:) of the new to receive sentence of death ; they
house of correctiontor the county of are, Anthony Purchan and Richard 4
Middlesex was opened fordivine ser- Warbeck, _ for being concerned_ in
vice this day with great solemnity. the late crimping riots ; Thomas Bi-
Mr. Mainwaring, the chairman of gott and Thomas Sturt, also rioters ;
Peost m : i: A
the sessions, and a great number of Henry Cramer, an old man, nearly
magistrates, and other respectable . eiyhty, forpersonating and receiving 4

gentlemen, attendedon the ogcasion, seamen’s wages ; Samuel is ie
: om ack

CHRONICLE. $i
blackman, for stealingsixguineas in the company’s shipswhich were exe °
‘a dwelling-house ; Patrick Mur- pected tohave reached Sierra Leone
“phy, for arape; Francis Rose and had arrived. %
James Catapodi, for forgery ; Tho- Diep. 12th. At Warsaw, prince
. as Borley, tor robbery ; and Wil- Michael Poniatewsky, brother to
Sim Molyneux, for setting a dwel- the king of Poland, archbishop of
ing-house on fire. - ;

4 n

Gnesua, primate of Poland and Li-

_ Dispatches were received at the thuania, sovereign of the rincipa-
Sierra-Leone house, from that set-_ lity of Lowitz, abbot of Czerwin,
tlement dated the 13th of June, the aadknight of theorders of the white ~

_2d of July, andthe fifth of August, eagle, saint Stanislaus,and Malta; _
by the company's ships, the Ocean born October 12,1736. Thistruly
fe the Amy, which have both ar- benevolent prince was in London in |

i sd at Plymouth with African pro- _ the year 1791, and, during, his resi= |
duce. It appears that the colony dence here, was elected a fellow of
were advancing, and the affairs of the Royal Antiquarian Societies, and

“the: pany improving in every re- _assistec at several of their meetings. -

_ spect, henatemporary interruption At “Pinner, Mcgee Daniel

eras given to the peace and order "Dancer, esq. a mannot more remark-

“ef the settlement by the turbulence » able for his riches, than for bis hav-

ef several. disaffected Nova Scotia inglived inastate ofapparertextreme -
settlers, who endeavoured to rescue poverty. Thouvh scarcely allowing —

me refractory persons of theirown himself the common necessaries of

«bod: that had been arrested for a‘ life, he has left landed property, to
breach of the peace. Both the in- _ the amount of 500]. a year, t» dame

lividuals whoserescuewasdemand- Maria Tempest (daughic- of ———
1, and the ringleaders in the suc- Holmes,'esq-of Wigston, Leicester- ©
ceeding tumult, have been either shire, and widow o: sir Henry Tem- |

“taken up and sént to England, or pest, bart. of Tong, Yorkshire,and,
‘ebliged to quit the colony. The after her death, to her only son, sir
= bad been severe ; no death, Henry Tempest, of Stoke End, He-

owever, had happened among the reford. During Dancer’s last sick.”

_ whites for manymonths, though se- ness, lady ‘Tempest accidentally ¢a!-

_Yeral were indisposed. An expe- led upon him, and, finding him ly _

eGitio: about450 miles incirenit, ping nt the neck in an ae.

een 27 ha interior coun- without even a shirt; ‘remonstrated. .
the company’s ser~ against the impropriety of his situ-

_ yants, one of whom, accompanied tion; when he ohed, that, having

ob y another compatiy’s servant, en- come into the world withont a shirt, ©

wrayed by the success of this ad= he was determined to go out of it
enture, was preparing to setouton in the same manner. Requesting him _
journey to -Tombuctoo, in the » to havea pillow to raise his head, he
hope of being able to penetrate ordered is old servant to bring him) —
ae the continent of Affica. a truss of hay for that purpose. His
last dispatches are dated about bore of which captain Holmes(for-
weeks subsequent to the tu- merly of the royal navy) has taken
t which has been menti ned, passessiont vhissister, ladyTempest, °
hen the peace of the colony, se Wecsable building, and has

em= 13 a most m
to have been fully restored, AJl not been repaired for half a century.
: 7 , : i ' Though
‘’ 4 : " +

62 ANNUAL REGISTER, i754:

Thotigh poor in external appearatice,
it has been recently discovered to be
immensely rich within; captain Hol-
mes having, at differenttimes, found
large bowls Alled with guineas and
half=guineas, and parcels of bank-
notes stuffed under tlie Covers of old
chairs. . Mr. Dancer generally had
his bodygirtwith a haysband, tokeep
together his tattered garments; and
the stockings he usually wore had
been so frequently darned and patch-
ed, that scarcely any of the original
could be seen; but in dirty or cold

weather they were thickly covered

with ropes of hay, which served as
substitutes for boots ; his whole
garb much resembled that of ‘a mi-
serable mendicant. Notwithstands
ing his extreme penury, Mr. Dancer
possessed many praise-worthy qua-
lities. He observed the most rigid
integrity inevery tran saction; and was
never averse to assist those of whom
he entertained a good opinion, and
whose embarrassments required a
temporary aid; although, ai the same
time, it must be confessed, he did
‘not lend his money without expeci+
ing the usual interest. We have not
heard whether he has left any legacy
to his faithful and old domestic, old
Griffiths, who, however, hasfor ma-=
ny years past fared much better than

his master, having been indulged

with whatever he chose to eat and
drink, besides a good and comfort-
able bed to sleep upon. The latter
Mr. Dancer always deemed an un-

necessaryluxury. Mr. Dancer seems _

to have been the principal branch of
a thrifty tree, every scion of which
was of a similar texture. . He ins
herited a considerable propetty by
the death of a sister, who exactly
resembled him in temper. _ She sel-
dom quitted her obscure residence,

except on being roused by the hbisé
of hunters and their hounds, when
she would sally forth, armed with a
pitch-fork,. iti order to check the
progress of the inttuders onher bro-
ther's grounds ; on which octasion |
she had very mitch the appearance
of d mete bundle of rags——A bro —
ther is stillalive, very rich, and said
to be: (if possible) more penurious —
than the deceased. ©
Drowned; in crossing the Thamés,
dt Chiswick, Benjamin Vandergucht, |
the famous picture-dealer and col- ‘
lector. He was the only son of Mr. —
Jolin Varidergucht, picture-dealer,
in Lower Brook-stteet, and was one |
of the first students at the Royal ©
Academy on its institution in 1769.
He was returning from Chiswick;
wheré he was employed in cleaning ©
and artanging the duke of Devon-
shire's pictures. A barge, by the
carelessness of the boy who was
guiding the horse inthe towing-path,
ran foul of the boat, which oversets
As Mr, Vandergucht could swim, ©
it is imagined he was drowned by
the clinging of 4 woman passenger,

~who sunk with him, and had in ber

arms a childa few monthsold, which’
was providentially saved by the hu-
niane exertions of another of the
passengers. After two hours search, —
his body was found and taken home,
His fate is the more to be deplored,

as he has left a worthy and amiable —

widow, atideleven children, tolament
their great loss. Mr. Vandergucht —
was one of the first connoisseurs\in _
painting ; he had indeed more expe
rience in the art than any of hiscon= —
temporaries. He-was a temperate,
placid, unoffending man, and very |
much attached ‘to his family«

‘ge
». 4

r
PC

OcTO"

CHRON
OCTOBER.

Ast. A curious, fraud.was put in
ractice at the Stoek-Exchange by

urcliased $00 Irish lottery tickets of
. Dacosta, and gave hima draft
rthe amount on Ladbroke and
0; who said that) Mr. Jara never
kept cash with them. °Tt was soon
asterwards discovered) that he had
borrowed 2,600]. ofa friend, for
“which he had left the tickets as a
_ collateral security, and then got the
* ank notes he received from him
changed into smalierones. The af-

. fair being immediately discovered,
the injured party went to his house
ie eae” where a post-chaiseand
e four was waiting at.the door; but
Lara some short tin eybefore having
ie seen and spol > to concerning

_ the business, by Mi Dacosta’s son,
who was not then apprized of its
“‘being-a fraud, he had\taken an,op-
portunity of escaping by the back
_ way of his house. One of the notes
of 50]. was found in the house. He

_ was afterwards apprehended by Mil-
_ler and Kennedy, belonging tothe

~ Public-Office, Bow-street, owing to
_ the following circumstance: —The
above officers, thinkingthat some in-
eo might be gained by going
~ to Mrs, Lara’s house, in Aliff-street,
‘Goodmans fields(the mother of the

prisoner), set out for that purpose.
; en they had got near the house,
. met a person whom they sup-
‘ sed, from a description they had
jously received of him, to, be
offender’s brother, and took him
tustody. On searching hispock-
S,) they found a letter, which,

ugh signed with the name of

Seat Jennings, from its con-

_ Gents and direction, conviaced them
t it came from Benjamin Lara ;
P Won, XXXVE fy ®

1G inl¢

njamin Lara, a stock-jobber, who’

ao
Pere)

on whiely Miller immediately wen,
tothe Golden-Cross, Charing-cross
the place. mentiéned in the letter,
where,oninquiringfor Mr. Jennings,
hé was introduced to the*prisoner,
on whom he found bank*notes and
money'fer the whole of the sum re=
ceived for the tickets, except about
401. which he had expended since
the affair took place. . Some, other
letters were also» found on his bro-
ther},"by which it appeared, that,
when Laraleftyhis house, nesr Ken-
sington,he proceededtoPortsmouth,
but, being disappointed in getting
‘an immediate conveyancetothecon-
tinent, Teturned, by cross roads, to .
‘London, and put up at the Golden-
cross, from whence he sent the letter
thateaused hisapprehension. Hewas
taken before Mr. justice Addington,
for examination, who, on learning
that the offence hadbeen committed
in the city, ordered the" officers to
conduct himeto the lord-mayor.
Brighihelmstone. Aydreadful acci-
dent happened yesterday, at’ Hove,
in consequence of the inadvertency
of.a boy who was)attempting to
blow up flies with gunpowder, at a
public-house. He had, formed.a
train, for this purpose, acrossthe side
of the room, at the end of which
stood a closet containing'a great
uantity of powder. A spark of the
he 4 unfortunately got among the
latter, ‘and such were the dreadful
consequences of the explosion, that
the boy had one of his eyes blows
out, and his face most shockingly
mangled. Two toldiers have like-
wise suffered so much by the sam
that their lives are despaired of.
There were several more in the ar ©
partment whoescapedunhurt. That
part of the room, however, where
the gunpowder stood, was intirely
oe down by the violence of

the

the shock, st the “es
ably damaged.

7th, Brighton: Proce pest is
evening! wast e(Most
that has Bee: ate ‘et: a
Thy"

AWN UAL REGISTER, 1798. §
has 4 heysat length happil
ider ret yoat engt fas ee

yr *

e shore, were reduced
sie and, the

Woy

\ he
m years. ‘The sea camen > oe
the Steyme, eee at of
violént as toltake “en signa of. oe ress.
+. _ of the acai ho The m ; » several vessel are
° co eee — Be from the af ow
» took place ° oe pha
os, ning ; 2 fi as ed riven i with fen
ot tee re téwh 5 ash ae
giepalé of di s, and ghoisted ont a
sy'thel ichts;; be bermensc fey ea, ;
hig the sea
os reliéf im hin Br Be ie. ing AE
Coacerde bee ame sa it” br
© “nesses af Oe ae INP 5 a
. 7 what'rende get ore la Feet ‘cont tainit
w. able, is, what have not since” igo,and ‘

a) beard of a singlellife being savedy
A boat, with eight people on

, beard, a set Wehiaeace when
three af the asseng SES vere unfor—

* tunately dro ied,
© Harwith. fred las, the inh hill
~ — tants £3 ea town a to iS

distresses ingen to neat S

per ae, et the cftaindieuety
© ofa dr ful’storm, of twent je . Pe

% Spec off have Hak ng gueateas to

F ans a 2 oe eee oF iar yyith

Suda appyiscettegr "The tey

need aboubcigl it o’cl
Sandy evenings. / byjeleventy

clock on th@next mornin bere,

were hitty-fye Vessels wteéked”
withi tirenty miles of ee
. harbour. At one Gelock en vee

© day. ac.crew of the Lestoration,™
ae Walker, arfict? new Shipjin
4, the Nor de} and ’ thelpcople
i, from” a NE Sic collier, in
three boats, Nagi é utmost pele
oy yand ‘difficulty, m the h
* ‘They, hadebeen in a boat ee

. eleveno ie night before, aad
. ees
- ¥ ;’
ry ~~
A ®: + Gig or

reached oye Water ‘house (the limi

with) grea

effort of the gers tad engit 55
but, as wi ag istanee ofa num-,.
ber of ot y succeeded in their ~~

tag # ve MreBell’s stgar-
house,in whichhan 1 mensequan-
tity oft; vars were Under. process,
ai being’ distant onlya few.
Seip ceushe fire Several times, its
SNS provrealtt ‘as happily stop-
ped, after destroying only the ware-
houses oo it’ began, and’ their »

eels tents,
hich obent§ Watt con geod of %
hig al if the
Ss ik siecathe, at,
sua A gag

‘ae ifpasttwoole

docgsldaintratcll aa the
cipal “Baird, walked from
council-cha

yer to bh Castle
iret by the city constables
clo’ the city"guard
a square.

When-t

ing

of the burgh’), they were met by t
“Proce “er the Castle; in the

oF . ga

&’
ah “ ft

oe
ai ”~

te A CHRONICLE . 35

\" lowing order :—the nti of. -yeyedia yy " Phidedechridbsbt ond

Vs rs of the Shire of Edinburgh, in ducted with much "regnlarity, and
“Black, with batons; two coun the!proééssion was solemn andim-

“constables with batons; the she ad pressive. Watt himself exhibited a ,
P depute,and sae beat te,dress picture ofthe most abjectidejection.

ed ih black, wit wv hite'g oves, and Hewas wrapt up in a Great coat, a
Mewhite rods); rat unt yleonstables, red wnight-ca pinche plat-

Sdndtwo, with batons; the hur form he exchi iged for a white one),
ey painted black drawn'bya white with a round, hat, his, stockings
"ht which were seatédithe ex= ghangi cing loose,” and, his. whole ap-
dressed in , with the a, ae a in the extremes
is fiand, and the ériminal’ Du 1g lie procession, his counte-
: ae wa Back 0%

the hur rutwelve o on gar dies of the ge that ‘sur-

_ the outsi on them, audtwenty in rounde him. seaffald he
ear 5 . hindred"of the An- assumed a He ee nation,and»

5 <4 fo ibles keep pil - \ after finishing we otions, took

nob dead march fom leave of the clergy es collect=:

fhe cas ane “a. ; and on the i had Convera

Carte a 2 & he 1 astle, oy the executioner with much

rt procession ca ate own es- ent composure He ap eared,
stg sage tl magis- oA penitent, qekiot leleing in’

Pet 4
by tices he
soon ae nti

‘ y ai fession. "It is said he has given an’
sheriff and magistr a out account" off some Circumstances: of
upon the scaffold, where ds as- his life in ati A crowd on
‘Sisted. in his geo by prifieipal thisloccasion was sue data
a bout a quariér before a0 thongh - tous! “at dast,
pees forms Duty, se cely amounted to what has ap-_
ongerindulgenee, he peared on former remar. yexesy
wh, and, kneeling, rayed

th issn

ped, little agitatio erceptible

pi) aa ae $ Was»

en: tice JoF
an panied, d, witht es mae “
pathy, which even “ah “atros
BSS, oy “cious criminal neyer fails to gia
gle! Phe execu \ me But the appearan of the.axe,
te ee
ard Cp a la

rat asight o wl as wer a

Pa when it. t a ge=

ep vards, Inst he sanéral one or shout of horror
a al form, Ma up oN ¥, a forth’as made th fa te
~ ti lat gis an his blow, vile rush-
es traitor! emains ed off in all directions to"avoid the
Bgesch sag con- sight. * 2
aa +; md 2. * 200k; The

‘eee * ee .
» “

eh st. "general terms the justice of bis sen-
tence jy butn made no particular cons »
¢

. cS aiid tied to the nance was fixed, his body motion-"
ee ix ee stables. on “less, and he s Lonel “Altogether rea
aan

evid oy. ie ee Si oa seence,

On om —
d, Maving a Pattie as ee ‘Ny: and

#F
vA,

cUtions. Vhen the ie drdp-, a
tato

36° ANNUAL REGOSTE,R, 179%

20thy This morning, about half Boaxdof Works, byMr.Burke’s bill,
past 9, a fire hroke out at_a wax- Mr. Adam heldtheofficeof architeet
chanidler's, in Dean-streét, Soho, to,his majesty. The Adelphi-build-

"which @nsumed, the whole’ of the ings and Portland-place are monu-
premisesy/and burnt very furiously me ents of his taste aud ‘abilities in his
backwards, towards the square, into profession. Besides, his excellent
“which itmade a complete opening. treatise on agriculture, published
In the whole, fourhouses and the some year ago, Mr. Adam waspre-
workshops ‘of a coach-maker were paring for the press a history of |
totally destroyed, ) architeeture, which all Jovers ot the

95th. The judg ges, under the art have reason to lament he,didnot q
special commission, atthe Old Bai- live to finish. Several numbers of
ley, proceeded to an atyaignment of the works of the two brothers have
the several persons charged with been occasionally published.
high treason. .Oa,an application
fram the counsel for the prisoners,
the time of trialywas extended to
Tuesday ; one of the ten clear days, sNOVEMBER, i
allowed by law, having been last 5th, The interesting trial of Mr,
week lost by the/removal from the Hardy was this day terrae |
Tower to Newgate. _ © When the lord-president had con-

28th. The trial of Thomas Hardy cluded ap excellent charge, the jury
began at § this morning, and con-| were asked whether they wished for
tinued till 12 at night; when the a slightrefreshment beforethey pro-
court adjourned. Thejuty were ac- ceeded toitheir own chamber to de-

- €ommodated"(but'very inconyeni- liberate, as they could have none af-
ently) withjbeds and inattresses in © ter'theywere inclosed. ‘This offer
the Sessious-house. theyrespectfullydeclined, The jury.

29th, The court was resumed at retired at half past twelve. The
8 A.M. and sat til] 12 at night; judges remained on the bench till
when, thé counsel for the crown three, when they retired with the»
thavi ing not guite ended, the court Jord mayor and sheriffs to parta cof WF
again adjourned; and the} jury wpe ssome vefreshment.. In less than half
permitted to. retire altogether (at- an hour after,the jury returned inte ¢
tended’ by, proper officers) to the court, having been inclosed nearly
Ffummums, Covent-gardcn. thtee hours, When they, were em-

The snm totalof the subscription panneled with the’swal forms, and
(originally begun at.Lloyd’s cofiee- ‘the jadges had taken their places on
house,and promoted with great zeal the bench, the’clerk of the arraigns Ap
in Various parts) tor the benefit of aske@t—* if they Were agreed in |
the suffexers inthe late fixe, at Rad- their verdict °%— Foreman of the
cliffe-highway, amoutits to.16,000l. jury, es.2°—“ How say ye—is
and upwards; which, the commit- “Thomas Hardy guilty of the high
teé inform ‘the public, ‘will, they treason charged in the indictment,
conceive, be sufficient'te“auswer or not guilty?”—Foreman off the 4
their benevolent views, jury, “ Not Guilty."—Mr. Hardy "

Dred: Iman apoplectic fit, James. bowed modestly to the jury, and,
‘Adam, ¢sq.) of Albemarle - street, with a,voice’searcely audible, <aid,
architect, Before the reform of the ee thank fouls |

: e

> &

io) m

_. The lord president expressed his
9 sense and that of the bench, re-
; specting the attention and patience
of the jury in discharging. the la-
dorious task allotted to them, for
» which they were entitled to the
_ __Utmest commendation. The pri-
© sonerwas then discharged; and the
" ceurtadjourned to Mondaythe 16th,

ed in thevnarrow part of St. John’s
‘street: a loaded waggon was over-
turned, which, falling on two chil-
dren. passing by, crushed themboth
to death on the foot-pavement. ¢
~ 16th. The judges under the special
commission, met this moxning at8 ;
‘when, after a jury had been with
ia some difficulty obtained, the trialof
~~ the rev. John Horne Tooke com-
» « menced ; and continued till g im the
..evening, when the court adjourned
till the hext Morning, and the jury
ended .by ‘proper officers, were
JodgedinSurgeonshall. Mr. Tooke
assisted his counsel, by pleading his
own cause with much animation.
» 22d. The lordpresident having
» eoncluded his charge ; thejury, after
Swithdrawing asvery few minutes,
"pronounced their vetdictnot guilly.
» Mr. Tookewas accordingly dischar-
aged and the court “adjourned to
oe. miday, Dec. 1. a
. Edinburgh. This motning,
ut one, adreadful Gre brok@eut
‘Mr. Bell's great brewery, in the
Pleasancé, whichjlin a very few

ip the valuable steek of grain
» . andutensilstkerdin’’ Upon the first
‘alarm, the lord proyo.t and, magis-
tes, a great number of the Edin-

, and two companies of the
rgyleshire fencibles, at\present in
ecastle, attended, together with
firesengines, by whose exertion sthe
fire was confihed Within the walls of

?
as

CHRONICLE,

ts, wasintirely consumed, tose

burgh vclunteers, sfiremen, Cty sree

the buildings, and prevented from
stretching to Mr. Bell’s dwelling-
house, and otheradjacenttenements

» The Edinburgh volunteers rendered

essential service, by keeping oi the
mob, and accompanying the pro-
perty that.was removed to a place
of,safety.. Theflames were so great
thatthe whole city was illuminated,

as,well as Arthur’s)seat, and Salis-

bury-roeks;. a person conld have
yseen to have picked up apin, on the

pavement, or read the smallest print .

in’ streets Happily the premises
“were"insured, but notnearly to the
amount of the loss. Fortunately the
ale-vaults were not touched, ‘but it
is not knownif theliquor is soured,
Bell’s,ale has been famous all over
the world forthese 3Osyears past,
and'he was always very careful to
gard against fire in his premises.
‘This, itis said, beganamjoneof the
kiln where the malt was drying.
25th, "This evening, about S, 2
new-builthouse,not quite, finished,
belonging to Mr, Godfall) coach-
maker, gn Long-acre, fell to the
gtound. The workmen havingpre- .
Viously left off work for the night, »

no livesiwete lost} and the wooden,
fence, placed in the front, of the
Bhildine, prevented aay misfortune
Rappening to the people whochan-
ced to be passing at the moment.
*26th.in the court of King’s
Bench, the application made by
if. P'nend’scounseliora mandamus,
tore-admit him into the uniyersity
of Cambridge, was rejected.» Lord
epyOn said, the anise had
ac RPO fosprecedent ; and
in GS” opigion ‘the other judges —
Sila he
Archangel. The navigation Here
never experienced srcater activity ; %
207 vessels have béen clearéd out.
wards, 135 of which were English,
whicitéxported planks, &c. but.no
‘ ship-tiniber,

ship-timber, the lading of sigs
empress:has strictly forbidden.

The prince-bishop of Passau, in
Bavaria, has ordered) the mode of
Aeachingusedby the eae
to be reintroduced jn thé s¢ho .

) the circle. Several professors,

verse to this measure, have been sto be Rarerttn ib yap jurge Persons

» dismissed, from their offices, a
snished the principality.

The papal staff, and other itsignia;
havelately been-burnt by the popn=)

» lace at Antw ‘All coaches, three | with eagle: in the prison ined
excepted, uae sentit

rancé,)

‘and the horsesm arked wi Y
publican
been the want of

three persorisy

t ons, th
ee athe ba abet
sufferings any il ach
other by mutual conte t Bréadiis
only, tobe procured in the inns, and
at Bois-le-Duc a’ pound of a *
costs eee ee g
accounts received by. we
i icon packet” are replete with
the mostidistressi télligence of
the renewed Fava the yellow
» fever pat » Philadelphia. Sack the

* house of Map ign, in hy ides
street, Several. pers ons had"a ain
a ati, andi Rf B Ria
cies m mo} fd h
been Pine. © At Ba.timore a
New ey in Connecticut, it had”

been fatal t6) great numbers. i oe
some consolation eae ‘that
ve not so contagious asyth € fevers
- @agedyon tha contineptast sy,
\ “and the coolness of the weather, it
v. bea would = ae
f Pennsylvani

lature o

wits a view to oath the rigour) of
enal law, have passed an act, de-
Gharing that no crime, exéept mur- wi

der of the first degree, shall be pu-

§ nished with ‘deathayy Murder, inthe
» first degree is défined to bering
by means of poison, bylyingin wait,

er with other kind of wilful delibe-

* ‘
ww.

(ANN UAL REGISTER: 179

“rate, premeditated ‘inteftion™ or

Pus

nar and so Stet has ‘mot less than ten nor
cond degree, Rail aa than five nor

aie,

bre ye
r

4
which shall” iy ig “eo

perpetrationior attempt to p
hope arson, rape, robbery, or

arya All other kind illing
shall be deemed murder in the a
cétid’ dégree, Theskind of murder
liable to #he * pibsec uted for petit

ae wag

-eason shall
and “wt § “in othe
murder. ‘treason is

the spenit iary House, not less th me
x nor morethan twelve years; rape he.
ore th
twenty-oMe years ; aire the si

een ye eter aha

.6r more than fift
tof a
o exceed 1000 dolla i che
ss thai tw
ten ae ssp and giving security
good Hee ng life ;_

more than
iss a

*
vod swith pay J

n
r
Ld

ai not less th va fe) +. more than
ten yéars scat @Mot exce ng
1600 dolls

ing char
Bed vithiaoliftary’il nslaught
e attorney-gener ae leave sh
court, tay Wave the felony, and
proceed againgt 1em as for a miis~
demea our, afd give in ee a
act ¢ of Manslag
ches me
in Miners ithe j jury They Adar
the person of one or both. The
neht of clergy “8 for ever abolished.
Dig At Bengal, sir Wi
Jon 98 pam he jnds ae
supreme by me . His death is .
a greatioss to the republic of letters,
forjhe beg made profotind researches ys
into the'literature of the Eastyand »,
with great ah ie was himself &
a au good poct ; and to his trans-
indebted for many

lations ve
beautifulye: fusions

fethe Persian)
muse. Sir William, | weverzaihidst
ot nn his P|

“his attachment to the muses, did not

wholly disregard the god! ofriches,
/ arid is supposed to have left a very
nsiderable fortune to lis family,
'for, contrary to the usual turn of
sts, he was severely economi-

’ 17th, At his prebendal house in
thescoliege at. Biy, at the advanced
Page of eighty-six, the rev. James
Be tham, M. A. Fx Avs. preben-
dary inthat cathedral, and rector of
»Bow-Brickhill, inthe county of Buc-
kingham ; well Known in the learn-
P History and A ntiquitiesof the Con-
‘ual and Cathedral Church of
© E’y3” and universally respected in
Wthe society of that place, .where he
}/ constantly resided, for his piety and
humility, forthe gentleness and
“amiable simplicity of his manners,
Satid his unwearied endeavours to
) promote the interest and welfaré of
Hhis native city.and isle, through tlie
whole course of his life.
At Rome, after a long. illness,
aged 79 years and fiyemonths, car-
al de Beritis: He, was one of
the most remarkable men in the
reipnyof Louis KV. whetheras a
ec urtier,’4 man of fetters, a poet,/or
erociator. Hevhas left 300,000
» crowns in effecjs, money, jewels,
wae: ae 80,000 crowns in
y plate 5 all which he has; by will, put
“into the hands of the chevalier
id Azara, the Spanisn minister, to
~ whom he has recommended his fa-
nilytin ‘the order in which ‘they
wgpld be entitled ag heirs.

vu
oe

Pe ai “DECEMBER.

: 4 my .

Ast. The judges under,the special
“commission met at the Old’ Bailey,
_when John Augustus Bonney, Jere-

ed world & the author of “© The,

aN CHRONICHE.

miah Joyce, Steward KydjiandTho-
mas Holeroft, wexe brought to the
bar; and the jury beiny sworn in,
and the prisoners avtaipned in due
form, the attorney-zeneral ‘said,
ethat when he; ow the last trials,
had the hoaour tostand theréin the
discharge of his official duty, he had
addressed the jtity ort u6seloccasions
in order to state the grouadsof the

* prosecution; and that the juries on

those! trials had found a verdict (of
Not Guilty..) Tt then became his
duty to consider whatywas proper
for hististo do in réSpéect to the pub-
li¢évand the prisoners at the bar.
The result of the consideration was
that as the evidence, adduced ‘on
thése trials, and that which applied
to the prisoners, were the same, anid
as, aiter the best consideration, the
personshad been acquitted, hewould
submit to the jury sand the’ court,
Whether the prisoners should not be
acquitted, andfor that purpose would
not trouble them by going into evi-
dence.” The lord chief-justice then
said to the jury — “ Genilemten; as
there isno evideacey you must of
courséifind the prisonersihot guilty.”
The jury then pronounced a verdict
of * Not Guilty ;”’ and, by direction
of the court, thelprisoners were dis-
charged. /

The maiisifrom Scotland, York~
shire, theywhole of the North, Lin-
colnshire, Cambridgeshire, &c. were
nearly lost on Cheshunt Waash this
morning about four o'clock’; they
were obliged towreturn to Hoddes=
dou tof get a chaise, and. cross the
country to Hatfield, and'by Barnet.
They arrived at the General Post-
office about nine o’clock, which is
about four hours after their’ usual
time. ‘The exertions of the.guards
on thisveccasion are very commend~
able.

D 4 5th.

49 ANNUAL RE

Sth. Dhis day the. trial of Mr,
Thelwall, before the high commis-
sion court in the Old Bailey, was,
ended ; and the jury, after retiting ~
for three quarters.ofian hour, gave”
in their verdict “* Not Guilty.”))

The event of the late, important
trials, it ishoped, will have the good
effect of ‘conciliating the mind of
every» Briton to! a constitution, in
_ which the laws are with such purity
administere ~~ And, to the inhabi-
tantsofthe metropolis,in particular,
jt must\hayeybeen highly gratifying”
to behold the pre-eminent digmty ,
and splendourf the city of London;
her magistrates assessors, with the —
greatest, numberof judges perhaps °
ever in one commission, in amatter
the most, critical and impertant to
the very existence of coe and
, law, to government, liberty, and’
property... ‘

6th. Lord Abingdon was this day
convicted of a libel on’ Mr. Sermon,
a respectable attorney of Gray’s inh,
beinga perliamentary speech of the
noble lord, conveyed by him’ tothe —
public through the channel of a>
public newspaper.

7th. A fre brokeoutat the Crown
and Shuttle public-house,* Shore=
ditch 5 owing, it»was supposed, to
the carelessness of a man who went.
to bed drunk. The fire raged with
great violenceforsome time, but wes
happily got under by, the assistance

of the engines. ‘The man perished “of the house; that the family, who «|

in the Hames ; and, what is” most
surprising, a woman and boy, sitp*
posed to be his wife and €on,, left
him.in bed’wit hian infant, by whose
cries the fire was discovered. ©

10th. At Gunby, county of Lin-
coln,, was shot, by Edmund Frost,
jun. game-keeper.to sir Petcr Bur-
rel, bart. an eagle, whose Wings,
when extended, smeasurcd nine’ feet, ©

» Shrewsbury, for the last ten
Be fe

at which sum they have. continued ,

by training up the children in habits if

GISTER) 1794

and from the beak to the endiof the
tail, threeifeet/four inches, and the 9)
talons are very thick and long. —
A statement has lately appeared |
concerning the house of industry at»
by which the gentler
perintend this excellent insti
prove, that the reduction of theyexy
pence of maintaining the) poor of
that; place,’ in» that period, is up=
wards of 16j0001.,bésides a balance ¥
of 24751. now in bandjin favour of]
the house. »Before’this new system.
of management was. adopted, the 5
poor’s rates of the united parishes in
Shrewsburyamounted to ee Kis |
annum. On its establishment they ~
were imn;cdiately reduced, to 9999, *

ever since. But another benefit has
arisen, of infinitely greater import

ance than’ the pecuniary sone
which is the wise plan adopted for

improying the morals of, the poory™

%
of cleanliness, industry, and virtue.
The best families are now solicitous.”
to obtain’ servants from the house oy
industry and as soon as et ke J
dren’ grow, up fitifor places) they)
find a preference to any other sers
Vants thatiare tobe hired. 9 |)
19th. Early this morning a fire ©
broke out ati@efn, the residence of
Reger Kenyon,esq. which extended ,
so fapidly through’theimterior parts’

were all imbed, .had searcely time
tole’cape the dreadfullravages of the
flames. ‘The alarm being’given,.a
great number of| persons soon col-
Jected, by Whose exertions, assisted
by the’ Wrexhem engines; the, fire
was prevented trom commufiicating
toany of the adjacent Biuuagss)
whieh inal! probability would have
been demolished. The insidevof the ©
‘et K ‘ah house

Se a

oe 2 ye oy
house suffered considerably, and a

- a

“ stroyed ; fortunately no lives were
lost, nor have we heard of any one
being materially hurt. The fire was
well got under by day-break,
WH 15sThe court under the special
miss on was this morning again
da ae ate a
ck ; a jury wasimpannelled pro
if : D Rgivesand : ae er

put gs Bree acquitted;
ic ence against) them being
uced on the part of thecrown.

court then adjourned to the

a 7th. The. merehants trading to
M Worth America gave a splendid en-
| tertainment toMr. Jay, envoy. ex-

ye from the United States’

at) Pree masons tavert. The com-

" Mega lord chancellor, Mr. Pitt,
* th: dukeof P
Vit Dudas, MrePinkney, Mr.
° iave of Amsterdam, &c. Sou) fe.
Samson, chairmanof the committ
sident. ‘l’he toasts werelreceiv-
‘A. th loud acelamation. “Among
sy“ the King»and Constitu-
tio 32) Prince of Wales;” ‘sQueen
Ye United States ;” < May. the
rs caty of Amy. Commerce and
Yavigation between Great Britain
renee the United States of América,
be therBasis of permanent Briend-

» shit ret ween the two Countries !’”
er fi get that they are of one Fa-
> mil And Mr. Jay having given
An hopourable peace to the Bel+
erent Powers of sEurope
bllowing “was given} )
* May the auited exertion: of Eng-
and andy Anserica induee the dn-

sin,
LW)

-
err.
a i
= extcllent songs were
_ Rung ; and every person seemed to
aa t- pe,

wae hee

f
boa

CHRONICLE.

preatpart of the furniture is»de-~ -

ortland, dordGrenville, .

aod. Royal Family;” ‘‘ Presiden: off

; ji the “s
atin .%

Nationssto Lury the Hatchet for. «
Nang re :

feel high satisfaction from the con-
sideration that so friendly a meet
ing should have taken place at so
short.a period from the time when
apprehensions wereentertained that
the two countries would be inyol-
ved in all the horrors of war. :
20th. About six o'clock a, fire
‘broke out in Buckingham-street,
-York-buildings, near the; Adelphi,
by which two large houses were
‘totally. consumed and buriit to the
shell in about three hours, notwith=_

“standing every exertion on the part

of thefiremen, The fire broke out
in the houseof Mr. Saunders, a tai-
‘lor, and was occasioned) by the
snuffings of the tailors’ candles ha-.
ving caught among the shreads of
cloth in the second floor, and eonti-
‘Nuing to spreadunperceived during

s humerous and respecta- © the whole of the night. The flames ©

communicated so rapidly, that it
was piney tojsave any of the
furniture ;, but; happily, no. lives:
were lost.

scott Mrigustice Lawrence was

the only judge who this day appear-
ed on the bench, under the special
commission. Thecourt opened afew
minutes afternine o'clock, and then
adjourned ‘to Wednesday, Jan. 14,
the day on which theusual goal de-
livery is to commence. James Mar-
tin the attorney, whose trial was
expected to take place, was not li-
berated, as being detained also on
_anvattachment for contempt of the”

ay Britons and Ameriéans ne-" courtof King’s Benchissued against

‘him on the motionof Mr, Bearcroft
previously to the prosecution for
high treascite x 7.

“an e+
A. 4

ee)
Particulars of alate murder in Nor-
ts _ follt

Tt was nottillaftera week’s search
that the body of Mr. John Filbec,

a re

4a be
: g * ’ Y . s ad ® —s y
ale ANNUAL R E GQIS@E: Ra eS 4

a reputable cM nace, “unparalleled wih as is scarce,

- in the above'county, was'discovered, to be conéeived; ocsit appear
buried in his own ground. Various © that) anylsy rs morse iq

a Swere the conjectures respectin giwhat : pat ae or were, ed up-

'ywas become of him s,by ‘seme. it ul cues fo nd,
|) was thought he had left his home wig ha ye ve st
Y ap consequence ‘of words between .confe

him (and his wife; by others, thatiy Bid

— © he wasyeither m tindét cd, er some it, awhic

“ike accident had befallen him. A mo det 2 i

* dilige searchywas thade, noton ¥ e whe

“au the parish, but throughout re plies ya a Co

Pini neighbourhood; and. he the ce d +

- ‘almost despaired of f finding ere Gaeta Wo mie vas i

‘ » some fresh mould a oO Nad in Pe a va

: © the et ck yards, yee ih died vers Kein 7 eek

we yar ds of his house; ich being re- d been in

«moyed,” the body) was,di covered, three. or &:

A and upon inspectior as fo nd a ee

io ost that he had yeceived duviglent blows) i * =
‘mpon the head, Shar perts oe BI THS or seYear me.
the body, ale d scabs” ae 4 ve
death. eT oe: u pon his own | )Janv4..Lady of, James F ; ie

‘s » man servant, wh wadlimmediately — _ W gesss qe under-se
. talxen into cuStody, and after a short, # *" ofjta a ae
yin sotiigcsedpe Ti o be hap ial ey ro) hae we of
“mu rderer, that he ha rmed es 7 son.
: ait adful resolution of Wdestroying » afta Bee
“his master about four days previous sai fo. "Her Catholic
ate to his accomplishing i it; that he had * rince.

ha thought of doing it the nis hebsjoms » Lady Ardén; nee
but his heart failed him; but after i Lady sa two daug

i. ‘words had arisen bet higinivas-’ ; er
\\ ter and mistress, he resolved to iS) yep het ma war aso
aye patch him; and unfortunately the *¥-4 1. heir) a
deceased went into thestable,about jee ~ Empress tray
bs * six o’clock on Saturday e ning, ~ arch- duct San
>, ‘the 8th instant, with this servant 4 17+ Ls - sir ig* Sincla
oe and as soon as he got outlof the. ; Ss
door; th hardened wretéhgstrack Joly 34 aay De 8t,a e2
~ ae on side of the head with a 22. CountessCamden, daugh-
ork, which i iy tantly dept ORign “4 ter.

. of life; he peated the:blow, and ! “ee: i atte hess son. fs
then drags ibe body into a i Aus 8.

uu. roarty
_» ble; too < the body on his backan : ‘t. \ $0 ons usr
_ buried it, covering the rth with a f “Taey, sir Ale Giat
straw, all, ofvwhich he effeeted, in a” ee * baie a daughi ”
the space of an hour. Throughout Sept.20- Lady of ‘sir Sohal

the whole of ‘this dreadful busimess, . Barigaren- ik
there appears such a degree, of Oct Se Lady ose ae
wed

me My CHRONICLE.

Ladyof sir Alex. Munro,
a’daughter,
Countess of Northesk, ‘a
daughter.
Countess of Hardwicke, a
daughter.
. Lady Napierya son.
4 Lady Clifden, a daugh-
ter,
Lady'of sirJames Tylney
Long, bart. a son and heir.
ov. 3. Tady Heien Hall, a daugh-
ter.

8. Lady Calthorp, adaughter.
26. Lady of sir. Wm. Manners,
; a’son.

Dec. 10. Marchionéss of Biandford,
S * /oya datighter.
421. Lady of sir Thos: Wopch-

cote, ajson.g

_ Io,

Tay A
*2
2

MARRIAGES, 17940 "> -

J n. G. Sir John Ord, £6 miss Brere.
13, Taady Betty Delme, to Geo.
Garnier, @sq.

, Mortimer, towniss Scott.
"ii Dike of Athol, to lady
‘S Macleod, relict of Jord
WP © Macleod.

~ Lofa Baltimore, to miss

Caldwall.

™® 29. Sir'Charles Style, bartsto

a. miss. Whatman.

ml24, Viscount Weymouth, . to

j hon. miss Byng.

28. Viscount Bale to hon.

_ miss agerton.

7. Hon. Mr. Bingham, ‘to a=
dy Blizabesh Bellasyse,
the divorced.wife of Mr.

Howard.

me 9. Hon. Mr. Steward, to lady,

ww ~ “Amelia Hobart.

yo. Viscount Conyneham, to

~ miss Denison.

23, Sir James Murray, Barts

M. P, to the'right. thon,

43.

Henrietta Laura, baro-
nessBath, onlydaughter
of Win. Pultney, esq.
M.P. SirJames hastakcn
the name and “arms of
Pultney.

Augs 8. Sir Archibald Grant, bart.

to miss iViacleod.

28, Bark of Ilchester, to miss
Maria Digby.
Sept..8..Lord Say “and Selejsto the

hon, Miss Eardley.

23. Captain Moth td of the
foot-guards, to the coun
tess of Barrymore,

Oct.132Captain Gill, “of the life
guards, to lady »Parriet
Fleming.
Lieut. Nicolas Tomlinson,
of the royal mavy, to miss
Eliz. Ward, second daugh-
ter of Ralph Ward, esq
_ of Wiinpole-street.
20. Lord Dytievor, to the hon.
Harriet Townshend. ~
Noy} 1.Sic Montagu Burgoyne,
-bart. tolmiss Burtons
Sir Archibald. D unbary bart.
to naiss Cunning.

29. Barly of Mornington, to

Madame Roan.
Dec. 26. John, lord $keffield, to the
hom. miss Lucy Pelham.
Lord Gormanstown, to the
hon-'mis§ Southwell. |

PromoOrions, for the Year 1794.
Jan. 1yViscount Mountganret, to

be @arl of Kilkenny in Ireland,
Viscount Valentiato beearh Mount-
morts of Ireland!
Viscount Desart to be earl of
Desart in Ireland.
Viscountess dowager Wicklow to
be countessof Wicklow in Ireland.
Viscount Clonmell sto be earl Le
Clénmell in Ireland.
Bord Castlestewart to be viscount
Castlestewart in Ircland.
Lord

Lord Landaffto be viscount Lan-
daffin Ireland.

Lord de Mentalt to be viscount
Hawardenin Treland. .

Lord Fitzgibbon to be viscount
Fitzgibbon in Ireland,

11.Sir John Dick vand, J, M-
Leake, esqato be comptrollers of
the army accounts.

25¢ Richard Byron, esq.to be gen-
tleman usher of the prwwy chamber,

Edmund Armstrong, esq. to be
groom of the privy chamber.

Hon. William Frederic Wynd- y

ham to be envoy extraordinary to
the coutt of Florence,

Wiliam Jackson, esq: to be com~-
missioner of excise,

26. George earl of Pembroke, to
be lord-lieutenant of Wilts.

30. Major-general Goldsworthy
to be colonelf the firstyregiment
of dragoon guards.

General sir William AugustusPitt;
K. Beto. be gov. of Portsmouth.

Feb. 6. Dr. Spencer Madan bi-
shop of Bristol, to be bishop of Pe-
‘terborough.

_ Dr. CharlesManners Sutton, bi-
shop of Norwich, to be dean jof
‘Windsor.

- & Dr. James: orn walle bishop
of Litchfield. and Coventry, to, be
dean of Durham.

John Hunter, esq. to be captain-
general and governor of New South
Wales.

Lieut-colonel his royal highness
“prince William to bea colonel in
the army.

March 1. John Atkinson, esq. to
be Somerset earl.

5. Vicount Macartney to be earl
of Macartney i in Ireland.

Viscount Loftus to. be earl of
Ely in Ireland.

12. Soulden Laurenee, @sq. to be
justice of the Common Pleas, and
knighted.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 179%

e Parke p

15. George Naylory esq: to he
York ty i : \
LordSt. Helen’stobeambassador
extraordinary and plenipotentiary
to the States- BRcoas of the Writed

Provinces,

Sir “Morton Faehys KGB. to be |
ambassador extraordinary andpleni-
potentiary tohis Catholic Majestys

April 8. Rey, Reginald Courte-
nay; aL. Detaibe Bishop of Bris-
tol. '

80.) Duke of Newcastle to'be
lord-lieut, of Nottinghamshire.

May 2: Col. his royal highness _
prince Wm, of Gloucester to be coe
fonel of infantry.

~¥2. Earl of Euston tobéranger |
andikeeper of St. dames and 7: ?

23, Henry Laikilcon, esq. oN
governor of Jamaica.

27. Joseph Smith, esq. tobeagent
and paymaster to the)out-pensioners —
of Chelsea Hospital, —

29. Duke of Bucclegh to be
knight ofthe garterg |

Hon, rearadmiral, sir Keith Ek
phinston, and captain sir John Bory
lase Warren, bart. to be knights of
the bath.

Earl Poulett to be put of the
thistle.

Jutie 25. Captain Helly Wilson,
of the first regiment of lite guard,
knighted. Kid

27. Earl of Carhampton to he—
heutenant-general of the staff of «
Ireland.

28, Dr. William Benet, intl
of Cork and Ross, to be ye of
Cloyne.

Hon. and rev. Thos. Stopietd,
dean of Fernes, to be bishop of Gore
and Rogs.

July 4. Herbert Sawyer, vray sir |
Richard King, bart. Jonathan Faulk-_
nery esq. and!Philip A fleck, esq.

vice

:
%

C. ORR O8N- PC At. 45

Hicecadairals of the white, tobe
Bricegadmnirals of the red.
Thomas Fitzherbert, Samuel Cor-
nisb, John Brisbane, Charles Wol-
dey, Samuel Cranston, Goodhall,
as. Hon: Keith Stewart,» andithe
duke of Clarence, to be yice-admi-
rals of the blue.
‘Richard Qnslow, and Robert
-ingsmill, esgs. rear-admirals of
red, to be vice-admirals of the
ite.
Sir George Collier, knt. George
Bowyer esq. sir Hyde Parker, Lai
Rowland Cotton, and Benjamin
Idwell, esqs. hon. William Corn-
wallis, Wim.Allen, John Macbride,
gand George Vandeputy, esqgs. rear-
gent ot the red, to be vicesad-
irals of the blue.
Charles Buckner, Sohn (Gell,
iam Dickson, and Allan Gard-
i, s. “reareadmirals of the
“white, to be vice-admirals of the
blue.
John Lewis Gidom, Caste
Gayton, George Murray, andsRo-
ert Linzee, esqrs, sir) James Wal-
»lace, knty Wm. ‘Peere Williams; and
» Thomas Palley, esqs. Péar-admitels
of the white, to Ld rear-admirals of

ered.
Tans n Symons, esqvand sir Tho
‘ ich;)bart. rear-admiralsof the
Wblue;to be reai-admirals of the red.
: ge Thomsoy,, James, Cum-
i Ford, Jn, Colpoys, Skef-

J eMontagn, and Thomas

fez: esqs.and hon. sir George

instone, KyB. rear-ad-

“rote of blue, to be vear-admi-
4 the white.

aptains JamesPigott, Bon, Wil-
he aldegraye, Thomas Maken-

~ aie, Thomas Pringle, hon, William
Finch, sir Roger Curtis,
Henry Harvey,: Robert Mam

ian Archibald Dick- ,

and William Parker, to be rear-ad=
mirals.of the blue. ‘

William Young, and James Gam-
bier, esqs./and lord Hugh Seymour,
to becolonelsof his majesty’ 8 marine
forces.

11. William earl Fitzwilliam to
be Jord president of the council.

Duke of Portland to be one of
his majesty’s principal secretaries of
state.

Righthon. William Windham to.
be secretary at war.

Duke of Gordon, to be keeper
of the seal appointed by the treaty
of union to be made use of in Scop
land.

Earl Spencer to be keeper of the
privy-seal.

Evan Nepean, Stephen Cotterell,
and James Bland Burges, »esqs. ap~
pointed commissioners for the custds
dy of the privy seal.in the absence
of earl Spencer, gone on an embassy —
to the court of Vienna,

His royal highness prince Wm,
of Glocester, andshis grace theduke,
of Portland; ‘elected knights of the
garter.

i9. Charles Saxton, esq. of Cir

cow, Berks,wcreated a baronet.

Gen. George, marquis Town-

shend, appointed governor of Hull.

Gen. six, Henry Clinton, K.B.
appoined governor of Gibraltar.
Right. hon. Wilham Windham to
be a privy counsellor.

master of his majesty’s household,
Aug. Marquis) of Titchfield to
be lord lieutenant of Middlesex.

12z..John, earl of upper Ossory, _
Hof the kingdom of Ireland, ‘5,
i

baron Upper Ossory, of A RE
co. Bedford.

* Edmund, lordClive, of the kings
dom of Tréland. to be baron)Clive,

of . be ane co. Salop,

Henry

26#Henry Strachey, esq. to be

LP's

" Henry lord’ Mulgrave, of the
kingdom of Ireland, to be baron
Mulgrave) of Mulgrave, co. York.

William Henry Lyttleton, lord
Westcote, of the kingdom)of Ire-

_ Yand, to belord’ Ly ttleton, baron of
Frankley, co. Worce ster.

Right hon, W elbore Ellis to be.

barou Mendip ofMeudip, co. So-
micrset with remainders severally -
and successively to Henry Welbore
» Agar, viscount Clifden, of the king-
dom of Ireland, hon.and rey. John
EllissAgar,. second son, and hon.
Charles. Bagnal Agar, third son, of
Wames Iate viscount Clifden, de-
‘Ceased; Welbore: Ellis Agar, esq.
oneo thie commissioners of hisyma-
Pp is customs ;and Dri Charles

gar, archbishop, of Cashel, and.

their respective: heirs male.
Sir Henry Bridgeman, bart.
“be baron Bradford, ot Brafon, ec co.
. Salop.
Sir, James iy bart, to, be
baron Seisey, of Selsey, co. Sussex,
Sir Thomas Dundas, bart. to be
baron Dundasyiof Aske, co. York.
Assheton Curzon, esq, of Penn-
* house, ’co. Buck irighamjto be baron
Curzonof Penn, in the said county.
%) Charles Anderson Pelham, esq.
» of Broeklesby, co. Lincolm, io be
baron arborough, of Y arborvughy
in the said county. ,
*“Major-general ‘GNkrles Leigh to

be captain- general and governongin™ knt. of ‘the Ist foot- -suards; Gore

chief over the islands of Nevis, St.

se, «Christopher, Montserrat, Aittigua,
“Barbuday and Anguila. .

James Cranfield, esq. to” be go-

“vernor, and Commander ib chief over

pe Bermudas or Summer Islands. e

16. Vice-adinirals George Bow-
“yer, vige- -admiral Alan Gardner,
rear-admiral Ti.omias Pasley,.. and
Tear-admiral sir Roger i knit.
ate be’baronets. 4

‘3

ANNUAL®REGISTE R}1792.

Sept. 8..Ear] of Chesterfield, and
eat! of Leicester, to be poskggagtens
general. °-%

Major-general alle: tobe gover-
nor of Limerick,” 9»

26, William Lindsay, esq. tovbe
governor of Jamaica... ‘
Gct. 4. Colonels Edmund Fan
ning ; Francis RaHumphrey siOfy
- the atts 79th foot 5 John Hughes, 4
Horatio Spry5 W. sts Souter, an
Harry dIrnes, ofthe marines; Wil-
liam Faweet, imspector general of
recruits in/Lreland; Robert Donkin,
of thelate garrison battalion; James —
Balfour, ot the se foot; James
Francis Perkins, of the marines ;
Norman, Macleod, of the foot ;*
“Alexander Campbell, of the! late,
05th foot; Franeis DiOyly, of the
Ist foot gtards ; ; W liam Crosbie,"
of thé Sgth foot; sir James Duff,
knt, of thelst foot- -gu rds ; enry.
lord- Mulgraye, of th 31s foot ;
Grice Blackeney, of the 14th dram
soons; Paulas /E. Irving, oftthe
"47th foot ;, John Smallglie utenant- »
governor ‘of Guernsey ; George
Harrisy of the 76th foot ;@Richard
Vise,, of the ist dragoon guards ;
William lord Caticart, of the 29th
foot ; “Mauriéés W emyss, of, the!
Ihatines, Robert Mason Lewis,
captain of Carisbrooke-easile'; Ba-
_nastre ‘T ajleton, of thedate Ameri-
caf dragoons sir Hew val ymple,

don Forbes, of the 105th foot;
Anciew Gordon, of the 24th foot;
John Floyd, of the 191 | dragoons s
Oliver de} Laliey, barra Taste
general 5) Jol 1n Graves Simcoe, of
the queen's rangers ;. Robert John-
“stone, of the. 3d doot-guards ; and
‘Jamés Hetiry Craig, of the 16th ©
eg to bewmajor-ge enerals.
Captains. | harles Holmes
_BferiteCalmady, Jobn Bourmaster,
sit

'
b

2 ae

a GHeR ONIC LE:

BirlGeorge Young, knt. John Hen-
ry, and Richard Rodney Bligh,
“to be rear-admirals of the blue.

» 24. Major-general Adam Wil-
“Miamson, to be Knight of the bath.
Earl of Balcarras,) (to, be lieute-
Hant=governorof\ Jamaica.
Nov. 12. SirMorton Eden, K. Ba
Sto bea privy counsellor.

| 94. Admiral Thomas. ,Graves,
Hfo be lord Graves of Ircland.

_ Atdmital sir Alexander ‘Hood,
44. B. to be lord Bridport, of iré-
“land,

; pis. Major-general, Adam, Wil-
‘Ramson}:to be governor of that part
#of St. Domitigo which belongs to his

maj . a
& Doth, Morton Eden, K. B. tobe
envoy extraordinary and mimster
MN gee to the court of
© Viennas
/ 98. SirJamés Sanderson, kunt. of
we Wondon 3’Charles Willoughby, esqs
® of Baldom Hous, Oxfordshire ; and
© George WilliampPrescott, esq. of
Whedbaldis Patk, Harts, to be barot
Pneéts.”
= Dec. 10. William,earl Fitzwil-
"liam to be lord licutenant of Ire-
» land. ~
» -wMajorgeneral Charles Leighito be
sovernor of the Leeward Caribbee

AY Islands. ; ;

) 17David earl of Mansfiéld'to be
lord president ofth@jedumeil.

. Jotitearl of Chatham, toibedord

ooh) yeseal.,

_ GeorséF viscount Milton, tolbea

“privy coufisellor. ©
»920. George Johny, carl Spencer,
"Saimue) lord Hood,’ sir Alan Gard-
mer, knt. Charles Small Pybus, esq.
Mice-admiral. Philyp WAfleck, and
ice-admiral sir Cisarles Middieton,
bart. tovbe lords of the admiralty.

47
DEATHS, 1794.
Jan. dd. At Edinburgh, Mr. Ro-

bert Alvesysauthor of several inge-
nious#poents, &e.

Dr. Russel, author of the history
of’Modern and Angient Europe.

10, Sir Clifton Wimtringham, bart.
MAD. F. R.S. at the advanced age
of QOtyears.

The right hon, Hugh Hume
Campbell, earl of Marchmont, in
his 87th year.

Caroline, baroness of Greenwich,
daughterof the’ duke of Argyle,
widow of Chatles Towrisend, chah-
cellor of theyexchequer, who died
in767, and ofthe earl of Dalkeith.

95. Sir Charles Hotham, bart#a
genetalof his majesty’s forces, and
knight of the bath.

Sir Edwatd Boughton, - bart. of
Torton-court, Hereborashire.

265. Ofa Complaintimherstomach,
atRycote,in Oxfordshire; Charlottes
countess of Abingdon, daughter of
theslate admiral! sir Pcter Warren.
She was married 7th July;,1768,and
has left several children.

Tady @Eligabeth, King, eldest
daughter of theyearl of Eine.

97. The right hon Henry Her-
beft, ‘earkof Pembroke, lord lieute-
nant of the county of Wiltss gover-~

49 Of Portsmouth, high-steward of

Saligbury$ a General in the army, and
coléfiel of thé first regiment of dra-
goons. @Hemarged, 13th March,
1966; lady plizabetliy Spencer,
daughter of the late“duke ot Marl-
borough, » »

Benjamin Bond Hopkins; esq..of
Painghill, in Surry, member of par-
liainent) foryMalmsbury.

At Bambeth palate, lady Eden,
reliét of Sir John Mden, and mother
to lord Auckland, Sit John Bden,
atid Mrs."Moore;

39. Marriott

48, ANNUAL RE

31. Marriott Arbuthnot, esq. ad-
miral of the blue, in his 85d year.

Feb. 5.. Hon. captain Sey mour
Finch.

3. Francis Burdett, esq. orily son
of Sir Robert Burdett, bart.

18. Sir John) Fenn, kat.

22. Henry, duke of Newcastle.

Sir Francis Drake, bart.

At Woolwich, in his 96th’year,
Dr. Irwin, surgeon gener! to they
‘ordnance.

“At St. Martin’s, Samford Baron;
aged 84, the rev. Miéhaél Tyson,
dean of Stamford, archdeacon 0
Hantingdon, rector of Gretford in
Lincolnshire, and of Wittering, in
Northamptonshire.

Sir Edward Hughes, K. Boad-
miral of the blue.

299, Sir John Sebr ight, of Beach-
wood Herts, aygen eral in thie army,
and colonel of the 18th regiment of
foot. ;

Charles’ Ambley, esq. attorney
general to the queen. He pyblighed :
a volume of repérts. .

26... The® righ@ hon. countess of
Digby.

March 1. At Fardley -House, the
right ” hon. Maria} wife of dord
Eardley.

Me. Rowland Lickbarrdw; of the,

Tuner Wempley attorney at 1s F.

5. Sir Hentty Gould, knt? Aged,
85, one of his majesty’s jistices of
ithe court of Commow Pleas.

Lady Jane “Buller pfs 75th
year, daughter of ‘the Tate _ earl
Bathurst, “and “‘mothet, of judge
Buller’ ;
"12. At)Bath, lady Charlotte } Ma-
dan, wife of the bishop of Peter-
borough, and sister of the anarquis
Cornwallis.

19. At Lisbon, the hon. Etsy
Fitzroy. 1 .
. Sir William ‘Tohnston, ea of
Caskieb. =

2: he % ,
ay . y

‘Mr. Flockton, possessed o
* He had been an attendant at Bar-

— and ‘The Affectionate Father,” a f

GISWE R, 1794,

G. A. Sinclairy M&D. author of ‘4
the Medical Grammar, Blind Philos
sophery &c. “He died suddenly in
a book sella s shop at Birminghams

Sir James Nugentyebart. at Dos
nore, Westmeath, in Treland.

21. At Durham, general Lamb=
ton.

25. Thes right hont Hetebles
Langford. tow ey, ‘knight of the
clifte for. the ee of Meath,
Treland. e

April. The sm lady Ver=y |
non.

At Aston Hall, em Birmin; hamy
lady Holt, relict hae sir ip,
Holt. t

12. At Cambenyell,® the fioted
5,001.

tholomew and otherfairs near halfa
century. Lp

Aft S; ydenhain, Devonshi ire, in his
94th year, Arthur Tremaine; esq. #
He served the office of Sheriff in
1789.

13, Lady Grose; , wife of Mr
justice,Grose.

14. At Bittle Chelsea, in’ then a
100th year 6f his age, Mr. Plau-
dalloe, ainative of North Wales.

7. John Stephenson, esq. mem-
ber oe par] iat t for Tregony. .

Pies Se harles Pratt, earkCanden,

pregidertt’ f the council.
Tn the” (Mediterrancag sir John »
nt. Cap aS hipaesty 8:

Golfing;
lerwic
apothe-

phi the

9: Mr. Jamem Nels
cary, in Red Lionestreet, Holborn, |
author of “ Agi Essay on: the Go-
vernment of Children, sunder t ree
general” Heads, vize health, man-.
ers, and editcation,? e8vo. 1'7533—

sentitental comedy ; together with
Essays on various subjects, 8vo

1788 He was 84 yaar old within |
three oe . a. e

_ At Bath, aged 34, Marie Jose-
_~phine Charlotte de Morand, coun-
tess of Gonidee, in Brittany.
- 23. The right honourable coun-
_ tess of Guildford.
_ Lately, at the castle of Tralee,
in Ireland, Sir Barry Denny, bart.
_ knight of the shire for the county
_ of Kerry, and major of the Kerry
militia. ,
- 30. At Great Yarmouth, lady
_ Caroline Home, sister of the pre-
sent earl of Home.
At York House in the Strand,

tenant governor of Niagara, in
nd North America.

-- Sir Thomas Hay, bart. of Park,
in Scotland. led
_* May 2. At Haveningham in Suf-
folk, sir Thomas Allin, bart. of
~ Somerley-hall. .

3. In his road to London, lord

duke of Devonshire, and member
_ for Derbyshire.
Sir John Guise, bart. at High-
ham, in Gloucestershire.

6. Nathaniel Smith, esq. one of
» the directors of the East-India com-
' pany, and member for Rochester.
He was author of several valuable
tracts on East-India affairs, parti-
cularly the following: 1. “(
servations on the present state of the
» East-India company, and on the
_ Measures to be pursued’ for the
"+ insuring the Permanency and aug
_» Menting its commerce.” Syo.1771.
2. “ The Measures to be pursued

. ew forinsuring the Permanency
_ and augmentation of the Commerce
©

la)

of the Company fartherconsidered 5
with the Heads for carrying those
~ Measures into Execution.” 8vo.

. 1772. 3. ‘ General Remarks on

_ the System of Government in India; —

oe VOL. XXXVI.
ae

CHRONICLE.

Pierce Sinnott, esq. formerly lieu-_

* George Cavendish, uncle to the

Ob- |

with farther Considerations on the
present State of the Company at
Home and Abroad.” Syo. 1773.

Lady Crawford, in Clarges-street.

7. At lord Rodney’s, Hanover-
square, David Murray, esq. brother
to lord Elibank, and member of
parliament for New Radnor.

28. John Martin, esq. of Ham-
court,in Qverbury, Worcestershire,
many years M. P. for Vewkesbury,

At Gibraltar, sir Robert Boyd,
K. B governor-general of that for-
tress, and colonel of the 39th regi=,
ment of foot. It is reported, much
to his honour, that this brave Sol-
dier, by merit only.iraised himself
from a private in the ranks.

At hishouse,in Duke-street, Dub-
lin, sir William Mayne, lord New-
haven, a younger son of William .
Mayne, esq. of Powis Lodge, Clack-
mananshire,descendedof theancient
house of Mayne, of Lockwood, in
Ciydesdale. He was early bred a
merchant in the family-house of bu-
siness at Lisbon, where it has sub-
sisted above onehundred years. He
retired from Portugal, 1757, and,
1758, married Frances Allen, fifth
daughter and co-heiress of Joshua,
viscount Allen, of the kingdom of
Ireland, by whom he had one son,
who died soon after his birth, and
in right of her he enjoyed consider-
able possessions in that kingdom.In
“April,1763,he was advanced to the
dignity of a baronet of Great Bri-
tain; in March, 1766, created a

rivy-counsellor of Ireland. In the
first octennial parliament there, as
before.at the accession of his present
majesty,he represented the borough
ot Carysfort. in 1764, he was re-
turned representative, in the British
parliament, for Canterbury, and af-
terwards in 1774,for Gatton, where

hig

his estate, with the borough; was
sold to Mr, Ladbrooke, in 17¢9, for
80,000]. as was his seat at Arno’s
Vale, Southgate, to Isaac Walker,
esq. some. years before. He was
created baron Newhaven, of Car-
~rickmayne, July 18,1776.

At Monastereven, near Eden-
derry, in his 118th vear, a man of
the name of Couolly, who perfectly

-remembered the Janding of king
_James-and the prince of Orange,
the sieges of Derry and Limerick,
-the battles of the Boyne and Augh-
rim, and every other memorable
occurrence of those times.

At Knightsbridge, lady Browne,
relict of the late sir James Browne.

the tiemse with her, in the absence
of his keeper | took up a coal-scuttle
and dashed his mother’s brains:out.

At herhouse in Doyer-street, Pic- -

_ cadilly, Alicia Maria, countess-dow-
ager Egremont, only daughter of
George, lord Carpenter, and sister
_ to George, earl of Tyreonnel. She
was born in 1729 ; married, March
_ 12, 1751, to Charles, late earl of
Egremont, who died in 1763, by
whom she had four sons and three
daughters. She was,, at the esta-
blishment of the present queen's
household, 1761, appointed one of
- the ladies of the bed cham ber; and

7
re-married; 1707, to count Brubl, a

Saxon nobleman, envoy-extraordi-
nary from the court of Saxo ny.

June 2d., Aged 56, adelpbns
Frederic IV. duke of Mecklen-
burgh-Strelitz ; born May 5, 1788;
brother to the queen. He is suuc-
ceeded in his ducal sovereignty by
his next brother, Charles Lewis
Frederic, born October 10th, i740,
who has several children,

ANNUAL REGISTER,

of sir Peter Delme, knight, alder-

. Her son, sir William, in the guards,
and nephew of general Browne, ha- .

- ving Jong been insane, and living in

1794, é
;

‘3d. Mrs. Vernor, wife of John —
Vernor, esq. of Lincoln’s Inn, |:
Of a mortification in her bow-
els, occasioned by cold caught in
coming out of the Opera- house, a
few days before, in her 44th. year,
Dorothy, duchess of Portland.» She
was daugh: ter of William, late duke,
and sister to. the present duke, of”
Rey onshire ; was born August
27th, 1750; married November
gif, 1706, and had four sons and
two daughters.
12th. At her house in St, James's
Square,the right honourable Anne,
lady Ravensworth, in the 82d year
of her age. She was only daughter

man, and some time lord-mayor of |
London > married, 1735, to sir |
Henry Lyddel, bart. who, in 1747,
wascreated lord Ravensworth (from —
his attachment to the royal cause —
in the preceding treubles, and by
pointing out cisaflected persons |
near him), by whom she had one
daughter, married, 1756, to the
present duke of Grafton, from
whom she was divorced, 1769, and
married to John, earl of Upper
Ossory. She has survived her lord
more than ten years; he died in)
1784.

At Petersburgh, count Anhalt,

adjutant-general_ of the empress,
Jieutenant-general of the army, and,
chief of the corps of cadets.

_ Ofamortification in consequence
ofa slighthurt hereceived in riding,
aged 75, the most noble Francis
SeymourConw ay, marquis of Hert-
ford, earl of Yarmouth, viscount
Beauchamp, lord Conway, baron of
Ragley, also baron Conway of Kil-
lultagh in Ireland, knight of the
most noble order af the garter, lord-
lieutenant and eustos retolorum of

the county of Warwick and of the
city

a”

CHRONICLE:

city of Coventry, recorder of Co-
Ventryand Thetford, president of the
~ Magdalen hospit J, and a vite pre-
sident of St. George's hospital. He
succeeded his father as earl of Hert-

‘ford in 1736; was created ear] of
- Hertford and viscount Beauchamp,
1750 ; was appointed a lord of the
_ béd-chamber, 1751 ; lieutenant and
custos rotolorum of the county of
_ Warwick, and installed knight: of
the garter, 1757: continued in all]
his offices on the accession of his
_ present majesty, of whose privy
i counc | he was sworn 1763, and
sysoon after went ambassador ~extraor-

“dipary to France, when he resigned

‘the placeof lord of the bed-chamber.

‘He was appointed lord-lieutenant

Ireland, 1705; master of the
+ horse to the king, 17066, and Jord-
~ chamberlain of thehousebold, which
‘, *lastoffice he resigned, 1760. He was
¢ created ear! of Yarmouth, 1794. He
tmarricd, 1741, Isabella, youngest
daughter of Charles, second duke of
*Grafion, ‘by whom he had seven
sons and six danghters. His lordship
ucceeded in his titles andestates
; his eldest son, Francis, earl of
armouth, who is serving in the
Syeapacity of envoy from this court
“sto the’ king of Prussia.

)/23., At his house, ‘in Mortimer-
ite Cavendish-square, aged 68,
A Archibald Murray, bart ® His

ee to his son, John Mur-

ath 46th regiment, at Cork,

5 e At het lodginge inPoland-strect,
ithe matchioness de Marnesia, “an
eae whoe*joyed a distinguishe'
dronkand affluence in France bee
tthe fate revolution. This lady
ssessed very great talents in paint-

. ing and has Jett some beautiful spe-
; gituend of ex shill. She painted 4,

-Craig-hall ;
eal

fine likeness of the queen of France
shortly before her execution, which
was engraved for Mrs. Robinson’ 8
monody to the memory of that un-
fortunate princess. The marchioness
was one of those elegant females
who perishedin oblivion rather than
court the eye of vulgar commisera-
tion. The delicacy of her frame,

‘sgitated by the sad change in the

atate of he: country, was too much
for her feelings, which, after a lin-
gering struggle, overcame her. —
July Ist. In her 76th year, Ger-
trude, duchess dowager of Bedford,
eldestdaughter of John, ear! Gower,
by his fir st wife, daughterofEvelyn,
duke of Kingston. She was second
wite of John, fourth duke of Bed-
ford, to whom she was married in
1737,and by whom she had issue,
Francis, marquis of Tavistock, died
1767 ; John, died an infant; and
Caroline, married to George, duke
of Marlborough. She was left a |
widow in 1771, and has been ever
since distinguished by a remarkable
goodness of heart, attended by a
cheerfulness not very common at so
advanced a period of life.
10th. At Pinkie-house,; in Scot
land, sir Archibald Hope, bart. of
Craig-hall, He was secretary to the
Board of Police, in Scotland, for
life, and received acompensation on
the abolition of that board. His an-
cestor, sir Thomas Hope, of Craigs
hall, was king’s advocateinthereign
of Charles I, who had the privilege
of pleading before the Court of Ses-
sion with his hat on ; which privi-
legehis successors have enjoyed ever
since. Sir Thomas left four sons
(three, ot whom were lords of session
at one time), who all married, ‘and
bad issue, yiz. sir Jolin Hope, ‘of
‘sis ‘Thomas Hope, of
Kerle;

52 ANNUAL R
Kerle ; sir Alexander Hope.ofCran-
teun; and sir James Hope, of
Hopetoun.

August 6th. Henry, earl Bath-
urst.

At the ;alace of Tuam, in Tre-

land, the right honourable and right
reverend Ur. Joseph Dean Bourke,
archbishop of Tuam, primate of
Connaught, bishop of Ardagh, and
earl of Mayo... He was the second
son of John Bourke, created lord
Naas, of Naas in the county of
Kildare, August 1, 3776: advanced
to the dignity of a viscount on the
13th of January, 1781, by the title
of viscount Mayo, of Monycrower,
in that county, and earl of the
county of Mayo, 24th June, 1785.
‘Embracing the clerical function, he
“was dean of the diocese of Dro-
more, whence he was translated,
1772, to the see of Leighlin and
Ferns, and to the archbishopric
of Tuam, with the united bishop-
rics of Enachdoen and Ardagh, in
1782. His grace succeeded his bro-
ther as ear) of Mayo, and took his
seatas such, January 20th, 1791;
and was married to Elizabeth,
sister of ear! Clanwilliam, in Octo-
ber, 1772. The archiepiscopal see
js now vacant; but he is succeeded
as earl of Mayo by his son John,
‘viscount Naas, M. P. for the bo-
sough of Naas. - »%
_ At Cornwell-house, aged 36, Ri-
chard Burke, esq. M.P. for the bo-
rough of Malton, and only son of
the right honoutable Edmund
Burke, esq...

In the Middlesex: hospital, Mile.

E.Ga S'TE R, 1794.

September. Princess Christiana

of Mecklenburgh Strelitz, sister to —

our most gracious queen.
5th. Right honourable John Hely
Hutchinson; being at one and the

same time a privy-counsellor, rever- —

sionary secretary; of state, major of
the 4th regiment of horse, provost _
of Trinity-college, Dublin, and
seascher, packer, and gauger of the
port of Strangford. The late eail
Guildford made the following re~
mark onhim: ‘* If England and
Ireland were given to this man, he
would solicit the isle of Man for a
potatoe garden.” ; .
At Padua, thecountess Ernestina
Durazzo, daughter to the count de
Weissemwolf, by the countess de
Marianna de Palfy. This lady pos-
sessed, in an eminent degree, every
accomplishment, external and inter-
nal, and was, at the age of sixteen,
appointed maid of honour and lady
of the bed-chamber to her Imperial
majesty, Maria Theresa, who deco-

rated her with the order of the ©

starry cross, in consequence of her
rare merit, and in testimony of her
royal esteem. In the year 1752, she
was married te his excellency count
James Durazzo, a noble Genoese,
at that time envoy-extraordinary
from the S.R. of Genoa to the
Imperial court of Vienna, and who
was afterwards appointed ambassa-
dor from the latter court to the
S. R. of Venice, in which capa
city he resided upwards of twenty
yeaa he Fe _
At Frankfort, in his 26th year,
Universally regretted, for his amiable

Courtenay, the celebrated perfor- ‘endowments and military talents,

mer on the bagpipes... He died of
a dropsy, which he is supposed to
» bave contracted by Lard drinking.

“ an

count Furstenburg. He was buried ©

there on the 26th, with all the mili- |
tary honours. He beganhis career -
2 ’ as

ee x

Pate

CH R-O NICL Es

asa soldier in the French service,
and served afterwards in Russia,
where, by his bravery, he obtained
the order of St. George. He made
all the recent campaigns in the
Prussian service, and owing to his
gallant conduct in the action of
_Hockleim, obtained the order pour
de mérite. He was wounded, Sep-
» tember 20, at the cap:ure of Kaiser-
» slautern, and died, on the 24th, the
death of a hero, anda victim to his
humanity, in consequence of four
wounds, He gave quarter to a

_ Frenchman, but, on turning round, ~

the Frenchman took up his musquet
and killed the count in a dastardly
» and cowardly manner, General Bla-
chershewedhimseltequally humane,
but had the good fortune to be miss-
a ed by the man to whom he had just
given quarter. ek 5
At Clifton, ner Bristol, in “his
85thyear,the most reverend Richard
Robinson, D. D. lord bishop of Ar-
magh, primate of all Ireland, aud
baron Rokeby. He was admitted

a king’s scholar at Westminster in
1722; elected to Christ Church, Ox-
ae 1728; obtained a prebend at
rk,17..;and,in 1751, attended

th duke of Dorset, lord lieutenant
of Ireland, as his first chaplain, and

_ was the same year promoted to the
Bisboprck of Kilala..» Whea tlie
_ duke of Bedford was lord-licutenant
of Ireland, he was tra:slated (in

__ 1759} to the united sees of Leigh-

ae Ferns, and (in 1761) to
ildare. In 1765, when the duke

»of Northumberland was lerd-lieu- _
tenant he was advanced to the pri-

hig oe of Ireland, and constituted
_ lord-almoner ; and, by the duke of
Bantberiand (then chancellor of the
"university of Dublin), wasappoinited
Vice-cha,,,jlor, in which office he
45 COX ined by the dukes of Bed-

fordand Gloucester, successive chan-
cellors of that university, 1n. 1777,
when earl Harcourt was. lord-lieu-
tenant of Ireland, the king was
pleased, February 26, to create him
baron Rokeby of Armagh in the
kingdom of Ireland, with remainder
to Ma:thew Robinson,of West Lay-

‘ton, Yorkshiie, esq. ; and, in 1753,

he was appointed prelate of the
most illustrious order of St. Putrick.
In.1787, be was appoiuted one of
the lords-justices of Ireland, with

the lord-chancellor and the speaker

of the house of commons. He suc-
cveded to the title of baronet, on
the death of his brother, sir William, ~
in 1785. He was the last surviver,
in the male line, of the ancient far
mily of Robinson of Rokeby, where
the family had resided before the
conquest. His grace’s real estates,
and the title of baron Rokeby, de-
scend to Matthew Montague, esq.
M.P. To each of the Mrs, Ror
binsons, his nephew, his grace has
left 10,0001. He has willed his seat
at Rokeby=Lodge, in the county of
Louth, and whatever lafided pro-
perty he possessed in that county’; to
his nephew, tie reverend archdea-
con Robinson (whom hchasappoint-
ed one of his executors), on con-
dition that he resides in that king-
dom. — , Mg
Cctober 17th. At her house, in
Portman-street, “Portman-square,
lady Helen Douglas, relict of admi-
ral sir James Douglas, bart. and aunt

to the earl of Glasyow.

18th. AtSouthampton, lady King,
wife of vice-admiral sir Kich. King,
bart. be se

Qist. At his lordship’s house, in
the Giove, Bath, the countess of

_Howth, wife of the earl of Howth,

of the kingdom of Irclaud,
24th. inonourable Miss Catheart,
EK & sister

sister to Jord Cathcart and to the
countess of Mansfield, and one of
her majesty’s maids of honour.

At Axwe'l, near Newcastle, sir
Thomas Clayering, bart. LL. D. for-
merly many years M. P. for the
county of Durham. He succeeded
his father, sir James, 1748. His lady
died August 16, 1792. ;

At Vienna, field-marshal Browne,
who Jately commanded the Austrian
army on the Rhine.

At Caxton, Cambridgeshire, the
reverend Thomas Barnard, vicar of
that place. ;

At her seat, at Bourton-on-the-
Water, Gloucestershire, dame Eliza-
beth Harrington, relict of sir James
Harrington, bart. grandfather of the
present sir John. She was daughter
of Henry Wight, esq. of Blakesly-
ha}l, Northamptonshire.

At Vienna, of a dropsy in the
lungs, the princess de Colloredo,
consort to the vice-chancellor of the
empire.

At the parsonage-house, at EJt-
ham, Kent, Martha, lady-dowager
Shaw, second wife, and widow, of
sir John Shaw, bart. who died 1779,
and mother of the present sir Juhn
Shaw, bart. :

Lately, on his way to the island
of Maderai, for the recovery of his
health, in the 29th year of his age,
Basil William, lord Daer, eldest son
of the earl of Selkirk, and late a
member of the Edinburgh conven-
tion. , A

Noyember 6th. At her house at
Isleworth, in her 77th year, Mary
Wortley MontagueStewart,countess
of Bute, and, in her own right, ba-
-Foness Mountstewart, only daughter
of the late Edward Wortley Monta-
gue, esq. and sister of the late tra-
veller, Edward Wortley Montague,
esq. She survivedherlord (by whom

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1754.

she had five sons and six daughters)
not three years, and her eldest son
not ten months ; and. by her death,
the honovrable Jamies V ortley Mon;
tavne obtains possession of his crand=
father’s fortune, 20,COC] “per ann.

ath, At his house, in Charlotte
Street, Mr. Baddely, comedian, of
Drury-lane theatre. » Q

In Stratford-place, aged 8G, Juli-
ana, Cuchess-dowagercf Lr eds, third
wife of Peregrine Hyde (third duke
of L-eds) who sacceeded his father
in 1729, and died in 1731, grand=
father of the presént duke. Her
grace was dau, hier and cc-heiress
of Roger Hele, esq. of Halewell,
Devonshire, and married,-1732, to
Charles, earl of Portmore, who cied
1785, hy whom slie had David, lod
Milsington, who died 1755; a
daughtr, Caroline, born 1733, mar-
ried, 1750, the present lord Scars-
dale; auotherdaught r, Juliana, born
1735, married to Himry Dawkins,
esq. of Staddlynch, Wiltshire ; and
another son, Charles William, mar-

‘ried, 1770, to Miss Lascelles, who

suc_éeded his father.

At Olivit, near Orleans,’ in his
72d year, the famous French physi-
cian Petit. Eis merits and writings
are known to the scientific of all
Europe. j st

Athisseat, at Draycot-house, near,

hippenbam, Wiltshire, ip his 58th
year, sir James Tylney Long, bart.
1epresentative in parliament for the
‘county of Wilts, andbereditary chief
warden of the forest of Waltham, in
the county of Essex. He married,

first, 1775, the henourable Harriet —

Bouverie, fourth daughter ot Jacob
viscount Folkstone, aud sister to the
Jate ea] of Radnor, by whom he
had nochildren ; secoidly, 1785,
the right honourable lady Catharine
Windscr, eldest daughter of the late
| : earl

earl of Plymouth, by whom he had
three daughters, and one son, an in-
fant of three months old.

John, second lord Coleraine, of
the kingdoin of Ireland, eldest son
of Gabriel Hanger, esq. who was so
created by privy seal, at St. James's,

in 1761, and by patent, at Dablin,
_ in 1702, and was grandson of Geo.
Hanger, esq.ot Duffield,Gloucester-
- shire, whose eldest daughter married
Henry Hare, lord Colergine, which

lord succeeded his father in 1773,
and is himself succeeded by his bro=
ther William.
At his seat at Hackwood, Fiants,
in his 75th year, the most no»le
~ Har ry, sixth duke of Bolton, seventh
Pee quis of Winchester avd premier
arquisof England, vice-adiniral of
a Hampshire and Dorsetshire, and
vice-admiral of the white, 1760 ;

M.P. for Lymington, 1754, and, in

thesucceeding parliament, for Win-
' chester. He married, first, 1752,
; Henrietta, daushter of <se~Nuibn;
, of Eltham, Kent, esq. 3 and by this
_ Jady, who died 1704, and is.buried
vat Eltham, had a daughter, Mary,
‘ born 1753, and marriéd 1772, to
; the present earl of Sandwick. His
- grace suecedded to the tite and
/ estates on the 5th of July, 1765 ;
and, in April, the same year, inter-
aries with Catharine Lowther,
ter to the earl of {onsdale, the
present duchess, by whem he had
ley two daughters, Catharine, now,
- countess of Darlington, and. lady: |
ie ‘Anielia Powlet. His grace having
without male issue, the vite af
ke of Bolton is extinct ; that of
arqnis of Wiuch ‘ster devolves on»
Georg ze Powlet, esq, .—By his death,
“apension on the [rishestabli ishiment,
7001. a Year to the right hon.
nas Orde, ceases, it haying been

—_

@ HiR: OWNsL CLE.

__ title became extinct. The deceased.

5S,

granted ouly during life of the duke.»
Mrs. Orde, however, who was rela-
tedtotheduke’sfamily, fromthesame
circumstance comes into the instant
' possession of 17,00). per annum.
These estates were left by the duke
immediately preceding the last to his —
lately deceased grace and his male
issue; but, in default of such i issue,
to his daughter, since married to the
right ae Thomas Orde, who has ,
since taken the name of Powlet.—
Sir William Powlet, ancestor of the
duke of Bolton, which title is now
exiinct, was thirty years lord-high
treasurer of England, during three
successive reigns. He was created
lord St. John by Henry VIII. and
earlof Wiltshireandmarquisof Win-
chester by Edward VI. and died at —
the advanced age of 97. The family
being instrumentalin forwarding the
revolution, the then marquis was |
created duke of Bolton by William
I/L. The barony of St. John is in
abeyance between his grace’s daugh-
ters; the marquisate goes to another
branch of the tamily.

At his house, in St. Andrew’ s
Square, Edinburgh,in his 85th year,
Geo. Gordon, 4th earl of Aboyne.
His: lordship succeeded to the title
and famity estate in 1732,

Suerters appointed by bis Majesty
in Council, for tre Year 1794.

Berkshire. Edward Stephenson, of
-Parcey Fill, esq.
Ba faids hire. Edward Nicholl, of
‘studham, esq.
Pucks, Charles Clowes, of Iver, esq.
Cumlerland. ‘Wiiliam Henry Mil-
bourne, of Armathwaite-Castle,

esq.
Cheshire. Dumyille Poole,ofLymm,

esq.

E4 Cambridgeshire,

Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire.
John Richards, of Brampton, esq.

Devonshire. John Spurrell Pode, of
Stoke Damerell, esq.

Dorsetshire. Edward Buckley Bat-
son, of Sixpenny-Handley, esq.
Derbyshire. Sir Henry Harpur, of

Caulk, bart.

Essex. Iduies Hatch, of Claybury,
esq.

Gloucestershire. Isaac Elton, of Sta-
pleton, esq.

Hertfordshire. Samuel Leighton-
house, of Orford house, esq.

Herefordshire. John Miles, of Led-
bury, es ’

Kent. Richard Carew, of Orping-
ton, esq. .

Leicestershire. George Moore, of Ap-
pleby, esq.

Lincolnshire. Sir Joseph Banks, bart.

Monmouthshire. John Rose, of Duf-
frain, esq.

Northumberland. Charles John Cla-
vering, of Bitchfield, esq.

Northamptonshire. Richard Booth,
of Glendon, esq.

Norfoik. John Richard Dashwood,
of Cocklay Clay, esq.

Nottinghamshire. John Simpson, of
Babworth, esq.

Oxfordshire. Samuel Gardner, of
“Hardwick, esq. :

Rutlandshire. "Thomas Forsyth, of
Empingham, esq.

Shropshire. William Yelverton Da-
venport,
esq.

Somersetshire.
of Babington, esq.

Staffordshire. Matthew Boulton, of

Soho, es

Suffolk. Charles Purvis, of Darsham,
esq

Siuthampvi. iit Bopham,of Pe-
tersfield, esq.

Surrey. Charles Bowles, of East

Sheen, esq.

ANNUAL REGISTER,

of Davenport House, |

Charles Knatchbull,

1 794.

ae Samuel Twyford, of Trotton,

Warwickshire. Richard Hill, of Ki-
neton, esq.

Worcestershire, Thomas Farley, of
Halton, es

Wiltshire. Richard Long, of West
Ashton, esq.

Yorkshire. Thomas Lister, of Guis-

- bourn Park, esq.

SOUTH WALES.

Carmarthen: William Clayton, of
Alltycadno, esq.

Pembroke. John Phelps, of ee
Bush House, esq.

Cardigan. William Owen Brigstock,
of Biaenypant, esq.

Glamorgan. Henry Knight, of Ty-
thegstone, esq

Brecon. Bichard Wellington, of Hay-
Castle, esq.

Radnor. Richard Price, of Knigh-
ton, esq.

NORTH WALES.

Anglesea. Hugh'Jones, of Carrog,
esq.

Carnarvon. Richard Lloyd, of Tref-
bedlig, esq.

Merioneth. Owen Ormsby, of Glynn,
esq.

Montgomery. John James, of Castle
Caerinion, esq.

“Denlighshire. Bryan Cooke, of Ha-
vodywern, esq.

Flint. paar Leo, of Gwasaney, P

esq.

SHERIFF appointed ly his ajc high-
ness the prince of Wales in Gouel,
Jor the Year 1794. “

County of Cornwall. Edward Ar tecis
of 'i'relask, esq.

APPENDIX

Ee ee

—— eS Z a i

{ 67 J a

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

“ YONDON GAZETTE EXTRAORDI-
. :
_ NARY, FRIDAY, JAN. 17, 1794.

Whitehall, Jan. 15.

NAPTAIN HILL, aid-de-camp

to major-general Dundas, ar-

feted, on the 13th instant, at the

‘office of the right hon. Henry Dun-

Us das, his majesty’s principalsecretary

' of state for the home department,

a with dispatches from vice-admiral

lord Hood and the major- -general,

- of which the following are copies
, and extracts.

Victory, Toulon Road, Dec. 13,1793.
BIR,

Nothing very material has hap-
pened here since the 30th of last
month, when I had the honour of

writing to you,except that the ene-
my has made approaches nearer to
us by some new erected batteries ;
one against the Malbousquet, ano-
ther against Le Brun, anda third
against the Hauteurde Grasse. The
shells from two of them didus some
ief onthe 9th and 10th, since
hich they have been perfectly si-

lent. ..

Rec ey irsported tobe 50,000,

% I capa credit their being much
yond half that number. By vari-

ous deserters that have come in,
= in this respect perfectly agree,
re soon to be attacked on all

- From the numerous

e a:
4

and important posts we have to oc-

‘cupy, the troops are at very hard

duty, and. without relief some way
or other, we shall soon have more
men in the hospital, than are fit for
service.

I have the honour to be, &c.

HOOD.
Right hon. Henry Dundas,
&c. &c. &e.

sir, Toulon, Dec. 12, 1793.

Since the atfair of the 20th ult.
no considerable event has taken
place. By the repeated accounts of
deserters, the enemy are very much
increased in numbers : none state
them lower than 30 or 40,000 men.

They have fired of late little from”
the battery we were in possession of;
Four of its guns are certainly dis-
abled. They have increased the
numberof their mortars, which have
much annoyed our twa posts of cape
Brun and Fort Mulgrave, on the
heights of Balaguier. We have lost
some men at each, from the eftect
of shells, which, in such temporary
exposed situations, cannot be sufh-
ciently guardedfrom.—Againsteach
of these posts they have opened a
new battery of cannon and mortars,
but at the other points they have
worked little. We continue
‘strengthening ourposition, though
we cannot expect to give it any
much more substantial form,

We have in all 11,000 men bear-
ing muskets, and 4000 sick, De-
serters all report the intention of a
speedy general attack,

This wiil be delivered by captain
Hill, a very deserving young man,
who had been’ aid-de-camp_ to lord
Mulgrave, lieut.-general O’Hara,
and myself. The opportunity of his
departure is sudden, and therefore
I am to beg you will excuse the
shortness of thisletter: Lam, &c.

DAVID DUNDAS.
He thon. Henry Dundas,
b Ranks esc, >

Whitehall, January 15, 1704.
This morning sir Sydney Smith
and major Moneri-f airived at the
office of the right hon. Henry Dun-
das, his) simajesty” s principal secretary
of state for the home department,
with dispatehes from vice-admiral
lord Hood and major-geneval David
Dundas, of which the following are
copies and extracts.

Victory, Hieres Bay, Dec. 20, 1793.
SIR,

It ismy duty to acquaint yon,

that Ihave been obliged to evacuate

ar oulon, and retire from the ie bour

to this anchorage.
It became unavoidably” necessary
that the retreat should not be defer-

_ red beyond that night, as the enemy

commanded the town and ships by
their shot and: slells ; I therefore,
agreeable to the governor's plan,
dirécted the boats of the fleet’ to
assemble by eleven o'clock, near fort
la Malgue, and amhappy to say the
whole of the troops were brought
off, to the number of near 9000,
without the loss of a man; and, in
the execution of this service, I have
infinite pleasure in acknowledging
my very gteat obligations to captain

ANNUAL RECGISTER, 1794.

Elphinstone, for his unremitting zeal
and exertion, who saw the last man
off ; and it is a very comfortable sa-

_ftisfaction to me, that several thou-

sands of the meritorious inhabitants
of Toulon are sneltered in his mas
jesty’s ships,

I propose sending the vice-admi-~

Tals Hotham and Cosby, with some

other ships, to Leghorn or Porto
Ferrara, to complete their wine and
provisions, which run very short;
having many mouths to feed, and to
rema-n with the rest to block up
the ports of Toulon and Marseilles,
Cireumstances - which had taken
place made the retreat absolutely
necessary to be eff: cted as soon as
possible, and prevented the execu~
tion of a settled arrangement for
destroying the French ships and ar-
senal. 1 ordered the Vulcan fires
ship to be primed; aad sir Sydney
Smith, who joined mefrom Smyrna
abont a fortnight ago, having of,
fered his service to burn the ships, I ]
put captain Hare under ‘his orders,
with the lieutenants Tupper and
Gore of the Victory, lieutenant
Pater of the Britannia, and lieute-
nant R, W. Miller of the Windsor
Castle. - Ten of the enemy’s ships
of the line in the arsenal, with the
mast-house, greatstore-house, hemp-

house, and other buildings, were —

totally destroyed, and. before day-
light all his majesty’s ships, with

those of Spaln and the Two Sicilies,

were out of the reach of the ene+

_my’s shot and shells, except the Ro-
‘bust, which was tovreceive captain

Elphinstone, and she followed very
soon after, without a shot striking
her.

de. Mars: itles, Puissant, and Pom-—
pée, of hein: the Pearl, Arethusa,”
and Topaze, frigates, and several —

hae

if
T have under my orders rear. ~
admiral ‘Tro off, in’ the Commerce — ;

Se ES ee

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

large cotvettés, which I hayemanned,
and employed in collecting wine and
provisions trom the different ports

in Spain and ltaly, having been can-—

stautly in want of some species or
another, and am now at short al-
lowance.

Don Langara undertook to destroy
the ships in “the bason, but I am in-
formed, founditnot practicable; and
as the Spanish troops had the guar-

» ding the powder vessels, which con-
tained the powder of the ships I
ordered into the bason and arsenal
on coming here, as well as that
Paik Ae cstinkcideeaie ot tnbthe

enemy's reach, I requested the S} we

» Dish admiral would } epleasedto give
orders for their being scuttled and
sunk 3 but, instead of doing that,

! wie officer to whom that duty was
intrusted blew them up, by which

‘ two fine gun-boats wh.ch I had or-
dered to “attend sir Sydney Smith,
were shook to pieces, The licute-

nant commanding one of them was
illed, and sev eral seamen » badly
wounded. Iam sorry to add, that

_heut. Goddard of the Vietor;, who
commanded the seamen upon the
heights of Grasse, was wounded,
but “I hope and trust not dap Betgns—
]
zi I beg to refer you for rath par-

hie to general Dundas respect-

the evacuation of Toulon, and

t te y sir Sydney Smith as to the barn-

ae s ships, &c.on which

vice “he very mugh distinguished

himself ; “and he gives great praise

» to ¢ captain Hare, of the tire-shi, p, as

well 2 as to all the lieutenants employ =
ae under him.

Ttis with peculiar satisfaction 1

_ hive the honour to acqauiut you,

_ that the utmost harmony, and most
ot ial understanding, ‘has happily
Bubsisted i in his rmiajesty’ s army and

eg
my

fleet, not only between the officers
of all ranks, but between the seas
nicn and soldiers also.

I herewith transmit a copy of
sir Sydney Smith’s letter to me,
with alist of the officers employed
under him, and alsoa return of offi-
cers and seamen killed and wounds
ed at Fort Mulgrave on the 17th.

I have the honour, &c.
' HOOD.

P.S. The list of the ships at
Toulon that were burnt, avd those
remaining, has been ea
writing my letter. ~ »

Right hon. Henry Dundas.

Y raat; Dec. 18, 1793,
MY LORD,

Agreeably to your lordship’s or-
der, | proceeded with the Swallow
tender, three English and three
Spanish gun-boats, to the arsenal,
and immed diately began making’ the

necessary préparations for burning _

the Trench ships andstores therein.
We found the dock-gares well se-
cured by the judicious arrangements
of the governor, although the docks
yard people had already substituted |
the three-coloured cockade for they,
white one. I did not think it safe.
to attemptthe securing any of them,
cons:dering the small force I had ©
with me, and considering that con=
test of any kind would occupy our
whole attention, and prevent us
from accomplishing our purpos se.
The galley-slaves, to the number
of at least 600, shewed themselves
Jealous spectators of our operations :
thei disposition to oppose us was
evident; audbeing uuchained, which
Wis unusual, rendered it pes ae
to keep a watchful eye on t
board the galleys, by pointing the
guns of the Swallow tender and one
of the gun-boats on them, in such
a manner

+: &

‘4

ne’,

a manner as to enfilade the quay on
which they. must have landed to
come tous, and assuring them, at
the same time, that no harm should
happen to them, if they remained
quiet. The enemy kept up a cross-
fire of shot and shells on the spot,

_ | from Malbousquet and the neizh-

«Zz

bouring hills, which contributed to
keep the galley slaves in subjection;
and operated in every respect fa-
vourably for us, by keeping the re-
publican party in the town within
their houses, while it occasioned lit-
tle interruption to our work of pre-
paring and placing combustible mat-
ter in the different store-houses, and
on board the ships; suc €.: the
steadiness of the few brave seamen
I had under my command. A great
multitude of the enemy continued
to draw down the hill towards ‘the
' dock-yard wall ; and as the might
closed in, they came near enough
_ to pour in an irregula#aough quick
fire of musquetry on us from the
Boulangerie, and of cannon from
the height which overlooks it. We
kept fen at bay by discharges
of grape-shot, from time to time,

owhich prevented their coming so

near as to discover the insufficiency
of our force to repel a closer attack.
A gun-boat was stationed to flank
the wall on the outside, and two
field-pieces were placed within a-
- gainst the wicket usually frequented
by the workmen, of whom we were
particularly apprehensive. About
_ eight o'clock I had the satisfaction
r seeing lieut. Gore towing in the
Vulcan fireship. Captain Hare, her
commander, placedher, agreeably to
my directions, in a most masterly
manner, across the tier of men of
war,
guns and men diminished my appre-
hensions of the gallcy-slaves rising

the additional force of her

ANNUAL REGISTER,’ 1794.

on us, as their manner and occasion~
al tumultuous debates ceased entire-
ly on her appearancé. The only
noise heard among them was the’
hammer knocking off their fetters,
which humanity forbade my oppo-
sing, as they might thereby be more
at liberty to save themselves on the
conflagration taking place around
them. In this situation we ccnti-
nued to wait most anxiously for the
hour concerted with the governor
for the iuflammation of the trains.
The moment the signal was made,
we had the satisfaction to see the
flames rise in every quarter. Lieu-
tenant Tupper was charged with

the buraing of the general maga- |

zine, the pitch, tar, tallow, and oil
store-houses, and succeeded most
perfectly ; the hemp magazine was

included in this blaze + its being |
nearly calm was unfortunate to the _

spreading of the flames, but 250
barrels of tar divided among the
‘deals and other timber, insured the
rapid ignition of that whole quarter
which heutenant Tupper had under-

takeg. - Wipe Vg
‘The mast-house was equally well
set on fire by lieutenant Middleton,
of the Britannia. Lieutenant Pater,
-of the Britannia, continued in a
most daring manner to brave the
flames, in order to complete the
work where the fire seemed to have”
caught imperfectly. I was obliged
to callhim off, lest his retreat sheuld
becomeimpracticable : his situation
was the more perilous, as the ene-
my’s fire redoubled as soon as the
amazing blaze of light rendered us
distinct objects of theiraim. Lieu-
tenant Ironmonger, of the Royals,
remained with the guard at the
gate till the last, long after the
Spanish guard was withdrawn, and
was brought safely off by, captain
’ Edge,

» APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

_ Edge, of the Alert, *o whom I had
_ confided the important service of
_ closing our retreat, and bringing off
our detached paities, which were

saved to a man. I was scrry to find
myself deprived of the farther ser-
‘vices of captain Hare: he had per-

_ formed that of placing his fireship
_ to admiration, but was blown into
_ the water, and much scorched, by

the explosion of her priming, when
in the act of putting the match to
it. Lieutenant Gore was also much

‘burnt, and I was consequently de-

_ prived of him also, which I regret--

ted the more, from the recollection
of his bravery and activity in the
warm service of Fort Mulgrave.
~Mr. Eales, midshipman, who was
also with him on this occasion, de-
serves my praise for his ¢onduct

hy throughout this service. Ty e suns
of the fireship going off @n both
sides as they heated, in the diree-
tion that was given them, towards

, those quarters from whence we were
- most apprehensive of the enemy
forcing their way in upon us, check-
‘ed their career. Their shouts ard

_ republican songs, which we could
hear distinctly, continued till they,

_ as well as ourselves, were ina :man-,

ner thunderstruck by the explosion
of some thousand barrels of powder,
‘on board the Iris frigate, lying in
_ the inner road, without. us, and
' which bad been unjudiciously set on
» fire by the Spanish boats, in going
-. , instead of being sunk as ordered.
_ ~The concussion of air, andthe shower
of falling timber on fire, was such
“as nearly to destroy the whole of us.
Lieutenant Patey, of the Terrible,
with his whole boat’s.crew, nearly
_ perishea : the boat was blown to
s, but the men were picked
up alive. The Union gun-boat,
whi h was néarest to the Iris, suf~
« 5 j
3

fered considerably, Mr. Young be-
ing killed, with three men, and the
vessel shaken to pieces. I had given
it in charge to the Spanish officers,
to fire the ships in the bason before
the town, but they returned, and
reported that various obstacles*had
prevented their entering it. We
attempted it together, assoon as we
ad completed the business in the
arsenal, but were repulsed in our
attempt to cut the boom, by repeat-
ed vollies of musquetry from the flag
ship and the wall. of the battery
Royale. The cannon of this bat-
tery had been spiked by the judicious
precaution taken by the governor
previously to the evacuation of the
town.
The failure of our attempt on the
ships in the bason before the town,
owing to the insufficiency of our
force, made me regret that the
Spanish gun-boats had been with-
drawn from me to perform other
service. The adjutant don Pedro
Cotiella, don Francisco Riguielme,
and don Francisco Truxillo, remain-
ed with me to the last; and I feel
bound to bear testimony of the zeal
and activity with which they per-

formed the most essential services,

during the whole of this business
as far as the insufficieney of their
force allowed it, being reduced, by
the retreat of the gufi-boats, toa
single felucca, and a mortar-boat,
which had expended its ammuni+ _
tion, but contained 30 men with
cutlasses. ” ai
‘We now proceeded to burn the
Hero and Tuemistocles, two 74 gun ©
ships, lying in the inner read, Gur
Rod 5 -
approach to them had hitherto been )
impracticable in boats, asthe French!
prisoners, who had been left in the
latter ship, were still in possession of
her, and had shewn a detetiniestion
Yh

to resist our attempt to come on
board. The scene of conflagration
around them, heightened by the jate
tremendousexplosion,had, however,

_awakened their fears for their lives.

Thinking this to be the case, I ad-
dressed, them, expressing my readi-
ness to Jand them ina place of safe-
ty, if they would submit ;. and they
thankfully accepted the offer, shew-
ing themselves to be completely in-
timidated, and very grateful for our
humane intentions towards them, in
not attempting to burn them with

the ship. It was necessary to pro-

ceed with precaution, as they were
more numerous than ourselves. We
at pete rap codec disembark-
ation, and then set her on fire, On

» this occasion, I had nearly lost my

valuable friend and assistant, licuze-
nant Miller, of the Windsor-Castle,
who had staid so long on board to
insure the fire taking, that it gained
on him Weadenty, and it was not
without being very much scorched,
and the risk of being suffocated, that
we could approach the ship to take
himin, The loss to the service
would have been very great, had we
not succeeded in our endeavours to
save him. Mr.’ Knight, midshipman
of the Windsor-Castle, who was in
the boat with me, shewed much ac-
tivity and address on the occasion,
as well pt throughout the
day.

The explosion of a second pow-
der-vessel, equally unexpected, and
with a shock even greater than the
first,again put us in the most immi-
nent danger of perishing; and, when
it is considered that we were witbin
the sphere of the falling timber, it
is next to miraculous that no ove
piece, of the many which made the
water foam around us, happened
to touch either the Swallow or the
three boats with me.

a
>

ANNUAL, REGISTER, 1704.

Having now set fire to every
thing within our reach, exhansted
our combustible preparationsandour —
strength tosuch a degree that the
men absolutely dropped on the oars,
we directed our course to join the
fleet, running the gauntlet under a
few ill-directed shot from the forts
of Balaguier and Aiguillette, now
occupied by the enemy ; but fortu-
nately, without loss of any kind,we
proceeded to the place appointed
for the embarkation of the troops,
and took off as many as we could
carry. It would be injustice to
those c{icers whom I have omitted

to name, for their not having been

so immediately under my eye, if I
did not acknowledge myself indebt-
ed to thenr all for their extraordi-
Nary exertions in the execution of
this great national object. The
uickness with whichtheinflamma-
tion took effect.on my. signal, its
extent and duration, are the best
evidences that every ofheerandman ©
was ready at his post, and firm un- _
der most perilous circumstances,
We can ascertain that the fire ex-
tended.to at least ten sail oftheline ;.
how much farther we caiinot say,
‘The loss of the general, magazine,
and of the quantity of pitch, tar,
rosin, hemp, timber, cordage, and

gunpowder, must considerably im-

pede the equipment of the few ships
that remain. I am scrry to haye

. been obliged to leave any, but J

hope your lordship »will be satisfied
that we did as much as our circum-
scribed means enabled us to doin
limited time, pressed. as we wese
by a force so much superior to us,

I have the honour to be, &e.
W. SYDNEY. SMILH.
Right hon. lord Hood, :

ie, Se. He.
{Here

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

| [Here follows alistiof the officers

employed, and of the killed and
‘wounded |

List of ships of the line, frigates and

_ —slops of the depar'ment of Toulon. .

In the road where the English fleet
entered Toulon.
SHIPS of the LINE
| Now with the English fleet.
“guns.
’ Le Gira nadics de Marseilles 120

ple Pompée 5 — 74
5 Burnt at Toulon.
rai Tonnant~ — ‘80
L Heureux ~ — 7A
“ Le Centaure — 7
Le Commerce de Bourdeaux 74
‘te Le Destin —— 7
Le Lys oo anil |
Le Héros _ 74
Le Thémistocle — 74
Te Dugay Trouin 77

_ Bent into the French ports on the At-
Vantic, with French seamen, Fe.

Le Patriote = 7
* . L’Apolion * _ 7
»* LOrion —_ 74

yds Entreprenant — 7h

Burnt at Leghorn.

~ Le Scipion — 74
Remaining at Toulon.
% Le (Gémérenx —_ 74
* » -YRIGATES
' Now with the English fleet.
pe Perler 4 **, — 40
: ~ L’Aréthuse — 40
| Fitted out by the English.
_ L’ Aurora —_— 32
tinto commission by order of Lord
, Hond.
a Topaze a 82
maining in the power of the Sardi-
mians.
) “L’Alceste ings 32
‘ SLOOPS
“Now with the English flect.
LaPoulette — 20
7 “Le Tarleton 14
by -

8S
Burnt at Toulon.
guns.
» La Caroline — 20
>» L’ Auguste 20
Fitted out by the EB Esgish.

La Bellette — 26
La Prosélyte a 24
Jéa Binces — 20
»‘Le-Mulet | — 20
' La Mozelle — 2G

Fitted out by the Neapolitan

L’ Emproye 20
Fitted out by the per dse
~ La Petite Aurore —~ 1s
: Sentito Bourdeaux.
Le Pluvier — 20

Fitting out when the papiish fleet .
es entered Tou
SHIPS of the LINE

Burnt at Toulon. &
Le Triomphant — ”*80
Le Suffsant == 74
. Now with the English fleet.
/ Le Puissant —
Remaining at Toulon.
Le Dauphin Reyal — 120
“ FRIGATE
Burnt at Toulon.
La Sérieuse 2
Tn the harbour, in wa f repair.
SHIPS " %
Burnt at Toulon.
Le Mercure. & 74

La Couronne ~ wm 80
Le Conquérant a ®,

_Le Dictateur — 74.
Remaining at Toulon.

Le Languedoc _80
Le Censeur Z.

Le Guerrier _— 74

- Le Souverain — a4

Unfit for service.
L’Alcice — tA

_ FRIGATES
Burnt at Toulon.

‘Le Courageaux — 32
L’Iphigénie _- 32
‘L’.Alerte _ 16

Having

P-]

Hath on board the powder maga-

zines, burnt at Toulon.

guns.
L'Tris _ 32
Le Montreal —_ 32
Fitted out by the English as a bomb-
ketch.

La Lutine —_ 32
Rematning at Toulon. <

La Bretonne = — 1

{n commission before the English
fleet at Toulon.
SHIP
In the Levant.
La Duquesne 74
‘FRIGATES and SLOOPS

afi n the Levant.
La Sibi =. 40
La Sensible _*% 32
~~ LaMelpomene — 40
La Minerve aici 40
La Fortunée — 32
La Fléche — 24
La Fauvette — 24

Taken by the English.
L’Impérieuse =—_—— 40
La Modestie — 32
L Eclair 20
At Ville oF amehell k

La Vestale ea 36
La Badine — 24
Le Hazard 30

: At Corsica.
La Mignon _— 32

. At Cette.
. La Brune — 24
In ordinary at Toulon.
LaJunon . — 40
uilding.

One ship of we 74,
Two frigates = 40

On board the Victory, Hieres Bay,
Dee. 21, 1793.
SIR
In my letter x the 12th instant I
had the honour to acquaint you,
that from the 30th of November to

*
'

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794,

that time no particular event had
taken place, and that the fire of she
enemy was less trequent.
this period they weredaily receiving

andbothsides were busily employed,

we in strengthening our posts, and
the enemy 1n establishing new bat-
teries against cape Brun and Mal-
bousquet, but principally against

During —

, reinforcements from every quarter, —

Fort Mulgrave, on the Heighis of ©

Balaguier. be

«
From all concurring accounts of

deserters, and. othe: ers the enemy's
army was now between 30,000 and
40.000 men, andan attack upon our
posts was to be daily expected.
‘These, trom their essential though
detached situations, had been seve-

rally strengthened, in theproportion |

their circumstancesrequired, having

such central forcein the town aswas
deemed necessary for its immediate

guard, and for affording a degree of

succour to any point that might be

more particularly attacked,
For the complete defence of the
town and its extensive harbour, we

had long been obliged to occupy a |

circumference of at least fitteen

miles, by eight principal posts, with

their several intermediate dependent
ones ; the greatest partof these were
merely of a temporary nature, such

‘as our means: allowed us to con-

struct; and of our force, which ne-
ver exceeded 12,000 men bearing
firelocks, and composed of five dif-

ferent nations and languages, near

9000 were placed in or supporting
those posts, and about 3000 remain-
ed in the town.

On the 16th, at “half past two ©
_o'clock in the morning, the enemy, |

who had before fired from three
batteries on Fort Mu'grave, now

opened two new ones, and conti- |

nued a very heavy cannonade and
bombard-

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

“bombardment on that post till next
morping. The works suffered much.
. The number of men killed and dis-
cabled was considerable., The wea-
_ther was rainy, and the consequent
fatigue great.
At two o'clock in the morning of
the 17th the enemy, who had every
advantage in assembling and sudden-
dy advancing, attacked the fort in
great force. Although no_ part of
this temporary post was such as
could well resist determined troops,
yet, for a considerable time, it was
defended; but; on the enemy en-
tering on the Spanish side, the Bri-
tish quarter, commanded by captain
Conolly, of the 18th regiment, could
not be much longer maintained,

notwithstanding several gallant ef

forts were made for that purpose.
it was therefore at last carried, and
the remains of the garrison of 700
mea retired towards the shore of
-Balaguier under the protection of
the uther posts established on those
heights, and which continued to be
faintly attacked»by the enemy. As
this position of Balaguier was a most
es;ential one for the preservation of
the harbour, and as we had no com.
munication with it but by water,
_2200 men had been placed there for
_S0me time past. On the night pre-
seeding the attack, 300 more men
had been sent over, and on the morn-
“ing of the 17th 400 were embarked
sul farther to support it.
» When. the firing at Balaguier
eased, we remaived in anxious sus-
_ pence as to the event till a little be-
More day-light, when a new scene
_Ppened, by an attack on all our posts
Yon the mountain of Pharon. The
@femy were repulsed on the east
Side, where was our principal force
ef about 700 men cotmmanded by
“#mMost distinguished officer, the Pied-
meevon, XXXVI.

-montese colonel de Jermagnan,

whose loss we deeply lament; but
on the back of the mountain, near >
1800 feet high, steep, rocky, deam-
ed almost inaccessible, and which he
had laboured much to make so, they
found means, once more, to pene-
trate between our posts, which oc-
cup.ed an extent of above two miles,
guarded by 450 men, and, in a very
short space of time, we saw that
with great numbers of men, they
crowded all that side of the moun-
tain which overlooks Toulon. The
particulars of this event I am not
yet enabled to ascertain, but I have
every reason to think that they did
not enter a British post.

Our line of defence, which, as I
have mentioned, occupied a cir-
cumference of at least 15 miles, and
with points of which we had only a
water communication, being thus
broken in upon in its two most es-
sential posts, it became necessary to
adopt decisivemeasures, arising from
the knowledge of the whole of our
actual situation. A council of the
flax and general officers assembled.
They determined on the impracti-_
cability of restoring the posts we had
lost, and on the consequent propri-
ety of the speedy evacuation of the
town, evidently, aud by the report
of the engineers and artillery offi-
cers, declared untenable. Mea-
sures of execution were taken from
that moment. The troops were
withdrawn from the heights of Bala-
guier without much interruption
from the enemy, and in the even-
ing such posts as necessarily depend-
ed on the possession of Pharon were
successively evacuated, and the
troops drawn in towards Toulon.
The forts D’Artigues and St. Ca-

Aherine still remained, together with

the posts of Sabieites, Cape Brun,
bie j i and

“€6

and Malbousquet, from which last
the Spaniards withdrew in the night,
“in consequence of the supporting
post of Neapolitans at Micissey
“having left the battery there esta-
\blished, and abandoned it without
orders. Every attention was also
given'to ensure the tranquillity of
“the town. (In the night the com-
‘bined fleets took a new station in
the outer road.
Early in the morning of the 18th
“ithe sick and wounded, and the Bri-
tish field artillery were sentoff. In the
* courseofthe day the post of Cape Brun
was withdrawn into La Malgue, the
‘post of Sablettes was also retired, and
_ the men were put on board. Mea-
sures were arranged for the final
embarkation, during the mght, of
he British, Piedmontese, and Spa-
niards, who occupied the town, and
Jof the troops of the same nations
who weie now at La Malgue,
amounting in all to about 7000
‘men; forthe Neapolitans had, by
midnight, embarked.

Having determined with lieute-
nant=general Gravina, commanding
- the Spanish troops, that, instead of

embarking at the quays and in the
arsenal of the town, our whole force
‘shouldassemble nearfort La Malgue,
*\ and form on the peninsula which
’ from thence extends into the har-
bour, every previous disposition was
_-made, and every care taken to con-
ceal our intention. The arsenal
and dock-yard were strictly guarded.
The troops were ranged according-
ly on the ramparts, and the tran-
quillity of the town was much en-
sured from the time the enemy be-
gan to throw shells and shot into it;
which they did from our late batte-
ries at Micissey and Malbousquet.
About ten o'clock at night tire
was set te the ships and arsenal.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

We immediately began our march
and the evacuation of the town,
which it was necessary should be

‘made with secrecy and expedition.

The fort of St. Catherine having,
without orders, been quitted in the
course of the day, and possessed by
the enemy, the consequent early
knowledge of our march, had we
taken the common route, through
the gate of Italy, and within mus-
quet-shot of that fort, might have
produced great inconvenience ; we
there‘ore, by a sally post, gained an
advanced part of the road, and
without accident were enabled to
quit the town, arrive at Fort La
Malzue, and ‘form on the risiig
ground immediately above the shore.
The boats were ready, the weather
and the sea in the ‘highest degree
favourable. The embarkation be-
gan about eleven o'clock, and by
day-break on the 19th the whole,
without interruption or the loss of a
man, were on board ship.

The great fire in the arsenal, the
blowing up of the powder ships,
and other similar events which took
place in the night, certainly tended
to keep the enemy in a state of sus-
pence and uncertainty.

As the security of this operation
depended much on the protection
afforded from the happy situation’ of
Fort La Malgue, which so effectu-
ally commands the neck of the
peninsula, and the judicious use that
should be made of its artillery, this
important service was allotted ‘to
major Koehler, with 200 men, +‘ho
after seeing the last man off “the
shore, and spiking all the guns, ef-
fected, from his.activity and intel-
ligence, bis own retreat without
loss.

Captains Elphinst®ne, Hallowell,
aud Mathews, superintendedthe em-

barkation,

“

;

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

barkation, and to their indefatigable
attention and good dispositions we
are indebted for the happy success
of so important an operation. Cap-
tain Elphinstone, as governorcf Fort
La Malgue, has ably afforded me
the most esse:itial assistance, in his
command and arrangement of the
several important posts included in
that district.
_ It is impossible for me to express
but in general ter.ns, the approba-
tion that is due to the conda-t and
merits of the several commanding
officers, and indeed of every officer
in every rank ani situation, Troops
have seldom experienced for so long
a time a service more harrassing,
’ distressing, and severe ; and the otii-
cers and men of the regiments and
marines have gone through it with
that exertion, spirit, and good-will,
which peculiarly distinguish the Bri-
fish soldier. At Fort Mulgrave,
licutenant Duncan, of the royal ar-
tillery, was so essentially useful, that
‘to his exertions and abilities, that
post was much indebted for its pre-
servation for so long a time. .
_ The general service has been
eatried on with the most perfect har-
mony and zeal of the navy and
army. From our defici.ncy in ar-
tillery-men, many of our bitteries
were worked by seamen: They, in
part, guarded some of our pusts, and
their aid was particularly useful in
| duties of fatizne aud labour. Jn all
- these we found the influence of the
stper.or activity aud exertions of the
British sailors.
_ It was the constant attention of
lord Hood to relieve our wants and
alleviate our dithiculties.

The Sardinian troops we have als
ways considered as a partof our
selves. We have experienced their
attschment and good behaviowr, and
E bave found much assistance ftom

the ability and conduct of the che-

‘valier de Revel, and from brigadier-

general Richler; who commands
them.

Notwithstanding the undefined
situation of command, I found every
d'sposition and acquiescence in lieu-
tenant-general Gravina, comimand-
ing the Spanish troops, to execute
every proposed measure which the
common cause required. Hie,

The lossof the British onthe 17th,
at Fort Mulgrave, and on the heights
of Pharon, amounts to about 300
men, of which, during the last four
days, no exact account could be
procured: and as the troops in em-
barking were put on board the near-
est and most convenient ships, till
they are again united in corps, I
cannot have the honour of trans~
mitting particular returns, nor even
kaowing the detail of circumstances
that attended the aitack of those
posts.

Itis now about three weeks that,
from the unfortunate accident of
general O'Hara being made pri-
soner, the government of Toulon
devolved on me; my best exertions
have not been wanting in that situa-
tion, and I humbly hope that his
majesty may be picased to look upon
them in 2 favourable light.

] ‘beg leave to add, that the royal
battation of Louis and two in-
dependent companies of French
Chasseurs, raised at [oulon, have
behaved, on every occasion, with
fidelity and spirit. They embarked
at La Malgue, to the number of
about 600 meu, and are now withus.

I have the honour to be,

With the most profound respect,
SIR,
Your most faithful and
obedient humble seryant,

DAVID DUNDAS, Lieut. Gen,
Right hon. Hen. Dundas, ie.

F2 THB

THE LONDON GAZETTE EXTRA-
ORDINARY, APRIL 22,

_ Whitehall, April 21.

AJOR GREY arrived this

morning at the office of the
right hon. Henry Dundas, his ma-
jesty’s principal secretary of state for
the home department, with dis-
patches from sir Charles Grey, K. B.
of which the following is a copy.

Fort Royal Minted: March 25,
ys ' 1794.
SIR,

* T have the happiness to acquaint
you of the complete conquest of this
very valuable island, the last and
mostimportant fortress of Fort Bour-
bon, having surrendered to his ma-
jesty’s arnys, at four o'clock in the
afternoon of the 23d instant, at
which time his royal highness prince
Edward, major-general of his ma-
jesty’s forces, took possession of both
gates with the first and third batta-
lions of grenadiers, and the first and
third light infantry : and 1 have the
honour to transmit te youthe articles
of capitulation, together with a list
of the killed and wounded, and a
return of the ordnance, &c. taken
since my dispatch of the 16th instant,
in which I communicated the tran-
sactions and progress of this army to
that period.

“The return of ordnance taken in
Fort Royal is signed by the com-
manding officet of British artillery ;
but that of Fort Pourbon is the
French account of it, as there is not
time to make an exact return at
present, which shall be sent by the
next opportunity.

Having concerted measuyes with
the admiral for a combined attack
by the nayal afd Jand forces upon
the fort and town of Port Royal, and
the batteries of nry ‘second parallel

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

being ready, those on Morne Tor-

tenson and Carriere kept up an in-

cessant fire upon Fort Royal, and

all the other batteries on Fort Bour-
bon, during the day and night of
the 19th instant, and on the morn-

ing of the 20th following, till the

ships destined for this service had

taken their stations. —The. Asia of
64 guns, captain Browne, and the

Zebra sloop of 16 guns, captain
Faulkner, with captain Rogers, and
a hody of seamen in flat boats, the
whole under commodore Thompson,

composed the naval force ; and the

Jand force consisted of the first bat-

talion of grenadiers, under leute-

nant-colonel Stewart and the third
light infantry, under lieutenant-co-

Jonel Close, from prince Edward's
camp at La Coste: with the third
grenadiers, under lieutenant-colonet
Buckeridge, and the first light in-
fantry, under lieutenant-colone>
Coote, from lieutenant-general Pres-

cott’s camp at Sourierre,

The navy acquitted themselves
with their usual gallantry, (particu-
Jariy captain Faulkner, whose con-
duct justly gained him the admira-
tion of the whole army ) carrying the
fort by escalade about twelve o'clock
of the 20'b instant, under the able
condu¢t of commodore Thompson,
whose judicious disposition of the
gen ana flat boats, assisted by that
spirited and active officer captain
Kogers, contributed materially to
our success; at the same time that
the Jand forets, commanded by that
excellent officer co'onel Symes, cri+
tically advancigg with equal ardour,
forced and entered the town tri-
umphantly, hoisting the British co-
fours, and changing the name to
Fort Fdward. ;

Imineduitely after this, general
Rochambe.u, who commanded in
Fort Ecurbor,y-sent his aid-deecamp

with

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

with a flag, offering to surrender on
capitulation, and the terms were
finally adjusted and agreed to on the
22d instant, by three commissioners
on each side, the ratifications Sh
of being signed by the commander
in chief, on the 23d following; atid
the garrison, amounting to900 men,
marched out this morning prisoners
of war, lying down their arms on
the parade of Fort Royal, and were

_ embarked for France immediately.

' Hismajesty’stroopshaving marched
in, struck the French and hoisted
the Britishcolours, and changed the
name from: Bourbon to that of Fort
George.

I consider myself under great ob-
Jigations to lieutenant-general Pres-
cott for the zeal and ability with
which he has assisted me through-
out this arducus service, now
broughtto so fortunate aconclusion,
and to all the general and other
officers.

Colonel Durnford, with the corps
ofengineers, andlieutenant-coloneis
Paterson and Sowerby and major
Manly, with the royalartillery, have
also a claim to my warmest appro-
bation, for theirexertions in placing
and constricting of the batteries,
and the well-directed fire of the ar-
tillery. The bravery, regularity,
and good behaviour of the troops on
every occasion has been most meri-
torious and exemplary.

Forts Bourbon and Royal have
suttered greatly from our fire during
the siege, and we are diligently
empioyed to put them in a proper
state of defence, effectually to se-
eure this important acquisition of
territory to the crown of Great Bri-
tain. 1 am restoring order as fast as
possible, frum the confusion natu-
rally occasioned by a siege, and

_, have the pleasure to observe that

tion.

every thing in the forts is as tr an*
quil and well-regulated as could be
expected in the time.

{ shall not lose a moment in em-
barking ordnance and ordnance-
stores, with troops, &c. to ‘pr'ose-
cute with vigour the execution ‘of
such other objects and services ag
his majesty has been pleased to in-
trust to me; and hope to be enabled
to proceed before much ‘time cat
elapse, after regulating thegarrisons
of these forts, and all such other
matters as require immediate atten-
Major Grey, deputy quarter:
master-general, will have the ho-
nour to deliver this dispatch, and
can communieaté any other parti-
culars or information you iri wish
to have. _

I have the honour, &cy >"
CHARLES GREY

P. S. At the commencement of
the siege, the garrison of Fort Bour-
ben consisted of about 1200. ~~?

I send five stand of colours, laid.
down by the garrison, together with
the two colours of Fort Bourbon, to
be presented to his majesty. © ©?

The gallant defence made by ye*
neral Rochambeawan¢ his garrison}
was strongly manifested on “entering
Fort Bourbon, as there was scarce
an inch of ground untouched by our
shot ard shells; and, it is but justice.
to say that it does. them the se at
honour.

i”

Articles of bapiedlarsdd of Fort

Bourton. .
On the 21st of March, 1794,’ by
orderof theirexcellenciessir Charles
Grey, K. 3B. generalandeommands
er-iu-chief of nis Britannicmajesty’s
forces in the West fidies, &c. &c.

-&e.andvice-admiral sir John Jervis,

h.. B. cammanding his majesty’s
FS fleet

fleet, &¢; &c. &c. commodore C,
Thompson, colonel KR, Symes, and
captain J. Conyngham, met at Dil-
ton’s house, to receive proposals of
capitulation for Fort Bourbon, from
colonel] D’Aucort, captain Dupri-
ret, and Gaschet Dumaise, jun. no-
tminated commissioners for that pur-
pose by general Rochambeau.

The following articles were pro-
posed, discussed, and modified, at a
second conference held at Fort
Royal on the 22d of March, 1794.

Article I. The garrison, com-
posed of the troops of the line, ar-
tillery, gunners of the marine, and
national guard, shall march out with
colours fiying, 30 rounds.a man, and
two field pieces, with 12 rounds.

Answer. Thecolony of Martinique
being already reduced by the arms
of his Britannic majesty, and the
forts and towns of St. Pierre and
Fort Royal taken with sword in
hand, general Rochambeau can on!y
capitulate for Fort Bourbon, aid
what it contains.

Granted. But they are to lay
down their arms at a place appoint-
ed, and not to serve against his Bri-
tannic majesty or his allies during
the present war.

Art. II. Three months pay to be
allowed to the troops of tlie line.

Ans. No pay will be given. All
their effects will be allowed them ;
ard they will be provided with
whatever may be necessary for their
voyage to lrance.

_ Art. Ill, The 37th regimen‘,
formerly marshal Turenne’s, shaii
keep their colours and aims.

Ans. Refused, being contrary to
all customs of war. ‘Lhe officers
may keep their swords.

Art. IV. They shall.be furnished
with ships to carry them to France.

Ans. Granted.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1704.

Art. V. Theemigrarts, who have
reterned to Martinique, shall not be
present where the garrison Jay down
their arms -or embark,

Ans, Grant d.

Art, V1. Such persons of the na-
tional gaurd, who can give proofs of
their properiy, shall be pe: mitted to
r main in the island, giving that
property, as security for their con-
duct.

Ans. Those of the national gard
in Fort Lourton who have affairs to
setile, and whose sojourn mey not
be deemed dangerous to the colony,
may remain according to the declar
ration of the general, dated January
1, 1794.

Such as wish to goto France sha‘)
be ‘allowed, leaying their agents
here.

Ans. Granted,

Art. VII. Persons not included in
the above article, who are compelled
to return to France, shall be allow-
ed acertain time to settle their af-
fairs,

Ans. A proper time shall be ale

lowed, fifteen days at least.
_ Art. VIIL. Persons belonging to
the garrison of Fort Convention,
possessing no landed property, but
who exercised scme ‘profession or
trace previcus to the present capi-
tulation, shall be allowed to conti-
nue their trade or calling ; nor sent
to Frarce, provided their future
conduct should not make such a
measure necessary.

Ans. They a.e regarded in the
same predicament with those in
article VI.

Art. IX. The legal regulations of
the constituted authorities shall be
confirmed. ack

Ans. Refused,

Art. X. The code of civil judiea-
ture in force through the island shall
ba ang a

APPENDIX tothe CHRONICLE, ‘71

be continued for the space of two
years.

Ans. ‘entrap till-his Britannic
majesty’s pleasure be known.

Art. X1. The property of owners
and captains of ships shali be secured
to them on board and on shore.

Ans. Granted, as to their pro-
petty in Fort Bourbon.

Art. XII. The inhabitants of St.
Pierre, erabarked on English ships,
shall be set at liberty, and their pro-
perty under seal, secured to them,

Ans. This article cannot come
within the present capitulation. The
claimants may apply to the com-
manders of the ficet and army.

Art. XTif. The ordonateur and
officers of administration shall have
permission and time to regulate their
accounts, and to take with them
the papers relative to that end.

Ans. Granted.

Art. XIV. There shall be an en-
tire and absolute oblivion of the past,
and an end fo all animosities,

Ans. Granted, according to the
proclamations.

Art. XV. The rights of free citi-
zens inrolled in the “national guard
shall be preserved.

Ans. Refused.

Art. XVI. The liberty of indivi-

duals composing the companies of

I’ Enclume, d’Octavius, de lu Croire,

and de Pontour, shall be confirmed.

Aus. Refused. The slayes must be
restored to their owners.

Art. XVII. A period shall be
fixed for the taking possession of the
fort, and the necessary time allow-
ed for the garrison to take out their
effects,

Ans. The.two gatesof Fort Bour-
bon to be delivered up to the troops
of his Britannic majesty immediately
after the exchange of the present
articles; The garrison will march

out at the great gate, and be con-
ducted to the place appointed for
each corpsby the commissioners who
have managed the present capitula-
tion, and will lay down their arms
at the place of their embarkation.
Three days will be allowed for the
evacuation of the fort, and the com-
missaries of artillery and stores. will
remain in the fort to take invento-
ries of all the magazines.

Art. XVITI. The greatest atten-
tion shall be paid to the sick and
wounded; and they shail be furnish-
ed with ships to carry them to
France as they recover,

Ans. Granted; but at the exe
pence of the French government,
and to be attended by their own
surgeons; if not su@icient for the
puree surgeons shall be furnish-
ed.

Art. XIX. General Rochambeau,
immediately upon the surrender of
the fort, shall be at liberty to take
his measures for his return fo
France. <A frigate to be furnished
him, his aides-de-camp, serretaty
and suite.

Ans, A commodious vessel shall ,
be allowed to general Rochambeau,
with the necessary passports, for his
sate return to France. —

Art. XX. The effects,. ea
chests, private papers, and all that
general Rochambeau shall declar
to belong to himself and his suite
shall be put under the protection of
aa English guard, when the’ troops
of that nation shall have taken pos-
session of Fort Convention, and shall
be embarked with them.

Ans, Granted.

Art. XXI. The civil sihcitiiear,
or intendant of the colony, shall
have liberty elso, withthe officers of
administration, comptroller, aad
treasurer, with those. employed in

F4 the

42 \

the public offices at St. Pierre and
Fort Royal, to return to France,
Ans. Granted.
Art. XXII. The same demands
made by general Rochambeau in

article XX. shall be granted to the ©

intendant and those under him.
Ans. Granted.
Art. XXIII. All papers of ac-
‘counts in the forts or town shall be
carefully collected by the principals
of each department to which they
belong, and embarked in the same
ship with the ordonateur.
Ans. All papers, not essential to
be left in the colony shall be given,
and free access to take authentic
copies of such as it may be thought
‘necessary to retain.
Art. XXIV. Captainsand officers
of merchant ships, who have not
settled their affairs, shallbe allowed
time to do so. The former the
space of four months, and the latter
-of two months, under the protec-
tion of the commander of his Bri-
tannic majesty’s forces, that they
May recover their debts; after
which they will procure the readiest
passage to whatever place may be
expedient for their affairs, with
passports from the English com-
manders,
‘ “Ans. Granted.
* Additional Art. Fort Bourbon
to be delivered up to his Britannic
miajesty in its present sigte, with no
deterjoration of ite batteries, mines,
Magazines of artillery, or provisions,
and every thing it contains which is
not the private property of the gar:
Yison.
Fort Royal, March 22, 1794,
(Signed)

D’Avcovurr,
- Gascnert, sils,

Duriaer,

ANNUAL’ REGISTER; 1794.

C. Trompson,
Ricu. SymMEs,
Joun Cony NGHAM.
Approved by me,
Dre. RocHaMBeay, '
Commander-in-chief of the French
West-India Islands.

Approved by us,
Cuarces Grey,
Joun Jervis.

[Here follows a return of officers,
&c. killed, wounded, and missing,
and also an account of the ord-
nance and stores found at Forts,
Royal, Louis, and Bourbon. ]

Admiralty- Office, April 21, 1704.

Captain Henry Powlet arrived
this morning, withdispatches from ’
vice-admiral sir John Jervis, K. B.
commander-in-chiefof his majesty’s
ships and vessels at Barbadoes and
the Leeward Islands, to Mr. Ste-
phens, of which the following are
extracts and copy.

Boyne, Fort-Royal Bay. Martinique,
March 25, 1794.
SIR,

My letter to you of the 16th, by
the Roebuck packet, a duplicate of
which is inclosed, has made the
lords commissionersof theadmiralty:
acquainted with the operations of
the siege until that date; I have the
pleasure to communicate, for their
Jordships farther information, that
thebattery on Point-Carriere, which
forms the east side of the entrance
of the Carcenage, opened at day-
light on the 17th, and with the gun-
boats kept an incessant fire on fort
St. Louis, while the gun and mortar

“batteries on the heights played on’

Fort Bourbon; jieutenant Bowen cf
the Boyne, whohad conmmandedthe®*
night

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

night-suardand gun-boats for a con-
siderable time, perceiving a favour-
able moment, pushed into the Car-
cenage with the rowing boats of the
guard, boarded the Bien Venu,
French frigate, and brought off the
captain, lieutenant, and abuut 2O
men, who were onboard her, under
asmart fire of grape-shot and mus-
quetry from the ramparts and para-
pet of the fort. The success of this
gailant_action determined the gene-
ral and me to attempt the fort and
town of Fort Roya! by assault, and
I directed forty scaling ladders to be
made of bamboo and smailstretched
Cordage, from twenty to thirty-six
feet long, and ordered the Asia and
Zebra to be held in- readiness to
enter the Carcenaze, in order to
- batter the fort and to cover the flat-
boats, barges and pinnaces, under
thecommandof commodore Thomp-
son, supported by. captains Nugent
and Riouywhile the grenadiers and
light-infantryfrom the camp at Sou-

rierre advanced with field-piec?s a- -

long the side of the hill under, Fort-
Bourbon, towards the bridge, over
the canal, at the back of fort Royal.
This combination succeeded in eve-
ry part except theentrance of the
Asia, which failed from the want of
precision in the ancient lieutenant
ef the port, Monsieur de Tourelles,
who had undertaken to p'lot the
Asia. Captain Faulkener observing
that shipbaffled in herattempts, and
the Zebra having been under a
shower of grape-shot for a great
length of time (whichhe, his officers,
and slo»p’s company, stood with a
firmness not to be described), he de-
termined to undertake the service
alone, and he executed it with
matchless intrepidity and conduct,
running the Zebra close to the wall
of the fort, and leaping overboard,

at the head of his sloop’s company,
assailed and took this important post
before the boats could get on shore,
although they rowed with all the
force and animation which charac-
terizes English seamen in the face '
of an enemy. No language of mine
can express the merit of captain
Faulkneruponthis occasion; byt as
every officer and man in the army
and squadron bears testimony to it,
this incomparable action cannot fail
of being recorded in the page of
history. The grenadiers and light- ~
infantry made good use of their field
pieces and musquets; and soon after
the surrender of the fort, took pos-
session of the town by the bridge
over the canal at the back of it,
while a strong detachment from the .
naval battalions at Point Negro,
under the commandof captains Ro-
gers, Scott, and Bayntun, in flat-
boats, barges, and pinnaces, ap-
proached the breach in front. Mon-
sieur Rochambeau didnot losea mo-
ment inrequesting that commission-
ers might be appointed to. consider
of terms of surrender; and the ge-
neral and I named commodore:
Thompson, colonel Symes, and cap-
tain Conyngham, tomeet three per-
sons named by him at Diilon’s plan-
tation, at nine o’clock on the 2Ist,
and on the 22d the terms were con-.
cluded.

- The rapid success of his majesty’s
arms has been produced by the high:
conrage and perseverance of his
officers, soldiers, and seamen, in the
most difficult and toilsome labours,
which nothing short of the perfect
unanimity and affection between

.them and their chiefs could have

surmounted.

Commodore Thompson conducted
the enterprize onthe side of la Tri-
nité like an able and judicious offi-:

cer.

business at Anced’ Arlett with great
energy, and has been indefatigable
in forwarding all the operations he
has had a share in. To captains
Brown, Nugent, Harvey, Mark-
ham, Faulkener, Sawyer, Carpenter,
and Scott. I am gyeatly indebted
for the manner in which they con-
ducted the attack against St. Pierre.
Captains Harvey, Kelly, Rogers,
Salisbury, Incledon, Riou, lord Gar-
lies, Carpenter, Scott, and Bayntun,
“have gained great reputation in the
army by the conduct of the naval
battalions, and working parties un-
der their command, Captain Ber-
keley (since the arrival of the Assur-
ance) has furnished a powerful re-
inforcement of men from that ship
Captain Pierrepont has been very
active in the services allotted to the
Sea-flower. In captain Grey I have
found the experience of age joined
to the vigour of youth. ‘lhe'cap-
tains of the forty-four gun-ships
armed en flute, of the store-ship,
and hospital-ship, have done well,
For other particulars I beg leave
to refer their lordships to captain
Powlet,. who carries this dispatch,
and to captain Markham, of the
Blonde, who conveys him.
served with commodore Thompson,
at La Trinité, andarrived on the
south side of the island in time to
have a share in most of the transac-
tions there.
I have the honour to be, &c.
J. JERVIS.

Fori-Royal, March, 20, 1794.
SIR,

Z haye the pleasure to aequaint
you, ‘that the only loss we have sus-
tained inthe capture of Fort-loyal,
is the pilot of the Zebra killed, and
four seamen, belonging to the same

They.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

cer. ‘Captain’ Henry carried-on the

ship wounded. So soon as “I per= °
ceived she could fetch in, I pave
orders to captains‘ Nugent and Riow,
who commanded the flat-boats,
which, with the men embarked in
them, were laying upon their oars,
to push in and mount the walls;
when every exertion was made, and’
the boats seemed to fly towards the
fort. Captain Faulkener, in the!
mean time, ia a most spirited and
gal’ant manner, entered the harbour
through the fire of all their batte-
ries, and laid his sloop along side
the walls, there being deep water
close to; when the enemy, terrifed
athis audacity, the flat-boats. full of
seamen pulling towards them, and
the appearance of the troops from
ull quarters, struck their colours to
the Zebra. A well-directed and
steady fire from thegun-boats under
lieutenant Bowen, as also from our
batteries, was of great service. The
alacrity and steadinessof the officers
and seamen in general under my
command, was such, that I had not
the least doubt of success against the
whole force of the enemy, had they
disputed our entrance,
The fort is ful) of ammunition
and stores of al) sorts, but the build.
ings are in a miserable condition
from the effects of our bombs, the
gun-boats, and batteries.
J have the honour to be, &c.
C.THOMPSON.
Vice-admiral sir JonnJervis, K.B.
commander in-chief, Sc. ;

LONDON GAZETTE EXTRAORDI-
NARY, APRIL 3O.

Whitehall, April 30.
Letter, of whichthe following
is a copy, dated Cateau, April
25, 794, was lastnight received by
the

‘ane,

73.

“APPENDIX tothe CHRONICLE.

the right hon. Henry Dundas, his
tmajesty’s principal secretary of state
for the home: department, from his

‘royal highness the duke of York.

str, Cateau, April 25,1794.
In consequence of a request trom
the prince of Cobourg, I sent, the
day before yesterday, a detachinent
of cavalry to reconnoitre the enemy,
who were reported to have assem-
dled at the Camp de Cesar, near
Cambrai.
* This patrole, with which general
Otto went himself, found the enemy
in great force, aad so strongly post-
ed at the village of Villiers en Cau-
chie, that he sent back for a rein-

forcement, which I immediately de-
- tached, it consisted of twosquadrons

of Zetchwitz curassiers, major-ge-
neral Mansel’s brigade of heavy ca-
valry, and the eleventh regiment of
light dragoons. As they could not
arrive till it was dark, General Otto
was obliged to delay the attack till
the next morning, when ittook place
soon after day-break.

He then ordered two squadrons
of hussars, and two squadrons of the
fifteenth regiment of light dragoons
to charge the enemy, which they did
with the greatest suce>ss; and find-
ing a line of infantry in the,rear of
the cavalry, they continued the
charge without hesitation, and broke
them likewise. Had they beenpro-
perly supnorted, the entire destruc-
‘tion of the enemy must have been
the consequence, but, by some mis-
take, general Mansel’s brigade did
not arrive in time for that purpose.
The enemy, however, were com-
pletely driven back, and obliged to
retreat in great confusion into Cam-
brai, with the loss of twelve hundred
men killed in the field, and three
pieces ol caanon. ;

The gallantry displayed by these
troops, but particularly by the 15th
regiment of light dragoons, does
them thehighest honour ; and, con~
sidering the danger of their situ-
ation, when left without support, the
luss they experienced is not consi+
derabie.

The only officer wounded was
captain Aylett, of the 15th regiment,
who had the misfortune to be se-
verely wounded by a bayonet in the
body.

Enclosed I transmit a return of
the killed, wounded, and missing,
upon the occasion.

The first parallel at Landrecies is
in such forwardness, that it is mten-
ded to-night to convey the cannon
into the batteries, which are toopen
to-morrow.

he enemy attempted this morn-
ing to make two sorties, but were
driven back with considerable loss.
I am, sir, &c,
FREDERICK,
Right hon. Henry Dundas, &c.

THE LONDON GAZETTE EXTRA~
ORDINARY.

(Pullishedin theafternoonof April3c)

Whitehall, April 30.

HE letters of which the follcw-

ing are copies, were'this mcrn-~
ing received from his royal highress
the duke of York, by the right hon,
Henry Dundas, Jris majesty’s prin-
cipal secretary of state for the home
department, . Rp tet

Heightsabove Cateau, April26,1794.
SIR,

‘It is from the field of batile that
I have the satisfaction to acquaiut
you, for his majesty’s information,
with the glorious success which the

army

army under my command has had
this day.

At day-break this morning, the
enemy attacked me on all sides.
After a short, but severe conflict, we
succeeded in repulsing them with
considerable slaughter. The enemy’s
general Chapuy, is taken prisoner,
and we are masters of 35 pieces of
the enemy’s cannon. The behavi-
our of the British cavalry has been
beyond all praise.

It is impossible for me as yet to
give any account of the Joss sustain-
ed by his majesty’s troops. I have
reason to believe that it is not consi-
derable. '

The only officers of whom I have
any account as yet, and who, I be-
lieve, are all who have fallen upon
this occasion, are major-general
Mansell, captain Pigott, and cap-
tain Fellows, of the third dragoon
guards.

The army under his imperial ma-
jesty was attacked at the same time,
and the only particulars with which
I am acquainted at present, are,
that the enemy were likewise repul-
sed with great loss.

I shall not fail to send you a more
full account by the first opportunity,
‘iam, &c,

FREDERICK,

P. §. This letter will be delivered
to you by my aid-de-camp captain
Murray, whowill be able to give you
any fartherinformation that you may
wish to receive.

Right hon. Henry Dundas, &c.
Cateau, April 26, 1794:

SIR,

In ‘addition to my letter, written
immediately after the engagement,
I have just learnt from his imperial
Majesty, that general count Kingsby

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

and major-general Bellegarde, after
having repulsed the enemy with
great slaughter from Prisches, had
parsued them as far as day-light
would permit, in the direction of Ca-
pelle, and have taken twenty-two
pieces of cannon,; so that weare al-
ready in possession of fifty-seven
pieces of ordnance taken trom the
enemy this day.
lam, &c. .
FREDERICK.

LONDONGAZETTEEXTRAORDINARY,
WEDNESDAY, MAY 21.

Whitehall, May 21.

2 Wien tt (of which the fol-

lowing is an extract) from sir
Charles Grey, K. B. dated Basseterre,
Guadaloupe, April 22, 1794, was
yesterday received by the right hon.
Henry Dundas, his majesty’s princi-
pal secretary of state tor the home
department.

SIR,

In my dispatchof the 12th instant,
by the Sea-Flower, I had the ho-
nour to acquaint you with the cap-
ture of that part of the island of
Guadaloupe, denominated ‘Grand
Terre. The 43d regiment beirg

Janded to garrison Fort Prince of

Wales, (late Fort Fleur d’Epée)-the
town of Pointe a Petre, &c. and the
other troops re-imbarked, at twelve

.o’clock the 14th the Quebec, with ©

several other frigates, and some
transports, dropped down opposite
to Letit Bourg, with grenadiers and
light infantry, commanded by Prince
Edvard, and began landing at five
o’elcek in the afternoon, at which
time I joined them, and was received
with great demonstrations of joy by-
the kiench people on the marqui de

Bouillie’s

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

Bonillie’s estate ; and — returned on
board the Boyne at ten o’c'ock the
same evening. At day-break in the
morning of the 15th I went to St.
Mary’s, where J found lieutenant-
colone] Coote, with the first light
infantry, having got there before
_ day, from Petit Bourg; and the
second battalion of grenadiers joined
at teno'clock. Thetroopsadvancing
(April the 16th) reached TrouChien,
which the enemy had abandoned,
although very strong ; and before
dark we halted on the high ground
over Trois Rivieres, from whence
we saw the enemy’s two redoubts
and their strong post of Palmiste, I
intended to have attacked the ene-
my that night, but the troops were
toomuch faiigued, from the difficult
march they had just finished. Major
general Dundas landed at Vieux
Habitant at eleven o'clock in the
night of the 17th, with the third
battalion of grenadiers, and the se-
cond and third battalions of light
infantry, with little opposition and
no loss (having sailed from Point a
Petre the 15th preceding) taking
possession of Morne Magdaline, and
destroying two batteries ; then de-
taching lieutenant-colonel Blundell,
with the second battalion of light
infantry, he forced severa) very
difficult posts of the enemy during
the night. 1 made a disposition tor
the attack of the enemy’s redoubt
d’Arbaud, at Grande Ance, and
their battery d’Anet, to be executed
during thet night; but at eight
o'clock in the evening they eva-
cuated the former, setting fire to
every thing in and about it; ard I
ordered the attack of the latter to
in which was well executed

y lieutenant-colonel Coote and the
first light infanwy, who were in
possession of it by day-break of the

18th, having killed, wounded. or
taken every one of those who were
detending it, without any loss. At
twelve o'clock on the night of the

_ 19th, I moved forward, with the

first and second battalions, of grena-
diers and the first light infantry,
from ‘Trois Rivieres and Grande
Ance, and took their famous post
of Palmiste, with all their batteries,
at day-breakof the 20th, command-
ing Fort St. Charles and Basseterre :
and communicating with major-ge-
neral Dundas’s divisionon themorn=
ing of the 21st, who had made his
approach by Morne Howel ; after
which general Collet capitulated,
surrendering Guadaloupe and all its
dependencies, comprehending the
islands of Marie Galante, Desirada,
the Saints, &c. on the same terms
that were allowed to Rochambeau,
at Martinique, and Ricard at St.
Lucia, to march out with the ho-
nours of war, and lay down their
arms, to be sent to I’rance, and not
to serve against the British forces
or their allies during the war. Ac-
cordingly, at eight o’clock thismorn-
ing, the French garrison of Fort St.
Charles marched out, consisting of
55 regulars of the regiments of Gua-
daloupe, and the 14th of France,
and 818 najionalguards and others:
pringe Edward, with the grenadiers
and light intantry, taking possession
immediately hoistingthe British co-
lours, and changing-the name of it
to Fort Matilda. ‘Ihe terms of ea-
pitulationare transmitted herewith,
but the forts and batteries are so
numerous, andsemeof them atsuch
a distance, that a return of the ord-
nance, stores, &c.cannot be obtain-
ed in time for the sailing of this
vessel, as I am unwilling to detain
her so long as would be necessary
for that purpose. Yrom a return

found

found arnongst General Collot’s pa-
pers, it appears that the number of
men able to carry arms in Guada-
Joupe is 5877, and the number of
fire-arms actually delivered out to
them is 4044. In former dispatches
] heve mentioned that lieutenant-
general Prescott, was left tu com-
mand at Martinico, and colonel) sir
Charles Gorden at St. Lucia; and
the conquest of Guadaloupe, and its
dependencies being new une com-
pletely accomplished I have placed
major-general Dundas in the com-
mand of this island, with a proper
garrison, and his majesty may place
the firmest reliance on the ability,
experience, aud zeal, for the good
of his service and their country, of
those excellent officers. Although
J have not been wantinzin my seve-
ral dispatches to you, sir, to bestow
just praise on the forces I have the
hononr to command, vet [ conceive
it a duty, which 1 embrace with
infinite pleasure, to repeat, that, to
the unanimity and extraordinary ex-
ertions of the navy and arniy on this
service, under fatigues, and difficul-
ties never excceded, his majesty and
their country are indebted for the
rapid success which, in sos short a
space of time, has extended the
British empire, by adding to it the
valuable islands of Martinique, St.
Lucia, Guadaloupe, the Saints, Ma-
rie Galante, and Desirada. Captain
Thomas Grey, one of my aides-de-
camp, will have the hovour to de-
liver this dispatch, and can commiu-
n‘cate any other particulars or infor-
mation you may desire.
P.S. Since closing this letter, re-
turns are received, and transmitted
-herewith, of the killed, wounded,
and missing, and of» the batteries
and ordnance taken; but that of the
stores could not be obtamed.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Articles of capitulation

Between their excellencies sit
Charles Grey, K, B. general and
commandcr-in-chief of his Bri-
tannic majesty’s treops in’ the
Wrest Indies, &c. &c. &c. and
vice-admiralsir John Jervis, K.B.
commaiider-in-chief of hismajes-
ty’s naval forces, &e.: &e. &c.
and Gvorge Henry Victor Collot,
major-general and governor of
Guadaloupe, Marie Galante, De-
sirada, and dependencies, &c.
&e.

The commanders-in-chief of his
Britannic majesty’s forces, are in-
duced to grant to the long services
of major-general Collot, and to the
great humanity with which he has
treated the prisoners under his care,
the honour of marching out of Fort
St. Charles at the head of the garri-
gon, Which shall in every respect be
subject to, and treated in the same
manner as that of Fort Bourbon, to
wit, to Jay down their arms as pri-
soners, and not to serve against his
Britannic majescy during the present
war, nor against his allies.

The post of Houclmont to be ims
mediately withdrawn, and thetroups
there to retire into Fort St. Charles.
The said post is to be delivered up
to the British troops, exactly in the
state in which it is, as well as Fort
St. Charles, and all other military
posts in the island.

The garvison of Fort St. Charles,
to march out ofthat fortress the 22d
of this month, at eight o'clock in
the morning,

‘The British troops are to take
possession of the gates of Fort St.
Charles to night. ,

Marie Galanta, Desirada, and ali
the dependencies of this govern-

meat

APPENDIX tothe »

ment are tobe included in the pre-

‘sent capitulation.

.._ Given at.Guadalcupe, A pril-20,

1794. .

Par leurs excellences,
Cuares Grey.
e G. FIsHer,

Geo. Pukvis,
V.Cottor,
J. Jervis.

Admiralty-Office, play 91.
Captain Nugent arrived yesterday
with a letter from vice-admiral_ sir
John Jervis, K. B. commander-in-
chief of his majesty’s ships and ves-
sels at Barbadoes, and the Leeward
Islands, dated Boyne, Basseterre,
Guadaloupe. April 23, 1794, ad-
dressed to Mr. Stephens, of which
the following is an extract.
*¢ Onthe 14th instant, the Quebec
_ Winchelsea, Blanche, Experiment,
Woolwich, and three gun-boats,
with two divisions of the army un-
dev the command of prince Edward
and colonel Symes, in transports,
were ordered to anchor under Isles
haut de Fregatie, and the troops
were Janded that night and the fol-
lowing morning at Petit Bourg. On
the same day, the Irresistible, Ve-
teran, Assurance, Santa Margarita,
and two gun-boats, were detached
with a corps under the command of
Major-general Dundas, and an army
hosp:tal-ship and yictuallers, to the
road of Bailitt, near the town of
‘Basseterre ; andthe day afterwards
I followed in the Boyne, accompa-
nied by the Inspector and Bull-dog
sloops, some army victuallers, and
two hospital-ships, and was joined
by the Terpsichoreand Zebra sloop,
and two gun-boats, off les Isles des
Saints, in theatternoon; when, per-
ceiving that the tooops had not

Teached Trois Rivieres, I stood off
!

CHRONICLE. "9

»and.on between that anchorage and
the Saints during the night; and
on the morning of the17th, being
joined by the Winchelsea and an
ordnance store-ship, ordered eap-
tain lord Garlies to take under his
command theabovementionedsloops
of war, gun-boats, the victuallers,
hospital-ships, and.ordnance store-
ships, aud to anchor at Trois Ri-
vieres, which heperformed with his
usual promptitude; and f then pro-
ceeded in the Boyne to the read of
Bailiff, where 1 anchored before
sun-set, and received a very satis-
factory report from captain Henry
of the debarkation and progress of
major-general Dundas’s corps. Per-
ceiving, as 1 passed Bassetere, some
movements amongst the shipping
that indicated a design to escape in
the night, and a few people busy in
the batteries between that town and
the road of Bailiff, 1 sent captain
Grey with a detachment of marines
to disable the guns in the batteries,
and the boats of the other ships to
intercept any thing attempting to
-goout. Soon after sunset, some
incendiaries, who had plundered the
town set it on fire, and got off in an
armed schooner. Most of the other
vessels were brought into the road
of Bailiff by the boats; among them
the Gnadaloupe, republican sloop of
war.

I] have now -the greatest -satisfac-
tion in informing you of-the entire
reduction of the French islauds in
these seas; the post of the Palmiste
was carned by the divisions of
prince Edward and colonel Symes,
under the command of general sir
Charles Grey ; and that of Morne
Howel by the corps of major-ge-
neral Dundas, and was carried be-
fore day-break on the 20th, when
general Collot immediately surren-

dered

so ANNUAL REGISTER,

dered fort Charles upon terms of
honour to himself and garrison.

Lord Garlies, in the Winchelsea,
with three flank companies of the
39th regiment, will proceed this
evening to Marie Galante,’ to re-
ceive the submission of that island,
as commanded by general Collot ;
from thence he will go with a small
detachment to Desirada, for the like
purpose.

The unabated exertions of the
officers and seamen under my com-
mand will never be surpassed ; they
kept constant pace with the efforts
of the troops, and, thus united,

difficulty or danger arrested their

-career of glory for an instant. From.

‘the general and other officers of the
army, with whom [ had frequent
occasions to transact business, I ne-
ver experienced an unpleasant item,
and I found in colonel Symes, the
quarter - master - general, resources
zeal, and ability, superior to every
obstable which presented.

Captain Nugent, who carries this
dispatch, will recite many parts of
the detail, which, in the various
operations J had to concert, have
escaped my memory. He served
with the naval battalions at Marti-
nique, St. Lucia, and in this island,
and was present at many of the most
important strokes.”

THE LONDON GAZETTE» JUNE 10,
1794.
Whitehall, June 10.

T HE dispatch, of which the fol-

lowing is a copy, was received
on Sunday last from admiral lord
Hood, by the right hon. Henry
Dundas, one of his majesty’s prin-
cipal secretaries of staze.

1794.
Victory, off Bastia, ne 24, 1794,

SIRy ~

«‘ T have the honour to uéduaine
you, that the town and citadel of
Bastia, with the several posts upon
the heights, surrendered to the
arms of his majesty on the 22d,
On the 19th I received a message,
that the garrison was desirous of ca-
pitulatiny upon honourable terms ;
in consequence of which J sent the
enclosednoteonshore, This brought
on board the Victory three officers,
who informed me that Gentili, the
commandant, would assemble the
officers of the several corps, and of
the municipality, if a truce took
plage, which I agreed to a little
before sun-set. The next day 1
received a note from Gentili, which
J also enclose, and sent captain
Young on shore, on the morning of
the 2ist. who, soon returned to the
Victory, with two officers and two
of the administrative bodies, who
with vice-admiral Goodall, captain
Young, captain Inglefield, and my
secretary Mr. M’ Arthur, settled the
articles of capitulation, which wete
signed the following morning, when
his majesty’s troops took possession
of all the posts above the town, the
troops in each retiring tothe citadel,
from whence a marched to the
Mole-head, where they ‘grounded
their arms, and were embarked.
You will receive berewith the ar-
ticles of capitulation, which I hope
his majesty will app ove.

I am unable to give due praise to
the unremitting zeal, exertion, and
judicious conduct, of lieutenant-co-
lonel Vilette, who had the honour
of commanding his majesty’stroops ;
never was either more conspicuous.
Major Brereton, and every officer
and soldier under the Jieutenant-
colonel’s orders, are justly entitled

» APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE:

to my warmest acknowledgments;

their persevering ardour and desire

to distinguish themselves, cannot be.
too highly. spoken of, and which it

will be my pride to remember to the,
latest period of my life.

@aptaig Nelson, of his majesty’s
ship, Agememnon,. who had the
command:aad, direction. of the, seas
men, in landing the guns, mortars,
and stores; and captain Hunt, who
commanded ‘at, the batteriés, very
ably assisted by captain Buller and
captain Serocold, and the lieute-
nants Gore, Hotham, Stiles, An-
drews, aad Brisbane, have an equal
claim to my gratitude, as the seamen
under their management worked the
guns with great judgment and ala-
crity. Never was a higher spirit of
' greater-perseverance exhibited; and

Seales to say, that no other
contention.was at any time known,
than who should be most forward
and indefatigable for promoting his
majesty’s service; for, although the
difficulties they had tostruggle with
were many and various, the perfect
harmony and good humour that uni-
versally prevailed throughout. the
slege overcame them all.

» Icaanot butexpress,inthestrong-
est terms, the meritoriousconduct ef
captain Duncan,andlieutenantAlex-
ander Duncan, of the royal artillery,
and lieutenant De Butts, of the
royal engineers : but my obligation
is particularly great to captain Dun-
can, as more zeal, ability, and
judgment was. never shewn by any
officer than were displayed by him ;
and I take the liberty of mentioning
him as an officer highly entitled to
his majesty’s notice. .

[ feel myself very much indebted
for the vigilance and attention of
captain Wolsely, of the Impéricuse,
aod of captain Hallowell, who be

Vor. XXXVI. i> hee

came a volunteei wherever he could
be useful, after being superseded in
the command,of the Courageuxby
captain Waldegrave... The former
kept adiligent watch upon theisland

of Caprian, where.the, enemy have .

magazines of provisions and stores :

and the latter did the same,, by, «

guarding the harbour’s. mouth of’)

Bastia with gun-boats and Jaunches:

well armed, the whole of ,every;
night, whilst the smaller boats were

very judiciously placed in the inter-.-

vals between, and rather, withett

the ships (which were moored in a;

crescent just outef reach of the ene-
my’s guns ) by captain Young, of the
Fortitude, the centre ship, on board

of which every boat assembled. at,

sunset for orders ; and the cheer=

fulness with which the officers and |

men performed this nightly duty is
very much to be admired, and af-

forded me the most heartfelt satis—.

faction and pleasure.

Thevery greatandeffectualassist-’
ance I received from vice-admiral
Goodall, captain *Inglefield, and
captain Knight, as well as from
every captain and officer of his ma-
jesty’s ships under my, command, :
have a just claim to my most parti-:
cular thanks, not only in. carrying
into execution my orders afloat, but
in attending to and supplying the
wants of the little arnty on shore :
it is to the very cordial and decided
support alone I had the honour to
receive from the whole, that the
innumerable. difficulties we had to
contend with were so happily sure
mounted.

Major Smithand ensign Vigoreux

- of the 25th regiment, and captain’

Radsdale and heutenant St. George
of the Lith, not. embarking with
their respective regiments, having
civil employments on share. itis to

G theig

;

their honour I mention that they
relinquished thoseemployments, and
joined their corps soon after the
troops were landed.

It is very much my duty to in-
form you, that I am extremely ob-
liged to general Petrecono, Mr.
Frediani, and all the officers of the
Corsicans, serving with the army,
for their zeal, ardour, and atten-
tion, in forwarding the reduction
of Bastia by every means in their

ower, who were of infinite service
fy preserving good order in their
troops.

I transmit an account of the loss
on the part of his majesty in killed
and wounded, which I am happy
to say is inconsiderable ; but the
enemy suffered much, their hospitals
being full.

At the commencement of the
siege, the number of the enemy
bearing arms was 3,000. .

Bythefirst ship that sails forEng-
land, 1 shall have the honour of
sending, to be la‘d at his majesty’s
feet, the several Stands of colours
taken at Bastia.

~ Captain Hunt, who was on shore
in the command of the batteries
from the hour the troops landed to
the surrender of the town, will be
the bearer of this dispatch, and can
give any farther information you
may wish to know respecting the
siege.
¥ have the honour, &c.

; OOD.
Right hon. Henry Dundas, &c.

His Britannic Mijesty’s ship Pictory,
: off Bastia, May 19, L794.

In consideration of the very gal-
lant defence the garrison of Bastia

has made, and from the principles-

of humanity which ever govern Bri-

fh officers, I am disposed to give

ANNUAL REGISTER, i794,

you terms ; and if you will send of
board two or three officers, properly
authorized totreat, l trustacapitula-
lation will be soon settled, as ho-
nourable to the inhabitants as can
in any reason be expected.
(Signed) HOOD.
To the commandant of the garrison
and mayor of the town of Bastia.

: TRANSLATION,
Basiia, the 2d Pratrial, 2d year of the

French ee one and indivisible.
The general of division, command-

er-in-chief of the army of the

French republic in Corsica, to ad-

miral Hood, commander-in-chief

of the squadron of the king of

Great Britain before Bastia.

MY LORD,

In consequence of the proposal
which you did me the honour of
making in your dispatch of May the
18th (old style), t have the honour
of sending to you two adjutant-ge-
nerals of the army, and two mem-
bers of the administrative corps of
this town, who are commissioned to
present to you the plan of a capitu-
lation between the garrison and in-
habitants of Bastiaand you,my lord,
in the name of the king of Great
Britain.

These four commissioners, who
equally possess my confidence and
that of the garrison and of the citi-
zens, have instructions to arrange,
with you, the settlement of all mat-
ters relative to this capitulation.
I hope that you will be satisfied, and
that. they will enable you to fulfil

_the views you have signified to me,

of putting an end to the unavoid-
able consequences of the calamities
of war. Captain Young has had a
long conference with me: I was of
opinion that a reciprocal understand-
ing mightco-operate in thesuceesses:

‘ ’ of

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE:

of the negotiation which occupied
our attention, and I have requested
him to acquaint you. with my inge-
nuous and siicere intentions.
reeting and health. my
(Signed)... Gentitt,
Commander-in- chief.

Articles of capitulation of the garrison
and town of Bastia, in Corsica.

,. On the 2ist day of May; .1794,
byorder of the right hon. lord Hood,
admiral of the blue, and commander-
in-chief of | his majesty’s:, ships and
yessels employed. in-the, Mediterra-
nean 3 vice-admiral Goodall; captain
Young of the Fortitude; captain J.
N. Inglefield,, adjutant-general to
the flect,;, and John M‘Arthur, se-
cretary to his excellency the com-
mander-inechief 5 . me‘ on board the
Victory to receive, proposals of
capitulation for Bastia from Messrs.
Etienne, Monty, president, of the
department, of Corsica ; John Bap-
tisce Galeazzini, mayor of Bastia ;
CharlesFiancis Eman ue! Couthaud,
and John Baptiste Franceschi, adju-
tantegenerals of the, French army. _
_ The following articles were pro-
posed, discussed; and modified, as
follaws;,ViZ. ead Ne
_ ArticleI. The petrisan shall march
gut with all the honours of war; to-
gether with all those attached to the
ar bor Pr ret sup
Answer. Granted: fn hi i
4. Art. If. The garrison shall em-
j kas soon as possible alter signing
these articles at the gteat mole of
a port, piterded by the. field ar-
illery, with arms, baggage, drums
Destine, toxtches Gained a8 bath
ends, colours flying: Tq be trans-
ported. immediately to the port of
the Monntain (Toulon), and no

where else.

‘sion.

. Ans.. In consideration of the gale
lant defence made, the garrison, shall
march to the Mole-head, preceded
by two field-pieces, with their arms,
baggage, &c. and shall lay down
their. arms. at. the place appointed
for their.embarkation; they shall, as
soon as.possible, be transported to
the port of the Mountain itaulen)-
Art, II. All ammunition,, artil-
lery, military stores, and every thing
which composes and makes a part
of the army, .both by sea and land,
shall also be transported to the port
of the Mountain.
Ans), Reha day i eh 42
» Art, IV. The corvettela Fléche
shall be fitted ont as a transport to
carry the garrison and citizens who
wish to follow it, together with the
pink la Marie Victoire } and that
loaded with ship-timber, which is
now at the disposal of the admini-
strator of the marine, shall be em-
ployed for this transport ; but this
not being sufficient, the necessary
number shall be furnished by the
admiral, four, of which shall not
be visited. The above-mentioned
coryette and, pink, loaded with
timber, shall be kept by the re-
public., .., PRES MLC AP
Ans. The troops of the garrison
énd citizens who wish todepart shafl
be conveyed to Toulon, the port of
the Mountain, by vessels appointed
by his excellency the commander-
in-chief. BV Se Ie A Wai
The French corvette la Fléche,
and all vessels in the harbour, must
be delivered up to-his Britannic ma-
jesty’s officers. Such fishing-boats
as are necessary to the subsistence of
the inhabitants, proving their pros
Rerty, shall remain in their posses-
}

' The rect of this article i inad-
missible, .
. Art. V.

*B4

vee ‘.% yikes :
‘Art. V2 The sick, who are not
able to bear the voyage, shall re-
main in the hospitals which they oc-
‘eupy at present, at the expence of
‘the republic, by officers of health,
“who shall’ be appointed under the
superintendance of a commissary of
“war ; and, when they: are able. to
‘ support the voyage, vessels shall be
‘farnished to transport them~by the
English commander. .

Ans, Granted...

Art. VI.. The members of the
constituent bodies, and alf persons
attached to the service,of the re-
public of any denomination what-
ever, or pensiotiers, shall participate
in this capitulation with themilitary,
‘and shall enjoy: the same‘conditions.

Ans. Granted. ,

Art. ‘VII. All papers conéern-
‘ing publi¢ accounts, those of the ar-
tillery, engineers, marine, : military
tribunal, military chest, both of this
place arid of all others, shall’ be
‘transported to France;'the same shall

e done with all papers‘and ‘plans
,of the country, as well of the old
as new administration, as the civil
“and military, and those belonging to
the communities.

Ans., Granted, except such as
‘are necessary forthe security of pro-
.perty : the archives, and other pub-
pe ee and plans of the island,
‘shall ‘remain, ‘but . copies of them
shall be allowed to be taken...

Art. VIII. The inhabitants of
‘both sexes who are now in the town

or that have takenrefuge there shail
“have ‘their lives, their honour, and
“ their property saved and guaranteed,
‘with liberty to retire when and whi-
“ther they please with their families
“and servants, furniture, effects, and
- ymerchandize ; and the poweref dis-
* posin'g of whatever effects they, may
.chusg toleave behind, or to receive
* their reats by agents.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

Ans. Granted,

Art. 1X. No troops nor armed
men, except those of ia British go-
vernment, shall on any account ‘be
brought into the town. -

Ans. The. British government
will take care that no armed men
shall be brought into the town, in
any manrer that may give the inha-
bitant’s any cause of uneasiness or
apprehension.

Art. X. The community in ge-
neral, nor any individual in parti-
cular, shall be subjected to any tax
or contribution whatever, on ac-
count. of the events. which have
preceded or accompanied the siege.

Ans. Granted.

Art. XT. No person shall be trou-
bled on accomit of his religious or
political opinions, nor forany thing
he may have said before or during
the siege.

‘Ans. Granted.

Art. X11. The inhabitants shall
not be subject to have soldiers bil-
leted in their houses; they shall
not be forced to any military service
oY work. <

Anis. Soldiers shall never be bil-

leted cn the inhabitants, éxcept im

casés of absolute necessity.

Art. XI. The present money
of therepublic, particularlyassignats
shall continue to pass current.

Ans, The French money and
assignats shall be allowed to pass 5
but no person shall be compelled to
take them. yt

Ait. X1V. The national'domains,
sold agreeable to the existing laws,
shall be kept by the purchasers: the
leases of national property.not sold,

‘which have been granted till this

time, shall remain in force.

Aus: ‘We do not feel ourselves
authorized to decide on this article ;
it must be left to the decision of his
Britannic majesty, the purchasers

enjoying

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

enjoying the possession of the na-
“tional domains till hismajesty’s plea-
sure shall be known: and all leases
granted before the arrival of the
British fleet at St.. Fiorenzo shall re-
main in force.

Art. XV. The community shall
be maintained in the possession of
‘the moveables and immoveabies be-
‘longing to it ; the same shail be
‘done with the town-hospital,

Ans. Granted.

Art. XVL The deserters shall
‘not be demanded on one side or the
other.

Ans. Granted.

Art XVII.The prisoners that have
been taken during the siege shall be
‘set at liberty, and shall be allowed
to retire to Bastia, or to France ;
those which have been taken since
"the beginning of the war, and have
‘been given upto theCorsicans, shall
‘be joined to those who were taken
‘at Fornelli, to be exchanged w vhen
al apportunity offers.

‘Ans. Granted.

_ Art. XVIII. Necessary passports
shall be ‘furnished to two feluccas,
to go, immediately after signing
this capitulation, one’ to Calvi, and
“the other to the port of the Moun-
“tain, to carry the dispatches of tlie
general of division, Gentili.

Ans. Granted, with regard ‘to
Toulon, (port of the Mountain).
oa with regard to Calvi.

Art. XLX. IF Buy difficulty should
arise respecting the terms or condi-
tions of the capitulation, they shall
be in all cases interpreted in favour

_ of the garrison, “the inhabitants of *

“

. Bastia, and the refugees, »

Ans. Tf any difficulty shall at 2 aily
time arise in the interpretation of
the capitulation, i it shall be decided
“with the atrictestjusticeto both-par-
ties.

.of stores.

85
Art. XX. The British govern

ment shall be the only ‘guarantee of
the present capitulation.

Ans, Granted.

Additional articles.

Art. I. Allthe out-postsand forts,
and the gate of the citadel, shall be
put in possession of his Britadiie
majesty’s troops at twelve o'clock
to-morrow : the troops in the forts
and out-posts are to retire to the
citadel, from whence they are ‘to
march, at ten o’clock thenext morn-
ing, to the place appointed for each
corps by the commissioners who have
managed the present capitulation :
arid they are to lay down their arms
at the place of their embarkation.
Commissaries of artillery and stores
will remain. in the citadel, to take
inventories of all the iireilier y, am~
munition, ‘and stores ; ‘and proper
officers are to be appointed to shew
the mines, magazines, and stores of
every description.

Art. If. The town of Bastia, the
citadel, and all the forts, out-works
and ‘posts, and every thing contain-
ed'‘in thém that is not’ the private
property of the garrison or inhdbit=
ants, together’ witn the ships of
war and aif vesselslying in the port,
sliall be delivered up a his Britan<
nic majesty in then’ present state,

“without amy deteriorationof thebat-
‘téries, artillery, mines, maga zines of

ammunition, provisions, or any sort
(Signed)
“ETIENNE Mowry ,prés. du i départ.
Je B: Feancescui, adj. gen.
C. F. E. Couruaun, adj. ven,
GaLeazzint, mayor of ie.
Approwé par moi, Genrixx,
‘S. Goopatu.
W. Youne.
J. N. iwecerrep,
J. M’Agruur.
Approved by me, FRoep.
8 . LONDON

LONDON GAZETTE EXTRAORDI-
NARY, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 1], ~

Admiraity-Office, June 10.
GIR Roger Curtis, first captain to
\ the admiral earl Howe, arrived
this evening with a dispatch from
his lordship to Mr. Stephens, of
which the following isacopy: —

Queen Charlotte at sea, June2, 1494.
Ushant, E. half N. 140 leagues.
SIR, f
Thinking it may not be necessary
to make a more particular report of
my proceedings with the fleet, for
the present information of the lords
commissioners of the admiralty, eS
confine my communications chiefly,
in this dispatch, to the occurrences
when in presence of the enemy yes-
terday. Nahe kes eet 4
~_ Finding, onmy return off Brest on
the 19th past, that the French fleet
had, a few days before, put to sea ;
and receiving, on the same evening,
advicesfrom rear-admiral Montague,
I deemed ‘it requisite to endeavour
to form a junction with the rear-ad-
miral as soon as possible, and pro-
ceeded romedaacty for the station
on which he meant to wait for the
return of the Venus. “’**" "" °'
But, having gained very credible
intelligence, on the 2]st of the same
month, whereby I had reason to sup-
ose the French fleet was then but a
few leagues fartherto the westward,
the course before steered was altered
accordingly, © ST
“On the morning of the 28th. the
enemy were discovered far to wind-
ward, and partial rctions were enga-
ged witht these that evening and the
next day. "' ' :
The weather-gage baving been
obtained, in the progress of the last-
mentioned day, and the fleet being

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

in a situatian for bringing the enes
my to close action the J stinstant, the
ships bore up togcthet for that pur-
pc se, bet ween sevenand elght o’ciock
in the morning. ee ot dee

The French, ‘their force consisting
of twenty-six ships of the line, op-
posed to hismajesty's fleet of twenty=-
five, (the Aucacious having, parted
company with the sternmost ship of
the enemy’s line, captured in the

' night of the 28th) waited for the

action and sustained the attack with
their customary resolution, © © *
In less than anhour afterthe close
action commenced in the centre, the
French admiral, engaged by the
Queen Charlotte, crowded off, and
was followed by most of the ships
of his van in’ condition to carry sail
after him, leaving with us about ten
or twelve of his crippled gies: 4

dismasted ships, exclusive of one sun
inthe engagement. lhe QueenChars
lotte hadthen lost her fore-top-mast,
and the main-top-masi fell over the
side very'soon after." '
* The greater number of the other
ships Sich British fleet were, at this
time, so much disabled or’ widely
separated, and under ‘such circum-
stances with respect to those shipsof
the enemy in a state for action, and
with which the fring was’ still cor-
tinued, that two or three, everi of
theit dismaytied ships, attempting
to get away tnder a spritsail singly,
or smaller sail raised on the stump of
the foremast, could not'be detained.
** Seven remained'in our possession;
one of which, ‘however, sunk’ before
the aquedate assistance could be gi-
ven to her crew ; but many weré
saved. Wy jem" pear tety
- The Brunswick having lost her

mizen-mast in the action, and drift-
ed to leeward of the French retreat- —
ign ships, was obliged to put away
large

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

jarge to the northward from them.
Not seeingher chasedby the enemy,

in that predicament, I flatter myself”

shemay arrive insafety at Plymouth.
All the other tweaty-four ships of
his majesty’s fleet re-assembled later
inthe day, and I am preparing to
return with them, as soon as the
captured ships of the enemy are se-
sured, for Spithead.

The material injury to his majes-
ty’s ships, I understand, is confined
principally to their masts and yards,
which I conclude will be speedily
teplaced.

T have not been yet able to collect
regular accounts of the killed and
wounded in the different ships,
Captain Montague isthe only officer
of his rank who fell in the action.
The numbers of both descriptions
I hope will prove small, the nature
of the service considered ; but I
have the concern gf being to add}
on the same subject, that admiral
Graves has received a wound in the
arm, and that rear-admirals Boyer
and Pasley, and captain Hutt, of
the Queen, haye each had a leg ta-
ken off; they are however, (J have
the satisfaction tq hear) in a fayour-
able state under those misfortunes.
Jn the captured ships the numbers
of killed and woynded appear to be
very considerable, j

Though I shall have, on the sub-
ject of these different actions with
the enemy, distinguished examples
hereafter to report, I presume the
determined bravery of the several
ranks of officers and the ships com-
panies employed ynder my authori-
ty, will have been already sufficient-
ly denoted by the effect of their
spirited exertions ; and, I trust I
shall be excused for postponing the
more detailed narrative of the other
fransactions of the fleet thereon, for

being communicated at a future op-
portunity ; more especially as my
first captain sir Roger Curtis, who
is charged with this dispatch, will
be able to give the fartner informa-
tion the lords commissioners of the
admiralty may at this time require.
It is incumbent on me, nevertheless,
now to add, that I am greatly in-
debted to him for his councils as
well ag conduct in eyery branch of
my official duties ¢ and I have similar
assistance, in the late occurrences,
to acknowledge of my segond cap-
tain, sir Andrew Douglas.
I am, with great consideration,
SIR,
Your most obedient servant,
HOWE.
P.S. The names and force of the
captured French ships with the fleet
is transmitted herewith,

List of French ships captured on the
Ist aay of June, 1794.

La Juste — 80guns.
Sans Pareille — 80
L’Amérigue — 74
L’ Achille — 74
Northumberland 74:
L’{mpétueux, — 74
Le Vengeur — 74,sunk

almost wu inediately upon being ta-
ken possession gf,

N.B. The ship stated to have
been captured on the.evening of the
28th of last month, is sad by the
prisoners to be the Révolutionyaire,
of 180 guns,

SUPPLEMENT FO THE LONDON
GAZETTE, EXTRAORDINARY OF
WEDNESDAY, JUNE 11,

Admiralty-Office, Tune 44.

A letter was received yesterday
evening from admiral earl Howe to
hir,

Mr. Stephens, dated that day, of
Dunnose, in the Isle of Wight, giv-
ing an account of his. safe arrival
with the six captured French ships
of the line mentioned in his former
letter of the 2d instant, and witha
great part of hismajesty’s fleet under
his command, having sent the re-
mainder into Plymouth-Sound, The

ANNUAL REGIS TE R, 1794.

following are the returns‘of the kile
Jed'and wounded on beard his mas
jesty's ships in the actions with the
French fleet. on the Z8thand 29th
of May, and the Ist imstant;. and
also of the numbeis ‘killed and
wounded on board the French ships
captured and sunk on the last-mens
tioned day.

A return of the killed and wounded on board-his majesty's ships, © 4

‘SHIPS NAMES, KILLED.

Seamen,’ Marines or

WOUNDED,

Seamen, Marines or

&e. Soldiers. &e. Soldiers. ~ “Total.

Cesar, 18 _—. 37 — 55
Bellerophon, 3 1 26 1 31
Leviathan, 10 —_ 32 1 . 43
Sovereign, © 11 3 39 5 58
Marlborough, 24 5 ed 14 119
Defence, — 14 4 29 10 Try
Impregnable, 7 — 24 — 31-
Tr*mendous, 2 1 6 2 11
Ba: fleur, 8 1 22 3 34
Culloden, — — = oes —
Invincible, 9 mK 21 10 A5
Gibraltar, a) 1 12 — 14
Charlotte, 13 1 24 5 43
Brunswick, parted company on the Ist of June.

Wamant, s¢ \ ae lis ery 4 11
Queen, 30 6 57 10 103
Orion, 5 _ 20 4 29
Ramiillies, ,2 —_— ae — =)
Alfred _ 6 2 8
Russel, 4 i 24 2 34
Royal George, 18 ‘2 63 9. 92
Montagu, 4 oe 13 — 17
Majestic, | ts —_ 4 1 ‘8
‘Glory, 13 _— 31 8 52

"Thunderer, none killéd or wounded.

Audacious, parted company in the night of the 28th of May.

‘Grand total 203 - 32

_ god
Nam es

578 gl

~ APPENDIX'to the CHRONICLE.

Names of the officers killed and wounded,

Ships names.

Royal Sovereign,
Marlborough,
Defence,

Impregnable,
Tremendous, ;
The Charlotte,

Queen,
Royal George,

Montagu,
lory,
ee
Bellerophon,
¥

Leviathan,
Royal Sovereign,

Marlborough,

Defence,
Impregnable, _

Balen,

Queen Charlotte,

KILLED.

‘Officers names.

Mr. William Ivey,
Mr. Abraham Nelham,
Mr. William Webster,

- Mr. Jo. Fitzpatrick,

Mr. David Caird,

Mr. Francis Ross,

Mr. R. Rawlance,
Mr. John Neville,

Mr. William Mitchell,
Mr. George Heignam,
Mr. John Hughes,

James Montague, esq. .

Mr. George Metcalf,

Mr. David Gregg,

“Thomas Pasley, esq.

Mr. Smith,

Mr. Chapman,

Mr. Glen,

‘Thomas Graves, esq.
Mr. C. Money

Mr. S, Mitchell,
Hon. G. Berkley,
Mr. A. Ruddack,
Mr. M. Seymour,
Mr. Fitzgerald,

Mr. Shorland,’

Mr. -Linthorne,

Mr. Clarges,

Mr. M. Pardoe,
Mr. J. Elliott,

Mr. Boycott,

Mr. W. Buller,

Mr. Paterllo,
George Bowyer, esq.

Mr. W. Prowse, '

Mr. Fogo,
Mr. Clemons,

Mr, J. Holland,

Qualities.

midshipman
ditto

master
boatswain ,
master

Ist lieutenant
7th ditto
lieut. queen’s regimen
master

8th liewtenant
midshipman
captain
master
midshipman

WOUNDED, AND-UNABLE TO’ COME TO QUARTERS.

rear-admiral of the white
_captain of marines
boatswain

midshipman

~ admiral of the blue

captain of marines —
lieutenant of ditto
captain

5d lieutenant
- 5th ditto

midshipman

ditto

ditto - é a ae Seer wy et

ditto

master’s mate

ditto

ensign, queen’s regiment
lieutenant ‘
boatswain

rear-admiral of the white
6th lieutenant
midshipman

ditto

ditte

Queen,

80 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,
Ships names. Officers names, Qualities,
Queen, John Hutt, esq. captain
Mr. Dawes, ~ 2d lient. since dead
Mr. Laurie, 6th ditto ;
Mr. G. Crimes, acting ditto
Mr. Kinnier, — midshipman
Russel, Mr. Stewart, ditto
Mr. Kelley,’ dito
Mr, Douglas, boatswain
Royal George, = Mr. J. Ireland, 2d lieutenant
Mr. J. Balmbrough, master
Mr. Boys, ' midshipman
Mr. Pearce, ditto *
Montagu, Hon. Mr. Bennet, ditto
My. T. Moore, ditto,

The 2d captain, sir Andrew Douglas, of the Queen Charlotte, wag
wounded, but resumed his station ondeck during the farther continuance

of the action on the Ist instant,

HOWE,

An account of the numbers killed and wounded on board the French ships
captured and sunk on the \st of June.

La Juste — 100 killed, 145 wounded,
Sans Pareille — 260 129
L’Amérique — 134 410
L’ Achille —_ 36 30
Northumberland 60 100
L’impétueux — 100 ts
: os. ° aaa.
Gyo 589

Le Vengeur, 320 sunk.

Le Jacobin, sunk in action, not a man saved,

LONDON GAZETTE EXTRAORDI-
NARY, SATURDAY, JUNE 21.

Admivalty-Ofice, June 21.
LEITER, of which the fol-
lowing isacopy, from the ad-

miral ear} Howe, to Mr. Stephens,
supplementary to his lordship’s let-
ter of the 2d instant, published in
the London Gazette Extraordinary
of the 11th, was received late last
night.

“Tn the extract of the journal
herewith inclosed, the proceedings of
the fleet are stated from the time of
leaving St. Helen's on the 2d of last
month to that of the first discovery
of the French fleet on the 28th of
the same. For the farther infor-
mation of the lords commissioners of
theadmiralty, I have now therefore
to relate the subsequent transactions
not already communicated in my

dispatch

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 91

dispatch of the 2d instant, to be de-
livered by my first captain, sir Roger

urtis. - ‘ :

Farly inthe morning of the 28th,
the snemy were ‘discovered ‘by the
advanced frigates, far distant on the
weather bow. ‘ The wind then fresh
from the S: by W. with a very
rough sea.

They came down, for some time,
ina loose order, seemingly unap-

" prized that they had the British fleet

in view.” After" hauling the! wind
when they’ came néarer, they were
some hours before they could com-
pletely form in regular order of bat
tle upon the starboard tack; the
British’ fleet continuing as before in
the order of sailing. ;

* ‘The time required for the enemy
to perfect their disposition, had faci-
litated the nearer ‘approach of his
majesty’s fleet to them, and for the
separately ‘appointed and detached
part of it, commanded by rear-
admiral Pasley, to be placed more
advantageously for making an im-
pression on their rear. * *
*“'The signals denoting that inten-
tion being made, the rear-admiral,
near upon the close of the day, led
his division on with peculiar firm-
ness, and attacked a three-decked
ship (the Révolutionaire) the stern-
jnost in the’ énemy’s line. Piiex x
"Making known soon after that he
hada top-mast disabled, ‘assistance
was directed to be’ given to hiim in
that situation. The quick approach
of night only allowed nie to observe,
that lord Hugh Seymour (Conway)
in the Leviathan, with equal good
judgment and determined courage,
pushed up along-side of the three-
decked French ship, and was sup-
beet as it appeared, by captain
Parker of the Audacious, in the
most spirited manper.

The darkness which now prevail
ed did not admit of my making any
more accurate observations on the
conduct of those ships and others
concerned in the same service ; but
I have since learnt that the Levia-
than stretched out farthera-head, for
bringing the second ship from the
enemy's rear to action, aS soon as
her former station could be occupied
by a succeeding British ship; also,
that the three-decked ship in the
enemy’s rear as aforesaid, being un-
sustained by their other ships, struck
to the Audacious, and that they
parted company togethersoon after.

The two opponent fleets con-
tinued on the starboard tack, ina
parallel direction, the enemy still
to windward the remainder of the
night. The British fleet appearing
in the morning of the 29th, when
in order of battle, to be far enough
advanced for the ships in the van te
make some farther impression onthe
enemy’s rear, was tacked in succes-
sion with that intent,

The enemy wore hereupon from
van to rear, and continued edging
down in line a-head to engage the
van of the British fieet: when are
rived at such a distance as to be just
able to reach our most advanced
ships, their headmost ships, as they
came successively into the wake of
their respective seconds a-head,
opened with that distant fire upon
the headmost chips of the British
van. The signal for passingthrough
their line, made when the fleet at-
tacked before, was then renewed.

It could not be for some time
seen, through the fire from the two
fleets in the van, to what extent
that signal was complied with. But
as the smoke at intervals dispersed,
it was observed that the Cesar, the
leading ship of the British van, after
ay being

. being-ahout onthe. starboard tack,
-and come a-breast of the Queen
‘Charlotte, chad: not kept. to the
wind ;.and that the appointed move-
ment would, conse quently be Hable
. to fail ofthe purposed effect.

«. The Queen Charlotte, was there-
. fore immediately tacked ;. and, fol-
lowed by the Bellerophon, her se-
- cond astern (and soon afier joined
by the Leviathan),,passe dthroughin
, action, between the fifth and sigh
. ships 1 in the rear of the.encmy’s line.

~. She.was put.about again on the
larboard tack forthwith, after the
enemy, 1n preparation ‘for renew! ing
.the action with the advantage of
.that weathermost situation.

The rest of the British fleet being
at this time, passing to leeward, and
without the sterumost ships, Sibert
of the French line, the enemy wore
-again.to the eastward in succession,
. for succouring the disabled ships of
their rear; which intention, by
reason of the then disunited state of
the fleet, and having no more than

the, two crippied ships, the Bellero-

phon, and Leviathan, at that time

-nearane, J was unable to obstruct.

.. The enemy having succeeded in
that operation, wore round again,

.after some distant. cannona ading of
. the nearest Britishships, occasionally
sreturned, and stood away in order
‘of. battle on the larboafd tack, fol-
-lowed by the British fleet inthesame
order (but with the weather-zage
retained ), as soon as she ships com-

.ing forward to close with the Queen
Charlotte was suitably arranged.

The fleets remained separated
-some few miles, in view at times

-on the intermission of a thick fog, .

ewhich lasted most part of the two
“next days,

_ The.commander of a fleet, their
-lordships know, is unavoidably so

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

.confined in ,his:‘view of the occurs
-rences in time of battle, as to be
little capable of rendering personal
testimony to the meritorious service
of officers who-have profited, ima
greater éxtent, by the opportunities
to distinguish themselves on such
occasions,

To discharge this partof my pub-
lic duty, reports were called: for
from the flag officers of the fleet, for
_supplying the defects of my obser=
vance, under the limited circum-
-stances above-mentioned. ‘Those
officers, therefore, who have such
particular claim to my attention,
-are the admirals Graves and_ sir
Alexander Hood; the rear-admirals
Bowyer, Gardner; aud Pasley ; the
captainslord Hugh Sey mour,Pakeu-
ham, Berkeley, Gambier, John Har-
vey, Payne, Parlier, Henry Harvey,
Pringle, Duckworth, and Elphin-
stone, Special notice is also due of
the captains Nicholls of the Sove-
reign, and Hope of the Bellerophon,
-who became charged with, and
well-conducted thoseships when the
-wounded, ak ae under whom
they respectively served therein,
were no Jonger able to remain
at their posts; and the lieutenants
‘Monckton of the Marlborough, and
_ Doaelly of the Montague, in simi-
lar situations. These, selections,
however, should not be construed
to the disadvantage of other com-
manders, who may have been
equally deserving of the approbation
of .the lords ‘commissioners of the
admiralty, although [am not en-
abled to makea particular statement
of their merits.

To the reports from the flag-
officers are added those required
fiom the several captains of the
fleet; whereby their lordships will
become more particularly acquaint:

€

’ APPENDI

ed with the meritorious services of
the several. commanders, aad ani-
mated iutrepidity of their subordi-
nate officers and ships companies ;

fa which the defeat of the enemy,”

with every -advantave of. situation
and circumstance in their favour, is
truly to be ascribed. To the like
purport, I beg mytestimony, in be-
half of the officers and company of
every description in the, Queen
Charlotte, may be accepted.

Amount of the different salaries and
emoluments -of different officers
_ appointed ditving the present war,
_ and also the amount of the pay
granted to the several army-com-
© missaries appointed in 1793, pre-
~ sented to the house of commons:

An account of thesalary enjoyed by
the hon. William Elliot, aschargé
des affairesat thecourt of Berlin ;
with the date to which the same
has been continued.

NS salary has been paid to the

honourable William Elliot, as

ghareé des affaires at the court of
erlin,

Mr. Elliot was appointed secre=
tary of legation at Berlin on the
14th of November, 1491, with the
usual salary of one pound per day,
gross, annexed to that office; which
determined in July last, on his ap-
pointment to be secretary of embas-
sy at the Hague.

Cuarves Lona.
Whitehall, Treasury-Chambers,
m 31st Jan, 1794.

X to the CHRONICLE: *°

oS.

An account ofthe salary granted to*
Lord Malmesbury, on his mission
to the court of Berlin ;, together
with all the perquisites and emo
“Timientsattending the s satdmission:
with the date of the commence-
men of such salary.

‘For equipage-money, one thous”
sand five hundred pounds.

Ordinary entertainment, one hun-
dred and sixty pounds by the week, |
gross, to. commence on the 20th Gay.
of November, 1793, and to deter-
mine on the day of his returning |

into the king’s presence, or sooner,

upon signification of his majesty’s
pleasure.

No perquisites or other emolu-:
ments attending the said mission. .

Cuarwes Lone.,

Whitehall, Treasury-Chambers,
Slst Jan. 1794...

| eee D

The amount of the pension granted
to James Hayes, esq. late one of
the justices of the grand sessions
for the counties of Waies.

James Hayes, esq. five hundred

pounds per annum,

Crarxes Lone,

Whitehall, Treasury-Chamlbers,
aa st Jan, i 1G4.

The

sé ANNUAL REGISTER; 1464

Tlie amount of the pay granted to the several commissaries for the forces)
appointed in 1793, at home and abroad ; with an account of the haif-pay
to which they will ve become entitled in span ny rae

aoe 4 At the At the War Office.
Total, } Treasury - | Ba
DailyPay.} Pay per Pay per |Half-pay.
= A» Days Day... | per Day.
east | ea a as | ner fore =

Ls. dil. s @jL. sw djl.s. @,

NAMES anxp RANK.

eae Os ee eee —
i *

GREAT BRITAIN. »

'. a. yy = + ! yr sie
Rober Bier, Commissary General I EA alge 2001 9 ©
Leo. B. Morse, Deputy Commissary — |? © Of 7 1 2 9 O10 6
Robert Bisset, ditto, ) +: sn 0 0). Gh ee ee Be: ©
NORTH BRITAIN, .,.., [2s : ihe Aiea
Hor. doh Gackiang; Deputy Commissary 100) Ee cee ie
' <4, FLANDERS. bain mi hi : o> y Sol 45 aie
Brook Watson; Commissary General ., — | F :9 OF 4 9. 0 8 110 6
Henry Matz, Dep. Commissary General — | 1 10 0} —— 1 015 ©
Robert, Gould, Assist, Commissary General | + 9 Of o> |p oe 910 ©
John Besgel,; Assistant Commissary a {1 0 G70. 35 G2 ® 7 &
Renjamin Mee, ditto wes =, 1a. On OF Qroe gO) a7 6
Fred. de Diemar, ditto —— = PP QO aang 97 6
John Brawn, ditto... -— == | dy OW ep O Waa 9 2 €&
Jdmes Newland, ditto —— — {1 a of 0 5 929 q-% §
Gideon Duncan, ditto — — {1 0 9° 5 © ° o7 6
Franci§ Coffin, ditto —— Sah) ama) ee SY ae 9 7 &
Thomas Greet, ditto, — = Pe On OF a ee tern ts o 7 6
Thomas Durell, ditto . . SSO PRG, Gareas ars? qe. 46
Charles Mason, Commissary of Accounti— | 4 0 of 2 O O2 lo 6
TOUULON. PS ERE Se Say
John Erskine; Commissary General 5 0 Oo] 2 .0 3 110 @
John Buckhoitne, Dep. Commissary Géneral 110 of © lo i oloa
Nathaniel Whicworth, Assist. Commisary 1 6 of 9 5 OO 0 7 6
George Berghman, ditto -_- —~ |Q35 0,9 § ° 03 0
John Fontaine, ditto — |615 oO 5 Co) 0 3 9
Martin Petre, Commissary of Accounts — |4 0 0) 2 0 2 to 6
Henry L. Hunter, Assistant ditto = |i 6.016 § oo é7 6
_- WEST INDIES. : ab aia ’ hat
John Jaffray, Commissary General — |5 0 O72 0 1 110 6
John Carmody, Dep. Commissary General 110 oj 0 10 o 0 lo
Alexander Jaffray, ditto -_— — |2 5 o1010 ol o 7 a
Latichlin M‘Intosh, ditto ——- — |]015 00 5 ° o 5 a
Thomas Watson, ditto alarm Aa i? nae Boba «ay Marge re) on eg
John Amiel, ditto : — TS EOS 2 a5 6
Valentine Jones, Commissary of Accounts 4. 0 012 0 100
Exrepition unvER Loxp MOIRA. ; : iy
Alex. Davison, Commissary General — 5 Gr Bl St og 3 i100
Samuel Drury, Deputy Commissary — pd, 12 = 0|" Gao 1 9 Jo ;
John Thompson; Assistant Commissary — | 1°5 0} 0 16 o1 °o ? 2
Thomas Boughton, ditto = | I 50) 0.806 O12 eg ga
Maurice Nelson, ditto —— -- 1 5 QO} 0 lo ° o7 6
Gilbert Young, ditto ere am, WO SRO aie OS eo 15r6.
John Dornford, Commissary of Accounts — | 4 0 O14 0 2 oe
Whitehall, Treasury-Chambers; 3
Sist Jan. 1794. Cganves Loncés

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. © 99

An account ofthe salary granted to

_ sir Gilbert Elliot, bart. upon his
appointment as commissioner at
Toulon; together with all per-
quisites and emoluments attend-
ing the said appointment.

For ordinaty entertainment, one
hundred and sixty pounds per week.
Equipage money, one thousand
five hundred pownds,
Plate, two thousand six hundred
pounds nine shillings and ten pence.
Their majesties pictures at full
length, in gilt frames, two hundred
and fifty-four pounds sixteen shil-
lings and six-pence.
State and chapel furniture, three
hundred pounds.
Cuarces Lone.
Whitehall, Treasury-Chambers,
31st Jan. 1794.

An account of the expences incur-

red by the mission of the earl of

- Yarmouth, as minister plenipo-
tentiary to the king of Prussia.

For expences incurred by the earl
6f Yarmouth, in attending upon the
King of Prussia, by his majesty’s
command, during the last campaign,
and for several journies performed
en his majesty’s service, one thou-
sand five hundred and eighteen
pounds nine shillines and six-pence,

: ; Cuarces Long.

Whitehall, Trecsury-Chambers,

Slst Jan. 1794.

Papers relating to the Union of Cora
sica with the Crown of England.

Whitehall, July 22.

The dispatch, of which the follow-
ing is a copy, has been received
by the right hon. Henry Duadas,

from the right hon, sir Gilbert

Elkot, bart. dated Corté, the 21st

of June, 1794, ;

SIR,

] HAVE the honour to acquaint

you, that the union of Corsica
to the crown of Great Britain is
finally and formerly concluded ; and
it is with the most sincere satisfac.
tion that 1 find myself enabled to
assure you that no national act was
ever sanctioned by a more unani- |
mous proceeding on the part of
those who were authorized to do it,
or by a more universal approbation,
amounting, I may say, to enthusiasm
on the part of the people.

I have already had the honour of
transriitting to you a copy of the
letter addressed by his excellency
my lord Hood and myself to his
excellency general Paoli, dated the
2lst of April. I have the honour
to inclose to-day a copy of the cir-
cular letter, addressed hy general
Paoli to his countrymen, reterring
to that which he had received from
us, an Italian translation of which
was annexed,

Letters of convocation were soon
after issued for the assembly of the
General Consult to be held at Cor-
té, on Sunday, the 8th of June, and
were so framed as to procure the
most general representation known
in this island, every community,
which is the smallest territorial di-
vision, having sent its representa=
tive, and the state of property being
such, that although none but lande
holders were electors, every man, ale
most without exception, has voted.

The letters of convocation set
forth the occasion of their bein
called together ; and the minutes of:
election in every community ex-
pressed the general nature of the
measure to which the deputies were

authorized

96>

authorized: to consent, specifying
distinctly the union of Corsica an
Great Britain, and the tender of the
crown to his majesty.

L have the honour to inclose co--

pies of these proceedings.

The deputies met at Corté in
sufficient numbers to constitute the
assembly, on Tuesday, the 10th of
June. Some days were employed
in verifying their powers, and de-
termining controverted: elections ;
after which they chose general Paoli
as their president, and Mr. Pozzo
de Bargo and Mr. Muselli their se-
cretaries.

“On Saturday, the, 14h instant,
general Paoli opened the assembly
by an excellent and elegant speech,
stating concisely the principal events

which had occurred, and the prin- |

cipal measures adopted by himself.
since the separation of the last Ge-
neral Consult in May, 1793, the
occasion of the present convocation,
and the leading points on which
their deliberations should turn.

“The assembly voted unanimously
their thanks to general Paoli, and a
full and intire approbation of all he
had done, by virtue of the powers
formerly vested in him by the Ge-
Heral Consult of 1793,

* They then, acs declared unani-

mously the separation of Corsica
from France:
” And secondly, with the same una-
nimity, and with the strongest de-
monstrations of universal satisfacti on
and j jey, voted the union of Corsica
to the crown of Great Britain,

A committee was then appointed
to’ prepare the articles of union,
and to consider the proper mode. of
tendering the crown to his majesty.

Tt was declared that all who came
should have voices ; and, in fact,
several persons of character and ta-

ANNUAL REGISTER,, 1704

lent, who were not even member&
£ thé assembly, were admitted to”
thi delib erations, and took a share
in the discussions of the committee.
; The _articles. underwent, in the
commiittec, a very full, free, and
intelligent discussion 3 tra Se would
have done honour td any assembly
of public men in any country, and-
nich 45 stamped the result with the
sanction of a deliberate and inform-
ed, as wellas a free and independent
assent,

The report was voted with una-
nimity in the committee.

It was presented ta the assembly
on Thursday the 17th, and on that
and the following day was opened,
and most ably as well as fully ex,
pounded to them, by Mr. Pozzo de
Bargo. It was adopted with una-
nimity, and with universal applause 5
and two copies of the act of union
were signed byevery member of the
Consult.

On Thursday, the 19th of June,
I received a deputation from the
assembly, presenting to me a copy
of the act of union, and inviting me
to return withthem, thatthe crown,
might be tendered two his saeieSty by:
the assembly itself, in the most so-
lomn and auhentic form.. the

I accompanied the deputation,
and, in presence of the assembly,
received from the president, his exe
cellency general Paoli, in the name
of the, people, the tender of the
crown and sovereignty of Corsica
to his majesty.

His excellency’ s address to me is
contained in the minutes, }, .

After addressing the assem bly, i in
a manner which “appeared to me
suitableto the occasion, I pronounced
in his smajesty’ s namethe acceptation
of the. crown, agcording to the arti«
cles cablained in the act.of union.

L then

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

I ther took, in hismajesty’sname,
the oath prescribed, ‘ to maintain
the liberties ef Corsica according to
the constitution and the laws.”?

The president then took and ad-
ministered to the assembly the oath
of allegiance and fidelity ; after
which { signed and sealed the ac-
ceptation annexed to both copies of
the act of union, one of which I
have now the honour to transmit.

Theday following (yesterday) Te
Deum was sung in the cathedral,
accompanied by the discharge of
artillery ; and prayers were offered
up for his majesty, by the name of
George the Third, king of Great
Britain and Corsica. In the even-
ing the town was illuminated, and
‘the people demonstrated their loy-
alty and joy by every means in their

ower.

The assembly has voted, tiisday,
an address to his majesty, expressive
of their gratitude, loyalty, and at-
tachment; and have deputed four
respectable gentlemen to present it
to his majesty in London.

I cannot conclude this dispatch
without offering ry very humble
contratulations on the fortunate
termination of this impoftant and
interesting affair, at once advanta-
geous, as I trust, tothe coutracting
parties, honourable to his majesty,
and gratifying; in every view, to
hisroyal feelings, as well as to those
of his British subjects.

The true foundation and basis of
this transaction lias rested on the
confidence inspired by his majesty’s
princely virtues; and the exalted
reputation enjoyed throuyhout the
world by the British nation forevery
honourable and generous quality.
The people of Corsica have, on oné
hand, done homage to those virtues,
by confiding and tendering, even so-

icitously, the sovereignty of their

Vous XXXVI-

country to hismajesty ; they have, on
theother hand, heighteaed the value
of that confidence, by evincing that
it comes from menwho have rejected
with horror the poisonous and coun-
terfeit liberty of France,without be-
ing ignorantor careless of a well-or-
dered and constitutional freedom.
His majesty hasacquireda crown;
those who bestow it have acquired
liberty. The British nation has ex-
tended its political and commercial
sphere by the accession of Corsica :
Corsica has added new securities
to her ancient possessions, and has
opened fresh fields of prosperity and
wealth, by her liberal incorporation
with a vast and powerful empire.
This dispatch will be delivered
to you by Mr. Petriconi, a young
gentleman of this country, who has
served with distinction throughout
the war, under the orders of gene-
ral Paoli, and particularly in the
sieges of Bastia and St. Fiorenzo.
I beg leave to refer to him for
any particulars which I may have
omitted, and to recommend him to
the honour of your attention during
his residence in England.
1 have the honour to be, &c.
(Signed) © Girzert Evuior.

TRANSLATION.
General Paoli to his Countrymen.

Furiani, May 1; 1794:

Most dearly beloved Countrymen,
The unabated confidence with
which you have honoured me, and
the solicitude I have ever had to
promote your interests andto insure
your liberty, prescribe to me the
obligation of stating to you the pre¢

sent situation of public affairs.
You remember how many cruel
and trea¢herous arfaugéments were
made by the three commissioriers of
the French Convention who were
sent Over to our island ; and in what
mannet

manner they attempted to concen-
trate the powers of government in
a smal] number of their satellites,
destined to be the instruments of
those violences and cruelties which
were be toexercised against all well-
Meaning persons, and against the
nation at large.

The unjust decree which ordéred
my arfest, and my transfer to the
bar of the assembly, was the first at-
tempt directed by them against your
liberty. You unanimously declared
yourselves, and humbly remonstra-
ted, against an act.designed to faci-
htate the execution of the enemy’s
plots: finally, you, in a general
assembly, declared your indigna-
tion at this act of injustice; and you
adopted, at that moment, such re-
solutions as were consistent with
your own dignity, and with the
public welfare.

T accepted, as a distinguishing
proof of your confidence, the com-
mission you were pleased to confer
upon me, for providing in thosecr:-
tical circumstances for the mainte-
nance of your safety and liberty :
anxious that you should not be ex-
posed to any danger, unless indig-
nation andnecessity commanded you
to resist, I tried every means which
prudence and moderation suggested
to me at that time.; but neither
your just reclamations, nor my in-
hocence, were sufficient to recal fo
sentiments of rectitude and huma-
ity a violent and sanguinary fac-
tion, irritated by the noble resist-
ance you had made, and resolved
to accomplish your destruction: for
which purpose the subversion of the
government was ordered, and the
members of it proscribed, conjointly
with many other zealous patriots:
the nation was declared in a state of
rebellion: orders'were given to re-
duce it by force of arms, and to

°
nee

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

treat it with the bloody rigour of
revolutionary laws.

Roused by these causes, by the
endless successionof destruction and
ruin, which characterizes the con-
duct of those persons who exercise
the powersof government in France,
anc by the destruction of all reli-
gion, and of every form of worship,
enforced and proclaimed among the
people with unexampled impiety,
every Corsican felt the necessity of
separating from the French, and of
guarding against the poisonous in-
fluence of their errors.

The acts of hostility committed
by the French, and those Corsican
traitors who had taken refuge in the
garrisons of Calvi, St. Fiorenzo, and
Bastia, compelled us to repel them
by force of arms. I have seen with
infinite satisfaction, during thecourse
of a whole year, that your ancient
bravery and attachment to your
country were not in the least dimi-
nished. In various encounters the
enemy have been defeated, although
numerous and supported by artille-
ry: you have treated the prisoners
taken in the heat of battle, with ge-
nerosity ; while the enemy have, in
cold blood, massacred our prisoners,
who were so unfortunate as to fall
into their hands : in all these agita-
tions we have kept ourselves united,
and exempt from the horrors of li-
centiousness and anarchy ; a happy
presage of your future fate, and an
urefragable proof that you are de-
serving of true liberty, and that you
will know how to preserve it unsul-
lied by licentiousnessand dissentions.

In such a state of things, a be-
coming difiidence made me, never-
theless, apprehend that the enemy
would increase in force, and attempt
to carry into execution the destruc-
tive plans they had formed against
you: under these circumstances I

felt

‘ty’ of Corsica.

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 99

‘felt the necessity of foreign assist-
ance; and, in conformity to your
general wishes, and to the public
opinion and universal expectation,
I had recourse to the king, and to
the generous and powerful nation
which had, on other occasions, pro-
tected the remains of our liberty :
& measure dictated ‘by the public
safety, and which I took only when

‘every conciliatory offer had been

obstinately rejected, and every hope
of obtaining moderation or justice
from the French Convention was
extinct.“ -*

His Britannic majesty’s arms have
made their appearance in. your sup-
port; his ships and troops are em-
ployed with you to ‘drive from our
country the common enemy, and
the blood of Britens and Corsicans
is conjointly shed for the liberty of
this island. Our enterprise has al-
ready been crowned with happy
events, and draws near to a fortu-
nate completion.

This pleasing aspect of affairs has
determined me to turn my thoughts
to the most efficacious means of
establishing a permanent freedom,
and of securing our island from the
various events which, till this mo-
ment, have kept us in agitation.

The protection of the king of
Great Britain, and a political union
with the British nation, of which
the prosperity and power, uninter-
rupted for ages, are to the universe
proofs of the excellency of its go-
vernment, have appeared to me to
accord with the happiness and safe-
The universal opi-
nion on this head, evinced by the
unreserved inclination you have

‘shewn, and strengthened by your

gratitude for benefits received, ap-
pears fortunately to concur with
mine. I have therefore made the

proper overtures to his majesty the
king of Great Britain, with a view
to establish this desirable union.

With a satisfaction never to be
erased from my mind, I now behold
our wishes anticipated, and our
hopes realized ; the memorial which
has been transmitted to me by their
excellencies, the admiral command-
ing the fleet, and the minister ple-
nipotentiary of his majesty, affords
us the opportunity of establishing
this union in the manner best adap-
ted to the benefit of both nations,
and to the honour of his majesty.
I cannot better make known to you
their excellencies sentiments than
by a faithful translation of their
memorial.

The nature of the present address
does not permit me to enlarge upon
the benefits of this union, which
tends to conciliate the most exten-
sive political and civil liberty with
personal security. You are con-
vinced of these truths, and will re-
gulate your conduct accordingly. I
nevertheless avail myself of this op-
portunity to declare to you, that,
in taking the English constitution
for your model, you will proceed
upon the most solid principles that
philosophy, policy, and experience,
have ever been known to combine
for the happiness of a great people,
reserving to yourselves the power of
adapting them to your own peculiar
situation, customs, and religion,
without being exposed, hereafter,
to the venality ef atraitor, or to
the ambition of a powerful usurper.

A matter of such importance
ought nevertheless to be discussed,
and agree to by you in a general
assembly, at which I intreat you to
assist by your deputies, on Sunday
the 8th of the ensuing month of
June, in the city of Corté. The.

H2 provisional

100 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

provisional government will then
suggest to you the form and mode
of the elections.

‘I beseech you to impress your-
selves with the great importance of
the affairs on which you have to de-
termine ; and, on that account, let
it be your care to select persons of
zeal and acknowledged probity,

‘and, as much as may be in your

power, reputable heads of families,
Interested in good government and
the prosperity of the country. Let
moderation and propriety of con-
duct prevail in your assemblies, that
no person among you may have the
mortification to remark any disorder
in the most happy moment which
has occurred in the course of our
revolutions, and in passing the most
important act of civil society. In
the mean time, let every man sug-
gest whatever he may ccnceive
most useful to the ccuntry, in or-
der to communicate his opinion to
the nation, legally represented and
assembled.

Corsica is now justly regarded by
foreign powers as a free nation;
her resolutions will, I hope, be suit-
able to her situation, and dictated
by a wisdom and by a love for the
public good.

With respect tomyself, my dearly
beloved countrymen, after having
devoted every moment of my life to
your happiness, I shail esteem my-
self the happiest of mankind, 1f,
through the means,I have derived
from your confidence, I can obtain,
for our country, the opportunity of
forming a free and lasting govern-
ment, and of preserving to Corsica
its name, its unity, and its inde-
pendence, whilst the names of the
heroes who have spilt their bload
in its support and defence, wiil be,
for future generations, obiects of

noble emulation and grateful re~
membrance. )

(Signed) Pasguarer pre Paott.

Copy of a letter from their excellencies
lord Hood and sir Gilbert Elliot,
Lart. to general Paoli.

Victory, Bastia-Roads, Apr.21, 179+.
SIR,

Your excellency having been
pleased to represent to us, on behalf
of the Corsican nation, that the in-
tolerable and perfidious tyranny of
the French Convention having dri-
ven that brave people to take up
arms in their own defence, they
were determined to shake off alto-
gethertheunjust dominion of France,
and to assert the rights of a free and
independent nation ; but being sen-
sible that their own efforts might
beinsufficient to contendwith France
orotherpowerfulnations, who might
undertake hostile attempts agaigst
them, and confiding implicitly in
the magnanimity and princely vir-
tues of his Britannic majesty, and
in the bravery and generosity of his
people, they were desirous of form-
ing a perpetual union with the Bri-
tish uation, under the mild and
equitable government of his majesty
and his successors, for the better
protection, and for the perpetual se-
curity and preservation of their in-
dependence and liberties: and your

xcellency. having, on these consi-
derations, solicited, in the name of
the people of Corsica, his majesty’s
present assistance, and his royal pro-
tection in time to come, we took
the same into our most serious cou-
sideration ; and knowing his majes-
ty’s gracious and affectionate dispos
sition towards the Corsican nation,
and his readiness to contribute in
every way which is consistent with

justice

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

justice and the interests of his sub-
jects, to the happiness of that brave
people ; and being invested with
sufficient powers for that purpose,
we determined to comply with your
request, and have accordingly fur-
nished the aid of his majesty’s naval
and military forces in ti: Mediter-
ranean, towards expelling the com-
mon enemy from the island of Cor-
sica.

We have since been honoured
with more special powers and au-
thority to concert with your excel-
lency and the people of Corsica,
and finally to conclude, on his ma-
jesty’s behalf, the particular form
and mode of relation which shall
take place between the two na-
tions.

It is with the most lively satis-
faction we acquaint your excellency,
that we have it in command from
his majesty to assent, on his part, to
such a system as will cement the
union af. our two nations under a
common sovereign, and, at the same
time, secure for ever the indepen-
dence of Corsica, and the preser-
vation of her ancient constitution,
laws and religion.

With whatever satisfaction his
majesty has graciously assented to
propositions, which promise, per-
haps for the first time, not only to
afford to thisisland the present bles-
sings of tranquillity and peace, and
a sudden increase of prosperity and
wealth, but also to establish its na-
tional independence and happiness
on a secure and lasting foundation ;
his majesty is, however, determined
to’ conclude nothing without the
general and free consent of the peo-
ple of Corsica.

We therefore request your excel-
lency to take the proper steps for
submitting these important matters

101

to their judgement’; and as the
small number of the enemy, at pre-
sent invested by the British and
Corsican troops, and which must
soon either be destroyed or yield to
superior force, can no longer give
any uneasiness to this country, but
the freedom and deliverance of
Corsica is in effect accomplished,
we beg leave to submit to your
excellency, whether it may not be
desirable to take the earliest mea-
sures for terminating these interest-
ing concerns, and for adding a for-
mal sanction to that union, which
is already established in the hearts
of all our countrymen.
We have the honour to be, &c.
(Signed) Hoop,

Givsert Evtior.

His excellency general Paoli,
CF eeSe:

TRANSLATION.

The General Council charged with the
provisional government of Corsica,
to the municipal officers, curates of
parishes, and their fellow country-_
men.

Beloved countrymen,

The god of armies, protector ~
of the most just cause, has favoured
your efforts. ;

The audacious army, whose fury —
and violence was excited by the
impious faction which proposed to
itself to abolish all order, customs,
and religion in Europe, will shortly
be removed from our territories.

To secure a more speedy success,
Providence has given you the sup-
portof a powerful nation,accustom-
ed to respect laws, and a legitimate
power, whichhas generously assisted
you, to extricate yourselves from
the tyrannical anarchy of the pre-
sent republic of France.

Hs That

102.

That nation and its kine offer
you the advantages of a lasting
union and constant protection.

The happy influence of our glo-
rious countryman, general de Paoli,
added to the resources of his genius,
and excited by the dangers of his
own country, have accelerated this
happy event ; in short, brave Cor-
sicans, we are free.

By our constancy, firmness, and
courage, we have acquired the en-
joyment of the advantages we in-
herit from our ancestors, /ilerty and
religion.

However, it would be but little
to have regained this noble succes-
sion, if our efforts and prudence
were unable to secure it for ever.

To insure the success of those ef-
forts, and to direct our prudence, a
perfect union is necessary ; our ge-
neral resolutions must be formed
with a view to our present situation
and our future expectations.

The Corsicans must therefore
prescribe the form of administration
and government they choose. to
adopt, enunciate, or approve of,
and the principles on which it is to
be established, or on which their
legislation is to be fixed.

Finally, beloved countrymen, the
most important object is, a speedy
union: of the people, and the last
act of the provisional administration_
you adopted, ordains us to suppor
the paternal and patriotic intentions
of general de Paoli.

In this invitation we can give
you buta faint idea of the important
functions you will confide to your
representatives inthe next assembly ;
however, you no doubt know the
indispensable necessity of adopting
measures for the maintenance of in-
ternal tranquillity, and of a form of
government adapted to our customs,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

powers, and situation, and finally -
to. the various relations that will
hereafter. be established between
Corsicans; the English nation and
their king feel, . even more than
others, the necessity that such depu-
ties should be appointed among our
countryme = 93 shall have, given.evi-
dent proofs of their patriotism, and
of their desire to act with,a zeal
adequate to the nature and import-
ance of their mission, for establish-
ing and securing by the new orger
of things, not only for the present,
but in future, public felicity... This
last consideration, in case you-are
sensible of it, will, we are in hopes,
determine you to prefer one of the
most respectable heads of family in
each of your respective communi-
ties, as a répresentative .on such
solemn and important occasions in
council.

In this union, which, will form
the most memorable crisis of our
annals, the objects must be treated
with that form and order due to the
dignity of the representatives of a
free people, ‘os

The ancient assemblies of our na-
tion, at the time of the glorious go-
vernment of its deserving. general,
were only composed of-one deputy
from each community. Finding it
necessary to avoid the inconveni-
ence Of repeated elections, we have
thought it expedient in this circum-
stance to invite you to adopt this
ancient custom, chiefly onreflecting,
that as harvest is approaching, the
absence of chiefs from their fami—
lies, added to the expences of the
journey, and time spent in the elec-
tion, would be of prejudice to their
affairs and domestic interests ; the
people will therefore establish _con-
stitutionally the number of its repre-
sentatives forthesuccessivere-unions.

The

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

The zealous and good citizens
will, however, be enabled to lay
before the council their knowledye
of all important subiects, which
will be taken into consideration and
discussed accordingly, but they will
have no part in its deliberations.

The general council therefore in-
vites all communities of Corsica to
assemble on Sunday the first of June,
each to. appoint, according to the
form of election hereunto annexed,
its representative at the general
council, and the general assembly
of the clergy to take place on the
Sunday following, the 8th of June.

The municipal officers and pa-
rishes of the respective communities
are charged with the publication
and distribution of both general Pa-
oli’s circular letter and tha

Corté, May 9, 1794.

For the general council of the go-
vernment.

(Signed)
(4 great number of names. )

FORM OF ELECTION.

In the year 1794, on the Ist of
June, in the parish church of the
community of usual place
for tie general meeting of the

cler

We Vv. . IV. N*. the inhabitants of
the said community, exceeding the
age of twenty-five, being legally
united by virtue of the circular let-
ter wrate on the Ist of May by his
excellency general de Paoli, and the
one wrotebythe provisional govern-

_ ment on the 9th of the same month,

duly published, toappoint a deputy,
who is to be a representative at the
a council: of Corsica, to be

eld on the 8th -current, we have
chosen as our president Mr. N. the

103

most proper person among thos:
assembled, who know how to
write, and who has appointed as
his secretary Mr. N.

In succession of the said appoint~
ment, the majority of votes is given
in favour of Mir. N. father of a‘fa-
mily, who has been duly elected by
the presentassembly, and proclaimed
deputy, and unto him we give the
power of concerting and tre eating
with the other representativesof thé
nation, on the tmingsctions that will
infuture take place between Corsica

and his majesty the king of Great

Britain and the English nation; as
likewise on subjects ‘of public utility
contained in the aforesaid circular
letter.

And the present verbal process
has been registered, and deposited
in the chancery of this community,
and a copy given to serve him the

said Mr. N. deputy, asa full power
and certificate. N. Presidenita
N. Secretary.

Firm of the general council.
Corront, vice-president,
Museutt, secretary.

TRANSLATION.

We, the representatives of thé
Corsican nation, free and indepen? -
dent, lawfully assembled in a gene+
ral meeting, possessed of a special
authority to form the present consti*
tutional act, have unanimously de+
creed, under the auspice the
Supreme Being, ha following ar
ticles :

CHAPTER I.
Of the nature of the constitution, and
of the constituted powers.
Article 1. The constitution’ of,
Corsica is monarchical, accord-"

* Here all names of such persons as shall be present at the meeting will be affixed.

H 4

ins

104

ing to the following fundamental
laws.

Art.2. The legislative power is

vested in the king, and in the re-
presentatives of the people, lawfully
elected and convened.
WeeaTt. 3; Thelegislature, composed
of thekingand of the representatives
of the people, is denominated the
parliament ; the assembly of the
representatives are styled members
of the parliament,

CHAPTER 11.
Of the mode of elections, the number
of members, and the functions of
parliament.

Article 1. The territory shall be
divided into pieves.(districts,) each
of which shall send two members to
parliament. The towns on thecoast,
of which the population shallamount

‘to 3000 souls and upwards, havethe
right of sending two members each
to parliament ; the bishops who dis-
charge the duties of their see in
Corsica, and are recognized as such
by the Corsican nation, slia!l be
members of parliament.

Art. 2. The members of parlia-
ment shall be elected by all the Cor-
sican citizens, of twenty-five years
of age, who shall have been resi-
dent at Jeast one year in the pieve,
orin the town, and who are pos-
sessors of land.

3. No person shall be elect-
ed a member of parliament, unless
he possesses at least 6000 livres in
land in the pieve which he is to re-
present, and pays taxes in propor-
tion to this possession, and unless
born of a Corsican father, and dona

Jjidean inhabitant, having kepthouse
for five years in the said pieve, and
until he has arrived at the age of
twenty-five.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Art. 4, Lodgers, except both
who are inmates for life, persons
employed in collecting the revenue,
the receivers and collectors of taxes,
those who have pensions, or whoare
in the service of a foreign power,
and priests, cannot be members of
the house of parliament.

Art. 5. The form of electionshall
be determined by the laws.

Art.6. 1famemberot parliament -

dies, or becomes incapable, accord-
ing to law, of being a member of
parliament, another member shall
be elected by his pieve, within fif-
teen days, by the king’s authority.

Art. 7. The house of parliament
has the right of enacting all the
acts which are intended to have
force of law,

Art. 8. The decrees of the house
of parliament shall not have force
of law, unless they receive the
king’s sanction,

Art. 9 Any decree that has not
passed the house of parliament, and
received the king’s sanction,. shall
not be looked upan as law, nor car+
ried into execution as such.

Art. 10. No imposition, tax, or
public contribution, shall be laid
without the consent of parliament,
or without being specially granted
by it.

Art. 11. Parliament has the right
of impeachment, in the name of the
nation, of every agent of govern-
ment guilty of prevarication before
the extraordinary tribunal.

Art. 12. The cases of prevari-
cation shall be determined by the
laws,

CHAPTER II
Of the duration and convocation of
parliament.

Article 1, The duration of one
parliament shall be two aaa
rte

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

Art. 2. The king may dissolve
the parliament.

Art. 3. In case of a dissolution
of Parliament, the king shall con-
yene another within forty days.

Art. 4. Those persons who were
members of thedissolved parliament,
may be elected members of the suc-
ceeding one.

Art. 5. If the parliament expires
' without being dissolved, another
shall be called, by the king’s autho-
rity, within forty days.

Art. 6. The king may prorogue
the parliament.

Art.7. The parliament cannot
be convoked or assembled but by
the king’s command.

Art. 8. The interval between
the convening of the house, and its
prorogation, or, if it be not pro-
rogued until its dissolution, or if it
be not dissolved until its expiration,
is to be called the session of parlia-
ment.

Art. 9. The vice-roy, or, in case
of illness, the commissioners nomi-
nated by him for that purpose, shall
open the sessions in person, and de-
clare the reasons for convoking the
parliament.

Art. 10. The parliament may
adjourn itself, and re-assemble du-
ring the same session.

Art. 11. The house shall decide
upon the contested elections of its
members.

Art. 12. The members of parlia-
ment shall not be subject to arrest
or imprisonment for debt during the
continuance of their representation.

CHAPTER IV.
On the mode of deliberation, freedom
of debate, and internal regulations
of Parliament.

106

Article 1. After the opening of
parliament by the vice-roy, orby his
commissioners, as is herein before-
mentioned, the oldest member shall
take the chair; and the members
present having elected a provisional
secretary amongst themselves, shall
proceed to the choice of a president,
and of one or more secretaries. The
secretaries shall not be chosen from
among the members; and may be
dismissed by a vote of parliament.

Art.2. Theparliament assembled,
in all the cases before-mentionedhas
the power of debate, and of pas-
sing bills, whenever above one half
of its members are present.

Art. 3. Every member elected
and not appearing, shall have notice
from the president of the house, to
repair to his post within fifteen
days.

Art. 4. In case of non-appear-_
ance, or of not sending a lawful
excuse satisfactory to the house,
such member shall be condemned to
a fine of 200 livres.

Art. 5. Parliament may grant
leave of absence, or permit the ab-
sence of such members who solicit
it, provided more than one half of
its members remain present. _

Art.6. Every proposition made
in parliament shall be decided by the
majority of the members present ;
the president, in case of an equal
division, shall give the casting vote.

Art. 7. The forms and procedures
of enacting laws, and of determining
other matters in the house, which
may not be fixed by the present
constitution, shall be regulated by
the house itself.

Art. 8. The king’s sanction, or
the refusal of it, shall be announced
in person by the king’s representa-

tive

106 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

tive in the house of parliament, or
by a special commission in case of
sickné@ss.

Art. 9. The form of the sanction
shall be, the king approves ; that of
refusal, the king will examine ; the
bills sanctioned by the king are
named acts of parliament.

Art. 10. No member of parlia- .

ment shall be called to account, or
punished by the king’s servants, for
the opinions manifested, or the docs
trines professed in the house, or by
any other authority whatever, ex-
cept by that of the house itself.

Art. J]. The president of the
parliament has a right of calling to
order any of its members, when he
may think proper. ‘T'he house may
censure, arrest, and imprison, any
of its own members, during the
session.

CHAPTER Vv.
Upon the exercise of the executive
power.

Article'l. The king shall have
his immediate representative in Cor-
sica, with the title of vice-roy.

Art. 2. ‘The vice-roy shall have
the power of giving his sanction or
refusal to the decrees of parliament.

Ast. 3. He shall moreover have
the power to perform, in the king’s
name, all the acts of government
which are within the limits of the

.royal authority :—There shall be a
board of council and a secretary of
state, nominated by the king, and
mention shall be made in the vice-
roy’s orders, that he has taken the
opinion of the said board of coun-
cil ; and these orders shall be coun-
ter-signed by the secretary.

Art. 4, The nation has the right
of petitioning, as well the vice-

roy as the house of parliament: the
constituted and acknowledgedcorps —
of the law may petition in a body,
the other corps in theit individual
capacity only ; and a petition shall
never be presented by more than
twenty persons, however numerous
may be the signatures to it.

Art. 5. The houseof parliament
may address the king to recal his
vice-roy ; in such case the house
shall addresshis majesty in his frivy-
council assembled: the vicesroy shall
be obliged to transmit theaddress to
the king, upon the requisitionof the
house, within the term of fifteen
days after such requisition, and the
house may itself transmit it to the
king, even through the channel of
adeputation; but in any case, the
house is bound to present to the
vice-roy, fifteen days previous to
the departure of the address, a copy
of the same, and of the papers
which are to accompany it.

Art.6. The king: has the exelu-
sive direction of all military ar-
rangements, and is to provide for
the internal and external security
of the country.

Art. 7. The king declares war
and makes peace : he shall not be
authorized, however, in any event,
nor on any account whatsoever, to
give up, alienate, or in any man-
ner prejudice, the unity and indi-
visibility of Corsica and its depen-
dencies.

Art.8. The king shall appoint
to all the offices of government.

Art.9. The ordinary employ-
ments of justice, and of the admi-
nistration of the:public money, shall
be conferred upon natives of Cor=
sica, or persons naturalized Corsi-
cans, in virtue of the laws.

CHAPTER

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

j CHAPTER VI.
Of judicial proceedings, and of the
~~ division of the tribunals.

Article 1. Justice shall be exe-
cuted in the king’s name, and the
orders carried into execution by
officers appointed by him, in con-
formity to the laws.

Art. 2. There shall be a supreme
tribunal, composed of five judges,
and'the king’s advocate ; and this
shall be stationary in Corté,

Art. 8. There shall be a presi-

dent anda king’s advocate attached

to every other new jurisdiction,

Art. 4. The functions of the said
respective tribunals, their admini-
stration, and the emoluments, shall
be determined by law.

Art.5, There shall be in every
pieve a pedestra (magistrate).

Art.6. In every community
there shall be a municipality, named

_ by the people, and its functions

shall be regulated by the laws.

Art. 7. Crimes, which deserve
corporal or ignominious punish-
ments, shall be tried by the judges
and a jury.

Art 8. The king has the power
of granting pardon, in conformity
to the same regulations under which
he exercises this prerogative in
England. ;

‘Art.9. All civil, criminal, com-
mercial causes, snd those of every

_ other kind whatsoever, shall be ter-

_ minated in Corsica, in the first and

last instance.

CHAPTER VII.
Of the extraordinary tribunal.

Besicle 1. There shall be an ex-

" traordinary tribunal, composed of

five judges, appointed by the king,

_and commissioned to judge uponany

107

impeachment from the house of par-

liament, or upon all charges made,

-on the part of the king, or prevari-

cation, or other treasonable trans-
actions.

Art.2. The nature of the said
crimes, and the form of trial, shall
be determined upon by a special
law; buta jury shall be allowed in
every case of this sort.

Art. 3. The members of the tri-
bunal shall notassemble, butin cases
of impeachment by the house of
parliament, and immediately after
judgment given, they shall be obli-
ged to separate.

CHAPTER VIII.
Of personal liberty, and of the liberty
of the press.

Article 1. No person shall be de-
prived of his liberty and property
but by sentence of the tribunals ac-
knowledged by the laws, and in the
cases and according to the forms |
prescribed.

Art. 2. Whoever shall be arrest-
ed or placed in confinement, shall
be conducted, within the term of
twenty-four hours, before the com-
petent tribunal, in order that the
cause of his detension may be ad-
judged according to law.

Art. 3. In case of the arrest be-
ing declared vexatious, the person
arrested will have a right of claim-
ing damages and interest before the
competent tribunals.

Art. 4. The liberty of the press
is decreed, but the abuse of it.is to

_ be amenable to the laws.

Art. 5. Every Corsican shall have
the power freely to depart from his
country, and to return to it with his
property, conforming himself to the
regulations and‘ordonnances of ge-
neral police, oh served in such cases.

CHAPTER

108

CHAPTER IX»
Of the Corsican flag and navigation.

Article !. The standard shall be
a Moor’s head, quartered with the
king’s arms, according to the form
which shall be prescribed by his
majesty.

Art. 2. The king shall afford the
same protection to the trade and
navigation of the Corsicans, as to
the trade and navigation of his other
subjects.

Art. 3. The Corsican nation,
deeply penctrated with sentiments
of gratitude towards the king of
Great Britain and the English na-
tion, for the munificence and pro-
tection which it has always enjoyed,
and which is now, ina more special
manner, secured to it by the present
constitutional act,

Declares, That it will consider
every attempt which in waror in
peace shall be made to promote the
glory of hismajesty,and theinterests
of the empire of Great Britain in
general, as its own; and the parlia-
ment of Corsica will always manifest
its readiness and deference to adopt
all regulations, consistent with its
present constitution, which shall be
enacted by his majesty in his parlia-
ment of Great Britain for the ex-
tension and advantage of the ex-
ternal commerce of the empire, and
ef its dependencies.

CHAPTER xX.
Of religion.

Article 1. The Catholic, aposto-
lic, Roman religion, in all its evan-
gelical purity, shall be the only na-
tional r-ligion in Corsica.

Art, 2. The house of parliament
is au ho-ized to determine on the
numer of parishes, to settle the sa-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794:

laries of the priests, and to take
measures for insuring the discharge +
of the episcopal functions, in. con-
cert with the holy see.

Art. 3. Allother modes of woy-
ship are tolerated.

CHAPTER XI.

Of the crown and its succession.

The sovereign king of Corsica is
his majesty George the Third, king
of Great Britain, and his suecessors,
according to the order of succes-
sion to the throneof Great Britain. |

CHAPTER XII.
Of the acceptance of the crown aud of -

the constitution of Corsica.

Article 1. The present act shall
be presented to his majesty, theking
of Great Britain, through his excel-
lency sir Gilbert Elliot, his com-
missary plenipotentiary, and speci-
ally authorized for this purpose.

‘Art. 2. In the act of acceptance
his majesty, and his plenipotentiary
in his name, shall swear to maintain
the liberty of the Corsican nation, .
according to the constitutionand the
laws; and the same oath shall be
administered to his successors, upon
every succession to the throne.

“Art. 3. The members of the
assembly shall immediately take the
following oath, which shall be ad- .
ministered by his excellency sir
Gilbert Elliot: ‘* I swear for myself
“© and in name of the Corsican na-
“tion, which | represent, that I
“ acknowledge for my sovereignand
“ king hismajesty Georg: the Third,
“the king of Great Britain; to
“ yield him faithful obedience, ac-
“cording to the constitution and
“ laws of Corsica, and to defend the
“¢ said constitution and laws.”

‘© yerart.

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

Art. 4. Every Corsican shall, in
his respective community, take the
preceding oath.

Done, and unanimously decreed,
‘and after three readings, on three
succeeding days, in the general
assembly of the Corsican nation, in

‘Corté, this day, 19th June 1794,
and individually signed in the as-
sembly of all the members of which
it is composed.

Signed by above four hundred

names.

Continuation of the sessions of the
19th of June, 1794.

_ ALLthe membersof theassembly
having individually signed the con-
stitutional act, it was proposed to
resent it tohis excellency sir Gilbert
Elliot, his Britannic majesty’s com-
_ missary plenipotentiary ,inorderthat
_it might be accepted by him in his
said majesty’s name. ‘The assembly
_ haying adopted this proposition, de-
_ereed, That the said. proposition
shall be made by a deputation of
twelvé members who were chosen
and commissioned for this purpose.
After which the deputation, ha-
ving executed the commission as-
_ signed to them, re-entered the hall,
_and with them the said sir Gilbert
_ Elliot; the members of the assembly
_ stood up, during whichheapproach-
ed the president, and pronounced
the following acceptation :
__I, the undersigned baronet, mem-
_ber of parliament of Great Britain,
member of the privy council, and
commissary plenipotentiary of his
__ Britannic majesty, having full power,
-and. being specially authorized for
_ this purpose, do accept, in the name
_ of his majesty George the Third,
_king of Great Britain, the crown
and sovereignty of Corsica, accord-

109

ing to the constitution and the fun-
damental laws contained in the act
of a general assembly held at Corté,
and definitively settled this same
day, the 19th of June, and as such
offered to his majesty ; and, in his
majesty’s name, I swear to maintain
the liberty of the Corsican nation,
according to the constitution and
to the laws.
The present acceptation and oath
is by us signed and sealed.
({L.S.) GILBERT ELLIOT.

The said acceptation and oath be-
ing read, the said sir Gilbert Elliot

_ proposed to the president andto the

assembly the constitutional oath ;
and this was taken by them in the
following words ;

‘* T swear for myself, and in the
“name of the Corsican nation,
“which I represent, to acknow-
“‘ ledge for my sovereign and king, |
“his majesty George the Third,
‘the king of Great Britain, to
“ yield him faithful obedience ac-
“ cording to the constitution and
“ the laws of Corsica, and to main-
“tain the said constitution and
“laws.”

The constitutional act being in-
tirely completed and finished, the
president adjourned the session, and
signed the above, as did also the
secretaries, the year, month, and
day above-mentioned.

(Signed)
PasguaLe DE Paott, President..
Canto AnpDREA Pozzo DE Bar-
co, Secretary.
G1o.Anprea Musectt, Secretary.

TRANSLATION,

Speech made in the genera! assembly of
Gorsica, on the acceptation of the
crown and constitution of the island,
by his excellency sir Gilbert Eliot.

GENTLEMEN,

110 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

GENTLEMEN,

In‘availing myself, for the first
time, in the midst of the Corsican
nation, of the privilege of calling
you brothers and fellow-citizens, a
reflection which will naturally oc-
cur to every one, excites in me the
most heart-felt satisfaction ; inde-
»pendent of the reciprocal political

advantages which we. may derive .

from so close a connéction, I see, on
the present occasion, every thing
that can render it more precious
and more estimable by the senti-
ments of confidence and of affection,
the first and pure principles of our
union, which they will for ever con-
tinue to cement and consolidate.
This remarkable truth, which it
is impossible to overlook, cannot be
mentioned without a strong emotion
of sensibility and joy. Our two na-
tions have, for along period, been
- distinguished by a reciprocal and re-
markable esteem. Without antici-
‘pating the happy end to which this
instinctive partiality, this sympathe-
tic attraction, may some day lead
us, we have given to each other in-
stances of confidence on every oc-
casion, yet no relations have hither-
to subsisted between us, except
those of reciprocal and voluntary
good offices. Our minds have been
prepzted by Providence for the fate
which awaited us, and the Divine
Goodness, intending our union, has
ordained tiat it should be antici-
pated, and brought about (if 1 may
“so express myself), by a similarity
of character, and by a conformity
of views and principles, and, above
all, by a pleasing exchange of
friendly services.

This sacred compact, which I re-
ceived from your hands, is notacold
and interested agreement between
two parties who meet -by accident

and form a contract founded on the

impulse of the moment, or ona sel-

fish and temporary policy.—No ;
the event of this happy day is only
the completion of wishes we had
previously formed; to-day our hands
are joined, but our hearts have long
been united, and our motto should
be Amici et non di ventura.
However seducing this prospect
of our happiness may appear, Itrust
(and it is important for us to know

it, as we assuredly do) that it does

not depend on sentiment: alone ;
but it rests on the solid basis of the
true interests and permanent felicity
of the two nations.

T will not mention to you the inte-
rests of Great Britain upon this oc-
casion ; not that they are of ‘little
consequence, but being of a nature
purely political, the subject would
be too cold, too dry, for this im-
portant day. Besides, it is not ne-
cessary on thisoccasion to appreciate
them in detail. I shall confine my-
self to this remark, that every pos-
sible advantage which Great Britain
could have in view from her union
with Corsica, is essentially attached
to your political and absolute inde-
pendence of every European power,
and that these advantages are nét
only compatible with your interests,
but cannot for the most part exist,
and still less fourish, but in propor-
tion to your prosperity.

On your part, what is necessary
to render you a happy people? I
will tell you in two words—liberty
at home, and security abroad.

Your liberty will not be exposed
to any encroachments from a mo-
narch who, by his own experience

and the example of his ancestors for

several generations, is persuaded that
the liberty and the prosperity of his
people is the only foundation of the

power,

,
:

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. *

power, the glory, and the splendour
of the throne ; a king who has ever
governed according to the laws, and
whosesceptreisat oncestrengthened
by the privileges, and embellished
by the happiness of his subjects.
HereI might expatiate ontheaugust
virtues of that monarch whom you
have chosen for your own; but they
are known to all his subjects: . you
will therefore become acquainted

with them by a happy and certain
experience, and this testimony will
be far more faithful than my weak
voice.

It would not, however, be right
that your libertyshould dependsole-
ly on the personal virtuesof the mo-
narch. You have therefore been

- careful to ensure it by the wise con-
stitution and fundamental laws of
our union, which, in my. opinion,
constitute so essential a part of the
act you presentto me this day, that
i could not (without violatifio the
confidence reposed in me by my
sovereign, ) agree toa system which
might have degenerated into tyran-
ny ; a condition equally unfavour-
able to the happiness of him who
exercises it, and of those who en-
dure it.

li his majesty, therefore, accepts
the crown which you have decreed
_ to offer him, it is because he is de-
‘termined to protect, and never to

enslave those from whom he re-

eeivesit: and, above ail, because

itis given, and not seized upon by

- violence.

;
4

Forexternal security, you wanted

alliance of a maritime power: this
act insures it to you; aud whilst you

nothing but the constant and active
}:

;

ax “

lil

enjoy at home peace and tranquil-
lity, which the enemy will no longer
be able to interrupt, you will share
with us the treasures of trade, and
the sovereignty of the seas.

From this day therefore you are
quiet and free. To preserve these
blessings, you have only to preserve
your ancient virtues, courage, and
the sacred love. of your country ;
these are the native virtues of “your
soil ; they will be enriched by those
which, accompany our union, and
which you will derive from our in-
dustry, from our long experience,
that {true source of pelitical wisdom,
andfrom our love of liberty, at once
enthusiasticand enlightened. I speak
of that liberty which has for its ob-
ject to maintain your civil rights,
and the happinessof the people; not
to serve ambition and vice: that li-

erty which is inseparable from re-
ligion, order, respect for the laws,
and a sacred regard for property ;
the first principle of every human
society 3 that liberty: which abhors
every kind of despotism, and espe+
cially that most terrible of all 'despo-
tism, which arises from ‘the unre-
strained violence of the human pas-
sions. .Sueh-are the virtues which
belong both to you and to us: On
their happy, mixture and influence
on each other depends the prospe-~
rity of Corsica, immediate liberty,
and 4@ progressive and ancreasing
prosperity. Such is the text; to
which IT hope and venture to pre-
dict, that our behaviour to each
other, and our common destinies,
will always prove a faithful anda
satisfactory illustration.

A GE-

112

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

A GENERAL BILL

CHRISTENINGS AND BURIALS;

From DecemBer 12, 1793, to DecamBer 9, 1794.

Christened

Died under 2 years - - 6543
2and 5 - 2126
5andlo - 772

1o and 20 - 647 ! 50 and 60 - 1563

Between
DISEASES.

Bortive &still-
born 795
Abscess 22
Aged 1124
Ague 4
Apoplexy 88
’ Asthma and phthy-
sic 401
Bedridden 6
Bile 1
Bleeding 9
Bloody Flux 1
Bursten and rup-
ture 17
Cancer 97

Chicken-pox 2
Childbed 180
Cold 3
Colic, gripes, twist-
- ing of the guts 12
Consumption 4781
Convulsions - 4368
‘Cough and hooping

congh 469
Cramp 1
Croup aj

Males
Females 9151

Decreased in the burials this year, 2508.

Diabetes 1
Dropsy 816
Evil 8

Fever,malignant fe-

ver, séarlet fever,
spOtted fever, and
purples 1935
Fistula 2
Flux 4
French pox 25
Gout 97
Gravel, strangury,&
stone 26
Grief 3
Head-ach 1

Head-mould shot,
horse-shoe head,
and water in the
head 69

‘Heart overgrown 1
Jaundice 42
Imposthume 3
Inflammation 366
Leprosy 1
Lethargy 2
Livergrown 1

PAS } 18689. Buried

20 and 30 - 1363
30 and 40 - 1674
40 and 50 - 1849 | 8oandgo- 4ol

go and1oo~ 59 [105-1

Lunatig. 7?
Measlés 172
Miscarriage 1
Mortification 193
Palsy 62
Piles 1
Pleurisy 8
Quinsy 4
Rheumatism 7

Rising of the lights1

Scurvy 7
Pe el 19138
Sore throat 11
Sores and ulcers 16
Spasm 1
St. Anthony’s fire 1
Stoppage in the sto-

mach 17
Suddenly 131
Surfeit (3)
Teeth 430
Thrush 55
Tympany 1°
Vomitingand ldose-

ness fo)
Worms 6

6oand 70- 1280 | loo - 2
7oand 80 - 957

Males 9826 }-
Females tie Poza

Jol-%
102 - 2

CASUALTIES.
It bymad dogs 4
Broken limbs 5
ruised °
Burnt 2g

Dropped down

dead 4
Drowned 168
Excessive drinking
Executed* 5

Found dead ¢’ 3
Found hanging t
Fractured a
Frighted %
Killed by falls and

several otber acci+

dents 52
Killed by fighting 1
Killed themselves 14

Murdered 3
Overlaid 1
Poisoned 1
Scalded 3
Starved 1
Died of astrain 1
Suffocated 16

Total 309

* There have been executed, in Middleséx and Surrey, 11 3 of which number 5 only
have been reported to be buried (as such) within the bills of mortality.

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 113

An Account of the Total Net Produce paid into the

_ Exchequer, of the Duries of Cusroms in ENcLanD
and SCOTLAND:

Distinzuishiag, as far as possible, the Produce upon every separate Acti

cle, the Duties on which shall have amounted to 10001. or more, in
the four Quarters, ending October 10, 1794.

Net produce, subject to the payment
of bounties and management.

Species of Goods. Charge. Bi - sod

Ashes, pearl and pot - - - - 962 --1---10
Barilla - - - - = 13,078 wi 2
Brimstone Fs “ - - - 8,524 10° °9
Bristles, undressed - = - - $3260) ube 1
Bugle, great - - - - 876 10° 2
Carpets, ‘Turkey - - - - , 20% ial .6
China ware = - ° = 9,865 07.710
Copper, nnwrought - = - ~ 1,083decdr lt
Cork Pi 2 i : - | 37 7gaihie © 9%
Corn, oats - - - - = F136 +S
wheat | = - - - (948513 -—7.

f Borax, refined - - - -. 4,396' 11 3
Cassia lignea - - = - 999 19 1
Cortex Peruv. - - - - 12,351 ‘Gio 9
Juniper berries - - - = 14047°.17 -S

. | Manna - - = - 881° 4° 6
€e J) Oil, perfumed “ - 2 ole 3082 670894
E } Opium - - - - 1,064 8-0
a Quicksilver - - - 3,666 4 ¥
‘Rhubarb “ a > - 2,015 17. 0
Saccharum saturni - - an 1642 1 A

+ Senna t- - - - - 1,612 8:10
Succus liquoritize - - > = 7,065.0-2-—-3
Dye stuffs, smalts .—— - - - mA) DSO?
Elephants teeth - -- - - 1,264 7-10
_ Feathers for beds - - 6 on 6 °FjbUe 76.10
Fruit, lemons and oranges - + - * ©9,879..19) 2
_—— nuts, small - - - > + I ZAIZ cas @
Glass plates - - - - = 54807 Firs Qe
. (Almonds, Jordan - - 2,912 1 8
not Jordan - = 1,330 13%wdy

2o90
o.8
— ee)
Sp
5

'
4

4
i]

i
y geet eel Sey at Va}

1,328... 12h 6.

2,208 Si) Qui
_ocoa. - - - 1,679 13 g
Vo Be MRK Ie i Grocery.

ocery.

114

Species of Goods,

Coffee o s 3
Currants * a

Figs =! = fe

Ginger - fs =

Mace ~ a
Nutmegs + a
Pepper - Ot) 3
| Pimento - *
© 2 Raisins, Denia = 2
= | ——— Lexia .,
= Lipari - :
Smyrna - di
Solis - =
Rice E s <
Sago = S 2
Sugar, brown >= 2
Tea - = rere
Hair, horse s = a
—_ human - -
Hemp, rough .
Hides, Indian < “4
losh = od
—— ox or cow E *

-Incle, wrought ” = ‘

Tron, bar « 4 Z

Kelp “ 3 2
Cambricks - =
Canvas, Hessens - =
——- spruce. .
Damask tabg. Sila. -

; | Drilling . -
3

5 Russia, broad, above 224 n

above 314 ~

———-—— above 36 =—s«-

narrow “ -

L — towelling and napkinning

Manufactured articles of India “

Mats, Russia - ~

Hats, chip

Gil, ordinary . Bt

—— sallad + -

—— train - .

Paper, foolscap -

ANNUAL. REGISTER,

cast - = a

m
< Germany, narrow : 2

Charge. ee S.
- L » ssa 20: °F
- -. 73,A03 18
~ - 4,988 1
=) 2BISa TF
x =|) Neier ae
- = Seb Oat tem
- ~ ORG E LT,
- - Hist: eee |
- = *10:0G7_ 6-0
- 9,672 90
- - "6,180 3
- -) 18162. 2
~ - 12,643 41
< ~. UE650.. 55
pe teas 2220 ieee 7 dae
- 1,448,195 10
~~ 118,699 > ~4
- - 642 16
- - 788 12
: - 118,209 4
=~» 135621. 30
- =. 760g sae
- ~ ° 1939-3800
~ - (267) 4a
- ~ T46j28a iad
-. De67 14
- 30 IGO: Tg
~~, 2480904
rd 19,917 17
- = 5,003; Sr 7
= “el Soee eng ad
=) 2 7erLS
~ 40,353 4
- - 24,354 17
- - NARS eFe
= - 3,997 19
7 4,701 6
- = Jj008> Wert
= 25S BFBTING: 1
- 2,836 11
- =. 2270) 3
- - 13,686 19
=) STORES
- 1,612, 10
- 1,35 Q

1794.

Net produce, subject to the paymen
of bounties and management.

COD OMS mK OARYNONOSOKAMOONSCONDAUOORUOONRWOUDDOAS HOH

Pictures

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 115

- Net produce, subject to the payment
of bounties and management.

Species of Goods. Charge. rap Boi ithe
Pictures p J y~; - mo MQSFrx4' 4 10
2 i [ Calicoes - - - - -21,473 10 8
O° z Muslins - - - ~- 113,474 17. 1.
= 8m Nankeens - - - 11,647.17 O
3 \L Prohibited ~ - - = » 14,327 918349
Saltpetre - - - . - 846 10 0
Seeds, clover A: - - - 4,363 16 4
Shells, mother of pearl - - - 1,532 SuiF
Silk, Bengal, raw - “ - - 100,834 15 90
—— China, raw - - - . 24,854 4 10
Italian and Turkey, raw - - 6,945 18 10
thrown _ = - a - - 93,703 16. 2
( Bear, black. - + ~ - 7165/67 2
Beaver - a - - 1,022 13 6
4 | Calf, ondressed - e - 1,801 S 5
5 tanned - 2 s - 2,604 °,1 9
# | Deer, in hair - = = - 3,268 5 G6
Kid, undressed - - - - 3,812 14 90
{ Martin - % ~ - ~ 324 15 8
Snuff - “ - - - - 868 14 2
Spirits, brandy - -. - - 29,388 14 8
——— Geneva ” ~ - =i DBHSINE yi}
rum oe te ad i - 49,086 19 10
Stones, blocks of marble = pe aftous - 1,434 19 0O
dar. §. 4 - - - - - 4 7,387. 10 10°
Thread, sisters - - = - 1,174:710:'- 1
‘Tobacco - - - ae =) 935,218 216.90
tow tie - ~ - - - 1,259 19 &
Turpentine 0 - - - - 3,068 Oo 395
Wax, bees - ~, - - 1,421 4 595
‘=. _ Canary - - ~ - 3,462 15 11
oo & French - - - - - 10,465 g 10
¢ : amped - - - - 12,082 3$ 2
Fy ortuga - - - #148 19 il
= & @ Rhenish ‘ - : - ‘ent ee
© ~ Spanish - - - - 75,558 6G 2
( Balks = Sao - - 2,227; gf .G
Battens—- - - - - 11,201 14 7
Boards, paling - - - - 1215 8 9
2 scale - - - « 1/223) 11 ie?
RS 4 Deals ~) - - - 126,411 LSS
S ends - is - = 3,775 13 - 5
Lath-wood - - - - 33104, 71Sne49
| Masts - . - = = 3,207 19 9
| Plank, oak - - - - 7,056 3 10

~
=
z.

11g ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Net produce, subject to the payment
of bounties and management. ~

| Speties of Goods. Charge. #&. Sores
i Staves is - . - 167645 \1.. 6
+3 ¥ Timber, fir = - - - 54,963 13 1
OK a ak |} - - - 1,051 5 6
= ) Users L' - 2 = | kWOGT JOE “3
\{ Wainscot logs - - - - 3,228 12:46
Yarn, mohair - 2 - - / 41, 8055719 2b
Allum - - - - mah} 1,204 10. 9
Coals - [= = - 3 i | 98,370 18 10
Indigo - - - - Pit 8,119 8-2
Lead 6. - 14 - - - Ves P 33,607 121-7
Skins, beaver - - - | ies | 3,479 10 6
Tin - - 5S 4,413 18 5
Other sabsidye articles iS - la J .- 6641/98 10
Coals brought coastways - - - 518,239 6° Q
Wine brought coastways to London = - 907 =1~=«I1
Stones and slates brought coastways - - 6,064 1 7
Surcharges on sundry small articles - - | 2;579: 19° ‘9
Interest on bonds J. - Gutind.+ 6
Tobacco condemned or sold for the duty. - = 93587 16 fi8
Duties on corn ~ - Vue 235 bh O ied 308
Reéceiyéd from the fnepedtor of corn returns + 864 10 8
Duty on wine sold by the excise - - 17Q)..131
Duties remitted from the plantations - JASSOP i4esshe
8

Window, or commutation duty, by 24th George III. 220,848 1
Sundry small articles, the duties whereof have not yb
amounted to 1,000). on each - - - 280,313 ©O 78

# 5,101,206 10 OF

DISCHARGE, £ fe

Bounties 2 - - - 566,808 6 6
Repayment on over entries and damaged lg - 41,118°.'8 ‘Of
Charges of management - - 402,625 4 9
Money issued out of the revenues of § Scotland, appli-

cable to his majesty’s civil government - =~ 44009005” “az
Paid treasurers of the counties in Scotland,-on ac-

count of corn returns - = - Sol. O O
Paid into the @&chequer - - ~ 4,044 923, 15)" 63

€ 6,101,206 10° O08

—

Tuomas IRVING,
Inspector-General of the imports and exports of Great Britain.
Inspector-General’ « Office,
Custom-house, London, Dec. 16, 1794.
An

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 117

An Account of the Total Produce of the Dutizs of
~ Customs, Excise, Stamps, and INcIDENTS, re-
spectively, for one Year, ending October 10, 1794.

y ES S. ad.

The total produce of the duties of customs for one

year ended the 10th day of October, 1794 4,044,923 15 63
Ditto of the duties of excise for one year, ended

_ ditto (exclusive of 586,888]. the produce of the

annual malt-duties) - ~ ~' 7,541,965 » 2 5%
Ditto of the stamp duties for one year, ended

‘ditto. © = - - - - 1,420,867 11 10
Ditto of incidents at the receipt of the exchequer ;

for one year, ended ditto e - _ 2,368,839 5 10%

. £ 15,376,595 15 8%

ea ee ne os ee ee

Memorandum.—In the sum of 2,368,839]. 5s. 103d. stated as the
‘amount of incidents at the exchequer, is included $52,184]. 6s. 54d.
being the amount of the imprest and other monies paid’ in there within
the above period. ot

Presented, pursuant to an act of the 27th year of his present majesty’ 8

reign, ‘the 2d day of January, 1795, by
Georce Rose,

Suppiizs granted by Parutament for the Year
1794, -

NAVY.

January 31. #€ Sia ae
For 85,000 men, including 12,115 marines. - 4,420,000 .O0. Oy

FEBRUARY 4,

Ordinary of the navy - ” . 558.021) 11.3;
Extra navy - ° - - 547,310 OO

118 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

ARMY.
FEBRYARY 1. se S.
Subsidy to the king of Sardinia - - 200,000 0 O
FEBRUARY 4,
For 60,244 men, as guards and garrisons ~ TjAQZIBI2 12-2
Forces in the plantations - / +. “O72 OS2 12) wt
Difference between British and Irish establishments 50.279 13. 4
Troops in the East Indies - - -, 8,323 17 105
Recruiting land-forces and contingencies - 219,500 0 O
Levy money, &c, for augmentation of the forces 210,000 O O
General and staff officers, &c. - - Ne gle 1219 go MP TBS
Full pay to supernumerary officers - - S00 1S LO ie
Allowances to the paymaster-general, &c. - 64,790 18. 3
Reduced officers of land forces and marines - 146,843 10 16
Reduced horse-guardg - - - 150, 630 335 2
Officers late in the service of the states-general - 3.000 O O
Reduced officers of the British American forces - 55,092 10 0O
-Allowances to several reduced officers of ditto - 4.907 10 0O
Widows’ pensions - Hh i - =)" (05031 7.10 23
Chelsea pensioners - - Wa TAR can JO
Scotch roads ahd bridges - - - 4,500 O O
Embodied militia and fencibles - - - 687.420 14 0
Contingencies for ditto - - 160,000 O O
Cloathing for the militia - - 03,050 2 7a. 1G
Corps transferred from Irish to British establishment 158,667 15 6
Hanoverian troops oY - 538.874 0.0
Troops of Hesse-Cassel - - 304,309 O O
Troops of Hesse-Darmstadt - 102,073 O O
Troops of Baden - - - 24,067 0 0
Extraordinaries of the army = - £08,805 14 4
Lj ; } MARCH 3]. ;
Fencible cavalry - - - $300,117 16 ..6
@ <£6641,0600. 0 gf
ORDNANCE,
FEBRUARY 4, £. Be, har
Ordnance for 1794 - - HUM SOU ZSO7 LIS 1-78
Ditto, previous to Dec. 31, 1783, not provided for S96 Q + 5
Ditto, land service not provided for in 1792 - 925. 4°: 8
Ditto, not provided for in 1793 - - 611,419 11 8
Ditto, sea service, ditto ° - - 30,350 3 6°
& 1,345,008 2. 6

MISCEL-

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

\
MISCELLANEOUS SERVICES.
FEBRUARY 1.
os £:
To discharge exchequer bills - -- 4,000,000

FEBRUARY 4,

Civil establishment of Upper Canada - 6,450
Ditto, Nova Scotia - - - 5,315
Ditto, New Brunswick = “ - 4,400
Ditto, St. John’s Island ~ = = 1,900
Ditto, Cape Breton ~ - - 1,800
Governor and eivil officers of Newfoundland, and

the charge of a patent creating a court of civil 1,344

and criminal jurisdiction - -
Civil establishment on the Bahama islands -? 4,250
Chief justice of the Bermuda or Somers’ islands 580 -
Ditto of Dominica - 600
Civil establishment of New South ‘Wales - 4,795

FEBRUARY 14,

For rendering the house of peers more commodious 465
On account of the French refugees —- - —-27,692
For works done at the Fleet prison - 3,376
Ditto, at Somerset-place, &c. - - 9,255
To pay sums as:essed for land-tax, &c. - 1,814
For the discharge of debts contracted by Mr. Tully, 2,111

late consul at Tripoli -
For reporting losses on evacuating the Meeguisa shore 1084
On account of surveys, &c. at Cape Breton > 6G9

119

50)
0.%),0
0.,.0
Oo 9
On. O
Oo 60
1 6
Oo 69O
OG
Oo Oo
Sa

11 105

4 6%
s-, 0

_
iS)
WON QdOD O©Ko oO BO

To the bishop of Quebec, for expences of proceed- t 1,504 10
ing to his see; to Mr. Davison, Mr. Reeves, &c.

For inquiring into the laws, &c. of Jersey - 4.8)-°537

For removal of Mr. Starbuck - - - 248 18

Allowances for American sufferers ~ - 19,500 0

Foreign secret service . - - 14,585 10

Address money - - ~- - 46,019 13

Late board of land revenue, and their officers 2,043 O

American ‘and East Florida sufterers - 268,091. ‘4 « 23

Prosecution of Warren Hastings, esq. - 10,749 3 8

Provisions, &c. to New South Wales - 19,820 8 10

Convicts on the Thames - - 11,398 4- 8
£. 4,472,997 18 x

Convicts

120 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794, —

ie eT

Brought over 4,472,997 18 63

Convicts in Langstone and Portsmouth harbours Weo70e 17) Be
Extraordinary expences of the mint —- - 19,944 12 4
African foris : - - _ 13,000 OO

ag MARCH 27.
To discharge exchequer bills 75 =. “1,900,000;.2.0%._ 0
MARCH 31.

To the bank, for the reduction of the national debt 200000 0 O
To the Turkey company - - * 5,0G60:,.,..0;;. 9
APRIL 15. j

Payments of sundry petsons out of the civil list 15,2775: 9°.) 42
Board of agriculture - - =f 4 BgQOO 56) On4:20

£€,6,241,606 18. ‘23

“4 DEFICIENCY.
APRIL 10. #£ 5. d,
Deficiency of grants for 1793 - * ) 479,022.13) 10; |

Navy - - §,525,231 11° 3

Army - - 6,641,060 O 4g}

Ordnance - 15345,008\.2. 6

Miscellaneous services 6,241,696 18 22

Dediciency Mien 475,032 13° 10% .

#£ 20,228,119 6 72

—

Ways and Means for raising the Surriies for 1794.

FEBRUARY 4. eo Un B
Land and malt-tax - - = 2,750,000 O O
Annuities - - - = 11,009,cCcO0 oO oO
_ Consolidated fund - = i - 2,697,600 0 oO
MARCH 27,
Exchequer bills - - - 3,500,000° O
; MARCH 31.
Profit of a dottery, 40,000 tickets, at 18]. 10s.4d. 240,666 13 4
S APRIL 10, ;

Surplus of consolidated fund on Sth April = 931,841 16 10

—

£. 24,419,503 10 2

TRIAL

TRIAL for ADULTERY.

HON. B. E. HOWARD, ES@. against
THE HON. R. BINGHAM.

In the court of King's Bench, West-
minster, feb. 24, Lefore lord Ken-
yon and a special jury.

HiS was anaction for criminal
conversation.—The damages
were laid at 10,0001.

Mr, Mingay said, he was about
to solicit the attention of the jury to
a cause of great magnitude, as it
‘respected the parties themselves ;

_ and of great importance, as it re-
spected the public comfort ani mo-
rality of the country in which we
lived.

The plaintiff, Mr. Howard, was
the presumptive heir to the duke-
dom of Nortolk. The defendant,
Mr. Bingham, was son and heir of
lord Lucan. The compiaint was
that Mr. Binghamhaddebauchedand

_withdrawn the affections of the lady
of Mr. Howard. Havingstatedthree
times to the jury (many of whom,
he believed, had beea witnesses to
the very pathetic, earnest, moral ad-
dresses that had fallen from the noble
and learned judge who presided at
thesequestions with infiniteconcern,
during the time his lordship had with
such
public, and with so much honour to
~ himself, administered the justice of

_ the country), he said, he would not,

_because he could not, imitate his
‘lordship in endeavouring to impres

rdship €a gto impress

(on the feelings of the jury the ne-
essity of checking so grievous an
‘evil, They would weigh in those
scales in which questions of this sort
ought to be weighed, with delicacy
and with nicety, the importance of
the object upon which they had to

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

faction and benefit to the

12)

decide, and, as far as in their power
lay, would give some reparation
(for a complete one could not be gi-
ven by them) to the party mjured.

The circumstances that gave rise:
to this very important and distres-
sing inquiry were these: The plain-
tiff having seen the lady who was
afterwards his wife, and who was
one of the daughters of earl Faucon+
berg, became much attached te her,
was enamoured of her beauty, and
was desirous of formisg an honour-
able connection with her. In the
course of a very short time, haying
again seen the lady, he had an op-
portunity of proposing himself to
her as her husband. She accepted
his proposal. It was communicated
to both families. It met with their
approbation, and they were married
on April 24th, 1789.

On August 12th, 1791, this lady
had a son, and it was much to the
satisfaction of the plaintiff; and he
thought it did Mr. Howard infinite
honour, that he had authorized him
tosay, thathe did not charge the
defendant with any thing criminal
till after the birth of this son; so
that the legitimacy of. that child
could not be questioned by the most
inquisitive feelings of the most af-
fectionate husband. But he did not
long live in that comfort and happi-
ness which he at first enjoyed in this
lady’s society. Mr. Bingham, ayoung
genileman of elegant manners and
insinuating address, ingratiatedhim-
self into her affections by frequently
soliciting her attention, meeting her
in the Park, walking with her; and
whenever she went to a watering-
place, he went there also; and, in |
short, wherever she thought proper
to go, he was sure to attend her.
When this came to the ears of the
husband, it wounded him deeply.

,
a
3

122

He took all the pains thaban ho-
nourable, an affectionate, and a
feeling man could take. He rea-
soned with her. He endeavoured
to prevail on her not to run the risk

of permitting Mr. Bingham to throw

himself in “her way, nor to throw
herself in his way, for fear of con-
sequences that might prove fatal to
her honour and to his peace. Al
the entreaties of Mr. Howard pro-
ved unsuccessful, and at last, on ac-
count of theapparent partiality which
this lady shewed to Mr. Bingham, it
was agreed between herand her hus-
band that she should go down to
lord Fauconberg’s, in order, if pos-
sible, to shake off from her mind
that impression which the defendant
had made upon it by his addresses,
This was on the 24th of July, 1793.
On that day Mr. Howard went into
thecountry to Lord Petre’s, and (Mr.
Mingay said) no men could tell the
agonies of his heart who had not
seen him. He said, he was an eye-
witness to the agony which that
transaction had occasioned. On the
same day, this lady ordered a ‘car-
riage, and went to Mr. Gray's shop
at the west endof the town. Her
husband no more expected the con-
sequences that followed than any of
the gentlemen of the jury. Instead of
going down to her father’s as she had
agreed with Mr. Howard to do, she
went from Mr. Gray’s shop in a car-
riage (provided by Mr. Bingham) to
the house of lord Dungannon, in
Park-lane, to whom Mr. Bingham
was related by marriage, and where
he then resided. He said, the state-
ment beyond that would wound their
delicacy.

Mr. Bingham and this lady had
lived as husband and wife ever since,
and she was far advancedin pregnan-
cy, and that child weuld be Lorn be-
fore a divorce could possibly be ob-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

tained, The whole house of Howard
had a right te complain ; for sup-
pose the plaintiff's son to die, and
that child of which this lady was
pregnant proved a son, what was to
prevent him from being duke of
Norfolk? He said, he migt be told
that the wisdom of parliament would
set all this to rights. But he said,
that the time of this lady’s departure
from her husband, and the birth of
this child, would come so near, that
parliament would find itself puzzled
in doing justice between the parties.

He said, we lived in an age in
which the most important questions
were decided by the newspapers.
It had been stated in some of the
daily prints, offensively, in the hear-
ing of all the noble relations, that
it was notorious that Mr. Bingham
had the heart of the lady, that the
father told Mr. Howard so, and that
the lady herself told him, she could
give him her band, but could not
give him her heart. Hesaid that was
not true. He could call the whole
family to contradict it, Could the
gentlemen of the jury suppose for a
moment, thatearl Fanconberg would
have sacrificed his child to a man of
the first rankin England, and would
not allow her to take the most va-
luable of all posvessions—the man of
her heart ? This should mot have
been said any where, inasmuch as
it could not be proved.

This case deserved the most se-
tious attention ; and after they had
heard it, they would, to the best of
their judsment, do justice between
the parties. at.

The marriage on the ain OF
April, 1789, was admitted.

Ann Hancock said, she lived
with Mr. Howard in the capacity
of nurse to his child. Lady Eliza-
beth left Mr. Howard on the
24th of July last’ They were

then

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 123

then at Norfolk house, in St James's
Square. Mr. Howard on that day
- set off for lord Petre’s atone o'clock,
_and lady Elizabeth went away a lit-
_ tle before seven. She was going to

lone on that occasion for two hours
or more. Lady Elizabeth said ta
the witness, she had been taking
leave of Mr. Howard. She remem-
bered one night, ‘about two years

her father’s; lord Fauconberg. The
witness accompanied lady Elizabeth
in her carriage from Norfolk-house
to Mr. Gray’sshop ; when they ar-
rived there, lady Blizabeth deliver-
_ed the witness a letter for her maid

_ at Norfolk- house. Her ladyship ne-

yer returned again.
5 On cross examination shesaid she
then knew Jady Elizabeth was go-

_ ing to be separated from her hus-
_ band, and that she was going to her

‘father’s; she had seen her unhap-
py many times, but did not know
on what account,

Sarah Scriven said, she lived with
Mr. Howard in the year 1780, as
lady Elizabeth’s maid. She fully
confirmed the evidence of the last

witness. She saw lady Elizabeth on

_ the 29th of November last at lord
_ Dungannon’s, in Henrietta-street,

_ Cavendish square.

Mr. Bingham
_ was in the house with-her; she said

she lived with them.

;

__ Mr. Erskine admitted, that lady
Elizabeth and Mr. Bingham had li-

_ ved as husband and wife ever since
_ the 24th of July last.

_ The witness said, she was always

about her ladyship, and had an op-

_ portunity of seeing whether she was
happy or otherwise. Lady Eliza-
th appeared to the witness to be

_ very unhappy, and apparently very
Much distressed ; she had frequent-
“ly heard Mr. Howard and her lady
have words.

The cause of lady E-
‘lizabeth’s uneasiness was, her hav-

a ing married a manshe disliked. Mr.

_ Howard and lady Elizabeth took

_ leave of each other on the 24st of

‘July, previous to their leaving Nor-
folk-house. They were together a

ago, when they were at Suffolk,
that Mr. Howard and lady Eliza-
beth sat up till three o’clock in the
morning. Her ladyship appeared
very much flurried and agitated.
Mr. Howard calledthe witness, and
lady Elizabeth told her, in the pre-
sence of Mr. Howard, that she had
had an hysteric fit. He brought her
some medicinestorelieve her. Lady
Elizabeth said she had been talking
to Mr. Howard, but ske did not tell
the witness what. They were fre-
quently quarreling. This gentleman
and jady were very unhappy before
their final separation ; her ladyship
said, the cause of her unhappiness
was, that she had the misfortune to
be married to a man she did not
like. This she frequently told the
witness. She said, she never saw
Mr. Howard use lady Elizabeth ill;
and lady Elizabeth always behaved
extremely well to her servants. Mr,
Howard seemed to be jealous of
Mr. Bingham.

John Pearsonsaid, he was groom
to Mr. Bingham; he knew lady E-
lizabeth. He had seen his master
speak to her in her carriage ; and
then they have sometimes gone into
Kensington-gardens, and walked
together for ten minutes or half an
hour. e might have seen them
do so four or five times. There were
more Jadies with them. He said,
he ordered a cha'se on the 24th of
July last, at four o'clock in the af-
ternoon, to be ready at six. Lady
Elizabeth came in that chaise to
Park-lane, and she and Mr. Bing-
ham set offtogether, and had lived
together ever since.

William Guthrie said, he was

coachman

124

coachman to Mr. Howard, and
caine into bis seryice on January
‘10:h, 1791. He used to drive lady
Elizabethin hercarriage. He knew
Mr. Bingham from April, 1791.
He constantly met her ladyship in
the Park. First of all, a conversa-
tion of five or ten minutes used to
take place between them, and then
her ladyship wouldget out and walk
in the Park, and sometimes in Ken-
sington-gardens. This happened al-
most every day. He drove her to
places of amusement, though she
often went ina chair. He had seen
Mr. Bingham come and hand his
mistress into the carriage, after the
opera was over. In the year 1792,
he remembered lady Elizabeth, and
Mr. Bingham going from the ope-
ra to the Mansion-house in the city,
to a ball. There was a young lady
in the carriage with them, but who
she was he. did not know. Mr.
Bingham on all occasions paid par-
ticular attention to lady Elizabeth.
Mr. Bingham: never was at Mr.
Howard's house.

On cross-examination he said,
Mr. Howard went very seldom to
public places of amusement. Lady
Elizabeth used to go to Rauelagh,
and return at two or three o'clock
in the morning. Mr. Howard did
not go there, though Mr. Bingham
frequently did. He said, he drove
lady Elizabeth, another lady, and Mr.
Bingham, twice to Ranelagh. Mr.
Howard, he said, used to see lady
Elizabethatbreakfast, atdinner,and
what not. Lady Elizabeth also at-
tended routs, but she went to them
in a chair. He did not know whe-
ther Mr. Howard went to routs.
She came home at three, four, five,
and six, in the morning. Mr. How-
ard had gone to bed.
case fora great length of time.

Mr, Bellzsyse said, he was a dis-

ANNUAL REGIST

This was the

ER, 1794.
*
n

tant relation of Jord Fauconberg’s
and also of Mr. Howard. He saw
them in the month oFOetober after
they were married. They did no’
seem to live on the most pleasant
terms. The cause of their difference
was the jealousy which Mr. How-
ard entertained of Mr. Bingham.
Hi could not say he saw Mr. Hows
ard treat lady Elizabeth with un-
kindness. Some few words some-
times passed between, which seem-
ed to be owing to that cause.

On cross-examination he said, to
the best of his recollection the first
time he perceived any appearance
of jealousy was in about a year and
a half after the marriage. He said,
he was made a confidential friend
on both sides, and he used his best
endeavours to make them agree as
husband and wife ought to do.

DEFENCE,

Mr. Erskine said,“ The plaintiff’s
counsel has bespoke an address
from me which you must not expect
to hear. He has thought it right,
either in courtesy to me, as I am
willing.to believe in part, and un-
doubtedly in part for the purposes of
this cause, that you should suppose
you are to be addressed with a de-
gree of eloquence which most un-
doubtedly 1 never possessed, and if
I did, I should be incapable at this
moment of exerting it; because the
most eloquent man, in order to ex-
erthiseloquence, must find his mind
free from embarrassment on the uc-
casion on which he is to speak. I
am not in that condition. My friend
has expressed himself as the friend _
of the plaintiff. He does not regard
him more than I do, and hardly
kvows him better. I stand in the
same predicament towards my own
honourable client. I knowhim, and °
because I know him I regard him

also ;

“APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 195

also; and my embarrassment only been wrung. He. cannot. say,
arises at being obtiged to discuss ‘hereafter nosonof mine succeeds.”
this question in a public court of He can say noneof these things. As
justice, which if 1 were enabied to this child. was born August. 12th,
refer, I should feel no manner of 1791, Mr. Howard must be suppo-
embarrassment in being called upon sed to have been the author of its
} to settle it—My embarrassment is existence in 1790; and therefore I
abundantly increased when 1 see have a right to say, that during all
} present.a noble person, high, very that interval this gentleman could
igh in rank, in this kingdom, but not have the least reasonable cause
not higherin rank than he isin my to complain against Mr. Bingham.
estimation. 1 speak of the noble Mr. Erskine said, the next day
duke of Norfolk, who most un- . stated was July 24, 1793, and said
doubtediy feels somewhat at being there was no evidence that there
obiiged to come here as a witness was any thing improper between
in the cause of a person so nearly lady Elizabeth and Mr. Bingham,
} allied to him. I am persuaded there previous to that time. He wished
is no man ia court who has so little to disembarrass the cause fromano-
sensibility as not to feel, that.a per- ther difficulty, thata divorce could
son in my situation must bea little not take place before the birth of
embarrassed in discussing a question the child, and that, if a son, under
of this sort, between such parties as_ certain contingencies, he mest be
I haye described. He desired you duke of Norfolk, That he denied.
would take care, not to sufter argu- In a similar case, that of Mr. Ste-
ment, obs¢rvation, or eloquence, to wart, agentleman in Scotland, the
be called into the field to draw your lords and commons of England not ;
minds from the evidence, on which only passed an act of divorce; but
alone youought to decide. I wish on finding there was no access on
at the same. moment he had not the part of the husband, and that
introduced himself as a witness, consequently the ¢hild was not the.,
without the ordinary ceremony, by child of the husband, bastardized
telling you, he was an cye-witress thatissue. What then remained in
to the agony of his noble client.. I this cause which must stand on the
will not follow his example. This evidence? How did the plaintitf
part of the cause stands on his sin- make out that he had lost, and had ,
Rann eer tcc, unsworn evidence. been deprived of the comfort and
0 relation is called to support it, society of his wife by the miscon-
though we are told.the whole house duct of the defendant ? The loss of,
of Fauconberg, Bellasyse, and Nor- society, of domestic happiness, and
folk, are in the avenues of the court of peace, was the foundation of the
Teady to be cailed at my discretion; action. Before any thing could be
and yet he is the only witness toit, lost, it must have existed... Before,
though it might have been proved any. thing could have been, taken
by so many iilustrious persons. away, it must have been possessed. ,
He states, that the child born on. Before the seduction of a woman’s,
the 12th of August, 179], must affectionsfromama@, hemust have
have been the child of its honour- }+ ssessed_ those affections... If. it,
ab’e parent; and therefore Mr. How- iturned'out that the case was sup-
ard caunotsay the parental mind has ported, the jury would ceal with

1o6:*
\

it as with other cases that were sup-

ported. He’ speaks of his client in

terms of regard and respect, and I'

have shewn already that I ain not
disposed to differ from him. He
states the plaintiff as a branch of a
mcst illustrious house, ascasting the
eyes of affection upon a disengaged
woman, a lady of rank equal to his
own, or at least suitable to his own.

He states a marriage of mixed affec-
tion, and endeavours to show this
young couple with all the ardour of
love flying into each other's embra-
ees. Hes'ews achild the fruit of
that affection :—he shews an adul-
terer coming to disturb alltheir hap-
piness, and to destroy all that com-
fort which he describes :—he shews
a young man coming with the rash-
ness which distinguishes people of
this age ; careless of the comforts
he was about to destroy, and think-
ing of nothing but that he should
gratify his lusiful appetites at the
expenceofanother’s man honour and
peace: —he represents the husband
watching over his wife, anxious to
prevent, and feeling also that affcc-
tion which has been so warmly de-
cribed.

Tf that case was made out, which
he was confident it could not, Mr.
Howard had a right to ask for da-
mages, though Mr. Bingham. was
not in acondition to pay them. Mr,
Erskine said, he would assert that
Mr. Howard knew that lady Ehi-
zabeth’s mind was irredeemably
fixed on his client, but it was
enough for him that the thing ex-
isted; and he was about to state
(would to God ‘that it seldom hap-
pened in this country ! we should
have a race of nobles worthy of
their ancestors, maintaining their
high stations, if we were to sce
matches better adjusted than they

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

are), that instead of this honourable
couple coming together with all

_that affection that ought to distin-

guish persons in'that state he should
prove that this unfortunatelady was
dragged, by the willof her parents, ©
as a victim to this gentleman’s bed,
He did not mean to say that Mr.
Howard knew it ; but so the fact
was. Mr. Erskine having described
the happiness of the martied state
when love was the foundation of
the union, said, instead of that hap-
pivess I will now draw up the cur-
tains of this marriage bed, and will
shew you a scene wh'ch I am sure
every man must lament. I will shew
you a manand woman in the vigour
of life; a man of a most. amiable
disposition | am ready to admit ; a
: of a vigorous body and a hand-

me person, and a woman whose
beauty I am willing to. say was
equal to any rank, any fortune, and
with every thing to bless them,
doomed to worse than a prison. On
the marriage day, aye, on the mar-
riage night, sbe was in tears ; not
the tears of medesty, though, her
modesty was undoubted ; not the
tears of fear; not the tears one
might expect from a ‘virgin, but
those of violence, misery, and de-
spair. 1 may state what she said of
her husband.

Believe me, Howard,
Suchheartsas ours were never pair'd above;
Ii} suited toeach other; join’d, not match’¢;
Some sullen influence, a foe to both,

Has wrought this fatal marriage tounde us.

Mark bur the frame and temper of our
minds, ,

How very much we differ; e’en this day,

That fills thee with such ecstacy and
transport,

To me brings nothing that should make
me bless it,

Or think it better than the day before,

Or any other inthe course of time,

That duly took its turn and was forgotten.

t will

‘

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. . ,

I will prove, that on the marriage

hight she said, she would rather go
_to Newgate than to the embraces

of her husband; and that day after

_ day, and night after night, she spent
__ her time in tears.

Mr. Erskine here made a number
of very just observations on the aris-
tocracy of the country. He said,

_ these were the most extraordinary

times that were ever recorded in his-

_ tory, when the whole habitable earth

_ seemed to be in a state of change
_and fluctuation.
in him many reflections.

This cause begot
He had
heard much of the aristocracy of the

country; he had heard much of rank

and dignity, and long might he
hear of it, for rank and station must
always exist, in some shape or other.

~ Would to God the nobles of the

iand would imitate a little more
closely the example of their illustri-
ous ancestors, and instead of going
from the opera to the play, and

from the play to Ranelagh or to a

Masquerade, they would attend their
hospitable halls ! let them, like their
fathers, spread innumerable blessings

_ among thelowerorders of the people;

_ let them set an example to others of

_ genuine morals ; let them pay some

regard and attention to the affec-

__ tions of their children; let the nobles
_ of England do this, and they would

do more to preserve the country
_ than all the informations and terrors

of state enginery that could be de-

_ creed. The necessary effect would
be, an illustrious race of nobles,

Vigorous in mind and pure in morals.

Such, he said, was the inveterate
reluctance of this lady to Mr. How-
ard, that he was not allowed the pri-
vileges of a husband for months and
months after the marriage. Her af-

_ fection was irredeemably fixed upon

another. What was the cause of Mr.
Howard's uneasiness? According to

12%

the plaintiff’s case, it was the jealou-
sy of Mr. Bingham. ‘But what if it
turned out on the other hand, that
lord Fauconberg’s family had sedu-
ced the wife of Mr. Bingham? for
he said, he considered this Jady as
the wife of Mr. Bingham, and he
could hardly consider himself in any
other light than as a plaintiff in this
cause. |

Mr. Erskine said, he did not
come there to reproach Mr. Howard,

.but to pity him, and he called on

the jury to pity his client. He saw
the woman of his heart fall into the
hands of another. He went away a
desponding man. His health decli-
ned. He went into the country to
recruit it, and it appeared that for
months and months he never .saw
this lady. ‘The defendant was one
of an illustrious family. He had
sisters, one married into an illustri-
ous family, and another yet to be
matried.,, Lord Lucan was a person
of high rank. Mr. Bingham had no
property, though he had some expec-
tations. He was certain that Mr.
Howard did not come into court for
the purpose of tak Ma large sum of
money ont of the pockets of Mr.
Bingham; and Mr. Erskineconceived
it would not be very creditable to the
jury to give to “the plaintiff that
which would be disgraceful in him
to receive.

Mrs. Bishop was the first witness
called on the part of the defendant.
Shé said, she went into the family
of lord Fauconberg about five weeks
beforethe marriage oflady Elizabeth.
She waslady Elizabeth’s ownwoman,
She remembered, that on the morn-
ing of her marriage she attended lady
Elizabeth before she left her cham-
ber. Shecried very much, trembled
exceedingly, and seemed very unhap-
py. She was young and very beau-
tful, Mr. Howard was rst

hale

128
Hie Ohh)

her own age, a handsome accom-
lished young man. Lady Eliza-

beth said, ““ Mind you call me ear-

lyin. the morning.” She called

her ladyship about nine o'clock.

She went into the room after Mr.
Howard had left it. Lady Eliza-
beth wasin bed. She threw her
arms about the witness's neck, and
cried very much, but did not speak.
"Chis unhappiness and shedding of
tears. continued for about a fort-
night after the marriage. The fa-
mily then returned to town, that
her ladyship might be presented at
court:

In general, Mr. Howard retired
to rest before lady Elizabeth, who
used to come home very late, at
three, four, five, and six, o'clock in
the morning. After shecame home,
she sometimes slept an hour ina
| chair, and the witness was forced
to wake ber and put her to bed.
She recollected that lady Elizabeth
once said, she would as soon go to
Newgate as go to bed to her hus-
band. Her ladyship was sometimes
in very good spirits, and sometimes
very dull. The witness once said
something to lady Elizabeth about
her wedding clothes. ‘ Indeed,
*« Polly, replied herJadyship, when
“€ T had these clothes | never thought
“‘of marrying Mr. Howard.”
When. the family was in Suffolk,
and one of her ladyship’s sisters was
in the house, the witness recollect-
ed that lady Elizabeth left her hus-
band’s bed, and went to her sister's.
The witness never saw nor heard
apy words between them: but lady
Elizabeth wasvery unhappyattimes.
One day, after she had been at
Kensington-gardens, her ladyship
seemed to be very.unhappy. The
witness asked her what was the

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

matter ? She replied, she had met
Bingham in the gardeus, and that
he had turned up his nose ai her.

Lord George Conway and Mr.
Greville were called to prove that
Mr. Bingham was acquainted with
lady Elizabeth becore her marriage
with Mr. Howard, and that their
regard and affection was mutual.
They said, that afterlady Elizabeth’s
marriage with Mr., Howard Mr.
Bingham went to Bath, Chelten-
ham, &c. and that he did not see
her for many months after her
marriage.

Mr. ‘Singleton said, he saw Mr.
Howard and lady Elizabeth shortly
after their marriage, and that she
did not appear to be extremely fond
of Mr. Howard. He saw reasons
for Mr. Howard to be dissatisfied
with the conduct of his lady. Mr.
Howard told him he did not think
that she was particularly attached
to him, and that she would not al-
low him to use the privileges of
a husband. This was about six
weeks or two months after the mar-
riage, and she had refused down to
that time.

Charles Morris was next called.

Mr, Erskine said, he did not wish
that any more evidence should come
out, which was so distressing to
every person nearly connected with
the parties, and therefore he had no
objection, if it was agreeable to
Mr. Mingay, that the cause should
stop here.

This being agreed to, the lord
chief justice addressed the jury as
follows :

“ Gentlemen of the jury. The
cause is now arrived at that period.
which calls for the discharge of a
duty which peculiarly belongs. to

you, to ascertain the damages which
the

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

the plaintiff comes to demand, and
which justice requires for the injury
he has received.
© Thad not been long on the seat
of justice, before I felt [should best
discharge nay duiy to che public, by
Making the law of the Jand subser-
Vieni to the laws of morality and re-
ligion ; and therefore, in various
- cases that have come before me,
_ whiten I saw a considerable degree
of guilt, I have pressed the judge-
ment cf juries to go along with me
_ inenforeing thesanctions ofreligion
and morality by the heavy penalties
of the law; and I have tound juries
co-operate with me in trying how
- far the immorality of a libertine age
would be corrected, by letting all
parties know, that they best con-
sulted their own interest by dis-
ebarging those duties they owed to
od and society.

«* Causes of this kind have very
different complexions. Causes have
come before mé, where I hare
thought it incumbent on juries todis-

, chargeplaintiffs with small damages,
_ Causes of this kind have come be-
x
?
5

fore me, where I have thought the
Very cause of action failed, and
ae the plaintiif has been non-
ited, ‘There have also been causes
of this sort where juries have given
very large damages.
*« This cause has about it a cha-
___ facterand complexion «different from
_ al Lever witnessed, different from
all { have heard of in the history of
the jurisprudence of this country. It
_ isemphatically an unfortunate cause.
«“{t I had found the defendant
_ making uce of the triendship of the
_ plaintitt, entering his house, and
_ obtaining the confidence of his wife ;
_ if Thad foundshim using the liberty
_ of access as the means of seduction,
‘Tshould have thought no damages
a Vou, XXXVL

- *-

at-

129

put onthe record too high for the
plaintiff to receive at your hands.
Put this is not that case.. To the
plaintiff no imputation on earth be-
longs. He appears to have acted
with the honour belonging to the
most illustrious house of which he
is soimportant a member. Butat the
moment he received this Lady’s
hand, he did not receive her affcc-
tions. She was never seduced from
his arms, because her affections were
engaged from the beginning, and
irredeemably fixed upon another.—
To the defendant, for a great part
of the time, J can impute no blame
at all; he did that which was diffi-
cult for a young man; he seems to
have bridjed his passion for a consi-
derable time; he retired: with his
friends, young men, branches of
honourabie fainilies, to the country,
to see whether absence might not
wean his affections. Unfortunately
for both, the absence was not of very
long continuance ; he returned to
town—they saw eachother. ‘The
half-extinguished flame was again
lighted up, and the unfurtunate
consequence followed which you
have heard.

« [tis for you, on this occasion,
to asvertain the damages. The ac-
tion complains of the loss of the
comfort and society a man ought to
receive in the married state. Un-
fortunately for the plaintiff, this
comfort and society hardly ever be-
gan—but still he has a right to ex-
pect some damages. I should give
damages, not merely nominal da-
mages, but damages not to a very
largeamount. Tbesedamageswill
shew the sense you have of the im-
morality, for that is not to be de-
fended. You will not give great
damages whieh shall press a young
man, who, itis clear, at one time

K of

130 “ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

of his life had weaned himself from own suggestions than on any obser
the unfortunate snare the beauty vations [ can make to you.”

and perfections of this lady had got ‘lhe jury immediately found a
him into. On theseconsideratious, verdict for the plaintiff.—Damages
T shall leave the causein your hands: one thousand pounds.

—You will decide it better on your

AVERAGE PRICES OF CORN DURING THE YEAR 1794.

Wheat. Busthy? Oats. Beans.

Std renal: s. d Ssaandle
January - - 6 0 4 1 Qik 4 10
later - 6 3 42 28 5.1
March - - 6.4, A Bio By Qie wee
April - ~ 6.3 ye | Dae yh ”
May - ~ 6 4 4 0 2 9 5.0
June - . 6° 35 4 0 2. 3 5.1
July ate Be 5.4 Be ye ae Mey rh
August -. i Sindy es ae 2 8 5 4
September - ~ 6 4 3 tl 2 8 5 4
October - = 64 40 27 5 ge
November - ~ 6 8 442 2 P SUF
December - ° 6 9 4 2 2 8 ae J
General Average 6 4 4 O§ 2 4 5 oy

Account

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE. 181,

Account of the quantity of corn imported into Great Britain, from foreign
countries, with the amount of the duties collected thereon, in the year 1794.

ENGLAND, _ | ScoTLAND.
Quantity. Duty... | Quantity. | Duty.
. is qrs. bush.) 1. S. al qis. push? 1. aa
Barley - 101,515 1} 1;268 19 9} 3,311 5 85 13 10%
Ditto (free) 1,298 O 1,713 6
Beans - | 88,053 0| 1,209 711) 313 5 45 11
Oats = 455,026 41} 3,706 14 7||23,459 4} log 3 113
Ditto (free)| 43,242 0 420 0
“Oatmeal
Ditto (free)
Pease - 30,094 4] 488 12 11 29 3 0
Ditto (free) 340 2 296 1
Rye = 18,464 O]| 230 1411 > Bee? 17 6
Ditto (free) 1,705 4
Rye meal
_ Wheat - | 101,196 7 | 3,687 7 10/16,300 4|2,0899 © 9
Ditto (free)| 65,273 7 3,909 1
ewt. qrs. lb. cwt. qrs. Ib. ?
Wheat flour] 42 3 16 214 4) 13 2 20 1 16 13
Ditto (free) |5,184 3 AD 4
. . qrs. bush.
Indian corn j Oy IN 11714
me (fee) | qrs. bush.
Buck wheat 9:0 4 5 10g
. 10,686 10 2) 2,385 17 9%
@ ee —_—
K2 Account

iso ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

Account of the quantity of corn imported into Great Britain, from Ire-
lan, Guernsey, Jersey and Isle of Man, with the amount of the duties
collected thereon, in the year 1794.

ENGLAND. ScorLanpD.
Quantity. | Duty. Quantity. Duty.
ahs. Stak, I. os. d. || qrs. bush, | 1. s. d,
Barley - 15,757. ,.0 196 19 3
Ditto (free) 719° 0 1,441 2
Beans - 1,846 6 2 Se
Oats - {311,840 2 |2,599 10 O |i49,812 6 | 415 2 14
Oatmeal - 3,104 17 28 8 5
bolls. Ib.
Ditto (free) 7). Gl 4
qrs. bush.
Pease - 23%. 40 5.9
Ditto (free) 33 O
Rye - - 414 6 5 3 8
Ditto (free) 311 4
Wheat - 8,301 O 302 14 8
Ditto (free) 250 O

cwts. yrs. lb.
Wheat flour} 924 3 11 $8 11 7

Ditto (free) |4,950 2 O

ee ee

3,194 15 9 41S 2 AE

———

Account

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE, 198

Account of the quantity of British corn exported from Great Britain to
Soeign parts, with the amount of the bounties paid th:reon in the year
1794,

ENGLAND. ScoTLAND.
= i neaenemnnttitied
qrs.- bush. |. qrs. bush.
Barley - = = 366 1 Py en
Beans - - - 290 &
Groats - S e 37° .-2
RRR Sect tae TS a Mag 2 65 4 | 2,947 4

Oats - - = he 11,598 2 | 1,037. §
cwt. qrs. lb. | cwt. gqrs. Ib.

Oatmeal + - = - (3,552 3 15| 533 2 6
qrs. bush. qrs. bush.
Pease 2 - = - 2,991 O 39 2
ew shee, s. 7 | 497 4
Wheat = = = - 11,667 1
cwt. qrs. lb.| cwt. qrs. Ib.
Wheat flour - - - 48,492 2 25/455 2 O
3
Bounties paid on British corn exported.
1, \s. 0d.
England * @- - - 5,078.7 2
Scotland = A ~ a = 71516 4

K3 Account

iat ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

|
‘Account of the quantity of British corn exported from Great Britain ta
‘ freland, the Isles of Guernsey, Jersey, and-Man, in the year 1794.

’ ad -
ENGLAND. | SCOTLAND.

———S _———

i“ qrs. bush, qrs. bush. |
Barley = = Cg 1,662 6 100 O
Oats ya Sai a 60 Oo
OO
; bolls. Ib.
Oafmeal - - - 87 56
is ’ . qrs- bush.
Pease Spee - 32. 0 |
Wheat = ” ° 7,006 7 576 4
E cwt., qrs. lb.] cwt. qrs. Ib.
Wheat flour - " 61,836 0 0} 905 O 20
& au qrs. bush.
Rye - - an 21 3
Malt ° . . 3,459 4

Sennen 5 sane

Atcount of the quantity of foreign corn exported from Great Britain, —
to foreign parts, im the year 1794.

veg fat qrs. bush.
Barley - > - - 775
Oats ’ = - - - - 692 O
Pease y= - - e- - 217 2
Rye - - ~ ~ - - ,. 323 4
Wieat: “<n Fhe - - - 26,699 4
ewt. rs. lb
Wheat flour - - - - 23,441 3 5
: qrs. bush
Indian corn - - « = > 1,448 2
— Tr

Account of foreign corn exported to Ireland, Guernsey, Jersey, and Isle of
Man, in the year 179A. :

England 3 29,568 quarters 7 bushels of wheat.
Scotland - $70 quarters of ditto. a
Principal

APPENDIX to the CHRONICLE.

Principal public acts passed in the
Jourth session of the seventeenth
parliament of Great Britain.

Feb. 20.

Act for raising the sum of eleven

millions by annuities.
feb. 21.

Land-tax and malt-duty bills.

Marine mutiny bill.

American trade bill.

March i.

Mutiny-bill.

An act for preventing money or
effects, in the hands of his ma-
jesty’s subjects, belonging to, or
disposeable by, persons resident in
France, being applied to the use
of the persons exercising the powers

of government in France, and for’

preserving the property thereof, for
the benefit of the individual owners
thereof.

An act for repealing the stamp-
duties on gloves and mittens sold
by retail.

An act for repealing the duties
on the registry of burials, marriages,
and christenings.

March 28.

An act for regulating the con-
teyance of letters by the penny-
post.

_ Anact foraugmenting the militia.

April 17.

An act for encouraging and dis-
ciplining such corps, or companies
‘of men, as shall voluntarily enrol

themselves for the defence of their |

counties, towns, or coasts, or for
the general defence of the kingdom,
gemring the present war.

May 9.

ae act to enable subjects of

france to enlist as soldiers in regi-
ments to serve on the continent of

135

Europe, and in certain other places
and to enable his majesty to grant
commissions to subjects of France
to serve and receive pay as officers
in such regiments, or as engineers,
under certain restrictions.

May 23.

Anact to enable his majesty to
secure and detain such persons as
his majesty shall suspect are con-
spiring against his person and go-
vernment.

An act for the better observation
of the Lord’s day, by persons exer-
cising the trade of bakers.

An act for better regulating the
Lia on the Thames between
Windsor and Gravesend.

June 11.

An act for the better manage-
ment of the land revenues of the
crown, and for the sale of fee farms
and other unimprovable rents.

An act for the' farther encourage~
ment of the British mariners.

An act to prevent ships of war,
and private ships or vessels of war
taken as prizes, from the payment |
of duty.

The insolvent act.

_ July 7.

An act for more effectually pre-
serving money or effects, in the
hands of his majesty’s subjects, be-
longing to, or disposeable by persons
resident in France, for the benefit
of the individual owncrs thereof.

An act, to continue an act ot the-
last session of parliament, respecting
aliens.

An act for regulating the militia
of the city of London,

An act, to continue an act, regu-
Jating the shipping of slaves from
the coast of Africa,

K 4 PRICES

136

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STATE PAPERS.

His majesty’s speech from the throne
to both houses of parliament, Jan.
21, 1794. L
My Lords and Gentlemen,

IL HEcircumstances under which

you are pow assembled re-
quire your most serious attention.

» We are engaged in a contest, on
the issue of which depend the mair-
tenance of our constitutien, laws,
and religion ; a e security of all
© eivil society.

You must have observed, with sa-
tisfaction, the advantages which
have been obtained by the arms of
the allied powers, and the change
which has taken place in the general
situation of Europe since the com-
menceme:t of the war. The Uni-
_ted Provinces have been protected
from invasion; the Austrian Nether-
Jands have been recovered. and
maintained; end places of consider-
. able importance have been acquired
on the frontiers of France: The
re-capture of Mentz, and the sub-
_ sequent successes of the allied ar-
mies on the Rhine have, notwith-
standing the advantages recently
obtained by the enemy in that quar-
ter, proved highly beneficial to the
common cause. Powerful efforts
have been made by my allies in
the south of hurope ; the temporary
possession of the town and port of

Toulon has greatly distressed the
operations of my enemies ; and in
the circurnstancesattending the eva~
cuation of that place, an important
and decisive blow has been given
to their naval power, by the distin-
guished conduct, abilities, and spirit
ot my, commanders, officers, and
forces, both by sea and land.

The French have been driven
from theit possessions and fishery at
Newfoundland, and important and
valuable acquis tions have been
made both in the East and ‘West
Indies.

At sea our superiority has been
undisputed, and our commerce so
effectually protected, that the losses
sustained have been inconsiderable,
in proportion to its extent, and to
the captures made on the contracted
trade of the enemy.

The circumstances by which the
farther progress of the a has
therto been impeded, not’ only

prove the necessity of vigour and
perseverance on our part, but, -at
the same time, confirm the expec-
tation of ultimate success.
Our enemies have derived th
means of temporary exertion, fro
a system which has enabled them
to dispose arbitrarily of the lives
and property of a numerous peo-
ple, and which openly yiolates every
restraint

STATE PAPERS.

restraint of nage humanity, and
religion: but ihese efforts, produc-
tive as they necessarily have been
of internal discontent and confusion
in France, have also tended rapidly
to exhaust the natural and real
strength of that country. ;
Although |! cannot but regret the
necessary continuance of the war, I
should ill consult the essential inter-
ests of my people, if I were desi-
rous of peace on any grounds but
such as may provide for their per-
manent fafety, and for the indepen-
dence and seeurity of Europe. The
attainment of these ends is still ob-
structed by the prevalence of a sys-
tem in France, equally incompati-
ble with the happiness of that coun-
try, and with the tranquillity of all
other nations.
__ Under this impression, I thought
proper to make a declaration of the
views and principles by which lam
ided. I have ordered a copy of
_this declaration to be laid before
you, together with copies of several
conventions and treaties with differ-
ent powers, by which you will per-
ceive how large a part of Europe is
united in a cause of such general
concern.
‘I reflect with unspeakable satis-
faction on the steady loyalty and
apr epec ent to the established
constitutionand government, which,
notwithstanding the continued ef-
‘forts employed to mislead and to
seduce, have been so generally pre-
valent among all ranks of my peo-
le. ‘These sentiments have been
minently manifested in the zeal
_and alacrity of the militia to pro-
vide for our internal defence, and
_in the distinguished bravery and
y my forces both by sea and land:
they have maintained the lustre of

; iy displayed on every occasion

139

the British name, and have shewn
themselves worthy of the blessings
which it is the object of all our ex-
ertions to preserve.

Gentlemen of the House of
Commons,

I have ordered the necessary esti~
mates and accounts to be laid be-
fore you, and I am persuaded you
will be ready to make such provi-
sion as the exigencies of the time
may require. I feel toosensibly the
repeated proofs which | have re-~
ceived of the affection of my sub-
jects, not tolament the necessity of
any additional burdens. It is, how-
ever, a great consolation to me to
observe the favourable state of the
revenue, and the complete success
of the measure which was last year
adopted for removing the embar-
rassments affecting commercial cre-
dit.

Great as must be the extent of
our exertions, I trust you will be
enabled to provide for them in such
a manner, as to avoid any pressure
which could be severely felt by my
people.

My Lords and Gentlemen,

In allyour deliberations, you will
undoubtedly bear in my mind the
true grounds and origin of the war.

An attack was made on us, and
on our a founded on principles
whic! tend to destroy al! property,
to subvert the Jaws and religion of
every .civilized nation, and to in-
troduce universally that wild and
destructive system of rapine, anar-
chy, and impiety, the effects of
which, as they have already been
manifested in France, furnish a
dreadful but useiul lesson to the pre-
sent age and to posterity.

1440 ANNUAL RES 1794,

It only remains for us te perse-
vere in our united exer,ions; their
discontinuance or relaxation could
hardly procure even a short inter-
val of delusive repose, and could
never terminate in security or peace.
Impressed with the necessity of de-
fending all that is most dear to us,
and relying, as we may, with con-
fidence, on the yalour and resources
of the nation, on the combined ef-
forts of so large a part of Europe,
and, above all, on the incontesta-
ble justice of our cause, let us render
our conduct a contrast to that of our
enemies, and, by cultivating and
practising the principles of huma-
nity, and the duties of religion, en-
deayour to merit the continuance of
the Divine favour and_ protection
which have been so eminently expe-
rienced by these kingdoms.

Message from his majesty, to the
house of commons, January 27,
1794.

George R.

Hs majesty thinks it proper to
acquaint the house of com-
mons, that a corps of Hessian troops
taken into the pay of Great Britain,
to be employed on foreign service,
having been brought to the ap-
pointed place of rendezvous, off the
Isle of Wight, his majesty has found
it necessary, with a wiew to the
preveuting any sickness taking place
among the said troops from their
continuance on board of the tran-
sports, to order them to be disem-
barked, and to be stationed, for the
present, on the Isle of White, at
Portsmouth, and at places adja-
cent,

G.R.

Protest of earl Stanhope, upon the
rejection of theearlof Altemarle’s
motion (on the 21st of February,
1794) to censure the introdycing
of foreign troops into this country
without the previous.consent of par-
lament.

Dissentient.

f. ECAUSE ‘ It is contrary
to law for the crown to
keep an army in this kingdom, either
in tire of peace or in time of war,
without the previous consent of par-
liament ;” anditisessential, that this
important constitutional principle
(which was unequivocally admitted
in the debate) should be for ever
maintained inviolate in this country,
And the friends of public liberty
ought ever to bear in memory the
admirable vote of the house of com-
mons, on the 5th day of May, 1641,
when it was resolved, “* That this
house doth declare, that whosoever
shall give council or assistance, or
join in any manner, to bring any
foreign force into the kingdom, un-
Jess it be by command of his majesty,
with the consent of both houses in
parliament, shall be adjudged and
reputed a public enemy to the king
aud kingdom.”

2. Because the annual mutiny-bill
is a proof that the crown cannot per-
petuate. or assume a prerogative
which parliament annually bestows,
nor exercise, at its own discretion,
that power which the legislature
specially limits.

3. Because it is a most dangerous
doctrine, that the crown has a right
(by virtue of an “ undefined prero-
gative,’’) to do any act which is not
warranted, either by common, or
by statute law, under the frivolous
pretence ofits appearing to ministers

SPAY BE) PARE RS.

tobe useful. And the supineness of
parliament, in the reign of king
James the Second, when so many
acts, notoriously illegal, were com-
mitted by the crown, and yet passed
unnoticed by the twohouses, clearly
proves, that, from the want of vigi-
lance in certain parliaments, pre-
cedents may be established, subver-
sive of the first principles of national
freedom. ;

4, Because the maintaining of a
foreign army on the establishment,
or within the territory of this king-
dom, is in open defiance of the very
act of parliament which settles the
crown on the present royal family
(namely, the 12th and 13th of Wil-
liam II]. chap. the 2d.) which ex-
pressly enacts, “© That no person
born out of the kingdoms of Eng-
land, Scotland, or Jreland, or the
dominions thereunto belonging (al-
though he be naturalized, or made
a denizen, except such as are born

‘ of English parents) shall be capable
to enjoy any office or place of trust,
either civil or military.” And the
act of the 29ih George IT. chap. the
5th, is a proof that the Jezislature
deemed a special act of parliament
necessary, tu enable the king to em-
ploy even a limited number of sub-
altern foreign officers in America,

_ only under certain restrictions and
qualifications.

5. Because “ foreign mercenaries
have always been unuseful, or dan-
obs to those who cimploy them.

Pheir'conduct, at first, bas gene-
rally been peaceable and ensnaring ;
at last, seditious and destructive ;
and those states that have carried
the points which they intended, by
their assistance, have usually in the
event been enslaved by them.”
And 6th. Because a prerogative

141

in the executive power, to intro!
duce any number, without limit, o
armed men foreign hirelings into
any country, without the previous
and express consent of the legisla-
ture, is totally incompatible with
any form of a free constitution; for,
not only that government is tyran-
nical, which is actually tyrannically
administered, but that government
also is tyrannical (however admini-
stered) where there is no sufficient
security againstits being tyrannically
administered in future. AndTI so-
lemnly protest against a measure
which tends to endanger the rights
and liberties of my fellow-citizens,
of whom] consider myself only as a
trustee. STANHOPE.

Protest of earl Radnor against there-

jection of the Indemnity Bill, for
thelanding of troopsin this kingdom
without the consent of parliament;
which was moved by the earl of
Albemarle.

Ii ECAUSE, with the ex-
ception of only one noble
lord, not one of his majesty’s mini-
sters, it was in the debate unani-
mously admitted; that the keeping
in thiscountry troops, whether na-
tive or foreign, in time either of
war or peace, without the consent
of parliament, is unconstitutional.
And as it was also admitted, unani-
mously and unequivocally, that the
troops in question are here upon
grounds of fitness and expediency ;
and as the consideration of fitness
and expediency, though they render,
and in factin the present instance
do render, not only justifiable, but
highly meritorious, do in no degree
so change the nature as to make it
more or less constitutional.
2. ‘This

142

2. This bill, though of a nature
to be very sparingly adopted, yet
was of particular propriety; forin a
matter of great moment, it declared
the law, saved the constitution, and
did justice to the motives of the
executive government.

3. Because the stopping of this
bill leaves the troops here, without
any consent of parliament.

4. Because the effect of the de-
clarations, by which the right of
the crown so to keep troops here
was disclaimed, however strong,
general, and unequivocal, is yet
transitory and fugitive; but the fact
that troops are so here, is notorius
andrecorded ; and whenthe motives
which justified, andthedeciarations
that reconciled to the house the
measure, are forgotten,
turned into preecdent.

Rapwor.

Message from his majesty, to the
house of commons, March 25.

George R.

IS majesty thinks it proper to

acquaint the house of com-
mons, that for the purpose of more
effectually guatding against any at-
tempt which may be made, on the
part of the enemy, to execute their
professed design of invading the
kingdom, his majesty has ordered a
farther augmentation of his laad
forces, the estimate for which he
has directed to be laid before the
house. It is also his majesty’sinten-
tion to take measures in order tobe
able, in case of emergency, to as-
semble speedily a large additional
force in any part of the kingdom
-where it may become NORESSATY.:
and his majesty relies, with confi-
dence, on the cordial and effectual

ANNUAL REGISTER,

may be

1794.

support of parliament, and on the
zealous and spirited exertions of his
people, in carrying into execution
such measures as may be requisite
for the general security.

G.R.

Message from his majesty, to the
house of commons, April 28.

George R.

Hs majesty has ordered copies

of a treaty, which has been
signed at the Harue, by the pleni-
potenniaries of his majesty and the
states general of the united provinces
on the one part, and by the pleni-
potentiary of the king of Prussia on
the other part; and likew'se of a
convention agreed upon between
the respective plenipotentiaries ef
his majesty and the states general,
to be laid before the house : and his
majesty, relying on the zealous and
affectionate support. of his faithful .
commions, in the vigorous prosecu-
tion of the war in which he is en-
gaged, recommends it to this house
to consider of making provision to-
wards enabling his majesty to fulfil
the engagements which his majesty
has entered into, as well as to de-
fray any extraordinary expenses
which may be incurred for the ser
vice of the present year, and to take
such measures as the exigency of
atlairs may require.

GaK:

Message from his majesty, to the
house of commons, May 12.

George R.

[ : IS Majesty having received in-
formation, that the seditious
practices

we ee ae oe ve

Sistas BO DRAsP ARS

practices which have been for some

time carvied on by certaii societies
in London, in correspondence with
societies in different parts of the
country, have lately been pursued
with increased activity and boldness,
and have been avowedly directed to
the objectof assembling a pretended
general convention of the people,

in contempt and defiance of the au-

thority of parliament, and on prin-
ciples subversive of ibe existing laws
and constitution, and directly tend-
ing to the introduction of that sys-
tem of anarchy and confusion which
has fatally prevailed nm France, has
given directions for seizing the
books and papers of the saidsocieties
in London, which have been seized
accordmgly ; and these books and
papers appearing to contain matter
of the greatest importance to the
publicinterest, his majesty has given
orders for laying them before the
house of commons; and his majesty
recommends it to the house to con-
sider the same, and to take such
measures thereupon as May appear
to be necessary for effectually guard-
ing against the farther prosecution of
those dangerous designs, and for
preserving to his majesy’s subjects
the enjoyment of the blessings de-
rived to them by the constitution
happily established in these king-
dorms. G. R.

| Protest against the first reading of the

Lill for suspending the haleas cor-
pus act, May 22.

Dissentient.

ete ct I abhor the idea
~ of establishipg a dangerous
and unconstitutional system of letters

of cachet in this country.
M STANHOPE.

145

Protest against the passing uf the act
Sor suspending the Habeas Corpus
act, May 22. ras
Dissentient.
1. i a no evidence has
been laid before us, that
this kingdom is at present in those
circumstances of imminent danger
and imperious necessity whichalone,
in our opinion, would justify even
the temporary surrender of that
sacred fundamental law which is the
sole guardian of the personal liberty
and security of our fellow-subjects.
~None of these circumstances, either
of foreign invasion or of domestic
insurrection, or of formidable con-
spiracy, now exist which induced
our ancestors to commit their liber-
ties to the perilous guardianship of
a despotical authority. Instead of
such an unequivocal public danger,
which silences all deliberations and
over-rules all Jaws, we are now re-
quired to vest an arbitrary power
in his majesty’s ministers upon the
authority of a detail of the offences
of individuals societies, whose
strength and nimbers are not proved
to our apprehension to be such as
would justify such a measure as the
present, especially as the ordinary
operation of the law is sufficient to
check the spirit which is supposed
to prevail. One of the worst effects
of the conduct of these societies is
their having operated as the instru-
ment for former artificial panics,
and asa pretext for former measures,
in our opinion most hazardous
and pernicious. They continued
the same conduct withoutinjury ex-
perienced by the public, without
accession cf strength, without the
proof of any change in their systems
or designs. We cannot theretore
Without betraying the trust reposed
in us, consent to resign the liberties

144

of all our fellow-subjects to the dis-

cretion of the servants of the crown,

on nob ground than that of a

catalogue of offences which have
een Jong notorious to the whole
ingdom.

2. Because even the proof that
some individuals entertain those des-
perate designs which have been
ascribed to them would not, in our
opinion, form any justification of
the present measure. From the re-
yelution to the complete defeat of
the pretensions of the house of
Stuart the wisdom of our ancestors
did net deem the existence of a zea-
lous, powerful, and indefatigable,
jacobite party a sufficient reason,
without overt acts of rebellion, or
actual existing conspiracy, for sub-
jecting the personal liberty of the
whole kingdom to the will of mini-
sters. ]Viserable, indeed, and pre-
carious is our condition, if, at the
pleasure of a handful ef visionaries
and ineendiaries (characters which
every age produces and disguises,
which the agents of every govern-
ment may assul ur liberties are
to be laid under®@ legal interdict,
and ministers are to be vested with
an arbitrary power over the persons
of all the freemen of this. realm.

3. Because, even if the danger
had been as real and imminent asis
pretended, it might have been pro-
vided against by measures far less
odious than that of depriving the
subject of those rights of personal
security which distinguishes the
British constit n beyond any
other free goverMment ancient or
modern, and changing it for the
time from a government of lawto a
government of will. One expedi-
ent, comperatively-more moderate,
is obvious, namely, to put the law

6 *

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

respecting bail for misdemeanors
which affect the state for a limited
time on the same footing with bail
in cases of treason.

4, Because this bill appears to us
under a stil! more melancholy and
alarming aspect, when we combine
it with declarations which have
been made by considerable persons
during the dependence of this bill.
Even this, the utmost extremity to
which our ancestors were ever
driven, by the pressure of the great- _
est danger, is but the prelude to
a system of measures (if possible)
still more violent aud arbitrary.
These meénaces too forcibly illus-
trated by some past measures, in our
opinion of a rigour equally impolitic
and odious, fill us with the most
melancholy apprehensions that de-.
signs are,entertained by a progres-
sive series of encroachments, to an-
nibilate all the rights of English-
men, and to extinguish all the free
principles of the British constitn-
tion.

5. Because the precipitation with
which this bill has been hurried
through the house 1s both indecent
in itself, and directly repugnant to
two standing orders of this house,
one of the 28th of June, 1715, ahd
the other of the 28th April, 1699,
standing orders, which insure to
this house the advantages of mature
deliberation, and to the subject the
invaluable privi'ege of petitioning
against measures which, like the

- present, are subversive of*his fun.

damental rights.

ALBEMARLE.
Beprorp. ~
LauDERDALE.
DERBY..+..,

His

STATE PAPERS

His majesty’s speech to the houses of
lords and commons, on closing the
session, July V1.

My lords and gentlemen,
HE state of public business
4 enables me to close this session
of parliament, in doing which I
have again to acknowledge that
assiduity and zeal for thé interests
sof my people, of which you had
before given me so many proofs, and
which have been so particularly ma-
nifested in the present year.

I am persuaded that you enter-
tain too just a sense of the nature
and importance of the contest in
“which we are engaged, to suffer
your zeal to be abated, or your per-
severance shaken, by the recent
successes of the enemy in the Ne-
therlands.

In a moment which s0 strongly
ealls for energy and vigour, it is
peculiarly gratifying to me to re-
flect on the uniform skill and bra-
very of my fleets and armies, the
undaunted spirit aid unwearied ex-
értions of my officers and troops in
every situation, and the general
om spirit of my people, which

ave never at any period been more
‘Conspicueus.

_ [have observed with the highest
satisfaction the rapid and valuable
acquisitions made in the East and
West Indies, the successful opera-
tions which have been carried on in
the Mediterranean, and the brilliant
and decisive victery obtained by
my fleet under the command of earl

owe, an event which must ever
&e remembered as one of the most

glorious in the naval history of this

country. :
Gentlemen of the house of
<ommons,

[return you my warmest thanks
Vou, XXXVI.

145

for thé chéerfulness and liberality
with which you have granted the
large supplies which were necessary
for the service of the year, and for
the maintenance of a cause equally
important to the security and hap-
piness ofevery class of my subjects.

My lords and gentlemen,

I feel it incumbent on me parti«
cularly to acknowledge your dili-
gence in the investigation of the
designs which had been formed a-
gainst the government and constitu-
tion of these kingdoms, and to
thank you for the confidence you
have reposedin me on this oceasion.
It will be a principal object of my
attention to make a vigorous and
prudent use of the additional pow-
ers vested in me for the protection
and security of my people ; and res
lying, as [ do, with the utmost con-
fidence, on the uniform lovalty and
public spirit of the great body of
my subjects, 1 have no doubt of
speedily and effectually repressing
every attempt to disturb the public
peace, and of defeating the wicked
designs which have been in agita-
tion.

_ It must not however be forgotten,
that these designs against our do-
mestic happiness, are essentially
connected withthe system now pre-
vailing in France, of which the
die nol and spirit are irreconci-
eably hostile to all regular and es
tablished government: and that
we are therefore called upon by
every consideration of our own in-
ternal safety to continue our efforts,
in conjunction with my allies, and
to persevere with increased vigour
and exertion in a contest, frem the
successful termination of which we
can alone expect to establish on a
solidand permanent foundation, the

future

M6 ANNUAL: REGIS TER, 1794,

future security andtranquillityeither:
of this country, or of the other na-,
tions.of Europe... ., etigis ‘apie

Protest ofearl Stanhope; on the’ re-
Section of his motion to delay the
transportation of Mr. Muir,

ars Disséntient, "i" 4

rial J OS ONE AE es NAG
Ae PRECAUSE theattending to,

14 the-due. administration of.
justicey andthe watching over. the.
conduet of the: variousicourtsin this
kingdom,.is one of themost impor-
tant branches of the:business of this
house, and.is.atialli times also one of
its most essential duties... ariy.ap

: 2s Becauseit obviously appears to:
be-proper,to. examine: into the juss.
tice and legelity of a.sentonce, ber,
foreitisexecuted, and not to permit
it:'to be executed: firsts ‘and then to
examine into, its-justice and Jegality,
afterwards, Oe orn |

+, 3. Because, for want of snchtime+.
ly! interference on the :part. of this
Kouseyit has former yhappeued, that
within ashert timenoless¢han four
unjust and illegal judgments were:

ettin. VA

actually +cazried into, execution,; as,

appears from, the x¢speetive.attainls.
dets of the innacentsufleyers having;.
been afterwards. reversed and. made
void (when itavastee date Jy bysahOnu
actsof-parliamenty:made and,pacse
ed-in-the first yeur af the reignal
their late, majesties king AWejam
and queen Mai, namely, an thecases
of, alderman Corgish, «Alice. Lisle,
Ad geinon: Sydney, and: losd Russ
seh: a
1k Because it isi contrary,to, the
fist andimmutablepuingiplesief san
twuwaltjusticg,, thavany, thingso.the.
prejudiée ofa. defendgns shayld be.
broughtybsfout a juayning eximinal

wrsty

vals vive be feeveyy, FLEW st

prosecution,thatiis, only collaterals,
notin, issue, nor necessary inthe con-
clusion. : 4, ital el ac ae
5. Because it is not {nor ought to
he) competent for the prosecutor
to preduce:any evidence to support
ary ‘matter that is not charged in
the indictment’; that.istoisay, dis~
tinctly ‘and ‘precisely charged, and
not by mere epithets or general; —
Words,’ such’ as oppression, sedition,’
voxationy or thethkess Gis ene
“6; Because vin dike manner it: is
not (nor \oughts»toxbe)»' competent
fora prosecutor to'prodvee any evi-
denee to: prove *any €rime to:-have
been'committed by a-defendant, in
any ‘other particular place than that
wherein’ itis inthe: mdietment ex-
ptessly charged to: haveicbeen:com*
midtedyi i ylivhne LAT piginyn
7. Because no such proceedings.
a§ ‘those above’ statedy: mor: any. of
them, canbe justifiedunder pretence
that ifit chad ‘béew necessary. to
speeify inthe indietment all the
facts against the deferidant, the in~
dietment would havecovered; by-ite
meenitude; the walls-of the court.?®
Andy's SAB ia | emiven
“8. Becausesin one’ year ofthe
trial of ‘Warren Hastings, esquire,
namely, in the yearone themsand:se~
vermhundred and ninety, there-were
no’fess thaw four decisions: of (the:
honse’vf lords uponthis subject, vizy
onthe twentyfifthaday of Febru«
ary when the lordwresolveds: 4412:
1*¢ That the'meanagersfer the come
mons betot admitted to-cive eviw
dence/ofi the unfitudss:of sKelléram
forthe appointirentotbeing aren
tt of eéttdm lands in-thei province:
of Pahoyz-the-faev of buichrunfitness,
of the said Kelleram not Reingohare
ged inthe impeaphmente yam
And again on the, 444 1, day of
Majo: hen. she loads slecinerly,

uJ ey a aT dat

Hin

%
;

—— a =

2 EEE EEE

_
i

aor SEAPROMAP HRS 4

o-#6'Phatitis notcomipétent to the
Managers for the commons'to | put
the followins: question to thé‘ wit-
ness. upen thie’ seventh "article “OF
charye, viz. Whether niore opprés<
sions did actaully exist under: the
hew. IHBLIELIEL ONS than’ Aid pik
Gidsive sas gis pap
ay ere ‘again oi the 1 Ith tay SF
May, when the house of! pesca
solved): HSS C20" ait
cA Thatit is ndt-doniietant 6 thé
Managers for the*commnions'to ‘give
evidence of: the enioFmities actually’
committed by Deby Sing, thé Sante
a ‘oharged ivithe"impeach-
Menta waiter ae
*:Amd again onthe: 2d! mabe OFTHE,
_ whew-the ‘Yerds resolved,
© ‘Phat’ it “is “wot coitipeteiit” for
the «manayersy'on® the patt of the
-eommons,. fo = give ‘any evidence
uporthe, Jeveuthearicle of! the im!
peachment, to prove that the Téttéf
ofthe Selinuf May; °-1781 iis #false,
ip anyother paitioular than that
wherein itis cP phe ei in to iy
false."san6 oe
1 Fhe'said dedisions of hashoulse of
lords are“founded Upon pringiples
motupechliar to tials By" \impeach-
mientun'They are foanded™ upon
eommonisense} and onthe inne
table principles ‘of justice "Ta
- Seotlandthose principles are pee
Trarly nevessary: t6 be“adlierédts;
imaspicch''as bythe ‘laws “of “that
ofithe kingdom, at defendint
liged itp! produce ta” complete

‘ Vianiof all bis avieresses in exetlpa-

' fiomthedaybefore the trial That

fora appears’ to med considerable
r

dship. But “if, “after ‘such Tist
vactually deliveredsin “by the ‘de-
fendants:'anyfaets Cor ‘eupposed
Sects) nov-patticularly set for'th As
- eeimes im othe ‘indictment; itiay' on
eon aiday forthe first tine,

147
anid without ‘notiées "b= suddenly
Brought 6ut in ‘evidetice upon the
tifa against” the: ‘defendant ; such
defendant froin’ such an Y elitfapping
modé of trial‘ may | be convicted,
althoagh’ innocent: ” Such j proceed-
ings ( whéthet supported ‘ or unsup-
poried® by any’ old Scotch ‘statute
passed’ in ‘arbitrary times) ought, i
conetive, tobe revised. Fot, i ina free
country, there bughit not’ to be one
mode of'administerin justiceto one
man, naniely, to ‘Mr. Hastings, an
an opposite mode of ‘adiiinisterit'g
justice’ t6‘another iad, hamely, to
Mr. Muir. Chae
web ““Srikitote,

LSU FOG ESTES

DIO OG bits?

Puxalest. against. wi rejeghion of the
., motion fox declaring theoljeahof-
“the: UjOTes sergio sas “panat. suet
Vous Pe PCS Pa fier i 5

-_ Dissentient,, MAAS Ductal

DSL

ig eases it appears ‘to’ us,

Mn! ‘that ‘it out have been
highly becoming and expetient for
this Ke: use as Teatiing’ td thé great
and’ nivalhable blessing of peace, at
this 'Hime’to have resolved," that tt
appears to this house, that dari

be Several’ changes whith too
piace atthe: cohstitut’on ‘and ‘bo-
vernmient of Fratite before the éotii=
meneement ‘of hostilities, ang more

parti¢ularly ‘after the everits of the

YOR OF Augsust, “4%99° when his
niajesty wasadvised by his ministers
to stispend all’ official communica-
tidbswith Frante, it was and con=

tinned! t6 be'the’ professed principle
and policy’ of his majésty’s govérn-
ment catéfully to dbsérve 4 Stride

neuitYality) and’ uniformly to abstain
frdin ady'interfetente With’ ¥és ect
tote’ interhal affairs of” Fined;
“hat when this thajesty was advised
‘torrhiak 6 forthey aia sai ad
L2

148

his forces by sea and land, atthe be-
ginning of last year, it was for the
declared purpose of opposing views
of aggrandizement and ambition on
the part of France ; and that when
his majesty acquainted parliament
thatacts of hostility had been direct-
ed by the government of Irance a-
gainst his majesty’ssubjects, and af-
ter wat had been declaredagainst his
majesty and the united provinces,
tke then avowed object of prosecu-
ting the wart cn our part, was fo op-
pose the farther. views of aggran-
dizement. imputed to France, aud
that the prosecution of the war on
this ground, and for the attainment
of this object, was approved by both
honses of parliament.

2. Because it would have been
equally becoming and expedient in
this house as tending to the same
desirable object of peace, at this
time to have declared, in conformi-
ty to the other resolutions, opened,
discussed, and submitted to its con-
sideration.

That, at or before the end of
April, 1793, the armies of France
were obliged to evacuate Holland
and Fjanders, and to retire within
their own territory ; and that the
prince of Cobourg, comunander-in-
chief of the emyperor’s forces in
Flanders, did. on the 5th-of April,
engage and declare that he would
join and co-operate with general
Dumourier to give to France her
constitutional king, and the consti-
tution which she hadtormed for her-
self; and that the prince of Co-
bourg did also then :declare, onhis
word of honour; that if any strong
places should be delivered over to
his troops, he should consider ther
nootherwise than as sacred deposits ;
and that, on the Oth of the same
month, all the preceding declara-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

tions of the prince of Cobourg were
revoked. we

That, by the 15th article of the
treaty concluded with the land-
grave ot Hesse Cassel, on the 10th
of April, 1753, his mayesty’s mini-
sters were of opinion that tre situd-
tion of affairs had then entirely
changed its aspect, in Consequence
of which his majesty might not have
occasion for the Hessiantroops, aud
might be at liberty to relinquish
their service on certain conditions
of compensation to be made to the
landgrave.

That, on the 14th ef July, 1793,
a convention was concluded be~
tween his majesty and the king of
Prussia, in which their majesties re= ~
ciprecally promised to continue to
employ theirrespective forces, as far
as their circumstances wou'd permit
in carrying ona war equally just and
necessary.

That on the'23d of August, 1793,
lord Hood declared to the people of
Toulon, that he had no other view
but that of resforing peace to 2
great nation, upon the most just,
liberal, and honourable terms: that
the inhabitants of Toulon did in re-
turn declare, that it was their una-
nimous wish to adopt a monarchicat
government, such as it was origi-
nally formed by the constituent as-
semtdy in 1789; and that lord Hood,
by hisproclamatiou of 28th August,
accepted of that declaration, and
did then repeat what he had already
declared to the people of the south
of France, that he took possession
of Toulon, and held it in trust only
for Leuis the Seventeenth.

That the constitution, to which
the declarationand acceptance here~
in immediately before stated was the
samewhich his majesty’s ambassador
attke Hague-did, in a memorial

"presented

STATE PAPERS.

esented to the states general on
the 25th of January, 1793, describe
in the following terms, viz. ‘* It
is not quite four’ years since certain
ao asqominethenamneot phi
osophers, have prestimed to think
themselves capable of establishing a
new system of civil society; in order
forealize this dream, the offspring
of vanity, it became necessary for
them (o overturn and destroy gll
establi:hed notionsof subordination
of morals and of religion;” and that
this description was applied by the
said ambassador to a government
with which his majesty continuedto
treatandnegotiate fromitsingtitution
in 1789, to its disslutionin August,
1792; and that his majesty’s ambas-
sador was not recalled from Paris,
until that government wasdissolved.
That, by the declaration made by
his majesty’ 8 ministers, and dated
on the 29th of October, 793, that
his majesty only demands of France
that some legitimate and stable go-
vernment should be established,
founded upon the acknowledged
principles of universal justice, and
capable of maintaining, with other
powers, the accustomed relations of
union and peace ; andthat his ma-
jesty, in treating for the re-establish-
ment of general tranquillity wi vith
such a government, «would propose
none ofher than equitable ahd mo-
fe conditions, not such as the
expences, ‘the risks, and the sacti-
fices of the war might just'fy ;”
and that his Majesty hoped 1 to find,
in the other powers engaged with
him in the commoneguse, sentiments
and views perfectly ‘conformable to
his own,
' That atthecommencement of the
war, the prosecution of it was con-

gidered by his majesty as a cause of

f49

eneral concern, in which his majes-

ty had every reason to hope for the

cordial co-op-ration of those powers
who were united to his majesty, by
the ties of allianee, and who felt an
interest'in the samie cause.

That in the prosecution of a. war
considered by his majesty as a cause
of general concern and as @ common
cause, his majesty has not received
that cordial €o-operation, which we
were led to expectfrom those pow
ers, and who were united with him
by the ties of alliance, andwhowere
supposed to feel gn interest in the
same cause,

That, on a review of the con-
duct of the several powers of Eu-
rope, frem whom, if the cause was
common, and if the concern was
general, such cordial co-operation, -
might have heen expected ; that
many of those powers have not cc-
operated with his majesty 3 that
the empress of Russia has not con-
tributed, in any shape, to the sup-
port of this common cause ; that
the crowns of Sweden and "Dene
mark have united to support their
neutrality, and to defend themselves
against any attempt to force them to
take part in this common cause ;
that Poland is neither able nor in-
clined to take part init, and that
Switzerland and Venice are neutral ;
that the king of Sardinia has requi<
red and obtained a subsidy from
Great Britain to enable him to act
even on the defensive ; that the
king of the two Sicilies, professing
to make common cause with his
majesty. in the war against France,
is bound to it. by nothing but his
own judgment, in the course of event
which may occur, and that he is at
liberty to abandon the common
cause, whenever he shall judge that

L'a” . he

Be ANN UcAds RECISEER,

he.cannotany.Jonger with justice asd
iy. continue the wars, thatthe,
eftorts,of., Portugal,and -Spain, have
been completely ineffectuals.y =
That With.respect to) the powers
who were, principals in-the present
Wat, (nize. the..states general,,-the
ing. of Prussia.and .the emperer)>
t estates. general having refused to,
contract. for- the payment of their
portion of the subsidies, to be»paid.
to,the king of Prussja, «beyond the
term of the present-yar, have therg--
by.. reservedto themselves aright to-
-withdraw..from the support.of.the
war at that period, and.o; throw,
the whole, burthen. of it upon, Great
Britain ;-that,,the-king .ef Prussia
being.bound, . by the convention.of:
July, 1793, toget in the movkspers
J gn sabes with the mosh tttin,

pate dane ksvine ghée spror)
Thised tocontinue to e mploy. his for=;
C8954 far, as,civeumstances. would:
permit, in,carrying on-the-war, and:
his.mwajesty having sitice being-obli«,
ged, by: the-treaty of the: 19ur of Ax
pril, 1794, to-grant:to:the: king’ of:
Prussia. an- enormous subsidy; sins
ae engage him to continue to”

his. Sores te tis. country ya return
fora most profi tableaecuniary: com~

pensation; atolinekpence;-and that
Ciucat. Britain:sis, im-fact, » Jowded
Wwith:his propershare of the burthes
of a.war, whicly is said: ta:be-the
common cause Jof éver yo civilized

state j,and: finally, that if it were”

expedient or necessary. to purchase
the: king: of:Prussiaisxco-operatioi:
@8 such terms, the-emperor, Whese

1794,

interests. aye more directly ‘at stakey,

was.-falk as much. bound, imreason,
and- justice, .ashis meajesty; or the.
stajes.generl,, would, be to. gontri+?
bute equallytotbat expence: i» ad,
that if, at any- futures period..of -the,

war, the eapetor’s finances. should:
be. sgexhansted, as to wake LEM pessy
sible, for him, to wmaintgin-it, en. bis.
part, at, his ownchaige, his: ingper.
rial majesty Ww 4piabe- invited and en;
courazed. if pot justified,...by,-the.
cxaropc-and,success, of the, king-of,
Prussia, {0, call ApoB. this COUNTY ys
to...defiay,.. the, W hole pence ¢ of
whatever arany- he-paay continne-ta-
peal: noon ies Regpeh- $: BOR,

try, Cat, 3 ip pr maence: OF, withs eae
declivg.a: compliznee awith such dee,
Is, if-it. be trueg,as has been de-
clared, that, the destruction -of,, the
present, Yeench, government is,essen~
tial. to -the security: of: every: thing,
ahioh,is..anost. deat aud: walugller ee
US, aS a.nations,- res Sate: ¢

That, ia. consequence ofthe evens
of e. War -on.the coptivent : sank
elsew! here, all viewsef- aggrandiser
ment. and.anpbition, on: the ‘pert-ok
Erance, supposing the Freneh torte
tertain such -yiey s,-are, evidently
un ‘Wtainabley.. and -payist-be>, reling:
Guished. by, Fra Deeg and,, ‘thexeforg
the object..of the war,nagnit swag,
or iginally. professedoni Oursparty VIZ.
the restoration of peace on terms.o§;
permanent sec urity , is now_abtains’
able ‘and-may..be, secured; provided
that, ‘gnone side,.. theslivencly shall
be content with.the possession. and
safety of their own country, and
that

{
» aye 9 ‘ . ee see + Z
200. 35-7 ATE’ Pp
#hat weyor thé other; shall adhere
; to the-principles of justicé and po-

dicey so often declared by his m iesty
_ ‘andavowed by his nfinisters, ofwnt-
frrmly abstatiing from any interfe-
rence with respect ‘to the internal af~
Pairs of France Ore) fk bs
_ 3, Because the factsheréin before
‘set forth, being’, as we conceive, t-
‘deniablé* truths, “fit now to “be re-
‘solved anddecliréd) it becoinés the
duty ot ‘hismajesty’s mitiisters; in
‘conformity to two other’ resolutioris
‘opened, ‘discussed and submitted to
the’ consideration of this'hotse, to
avail themselves of ‘the’ present cir-
“cumstances of thé war, to proindte
‘a pacification, by ‘évery means’ in
*their power, by proposing to’Fialide,
‘equitable and moderate conditions
‘of peace, and above -all things Zy
abstaining from any interfirencs ta
the internal affairs of Frante. *
“4, Because in‘every* possible case
it is ‘equally desirable that his ma-
Jesty shotid*make arexplicit decta-
“gation of *his ‘views';’ for tf; onthe
vone- hand, it-is*the intention’ not'to
interfere in the imtertial goverriment
| cof Frante, iéthine ‘can'contribute
“so" much fo''advdnce a Hexotttion
*avith: those who "dw exercise” the
vpOwers of edvefimentih that coun-
Méiry, ds such a dedlaration; solétnaly
band*explicitly ‘nade } + sa;-on' the
other hand, if “H4stisiteh edt in-
terfere, it ishighly essential to make

A ee es

ia ith

cs Sata cece OK Ne I

* the degree of interference precisely
eye: so\as, toinduce such pakts
_ ° of the Krench natiomas,are dissatis-

"i fied with the present government,
™ 0 unite and exert themselvés, with
gh

4
b

ascertained, object... . .
Thy ceeenic. ~) wiNonrorks eM.
} shee tos ts LAG PANY 6 Grarron;
a > StALERMARDE; o'

SEee Ee SAw bois Dereyy: WGLleS

‘ meaition and security, ta Na 2 torres

hi 4 a by a a oan
RAPER. PA.
2M fac? Bsprorp)
hes ot Yo AUDERDALE,
vA) hy get) oY a NSDOWNE,

my olmak od CTR T

os ae

Do uy

nian hey Rann

‘

‘ a S > %

Pr otesPugainke thé véte'of thanks
GD Tae lord Food: 9h xp
Dissentientyes 202 saniny yey
1. B E@AUSE it has not been
44 2 Bthe- practice of this house
to vote thanks toofficers command-
ing histmajesty’s forces by sea or
Jahdj *excépt ‘on occasions where
they have eminently_advanced_the
honour and promoted the interests
Loftheir cotntryp by the mdstigh-
-portant,and acknowledged services,
os @aBecausey-by' votiny thethanks
sof.cthis houses excep! sin» such, in-
»stdncesy owe diminish) tlre vale of
the most honourable reward we have
in our power to confer, and lessen
one of thebest incitemeritsto future
OBOMVICSs AMO.» ay ie > ery at “¥
yot & Becalusettlveiredtcsion of Bas~ ”
dia does notin wtselt. appear sto. us to
cbe such asertice as‘eal!s upon this
obousérferany extradrdinaryymarkof
-apprdbaniononapplanseyonoit aes
4. Because, whatever the .mefit
ef that servibe may bel fhe othd> ad-
anisale (fsthe:feet;dand ithe vom-
-amahdingofficersief hiss nrayests?s
- Jand sfdrebsyronaust sHavex wad their
- shard dey And ito refuse! thatizing
‘them, 4s hadbeensasual ansimilar
oceasionsy @ppéars> torus’ to justify
oar.opiniomothati the vote ofthanks.
-sto Lord Einodorigiaated trom some
-tymotixeof aprivaveand personab na-
wihieln in isdmproper for-this
2 house :torcommrsnance.! sien
o> 6+ Because even. ministets them-
boselves\ dovnot seem, sin the first! in-
_y stamce, ‘to rhave considered 'thatser-
\o vice. as entithed)to such vdimaykt of
L4 appro

152

approbation ; for though accounts
had been received of the reduction
of Bastia, previous to those of the
victory obtained by the fleet under
the command of earl Howe, no in-
tention was announced of moving
a vote of thanks to lord Hood, till
this house had paid the just tribute
of gratitudeand honour for that most
important and splendid victory,
Brprorp,
» JLaupDeRpDALe,
Dersy,
THANET,
ALBEMARLE,

Speech of the speaker of the house of
of commons, when he gave the
thanks of the house to the mana-
gers of the impeachment against
Warren Hastings, esquire, June
20.

Gentlemen,

Tis my duty to communicate to

you the thanks of this house for
the manner in which you have dis-
charged a most arduous trust, on
an occasion highly interesting to
the honour ahd justice of ‘the na-
tion.

The subject to which your at-
tention has been directed, was in-
tricate and extensive beyond ex-
ample ; you have proved, that it was
well suited to your industry and elo-
quence, the exertions af which
haye conferred honour, not on
yourselves only, but on this house,
whose credit is intimately connect-
edwith your own, A forcible ad-
tmonition has been given, on this
occasion, to all persons in situations
of high andimportant national trust,
that they can neither be removed
by distance nor sheltered by power,
from the vigilance and authority of

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

this house, which. is possessed of no
privilege more important than that
by which it is enabled to bring pub-
lic delinquents to the bar of public
justice, and thus to preserve, or res-
cue from dishonour, the British
name and character.

But in addressing you on this oc
casion, and in considering the be—
neficial consequences to be expect-
ed from this proceeding, it is im-
possible not to advert to the increas-
ed security, which the constitutioa
has derived in the course of it from
the recognition and full confirma.
tion of the principle, that en im-
peachment is not discontinued by a
dissolution of parliament ; a princi-
ple essential to the privileges of this
house, and to the independent and
effectual administration of public
justice.

Under these impressions, suggest-
ed by the nature and importance of
your trust, and by the manner in
which you have discharged, 1 obey,
with the utmost satistaction, the
commands af this house, by stating
to you their resolution,

“That the thanks of this house
“be given to the members who
“were appointed the managers of
“« the impeachment against Warren
** Hastings, esq. for their faithful
“ managemeut in their discharge of
‘the trust reposed in them. ”

His mayesty’s speech to toth houses of
parliament, Dec. 30.

My lords and gentlemen,
FTER the uniformexperience
(CX which I have had of yoar
zealous regard for the interests of
my people, it isa great satisfaction
to me, to recur to your advice and
assistance, at a period which calls
for

STATE, BAPERS, 153

forthe full exertion of your gnergy
and wisdom,

Notwithstanding the disappoint
ments and reverses which we have
experienced in the course of the last
campaign, [ retain a firm convic-
tion of the necessity of persisting in
a vigorous prosecution of the just
and necessary war in which we are
engaged.

You will, Iam confident, agree
with me, that it is only from firme
ness and perseverance that we can
hope for the restoration of peace on
safe and honourable grounds, and

for the preservation and permanent
' security of our dearest interests.
In considering thesituation of our
' enemies, you will not fail to ob-
serve, that the efforts which have
led to their successes, and the un-
exampled means by which alone
those efforts could have been sup-
ported, haye produced among them-

selves the pernicious effects which -

were to be expected ; and that every
thing which has passed in the inte+
rior of the country has shewn the
progressive and rapid decay of their
resources and the instability of
every part of that yiolent and uns
natural system, which js equally
ruinous to France, and incompatible
with the tranquillity of other nar
tions.

The states general of the United
Prosinl have, nevertheless, been
led, by a sense of present difficul-
ties, to enter into negotiations for

ce with the party now prevailing

in that unhappy country. No esta-
blished government or indepen;
t state can, under the present
umstances, deriye real security
fom negotiations: on our part,
they tout not be attempted with-
. out sacrificing -both our honour and
gafety to an enemy whose chief ani-

mosity is avowedly directed against
these kingdoms,

I have, therefore, continued to
use the most effectual means for the
farther augmentation of my forces ;
and I shall omit no oppertunity of
concerting the operations of the
next campaign with such of the
powers of Europe as are impressed
with the same sense of the necessity
of vigour and exertion. 1 place
the fullest reliance’on the valour of
my forces, and on the affection and
public spirit of my people, in whose
behalf ] am contending, and whose
safety and happiness are the objects
of my constant solicitude.

The localimportance of Corsica,
and the spirited efforts of its inhabi-
tants to A Sives themselves from the
yoke of France, determined me not
to with-hold the protection which
they sought for; and I have since
accepted the crown and sovereigaty
of that country, according to an in-
strument, a copy of which I have
directed to be laid before you.

I have great pleasure in informing
you that 1 have concluded a treaty
of amity, commerce, and naviga«
tion, with the United States of
America, in which it has been m
object to remove, as far as possible,
all grounds of jealousy and misun«
derstanding, and to improve an ins
tercourse beneficial to both coun
tries.—As soon as the ratifications
shall have been exchanged, I will
direct a copy of this treaty to be
laid before you, in order that you
may consider of the propriety of
a such provisions as may ape
pear necessary for carrying it inte
effect.

I have the greatest satisfaction iu
announcing to you the happy event
of the conclusion of a treaty for the
marriage of my son, the prince of

Wales,

i644 ANNUAL “RE GIS TER,

Wales, withthe princess Caroline,
daughter of the duke’of- Brunswick,
Theconstant’ proofs’ of your ‘affec-
stion for’ my person and family per-
suade’ me that: you “will: ‘participate
‘an the sentiments I feel on ah oceds
‘sion se interesting to my ‘doihéstic
thappiness,-and' that you will'enable
me’ ‘to make provision for stich -an
establishment- as’ you “may” think
suitable tothe rank and’ dignity ‘of
‘the-heir appatent to the’? crown of
these: org bos poms Ada

+ aan went lerad’ of - the” house oF

a) ssommonep 4 4

The considerations® which prove
thé necessity of a: “vigorous prosecu,
tien Of the war will, T doubt not,
qnduve'! you to’ wie ‘timely “and

‘arhple provitica” for the “séveral

» raitchés of ‘the+public service, the
vestimates for which I have dirécted

‘#6 tbelaid before you. “While *I
regret--the nedessity of larce ad-
‘ditional-burdens on my subj fects, it
is a just Consolation ald sa aisfaction
"td Hie). ‘to observe’ the’ state of “our
credit? commerce, and résources,

~whicltis the “natuYalresult oF the *
#eontinued exertions'of industry’ un-
\dér the ‘protection ‘of a> ‘free “and
wee eens government, |

“My fords < ad ventenice
sus just'sense of Lhe" Blessings now
apoio ‘enjoyed by this counti’ ywill,

“Team ‘perstiaded,” encourage you to
‘hake évéty effort which can enable
“you ‘to transtnit those bl essiigs ‘un-
‘Ympair €d-to your posterity.

~< [enifertaitva confident hope that,
under the protection ‘of Providence,
and with constancy and perseve-

sratice’ Ou-owr part; thie’ printiples of

social order, tiomlity, and religion,

Awill ultimately * be-stiecessful ; “and
‘that my faithful people tail find

“sources whith our enemi

17946

thcit present ¢ exeitions And sacrifiges

rewarded by the secure atid perma
nent enjoy meént OF’ ‘tranduillity at
home,” and’ by ‘thé’ ‘déliveratice "of
Europe from ‘thé’ greatest danger
with which it has been threatened
suice the éstablishment of civilized
society. Laat inant, tw any %

Used

Speech of hig ‘eicbMlency ‘Tobn, Near?
‘of Westmoreland, ° ‘lord- Leutenant
‘Sof Treland, to’ bath” houses’ f. per
| eae, Jan. 21, oar

we My Gras and core

J FAVE his ‘majesty’s commands

to meet you ‘in parliament, You

‘must have felt, with the highest Sa

‘tisfaction,” that, ‘by the’sucéess of

his Mmajesty’s‘arms and those of “his

“allies, the hopes of ‘France ik ‘ther

unprovoked declar ation tt war, to’

“impair the stability * or shake the

constitution of Great Britain ‘and

“Treland; have been” “utterly” disap.

“pointed. é
The forces of his ‘majesty « ‘and his

‘allies arein’ possession “oF | Siany, im

ortant fortresses which’ belonged

"to the’ Fréieh, and niany” of their

‘oppressive: and bas have

been’. wrested tom them; . and

“whil&t the‘trade ofthe enipire has

been generally protected, the. res

derived

‘from their wealthy ‘scttl nts: and

“extensive commercé havé beet als

“most entirely"cut “off.”

E have the satisfaction to acquaint
“you, that the spirit of insurrection,
“which was'for’ some time Pe
‘aniong the loiwver’ orders c of Ke oe
js in general suppressed, ” -
‘tion shall be wanting, on 8 patts
“to bring them*to a aus. sense of t=
‘der ‘and subdrditation, © and to. Bi
vent qnd phish the machinati :

5 0.

S. 1 SPATE ER

of those* who may aim tosedace
them frony theit accustomed loyalty

_jnté acts‘of sedition and outrage.
_ ~The! law for-rendering a militia
” in’ this’kingdom ¢ffectialy bas been
anvied sutcessfully into"execution:
am happy'to find that the people
Boe at lenoth fully reconciled té
this institution,” which has ‘already
~ Been: ‘attended by- the miost benefi-
: eral “1 cbriséquences, in producing
; * srnal tranquillity, awd contribu-
is" ‘to*the’vgeneral “aig ght sie

B iiec-of thevempire. A
— Pv am: ‘commanded to acquaint
_ you, that his majesty»has appointed’
io ‘comhinission-underthe great-seal,
to éxectite *theoflice’of: lord : high
f treasurer of this’ ‘kingdom, in order
_ that the payment of the civil “het
_ granted 4orhis majesty, and a repux
_ larappropriatiod of ‘the revente to”
distinct” services,’ may be carried
into execution’ iva tanner as-con=
fortiable’ to: the: practice of “Great
Britain, as therelative situation of
this i oa will aren, ©

Seger ee
ps >

# MiGenrtersen “af: the house of
ieee \ yak op wea
reost.c” Baty -z 7 .
have! “ordered tthe’ fatten ‘ad=
eclints to be laid’ before * you, as well
as thé “estimares for! thé sérvice"6f
the "ensuing Yyear.~ Jt 1 painful to
ot to’ ‘observe, “that’ the exigencies
thie times will require a lared Sup-
_plyrand” additional ‘resourées j but
when you" consider that <this 18° a
War
Lave contendiny for yourtiberty;
ropérty; ys and: religion, } doubt not
tv ou ‘will’ chee: sf ally Contribute’
_ te’sur port-the hofidur of his’ majes-
_ fy’ crown, peng gee oe tape ests:
of the-kitrgdoms % #-~-

pages

ee a ee eee

ae at

‘absbluté necessity, and-that.

APE asia Lag

7 ys 5,

My: lords and gevtlmen,

"Phe Adricuhvure; the cnceilacs
‘ieee and particularly the hnen-ma-
nufacture of Ireland, the Protestant
chartet’sthodls; and “various other
institutiotis of public utility, Have
sb. constantly ‘received: the «benefit
of your care and liberality,. that I
need Hof particularly, “at this: pares
inculcate their importance. ."**

»“His majesty has:the fullest “a
ancé‘ipon the loyalty and attache
ment*of tis people of Ireland.» You
are*now; by ‘hee Unjust” apygression
of Fyatice? involved-ina contest-of
your region, for yout “constitution;
anid" for “the” preservation ‘of> every:
priitiple which" aipholds 30cialzore
det; bi Fives security to-your pers
sdtis'O¥ properties. Tn’such’a cause
Itis thajésty’ ‘has’ fo doubt of “being
cordially sepported= by -the:efforts:
of all his*sabjects, int yesisting: the:
desperate désigns of ‘men; whorare
endeavouring: té. erect’ theirs own
power dnd*-domition .on: the ruins
of law and order,-*and® to invelve
every goyernment of Europe in a
géneval séerieaf ‘Confusion: -e an-
archy PONTING

HLS" majesty’s “object” is “peace 5 ;
atd"hée-will “exert himself, in: cone
juriction” ‘with hie “aliiesy whenever.
ah Océasion" ‘shall present itself, for
obtaining this’ desirable end >with
ont. “Suirréfidering® the Heaehe: ‘ef this:
crown, Or sacrificing the present dx
future security of his people onc of
the rest "of Burope.: nS 2577

“YOu may “depend hpow my ai
fal representations of -your-services-
tovhis majesty ; and-F will-zealouslyz
co-operate with= your’ exertions. for
the welfare’and* gar nec Soar

’ oo. t Pntee
a jee OUIS Es Spec

wae te

156

Speech of his excellency John, earl of
Westmoreland, lord-leutenant of
Treland, to both houses of parlia-
ment, on closing the sesslon
March 25.

My lords and gentlemen,
ite important objects which
engaged your attention being
concluded, I am enabled to relieve
you from farther attendance jn par;
liament,
Lhave his majesty’s commands to
express hjs most iptire satisfaction
in the zeal and unanimity which
have governed your proceedings
during the present session, and the
cheerfulness with which you have
provided for the extraordinary emer-
gencies of the state. This con-
duct, so honourable to yourselves,
raust essentially tend to preserve
the internal tranquillity of your
country, to maintain that free con-
stitution under which you enjoysuch
inestimable blessings, and is highly
beneficial to the general interests
of the empire, and tg the common
cause of Europe,

Gentlemen of the house af
commons,

I am directed by his majesty to
return you his thanks for the very
liberal supplies you have veted far
the public service. You may rely
on their faithful application to the
purposes for which they were grant-
ed. oe

aay
My lords and gentlemen,

His majesty feels, with the most
cordial pleasure, the loyalty of his
people of Ireland, and the aifection-
ate determination they have always
shewn to stand of fall with Great
Britain. In the contest in which
we are engaged, by the unprovoked

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

aggression of France, measures of
the most vigorous nature continue
to be requisite, and his majesty will
persevere in his exestions, in con-
junction with his allies, against the
common enemy, Under the Di-
vine Proyidenge, on the justice of
his cause, on the disciplined yalour.
of his fleets and armies, and the
united efforts of all his subjects, his
majesty relies for a favourable issue
to a war, which, on the part of our
enemies, is waged against the envied, |
liberty of these kingdoms, and the
established government of every
state in Europe. if
I applaud your wisdom in passing
an act for preserving the property,
within this kingdom, of persons rez
sident in France from becoming the
plunder of those who have usurped
the government of that unhappy.
cauntry. It is peculiarly our duty
to support the security of privaee
property, and to maintain the prin-
ciples of justige, when doctrines
have been advanced, and attempts,
endeavoured to be carried into exe-
cuton, for the destruction of both.
I am sorry to inform yau, that in
some parts of the county of Cork,
the people, deluded by the artifices
af wicked and designing men, have,
assembled in numerous bodies, and,
have compelled many to take un.
lawful oaths, The timely exer-
tions of the magistrates, aided by
the spirited conduct of his majesty’s
regular and militia forces,* have
nearly suppressed those disturbances,
No attention shall be wanting on
my part to the protection of the
peaceable and intiustrious, and to
the punishment of offenders against
the law, and especially of those
who have instigated the ignorant to.
the commission of such dangerous

crimes,
Th

: STAITE PAPERS.

Theearly conclusionof the session
will evable you, in your respective
counties, to enforcé a dre obedience
to the laws, and to inculcate that
spirit of loyalty to the king, and at=
tachment to our happy constitution,
which has so eminently distinguished
your conduct.

1 am truly sensible of the repeat-

‘ed testimonies I have recerved of
your confidence and support, for

Which d return you my mhost siacere
thanks, and shull endeavour to ‘en=
sure theit continuance by employing
évery power, with which I am in-
vested, for the maintenance of the
public tranquillity, and the advan-
tage of this kingdoin, and by faith-
fully representiuptoliis majesty your
tnremitting attention to the welfare
Of Ireland, and your unanimoks ex-
értions for the general cause of the
empire.

réaty between his Britannic majes:,y
the hing of Prussia, and the states

genral of the Uniled Provin-
6%. Signed at the Hague, April
19. :

TETR ‘majesties, the kings of
Great ‘Britain and of Prus-

dia, and sheir high mightinesses the
states general of the United Provin-
ces, being animated by the same
desire of putting a stop to the pro-
gress of the system of anarchy and
érimes by which civil society has
been menaced, and b*ing desirous
of concerting together to support,
in'the thos effectual manner, the
‘common ‘cause in which they are
engaged in consequence of the un-
just and cruel war, which the per-
eons, who exercise the powers of
goveroment of France, have raised
Up agaist several of “the great

137

powers of Europe, have agreed, itt
contermity to the bonds of friend-
ship and alliance which so happily
unite them, to conclude the present
treaty 3 and, for this purpose, they
have named their respective pleni=
potentiaries, to wit, his Britanni¢
majesty, the lord baron of Malins-
bury, a peer of the kingdom of
Great Britain, privy counsellor,
knight of the order of the Bath ; his
Prussian majesty, the sieur Chrétien
Henry Curce, count de Haugwiz,
his minister of state, of war, and of
the cabinet, knight of the order of
the Red Eagle; and their high
mightinesses the states general of
the United Provinces, the sicurs
Laurent Pierre van de Spiegel,
counsellor, pensionary of the pro-
vince of Holland and West Fries-
land, keeper of the seals, and de-
puty of the said provinces at the
assembly of the states general, and
Henry Fagel, grefher of their high
mightiaeses: who, after having
communicated to each other their
respective full powers, have agreed
upon the following articles :

Article 1. Hismajesty the king of
Prussia engages to farnith an army
which shall be composed of sixty,
two thousand four hundred men,
conformably to the establishment
which he has caused to be deliver-
edtothe ministers of the maritime
powers ; which establishment shall
be considered as making part of the
present treaty. ‘his army shall ree
main united under a Prussian gom-
mander, and shall act, in the most
effectual manner, against the com-
mon enemy, either separately or
jointly, with a body of troops, in
the pay of the maritime powers, or
‘of one of them. The said army
shall be and shall remain as come
plete as possible, and shall-be em-

ployed

és ANN ULE

ployed acrording 'to:a: concert one
military poimts between’ his Bitan-’
nicimajesty, his Prussian’ majesty,’
andtheir: high mightinesses “the
states general of the United Pro-
vinces; wherever it’shall ‘be*fitdged’
tobe: most suitable to the interests
of the maritime-powers :-this-army”
shallavrive at the place-of its desti+
naticnouthe twenty-fourth of May,
in: the’ :year:. one thousand seven’
hundretl and ninéty=four, or sooner:
if. possible. ©. It shall be® ‘provided
with: ficld=pitees with: ‘their ear’
riages, and also with the tetits' and
el military equipments: ieer iMag: For
aeting” iathesfield, 069 #20 cst
Aut. Zs Ibas-agreed bythe hiekt
contracting parties, that ‘the troops
which-his Prussian’ majesty is bound
to.furnish to: his’ Britannic majesty’
and toitheimhigh‘mightinesses, -by
virtueiof ‘the respective’ treaties of
alliance*bet ween his Prussian tia,
jestyiand the: maritime powers, shall
becomprised in this armyof sixty
two: thousand. four* hundted! nieti;
aad that; by -enypleyinig the said
army in the» manner’ declared’: tr
this present tréatys-hiS-Prussiai ma-.
jestyushall‘berdeemed to “have fui'-
nished to-his highrallies the sucéotrs
stipulated: im-the'said treaties.
vwArte3icIn‘ordér to faerhtate to:
his\Prussian ‘majesty’ thé-meansof
atting with vigour; “and! conforma’
bly: to: the sentiments 6 zeal’ atid:
concern withwhich ‘he is‘aniniated:
ferthe.dothmen tause, his Britannie
majest yadd-their high michtinesses!

agree to-furnish to his Pyassiail ‘ras

jesty a veubsidy yof Aft} ‘thonsaitd®
pounds carling per tioneh intl the’
end oft the: present’ year; thd tobe)
reckoned from: the’ be cinniftg OF thé
ntonth insyylvich the’ ‘presedit fitaty*
is’ mignede ae Le SD

elo jtpax JE

bs G

els tte

slieson ds

1794; *

Awty 4. Hig) Britannic” inaesty
and ‘their’ high mightinesses ‘will’
pay to his” Pyassian “majesty, imme
diately; ‘the'sum of three hundred
thousand potinds sterling, to enable’
him to defray the’ charge of com
pleting the’ abovesientioned army,
and the first expences necessary for
putting it in a state of action, and,
for carr rying | it to the place where.
it is to ‘act; “and,” at the period of
the véturn OF the said | troops, his.
Britannic majestt and their high,
mithtinesses he ae pay. to.
Hig PRissian majesty the sum of one
hundréd thousand pounds sterling,
for ‘the expences of the return of
the ‘ar my into the territories of his

atiberd pei aid moan Sede
sa olltds “The Sig a
mionths shall be discharged i in, ad-
vanice, at the beginning of each
month.” All these’ paythents : shall
be made at Berlin by the maritime
powers, agreeably to such arran
ment as they shall, agree upon be-
tweet themselves ; and the pound,
sterling. shall ‘be fckonet, At six,
créwihs in ‘Frederi¢s Es 0 Se f
‘Wit.'5, ‘The ane Pecan
subsidy “atid payments shall gatisty,
all ‘dettiands Which his Prussian one
jesty ‘might be - entitled to, make
upon’ the maritime powers. for, the.
oes oe ‘the » AMY 5. all these,
chy mab ‘of what,” nature osagver.
may be, Delng. to bé.defrayed.
by! his” Prigsiaa ’ majesty, with ‘the:
exception only ‘of ‘the SXBEREES ak,
biead ‘and: forage, ‘which. shall. be,

feniited by th the ‘ipame peyerin

+ wel for the thirty-five thousand,
dred. men, whom his, Pras;

esty, engages to employ, aver,
jove_ the, stipulated SUCCOUIS,-
r those succours,themselyes, in.
anner ¢ ‘ confor mable to the, terms,
the. treaties, of. alliqnee, .s subsists,
Fe between. the maritine,.. paw ers.
an his ‘said majesty. But, in. order,
Av Ol difficulties which might.
a relative | to. the furnishing of
‘these ‘articles ink kind,, the high ¢ con-.
ree ial agree t that, this. ex-.
lbe satished, y oe

20% ing to uh esta=:
b ame . sage =
‘the payment, of | this-sum shall,
ees in adyance, .af, the ise sits,
ning 9 of oh month, In; iE 2 same,
marmer, as that, of the ubsid. Yo. Pah:
q Pe beg the same cee « But, iF
Many in future, that, any.
sae made,, by, consent, .
ae contracting sparties, in
res ective proportions of, infan-.
cavalry, and artillery,, sett led

he said “establishime oe 3.an such;
‘a

2 anew. valuation 9 the afores
peciniary. aid, shall be Baby,
eee the nea, proportion ©
ns feng. 204 potions wibich, may re-,-

e said, variation, go t that:

said an may? not be he-
e actual “expences occasions,
firmishing of, , the articles..
estion, according to,the proy
z he aie and ; horses Waich ,
iy agreed, thay. all,
y.this, aera shall.
ine on of, the, two,
wers, and shall remain

i "disposg, ie the’ ours

Aiea,

SEAT ESR

AP ERS. fv 1D:

the, wary,and,.,at. the peage, to--be»

. made such. use -as, they, shall then:

judge, most POPE wa no cen ,
Attete. The, two ite
powers... sha]l ..name; two. persons +

commissioned’ to. reside «in, their;
names at the. head=quaxters of tl °
Prussian agmy, to, keepenp then
cegsaky.communication,,aad,, eal
sppndencebetarc: nthe saa ars,
TRIESO eeeeit tes i (Ses ,
burt. 8. This, tugaty . aball’ cones
tinue in.its full force; uptil-the end-
of, the. present ,year ong thousand,
even. hundred and ninetysfour.., u
Arty: 9. Phe, present, treaty. shall:
be ratified ly all parties, andthe. ex+-
change,of she ratifjcations,,shall be»
niece the space-of one-month, ox
sognersr pasgible. evs
In witness of which, eases Plane
_nipotentiaries.of his Britanmic
s- Majesty, and, of his, Prussian
-oMajesty; and of the lords states
general pk. the United Provin-
ces by virtue of our.respective
powers, haye signed the pre-
sent treaty, and have thereunto
affixed th lofourarms. ~—
Rone atthe Hague; the 19th of,
be April, in the year of grace one
. thousand’ seven hundred and
nincty-four. ean!
(8) Havewiz.
ALS.) Marmspurye: 3 *
van die H. Fa WiC Ebi, th
Rone

ve oak Tw ae

5.) be hea Yen DR. Srizs,y
gatas
ittiige ee cA Arte
|, SEPARATE AaTICLE, tt

* tgs et viii Shiy

eae clea ok: their high,

nd ae a ae @

. mightinggses,. not. having thought,

themaelyes.. empowered ta, contract;
atthe presentmoment, any engage=*-
ments crelative to, the, payment of,
the subsidies, stipulated, i ja. the Pitts
seat treaty, beyond the. tern, ofthe, —

present

160

present yeat, this treaty has been
conéluded only for that term ; but
their Britannic and Prussian majes~-
ties, being desirous of continuing
the effect of the aforesaid engage=
ments until the end of the war, will
enter into farther conceit, as .well
between themselves as with their
high mightinesses, for the renewal
of the present treaty, for so long as
the war shall last, on the same cons
ditions as are therein declared with
respect to the troops, to their em=
ployment, and tothe payment of
the aforesaid subsidies, as well as to
the furnishing tread and forage,
conformable to Art. 5. of the trea=
ty 5 without however adding any
thing for the expences of coms
pleting the troops, or for those of
putting: them in motion.

Done at the Hague, the nine=
teenth of April, in the year of
grace one thousand seven bun-
dred and ninety=four.

(L. S.) Haveéwiz.
(L. 3.) Marmszury.

is Britannic ma-

Convention beltween
jesty and the states general of the

United Provinces. Signed at the
Hogue, April 19.

His Britannic majesty and the

lords the states general of
the United Provinces, desiring to
put his Prussian majesty into a situ=
ation to prosecute with vigour the
war, in which the greatest part of
the powers of Europe find them-
selves engaged, through the unjust
aggression of those who have exer=
cised the powers of government in
france, a negotiation has been
opened for this purpose at Berlin,
which having since been transferred
to the Hague, has been there ter-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

minated by the treaty of subsidy,
concluded this day, by which the
maritime powers have engaged
themselves to furnish to his Prussian
Majesty the sums specified in the
above=mentivned treaty, to the ends
which are also announced init. In
conseqiience of this treaty, his Bri-

tannic majesty and their high migh-

tinesses the lordsthe statesgeneral of
the United Provinces, desiring te
come to a farther wuderstanding be-
tweeh themselves upon the reparti=
tion of the said sums to be furnished
to his Prussian Majesty, have resul«
ved to conclude for that purpose,
between theinselves, the present
convention, and have named in
consequence, that is to say, his
Britannic majesty, the lord baron
Malmsbury, peer of the king=
dom of Great Britain, a privy
counsellor, and knight of the order
of the Bath ; and their high migh=
tinesses the states @cheral, the sieurs
Laurent Pietre Van de Spiegel,
counsellor pensionary ofthe province
of Holland and of West Friesland,
keeper of the seals, and deputy of
the said province at the assembly
of the states general, and Henry
Fagel, greffiet of their high migh=
tinesses : who, after having mutu-
ally cominunicated their respective
full powers, and having found them
in good and due form; have settled
the following articles.

Art. 1. Their high mightinesses
the states general shall furnish for
their quota-part of the entire sum
to be paid to his Prussian imajesty,.
in order to enable him to fulfil the
engagements which he has contract=
ed by the treaty of subsidy, cone
cluded and signed this day, the sum
of four hundred thousand pounds
sterling, after the same v.*iation
which 1s sttpulated for in the above-

mentioned

SITNAT E JPIVP BRS.

mentioned treaty ; which sum shall
be divided in such a manner that
‘hundred thousand pounds ster-
lin may be appropriated to answer
part of the expences expressed: in
the said treaty under the name of
charges of completing, of putting
‘in motion, and of establishment,
whilst the remaining three hundred
thousand pounds shall be divided
_ into nine equal portions, to answer
in part the bread and expences of
forage, according to the. valuation
of the said treaty, and in part of
_ subsidy, which his Britannic majesty
and their high mightinesses have
- engaged themselves by Art. 2. of
_ the treaty to furnish to his Prussian
- majesty.
_- Art. 2..As the existing circum-
_ Stances do not permit their high
_ tightinesses to enter into cngage-
ments of subsidy for an indefinite
term, it is understood, that the
present convention will not be ex-
tended beyond the term of the pre-
sent year; but, if unhappily the war
- should not then be finished, his
_ Britannic majesty and. the ‘states
_ general would consult together, in
order to take, from time to time,
all the adequate measures for re-
newing this. convention, and for
_ supporting with vigour the just
cause, in which his. "Britannic ma-
_jesty and their hizh mightinesses
¢ ‘find themselves en aged.
7 Art ‘3, The present convention
_ shal! be ratified on both sides, and
4 the’ exchange of the ratifications
shall'take place in the space of one
: “month, or sooner if it be possible.
In faith of which we, plenipo-
tentiaries of his Britannic ma-
-jesty, and of the lords states
general of the United Provin-
s&s, in virtue of our respective
; powers, have signed the pre-

i Vou. KXXVI.

16)

sent convention, and affixed to
it the seal of our arms.

Done at the Hague, the nine-«
teenth of April, one thousand
seven hundredand ninety-four.

(L.'S.) L. P. Van DE
SPIEGEL.

(L. S.) H. Facer.

(L. S.) Matmszury.

Treaty betweenhis Britannicmajesty
and the duke of Brunswick. Signed
at Brunswick; Nov. 8, 1794.

E it known fo those whom it

does and may concern: The
present situation of affairs in Kuropé
having caused a. desire in his Bri-
tannic majesty that a corps of Brun-
swick troops should be granted to
him, the mostserencedukeof Bruns-
wick has seized, with all possible
eagerness, the opportunity, of pro-
ving his unalterable attachment to
his ‘B: ritannic majesty, and his zeal
for every thing that can tend to the
good.of the country. ..To which
effect, his serene, highness has enga-
ged himself to farnish his Britannic
majesty a Corps of two thousand
two hundred and eighty-nine men.
In order to conclude a treaty rela-
tive to this object, his Britannic
majesty has named, on bis part, the
honovrable! William Hiliot, and the
most serene duxe of Brunswick has
named, on his s de, the sieur, John
Batiste de Feronce de Rotencreutz,
his minister of state and knight of
the royal order of Dannebrog.

These two ministers plenipoten-
tiary, after the exchange of their
full powers, have agreed to the fol-
lowing articles.

Avt. 1) The most serene dukeof
Brunswick furnishes; invirtue ofthe
present treaty, to his majesty the

M king

162

king of Great Britain, a corps of
troops, amounting in the whole to
two thousand two hundred and
eiglity-nine men, amongst whom is
included a company of horse chas-
seurs of oue hundred and five men.
This corps shall be furnished with
the following artillery; namely,

Four six-pounders, a battery of
six six-pounders,two three-pounders,
tor the corps of chasseurs.

This artillery shall be previded
with every thing necessary for its
complete equipment.

The composition of the aforesaid
corps is according to the following
statement :

Men.
Ist, The staff - - 27
2d. A regiment of infantry 724
3d. A second regiment of in-
fantry - 724
4th. A ‘corps of horse and foot
chasseurs - 454

5th. A detachment ofartillery,
forming two companies,
including artificers, work-
men, and servants iiecessa-
ry for the train -

300

Total 2289

Art. 2. These troops, at the time

of aie eth: shall be well disci-
plined, completely armed and e-
quipped; and his most serene high-

ness engages himself, during the ex-

istence of this treaty, tokeep the
said troops 6n the most proper
footing, in order that they may be
employed with success in the mili-
tary services which shall be required
of them by viriue-of the present
treaty ; the duration of which is
fixed to three years, counting from
the day of its signature.

These troops shall not be sepa-
rated, unless the necessity of the
war shall requireidt, but they shall

ANISUAL REGISTER, 1794.

always remain under the orders of
their chief, subordinate to the com-
mand of the general to whom his
Britannic majesty shall entrust that
of the whole army. It will depend
on his Britannic majesty to retain
this corps of troops in his service all
the time of the duration of this
treaty, to make use of them in any
part of Europe where he may have
oceasion for them, provided it be
not on board the fleet. The said
troops shall take the oath of fidelity
to his Britannic majesty, at their
first review, before an English com-
missary, withoutany prejudice, how-
ever, to that which they have taken
to the mast serene duke. His said
most serene highness shall moreover
retain the nomination to all employ-
ments and offices that may become
vacant, and the administration of
justice shall, in like mannel, be pre-
served to him.

Art. 3. This corps of troops shall
be ready to pass in review, and to
put itself in march, on the first of
next January, or sooner if it can be
done: nevertheless, as it is to be
feared that, considering the difficul-
ty of furnishing, in so short a time,
every thing necessary to the equip-
ment of the said corps, it is agreed
to cause this corps to march in two
divisions, one of which shall begin,
its march on the first of January, or
sooner if it can be done ; and the se-
cond, the first of F ebruary, or sooner
if it can be done, without this in-
fluencing upon the payments, which
are to take place for the whole corps
from the first of January.

As to the expences of the march,
the following regulation has been
made: this. corps of troops being
destined to serve in the army of Bra-
bant, it is agreed that his Britannic
majesty, in order to answer the ex-

pences

gl we i igs 3

pences of this long march, shall
cause to be paid, immediately after
the signature of the treaty, to the
agent of his most serene highness at
London, the amountof three months
“pay, on the footing of the Braban-
tine pay; and as to the period of
the return of the said troops into the
country of Brunswick, it is agreed
thathis Britannic majesty shall cause
this return to be notified three
months beforehand; and with re-
gard to the expences of the route,
two months of Brabantine pay is.to
be allowed.

Art. 4. His Britannic majesty
will cause to be paid, under the
head of levy money, for each foot
soldier, foot chasseur, artillery man,
&c. &c, thirty banco crowns, the
crown computedat fifty-three pence
of Holland, or at four shillings and
nine pence three farthings English
money; and for each horseman
duly armed and mounted, eighty
banco crowns of the same value,
which makes the sum of seventy-
three thousand three hundred and
ninety banco crowns. This sum
shall be paid immediately after the
signature of the present treaty.

_ Art. 5. As to what relates to the
pay and allowances, both ordinary
Pe extraordinary, of the said troops,
uring the time that they shall be in
the pay of Great Britain, it is agreed
that this pay, and all the emolu-
ments, shall commence from the
first of January next, and shall con-
tinue until the day whereon the
‘troops shall return intotheir respec-
tive garrisons. His Britannic ma-
jesty will moreover'cause to be paid
unto them the pay and emoluments
for the remainder of the month in
which these troops shall have return-
_ 6d into their garrisons.

fee. By ae 163

It is moreover agreed, that if
these. troops shall happen to serve
in the empire, they shail-enjoy the
same pay and the same advantages
which his majesty: grants to his
German troops, according to the
effective state in which the said
corps shall be delivered, which shall
be verified by a statement, signed
by the respective ministers of the
high contracting parties, which shall
have the same force as if it were in-
serted, word for word, in the pre-
sent treaty. So long as these troops
shall] be employed in the Low Coun-
tries, they shall be treated, with re-
spect to pay and emoluments, both
ordinary and extraordinary, on the
footing of the Brabantine pay, it
being well understood, that in the
one and in. the other case, that is
to say, in that of the German, as
well as in. that of the Brabantine
pay, the allowances shall not be,
oelow what has been granted in
former wars te the Hessian troops:
and if the nature of the war shall
require that these troops should
serve in other countries on the con-
tinent of Europe than in countries
above-mentioned, they then shall
be placed on the samme footing in
every respect as the most favoured
of his majesty’s auxiliary. troops.
If it should happen that they should
be employed in Great Britain or
Ireland, they shall be placed.on the
same footing in every respect as the
British national tropps. All these.
allowances for the said troops shall
be paic into the military chest of his
most serene highness, without any
abatement whatever.

Art. 6. Every object. relating to
the equipment of the officers having
considerably increased in price dur-
ing this war, his Britannic majesty

M 2 will

164,

will cause to be paid three months
of Brabantine pay to all the officers
of the corps, to answer in part the
expences of their equipment, which
must be-done with a dispatch which
will infinitély “increase their ex-
peice, |

hArt. 7. With respect to the
subsidy which his Britannic majesty
shall pay:to the most serene duke of
Brunswick, during’ the three years
that this treaty is'to last, it is stipu-
lated} that it shall! be an annual sub-
sidy of stxty-four thousand six hun-
dred andeighty-seven banco crowns,

the crown being reckoned at fifty-.

thrée pence of Holland, or at four
shilliugs and nine-pence three far-
things English money. And if these
troops should be sent back into the
térritories of Brunswick before the
expiration of the three years, ‘this
subsidy of sixty-four thousand six
hundred and cighty-seven banco
crowns shall’ be, neither more: or
less, ‘paid’ during three years, to be
comiputed from the day of the signa-
ture’ of the treaty.

Art. 8. If it should happen that

one of the regiments, battalions, or

compaties of this corps should suf-
fer'an extraordinary loss, whether in
battle! or at a siege, or by an un-

common contagious distemper, or

by other accidents; or if the can-
non ‘or other military ‘effects, with

which it’ may be provided, should’

be taken-by the enemy, his majesty
the ‘king of Great Britain will pay

the extraordinary’ expences of the

necessary ‘recruits “and remounting,

a8 well as the loss'of cannon, &c.

&e.'in order speedily to restore the
whole corps to a serviceable state.
He will’ reimbtrse, in the’ most
equitable manner, ‘ the loss of both
officers-and soldiers, “With regard
to 'this reimbursement, ‘every thing
that has been stipulated in the treaty

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

concluded with the most serene
highness the landgrave of Hesse, at
Cassel, the 10th of ‘April, 1793,
shall be adopted.

Art. 9g. It is agreed that at
the review which is to be made
every spring, at the opeaing of the

“ campaign, by the commissary of his

Britannic majesty, the corps must
be complete, or the pay of those
who aré wanting shall be withheld.
On tbe other hand the pay of those |
who may be wanting, from one re-
view to another, shall not be with-~
held, but shalibe paid, without abate~
ment, on the footing of the full
complement. Instead of what was |
formerly paid, in similar cases, for }|
the recruiting of one killed or three
wounded, it is agreed, that each
recruit furnished’ shall be paid for,
withont distinction, at the rate of,
twelve banco crowns a head, under
express condition, however, that
the payment which is here agreed
cpon shall only regard the recruit-
ing which is referred to in this ar-
ticle. ft

Art. 10. The sick of the said
cosps_ shall be attended by their |
physicians, surgeons, and other per- |
sous appointed for that purpose, un-
der the orders of the commander
of this corps of troops; and every
thing shall be granted to them
which his majesty grants to his own
troops. cu ;
“Art. 11. All deserters from this
corps shall be faithfully given up
wherever they may be discovered in
the countries dependant upon his
Britannic majesty. i

Art. 12, All’ transports of men |
and military effects shall be done at
the expence of his Britannic majesty
during the whole time of these
troops being in-the field.

Art. 13. It is agreed that. the
corps of Brunswick troops shall en-

joy

STATE PAPERS.

joy every advantage granted to the
‘most serene landgrave of Hesse, by
the treaty of the 10th of April,
1793, and its secret articles. More-
over, every thing, which is not de-
termined by the preceding articles
in a precise manner, is to be here-

after regulated’ upon the principles

i
i
.
be
A
e

'
;

of equity and good faith, which ~

have conducted the present negotia-
tion. Eis.
~\ Art.’ 14. This’ treaty shall’ ‘be
ratified by the high contracting par-
ties, and the ratifications thereof
shall be exchanged as soon as pos-
sible.. |
Done at Brunswick, this Sth day
of November,' 1794.
P(L. S.) “Wm. Exror,
(L.S.) Jean Batiste de
Feronce de RoTENCREUTZ.

SEPARATE ARTICLE.

It is determined that this corps of
troops shall enjoy Brabantine pav,
being destined to serve in the army
of the low ‘countties; but the ex-
pedition with which it was neces-
sary to complete the present treaty
not permitting a state of the Bra-
bantine pay to be added thereto, the

_ undersigned minister of his’ Britan-

.
{

‘9
o

sian troops.

7
:

nic majesty engages himself to cause
to be delivered tothe minister of
the most serene duke, as soon as it
ean be done, a complete statement
of Brabantine pay, on the same
footing as it is allowed to the Hes-
In this statement of
pay shall also be specified the num-
of rations and portions allowed
as well as all the other emoluments
enjoyed ‘by the Héssian troops ac-
tually in Brabant. ‘This communi-
cation of the statement of pay shall
be made with the accustomed good
faith, and without any reserve.

165

Powe at Brunswick, this Sth of
November, 1794. ,
(L. S.)°) Wm. Extor,
(L.'S.) Jean. Batiste de
Frxonce. de RoTENCREUTZ.

Manifestoandsupplement publishedat
Martinique, January 1, 1794.

George R.
HE assembly, calling itself the
national convention of France,

“having exercised in shat kingdom

and its dependencies the most un-
limited and bart arsus_ despotisni,

‘destroyed religion; w.th the govern-
‘ment and the laws,. and violated all

kind$ of property, have added to so
many crimes, a declaration of their
design to involve other nations in
the same calamities, to overthrow
their respective’ constitutions, and
the fundamental principles of every
civilized state ; and to that end, not
content with making use of secret
and incendiary emissaries, they have
gone the length of open hostility,
by a declaration of war, wholly
unprovoked, against his Britannic
majesty and his allies; and his said
majesty secing himself conipelled to
have recourse to arms, and to pro-
secute a war as just as necessary, for
the protection of his subjects, the
security of his throne, the preserva-
tion of the British constitution, and
the defence of his allies.

His majesty moreover taking into
consideration how notorious it is,
that the aforesaid convention and
its adherents, among other atrocious
machinations, haye conceived the
project of entirely destroying all the
French colonies in the West Indiés
—a plan they have executed in
some parts by circumstances of the
most horrid nature,“ and by means

M 3 the

166

the most criminal and detestable ;
and that they have, at the same
time, manifested similar intentions
against the possessions of his majesty
in the same quarter of the world; to
put a stop, in the most prompt and
effectual manner, to the execution
of such projects, and to preserve
his own colonies from the misfor-
tune with which they are thus me-
naced, his majesty, relying on the
protection of Providence, on the
valour of his subjects, and the justice
of his cause, has thought it.expe-
dient and necessary to undertake,
by the force of arms, the reduction
of the adherents of said national
convention, and to deliver the island
of Martinique from the misfortunes
and oppression by which it is-over-
whelmed.

In consequence whereof, we the
undersigned commanders in chief
of his Britannic majesty’s forces by
sea and land in the West Indies, by
virtue of the powers and authorities
enirusted. to us by his majesty for
that purpose, invite all the friends
of peace, government, religion,
and order in the island of Marti-
nigue, to throw off tyrannical op-
pression, and to set itself free from
the horrors of anarchy, by having
recourse to the protection and go-
vernment of a just and beneficent
sovereign.

And by these presents, we solemn-
ly promise, grant, and guarantee,
to all those who avail themselves of
this invitation, and will submit
themselves peaceably and quietly to
the authority of his majesty, personal
security and full and immediate en-
joyment of their lawful possessions,
conformable to their ancient laws
and customs, and upon the most
advantageous terms; excepting only
those persons whose absence from

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

the island seems to be requisite for
its peace and security; and even
to those persons we promise (what-
soever may have been their conduct)
to furnish them the means of trans-
port to France, or to any other
place they may desire, that may not
be prejudicial to his majesty’s ser~
vice.

We promise also, that on the
establishment of peace, Martinique
shall enjoy all the rights and privi-
leges of trade possessed by the Bri-
tish West-India colonies.

And farthermore, we promise to ~
all persons (except as before except-
ed) who, submitting themselves
peaceably and in the manner before-
mentioned, will and do conduct
themselves as good and faithful sub-
jects to his majesty, a full amnesty
for all acts committed under the
colour or pretext of any authority
whatsoever, and which they may
have done before the publication
of these presents. guaranteeing them
hereby from all persecution and
molestation for acts emanating from
actual existing authorities,

All persons who, in despite of
the instructions graciously and bene~
ficially manifested by his majesty,
shall dare to oppose themselves to
this proclamation, will be treated
as enemies, and exposed to all the
evil that the calamities of war ne~
cessarily produce both on persons
and effects.

Given on board his majesty’s
ship Boyne, the Ist of Jan.
1794.
Cuaryes Grey, General.
Joun Jervis. Vice-Admiral.
By their excellencies command,
& 5 + ine t Secretaries.

SUP}

,»

‘4

STATE PAPERS.

‘SUPPLEMENT.

His Britannic majesty’s generals,
willing by all means possible to pre-
vent the effusion of blood, and to
remove from the inhabitants of the
French islands in America, all doubt
of their intentions, think they ought
to publish what follows as a sup-
plement to the manifesto:

Art. 1. As they cannot be igno-
rant that there exists great animosi-
ty between the emigrants from the
Frenchislandsin America, and those
inhabitants who remain there, an
animosity that would lead them to
pursue each other with rage, and

retard the re-establishment of peace,
his Britannic majesty’s generalshave
judged it necessary to forbid all

_ emigrants to re-enter any of the

said islands before such shall be en-
tirely conquered ; exacting there-
after a perfect tranquillity, and en-
gaging to protect none but peace-
able inhabitants. .

Art. 2. His Britannic majesty’s
generals promiseallsuccour and pro-
tection to the colonists who shall
continue peaceable on their planta-
tions; but they are also determined
to treat as prisoners of war al] those
who, in contempt of this declaration,
shall be taken with arms in their
hands, announcing to them more-
over that they will incur pains of
death, if after such transportation

they shall ever again appear in
either of the windward islands.

Art. 3. General Rochambeau
having promised freedom to those
slaves who take up arms for the de-
fence of Martinico, and his Britan-
nic majesty’s generals, sensible of
the impossibility of distinguishing

those Byigands from peopleof colour

born free, or legally released from
slavery, think it proper to apprize
ali people of colour, without dis-

167

tinction, that those among them
who shall be found armed, or who
having fought, shall have escaped
the bayonets of the British troops,
shall be treated as slaves, and traus-
ported immediately to the coast of
Africa, where they will be aban-
doned to their fate; promising oa
the other hand a fali amnesty to
those who will surrender themselves,
and to those who fetire to their
respective habitations peaceably to
renew their occupations.
Given on board his majesty’s ship
the Boyne, ist Jan. 1704.
Cuarres Grev, General.
Joun Jeavis, Vice-Admiral.
By their excellencies command,
G. Visrer, fc ae ni
CG. Poivic ecretaries.

Proclamation by the states of the
island of Jers.y, March 8, 1794.

HE commander-in-chief hay-

ing causedthestatesto beassem-
bled, to communicate to them the
intelligence which he has just re-
ceived, that the enemy have actu-
ally collected in force on the adja-
cent coasts, that it is their avowed
plan to make a desceat in this
island, and that they announce they
are invited to it by the inhabitants
of Jersey, with a view, doubtless,
of spiriting up their soldiers, by
making them believe that they will
meet with no resistance, and per-
haps also with a view of making
bad-impressions upon our august so-
vereign respecting the loyalty of
this country: the states, after having
testified their gratitudt to the com-
mander-in-chief for his attentive
conduct in this critical moment,
cannot forbear expressing the horror
which they feel at such a calumny
Ma as

168
as false as it is malicious, against the
acknowledged fidelity of the inhabi-
tantsofthisisland. ‘Thestatestake
this opportunity to assure the com-
mander-in-chief of their zeal and
their inviolable attachment to the
best of kings, and to the British go-
vernment, under which this island
has enjoyed, for several centuries,
inestimable privileges and adyan-
tages.—They declare to him, that
he. wi'l always find them ready to
second his efforts for the safety of
the country ; aud knowing, from
happy experience, the sentiments of
the peop!e whom they represent,
the states dare assure the comman-
der-in-chief of the devotion of this
loyal pecple, and of their eagerness
to defend their country, and to re-
pulse the attacks of a cruel and
harbarous enemy, who trample un-
det foot all Jaws human and divine,
and who have no other aim but the
plunder and the destruction of their
fellow-creatures. Wishing, at the
same time, that the advice commu-
nicated by the commander-in-chief
to the states, relative to the medi-
tated invasion, and the atrocious
calumny thrownout against the most
faithful people, and which cannot
fail to excite the most lively indig-
nation in the hearts of the inhabi-
tants, Be publicly made known, the
states have ordered that this preseut
“act, unanimously voted, be printed,
publisied. and put up in all the
parishes of this island; andthe mi-
nisters are requested to have the
goodness to read the same next
Sunday frem the pulpit.

PuiiLip DE Carteret, Clerk.

General order at St. Helena.

; NGLAND being at war with
4 France, this is not a time for

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

disputes between British subjects :
none of them can quarrel now but
yascals. J make it public therefore,
that I am determined to see the
laws put in execution, as. every
good man would wish, and to have
every bad man, who disturbs the
peace here, brought before a court
or jury, let him wear whatever coat
he may; ond if any farther disturb-
ances arise between soldiers. and
sailo;'s, 1 must, contrary to my in-
clinations, put'a stop to all inter-
course between them, and keep the
latter fron coming inside the gates.
British subjects, whereverthey meet,
shouid shew that love and affection
to each other, that God and nature
directs. At all events they shall
not quarrel here with impunity.
(Signed)

Ropert Brook, Governor.

St. Heiena, May 2, 1794- oe

Duke of York's general orders,
June 7, 1794.

IS royal highness the Duke of

York thinks it incumbent on
him to announce to the British and
Hanoverian troops under his com-
mand, that the national convention
of France, pursuing that gradation
of crimes and horrers which has
distinguished the periods of its go-
verument, as the most’ calamitous

_of any that has yet occurred in the

history of the world, has just passed
a decrée, that their soldiers shall
give no quarters to the British or
FIanovetion troops. His royal
highness anticipates the indignation
andhorrer whiehhasnaturally arisen
in the minds of the brave troops
whom he addresses upon receiving
this information. His royal high-
ness desires, however, to remind
them, that mercy to the vanquished

ve oo.

STATE PAPERS.

is the brightest gem in a soldier's
character, and exhorts, them nof to
suffer their resentment to lead them
to any precipitate act of cruelty on
their part, which may sully the re-
putation they have acquited i in the
world. His royal highness believes
that it would be difficult for brave
men to conceive that any set of
men who are theinselves exempt
from sharing in the dangers of war

should be so base and cowardly as”
- to seek to aggravate the calamities

of it upon the unfortunate pzople
who are subject to their orders.

Tt was, indeed, reserved for the
present times to produce to the
world the proof of the possibility of
the existence of such atrocity and
infamy, ‘The pretence for issuing
this decree, even if founded in
truth, would justify it only to minds
simnilar to those of the members of
the national convention.
fact, too absurd to be noticed, and
stillless tobe refuted. The French
must themselves see through the
fiimsy artifice of an intended assas-
sination, by which Robespierre has
suceceded in: procuring that military
guard, which has at once established
bim.the successor of the unfortunate
Louis, by whatever name, he may
choose to dignify his fature reign.
In ail the wars which from the
earliest times have existed between
' English and the french nations,

they have been accustomed to con-
sider each other in the light of ge-
nerous as well as brave enemies,
while the Hanoverians for a centu-
ry, the allies of the former, have
shared’ in, this reciprocal esteem.
Humanity and kindness have at all
times taken place, the instant that
opposition ceased; and the same
,cloak has been frequently secn co-
. yering those who were wounded,

;

It is, in.

469

and enemies, whilst indiscrintinate-
ly conveying to the hospitals.of the
conquerors.

The British and Hanoverian ar-
mies will not believe that, the
French nation, even under their
present. infatuation, can,so far for=
get: their characters as soldiers, as
to pay any attention to,a decree; as
injurious to themselves,.as it is dis-
graceful to the persons who. passed
it: ou this. contidence, his royal
highness trusts, that the soldiers’ of
both nations will confine-their sen-
timents of resentment’ and abhor-
rence to the national convention
alone ; persuaded that thev will be
joined in them by every Frenchman
who possesses one spark of honour,
or one principle et a soldier: and
his royal highness is confident, that
it will only be on finding, contrary
to every expectation, -that - the
French army has relinquished every
title to the fair character of:sols
diers, and of men, by submitting
to and obeying so atrocious, amor
der, that. the brave troops under
his command will think themseélyes
justified, and indeed under the ne+
cessity of adopting a species of wart
fare, for which they wi}! then: stand
acquitted to their own, conscience,
to their country, and the world; jin
such an event, the French, army
alone will be answerable for the
ten-fold vengeance, which will fail
upon themselves, ‘their wives, and
their children, and their unfortanate
country,, already groaning under,
every calamity, which the accumu-
lated crimes of unprincipled ambi-
tion and avarice can heap upon
their devoted victims.

His royal highness desires these
orders may be read and. explained
to the nen at their successive roll-
callings,

. Proclamation

170 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

Proclamation of his excellency briga-
dier-general Whyte, commanding
his Britannic majesty’s forces in
‘St. Domingo. ~

HE commissioners and their

agents, in order to carry into
execution those perfidious designs,
which have proved so fatal to the
lives, the laws, the liberty, and the
happiness, of this once flourishing
colony, have every where calum-
niated the British Government.

_ General Whyte, who has the ho-
nour to represent his Britabnic ma-
jesty, assures the inhabitants of Port
au Prince, and its vicinity, that the
object of his majesty and of his go-
vernment is to restore peace among
every Class of inhabitants.

Those parts of the colony, which
have already placed themselves un-
der his majesty’s protection, can
bear a faithful téstimony that there
is nothing oppressive in the beha-
viour and laws of the English.

A considerable part of the people
of St. Domingo has been seduced
from its duty; these persons. are
hereby invited to return to their oc-
cupations, to lay down their arms,
and to forget every cause of resent-
ment.

The English government de-
mands, and will obtain, by force
if necessary, that peaceful obedi-
ence which is due to its mild and
just laws.

The mulattoes will find in the
general and the government every
disposition to favour their interest: ;
they are considered by the English,
who are and wiil continue tobe their
friends.

The negroes who have been so
Jong the dupes of the vile artifices
of the commissioners, will soon be

convinced that the English disdain
falshood and deceit.

Let them, relying with confi-
dence on the generosity of the
British people, return to their mas-
ters, Jay down their arms, and en-
joy the advantages of a life devoted
to industry; their present suffe: ings
will soon be relieved, and the laws
will protect them against cruelty
and oppression.

The forces, which are now in this
colony to support the happiness of
the inhabitants, and the glory of
the English nation, are but a part,
even a small part, of the army des-:
tined for its service; it being his
majesty’s resolution to punish in a
Manner as certain as severe, thosé
who will not. accept the offers of
this and of the preceding ptocla-
mations,

All persons who shall repair to
Port au Prince, and to the English
general, within the delay of eight
days from the date of this procla-
mation, except those who have been
guilty of murder, or of taking a part
in the insurrection, will be received
and pardoned; but all those who
are taken in arms after the above-
mentioned period, will be put to
death as traitors,

Done at Port au Prince, the
8th of June, 1794. \

(Signed) _Joun Wuyte,

Brigadier-general commandant.

Instructions to the commanders of all
ships of war and privateers, that
have,or may have, lettersofmargue
against France. August18, 1794.

George R.
HEREAS, by an article of
our instructions to the com-
manders of our ships of war and
privateers,

STATED PAPERS,

privatcers, having letters of marque
against France, given at our court
at St. James’s the 8th day of June,
(1793, we thought fit to declare,
that it should be Jawful to stop ana
detain all ships laden wholly, or in
part, with corn, flour, or meal,
bound to any port in France, or any
port occupied by the armies of
France, and to send them to such
ports as should be most convenicnt,
in order that such corn, meal, or
flour, might be purchased on be-
half of our government, and the
ships he released after such pur-
chase, and after a due allowance for
freight, or that the masters of such
ships, on giying due security, to be
approved by our court of admiralty,
should be permitted to dispose of
their cargoes of corn, meal, ortiour,
in the ports of any power in amity
with us. We not judging it expe-
dient to continue for the present the
purchase of the said cargoes on be-
half of our government, are pleased
to revoke the said article, until our
farther order therein ; and te de-
clare, that the same shall no longer
remain in force. But we strictly en-
join all our commanders of ourships
’ of war and privateers, to observe
theremaining articles of the said in-
structions ; and, likewise, all other
instructions which we have issued,
and which still continue in force.

- ¢

General order published Ly the Duke
. of York, at his head-quarters,
| Sept 23, V94.

J T is with the greatest regret that

his royalhighness thinks himself
obliged once more to order the se-
verest measures to be pursued, in
order to put a stop to the most
shameful acts of violence and plun-

171
der, which dishonour the army un~
der his command, His royal high-
ness is so strongly convinced of the
necessity of this severity, since five
mer of the 38th regiment, discove-
red yesterday in the act of plunder-
ing, have actually been condemned
to death by a court-martial, which
sentence, out of humanity only, his
highness mitigated into a Jess se-
vere! punishment, His bighness,
in order to prevent such dishonour~
able excesses for the future, orders,
that hereafter, whenever a soldier
should be detected in the act of
plundering, the provost marshal,
with his assistants, is charged to ex
ecute the offender upon the spot ;
and, in case of the absence of the
provost, that the criminal, instead
of being hanged, shall be shot.

Besides the publication of this re-
solution, his royal highness thinks it
his duty to exhort the officers of che
army under his command, ard to
request of them, as they vaiue the
national character (it being their
duty to unite their personal honour
to that of his majesty’s service, as
well as to that of their country), to
prevent all viclence and pillering,
of which unhappily they but too
often have hitherto been the eye-
witnesses ; and, to prevent which,
nothing is so necessaty as a strict
military discipline.

His bighness wishes not to be
under the necessity of taking any
severe Measures against the officers,
His highness will expect the above
oider punctually executed, particu-
larly by the commanders of regi-
ments, and will certainly give in-
formation tohis majesty, if, by their
veglect, thecepredations should con-
tinue, which, by this general order,
his royal highness endeavours to put
an end to.

Proclamation

172

Proclamation ty his excellency Ro-
bert Prescott, esq. lieutenant-gene-
ral of his Britannic majesty "5 for-
ces, governor and commander-in-
chief of the island of Murtinico
and its dependencies.

HE inhabitants of the different
quarters of the island of Mar-

tinico are desired to meet in their _

respective parishes, for the purpose
of choosing by ballot, for their re-
presentative, an intelligent person,
of known integrity ; and those de-
puties, after they are chosen, are
requested to assemble next Sunday
the 18th instant, in the town of
Fort Royal, to meet the commis-
saries appointed by their excellen-
cies sir Charles Grey, K. B. and
admiral sir John Jervis, K. B. for
the purpose of fixing in an equita-
ble and eflicacious manner, a gene-
ral contribution, (the amount of
which shall be made known to the
representative of each parish) to be
paid by all those who possess pro-
perty in the colony: the command-
ers inchief having decided that such
an. arrangement would be ‘much
more convenient than a general
confiscation; othermattersconcern-
ing the welfare of the colosy will
also be proposed to them.

Given at the govérnor’s house at
St. Pierre, on the! 10th of May,
1794; inthe 34th yearofhismajesty’s
reign,

(Signed) Repeat Prescorr.
By order.of the general,
(Signed) Bi Currron, Secretary.

Proclamation by order of their excel-
lencies, general str Charles Grev,
and admiral sir John Jervis, com-

manders-in-chief of his Britannic:

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1 794.

majesty’s fleets and armics in the
MK est Indies.

O attention’ ‘having been pa‘d
to the proclamation of the
10th Ngee issued by his excelleny
general Prescott, desiring all the
good ager of this colony te assem-
ble in their respective parisiies and
quarters, for the purpose of choo-
sing persous of known intelligence,
and approved integrily, to repre-
sent them in an assembly, which,
according to the said proclamation,
was to be held at.Fort Royal,
Sunday, the 18th instant, to meet
the commissioners appointed and
daly authorized by the commanders
in chief, and to confer with them
on the most equitable and most ex-
peditious ways and’ means to raise'a
sum of money atlequate to the va-
jue of the conquest, destined to re-
ward the valour, to compensate the
excessive fatigues, and their conse-
quences, sicknessand mortality, and
to make good the heavy expencé
incurred by the’ British officers;
soldiers, ‘and sailors, who, with un-
shaken firmness, and matchless per-
severance, have atchieved the con-
quest of this island, subjected it to
the British government, rescued
from a wretched exile the greatest
number of its inhabitants, and re+
stored them to' the quiet possession
of their property, the confiscation
of which had already been declared.
And the procrastination of this
general arrangement being the cause
which prevents many well-disposed
inhabitants from catry ing theiz com-
modities to market, and procuring
themselves what. is necessary for
their habitations, to the obvious
prejudice of the whole colony.
‘The coramanders in chief, in or-
der to remove an evil of, such i im-
portaice,

SAT ATE -PsAcP ERS:

portance, and which is, daily in-
creasing, enact and ordain as fol-
lows: |
1. The civil commissaries, each
in his respective parish, are to draw
up and deliver, as soon as possible,
exact lists of the habitatior{s situ-
ated in the said parishes, containing
the number of slaves, cattle, acres,
of land, buildings, and plantations,
anestimate of eachof those objects,
and a specification, of ali sorts of
productions made and gathered on
each estate, wherein ouglit to be
distinguished those that, dona jide,
had been made and col ‘ected before
the 23d of last March.
2. The civil commissaries in the
parishes of the different towns and

boroughs are likewise to draw up

and deliver a list. of the. houses,
slaves, and servants, to be found in
the said towns and boroughs, stating
the proprietors thereof, the yearly
rent of each house, and enumera-
ting all sorts of property, comprised
under the denomination of goods,
commodities, ormerchandise, inthe
said towns and boroughs,

_$. The civil commissaries are also
ordered, in theirrespective quarters,
to demand the ledgers, and all ac-
count-books, notes, and deeds, be-
longing to captains or agents of the
French trade, as well as an exact
account of all sorts of property,
falling under the deserip:ion of va-
cant succession, in each quarter of
the colony, with acorrectinventory
of all the goods, effects, and chat-

_ tels, belonging to such persons as

have been taken, arms in hand, or
killed during the siege, or banished
the island ; and farther, a specifica-
tion of all property belonging to
personsof any description whatever,
residing in France.

_ 4. The civil commissaries are to

173

name in, their reports all persons

_without exception, that should de-

lay giving in the different specifi-
cations required, or be suspected of
making a false declaration, or fail
togive the. usual assistance, necessa-
ry for the exactness and impartiality
of reports of that kind ; it being
the intention and wish, that the in-
tended levy be made in the most
equitable manner, andin exact pro-
portion with the means of each in-
dividual,

5. The said reports are to be
made with all possible expedition,
so that on Saturday, the 31st instant
or sooner, they may be delivered by
the civil commissarics. to the com-
missioners appointed to receive
them, and who, for this purpose,
will repair either to the intendant’s
hotel at St. Pierre, or to the gover-
nor’s houseat Fort Royal; the com-
manders in chief having, on their
part, manifested their ardent wish
to adopt the mildest measures, de-
clare herewith, that it is their firm
resolution to have this present mea-
sure fully executed ; or, on the
failure of it, to avail themselves of
the power with which they are, in-
vested, to order and enforce agene-
ral confiscation.

Given under our signature, on
board the Boyne, Fort Royal bay,
on the 21st of May, the year of our
Saviour, 1794, and the 34th of his
miajesty’s reign.

(Signed) Cuarves Grey,
Joun Jervis.
By order of their exccllencies,
(Signed) G. Fisner,
G.-Puryis.

Copy of the letter of major James.
G4ant, commander of the Britisi
forces at the Molein St. Domingo,

174

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

to general Lavaux, commander of Copy of a letter from colonel White.

the Frenchtroopsinthe sameisland.

Mole St. Nicholas, 12th Feb.

* Mr. General,

_ HAVE thehonour to forward to

- you inclosed a letter from Col.
Whitlock, commander-in-chief of
the British forces. I am informed
that its contents are of the greatest
importance, and that it may reach
you in a safe and proper manner, I
send you an English officer with a
flag of truce, not doubting but you
will procure to him an honourable
protection. ‘You will be so kind as
to give him your answer, which he
will deliver to me at Jean Rabel,
where I shall have a sufficient num-
ber of men for the immediate exe-
cution of whatever plan you may do
me the honour to propose.

Should you prefer tocommunicate
with aship of war, there will be
one cruising in the canal that is be-
tween the Jand and Ja Tortue. In
addition to what may be proposed
in theletter fromthe colonel, 1 take
this opportunity to assure you on
the honour of a British officer, that
all possible care shall be taken to se-
cure to you every thing belonging
to you, and you surely donot doubt
but the most honourable attention
will be paid to your person.

The ship of warhas orders to give
you al! the protection in her power.

Permit me also to assure you, that
all the officers and troops of the line
shall be immediately received into
the pay of Great Britain, on the
same footing as the troops of Dillon
and others serving in this garrison.

I have the honour to be,
Mr. General, ;
Your most obedient
humble servant,

(Signed) James Grant.

lock,. commander-in-chief in “St.
Domingo, to Lavaux, commandant
at Port de Paix.

Jeremie, Oth Feb. 1794.
Sir,

js Tamnot misinformed, concern-
ing your present situation, it is
such that you will not be surprised
at receiving this letter. Yon can-
not but be fully aequainted with the
intentions of his Britannic majesty,
to use the most’ vigorous efforts to’
take possession of the island of St.
Domingo, or of that part of it which
is not yet subdued by the arms of
Spain. if

I hourly expect considerable for-
ces from England; the army under
my command has lately been con-
siderably reinforced.

J doubt not butyouhave also been
informed, that all the members cf
that party of the national conven-
tion of France, who had sanctioned
the measure for sending to St.
Donaingo civil commissioners, who
are looked upon as the cause of
the total ruin of the island, have for
that crime suffered an ignominious
death,

Brissot, the leader of that party,
was accused of three capital crimes,
the first of which is that he advised
the measure of sending hither civil
commissioners. -

The unhappy state of France
rendering it impracticable for that
nation to send succours to this ill-
fated country, several of the most
respectable proprietors of St. Do-
mingo were forced to apply to Eng-
land for protection, which was ac-
cordingly granted to them.

I now, therefore, in the name of
his Britannic majesty, do hereby
offer to you the same protection, on

condition

STATE PAPERS.

condition that you shall first deliver
the town and forts of Port de Paix
and its dependencies into the pos-
session of the British government;
which being complied with, the
officers and soldiers serving under
your command shall enjoy the same
fayours as have been granted to
those of the mole, leaving it to the
bounty of his majesty to grant to
yourself the rank he shail judge you
proper. I farther add, that as a
reward for the confidence which I
demand of you in the name of the
government which [ serve, the sum
of fivethousandcrowns (¢cus) Tour-
nois, shal] be paid to you in person,
or deposited inthe bank of England,
payabie to your order, on your de-
livering the town of Port de Paix,
with theforts, artillery, ammunition,
provisions, &c. &c, without any
damage or devastation having been
committed on them, into the hands
of the officer whom I will appoint

to reccive them, as also the ships of

war which may be in the same port.
T shall be at Leogane next Wed-
_ nesday, where any flag of truce you
shall please to send me, shall be re-
' ceived and respected.
1 have the honour to send you
_ inclosed, the extract of an English
| gazette, which has been sent to all
_ the English commanding officers.

ra | have.the honour to be, sir,
Your very humble and very
obedient servant,
WHITLOCK.

ANSWER OF LAVAUX,

Etienne Lavaur, governor gen. per
anterim of the French’ Leeward
aslands, to col. Whitlock, comman-
der-in-chief of the British troops.

175

Port de Paix, Feb. 19, 2d year
of the French republic.

HE probi ty, thedelicacy which

reign inthe breastofa French
republican, must ever have given
you full assurance, that we would
respect your flag of truce... French
generosity docs not fluctuate with
events. As amongst ‘us no person
is distinguished asa superior, we all
doing the duty of a soldier, I look-
ed upou your letter tome as ad-
dressed to the first soldier of the
army, and as I ‘conceal nothing
from my comrades, it was opened
and read publicly. We are ani-
mated by one and the same spirit
of defence. Without enlarging on
our situation, I can assure you, that
we have Jearned to bear all the fa-
tigues that are incident to warfare,
and that, when matters come to a
decision, we shall behave like the
truesoldiers; and wouldpunish them
if they behaved otherwise.

Impressed with these sentiments,
all the forces with which we are
threatened cannotshakeour courage.
Like the three hundred Lacedemo-
nians whioull died at their post,
after having slain a part of their
enemies, we Spall defend our station
to the last, and sell our lives as
dearly as we can. If ever we are
in your power, you will take us in
arms, and then you will treat us as
prisoners of war.

These cur sentiments areinspired
by an ardent desire of meriting your
esteem; we shall then be admired
by ows country and praised by you:
What would you say, what would
youthink, if I proposed to you to
surrender tome; if you being muck
inferior in: number, | imposed on
you the bard condition of disko-
nour ? You*would answer, J mast

die

176

die at my pos! this very answer then
I make to you. You Jay great stress
on your information that the un-
happy “state of France renders it

- impracticable for her to sendus suc-
cours ; we will wait for them, and
use thelast arms of despair, and your
nation shall learn what a Sa
is able-to perform.

Lask. my whole army to cut off
my head if I prove. a traitor. Per-
mit me now to complain to yourse!f
of the indignity you have offered
mein thinking me so vile, so flagi-

tious, so base, as not to resent an.

offer .of 50,000. crowns Tournois.
In this-you have wronged yourself.
fam: ageneral : hitherto Il have
been worthy to command the army.
Youhave endeavoured to dishonour
me in the eyes of my comrades ;
this is. an offence between you and
me for which you oweme satisfac-
tion ; 1 demand, it in the namerof
honour, which must exist among all
nations; therefore, previous to.avy
general action, I offer you a single
combat tilleither of us falls, leaving
to you the choice of arms either on
foot or horseback: then, if victori-
ous, | shall have provedmyself wor-
thy to command republicans ; if I
fall gloriously, the republican army
will have another leader still more
formidable, and every individual in
the army will imitate my exam-
ple.

Your quality of enemy in the
name of your nation did not give
you a right to offer me a personal
insult; asa privateperson, [ask sa-
tisfaction for an injury done nfe by
an individual.

I must tell you thatithe English

papers you send me.are not con-
tormable to the news we receive
from France. Our two nations have
often made war with each other ;

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

but always with equal: weapons,

cease then to attack. us_by,.tenders

of money. Let us be equally ge-
nerous, let us contend in honoura-,
ble hostility, and letus scorn the arts
of seduction.

The enemy made prisoner of war
with arms. in. his hands commands.
respect, as he merits esteem. The
universe has its eyes uponus ; the
universe will say, there. still exist
men who preferred death: to disho-
nour ; we. shall serve as examples
to all military men, and your couns
try itself will testify its approbation.
We have alw: ays before our eyes the
proverb which says, the treason
pleases uswell, but the traitor is de-
tested.

‘The commander of the road, im-
préssed with. the same sentiments
will surrender the ships only to be
swallowed up by the deep. A.se-,.
cond flag of , truce;would. be, very
needlesadl therctares do not. give
yourself the trouble to sendone., I
invite you to, read my letter public-
ly, asitis written in public,

I greet.you in the name of the
whole army.., made ite

(Signed) Er. Lavaux.

Heh I

Memorial from lord St.\Helen, his
Britannic majesty’s minister, to
their high mightinesses the states
genefal of the United Provinces.

es: undersigned Pateg ae
extraordinary and plenipoten-
tiary of his Britannic majesty, has
the honour to inform your high
mightinesses, that he hasdearned by
letters from the dukeof York, com-
mander-in-chief of his miajesty’s
army in the Belgian provinces, that
circuinstances having obliged the
allied troops to abandon Bruges, it

STATE PAPERS.

is actually occupied by the enemy,
and that, through this accident, the
British army hasno longer anycom-
municationwith Ostend; from which
circumstance, it has become of the
titmiost importance, that the British
army should receive the considera-
ble reinforcements of troops and
stores expected from the ports of
England by tie river Scheldt, the
greatest part of which is already at
sea: and in consequence of which
theundersignedfndshimselfobliged
to requestvery seriously of yourhiy rh
mightinessestopermit, and give the
necessary orders forthe free passage
_ of the vessels conveying troops and
other necessaries for the said British
army, and for their passage, without
any impediment.
The object of this demand being
evidently of much importance to
the common cause, the undersigned
has no doubt of your immediate
_ concurrence ; and he farther flat-
ters himself, that yourhigh mighti-
nesses, seeing the extreme necessi-
ty of this request, will dispatch the
necessary orders with all possible
diligence,

(Signed) St. Heten.

kg Done at the Hague, July 29,
; 1794.

In consequence of this memorial
: a navigation of the Schellt was de
clared free to all English vessels,

The Sree men of La Petite Riviere
in St Domingo, and its depentden-
cies, encamped at Marchand, (be-

+ tween Gonaives and Artilonite)
under theordersef general Lavaux

% commander of the requbl cans, to
; Adr. Brislan, commander of the

Vor. XXXVI.

177

Sorces of his Britannic majesty, at
St. Marc, Aug. 18, 1794.

Mr. Commander,
BJURING the errors into
which the agents of the re-
public have plunged us; jealous of
profiting by the advantages offered
us, in your justand beneficent pro-
clamation, dated the7th instant, we
submit ourselves to the arms of his
Britannic majesty. We swear fide-
lity to you, and beseech you to pre=
scribe what measures you think pro-
per to procure us peace, and tend
to the preservationof the rest of the
unhappy colony of St. Domingo.
The franknessof loyalty, whichcha~
racterizes your nation—your gene-
rous proceedingstowards those who
have putthemselves underyour pro-
tection, are very powerful motives
to excite our confidence. Be as+
sured that our entire submission to
your orders, our zeal to co-operate
in obtaining the return of order,
shall make amends forour past con-
duct, and never will Great Britain
have inore faithful subjects. When
we receive your answer, we will
send you the articles of our capitu-
lation. We are going to commu-
nicate our dispositions to the neigh-
bouring parishes, that are still un-
der the republican dom:nion, and
we have every reason to think that
they will yieid to reason, and that,
animated by the sentiments which
actrate us, they will accept the pro-
tection’ yeu offer them. We are
convinced that-you will cause the
happiness of the colony, and there-
by aequire powerful claims to. the
public gratitude.
We have the honour, &c.
(Signed) B Cassneuve,
Cunist. Morner,
Cuesnau, Secretary.

N ; To

“18

Zo an appetcationmadetalord Gren-
ville lythe English consul at Am-
sterdam, lord SE. Helen was direct-
ed to serid-the following.answer.

Hazue, Oct. 10, 1794.
Sir,

r (ORD Grenvillehaving received
4a letter from you, in which
you state, that in consequence of
the! progress lately made by the
‘ enerny .on the frontier of this re-
public,.a) general consternation had
‘taken place at Amsterdam, which
had produced a considerable emi-
gration of ‘the inhabitants of that
city, and that it might, therefore,
be expedient, that some assistance
should. be furnished by .Great-Bri-
tain to such other persons as. might
be disposed: to leave that place with
their effects; I am directed by bis
lordship to inform you, that his ma-
jesty; farfrom beingdisposed toassist
or facilitate any such emigration,
wishes to check-and discourage it as
aouch as possible, considering it as
highly prejudicial to the interests of
the republic, as well.as of the com-
mon’cause, fois pa
Ibeg leave torecommend it toyou

to take every proper opportunity of ~

making known these sentiments of
bis majesty, particularly to those

persons whose conduct they may be»

likely to influence. Lam with great
esteem and regard,
Sir,
Your most obedient and most
humbie servant,
(Signed) Sr. HELEN.
oH. Pye Ricn, esq. Amsterdam.

Proclamation of the French general

André Massena, to the people of

ANNUALS REGIS TER, 1794.

Garezio, and other cities in Pied-
mont, May, 1794.

HE invincible French republi-
cans are at your doors, They

‘know no enemies but the enemies

of liberty. They inviteyou'to shake
off the yoke of your perfidious ty-
rant, and you shall be treated’ as
bicthren : othérwise, you shall be
dealt with as slaves, I expect your
immediate auswer at my camp.
‘Massena.

Equality, literty fraternity, ordeath.

Richard and Chodieu, representatives
ofthe people with the army of the
North, in order tovsecure to the
inhalitants of the conquered coun-

o tries their tranquillity, safety,and

property, and to take measures to
' preventall enterprixesin those coun-

tries, which may le hostile to the
~cinterests of the French: repullic,
itorder as follows: ) )\\%

A RTICLE 1... Every inhabi-
tant of aconquered country,
absent from his place of abode, is
permitted to return within a fort-
night from the date,of this arret ; ,
after that period, those who do not ©
return will be considered as emi- °
erants. ‘This permission, however,
is not to extend to those who have
been guilty of any crime against the
republic, fur which they will be
pursued and treated as the enemies
of the French people. It is not to
extend to the inhabitants of the
conquered countries, whose effects
have been sequestered by Jaws an-
terior to this arret. The delay
granted to the inhabitants of places
actually blockaded, shall be estima-
ted from. the day on which the
blockade

a ey: STATE PAPER'S.

blockade shall cease; their effects,
however, shaliconiinue provisionally
sequestered.
9. Allthe inhabitants of the con-
_ quered Belgic provinces, under the
special protection of the French re-
public, are charged not to favonr,
directly or indirectly, the arms of
_ the combined powers.
_ , 8. JAI) ‘those who shall be con-
_victed of correspondence with the
enemy, either by act, conspiracy,
_ or discourses, to the injury of the-
_ French peoole, shall he given up
to the revolutionary tribunal of
{ France, and dealt with according to
hw. ©
_ 4, Everyindividual, now domicili-
_ ated inthe conqueredcountries, who
_ has quitted France in consequence
_ ef the laws of the republic, is order-
_ ed to depart in twenty-four hours,
; uader paiti of being treated as a
_ French emigrant.
_. 5+,The military commanders are
_ enjoined: to take rigorous measures
5 or the preservation of order and
_ tranquillity in the conquered places,
_ and to prevent any violence to the
_ safety or property of the inhabitants
‘ under any pretext whatsoever. The
freedom of worship must be respect-

| 6. The magistrates of the con-
_ quered towns and communes are
enjoined, on their esponsibility, to
comply with the requisitions made
by the commissaries of war, for the
service of the republic, within the
‘time prescribed, In case of disobe-
a? will be treated as ene-
Mies to the republic.

7. All magistrates that’shall be
found favouring, or exciting, by
their private or public conduct, or
discourses against the French re-
volution, any commotions against
the republic, shall be given up to

179

the revolutionary tribunals, and con
sideréd as enemies tothe French
people. baa

8. The’ police of the conquered
places ehall be administered by the
military commandants, till it shall
be otherwise ordained ; they must
use the most active vigilance to dis-
cover the plots, and to prevent the
designs of the enemiesof the repub-
lic ; they must be careful ‘to pre-
vent any public or private assem-
bling of thé inhabitants, and shall
employ the military force to disperse
them. '

g. The inhabitants of the con-
quered countries shall resign their
arms into the hands of the military
commandants. within the space of
twenty-four hours after the publi-
cation of the present arrét. “lhose
convicted of secreting them shall be
given upto themilitary commission,
and punished with death.

10, Assignats shal! be receivedat
all the public banks, and in all
commercial transactions: thesewho
shall refuse, deny, or forge, and.
those who shall circulate false ones,,
are to be given up to the criminal
tribunal of the department of Pas
de Calais, arid punished conforma—
bly to the laws of the républic upon
that head.

Ai. To prevent the disaffected
from raising the price of merchan-
dize and wares of the country, on
ccount of the introduction of assig-
nats, the maximum establishedin the
city of Lisle shall be acopted in all
the conquered countries of West
Flanders.

12. The imposts and otherduties
established in the conquered coun-
tries, under whatever denomination’
they. may exist, shall continue to be
received for the use of the repub
lic.

N2 13. The

180

13. The soldiers of the republic
shall observe the strictest discipline
in the conquered countries, and re-
fute by their conduct the calumnies
of their enemies. The commanders
of corps and the generals shall
cause to be given up all those who
commit disorders, the effect of
which would-be to favour the de-
signs of the enemy.

Done at Lisle, 4th Messidor,
(22d June) in the 2d year of
the republic, one and indivisi-
ble.

(Signed) RicHArD,

_Atruecopy. 5S. Bourcerr,

Commissary in chief.

Decree of the convention, on the 5th
of July, 179A.

HE national convention de-
cree, that all the troops of
the combined tyrants, who remain
garrisoned in French towns, inva-
ded by the enemy. on the frontiers
of the north, and who shall not sur-
render at discretion, within twenty-
four hours after being summoned by
the generals of the armies of the re-
public, shall not be admitted to any
capitulation, and shall be put to the
sword,

Proclamation circulated at Brussels.
French reputlic, one and indivisi-

ble—liberty, equality.

Ghent, 20th Messidor, (8th
July) the 2d year of the
Trench republic,

R ICHARD, the representative
XX of the people, sent to the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

army of the north deerees, as fol-
lows: '

1. The persons and property of

the inhabitants of the conquered
countries, are put under the imme-
diate protection of the French sol-
diers.

2. Every individual belonging to
the army whoshall be found a quar
ter of a league from the posts,
camps, or cantonments occupied by
the French troops, and who cannot
justify his conduct by the sanction
or leaveof absence from his officers,
shall be considered as a planderer,
and punished with death.

3. All the generals, captains, and
subordinate officers, are made re-
sponsible for the rigid exeeution of
this decree.

4. The French soldiers are re-
quired, in thename of their country,
to denounce to their chiefs all those
who may be found aiding by exces-
ses or acts of depredation, the cause
ot the enemies of liberty, or by vio-
Jating the principles upon which
the French republic has been insti-
tuted.

5. The present decree shall be
read at the head of every corps, and
their officersshall notify the same te
their generals by a certificate from
their administrative council. [tshall
besides be printed, stuck up, and
publicly read three times every de-
cade, until otherwise ordered.

(Signed) Ricuarp.
And sealed with the seal of the

representative of the French
people. ,

Certified according to the original,
SouHam,

The general of the »

division.
Proclamation

a aon TS

= Ss Soe le. OS US eee

i Be” a ey

iS PATE) PAPERS.

Proclamation published in French
and Flemish, relative to the cir-
culation of assignats.—Lilerty,
equality.

JP .HE representatives of the
i French people, sent to the ar-
nnes of the North, the Sambre, and
the Meuse, hereby decree :
__ 1. That the assignats of the French
republic shail be circulated in Brus-
sels and other conquered countries
in the same manner as metal mo-
ney.
2. All the inhabitants, whether
merchants or others, are hereby
prohibited fronr fixing two prices for
their commodities, and from refu-
_ singor discrediting assi nats, nnder
thepenalty of being regarded as the
enemies of the republic, and sent
to take their tria’s before the revo-
lutionary tribunals of France.

_L. B. Gurrron, Ricwarp.

23d Messidor, 11th July, 2d year
of the republic, one and indivisible.

Department of Guadaloupe.— Li-
berty, equality.

Address to the republicans of the sea
and land forces of the repullic now
at Guadaloupe, from the commis-
sioner deputed by the national con-
vention to the windward isles.

Citizens,
HE Romans, reduced to their
capitol, emerged to liberty
more terrible than before. Free-
‘men find resources inthe most pres-
sing extremities. See, brave sans
_ culottes and intrepid marines, what
has been your situation! few in
~ number, and without generals, you
haye vanquished armies; you were

181

reserved toexhibit to the universe a
spectacle the most astonishing. En-
joy your triumph with exultation,
even your enemies admireyour vir-
tue and your courage.

*e*RKE, Pitt, and their slaves,
had sent, at a vastexpense, land and
sea forces to eftect the conquest of
the French possessions, anenterprise
of no difficulty, because they then
contained none butmastersand their
slaves. One republican battalion,
two frigates, three transports, (a
contrast how striking!) have de-
feated the savage Jervis, with six
ships, twelve frigates, and eight
smali sloops of war ; and the hypo-
crite Grey, with twelve battalions
and his horde of ‘aristocrats: you
have made them bite the dust ;
great numbers have fallen into our
power, while, during a combat of

. forty days, not a single republican

has been made a prisoner.

Your resolution in remaining at
your post, notwithstanding the fire
of the enemy, in spite of the bombs
and red-hot balls which they inces-
santly discharged upon us for thirty
days ; your exemplary conduct has
even excited their admiration ; not
a complaint has been raised against
you: you have respected property,
though you were in a country con-
quered and taken by assault, and
though immense wealth has been
exposed to your view, You have
thrown no person into mourning ;
you have caused no tears to.flow;
no;mother hasdemanded of you her
slaughtered son ; no wife her but-
chered husband ; no children their
murdered father Sut can our bar-
barous enemies say thus much?. You
have heard the cries of the wretch-
ed, fiom whom theyhave, by cruel
massacres, torn fathers, husbands,
and children.

N3 You

182

You have treated your vanquish-
ed foes with generosity, even while
the ferocious English generals have
caused your wounded brethren to
be assassinated on the field of battle,
you have covered yourselves with
glory. Humanity shall gratefully
acknowledge and transmit your
names and actions to posterity, your
enemies have overwhelmed them-
selves in infamy, and shal] remain
an object of horror to future gene-
rations; such is the enthusiasm of
liberty, which counts not her ene-
mies, 2nd which triumphs overnum-
bers. Yes, citizens, fortune smiles
propitious onthe daring, and victory
rewards courage.

Republicans, let the grandeur of
these ideas inflame your valour ;
“* they who have fought for liberty,
« have ever been successful.” Call
to your recollection the Swiss and
the Americans.

Citizen colonists, who, ever firm
in your principles, have been able
to resist the perfidious insinuations
of our enemies; and you, citizens
of colour, who, enjoying the ad-
vantages of the French nation, have
shared our successes, in combating
for your liberty, imitate your bre-
thren the sans culottes ; they will
always shew you the road to victo-
ry, and consolidate with you your
liberty, and that of your children.

Republicans, the commissioner
seizes this opportunity. to declare,
in the name of the national conven-
tion, that you have deserved well
ef your country; and invites you to
persevere in the sentiments which
have animated you to the present
moment. For himself, he will con
tinue to merit your esteem, by ex-
hibiting toyou anexample of civism
and courage.

At Port de la Liberté, island af

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

Guadaloupe, heretofore Point
Petre, the 1st day of ‘Thermi-
dor, (July 19, 1794,) second
year of the French republic,

ove and indivisible.
(Signed, &c.) Vicror Hucues.
Sealed with the seal of ‘the com-
mission, andsigned by thecom-
missioner, andby his seeretary.
VieEL, Secretary to the commissioner.

French proclamation to the army of
the western Pyrenees andthe Spa-
niards of the frontier, publishedin
the end of July, 1794.

Brave soldiers,

HE moment of victory has at

Jength arrived, which proves
that this army is the worthy sister of
those of the north and south. That,
by their example, you will also a-
venge your country, overturn the
despots, and sacrifice their satel-
lites ; that, like them, after purify-
ing the land of liberty, sullied by
the presence ofslaves, you will bear
the triumphant arms of the republic
into theterritory of the enemy, and
there display the tricoloured stand-
ard, of freedom. In _ penetrating
into the enemy’s territory, brave
soldiers, we need not stimulate your
courage—you are always eager to
combat and to conquer ; but .we
recommend to your consideration
what the French people have pro-
claimed every where—war to the
palace —peace to the cottage—war
against tyrants and their satellites—
peace to the peaceable citizen—to
the humble shed of the indigent—
to the abode of the useful labourer,
and industrious artisan. This con-
duct, as it arises trom our feelings, is
also dictated by our interest.

The

—

a ie

CTR TE PAPERS.”

- TheSpanish territory, upon which
We now enter, mist become part ot
the French republic. Let, there-
fore, devastation, pillage, and in-
cendiary be far from us—let the
fearful inhabitant behold his asylum
respected, and learn, at length, to
esteem a people, the avengers of
the violated rights of human nature,
whom kings and priests haye repre-
sented to them as a people of An-
thropophagi. And you, inhabitants
of the Spanish fields and towns, use-
ful labourers, industrious artisans,
fly not the republican legions.—
Throw yourselves into our arms,
without weapons, without defenc:,
and you will findin them protection
and safety for yourselves, your fami-
lies and your property. The French
soldier has sworn to exterminatethe
men armed for tyrants ; but the
sword, so dreadful to such, will re-
spect always him, who defenceless,
shall implore his assistance and his
clemency. He wiil equally respect
opinions, manners, customs, and
usages. Remain, therefore, in your
peaceful dweilings, cultivate your
fields, gather in your harvests, work
at your occupations, and liberty,
growing in the midst of you, will
soon make you feel the, immense
distance between the avengers of
the rights of men, and the slaves
who move within the verge of des-
potism. The French soldier would
conquer you'to freedom, not by the
terror of his arms, but by gaining
your hearts, and illuminating your

minds.
_ (Signed)

Pinzrt, the elder,
Garrau, Cavalonac.

bike

Address from the general-verifier of

assignats at Bruges, August 21,
1794. A

183
Equality, liberty fraternity, or death!

The general-verifier of assignats to
his fellow -citizens.

-Republicaas,

’y* HE enemies of ourglorious re-
i volution do not cease tojattack
it by the most vile and most crimi-
nal methods. The coalesced despots
against it have not blashed to. rank
tiemselves among the forgers of as-
signats. ' re
Crimes cost nothing to tyrants in
the war which they wage againsta
people who combats for the sacred
rights of man. These royal robbers
(brigands) have established fabricar
tions of false assignats ; and in this
emulation of turpitude, the English
government shews itself zeatous of
occupying the first rank. The proof
of it results from the most exact in-
formation, which has beentakenon
account of thisfalse paper, of which
Liege, Flanders, Holland, and Ger-
many, are like so many magazines,
destined at length to vomit the
poison on the territories of the re-
public. saa
But their criminal attempts have
been bafiled. Long since, measures
have been taken which are crowned
with success ; and still farther to ex-
terminate the false assignats among

cus, the following ordinance is to be

published and attended to, “in all
the conquered couniries, as well as
in France ; and thatno person may
pretend ignorance thereof, it is to
be published in the two languages,
and stuek up conspicuously as usual.
(Signed) Deverez,
The general-verifier of assignats.

PROCLAMATION.

1. It is hereby enjoined to all
citizens of every rank and descrip-
N 4 tion

184

tion whatever, who arein possession
of assignats, either belonging to
them, or toany other person or per-
sons whatever, to bring them with-
in the space of twenty-four hours to
the verifiers to be verified, at the
Maison de France, in all the dif-
ferent towns now possessed by the
French republic ; otherwise they
shall be treated as suspected persons
and imprisoned, until a peace, in
some town in the department of Pas
de Calais.

2. Any persons or personsknow-
ing of a dépot of false assignats, and
not making an immediate declara-
tior of the same, to be ranked as
an accomplice, and punished as
such,

3. All shipping, merchants, and
others, are required daily to bring
the assignits they receive, within
twenty-four hours after the receipt
of them, to be verified, or in default
of so doing, to be treated as sus-
pected.

4. Every person, or persons, who
shall be found endeavouring to pass
false assignats areimmediately to be
denounced by the party, or parties,
to whom such assignats are offered,
or, those neglecting so to do, shall
be brought before the criminal tri-
bunal of the department of Pas de
Calais.

Seen, and judged properto be at-
fixed in the usual manner, in my
presence,

Laurent, general.
AGEYMAS, commandant
amovible.

(Signed) Beyts.

Address from the nationalconvention
to the French people, Oct. 9, 1 794.

RENCHMEN, in themidst of
your triumphs, your ruin is

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

meditated. Certain perverse men
would raise the tomb of liberty in
the bosom of France. To be silent
we should betray ourselves, and the
most sacred of duties is to enlighten
you in the perils which surround
you.

Your most dangerous foes are not
those satellites of despotism, whom
you are accustomed tovanquish, but
their pertidious emissaries, who,
mingling among you, combat your

independence, by imposition and by

calumny.

The heirs of the crimes of Robe-
spierre, and of all the conspirators
whom you have overthrown, labour
in every sense to mislead the re-
public ; and covered with various
masks, tey seek to lead you to a
counter-revolution through the dis-
orders of anarchy.

Such is the character of these
whom ambition pushes on to ty-
ranny. ‘They prociaim their princi-
ples; they decorate themsetves with
sentiments which they have not.
They call themselves the friends of
the people, and they aspire only to
authority. They talk ory of the
rights of the people—they strive
only to wrest them from their
hands. y
_ Frenchmen, you will suffer your-
selves no longer to be deluded by
these fallacious insinuations ; in-
structed by experience you will be
deceived no more. The evil has
pointed out the remedy. You were

on the pointof falling into the snare _

of the wicked— The republic was
about to perish—you merely ex~
claimed ‘¢ vive la convention !” the
wicked were confounded, and the
republic saved.

Remember that so long as the
people and the convention are one,
the attemp's of the enemies of li-
berty willexpire at your feet, as the

foam

STATE PAPERS.

foam of the ocean breaks upon the
rock.

Restored to your pristine energy,
you will no more sutter a few indi-
viduals to impose on your reason,

‘and you will not forget, that the
greatest misfortune of a people is a
continualagitation. They know this
well who would drive you from the
slumber of death into the arms of
tyranny.

Rally at the voice of your repre-
sentatives. You will never lose
sightof thistruth, that theassurance
of liberty is at once in tke force of
the people, andin ‘ts reunion to the
government which has merited its
confidence.

On our side, theconvention, con-
stant in its course, supported by the
willof the people, will maintain by
reforming it, thatgovernment which
has saved the republic.

Yes, we swear—we will remain
at our post until the consummation
of the revolution; until that hour
when the triumphant republic, giv-
ing the law to its enemies, shal] be
able to enjoy, in the security of vic-
tory, those fruits of a constitution,
as solid as the peace they shall have
imposed.

Weshall know how to spare error
and tostrike only at crime: be inex-

_ oradle only to immorality. The im-
moral man ought to be rejected by
society as a dangerous element cor-
ruptible by hisnature, and therefore
always ready to rally round con-
Spiracy.

Your representatives will not suf-
fer the public sanctions to be exer-
cised by others than the true friends
of the people—they will banish far
from them the persigaa: who talk
_of the rights of the people only to
engross them,

185

After having thus expressed its
solicitude, manifested its thoughts
and intentions, the natural conven-
tion states to the I'rench people,
those sacred principles and eternal
truths the central force of their uni-
on.

A nation cannot govern itself by
the flexible decisions of caprice, the
sport of the passions --it is by the
authority only of the laws that it can
do so.

The laws are the securities for
our rights, This previous security
is sought by man when he enters
political associations. ‘This they af-
ford him by the aid of government,
which confines the citizen within
the circle of his duties.

Every thiug which would violate
those rights is a crime aginst the
social or zanization. Individual liber-
ty musthavenobounds,except where
it trenches upontheliberty of others.
The law must ascertain, and mark
those boundaries.

Property must be sacred. Far
from us be those systems dictated by
immorality and idleness, that erect
into system thecommission of theft,
and diminish the salutary horror it
inspires. Let the power of the law
therefore secure our property, as it
secures the other rights of the citi-
zen.

But whoshouldestablish the law?
The people alone, by the organ of
those representatives to whom it has
delegated this power. No particular
authority—no reunion is :hepeople
—hor can it act, not even speak in
its name,

If any audacious hand should at-
tempt to seize the rights of the peo-
ple, upon the allar of the country,
the convention will discover with
greater eagerness their delegated

power

186

power fo the usurper, as they owe
an account to the people. ‘of the. at-
tacks made upon its sovereignty.

In their firmness the national cén-
vention will not depart from wis-
dom—they will attend to all remon-
strance, but they wil! not suffer the
right to enlighten and ddmonislt, to
become a means of oppression “and
debasemént—nor thatany voice shall
be Jouder than than that of the na-
tional representation.

Against the intriguers, and those
who yet may regret royalty, they
will preserve the most vigorous pos-
ture. They will maintain the mea-
sures of security, which the public
safety demands; but they will never
consent to their arbitary extension,
andthat suspicion should be @ source
of calamity.

Frenchmen, consider as your ene-
mies all those who attack, obliquely
or directly, the liberty, the equality,
the unity, and the indivisibility of

the republic.

Fly those who speak to you of
blood andscaffoldsincessantly, those
exclusive patriots, enriched by the
revolution, who dread the operation
of justice, and who reckon upon
tinding their safety in cotfusion
and anarchy.

Esteem and search out those Ja-
boriousand modest men, those good
and pure beings, who fly from pub-
lic employments, and who practise
incessantly, without ostentation, the
republican virtues.

Neyer lose sight of this axiom,
that if a rapid and violent move-
ment is necessary to make a revo-
Jution, calmness andprudence must
terminate it. Unite yourselves about
one common cenire, the love and
respect for the laws.

Behold your brave brethren in

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794,

atms, they set ‘you the example of
that sublime obedience in their'sub-
ihission and devotion. Their glory
is to attend to the voice of their
leaders ; they bless incessantly the
cecrees of the ‘convention ;. they

uffer, andcast, the misfortune upon
circumstances; if they perish, their
las st exclamation is for the republic. .

And’ you, inthe bosom of towns

and villages,. will you suffer your-
selves to be agitated by vain de-
bates? Will you throw into your as-
semblies obstacles which may retard
the triumphant march of the revo.
lution.

OG Frenchmen ! what grief will
it be for you, what satisfaction for
your enemies, to sce France victori-
ous without, and torn to pieces
within ! No they shall not have
that cruel pleasure—W hat thecon-
vention has done inthe armies, they
will do in the bosom of the repub-
lic.

The warlike virtues produce the
hero; the demestic virtues form the
citizen ;_and they are these virtues,
sustained and fortified by an invin-
cible attachment to republican prin-
ciples, which perpetuate in a ge-
nerous nation that sacred fire, that
erand character, which has made
the French people the first in the
universe.

Citizens, all the ieeians. must
concent in the .establishment of a
republic. “You have exerted, by
turns, force, for the demolition. of
the Bastille andthe throne—the pa-
tience to support the evils insepara-
ble from a general revolution —the
courage to repulse your barbarous
invaders. The time is“ arrived to
conquer your enemies again by
firnmess and wisdom. Calm must
succecd to so many storms. “Phe

vesse

§ WADE! PAP E.RSi

_ yessel of the republic, beaten so oft
_ by the tempest, touches at length
upon the shoie. Beware how you
repulse it once more among the
breakers. Permit it to approach the
port, pressing with a tranquil course
an obedient ocean, in the midst of
_ the transports of a people free,
hs

happy, and triumphant.

Proclamation and decree of the na-
tional convention to all those who
have taken part in the revolt in the
departments of the west, the coasts
of Brest, and the coasts of Cher-
Lourg.

OR two years your country has
‘been a prey to the horrors of
civil war. Those fertile plains,
which appeared designed by na-
ture to be the abode of happiness,
are become the residence of pro-
scription and carnage. The courage
of our countrymen is turned against
themselves. ‘he flames devour
their babitations, and the earth,
covered with ruins and with em-
sf lems of mourning, refuses even a
subsistence to the survivors. Such
are, Frenchmen, the wounds which
-have been inflicted on our country
by pride and imposture. Wicked
men have abused your inexperierice:
it was in the name of a righteous
God that they furnished you with
b parricidal arms ; it was in the name
of humanity that they devoted to
death thousands of victims ; it was
/ ‘in the name of virtue that they
; drew together a band of wretches
from every corner of I’rance—that
they made it the receptacle of

monsters vomited out of every
country. (What blood has been sa-
ny crificed to the best of cominions !

aud you, whom they deluded, why

187

did you reject the lights that were
held out to you, to embrace a mis-
chevious phantom?) Why would
you prefer masters to brothers, and
the torches of fanaticism to the
flambeau of reason ?- May your eyes
at length be opened, and an end
puttoso many calamities! Weaken-
ed by repeated losses, disunited and
scattered, without any other re-
source than despair, you still may
have an asylum inthe generosity of
the nation.. Yes, your brothers, the
French people, are still inclined to
think you more misled than culpa-
ble ; their arms are stretched out to
you, andthe national convention
pardons you in their name, if you
lay down your arms, and if repen-
tance and a sincere attachment urge
you to fraternize with them. Their
word is sacred ; and, if unfaithful
delegates have abused their confi-
deuce and your's, justice shall be
executed on them. ‘Thus the re-
public,equally terrible towards its
enemies within, as without; is
highly gratified by recalling its mis-
guided children ! take advantage of
its clemency, and hasten to return
into the bosom of your country.
The authors of all your misfortunes

are those who have seduced you.
Itis time that the enemies of
Fronce should cease to be gratified
by the spectacle of cur internal dis-
sentions; theyalonesmileatyour mis-
fortunes; they alone profit of them:
it is necessary to defeat their impi-
ous plans, Turn against them those
arms they have’ supplied you with
for our.destruction. Are the ties of
nature dissolved ; and has the blood
of the English passed into your
veins?) Would you, massacre the
families of your brother-conquerors
of Europe, rather than unite your-
selves to them, aud partake of their
glory ?

188

glory ?>—No: you are now’ en-
lightened by the voice of truth, and
already many of you are returned,
and find security the price of your
confidence. Return all of you, and
Jet the fire-side of each become se-
cure and peaceful, let the lands be
cultivated, and let plenty resume
its reign! Let us join in avenging
ourselves of the common enemy—
of that implacable and jealous na-
tion, which has thrown the brand
of discord amongst us! Let all
our republican energy be directed
against those who have violated the
rights of the people! Let the ut-
most vigour animate all throughout
our ports ; let the ocean be covered
with our privateers; and let the
war of extermination, with all its
attendant horrors, be carried frony
the banks of the Loire to the banks
of the Thames !—

Decreed,

1. That all persons in the de-
shel 2 of the east, the coasts of

rest and of Cherbourg, known
under the name of the robbers of
La Vendée and of Chouans, who
shall lay down their arms in the
course of a month after the publi-
cation of the present decree, shall
not be molested or tried for the
acts which they may have com-
mitted.

2. The arms shall be deposited in
the municipalities and communes
that shall be pointed out by the re-
presentatives of the people.

3. To superinted the execution
of the present decree, the conven-
tion appointed the representatives
of the people, Menou, Boudin, the
official for the departments of the
east, and two others for the coasts
of Cherbourg, with thesame powers
as the representatives of the people
in mission.

ANNUAL) REGISTER) 1794. .

Proclamation to the French people
to accompany the decree of the re-
peal of the law of the Maximum.

Frenchmen,
fh yor thx equity, the interest
of the republic, reproved long

ago the Jaw of the maximum; the
national convention revokes it; and
the more the salutary motives which
dictated this decree shall be known,
the more it will have a right to your
confidence. 1n taking this measure,
it doesnot mistake the circumstances
which surround it; it foresees that
bad faith will endeavour to per-
suade, that all the evils which were
occasioned by the maximum itself
are the effects of its suppression. But
your faithful representatives have
forgot their dangers, and only. look

for public utility.

Vheleastenlightened minds know
now, that the law of the maximum
annihilated from day to day com-
merce and agriculture: the more’
that law was enforced, the more
it became impracticable. Oppres-
sion in vain assumed a thousand
forms ; it met with a thousand ob-
stacles ; it was constantly eluded,
or it only took away, by odious and
violent means, some precarious re-
sources, which it wassoon toexhaust.
It is then that law which became
so disastrous, that conducted us to
an exhausted state. Considerations
which exist no more, justified it
perhaps at first; had not the con-
vention, in repealing it, broken the
chains of industry. It belongs to
industry freed from her shackles; it
belongs to regenerated commerce
to multiply ovr wealth and our
means of exchange. The supplies
of the republic are entrusted to una-
nimity and to liberty, the only
bases of commerce and sii
at

STATE PAPERS.

But after so many calamities, their
benefits will not be as speedy as our
wants are urgent. Every sudden
transition to a new order of things,
every change, however nseful it be,
is never without a shock, and offers
almost constantly some inconveni-
ence. The impatience of the citi-
zens wanted at this moment to sup-
ply itself, at any price, with the
goods necessary for their consump-
tion. This cause, added to the
inclemency of the season, made
them undergo a momentary rise in
their price. A few days more, and
we shall see the happy effects ofa
decree, which malevolence will
doubtless calumniate, which was
commanded by the welfare of the
people. Let all fears vanish; the
government watches day and night.
Your representatives expect every
thing from the character which dis-
tinguishes the French nation, and
the provisions shall be secured. Fra-
ternity shall be no more af empty
name among us; it shall reject alike
the calculation of avarice and the
false alarms, which are still more
subservient to a variety of specula-
tors, in creating a factitious fa-
mine.

You wil] not compromise five
years labours and sacrifices; and
the genius of liberty will triumph
this day over all the passions, even
of his wants, and of the rigour of
the elements, as he has triumphed
ever all the tyrants of Europe.

_ Your enemies bestir themselves
in darkness, and want to mislead
the people; but they shall be deaf
to the insinuations of perfidy, and
shall only rally at the voice of the
country,

_ Yesterday royalty seemed to con-
spire from the bottom of its grave ;
its blasphemies resounded to the

189

gates of the sanctuary of liberty.
But this last ery of royal fanaticism,
striking all the republicans with in-
dignation, contributes to give them
fresh energy. Justice and reason
will bring back abundance by de-
grees. The most magnanimous na-
tion will reap at last the fruit of her
virtues; and her representatives
will find their reward in beholding
her happiness.

Decree of the convention, and address
to the armies.

N the 7th Praireal (26th May,
1794) a pretended design of
assassinating Robespierre was disco-
vered and attributed to the English:
upon which the national conven-
tion of France decreed; that xo
English nor Hanoverian prisoners
shall be made.

On the 11th Praireal. Barrere
proposed to the convention, that
the above decree shall be accom-
panied by the following address to
the armies of the republic, which
was agreed to.

England is capable of every out-
rage on humanity; and of every
crime towards the republic. She
attacks the rights of nations, and
threatens to annihilate liberty.

How long will you suffer to con-
tinue on your frontier the slaves
of ******— the soldiers of the most
atrocious of tyrants ?

He formed the congress of Pilnitz,
and brought about the scandalous
surrenderof Toulon. He massacred
your brethren at Genoa, and burned
our magazines in the maritime
towns, He corrupted our cities,
and endeavoured to destroy the na-
tional representation. He starved

your

190

your plains, and’ purchased treasons
on the frontiers.

When the event of battles shall
put in your power either English
or Hanoverians, bring to your re-
membrance the vast tracts of coun-
try English slaves have laid waste.
Carry — view to La Vendée,
‘Toulon, Lyons, Landrecies, Mar-
tinique, and St. Domingo, places
still reeking with the blood which
the atrocious policy of the English
has shed. Do not trust to their art-
ful language, which is an additional
erime, worthy of their perfidious
character and machiavelian yovern-
ment. ‘ Those who boast that they
abhor the tyranny of ******, say,
can they, fight for him!

No, No, republican soldiers, you
ought therefore, when victory shall
put in your power, either English-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

the consequences. At tne moment
that we had reason to hope for the
return of peace and tranquillity, by
the establishment of the new order
of things, which the government
had solemnly announced to us, the
same as had the canton of Zurich, a
band of tumultuous men attacked
and overthrew by main force, pub-
lic liberty and personal safety ; they
violated private houses, afrested in-
dividuals, and dragged them to pri-
son. These violences were com-

‘mitted even against the ministers of

religion, in a manner such asseemed
te announce the intendéd proscrip-
tion of religion, in a city hitherto
remarked as its great supporter. Ci-
tizens were sacrificed even against
the will of the majority of voters.’
New victims were pointed out ;
new attempts were made against

men or. Haneverians, tostrike; not, persons and property; even in, des-

one of them ought. to return to the
traiterous territory of Iingland, or
to be brought into France.- Let the
British slaves perish, and Europe be
free,

Proclamation of the cantonof Berne,
mn Switzerland, August, 1794.

E,, the Avoyer, the little and

great council of the city and
republic of Berne, &c, make known
by these presents—public fame has
sufficiently informed us of the de-
plorable scenes which have over-
whelmed the city of Geneva. That
republic, in whose prosperity we
have constantly taken an interest,
resulting from long and intimate re-
lations as allies, and the habitual
connections of neighbeurhood, is
delivered up to unheard-of cajami-
ties, of which it is not possible to
foresee the extent, the duration, or

‘and the laws of the state ;

pite of oaths, of forms established,
and
Geneva Awaits in consternation the
fate which the sanguinary men, who
have usurped the right of disposing”
of the lives and fortunes of all the
citizens, are preparing for her.

We see with extreme grief ‘the
sad destiny of a city whosehappiness
has been at all times the object of
our cares, and which, by its proxi-
mity, so nearly interests onr own
state and that of all Switzerland.
But the knowledge we have gained
of thecriminal participation of mazy
individuals of our own country ag-
gravates still more our grief and in-
dignation. Our paternal solicitude

-for the safety and honour of our

country not permitting us to tole-
rate on our territory these men, sul-
lied with crimes, we, by the pre-
sent publication, interdict their en-
trauce into our territories; and will
that all those of our subjects who

shall

la a i i i i pl ed

OO ee eee ee

esl eT E yPpA PERS. v4 !

shall be known to have had any part
‘in these atrocious scenés, he instant-
ly denounced’ and, seized; reserving
to ourselves ie pronounce the chas-

-tisement whieh their, culpable con-

duct, in a city so Yong our ally,
merits. We doubt not, ‘dear and
daithful citizens, that, _participating
‘in the same sentiments that animate
us, yon will redouble your activity
and zeal in the execution of this
present, ordinance,

Da alia putlished Ly the pale
ore ‘y.commiltee of Geneva, July

. 20 1794.

o Equality, literty, independence.

Revolutionary citizens !
HE revolution of. the 28tb of
December, 1792, .was more
serviceable to the aristocrats than to
the revolutionists. ‘The former, al-
ways incorrigible, and invariably
the enemies of liberty, have sufler ed
no abatement of theircriminal hopes
and Jiberticidal pretensions. The
moment is now arrived, when the

revolutionists, wearied with living

among men who have not ceased
for a moment to be inimical both to

: them and the French republic, have

been forced to rise for the comple-
tien of the work which had nearly
been. entered on, and to ensure the
everlasting triumph of the princi-
ples of equality in our country.
evolutionary citizens, your mo-
sho» has hitherto merely served
to ensnare you, to embolden. the
mye ats, and give consistency to
eir culpable views. It-is time
that the people should have justice
done; and with this intention. the
yeyolutionary committee lays before
you the following g plan:

191

1.:A revolutionary tribunal, cons
sisting of twenty-one members, shall
be ok med,

2. The revolutionists, ‘assembled
in.a.,body at the national lyceum,
shall elect this tribunal by.a single
process, and according to the rela-
ade Sompapositics.

. The electors shall not return
more than 21 citizens, and net less
than 11.

4. No one shall refuse his vate on
penalty of being considered as a sus-
pected person, and treated as such.

5. Each revolutionary citizen,
without any exception, shall be en-
joined to_repair armed to- -morrow,
the 21st.of July, at eight in the
morning, to the national lyceum,
and there to vote, on pain of bemg
considered as a suspected person,
and treated as such,

6. The. revolutionary. tribunal
shall try those who are imprisoned,
as well as those who have escaped
for the present, and have fled since
the revolution.

7. It may pronounce sentence of
death, pecuuiary fines, banishment,
&e,

8. Every sentence of death shall
be subject to the approval of the
whole body of the revolutionary ci-
tizens.

g. The revolutionary. tribunal
shail’ complete its functions within
the space of six days, reckoning
from the moment of its election,

10. A military committeeshallbe
created, to consist of seven mem-
bers, who are to watch over the
public safety, and to execute the
sentences of the revolutionary tribu,
nal. It shall succeed the revolution-
ary committee, at the expiration
of its powers.

The members of each circle are
enjuined to give their suftrages P
ihe

192

the most public manner, as all true
revolutionists ought to do.
Before eight in the evening the

result of the deliberation will be.

published, mentioning the number
of the suffrages.
(Signed) Arex. Bousquet.
President of the revolutionary
comunittee.

Preamble of the decree by which the
revolutionary committee was esta~
Llished at Genev d.

Liberty, equality, independence.

, REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL,

Revolutionary citizens,
R nearly a century, liberty has
painfully contended against ari-
stoeracy: the people of Geneva
now struggle for the restoration of
their rights. For nearly a century
the country has been harrassed by
the preiensions constantly renewed,
of certain citizens, who persuaded
themselves that the people were
made for them, and that the repub-
Hie was their inheritance.

The revolution of 1792 had ap-
parently the effect of terminating
for ever the reign of the aristocracy
you have too long endured.

But, revolutionary citizens, those
among you who fancied that the
above revolution had done every
thing to establish in this republic
the reign of equality, were strangely
abused!—Those whoconceived that
the constitution, latterly accepted,
wouldsecure to the peopleall the ad-
vantages of liberty, were much mis-
taken! you invited all the Genevese
to the enjoyment of the rights of
citizenship ; but the enemies of
equality continued the same, with

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

all their pretensions and all their
prejudices. In accepting the con-
stitution you extinguished the ari-
stocracy of the laws ; but the ari-
stocracy of names. of riches, and of
manners, lost no part of its energy
and activity.

The entire mass of the aristocrats
and their adherents remained in the
posture of an enemy, whom a check
has just humbled, but who waits the
first favourable opportunity to wreak
his meieoge,- and recover his superi-
ority.

With an utter detestation of the
principles of the constitution, they
had accepted it, because it covered
them, as well as the citizens in ge-
neral, with its shield ; and because

‘under shelter of the severe measures

it had adopted against the abuses
of authority, and of the scrupulous
formalities to which it subjected the
course of justice, they might ma-
noeuvre secretly with sureimpunity.
Their hostile dispositions were,
however, notequivocal,— Have yon
in reality seen them renounce their
pretensions, and abjure their old
errors ? have you observed the dis-
solution of that scandalous coalition
which was formed to combat equa-
lity? have you seen them embrace
the excellent opportunities afforded
them by our civic festivals, to fra-
ternize with us? in short, have you
seen one of them even abandon the
fastidious pomp of aristocracy, to
unite sincerely with us around the
simplestandard of liberty? no;—but
you have seen thecrimiual obstinacy
with which some of them refused
to take the civic oath, ard With
what repugnance others consented
to pronounce it. You have heard
their counter-revolutionary predic-
tions and prophecies; aud no longer
ago than the last year, when the
Piedmontese

SHAT#E OP-MP ER S.

Piedmontese penetrated into Mont
Blanc, you saw them come out from
‘their retreats, fly to the walls, and
-there collect in groups, with the
manifest intention to profit by the
circumstances, and recover their
lost ascendency. You have heard
them sigh for a counter-revolution
4n France, which could not fail to
bring about one in this republic ;
and express their wishes for the suc-
cess of the confederate powers, the
royalists of la Vendée, and the re-

els of Lyons. You must recollect ©

-their derisions, ‘bravadoes, and de-
-monstrations ofijoy, at the news of
the miscarriages occasionally sus-
-tained by the French republican ar-
mies, You have heard them boast of
rendering our revolution abortive,
-by the derangement of the finances;
and you have seen them concur to-
wards this aim, by rejecting the first
plan of an edict on public contri-
butions, manifesting at the same
time similar views relative to that
which was to have been presented
to the sovereign council on the
19th of the same month.

You may, perhaps, have been ig-

noraut that their emissaries in Swit-

-gerland have made the strongest ef-

_ forts to deter our allies from ac-
Bicinicen our constitutional re-
gimen; and that some of them,
whose names are not as yet known,
took measures a few weeks ago to
co-operate in a. counter-revolution-
ary plan with the french emigrants,
having no less a tendency than to
light up a new Vendée in the de-

. partments which border on our ter-
ritory; to provoke hostilities be-
tween-the French republic and the
Helvetic body ; and to make our
‘city the centre of union for the
atistocrats, and a point of support
for their libertigidal measures.

9 Vor. XXXVI-

193

Their incorrigible attachment to
aristocracy, their counter-revolu-
tionary wishes, their plans, and
their arrangements, were not un-
known to the French; and this is
what served to prejudice the latter
so strongly against our republic,
They could not conceive but that
with us the revolution in favour of
liberty would terminate in giving to
the aristocracy an intire freedom to
intrigue with impunity ; and they
conceived that they ought to mis-
trust a peoplewho boasted of having
bestowed a triumph on the princi-
ples of liberty and equality, and
who had at the same time allowed
a tranquil residence among them to

a - . -
a multitude of aristocrats who did
not even take the precaution to dis-
semble their aversion for liberty and
equality, and their joy at the tri-
umphs of the enemies of the French
republic.

Remark also, that their number
and their union gave them a power-
ful influence in the assemblies of the
sovereign council. Their suffrages,
united to those of so many pre-
tended patriots, of so many whose
lukewarm and indifferent dispos’=
tions made them unworthy of that
title, might with® facility have en-
abled them to subvert the laws
most favourable to the people, and
the institutions most essential to
their happiness. ;

Revolutionary citizens, it is time
that this contention should termie
nate. It is time that the people
should, without obstacle or impedi-
ment, set about the organization of
their happiness. They are wearied
with having to wetch unceasingly
the enemies by whom they are sur-
rounded, and with wasting their
tine in disconcerting their plots.
‘Lhe compass of our Walls is too

¥ é

narrow

194

narrow ‘to. contain two classes of
people so-opposite in their princi-
‘ples and manners. There will be
no peace among us until there shall
be but one party in the republic—
that of equality, liberty, indepen-
dence, and. fraternity: until the
enemies of the people shall be for
ever prevented from. -reyolting
against them.
The experience .of what has
passed ought to instruct you. How
has it been contrived, that at. va-
rious times the momentary successes”
“of the friends of liberty were soon
followed by great miscarriages ?—
that the transitory checks of aristo-
-cracy were the fore-runners of the
most signal successes on their side ?
It is because the friends of liberty
were so simple as to think that the
exacting of laws was sufficient for
their security. What is it that has
‘propped the criminal audacity with
which aristocracy has unceasingly
renewed its pretensions and its en-
terprizes ?—Impunity, and the cle-
mency of the people, which has
encouraged their enemies to defy,
to combat, and to make a sport of
them.
xevolutionary citizens, that aristo-
cracy neededa lesson whichit should
meyer cease to remember; that. it
«should be for ever sickened from a
“repetition of its criminal. projects.
It is for the accomplishment. of this
aim. that you.have. established a re-
wolutionary tribunal, charged to
make an example, as well of the
chief aristocrats Who wish to found
their supremacy on the degradation
of. their fellow-eitizens, as of the
subaltern aristocrats who have de- |
graded their qualities of man and
qeitizen, by becoming the» servile
tools of the upperjaristocracy..
_ By this terrible measure we must
or

You must have perceived, ©

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

begin; but it will mot be! sufficient
to complete the revolution, . There
are still greater additional plans to
be adopted to consolidate its suc-
cess, to purify the air of our coun-
try of every aristocratic mfection,
and to obtain for the country a sa-
tisfaction for all the damages and
wrongs it has sustained from its per-
verse children. It is toybe our task
to accomplish a revolution of prin -
ciples and manners, to regenerate
the. public mind,’ and «to found,
without any delay, institutions’cal-
culated to ensure the prosperity of
the people, to form true citizens,
and to bestow happiness on all.
The revolutionary tribunal, en-
gaged in the trial of prisoners, can-
not efficaciously attend to these ob-
jects. 1t is, notwithstanding, ur-
gent to provide for them’; and this
tribunal ought therefore to be so
organized, as to facilitate its la-
bours, and to procure the means of
reaching its high destination with
celerity and regularity. We, in
consequence, offer for your consi-
deration and discussion the follow-
ing plan:

I. There shall be added to the
21 members of the revolutionary
tribunal, 11 otker members. to

. &
be named by the revolutionary
clubs,

II. These $2 citizens, in con~
junction, shall instantly chuse 11 of
their own body to form a revolu-
tionary committee.

III. The remaining 21 members
shall compose the revolutionary
tribunal, properly so called, to be
altogether engaged in the trials.

1V.: The revolutionary commit-
tee shall be charged——

I.. To regulate the mode and

x e

maximum of the confiscations and
indemnities towards the republic.
ae 2 To

' 3

SPATE

2. To adopt all the measures cal-
culated to ensure the success of the
revolution, as well as those which
concern the public safety.

S$. To form the plans of such
public establishments as willconcur
towards the happiness of the people.

4. To superintend all the objects
of an administration, purely revo-
lutionary. And,

5. To lay before the revolution-
ary societies such extraordinary
measures as circumstances may re-

uire,

V. The powers of the commit-
tee shall continue for one month
after the functions of the revolu-
tionary tribunal shall have ceased.

VI. With respect to whatever
does not belong to revolutionary
measures, the constituted authori-
ties shall continue to exercise their
functions, each of them conforming
in this respect to the customary re-
gulations.

(Signed) Bousquet, President.
Vou vairg, Secretary,

Proclamation published at Geneva
in August, i794.

Papua, literty, independence.

REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL.

Revolutionary citizens,
: 6 hs tribunal you established,
4 to do justice to the people on
their enemies, has at length termi-

taken.

PoA PE. R'S.

and notwithstanding, when they
entered on their functions, they
found ‘on the books of the gaoler
more than 400 prisoners ; they ac-
cordingly began by establishing the
offences which were to be sub-
mitted to their judgement, and
these they divided into the seven
following classes :

1. The resolution for the gua-
rantee,» and of consequence, for
the entty of foreign troops.

2. The armaments against the
patriots, both in the city and ter-
ritory. ‘

3. The machinations against the
establishment of equality and li
berty.

4. The machinations against the
independence of the republic.

5. The manceuvres known un-
per the title of stock-jobbing, by
which the public credit has been
injured, several families ruined, and
the state embroiled with the French
republic.

6. The manceuvres practised on
our neighbours and allies, the Swiss,
to engage them to break the alli-
ance. And,

7. The manceuvres set on foot to
corrupt the public morals. rs

The accused have all of them
been examined by thé revolutionary
tribunal, as well by public andypri-
vate interrogations, as by precepts
Thejfollowing is the total
amount of thesentences pronounced,
the detailed list of which, with the
names, will be printed and publish-

195

ed at the end of this report :
Thirty-seven sentenced to death,
twenty-six of whom are in a state
of outlawry. i siaide
Ninety-four sentenced to perpe-
tual banishment, twenty-eight of
for a basis no rule whatever; no whom have not appeared bélifre the
3 particular law, no organization: » tribunal. *
yy - O2

"mated labours; it has now to
discharge an essential duty, that
~ of submitting’to you an account of
" its operations.

» Engaged in soarduous a task, the
‘members of the tribunal have had

a
-

Four

196

Four sentenced to exile of a
ionger or shorter duration. —

Two hundred and _ sixty-four
sentenced to domestic confinement
for a longer or shorter period.

Ten sentenced to perpetual im-
prisonment in the Maison de Force.

Seven sentenced to imprisonment
in the same house of detention for
different terms.

Three bailiffs, or com Joh ser-
jeants, have been deprived of their
posts. %
Eighty-nine have been dismissed.
This makes a total of 508 indi-
viduals,

Thus are the people at length
avenged ; and thusis the struggle,
which lasted for a century between
the oppressors and the oppressed,
terminated. Independence has suf-
tered no outrage; liberty and equa-
lity triumph; and national justice
has for ever taken up her abode in
the republic, :

In the midst of the immense la-
bours with which it has been
charged, the tribunal has not been
able to pay an attention to all those
who, having conducted themselves
in a way contrary to liberty and

vequality, were perhaps deserving
of punishment. For this purpose,
it would have been necessary to

* protract the existenceof the tribunal

a third time: but every citi%en
must be satisfied, that the lesso«
which has been given, as terrible as
it is just, ought to be sufficient. If,

* however, such should be the result

of the immedjate events, that the
aristocracy, now so completely sub-
jugated, should again dare to raise
its head ; that those who have not

” been tried should presume to avail
_ themselves of that clemency, by

employing any manceuvres what-

ever, recollect, revolutionary citi-

Shee:

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794,

zens, that in such a case there re-
mains an authority capable of re-
pressing these attempts. The revo-
lutionary committee has the inter-
mediate power of punishing them,
as will appear by two-clauses of the
resolution by which it is constitut~
ed. They are as follow:

Art. 4. Section 2.—To take all
measures calculated to secure the
success of the revolution, as well
as all those relative to public se-
crecy.

Section 5.—To propose to the
revolutionary societies every mea-
surewhich circumstances may call
for. ;

Let those tremble, then, who may
form the culpable project of im-
peding the progress of the revolu-
tion in any manner whatever, and
of thus preventing the attainment
of the aim which every good citi-
zen ought to have in view, that of
making the Genevese at length a
nation of brethren.

It becomes the tribynal to remind
the revolutionists, that, having been
established by them, it has never for
a single instant lost sight of the di-
rect and immediate power of its
constituents. That conformably te
this principle it has considered it's
a duty to attend to all the requisi-
tions made to it in the name of the
revoltitionary mass; and that thus
all the operations and sentences of
the tribunal, against which no pro-
test has been made, are confirmed
by the tacit approbation of the re-
volutionists. The tribunal has not
neglected to provide for the means
of executing the sentences it has
passed: and to the end that no
doubt should remain on that head,
declares that it has charged the re-
volutionary committee to carry these
sentences inte execution without

abatement _

STATE

abatément or reservation, to be
watchful in observing all the infrac-
tions which those against whom
they have been pronounced may
attempt, and to apply the penalty
aniexed to all such attempts. It
has at the same time enjoined the re-
volutionary committee to invest
with the same powers the ordinary
tribunals, whenever the revolu-
tionists shall think proper to break
up the said committee.
Revolutionary citizens, now that
thecrisis of the revolution is passed ;
now that the vengeance of the peo-
ple has been exercised, the ideas of
the citizens ought to be directed te
the means of securing the prosperity
of the nation. To attain this end,
each citizen ought to use his best
endéavours to convert the revolu-
tion itself to the advantage of the
people. For this purpose you have
a revolutionary authority to which
this charge is intrusted : its princi-
pal duty being to determine on the
restitutions to be made by the ene-
mies of the people, and of course on
the contributions which the country
has a right to exact from every ct-
tizen proprietor. It is to make a
just application of the sums which

-may result from this measure, by

appropriating them to public esta-
blishments, agricultural rewards,
manufactories, &c. ‘This plan de-
mands the concurrence of all the
citizens, who are well informed on
any of these heads: andthe country
accordingly puts them in a state of
requisition. Be confident, revolu-
tionary citizens, in the issue of the
revolution. Confine yourselves at
this time to the customary vigilance
it behoves every citizen to observe;
resume your civil duties; return to

‘our manufactories and avocations ;
and say to yourselvessythat next to

e 9)

PAPERS. 197

the love of the country, the love of
industry is your chief duty. Re-
collect that tyrants employ two
principal means to enslave nations
—idleness and corruption. Men
who aim at being independent ale
ways become so ; and there can be.
no republic where debauched and
corrupted men are to be found.
The country requires that in this
revolution all the virtues should be
displayed, and morality, both pub-
lic and private, prevail in all the
actions of the citizens. It demands
a complete regeneration ; and be
confident of it, revolutionary citi-
zens, you will in vain have brought
about a revolution to crush aristo~
eracy, and all its vices; you will in
vain have repressed the abuses of
riches, if you neglect to proclaim
justice, probity, and virtue, not by
words, but by deeds and good ex-
amples ; you wiil otherwise, sooner
or later, witness the return of cor-
rupters and corrupted. ‘The mem-
bers of the tribunal return into the
class of simple citizens: in that
quality they hasten back with ear-
nestness to their fire-sides, and unite
themselves in every particular to the
revolutionary citizens to defend the
equality, the liberty, and the inde-
pendence of the republic.

Patent for the opening of a loan in a
coin of inferior “money, to the
treasury, of his Prussian majesty,
published by his goverument.

TE, Frederick William, by the
grace of God, &c. it hav-

ing been submissively proposed and
represented to us, that the present
considerable expences in small mo-
ney, yhich are occasioned by the 8;
4 OWS e , emergencies”

198 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

emergencies of the war, are creating
a pernicious increase of that sort of
money inthe country, which, in be-
coming incommodious to the pub-
lic, might produce an interruption
of the commerce of the interior ;
and, therefore, in order to prevent
the disadvantageous consequences
of this circulation of the enormous
quantity of the small money, and at
the same time to procure means to
proprietors of considerable quanti-
ties of that class of money, to dis-
pose of it without difficulty or dis-
advantage, we, with our usual pa-
ternal care, have determined to
open a loan, to be accepted from
our excise-officers in all provinces,
in small money, at four per cent.
interest per annum; the whole to
be under the direction of our minis-=
ter of state, count Struensee, and
the bills to the bearer will consist of
the sums of 25, 50, 100, to 1000
rix-dollars.

Given at Potsdam, November 18,

1794.
Signed)
“FREDERICK Wiri1am,-Rex.

di
Letter from the duke of Brunswick to
the king of Prussia.

FANHE motives, sire, which make

me desire my recal from the
armyare founded upon the unhappy
experience, that the want of con-
nection, the distrust, the egotism,
the spirit of cabal, have disconcerted
the measures adopted during the
two last campaigns, and still dis-
concert the measuresjtaken by the
combined armies. Oppressed by
the misfortune of being involved, by
the errors of others, in the unfortu-

er situation wherein I find myself,

‘

I feel very sensibly that the world
judges of military characters by their
successes, withoutexamining causes.
Raising the siege or the blockade of
Landau will make an epoch in the
history of this unfortunate war; and
I have the misfortune of being im-
plicated in it. The reproach will
fall upon me, and the innocent will
be confounded with the guilty.
Notwithstanding all misfortunes, I
would not have given way to my
inclination of laying at your ma-
jesty’s feet my desire of relinquish-
ing a career which has been the
principal study of my life: but when
one has lost one’s trouble, one’s la-
bour, aud efforts; when the objects
of the campaign are lost, and there
is no hope that a third campaign
may offer a more favourable issuc,
what part remains to be taken by
the man the most attached to, the
most zealous for, your majesty’s in-
terests and your cause, but that of
avoiding farther disasters? The
same reasons now divide the powers
which have hitherto divided them:
the movements of the armies will
suffer from it, as they have hitherto
done; their motions will be retard-
ed and embarrassed, and the delay
of re-establishing the Prussianarmy,
politically necessary, wilk become,
perhaps, the source of a train of
misfortunes for next campaign ; the
consequences of which are not to
be calculated, It is not war which
I object tos it is not war which I
wish to avoid; but it is dishonour
which J fear in my situation, where
the faults id other generals would
fall upon me, and where I, could
neither’act according to my. prin-
ciples nor according to my pros-
pects. Your majesty will, perhaps,
remember what [had the honourte ©
represent tages the day you quitted
' Escheveiler :

' sy,
:

* oe

Escheveiler : 2,1 exposed all my em-
barrassments, my troubles, and my
misfortunes ; 1 exerted, all my ef-
forts to prevent any inconyeniency :
unfortunately the event has, proved
the ‘insuflicies acy thereof: it is there-
fore only the intimate persuasion I
vie of the impossibility I am in to
tect what i is right, which dictates
to me. the . measure of requesting
your majesty to appoint a successor
to meas soon as possible... This
measure, however afflicting to me,
is nevertheless a consequence. of
those sorrowful reflections I have
“made upon my situation. Prudence
requires [ should retire, and honour
advises it.— When a great nation,
© likethat.of France, is conducted by
- the.terror of. punishments, and by
eapiyesianmsan unanimoussentiment,
and the same principle; ought to
prevail i in the measure of the, co-
alesced powers. But when, instead
thereof, each army acts separately
and alone of its own accord, with-
“out any fixed. plan, without. unani-
‘mity, and without principles, the
consequences are such as we have
seen at, Dunkirk, at raising the
* Blockadeof ‘Maubeuge,atthe storm-
ing of Lyons, at the destruction of
tg “Toulon, and at the raising of the
_ blockade of Landau. Heaven pre-
serve your majesty from great mis-
rd fortunes! but every thing is to:be
feared, if ‘confidence, harmony, uni-
; formity of sentiments, of principles,
___ and of actions, do not take placeo
- the opposite sentiments, which have

been the source of all misfortunes.

; ra ral past. My best wishes
ways attend your majesty, and

lory will be my happiness.

‘Ms Jan, Oe 1794.

ve oe é
P ann r _ Fe are
er ,

Pe
ne
re _. @
or ry a «

ae 2 ra ~ 2

edit; an

199:

The duke.of Brunswick to the Ria
royal of Prussia,

| Mentz, Jan. 12.
HE concern which. yourroyal -
highness has been pleased to

testify onaccount of my retreat from
the army, inspires me with the most
heart-felt gratitude. Nothing but ,
a conjunction of circumstances, as
disastrous as uncommon, could have -
prevailed on me to adopt a mea-,
sure which is so afflicting. for my-
self,

I have been highly flattered by.
the opportunities I have now and;
then found to. approach your royal,
highness, and to admire in youthose
talents which cannot fail to place.,
you among the great men of our.
age. Europe stands truly in need,
of them at a time when. ,near
400,000 combatants, and 80. line,
of battle ships, supported by an in-,
testine war, haye in vain endeavour-,
ed to ‘crush that confederacy of,
crimes which is tyrannizing over:
Franée, gityiyis!

Iam erhinently. happy to find,
that my zeal in serving a good cause
has notescaped yourroyalhighness’s
notice. Very unfortunately, indeed,
the movements of the army have

been often checked at the very time ©

when the greatest energy and exer-
tion was required. — ie

If, after the surrender of Mentz,

Houchard had been attacked, forced

back, and defeated, the reinforce-

‘ments which strengthened the army

of the North would:no ave reach-
ae course. i i near
Maubeuge would have been ayoid-
Saar Louis, ill provided with

sprite an Sepciiang all. pro-
tection from,bombs) in a
] obability,

PR Pes

- - a Fy é “_ ,
= +
m 7 agit A : tis
' . # a
ae ;

}

’

_» situation of Germ

”

200 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

probability, have been reduced
within a fortnight. Alsace might
then have been turned by the Saar.
The possession of the Lauter would
have afforded more solid advantages;
and if, by all possible means, the
junction of the armies of the Rhine
and the Moselle had been prevent-
ed, and the point of Bouquenon
gained, Strasburgh would have been
threatened, and Landau very likely
subdued.

I beg your royal highness’s par-
don for expressing my regrets. Com-
plaints are useless, I know; but
sometimes they afford a momentary
relief: permit me only to add, that
if you have any influence over my
successor, I would wish you to pre-
vail on him to employ all his credit
to prevent the frittering of the army
into too numerous detachments ;
the consequence of which is, that
being every where too weak to act
on an offensive plan, our troops are
obliged to confine themselves to de-
fensive measures with the enemy we
have to combat, which is a fault
productive of the most pernicious
consequences.

Tt is with the sincerest regret I
leave an army which has inspired

_me with the highest esteem, ad-
miration, and attachment.

By Fn:

+. ¥#, :
Liter written by the king of Prussia
‘to the elector of Mertz.

ae
*

we?

Berlin, Jan. 31.
HE extraordinary urgency of
‘the present circumstances in-

duces me to write this letter to your

bighiitss a full assurance of your
hig hness’s perfeet knowledge of the
y> Our country.

The dangerous'erisis in which this

a , . + €

ty -

- Fe =
._ * ~, ¢ =

country is thrown by a war without
example, with a formidable, furious,
and deseroctive enemy, who already
menaces the six frontier circles, to.
enter them with fire and sword:
such a crisis is too well known to
your excellency, not to see the ne-
cessity of concurring with me and
with every state, animated with a
patriotic zeal, in the most proper
measures to ward off the danger.

Among all the measures which
the empire can employ, there is
none which appears to me more in-
efficacious against an enemy, whose
numbers diminish not, and who op-
pose a fanatic fury in battle, the re-
sources of tactics, and a numerous
artillery ; nothing, I say, Js more
insufficient than the general arma-
ment of the inhabitants of the circles
which has been proposed. This
measure, so dangerous, and so sin-
gularly delicate in itself, is still more
inadmissible, because it can in no
ways accord with the defence of
the empire by my troops; and
their retreat must infallibly be the
consequence. o ie

As it is impossible for me to con=
tinue a war so far distant from the
frontiers of my estates, and which
is so expensive, I have, some months
since, frankly opened myself on this
head to the principal powers who
take part in the war, and I have
entered on negociations with them,
which cannot yet be terminated.

It is for this reason I now find

myself obliged to demand of the

empire to charge itself with the
provisioning of my army. oe :

In reality, the necessary measures
on this subject have been lately
made at the diet; but your his ness
will consider that it is impagsible to
wait its decision ; so nee € only
thing which remains to be done, is,

ns * for

STATE PAPERS.

for the six frontier circles, who have
- most need of- defence, to assemble
immediately, for the purpose of

_ furnishing the said provisions pro-

visionally, until the diet has made
its conclusum.

In consequence, I beg of your
highness, in the most pressing man-
ner, that your highness, in virtue of
your quality of arch-chancellor and
director of the circle, would im-
mediately convoke the said six
circles.

- The speedy convocation of the
six circles, and their furnishing my
army with provisions, is the only
means of saving Germany at this
grand crisis. Without this, it will
be impossible for me to make my
troops maintain the field any longer
against the enemy. f shall not fail,
though with regret, to order them
back into my states, for their own
defence, and to abandon the em-
pire to itself and to its fate.

It is in the hands, therefore, of
your highness, that I put the safety
of the empire; and, confident of
your wisdom and patriotism, I ex-

you will employ the means
which the laws of the empire give
you, in such a manner that my
views, directed to the good of the
country, may be fulfilled ; and that,
by my troops being supplied with
_ provisions, I may be able to assure’

_ the empire of the most efficacious
_ protection and defence.

Declaration of the king of Prussia
_ to the diet of Ratisbon, made in
the beginning of Feb. 1794.

FTHE electoral minister of Bran-
denburg notifies to the diet,
_ Row assembled, that the king his

. a

201

master, perceiving the indispensable
necessity of continuing the war a-
gainst the common enemy, is not
adverse to the increase of his army
on the Rhine to 80,000 fighting
men; but as the hostilities on the

_ part of the French are rather direct-

ed against the empire, than against
his majesty’s own territories, no~
thing more can be required of him
than his simple contingent. Bein
willing, however, to forego all these
considerations, the king is ready to
fulfil his engagements, provided the
following demands are previously
complied with :

1. That each of the princes and
states of the empire shall furnish im-
mediately, and without delay, the
contingents of men prescribed.

2. That the empire shall provide
for the subsistence of the Prussian
troops, by reserving for them
20,000 rations of bread, and 24,000
rations of hay and corn daily.

If the Germanic body should re-
fuse to acquiesce in the just demands
of his majesty, so far from sending
any future foree to the succour of —
the empire, he will/feel himself un-
der the necessity of recalling his
troops on the Rhine, and leave no
more than the simple contingent
prescribed by the terms of alliance
between the states of Germany.

Memorial of M. de Dohm, the
Prussian minister, to the circles
of the Lower Khine and West-
phalia, gated at Cologne, the
12th of February, 1794.

oe war without exampe,
which his majesty the king »
has maintained during two cam-—
paigns, against a furious nation,
not upon the frontiers of his own

: dominions,

202

dominions,’ but ‘in countries» very»

distant, and already almost entirely
exhausted, in the midst of thegreat-
est scarcity of provisions,.of difficul-,
ties of every: species, -without spa~
ring the greatest sacrifices, and un-

der the necessity of carrying out of.

his own states enormous ;sums in
specie ;—-such awarmust necessarily
have undermined the strength, of
Prussia ina. proportion much greater
than that, of the powers.,who. are
situated nearer to France. His. ma-
jesty, for,this reason, finds himself
absolutely incapable of co-operating,
with his own resources alone, in a
third.campaigny with the same, ac-
tivity that he hitherto has done; he
is, on the contrary, under the ne-
cessity of, withdrawing, -in-a few
weeks, his troops from the frontiers
of the German empire, which he
has till now so well protected-and
defended, and of ordering them to
retire to hisown dominions, if some
method or otheris not found to pro-
vide for their pay and support. The
king has, some months since, made
a free overture on this subject to the
coalesced powers, from which there
have resulted negotiations, of which
the issue will, no doubt, be satis-
factory ; but of which the. result
cannot be so immediate as the ne-
cessity of commencing a new cam-
paign. In the uncertainty in which
his majesty 1s thus placed, whether
he will take a farther part ‘in the
wat, and in the impossibility which
arises from that circumstance,’ of
making the necessary dispositions
forthe futtite support of the Prussian
troops, he has commanded. this
state of things tobe laid before the
diet of the empire, and proposed
at the ‘same time, that the empire,
ina body, should charge itself from
the date of the Ist of February, with

#s :

ANN WAL REG [SiTEWR; 1794.

the:pay-of thé-army destined:to act, |
against the enemy: that a prompt
decision should be taken. on’, this
subject, and that the.re-partition, of
the quantim,on the cireles should
be decreed. The urgency of the;
presenticonjuncture so strongly jus-
tifies and supports this proposition,
that at-is not,to be doubted but the
empire in general will acknowledge
the injustice of expecting that his,
Prussian: majesty will any longer»
continue, with his own forces alone,
to the great prejudice of his domi-
nions, those sacrifices which he has
hitherto: made, with so much disin-
terestedness, and | patriotism; but
that, on, the contrary, after so, many,
Prussians have perished in the de-,
fence,of the empire, and the) sacred
person of his majesty, and those of
the princes of :his family have been;
exposed.to. such multiplied: perils’
for the same object, it now 1s the»
duty of the'states of the empire toy
concur seriously, by all the: means
in their power, after the example

of his majesty, to avert. a danger

with | which, they | themselves are
threatened. Although his, majesty
is convinced that these undeniable
truths will make a due impression
on the diet, and that the decision:
of that body will be conformable to
his expectations; yet, considering
the nature.of, the deliberations of
the diet, that decision will demand
more time than the,urgency of the
danger permits; since if the king is
to continue to defend and protect .
the empire in the campaign which
is about to be opened, the empire
must charge itself, without delay,
with the support of the Prussian
army. In this state of things, the
only expedient that remains, is, that
the six anterior circles who are the
most. exposed to’ danger, and who

» "2 have

ST AE EPA PoE. Rs.

have the most need of protection,
namely, those of Franconia, Bava-
ria, Suabia, the electoral circle of
the Upper Rhine, that of the Lower

~. Rhine, and of Westphalia, should

take upon themselves, provision-
ally, from the date of the lst of Fe-
bruary, under the reserve of, the
eventual decision of the diet, and
until its full completion, the sup-

port of the Prussian army which.,

.acts against the enemy., The pro-

visions to be delivered to it will
comprehend daily 41,966 rations,
and 82,154 portions, with the ne-
cessary wood, straw, carriages, &c.
and that after the decision of the
diet shall have taken place, they
shall receive from the other cir-
cles an indemnification in money,
proportionate to their padyances.—
That this measure, which circum-
stances render so indispensably ne-
cessary, may be as soon as possible
carried into execution, the king has
requested his serene lffghness the
elector of Mentz, as arch-chancel-
lor and director of the empire, to
convoke without delay, in an as-
sembly at Francfort,the above-men-
tioned circles, with the reserve of

hat is due in such cases to his

-“Gmperial majesty, as chief of the

;

empire, for the collection and par-
tition of thé provisions, that mea-
sures may be taken in concert with
the Prussiamcommissary, deputy to
this assembly of the circles, the
baron de Herdenberg, without de-
lay, and without observing the for-
ities useful in other cases, but
is destructive, to determine the
plage, the manner, and the time of
delivering them. The undersigned
is commanded at the same time to’

give this information to the circles »:

of the Lower Rhine and Westpha-
lia, and to request of them to de-

Po >

208

liberate. immediately- upon an ob-
ject.so important and so urgent,
and to send to Francfort a depu-
tation which may. co-operate to-
wards it. "he reasons, which make
the greatest celerity necessary, are
too evident to require any farther
illustrations; the tearing asunder all
the bands of society ; the subver-.
sion of all constitutions, political
and ecclesiastical; the annihilation
of all property, and the eh oe
of every species of happiness and
prosperity, amongall classes of men ;
such, would be the melancholy fate
of Germany, if our courtry were
to be conquered by a nation which»
breathes only murder and pillage:

and -this conquestwould be the

almost, inevitable consequence of
the retreat of the Prussian ‘army, to
which, his’ majesty would, by dif-
ferent reasons, be infallibly com-
pelled, though with regret, if the an-
terior circles did not resolve without
delay, th ‘provincial: -mainténance:
which is’ demanded of them, and
did not immediately make the ne-
cessary dispositions to that effect.
His majesty, full of confidence in
his co-estates of this circle, assures
himself that, penetrated by the ur-
gency of circlimstances, they will
conduct and accelerate this nego=
tiation with ‘all the zeal which is
inspired by the defence of their
own existence, as well as that of all
Germany, At the same time that
the undersigned has the honour to
recommend, with the greatest confi-
dence, this affair to the patriotism
of the two high co-directors, he
must request that this proposition,
made onthe part of the king of
Prussia, may be immediately com-_

1icated to the whole circle, and.
that the assembly of the ‘circle, at
present separated, may be called

a together,

“ Sd

key

204

together, to take the affair into con-
sideration, and to send.a deputa-
tion to the assembly of Franconia,
for which the letter of convocation
of the elector of Mentz will soon be
issued, and of which the opening
will very probably be fixed for a
very early period. The under-
‘signed ventures to hope, from the
sen of enlightened patriot~

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1764.

majesty Opposes to a general arma-
ment of the inhabitants of the em-
pite, are the following, viz.

1. By employing the peasants
against the enemy, agriculture will
want hands.

2. That there are not arms suf-
ficient to give to such a mass of
people. ‘ ”

3. That it is impossible, in so

‘the two high co-directors, “short a time, to teach the manual

ism

tat they will co-operate with all
their efforts, for the attainment of
so important an object ; and it is in
this hope, that he will expect their
declaration to be communicated to
his court. Dom.

Declaration of the king of Prussia
against the proposition for a gene-
ral armament of the inhabitants

_ of the empire, made in Feb. 1794.

nhs \ N THEN the proposition for
yV_ a general armament of the
subjects of the empire was made, at
the assembly of the diet, the king
of Prussia represented. such essen-
tial difficulties against this measure,
that he could not have expected
that the proposition would have
been carried to a conclusum.
II. For this reason, his majesty
_ finds himself under the necessity of
them again once more be-
the six nearest circles, with
this observation, viz. ‘ That if the
said circles cannot determine with
themselves to withdraw the said
conclusum, and render it of none
effect, he will be forced, however
contrary to his inclination, to with-
draw his troops, as he cannot ex-
pose them to the danger Ms
must necessarily result from this
measure.
IIL. The reasons that his Prussian

exercise to the inhabitants.

_ 4. It has been found, by the ex-
perience of the two last campaigns,
that the soldiers opposed to the
French must be perfectly exercised
to make head against them,

5. Lastly, independent of the
above reasons, it is infinitely dan-
gerous, at a time like the present,
when the French are watching
every advantage to insinuate their
principles, to assemble such a mass
of men, whose ideas upon forms of
governmeng must be various, and a-
mong whom consequently dissen-
sions might arise, disastrous in their
consequences both to the armies,and
to the constitution of the empire.

Declaration of his Prussian majesty,
delivered to the states of the Ger-
manic circles, assembled at Frank-

fort, in February, 1794,

Hs majesty the king of Prussia
could not but hear with the
highest displeasure, that designs
were imputed to him, tending to
secularize bishoprics and chapters,
to suppress them, and to appropri-
ate to himself certain cities of the
empire, in order to indemnify him-
self for the immense sums which he

‘has expended for near two years, to

carry on the war against the French,
and to defend against them the
anic

»
% Ti

Siw E Pav BE RS,

Germanic empire and his illustrious
allies.

His majesty, confident that his
designs are pure, might pass in si-
lence over such rumours, and con-
tent himself with the conviction,
that they would find no belief on
the part of the well-disposed states
of the empire : but to give the most
ample satisfaction, and to confound
the malevolent, who invent simi-
Jar stories purposely, and pevhaps
to excite distrust, the undersigned
has orders formally to declare, that
while his majesty makes war upon
the French, he has never any view
but the defence of the Germanic
empire, and the maintenance of the
constitution; that it never was_ his
majesty’s design to make conquests
for himself ; and that if conquests
are made from France, the empire
will have its share; that he never
conceived the least idea of indem-
nifying himself at the expence of
the empire, whose constitution has
always been sacred to him, and for
whose maintenance he has already
made so many sacrifices, as 1s gene-
rally knowy.

The undersigned finally declares,
that his majesty will never belie
those intentions in future, and will
be always ready to secure and gua-
rantee to the Germanic empire its
territory and constitution, and to its
states in particular, a a Be
and temporal, their possessions and
nights; in a word, the inviolable
maintenance of the whole Germa-

nic body, provided the empire, and
above all, those six circles which
_are most exposed to danger at the
present, will co-operate as much as
theconstitution and patriotism re-
quire of them.

(Signed) Baron Hocusrerror.

205

Letter from the king of Prussia,
to ihe prince of Saxe Coburg. —

[ eager to inform you, that
in consequence of the negotia-
tions which have hitherto been car-
ried on, it is my intention to give
orders to my field-marshal Mollen-
dorff to leave behind a corps of
20,000 men, under the command
of lieutenant-general Kalkreuth, to
withdraw with the rest of my army
from the environ Mentz, and to
march towards Cologne. I request
you, for that purpose, to take the
necessary measures, that the retreat
of the most considerable part of my
troops do not turn out advantage-
ous to the enemy, but that the for-~
tress of Mentz, and the empire in
general, remain covered against
hostile invasion, It being in other
respects necessary to make arrange-
ments to procure to the troops who
put themselves on their march the
necessary provisions on the road to
Cologne, their departure will not
follow so rapidly; and those troops
shall not file off at once, but by di-
visions—you will, therefore, have
time sufficient to make the necessary
disposition. I hope, at the same
time, that you will have the goodness
to take such measures, that when
field-marshal Mollendorff shall have
finished his preparations, and when,
by virtue of the orders received, he

shall have informed you of the days”

on which the troops shall depart,
the execution of this resolution do
not suffer any ohstacle. :
(Signed) Wirriam Frepericr.
Potsdam, March 11,1794.

, =
Declaration of the king of Prussia to
the German empire,on his secession

from

Me yi

206

from the present continental confe-
. deracy. ¥

“HE period being arrived, in
which his Prussian majesty is
forced to discontinue taking that
active part.in. the present ...war,
which hitherto has been the effect
of, his generosity, and pure patrio-
tism; on account, and in conside-
ration of whatis owing by, his ma-

subjects, his majesty thinks it par-
ticularly his duty to lay before their
highnesses the co-estates of the Ger-
man empire, the real causesand true
motives by which he was induced
to take such a resolution. -

At the time when the French
nation, in the unfortunate delusion
of imaginary liberty, had not only
dissolved every tie of civic order
amongst themselves, but also me-
ditated the subversion of the repose
and welfare of other nations, by
the introduction of their anarchic
horrors, and in fact, had already
fallen in a hostile manner,on such
territories of his imperial majesty,
and of the German empire, as were
nearest to them, his majesty thought
proper to unite his just arms with
those of his imperial majesty, and
afterwards with those of the whole
German empire, and those of his

jesty, to the preservation of his own
'-estates, and 9 the welfare of his

' other allies, in order to set bounds

to the destructive enterprizes of a
delirious nation, and to restore
peacggend happiness to those as
guiltless as highly endangered states.
‘This object was ever the guide of
the arms of his majesty down to
this present moment, and more im-
pressive on his mind, in proportion
as the madness of the French aug-
mented, and the danger of all Ger-
many became more imminent. The

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

efforts of his majesty to Set a boun-
dary against this mighty torrent of
ill-fortune on the German territo-
‘ries, were, it ts true, at first but
proportioned to the danger, but
soon exceeded the most of his a-
bility. The war was not a “war
with a civilized nation, and well-
disciplined armies, but a war with
a delirious and never-diminishing
swarm of men, witha highly po-
pulous nation, provided with every
resource for war to back them; a
set of men who did not fight mere-
ly for victory, but who sought by
fire, sword, and the poison of their
pernicious doctrines, to subvert the
whole social edifice of Germany.’

To oppose this almost uncon-
querable enemy, the king, on his
part, brought into the field 70,000
men, and those his choicest troops ;
with these has his majesty com-
bated, even until this third cam-
paign, under every imaginable ob.
stacle, far from the Prussian domi-
nions, amidst already exhausted
lands, excess of dearness of the
necessaries of life, and almost in-
supportable expence.

Besides these unparalleled efforts,
his majesty has made to the common
cause every possible sacrifice which
the national strength of Prussia
would permit ; nor has he hesitated
to expose even his sacred person,
and thesprinces of his family, to
every danger by which the repose
and safety of Germany could be
conquered fromtheenemy. Forthis
object alone has so much Prussian
blood been spilt—for this, such im-
mense treasures drained from his
dominions. Such a war must ne-
cessarily have more exhausted his
resources than those of such powers
whose dominions lay more contigu-
ous to the scene of hostility ; and

; “thus

”

STAT © IPA BERSI.4

thus his majesty fell into an absolute
impossibility of taking any longer
‘that active part from: his own
“means, without utterly ‘ruining his
-own dominions, ' and“entirely ex-
-hausting the property ‘of his sub-
gects. R19

His majesty, however, ‘still re-
‘mained deeply impressed witha pa-
‘triotic hope of being able still to
dend help and protection, and that
with increased force, to the German
empire ; and to be enabled to do
this, he entered into a negotiation

_ with the confederate powers, pro-

“posing certain arrangements tothem,
the principal points of which were,
besides the payment of a subsidy to
chim, a stipulation that the subsist-
ence of the greatest part of the
Prussian army should be provided for
by the empire in general; and that,
until a final plan should be con-
cluded to this effect, ‘that the six
anterior circles of the empire, who
lay most ‘exposed to danger, and
who reaped immediate benefit from
the defence, should be charged pro-

) visionally with the furnishing of the

_ circles above-mentioned,

same; and it was also declared to
the diet of the empire, and the
that in
ease these frank and free proposals
were not acceded to by the em-
peror; his: majesty would ‘be com-
pelled to withdraw the greatest
part of his troops, and to leave the
empire to its fate.

. \ Several states have made’ declara-
tions suitable to the pressing cir-
cumstances in which they, and the
whole empire,: were placed; in
particular, his electoral highness of
Mentz, full of exalted and patriotic
sentiments towards the empire,
complied with every requisition re-
Jative to the «subsistence of the
Prussian troops which depended up-

207

on -him*arid’summoned an imme-

‘diate congress’ of the six circles.
‘His majesty entertained a just ex-
‘pectation, that’ similar good conse-
squences would’ every where have

‘flowed from his patriotic intentions,

‘and his! hard-earned’ merits in his

former defence of the whole em-
pire. Every retrospect seemed to
confirm these hopes: on one side,
the past afforded the admonishing
picture of the dreadful torrent of
an all-subverting enemy; on the
other, the’noble‘and heroic stand of
the Prussian army, and the immense
sacrifices of the blood of his war-
riors, atid the'treasures of his do-
minions, made by the magnanimit)
of his Prussian majesty. Even then, »
that army was standing on the banks ©
of the Rhine, the bulwark of the
whole ‘empire, and to which the
enemy didnot dare to penetrate’;
but the stibsistence of that army,
undertaken by the whole empire,
was the sole condition. under which
it could any longer be effective, and
which thé physical impossibility of
Prussia alone bearing the burden,
didabsolutely oblige Prussiato insist
upon. Was it aceeded to, then
the future afforded the consolatory
prospect of his majesty acting with.
that known ‘alacrity—that well
proved fidelity, in the defence of
the empire, and the protection of

its constitutign, to the utmost of his %

power? But every impartial ob-
server might have easily anticipated
the consequences of the refusal of
the required subsistence, and the
retutn of the Prussian troops into
his majesty’s own’ states. ‘Chen
might the over-powerful and deli-
rious enemy ravage, uncontroled,
throughout the empire, and with
plundering and murderous hands,
unbridled and unlimited, bear down

the

208

the Germans, their husbandry, all
law, order, and property, subvert
with anarchic abominations, the
constitutions of moreimperial states,
annihilate princes and nobles, erase
the te
from the hearts of Germans their
natural love of virtue and order, by
the aids of the seductive allurements
of licentiousness, and the precepts
_ of an unfeeling immorality.

All these, and similar observa-
tions, so simple and so,obvious as
they were, did, nevertheless, not
succeedin bringing the arrangement
for the subbistence of the army to a
just conclusion. This proposal was,

ypisices this, sufficiently connected
_ with another arrangement, which
his majesty had designed to offer the
confederate powers, but which it
did not seem good to his imperial
majesty to comply with, and which
also the other states did not approve.

Moreover, this proposal gave rise
to an exception, which, after so
many and meritorious actions, such
“unparalleled sacrifices’ which his
majesty had already made, he, in
truth, had no reason to expect, and
en which his majesty, not without
much sorrow, finds it his duty to
make some remarks.

The summoning of the six cir-
cles, by the elector of Mentz, has
been represented as_ irregular,

» though in fact it is strictly constitu-
tional, Measures there were pro-
posed precisely contradictory to the
negotiations for the subsistence, and
the universal arming of the peasants
was resolved on, though it is plain,
that such a measure is as inefficient
as dangerous, and completely ad-
verse to the object proposed—inef-
ficient against an enemy who presses
forward in a mass with an insanity
of fury, approved tactics, and a

s of religion, and drive”

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

numerous artillery-—dangerous, be-
cause, when the peasant is armed,
and brought away from his ordinary
mode of life, the enemy may easily
become his most dangerous seducer,
and finally adverse to the object pro-
posed, because such an armament is
wholly incompatible with the oper-
ations and subsistence of disciplined
armies. These reasons, which
flowed from the most sincere con
viction of his majesty, have been
represented in the most odious
colours; and the most false and
scandalous motives have been attri-
buted to him for his dissent to this _
measure ; and, in order to prevent
the arrangement of the subsistence,
projects of extending his dominions,
of secularizing ecclesiastical territo-
ries, and of oppressing the empire,
have been rumoured to have been
by him ia contemplation ; and of
which his majesty’s known patriot- |
ism, and acknowledged virtues, will |
form the best contradiction.

After what is past, every hope of
the subsistence being acceded to
being now vanished, his majesty
does now renounce the same, and
also every resolution of the empire,
and of the circles relative thereto:
—his majesty has therefore taken
the resolution no longer to grant his |
protection to the German empire; |
but to order his army (excepting |
twenty thousand auxiliaries, accord- |
ing to different treaties) instant~
ly to return to his own dominions, |

At thesametime that his majesty |
finds himself compelled to withdraw
a portion of his treops from the de-
fence of those states, for which they
have already combated with somuch
glory, he expresses the most earnest
wishes, that those consequences he
has above alluded to may not take
place, but that the exertions of his
imperial

STATE

imperial majesty, andof the empire,
may eventually insure to both a full
indemnity, and a general and ho-
nourable peace. To his majesty re-
mains the just consolation, and per-

' manent glory, of having, on his
part, made such sacrifices to the
defence and safety of the emperor,
in the present aw ful crisis, as cer-
tainly few states in Europe, or

' members of the Germanic body,
could, without, much hesitation,
have resolved upon.

Berlin, March 13, 1794.

Declaration made by Count Goltz,
the Prussian ambassador at the
diet of the German empire, on the
7thof April, 1794, in the name
of his master.

IS Prussian majesty, in conse-.

quence of the repeated wishes
of the states of the empire, and the
negotiations which are going for-
ward between him and the court of
Great Britain, has at last yielded to
continue his troops in their present
position for the protection of the
‘empire, and this only in the confi-
dential expectation, that the estates
will speedily proceed todelitberations,
upon the measures for procuring to
his majesty themeansof maintaining
_ those troops, for the future, for the
ptotection of the empire, against a
powerful enemy.

Declaration of the Prussian minister,
baron Hoehstetter, to the cireles of
the Upper Rhine, dated April! 5th,
1794, respecting the Prussian con-
tingent.

1s answer to the claim made by
the compt de I silndeeuabath in the
Vee XXAVI.

PAPERS.

209

name of his majesty the emperor,
as chief of the Germanic corps, the
court of Berlin has resolved to de-

‘clare, that the king would never

refuse doing his duty as a member
of the empire: but that in the case
in which he now is effectively called
en, he will conduct himself after
the example of the other electors
and illustrious co-estates, propor-
tionably to hisobligations, according
to the Gerinanic constitution and
the ancient usage,

To the above* declaration the baron
Hochstetter verbally added.

1. The greater part of the army,
under command of field-marshal
Mollendorff, will defer their march
into the Prussian dominions, and re-
main in the places of the Lower
Rhine, until farther orders.

2. This delay of the return of
the Prussian troops to his majesty’s
dominions, howeyer, is eventual,
and will certainly cease as soon as
the hopes of his majesty vanish with
respect to the subsidies which he
claims from the six anterior circles.

3. His majesty wishes that the
states of the six anterior circles
might assemble and deliberate pro-
visionallyupon the question, whether
measures were to be taken for the
purpose of providing for, and main-
taining, the army of his Prussian
majesty; for the protection of the
empire.

4. There is no time to be lost ;
if his majesty onee should give de-
cisive orders for the army to return
to his dominions, no remonstrances
upon that subject would any longer
be listened to.

5. His majesty has to add, to the
demandsalready specified in his de-
claration to the directors of the

Py P treasury

210

treasury, of the empire, the just
_ claim of 1,800,000 rix-dollars, the
expences for the siege of the for-
tress of Mentz.

" Proclamation published by the Em-
peror at Brussels, April 17, 1794-6

UROPE has, during five years,
witnessed the calamitous state
of thewretchedkingdom of France;
the evils of which increasing daily,
do not as yet hold out a prospect of
their termination. The impious
faction which tyrannizes over that
kingdom, to maintain its monstrous
“system, has at onee attacked, under
the specious pretext of retorm, re-
ligion, the constitution of the state,
and all the bases of social’ order,
which this faction has hastened to
destroy, substituting in its place a
pretended equality, absolutely chi-
merical,
Resolved invariably to maintain
_ thé religion and the constitution
which have'for ages consticuted the
happiness of the Belgie provinces,
weare desirous, by a rigid law, to
support the public wishes, strongly
--and generally pronounced by the
horror the whole country has dis-
played at the French revolutionary
systems.

The undermentioned articles fol-
low the preamble in the usual
form :

1, All persons, whether foreign-
ers or inhabitants, who shall, “by
conspiracies or plots, attempt to in-
_ troduce or propagate, in this coun-
try, the above system, shall be con-
sidered’ as guilty of high treason,
and punished with death.

2. All those who by words or
writing shall favour the propagation

ANB UAT “REGISTER,

1794.°

of such a system shall be punished
by imprisonment.

3. The associations, known un-
der the titles of clubs and literary
societies, as well as every other si-
milar assemblage of men, whatever —
its denominations may be, shall be |
bound to inform the fiscal counsel-
lors of the object of their society, —
and the names of those who com-
pose it, for the purpose of obtaining
in writing a consent from the said |
fiscal counsellors, whichshall, how-
ever, be merely provisional. Every

‘act of disobedience to be punished _

by a fine of one hundred crowns.
This clause to extend to all the ci-
ties, towns, and villages, of the —
Imperial Netherlands.

4. Those who shall lodge infor- _
mations against such as are guilty
of the above-named crimes and ex- ©
cesses shall have arecompence, pro-
portioned to the magnitude of the
discoveries they shall make. For
the crimes mentioned. in the first
article, thisrecompense shall not be
less than 1000 crowns. And,

5. Informing accomplices shall
have the same recompense, with
forgiveness, unless they shall have —
been the chief and principal abet-
tors.

Address from the Emperor to the in-
halitants of the Netherlands.

The emperor and king,

EVEREND fathers in God,
nobles, dear and liege vassals,

dear and well-beloved: by our royal
dispatch, of the £Oth of April last,
we announced to you the motives
which induced us to have recourse
to your zeal; the motives which our
commissioners havesincedisclosed to
you, concern yourselves as much as

they

STATE PAPERS.

they concern us.—Since that_pe--
.-riod the mass of the enemy, which

has precipitated itself on Belgium,
rendering your danger more pres-
sing, it becomes more necessary to
employ all rhe meansin your power,
and to check the operation of that
mass by all the force which it is
possible to collect andcombine.

Our armies have suffered, and
stand in need of a Jarze number of
recruits; and although wehave seen
with as much satisfaction as grati-
tude, the sacrifices which you have
evinced a wish to make, inorder to
excite our subjects to enter into vo-
luntary engagements, we cannot
conceal from you that, as this re-
éource has been hitherto unproduc-
tive and unavailing, our army will
perhaps be no longer i in a condition
to employ, against an enemy who
makes such efforts to invade these
provinces, that resistance and those
offensive measures which have hi-
therto preserved them.

It would be superfluous to recal
to your recollection, that hitherto
our hereditary states have furnished
the major part of those who have
defended you, and undoybtedly our
Belgic provinces, so flourishing, so
“populous, and so interested in the
successofthe war, which unhappily

» may be attended with their annihi-

lation and total ruin, will not be
backward in furnishing men to as-
Sist in the defence of those provin-
ces.

[tis atthe presentmoment, while
the period is not yet elapsed, that
we address ourselves to you for an
object more important even than
that contained in our dispatch of the
30th April; we demand for our
army, from all the provinces, a levy

of men, and we are persuaded that,
penetrated with the necessity of sa-

211

tisfying so just ademand, you will
only pause on the mode of carrying
it into execution. Wedo not hesi-
tate to propose to you, that which
is most conformable to reason, to
justice, and to the general interests
and exigencies of the moment, viz.
An equitable assessment on all the
districts, each of which shall be di-
rected to furnish one man in every
hundred, as far as regards its ge-
neral population, and five men in
cry hundred capable of bearing
arms.

It is to this demand that we im-
mediately expect your consent, and
your most efficacious concurrence,
leaving, however, to your choice
the best means of ‘satisfying it, at
the same time informing you, that
this extraordinary levy is so neces-
sary, and so pressing, that if in the
execution of it you stand in need of
our sovereign authority, we are dis-
posed to grant it to you in the most
extensive manner,

You have, itis true, offered se-
veral times to raise some new corps,
but we have considered that it would
take too much time to organize
them, and to train them to the mili-
tary exercise and evolutions; while,
on the other hand, men, mingled
among soldier’, will immediately
render ug that service which we ex-
pect frem them.

You cannot sietiarnael ott fu-
ture existence depends perhaps on
the speedy, execution of such an
increase of fo-ce—you see your
enemies multiply at all points of
your frontiers, while our armies
moulder away by our victories, and
by those glorious contests which
they are forced so frequently to
maintain.— Besides, the efforts that
you will make in this respect, can
not be a grieyous burthen on 2

Pp 2 country

at your head.

212

country so populous, andon a nation

formerly recognized as brave and
warlike.
Given at our head-quarters, at
Tournay, 26th May, 1794.
.. To our reverend fathers, &c.
(Signed) FRANEIS.

—

Proclamation issued ly the Austrian
government, exhorting the people
of the Austrian Netherlan rise
in a mass. Brussels, June 23,
1794.

HE emperor's armies are still
intire: victory hasof{tencrown-
ed their glorious efforts ; but they
are wearied by continual battles :
and, perhaps, the inactivity of the

~ Belgians may diminish their ardour,
-when they see that it is not felt by’
-the nation they are defending.

A
rapid march into the enemy’s terri-
tory presented prospects more bril-

liant ; but glory was sacrificed to
your safety. Powerful re-inforce-

-ments are expected : but the dan-

_ger, though momentary, is urgent ;
you have no time to lose. The ge-

Va . . . .
-neral arming, to which we invite
-Belgium, implies neither a regular

incorporating with the army, nor
taking up arms for any “length of
time, nor even a-diffieult war ; for
disciplined and courageous armies
support you; andthe august brother
of our master, the aceustomed or-
gan of hissentimentsin your favour,
‘will guide your efforts, and march
Merely to arm, is
at ence to destroy the audacity and
the hopes of the enemy.

Religion, constitution, property,
the sovereign who wears you all in

shis heart, who came. among you

without guards, who trusted him-
self to your love, who esteems you

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

—These are the watchwords that
will organize you; and your zeal
and your courage will never deceive
our hopes. ;

Exhortation of the Prince of Sazve
Cotourg to the inhabitants of the
country on thebanks of the Rhine,
and Moselle. ;

German brothers and friends,

UR valotrousarmies have just
quitted the fertile plains, in
which they have sustained the most
severe combats; during three bloody
campaigns, for the preservation of
your property, the tepose of your
‘ives, the security of your fields,
the maintenance of your religion,
the happiness of your children, the
rich¢s of yourflourishing provinces,
and to save those provinces from
ruin and complete annihilation—
plains in which they maintained, at
the expence of their blood, which
has flowed for threesuccessive years,
the glory of their arms, by the ge-
nerous sacrifice of their lives and
of their means; while they sacri-
ficed those dearest ties, which at-
tach men of distant nations, not less
than yourselves, .fo their homes,
and to their country ; and while

* ea So

> ~@

———————— Se Oe eee Oe

they voluntarily renounced al] the _
domestic happiness they hada right

to expect.

The inexhaustible resources of a
nation in astate of furor, which
sports with the life and happiness of
man, with religios, with the dué
ties, with the bands of civil socie=
ty; its innumerable cohorts which
are Jed to slaughter by their tyrants,
and who,» by lavishing their blood,
purchase the fleeting shadow of an
imaginary liberty ; the inactivity of
a blinded people, who would not
listen to the approach of danger,
any more than to the paternal voice

STATE, PAPERS. 213,

of their good prince; the secret
practices, -which we hardly know
by what name to call, of several of
their ambitious representatives,men
in whom this very people ste, now
too late, and abhor, the authors of
their unbounded and unceasing mi-
sery. Allthese canses have forced
our armies to retreat to your fron-
tiers.

It is there that they are now
posted, weakened, but not van-
quished ; fatigued by an unequal
contest, but not humbled by dis-
couragement, nor subdued by des-
pair. It is there that they form,
as it were, an advanced wall o
defence for the Germanic liberty ;
to act as a rampart for your reli-
gion, your laws, and your families,
The Meuse is the line of separation
between the total Joss and the pre-
servation, between the overthrow
and the maintenance.of all these ;
between misery and happiness.—
Rise then, German brothers. and
friends! On you will depend the
making it possible for your deliver-
ers to live or die for you defence.
I myself, a German prince, fall of
solicitude, not Jess for the safety of
my country, than the preservation
of my warriors, [ call upon yau.
Procure us subsistence, bring us
provisions from your mayazines.—

Think that inforwarding to us these

painful succonrs, you secure at the

sametime your approacaing harvest.

—Share with us your savings.—-To
obtain what we want, employ the
treasures of your churches. Give
utensils and vases of silver to

yo
the emperor, for the pay of your
defenders, You will receive re-

ceipts for the payment in due form,
aud you will be paid interest for
the pecuniary aids you have thus
procured, Replace the resources

of Belgium, which have been, cut,
off from us, and now flow for our
enemies. Nurseand relieve, with
a solicitade fullof charity, our sick
and wounded.

Rise, courageous inhabitants of
the fair countries of the Rhine and
the Moselle! Arm yourselves, ye
valourous men! Line your rivers
and your defiles ! Accompany our
convoys !. Watch over our maga-
zines! Rise by thousands and fight
with us for your altars, for your
habitations, for your emperor, . for
your liberty ! We will not lead you
beyond the rivers of your country !,
We will not depopulate your pro-
vinces ; but you will secure the
positions at our backs, and you will
guard your own confines. Assyr-
edly, German citizens, we are not
deceived with respect to you; we
have reposed our confidence in the
good sense of Germans ; we trust
to the hearis and the blood of the
German payee For three years
your emperor has borne the heavy
burden, and distant nations wet
fought for your defence. You your-
selves must see, that your turn to
takearmsis now come. Then I,
as commander-in-chiet ofa faithful,
approved, and courageous army,
promise, inthe nameof my troops—
‘Lo spare you, we will observe a
rigourous discipline ; for your hap-
pmess, we will shed the last drop
of our blood ; as we have fought
for you, we will die for you ; and
never shall the free, thehappy Ger-
many, bow down the head beneath
the steel of the guillotine. —Never
shall her peacetul habitations ex-
change their generous morals, their
tranquil simplicity, their guardian
laws of property, their consoling
religion, for the licentiousness, the
calumniating spirit, the legalized:

P3 system

214

system of spoil, the incredulity im-
posed by force, of the French.

But if, on the other hand, you
should be so unfortunate, like those
inhabitants of the Belgie provinces
who now groan in the bosom: of
calamity, deprived of their proper-
ty, of their liberty, of their altars,
as to suffer yourselves to be misled
by sécret seducers, we shall find
ourselves obliged to pass the Rhine,
to leave youa prey to your enemies,
and to withdraw trom you, without
ceremony, whatever the enemy

might find among you for their sub-

sistence.
Done at our head quarters, at
Fouron-le-Compte, July 20,

1794.
(Signed) The Prince or Co-
, BourG, Field-
marshal.

Note delivered, by the Austrian envoy
at the diet of Ratishon, on the part
the emperor, to demand the sense

~ of the Germanic states, respecting
the necessity of arming all the in-
halitants on the frontiers of Ger-
many, and the furnishing of a tri-
ple contingent on the part of the
said states.

LL Europe knows the mani-
fold and just grounds which
have compelled the Germanic em-
pire, united under its supreme chief,
to declare a general war, for the
maintenance of the most binding
covenants and the most sacred trea-
ties ; fur the preservation of social
order, from a wild, destructive, and
most anarchic tyranny, falsely called
freedom; for the defence of an ac-
knowledged religion from pestilen-
tial atheism ;. for the support of the
constitution of the empire against

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

an arbitrary, horrible, anduniversal
revolutionary power; for keeping
up the imperial honour; for the
protection and future security of the
imperial privileges and the frontiers,
and for obtaining a suitable and en-
tire satisfactionagainst the common
enemy of all public order, against
the most wanton Gisturbers: of all
the beneficent tics of social bappi-
ness, and the most cruel despots
and violatersof the mostsacred rights
of mankind.

Equally well known are the dif-
ferent splendid victories, from the
first day of the opening of the last
campaign, which were gained blow
upon blow by the most incredible

_ bravery of the German troops on

the Rhine, the Ruhr, the Maas,
the Mayne, the Mozelle, &e. which
were happily followed by the deli-
verance of the united Netherlands,
invaded in the most lawless man-
ner, and the emancipation of many
other German districts and import-
ant countries, from the sway of
false French jiberty; the capture of
Condé, the re-capture of the- city
and important fortress of Mentz,
the taking of Valenciennes, Ques~
noy, &e.

But this campaign, so glorious
for battles, sieges, and conquests,
could not bring back the French to
a more equitable and more just
sense of reason, principle and ac~
tion, towards the Germanic nation
offended to the highest degree.—
That faction, hostile to the human
race, which styles itself the nation-
al convention of France, strength-
ens daily her power of resistance
by the most terrible means, by num-
berless arbitrary confiscations, by
the plundering of the churches and
the rich, having already seized the
property of the clergy, nobility,

and

ST ATE » B.A Pyb. BR Ss

and crown, and by the most despe-
rate measure of a general requisi-
tion of all fighting men, supported
by that most terrific instrument the
guillotine.

The violent decrees, compelling
the people to rise in a mass, have
given additional force and strength
to the numerous hostile armies now
in the field, so that they succeeded
at last, after reuovated, daily, and
most violent attacks, notwithstand-
ing’ the steadiest countenance and

' most gallant resistance, on the part

_ of the German warriors, to re-take

by their superiority a part of their
conquests; aloss which, in all pro-
bability, would not have ensued, if
the contingents of the empire had
been properly sent.

This general requisition of all the
fighting men affected a great supe-
riority, and changed intirely the
mode of making war, increased the
dangers and difficulties of this co-
ercive war, and seems in some
manner to necessitate the rising in
a mass of the inhabitants of the

_ frontiers of the Netherlands, an-

terior Austria, Brisgau, and other
places, in order to procure safety to
the property of the loyal subjects
of the empire, against the ravages
branded with the wildest excesses,
occasioned by an enemy driven to
despair, by the misery which
reigns in their own country, and
emboldened by their recent succes-

6¢s.

(Signed)

CoLLorREDo,
February, 1794.

Sulstance of an Imperial decree of
ratification, dated Vienna, the14th
of June, 1794, and presented to

215

the dictature, in the diet of Ra-
tislon.

INCE the extraordinary manner

in which the French seem de-
termined to carry on this war,
namely, by violence and force, to
oblige all the men of their nation,
able to carry arms, to march against
the combined armies, by which
means they increase their hostile
forces to extraordinary numbers ;
and since the danger to which the
German empire is exposed from
the invasions which such innume-
rable hordes are induced to make,
from motives of hunger and desire
of plunder, measures are required
more than ever to strengthen the
military forces of the empire: it is
therefore adviseable, that the army
of the empire should be re-inforced
by a regular and well-equipped ar-
amy, eager the means of sub-
‘sidies.

His imperial majesty, therefore,
proposes to the empire to enter in-
toa treaty with his Prussian majes-
ty, in consideration of reasonable
subsidies, to furnish a certain’ spe-
cified corps ‘of his troops for the
service of the geseral cause, His
Prussian majesty, from lis charac-
ter of a generous and distinguished
member of the Germanic empire,
will undoubtedly oppose no obsta-
cle to such a treaty, particularly as
there exists already a corps of such

‘brave troops (over and above the

number of Prussian troops serving
as contingents in the army of the
empire) on the very spot whcre
they might be serviceable to the
general cause, and ready fi T action,
ina very short time. ‘These subsi-
dies ought to be offered in ready

money, and his Imperial majesty
Ps

216

to be authorized to enter into a ne-
gotiation with the king of Prussia,
for that purpose, in the name of the
empire.

His Imperial majesty, for the
reason above stated, requests that
the contingent troops, still due
from several of the states of the em-
pire, should be sent into the field
against the most cruelof allenemies,
as soon as possible.

Sulstanceof a decree of the Imperial

court, dated Vienna, 13th August,
1794, and presented soon after-
wards to the diet at Ratisbon.

NFORTUNATELY, | since
the month of JastJanuary, the
necessity of increasing the forces of
the empire is become most urgent.
The war, on the part of the ene-
my, fromthe violent measurestaken
by the ruling party in France, and
from the formidable superiority of
numbers of their armies, haying
taken the appearance of the most
obstinate offensive war, renders
even the defensive operation of the
combined powers not only painful
and difficult, but requires an extra-
ordinary exertion, bare and
union of power, to resist the de~
structive enterprizes of enthusiastic
hordes, encouraged by various and
alarming successes. Which exer-
tion and extraordinary efforts, on
our side, are the more pressing, and
require the speedier to be put into
execution, as there is no time to
be lost, lest the evil should rise to a
degree, which would render the
united forces of the empire insuffi-
cient to stop its progress.
‘The country being in danger,
‘ought to sound the alarm bell

eee
y,
m

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

throughout the German empire.—
The measure of a quintuple con-
tingent cannot but be an afflicting
effort for the paternal heart of your
Imperial sovereign. His majesty,
however, hopes that such a measure
considering the present urgent cir-
cumstances, and the population of
the German empire, will not be
looked upon as extravagant. The
emperorthinksit almost unnecessary
farther to declare, that, on account
of the sacrifices made, during the
three last obstinate campaigns, in
men and money, his majesty, with-
out the co-operation of the states of
the empire, is totally incapable, by
himself, to continue the protection
of the empire, his domestic resour-
ces being entirelyexshausted, by hav-
ing already strained all the political
nerves of his hereditary dominions,
for the defence and protection of
the empire. eee

Memorialfrom theImperial minister,
count Schlick, tothe assembly of the,
circle of the Upper Rhine, present-
ed on the 16th of August, 1794.

HE undersigned [mperial mi-
4 nister is expressly charged to
submit, instantly; to the illustrious
diet .of the circle of the Upper
Rhine, the followingmostimportant
observations : —
\ His Lmperial majesty has not fail-
ed to make, to the most powerful
individucl members of the empire,
all the representations, admonitions
and’ demands which were to be
expected from his sincere Jove for
his country, and from his active
care for the general welfare of the
empire. Every thing which the
Imperial

STATE PAPERS;

Imperial court foresaw and pre-
dicted, has taken place: the time
for speculating upon possible dis-
asters is past; and the imminent
dangers with which we are sur-
rounded demand the most prompt
and efficacious measures; unless we
wish to renounce at once the wel-
fare of the empire, and abandon
again to theusurpation of the French,
the territories and provinces of the
empire, from the mouth of the
Rhine to its source,

The present war involves in it
the fate of our constitution, our re-
ligion, and our properties. The
Imperial court has more than once
represented, with energy to its allies
and co-estates of the empire, that a

werful nation, to which all means
5 tak alike, which set at defiance
every law of religion and morali-
ty , must inevitably triumph, if other
nations did not unite their forces,
and prepare themselves to make in
time a vigorous resistance.

The Imperial court did not fail
to observe, that it could not alone
defend the empire. It is not only
during this bloody war and the
course of its fluctuating events, that
the Imperial court has submitted
these reflections to the empire ; but
‘eyen before the commencement of
a war, which the court of Vienna
did every thing to avoid, it did not
fail to make known to the states
which demanded its protection, that
the enterprize was full of danger,
“aid that the resources of the house
of Austria were limited.

Upon the first explosion of this
terrible war, a proposal was made,
' for putting at least the frontiers in a
state of defence and security : during
the last interregnum, an association,
and a strict union of the anterior

217,

circles, proportioned to the danger»
were proposed, because these pro-
vinces were most exposed to the
devastation of the enemy ; because
the resolutions of the whole empire
would require time, and the distant
states, by means of their complicated
forms, would save themsélves as
long as possible from any active co-
operation. Although this proposal
was generally admitted to be proper
as well asconstitutional, yet, through
certain formalities, it has failed of
its effect.

The house of Austria was flatter
ed that after the election of the em-
peror, grand and energetic measures
would be adopted by the whole em-
pire; but in the mean time, from
the above prudent precautions be-
ing neglected, those provinces were
lett totally defenceless, when it was
found necessary to remove the body
of Imperial troops commanded by
count d’Erback; the consequence
was, that Mentz fell into the hands
of the enemy, a misfortune of which
the magnitude may be estimated,
when we consider that almost the
whole of a second campaign was
spent in attempts to retake it.

On the declaration of war several
of the states represented the extreme
urgency of public affairs, and re-
solved that without losing a single
moment in preparation, an Imperial
army should beregularly constituted.
In order to carry this resolution into
effect, his Imperial majesty permit-
ted his contingent to join the allied —
powers. But the want of money
equalling thisaccessionto theirforce,
it was agreed, that the states of the
empire which could not raise and
equip soldiers, should furnish their
contingents in specie, according to
a very moderate computation,

The

218 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

The: Imperial: court, with the
- strictest honour and punctuality and
much to its prejudice, has replaced
those contingents. The circles
would have found it inconyenient
and oppressive, if the mode of fur-
nishing their respective contingents
had been adopted whichis prescribed
by the decree of 1681, Some states
have renewed their application for
a diminution of their quota in their
matricular registers of the empire ;
others have urged their inability ;
and some of the most active states.
have withheld their contingents,
under the most frivolous of all pre-
texts, that an Imperial army had
not been formed.

After the victories of the allied
army in the circle of Burgundy,
victories, purchased by torrents of
blood and a profusion of treasure,
the king of Prussia, at the com-
mencement of thepresent campaign,
threatened to withdraw his troops,
assigning, as a reason, that he had
not asubsidy for theirsupport. In this
interval of inactivity the enemy pro-
cured reinforcements, and became
exceedingly numerous and formi-
dable. Under these circumstances
the only alternative was to insist
upon the inhabitants of the circles
to rise ina mass, and in order to
obviate every difficulty, to expedite
the organization of the army in a
constitutional manner,

Thus his Imperial majesty has
uniformly and invariably acted as
became his dignity, and the pater-
nal care which he has always e-
vinced for his subjeets. But the
arming of the inhabitants on the
frontiers was ameasure which proved
abortive. Some of the states had
not sufficient confidence in their
subjects, and others dreaded the
expence. ~

The Imperial army is not com-
plete at this moment. Two thirds
of the empire are already conquer~
ed, and the enemy is triumphant
every where. The states will not,
or some say, cannot, contribute,’
and that is the only pretext by
which they evade the contingents
of the empire.

This then is the support which
the Imperial and royal court has so
much desired of the empire, which
it has expected in full confidence |
of the public spirit and the love of’
their country; this is the eftect of
the pressing instances which his Im-
perial majesty hasgenerously second-
ed by his own example. All the
world knows how much this court
has done for the defence of the em-
pire, and for the common cause. At
the first breaking out of the. war, he
sent to the field a numerous and
well-provided army ; he abandoned
all secondary views, by not contract-
ing any other engagements than
those which were judged productive
of general utility. The war of the
empire being decreed, he, to his
own detriment, relieved the states
from the performance of their con-
tingents ; at the first unfavourable
blow which affected the empire, his
majesty sent speedily to its succour
the army of the reserve from his
own hereditary states, and main-
tained it at his own expence;
and thus he employed all the
force of his house to save the Ger-
manic body.

‘The Imperial troops have almost
singly, and without any assistance,
covered the circle of Suabia, and
thus have hindered the enemy from
penetrating as far as the frontiers
by. ascending the. Higher. Rhine.
They have conducted themselves
valiantly in those quarters, and had

a great

STATE PAPERS.

a great share even in the re-taking
of Mentz. Notwithstanding the
well-founded immunities of his
house, his majesty has given in
Austrian Flanders and in the
country of Brisgaw, the first useful
example of arming thé inhabitants ;
and, at the first proposition of or-
ganizing a separate army of the em-
pire, he immediately furnished an
extroardinary contingent of 37,000
men. This conduct merits consi-
deration the more, in that the other
states, who take hold of every pre-
text to refuse their contingents, if
they had been in the place of the
Imperial court, and possessed of such
an exemption, acknowledged by
the emperor and the empire, and
solemnly maintained upon every oc-
casion, would have regarded the
demand of such a succour, under
the name of a contingent, as an
infraction of their rights, as mem-
bers of the Germanic body.

The putting on foot such nume-
rous armies, the great expence of
maintaining them with the current
coin of the empire, the events of
the war which have succeeded each
other with such rapidity and changes
of fortune, have required immense
sums, which it was necessary tosend
from the hereditary states into fo-
reign provinces ; and, tosupply this,
his majesty has sacrificed, with an
unexampled generosity, his own
Tevenueés, the voluntary subsidies of
his faithful subjects, and his indivi-
‘dual abilities.

To these sacrifices ought to be
added others equally great and dis-
tressing. His Imperial majesty, be-
sides his numerous contingent, has
kept up a considerable force from
Basle to Philipsbourg, for the ge-
neral defence of the empire. He
has even employed, for the protec-

219

tion of the Germanic body, 20,000
men, as stipulated in the treaty with
his Prussian majesty, notwithstand-
ing the important services which
those troops might have rendered in
defending his own possessions in the
Low Countries. He still under-
takes, however, to supply them

with bread and forage. ial
Another sacrifice, of no less im-
portance, and of greater prejudice
to his majesty’s hereditary states, is
the Imperial court has not applied
to the court of Great Britain, its
faithful ally, to oblige the 62,000
Prussians, subsidized by the mari-
time powers, to march into the
Low Countries. According to the
express terms of the treaty, these
troops were at the disposal of these
powers, and to act in support of
the common cause. They would
have been employed to the greatest
advantage in the Low Countries,
and by co-operating with the allied
armies, might have averted the ca-

lamities which have taker place.

These extraordinary efforts, these
grievous and irreparable sacrifices
which have not been seconded with
energy and alacrity, can only pro-
tract for a short period the last me-
lancholy blow, which the empire
has too much, reason to apprehend
from the conquest of the provinces
on the banks of the Rhine, and on
“the other side that river. However,
as his majesty’s states are in fact
drained of their men and money, by
the favourable, as well as by the
adverse occurrences of this destruc~
tive war, the extreme remedy must
now be resorted to, in order to pre-
vent the annihilation of our troops,
should we be inclined still to parry
off the mortal blow, which threatens
the subversion of the constitution

and goyerument of Germany.
The

20 ANNUAL REGISTER,

The enemy, availing themselves
of the perplexed state of public af-
fairs, increase their exertions in all
quarters, and seem determined to
prevent the defection of the armies,
depressed by a series of fatigue and
defeats. Their progress has been
so rapid, and their army so formi-
dable, that the Imperial and royal

: x 4 p
comet will be unavoidably obliged to
withdraw its troops, and to station
them within its own frontiers, if
the empire does not think proper to
oppose to the irruption of the French
an adequate force, and to co-operate
with his majesty at this awful and
momentous crisis. His majesty's
solitary efforts would be fruitless, if
he were to attempt to cover the
frontiers from Basle to Luxembourg ;
and it cannot be denied, that an
army, exhausted by fatigue, without
opportunity of recruiting itself, re-
ceiving assistance from no one, and
at a distance from home, ought to
make an effort to reach their own
country, where they would be bet-
ter furnished with necessaries, and
supported by the faithful inhabitants
of the Imperial and royal states. It

would appear at least equitable to

hazard his last effort in defence of
his own dominions, when we have
before our eyes the melancholy
truth, that, with the most upright
and sympathetic intentions, it is
impossible to protect his friends and
neighbours.

The spiritual and temporal com-
munities of the superior and lower
classes are still possessed of treasures
which remain untouched, but which
might be beneficially applied. The
people of property of every descrip-
tion have a credit, which they
ought to lend to raise great sums of
money, tocomplete that, which the
house of Austria, after such an im-

1794,

mense influx of money intotheem- |
pire, only drawn from its own he-
reditary dominions, is nolonger able
to afford by itself.

Tt is only by such an influx of
money, that the standing armies can
be supplied with what is most ne-
cessary for their preservation, that
the fortresses can be put in a pro-
per state of defence, and that the
masses, who are to hasten to the
frontiers, will be supported.

The undersigned minister pleni-
potentiary is charged by the empe-
ror and king most solemnly to de-
clare, in his Imperial majesty’s name,
that, if the Imperial royal court is
abandoned at this decisive crisis, it
will not be able to save the empire;
but it will console itself with the
idea of having done all that could
possibly be done for the country ;
and that the Imperial court will be
obliged tomakeitresponsible, before
God and to posterity, for all those
misfortunes that will then unavoid-
ably crush the provinces of the Ger-
manic empire, and for the misery
which may then spread infections
all over Europe, by the propagation
of principles of anarchy ; nay, the
Imperial court will make responsi-
ble those who, by neglect, by in-
activity, or even by mercenary pri-
vate views, shall have omitted con-
scientiously to exert themselves for
the general preservation.

(Signed)
Count Von ScHrick.
Done at Frankfort,
Aug. 12,1794.

The emperor issued .an edict, dated

the 28th of October, 1794, to the
directors of the circles of theem-
- . ' pire,

SRATES PAPERS.

pire, containing an exhortation to

the following effect.

1. HAT vigourous measures

should be taken to recruit
and increase the army of the empire
to triple the number of troops of
which it consisted hitherto, which
shall be effected in the speediest
manner possible, that the reinforce-
ments should arrive at the army on
the 1st of February next. :

2. That all the states of the em-
pire, who have already troops upon
an established footing, should in
these pressing and dangerous times
march them immediately to join the
grand Imperial army for the defence
of the empire.

3. That his Imperial majesty ex-
pects that no state will shew, from
individual interest, or from other
false principles, any backwardness
against contributing to the general
defence of the empire. ' His ma-
jesty would never have manifested

_ any suspicions respecting this point,
if unfortunately experience had not
shewn him, that from the time the
increase of the army had been de-
termined to be of triple the number
of the former establishment, that the
measure has nct yet been accom-
plished to this day.

His Imperial majesty, however,
from the confidence he placed in
the princes who are invested with
the directions of the circles, hopes
that they will take the most vigorous
‘measures to enforce the recruiting
of the army of the empire.

The circles of the empire having
teceived, early in November, the
preceding circular letter from the

} €mperor, relative to tlfe real per-
formance of theircontingents for the
Support of the army of the empire.

221

Count Schlick, the emperor's mi-
nister with the circleof Franco-
nia, also presented a memorial to.
the assembly of that circle, in sub-
stance the same with that presented
to the circle of the Upper Rhine, on
the 16th of August; and containing
complaints of the enormous extrac-
tion of specie which has been made
from the hereditary states of Austria
for the countries of the empire, and
of the scarcity of money which ne-
cessarily results from this, even for
the pay of the impaie army ; be-
cause, the circles not having provi-
ded either for the subsistence of that
army, or the regulation of the price
of necessaries, those necessaries ei-
ther fail entirely, or cannot be pro-
cured for the troops under an enor-
mous price. These circumstances
necessitate the proposition which is
the object of this memorial, made
in the name of the Imperial court
to the circle of Franconia.

“«©To put the subsistence to be
furnished by the country into speedy
requisition, according to the exist-
ing necessity.—To acceptin return
an indemnity, regulated according
to the medium price for the last ten
years ; the payment to be made in
notes, instead of money, which it is
absolutely impossible to furnish at
the present moment.”

The circle of Franconia imme-
diately commenced its deliberations
upon this proposition; but, at the
same time, testified its desire to see
anend to thisruinous and bloody
war; in which respect, it is se-
conded by the other circles of the
empire, particularly that of the
Upper Rhine ; which, on the 14th
of November, sent the strongest
and most pressing representations to
the emperorandto the king of Pras-

sia

222

sia, to obtain their effectual concur=
rence to a pacification.

The note delivered by the Imperial
minister, CounPde Schiltck, to the
states of the Upper Rhine, on the
16th of August, 1794, in which

the emperor claims a speedy supply
of money and men against France,
was al:o delivered to the circles of
Franconia and Sualia in the end
of September, where the Prussian
minister seconded it with all his
power, and presented the following
note.

B PIS Prussian majesty seconds

the request of his Imperial
majesty, since both courts, after ha-
ving indefatigably continued the
war, and made immense sacrifices,
have a right to require of the other
states, that they do oppose with all
their might the danger which in-
creases every day, and to furnish
withont delay every thing that Ger-
manic good sense aud spirit deem
Kequisite.

Meanwhike, his majesty the king
ef Prussia cannot but signify, tbat
the Imperial court laid a false con-
struction on the treaty for a subsidy
between Pfussia and England; who,
though she pledged herself to pay
the subsidy, has no right to dispose
at her own pleasure of the Prussian
army, which is forthwith to remain
to defend Germany in that quarter
where his Prussian majesty. will
deem it most expedient, or wher-
ever the allied powers have agreed,
or will agree with Prussia to let it
act.

Conclusum of the circle of Franconia
addressed to their majesties the em-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

peror and the king of Prussia, for
the purpose of obtaining a peace,
or at least a speedy truce ; agreed
to in Novembir, 1794.

ONSIDERING the most dan-
gerous turn which the present
war against France has taken, in
several events which succeeded each
other ; considering the most immi-
nent danger which is more and more
approaching, with rapid strides, the
frontiers of the circle of Franconia;
considering farther, not only the af»
flictive apprehensions which his Im-
perial majesty has reiterately mani-
fested, that it might happen, that
the august house of Austria would
find itself so much weakened, as to
be under the necessity of retreating
to its own frontiers, without being.
capable any longer to save the ter-
ritories of the Germanic empire ;
and that his majesty the king of
Prussia has likewise recalled a con-
siderable number of his brave troops
from the theatre of war, to pro-
tect his own dominions, and signi-
fied that, according to circum-
stances, the remainder might also
be withdrawn; and, considering the
internal. concerns of this circle,
render the repose and the momen-
tary re-establishment of this circle
at least necessary at this present pe-"
riod ; the general circle, by virtue
of a repeated proposition of his .
most serene highness the prince of
Saxe Cobourg Saalfeld, and of Saxe
Meningen, as a venerable co-state,
on the part of Henneberg Roem-
bild, has unanimously resolved :

1. It is understood of itstlf, and
there can be no doubt in this res-
pect, that ¢here is by no means any _
design to encroach, upon the deli- ©
berations of the empire in general
upon the important ames. cpl

the

STA TE “PAPER S.

the country, under the dangerous
circumstances which have eccurred,
shall save itself, not to lose sight of
the necessary order which ought to
take place agreeable to the consti-
tution, and with relation to the
whole empire? -

_ 2. But whereas, it cannot be un-
Jawful or suspicious to any single
state of the empire, and less still to
the constitutional union.of a whole
circle,” whose union has for its ori-

‘ginal and primitive end, the public

safety, in case of the most urgent
necessity; and when its deliverance
and conservation are at stake, to
have recourse to the supreme chief

' of the empire, as likewise to the

principalco-estatesandtherespective
powers, in order most humbly to
supplicatehis majesty, by a respect-
ful representation as well of the in-
teriorconcerns of this circle, as on
account of the danger constantly in-
creasing from without, to take such
convenientand efficacious measures
as his majesty shall judge proper ;
through which, by means of a pre-
yious truce, the cessation of hostili-
ties, and an ever desirable peace
may be, as much as possible, ob-
tained. . "

3. Afterwards to interest in the
same manuer his Prussian majesty,
asa sublimeco-estate of the empire,

_and -particularly this circle, to co-

operate to this end by an active as-
sistance, and to favour the desired
effect, particularly to solicit him,
with equal respect andurgency, not
to withdraw his brave troops, at
least as far as it concerns the consti-
tutional exigency of the political
state of the empire and the circle,
from the defence of the Germanie
domains, at the most critical and
Most dangerous moment, but to

228

continue generously to employ them
with their whole force, wherever
they shall be wanted.

4. Farther to expedite, with all
possible dispatch, this proposition to
his Imperial majesty, by means of
an estafette, and to transmit a copy
t*creof without delay, besides a
memorial for the information .of his
excellency count Von Schlick, privy
counsellor and minister of his Im-
perial majesty; and to transmit to
the Prussian minister, resident here,
the letter of solicitation to his Prus-
sian majesty , accompanied by acopy,
with a request to expedite the said
letter as soon as possible.

5. To commence a sincere and -
social correspondence, on this im-
portant business, with the circles of
the empire, namely, the electorates

of the Rhine, Upper Saxony, Bas_

varia, Suabia, and the Upper Rhine,
by communicating tothem this pre-
sent resolution of the circle, as like-
wise the above-mentioned letters of
solicitation to their Imperial and
Prussian majesties.

6. Finally, not to be dissuaded
by the measures taken by these pre-

_Sents, for pursuing most eagerly the

conclusions of the empire, and the
lawful re-establishment of its poli-
tical state; and from continuing,
without delay, the preparations of
defence, in order to-remain always
faithful to all duties, which ought
to bemore and more acknowledged
in a situation of affairs like the pre-
sent, for the sake of self-preserva-
tion, as likewise for the generaland
local relations of the state.

Answer of the king of Prussia to the
representations of the circle of the
Upper Rhine, in favour of peace,

made

224

made on the 14th of November,
1794, and in substance the same
with the conclusum of the circle of
Franconia.

E are much affected by the

present dangerous crisis that
involves the German empire, «nd
with the warmest degree of sympa-
thy we are fully convinced, that
_.peace only is the most certain
Means of saving it from the effects
_of an unhappy issue ef a just war
of defence. Nothing, therefore,
can be more important, or more
agreeable, to us than an energetic
contribution of every exertion in
our power, for the obtaining of so
desirable an object as speedily as
‘possible ; and, previous to this, a
spe on of arms. We shall
willingly seize every occasion that
maay contribute towards a happy
issue of affairs, hoping that the re-
presentation submitted to us, and
sent to the emperor, by. the Jauda-
ble assembly of the circle, will not
fail of its object—In the mean
while, our whole army shall re-
main upon the Rhine and the
Mayne, to cover and defendthe
contiguous parts of the empire,
. and the right shore of that river.

:
.

After theaboveproceedings, the twen-
ty thousand Prussians, whowereon
_ their march to the frontiers of
~ Poland, received orders from Ber-
lin, to return to their former si-
tuation on the banks of the Rhine;
on account of that event, andin or-
der to prepare the necessary provi-
sions for themin the places through
which they were to march, the fol-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

lowing requisition of count Hard-
enkerg, the Prussian minister of
state, was circulated,

HEREAS themotiveswhich

induced his Prussian majesty *

to order a corps of 20,000 men from
his army, destined for the defence of
the German empire, to march to
Southern Prussia have at present
been removed by the happy occur-
rences which happened in those
countries; hismajesty, being besides
convinced, that, in order to procure
the accomplishment of the anxious
wishes of several of the states of
the empire to obtain a speedy peace,
his majesty thinks it indispensably
necessary to oppose to the enemy
the most vigorous preparations of
war, and to prevent their farther
progress. His majesty, therefore,
has come to a resolution to order
this corps of 20,000 of his troops
to return to their former position on
the Rhine; for the purpeseof securing
the German frontiersagainstthe dan-
gers with which theyare threatened.

Theundersigned minister of state

_to his Prussian majesty, not having
due time té’ make formal requisi~

tions, in order to procure the free
passage for those troops through the
different places on their route, and
which might ina great measure op-
pose their salutary march, has to
request, that by this, his andersign-
ed requisition, these troops not only
should be permitted te pass freely
through the different towns on the
road towards their destination, but
also to find quarters every where,
and to be supplied with provisions,
and other articles of necessity, ac-
cording to the regulations establish-

ed |

| legp ape paper's”

| ed for their, former march, to join
_ the grand army on the Rhine. ,
_ GivenatFrankforton,the May ne;
November BA 1794.
(Signed) Ficnetiens,
_ Minister of state to his P-ussian
majesty, and, his directing
, Minister of both the duke-
loins i in Franconia,

Of tia

| ot ‘document published, tat, Na-
ante ee in ae cad a

HE udiverditiae inthe king-
dom of Naples’ shall imme-
diately_furnish 16. 000 men capable
of bearing arms, from 20 to 45

years of age, to'serve during’ thie *

war.
_ 2, All the barons, bishops, &c.
_ shall be invited to exert their utmost
diligence, and, mfluence to*form 60
battalions of). auxiliaries. ...These
battalions are to consist of -300
men each, .for the _ purpose of
marching towards. the ‘pontifical es-
- tates; and are afterwards to enjoy
. several advant
8. Twenty squadrons of horse,
of 260 men each, are to be sire
_ in the provinces, consisting of vc

war. -

4. All other corps enlisted in
- 1792, .must hold themselves in
_ readiness to march towards the

coasts, or to any part of the king~
2 <i where they may be requir-
aye
;

Letter from the committee of public

A safety of the national convention
to the republic of Venice.
“Vou. XXXVI.

lunteers, aud to serve during the.

225

_ Paris, 1st Sansculottide,
bow 2dyear of the republic.

WE appointed, as étivoy from

the French republic 'to you,
the citizen Lallemand.—The ‘evi-
detice ‘which - we have réceived of
the good conduct of this republican, +
in'thée functions that have been’ en-
trusted tohim, have petstiaded! us”
that he’ will discharge, ‘toonr’ satis-
faction and yours, the duties‘ which"
our instructions and the evident’inz"!
terest of the two nations” have’ int-,
posed upon ‘him. yy SRB
He is ordered to make known to"
the republic’ ard’ the’ government
of Venice, that the political | princi=
ples of the French people’ are those’
of justice and equality between the
two nations ; ; which’ can“ alone
guarantee ‘the safety, liberty, and’
respeétive independence of the two
people.
We invite the sénate to vaetacll ®
the ‘credit to the ‘declarations of ‘|
citizen Lallemand, —in the name of‘

the two republics, * a

ree ." 85
(Signed)
TuurioT. |
CocHon.
CARNO?T. "
Prieur.”
EscHAssEREAURY
THREILHARD,
DELMAS.

996 -

Anguer of the senate of Venice to
the alove address, sent to citizen
Liallemand, Nov. 24, 1794.

HE senate receives, with real

satisfaction, andasa testimony
of the continuation of the friendly
correspondence which has hitherto
subsisted between the French nation
and that of Venice, the note which
you transmitted on the 13th instant,
to make known the character of
envoy to us, with which you are
invested,

The senate has been extremely
pleased with the contents of the
eredentials, and the instructions
which you have to cultivate a good
‘correspondence between the two

~nations, as wellas the assurances of
the continuation of the personal dis-
positions, which you have evinced
~ for several years at Naples and
Messina, in favour of our republic;
dispositions of which, we hope, you
will continue to” give us, farther
proofs, during the duration of the
ministry which is entrusted to you.

The senate, invariable and con-
stant in the maxims of an exact
neutrality, avail themselves with
eagerness of this opportunity for
assuring you, thatthey wil] continue
to observe it with the same care.
You will consequently be persuaded
that you will enjoy, conformably to
the ministerial character with which
you are invested, the snitable pri-
vileges as well as the protection
which the laws accord to foreigners
and-natives who reside in ourstates.
Maintain a peaceable con duct,.and
conform to our usages. Fully re-
lying on the just reputation you en-
joy, we flatter ourselves you will
transmit to your government this

expression of our sentimenis, and

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

at the same time adding, the great
pléasure we experienced in seizing |
this opportunity of renewing to you
our sincere wish to preserve our
ancient friendship and good under-
standing. Highly ‘sensible to the
flattering assurances contained in
your note, we feel much satisfac-
tion in rendering jnstice to the
conduet of Monsieur Jacob, during
his residence as chargé d’affairs,
and for the care he has taken to
further the cause of amity and good
harmony between thé two nations,
We have therefore sent» to’ Mr.
Jacob the customary present, as a
particular, mark of our gratitude,

consideration, and affection.

Address of the stadtholder to the
United States.

High and mighty lords, _
VU HEN: in. the beginning of.

last year, this state was un= -
expectedly attacked by the French, °
and the enemy had, in a short space
of time, nearly approached to the
last frontier of the province of Hol-
land, I thought it inet bent on
me, in consequence of the respec-
tig posts trusted to my care, to lay
my views before your high mighti-
nesses, as also the grounds of my
confidence in the salvation of our
country. This I proposed in the
assembly of your high mightinesseg
on the 2° th February, 1793, and I
had, in that moment of danger, the
inexpressible happiness of seeing the
spirit of the nation roused, of see-
ing how the inhabitants joined
heart and hand, and how effectually
onr allies co-operated : it has since
pleased theSupreme Being to grant

vO
is
STATE

“sa successful issue, by driving the
enemy from our territory, and by
the conquering arms of the states,
with our friends and allies, remov-
ing the seat of war into the ene-
-my’sown country. We now see,
however, high and mighty lords,
a wonderful reyolution in the state
of affairs, attended with the loss
_of the greater part of our advanta-
ges, the enemy having penetrated
ind advanced near our frontiers ;
nd instead of our carrying on the
_ war offensively, they have forced us
to act in our defenc
It is under such circumstances,
that it behoves all those who more
or less bear a share in conducting
public affairs to step forward, with
their undisguised sentiments; and
cordially take the lead of the good
inhabitants, and by such means ce-
Ment a mutual confidence, with-
out which the country cannot be
_ saved.

With this view, I once more ap-
pear before you in this assembly,
_ to declare to your high mighti-
nesses, from the bottom of my heart,
_ that 1 am ready and firmly deter-
mined, supported by the wise and
_vigourous measures of your high
_ mightinesses, and the lords of the
respective provinces, to sacrifice
my life in defence of our country ;
and also to assure you, that I do
_ by no means despair of saving the
_ state, if we, with additional courage
and fortitude, under the goodness
_ of Providence, employ the ready
_and effectual means in our power;
_ and finally to declare to your high
ightinesses, that | hold the least
_ neglect of such neces:ary exertions,
’ sy indication of desponden-
ey fear, as inevitably tendin
; Godatds the irrctrievable a of He

“¢odatry.

PAPERS.

227

T will, no more than last year,
conceal the real danger; the true
knowledge of this danger being re-
quisite to call in aid every possible
means of resistance. Still werewe
to consult the history of our repub-
lic, we should find circumstances of
peril, compared to which the pre-
sent appears to vanish.

Our brave ancestors fought and
‘obtained their liberty and indepen-

dence in the midst of such dificul-
ties, as human foresight could not
reasonably hope to surmount ; not-
withstanding which, did they con-
stantly spurn at all the insidious o-
vertures offered them ; theythought
themselves more secure in manfully
facing the dangers of war, than
suffering themselves to be deceived
.. bya treacherous peace. While
ki *hilip and his adherents cor
tinued to be considered as enemies,
our forefathers had to defend them-
selves only against open hos-
tilities ; but lad the enemy in ap-
pearance become friends and _ bro-
thers, the weapons of deceit, se-
duction and corruption, would have
proved far more alarming than a
-state of open warfare. Are we to
“suppose the present situation worse
than that in 1672,» when ng only
single towns, but three provinces
of the union were in possession of
the enemy? Or that of 1747, when
all Dutch Flanders and the strong
frontier of Bergen-op-Zoom were
lost ? Or lastly, than that of 1793,
the recent events of which were too
well known? Jf neither our an-
cestors nor ourselves, during those
periods, shewed symptoms of des-
pondercy, how disgraceful would
it be in us, under our present cir-
cumstances, did we enter on the
defence of the state without ener-
gy and determinedcourage | Were

Q2 we

228

we to compare the means of de-
fence actually in the power of the
republic, with those in former wars,
we are most assuredly uo less ina
state prepared to repel the Attacks
of the enemy, than we were in
the above-mentioned periods. The
greater part of our frontiers is co-
vered, and continues to be im-
proved; we have an army on foot,
who have signalized themselves by
their brovery during the two last
campaigns. and who will act, if pos-
sible, more bravely when fighting for
their all. ‘The chearfuluess joined
to the courage of our seamen, hatb
shewn itself in the year 1793.—
Neither is the republic without al-
lies, who, as far as their own si-
tuation may admit, will strengthen
her: but it is of infinitely more
weight than’ to depend on bum
efforts, to consider that the God
of heaven and earth, having: so of-
ten broucht about our & liverarce,
when the prospect seemed most
dreary, we have at this time good
grounds to hope, under him, for the
achievement of honcurableand g glo-
rious deeds.

If there are in the republic su
unnatural and dégenerate Dutch-
men, who wish for the HpptpAtae
of thé enemy, bécause they may
imagine it will-procure them the
means of gratifying their private
vihdictive spirit; who, with such
views, éndeavour to intimidate
their fellow-citizens against their

taking up arms ‘in the common
cause, Jet us consider them as in-
ternal foes, and watch their crimi-
nal intentions with no Jess vigi-
Jance than we do those of our ene-
Iny. ;
‘he pacific system which this re-
ublic, as a commercial state, hath
eyer adopted, I hold to be most to

ee
Eee

‘.

ANNUAL. REGIS-TE Ry 1794.

her advantage ; but God forbid we
should wish for peace at. the ex-
pence of our security and inde-
pendence: if we must lose these
inestimab blessings, through ‘the
superior force of an enemy,, it will
be an event sincerely to be lament-,
ed; but should we make a volun-.
tary surrender of the same, then
should we become an obechof can
tempt to all nations,
. That this state hath given Fane
cause for war is notorious, to

the world. That people, might
among themselves persecute, at .
Christian worship, overthrow, the
ancient throne of their kings, ‘arbi- |
trarily dispose of the freedom, the
lives aud property-of their fellow-.,
countrymen. Our state saw all this
with inéxpressible grief, it 's true,
but never had the most distant wish,
of declaring war against the opini-
ons of this “deluded people. In
spite of our moderation, have owe,
been suddenly and most unjustly at-
tacked; this attack having been.
pr eceded by a decree of the. na-_
tional convention, whereby. it ap-
pears, that ‘the, reason of this des,
»stiuctive war, is to put all coun-
riés and nations on a footing of e--
Maat ty with the miseries of France ;
namely, to destroy the re‘igions. .
worship of our forefathers, the fun-
damental laws of the state, and to. '
work a total subyersion of our true.
freedom. { hese, high and mighty
lords, are the objects. for which we
should enter into a treaty of capitu-
lation, in case the war is to termi- .
nate agreeable to the enemy's .

views ; “however, these very ob- .
jects must never be made. the sub-. ,
ject of treaties, but for their ‘better
security and preservation, With...

regard to myself, I know no, me- a

dium ‘between a vigorous resistance.
“an

® »
~ and pusillanimons submission; and
I doubt not for a single moment
~ about the choice of your high migh-
tinesses, that of the states of the pro-
tinceés, and of ail the well-disposed
in the country. Let every indivi-
dual, whatever be his religious or
civil “principles (provided he is no
enemy to his country and to his
Own interest) rally round the stand-
ard in favour of the common cause
OF Kis country : let every one with-
in hi8 circle contribute towards her
protection to the utmost of his
power: let the necessary snpplies
be furnished; and J have hopes, [
might say, I trust with confidence,
that we shall be able to defend
ourselves ; and, under Providence,
capes the honour, and promote
thé prosperity of the Nether-
Pads). aie

“Behold, high and mighty lords,
what in duty I owe to the whole
ne , to a people among whom [
was born and educated, for whose

independence a great number of
¥ ancestors sacrificed their lives,
_ for whose welfare I am ready to
» spill my last drop of blood, and for
whith both my sons have given
proofs of their not being unworthy
the name they bear: { wish then
_for nothing more than the cu-ope-
_ ration of my fellow-citizens, and the
_ reward of my house will be their li-
_berty, independence, and perma-
nent happiness.
(Signed) WittiaM, PRINCE OF
«a ORANGE,

_ Hague, July 14, 1794.

J Extract from the register of the states
«general. Monday July 14,

‘ E’ deputies of the several
| & provinces having deliberated
ra 4

te ane ‘
& @ ,
bd

sta TES PAPER Ss.” 22%

upon the address and propositions of
his highness the prince Stadtholder,
fully accord with him inthe noble
sentiments therein manifested ; de-
clariug. at the same time, that they
have no doubt of the co-operation
of the different provinces at so cri-
tical a period as the present, and
of their determination to use all
their. efforts in aid and support
of his highness by the sacrifice
of their lives and_ properties in
the defence and support of their
country. he

Their high mightinesses have far-
ther assured M. Van Schuylenberg,
their presideut, that they will take
the more essential points recom-
mended by his highness intoimme-
diate consideration, in order to rid
the state of the difficulties it now _

labours under, flattering themselves,

that the means ef defence adopted
will prevent the enemy from pe~
netrating any farther, and that, un-
der the vVivine blessing, their ef-
forts will be crowned with a bappy
issue, and the honour and prospe-
rity of the Netherlands be finally
supported ; all vain and premature
apprehensions be suppressed, which
can only tend to prejudice the
country ; aud that such as wish for
the arrival of the enemy, with their
adherents, may be disarmed. the
most Observant attention, it being
particular'y necessary, should be

‘paid to these internal enenies of

their coyntry, much more danger
ous than those without, open and
declared.

it is farther thought proper to
have it understood, that the pro-
positions of his highness should
be printed with all speed, and co-
pics sent to therespective provinces,
as well as so Dort, and the siates of *
Drenthe,

Q 3 Pro-

230

Proclamation by thestates of Holland
and West Friesland, July, 1794.

HE states of Hollandand West
Friesland, &c. make known,
Whereas the circumstances of the
war, so unjustly declared by the
French government against the re-
public, have again taken. such a
turn, that the frontiers of the state
are exposed a second time to the
violence of the enemy’s invasion,
which can be no otherwise resisted
than by employing the most vigorous
means: to this effect, animated by
the sentiments which his most serene
highness the prince Stadtholder ex-
pressed in his address to the states-
general, the 14th of last month, we
have firmly resolved to sacrifice our
properties and lives in the defence
of the state, particularly of this pro-
vince, and in protecting every thing
that is dear to us in this country.
We have judged it necessary and
our duty to inform the good citizens
of these our serious intentions and
views, and at the same time to de-
clare, that we are very far ‘from
despairing of the safety of the state
together with all its prerogatives,
religious and civil, in case that the
means which Divine Goodness has
given and preserved to us are em-
ployed with that cordialitv, concord,
and true patriotism, which have at
all times characterized the free- born
Belgic nation. It is with this view
that we exhort every cilizen, who
is not totally degenerated from the
virtues of his ancestors, to renounce
at this tme, whe: the country is in
danger, all party spirit, and to unite
heart and hand for the preservation
of their own interests, and to re-
member that every one in bis own
sphere is obliged to co-operate,
since there is not a single person

ANNUAL REGISTER,.1794.

this county, so favoured by Hea-

who would not lose, in ihe i) of
the state, his own personal iberty,
and his unrestrained means of sub-
sistence ; but above all, Jet every
one think that this obligation be-
comes greater in proportion to his

possessions, or other relations to

ven.

‘I hat amongst the means we tudge
may and ought to be employed -
with vigour, we reckon the local
situation and the natural force of
the country, strengthened by fors
tresses and by inundations, by means
of which our enemies have been so
often driven from our frontiers, as
likewise the augmentation and the
abundant stores with which the
ariny of the state, is provided, en-
couraged as it is by the immortal

lory it has acquired in the two last -
aigns. But neither is it to be
issembljed, that in order to put
every thing into the most respect
ble situation it is capable of, con-
siderable sums ate wanted: for
these wants we have endeayoured
to provide in time, as well as by re-
solving vpon. direst as by im-
posing a tax after the example of
like circumstances in the year 1747;
three proportions of which we with
all cther well-intentioned citizens,
have alicady paid, being obliged, by
our necessities, to anticipate the last
proportion a month before the
time. Nevertheless, all the means
of supply hitherto furnished _ fall
greatly short of the necessities of

this expensive war, more especialiy _

at the present moment, when the
safety or the fall of the republic de-

pends upon the prompt furnishing —

of Coin.

In the mean time we with plea-
sure learn, that many good citizens,
who have the power of doing so,

have —
0,

SPATE’ PAPER 3. 261

‘have declared themselves ready to doubled, to resist courageously the
succourthecountryetficaciously with evil which threatens us, and, with
all their power, at this conjuncture, the aid of divine Providence, to de-
if a general ca’) be made to this feat effectually this dangerous com-
effect, and if a loan be opened on bination.
such conditions as agree best with We rejoice that the lords the
the present value of the interest of. states of Hollandand West Friesland,
inoney. PGiaso ine lords the states of Guelder,
Utreeht, and Dreuthe, by whom
the resolutions having been commu-
nicated to us, have cheerfully con-
formed to these generous senti-
ments.

We make no difficutty in sincere-
ly and frankly confessing, before
your higi mightinesses, and before
the whole repablic, that in the ex-
V E have thankfully received tremity of danger ma country, we

the two addresses of your know no situation more alarming,
igh mightinesses, written atthe than when the inhabitants lose
Hague, the 14th and 26th of last courage, or relax from their exer-
month; the first of which earnestly tions ; that foreseeing the actual
recommended a proposition made danger, we are, however, far from
that day by his highness the Stadt- considering the difficulty as insur-
holder to the assembly of your high mountable; and thatin conformity
mightinesses ; and the other tended with the wishes of his highness, we
‘to communicate to usthe resolution entertain no doubt but we shall be
of the lords the states of Holland able, with the aid of divine Provi-
and West Friesland, taken upou the dence, to defeat theaudacious eflorts
said proposition, and remitted to of an artful enemy,
the Assembly of your high mighti- ‘Lhe experience of former deli-
nesses. yerances, the resources which still

We thankyour hizh mightinesses remain to us, the courage and the
for the communication alluded to; — cordiality of the allies, the wisdom
, and we beg leave to testify to his of his highness the Stadrholder, the
*. bighnessour warmest obtigationsand bravery of his sons, and of your
_ Sincere gratitude , thai, far from troops, and, above all, the succour
» despairing at this critical moment of the God of the Low Countries,

for the safety of our dear country, whose beneficence we have so often

whica is precious to all, there is no witnessed, are ample foundatious

want, onthe contrary, of that Jan- ou which we are able to build a

dable ewnilation, which not only cectain hope of preseryation and se-"
serves to manifest cordially, proper curity.

aiid patriotic sentiments, but also to As to as, there shall not be want-

- arouse effectually the courage and ing every exertion which can con-

union of the high allies, in order, as tribute to this salutary end, that we

“thedanger isrenewed,and increased, may defend our religious and poli-

Our effurts and vigour may be ic- tical liberties against a dangerous,
GQ 4 a power

Declaratory answer of the states of
Overysseltot. attr address
Of their high mightinesses of Hol-

land, respecting thepresent alarm-
ing crisis.

High and mighty lords,

239

a powerful, and an artful | enemy,
repress thé evil intentions of certain
individuals of this country, and
‘transmit our constitution unimpair-
ed to posterity.
Weare,
High and mighty lords, &e. :
(Signed) M. TyDEMA
De Zwolle, dug. 8, 1704.

Proclamation of the magistrates of
_ Amsterdam.

Tai magistrates of the city of

Amsterdam having perceived
that some evil-minded persons
thought proper to spread different
false reports,, and to trouble the
minds of the ignorant and timid in+
habitants, from which it might easi-
Jy ‘result, that they would “be per-
‘suaded to sign petitions or addresses
to the regency of this city, witb a
view of pr esenting them to the
burgo-masters, and which requests
would have no other tendency than
to incommode thelawful regency in
its ie deliberations on the present
circumstances of affairs, and to
make them lose entirely the confi-
dence of the goon burghers of this
city :

The said magistrates therefore ex-
hort before-hand, ev ery one to be
circumspect and prudent, and not
to suffer himself to be misled by
alarming speeches, nor to be per-
suaded into actions, of which they
cannot sufficiently foresee the con-
sequences ; and farther, to prevent
troubles, they warn and command
every body by these presents, not
to join in making addresses calcu-
lated to interfere in the administra-
tion of public affairs, under pain
that those who shall be found to
transgress, inthis particular, shall be

‘
P

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

dealt with according to, the nippent
rigour of the. law.

vitigs bd

Resolv ed, i FASE Be od.

Address from the Prince of ‘Ordiige,
> distribicted’ in’ the’ provinces "Of
Holland and Guelderland, inthe
middle of Octoler, 17.94.

To the brayeui nabitants of)
Guelderla ].Helland.

Y illustrious faiher, has ,em-
powered me to cali pon
every goud citizen tor their assist-
ance in.the defence of the contiz: es,
and to contend for the preservation

of their religion and their county :
I therefore call upon all the biaye
inhabitants of Guelderlandand Hol-
land, to unite and stand up for the
defence of their holises and lands,
their lives and properties. ' Here
are arms, powder, and ball—take
them with’ a gvod heart, and use
them with a strong band. Nota
man, ofyou. unlesshe chooses, shall
go out of his province; but let each
of you, in your respective districts,
prevent the enemy from advancing
any farther. ‘Brave and faithful
countrymen } Jet us fight one and
al] for our dear country. Soldiers,
citizens, and peasants! Jet us all
unanimously assemble under the
same banner : Iwill fight with you,
for the salvation of the country

aud may Gcd give us the victory !

Petition of the citizensof Amsterdam,
of theanti-stadtholderian party, to
the magistrates of that cry, jor
delivering which the subseriters
were imprisoned.

HE undersigned burghers and

inhabitantsof Amsterdam, de-
; clare

em,
Hi, . a

OS oh

' of th

¢lare, with dutifiil submission, -that
having hithertohedthegreatestcon-
fidence in, the, wisdom and candour
reat mightinessess the
noble -o-niasters and council.of
that city,thet they should take ail

STIs E WA PEERS.

the crandinundation all around this
city, ‘by opening all'the surrounding
shuices, and=by breaking differedt
sea dykes, A .
. Andthatfartheryourgreat migh-+
tinesses had also/resolved'to admit a

mecessary, measures! for iohabinentie numberof English troops into

ition and) welfare.of the inhabitant:
of thetown.; and: as hitherto ithe
undersigned -have not -yetunder+
taken any active,step to shew any

- distrust -or discontent against othe

5
>

.conduct of your great mightinesses,
they hope never to|have -any occa~
gion to assume such a-step.

.. The undersigned, however, think

_ themselves well informed, that the

liberty of your deliberations has
dJately beenconsiderably encroached,
by the sudden and unexpected ap-
pearance, in this town, of /his serene
highness t editary prince of

Orange, an oval highnessgy
duke of Yor arrival. of whom
jhad no other object than ito induce
your great mightinessesto give your
consent to resolutions, the execu-
tion of which cannot fail being
highly detrimental andinjurious to
the interest of the ee of
this town, and of t of the
whole prowince. ;

_ Without farther veaturing upon
conjectures, relative to the objects
of the a of the above two high
d ethinkit necessary to
ate that we have been informed
‘of your great mightinesses, on their
arrival, having taken into consider-
ation the propositions made; that
on the approach of the French

_ troops to the town, that the latter

should be put in the most gomplete

_ footing of defence, and that your

great mightinesses had come toa
resolution to submit the town to all
the inconveniences ofa siege: that
you likewise have consented to form

LY
& *

e-heart of this city.

) Undersigned'think it their duty
tordeclare that theyshall in noman~
ner consent ‘tothe above-mentioned
measures; and that incase the above
greatipersonages, by their presence,
should force your great mightines-
ses to such resdlutions, ‘we must
assert that all ‘the inhabitants of
this-town are averse to such ‘mea-
sures as being injurious to the gene=
ral interest of this town and the
whole country.

Undersigned ‘expect a categori-
cal answer from your great mighti-
nesses upon the following questions:

1. What was'the object of the
arrival of the above high personages
ain this town ? ;
~ 2. Whether your mightinesses
have consented to expose the toy
to a formal seige, to garrison it
foreign troops, and to transform its
interior civic government into a mis
litary government ?

Undersigned farther declare pub-
licly, that they are discontented
with such resolutio:
determined to resist and opposé
themselves against all military de-
fence of whatever name, and under
whatever form it might be adopted.

That theundersigned, particular-
ly are determined to resist and op-
pose themselves against the quarter-
ing, in the town, of the English
troops, whose bad conduct has not
been improved by repeated orders
and severities from theit chief com-
mander. The undersigned will
Jook upon the approach of those

”

234 ANNUAL

troops as a signal given by your
great mightinesses for a a civilinsur-
rection; the fatal consequences of -
which your great mightinesses will
have alone to answer for.

In order to prevent such dread-
ful consequences the undersigne
think it their duty, in the prese
eriticul urgency, once more sub-
missively to apply to your great
mightinesses to enireat you never to
consent to the, adoption of such
measures, to expose this town to a
military defence, or to suffer such
undisciplined and pillaging troops
to be quartered within its walls,

The wisest measures your great
mightinesses can adopt, are only to
have confidence in the patriotism
and good will of the inhabitants, to
direct their steps according to the
course of the natural exigencies of
the circumstances, and not by an
audacious attempt of forming a mi-
litary defence of the town, to pre=
cipitateits inhabitants into unavoid-

abie misery and ruin, and you your-
nes only will be answerable.

: (Signed, &c. &c. &c.)
Amsterdam, Oct. 14, 1794.

EXTRACTS FROM THE MADRID>
GAZETTE, di pi. 2; 1794.

The king of Spain, with a view to the
important object of providing for the
great aud extraordinary expences
of the war, with the smallest pos-
sible burthen to the people, was on
the 2d o September, pleased to ex
pedite the following decrees :

‘HE variousevents of war

having, since the com-
mencement ofthis secondcampaign,
occasionedgreat ex pencesandlosscs,
which could not. be foreseen wien

First.

thecalculation ofthenecessary funds
to conduct it were made in the out-
set; and it having become indisper=
sable to seek new means to secure
the interest, and the erable

capital which will be wanted to

provide with the same exactness as
heretofore, for the subsistance and
maintenance of the armies and the
fieet, my paternal feclings do not
permit me to burthen afresh the
poorer part of my subjects, who, on
account of their greater number,
contribute in a larger proportion to
the exigencies of the state; and, at
the same time, with immense has
zards and fatigues, expose their
persons for the defence of all. if
have thought justice and equity re=
quired, that the more easy classes—
the most opulent, and those who res
ceive more immediate benefits from
yppovernmient . d contribute
with their proper wards its exe
pence. Upon this principle, and
by the unanimous opinion of my
council of state,among other things,
I have resolved, that, from the first
of the ensuing month of September,
hall be made in the
y-offices, from all sala-
ries, pensions, grants, or other as-
signments, enjoyed by the persons
employed in my royal service, be it
in what department ver, (the
military alone except

Spain or in the Indies, of four per —
cent, on their gross amount, provid=
ed it exceeds 800 ducados, (about
1601.) per ann. aid that the same be
also deducted from the military en=
joying therank of mareschalde camp
inclusively, who are not in actual
service, observing-that the exemp-
tion I grant to the other officers of
my army and navy, not serving the
campaign, extends metely to their,
pay. according to rauk, and not to

Y . the
+@

either in

x
‘

STATE PAPERS.

the pensions, salaries, orother grants,
they, may have in any other, even
should it be of amilitary nature; and
the amount of all such deductions to
continue no longer than two years
after the termination of this war,
shall be paid from the respective. of-

ficers into my chief treasury 3 and
moreover, my counsellors of state

having represented to me, with the
most ardent and patriotic zeal, that
the deduction in their salaries might

be 25 per cent., since, ha vinced. of
the justice and necess

pss

ty of the war,
they were ready to make, not only
such a sacrifice, but to extend it

even to their lives and fortunes.—

— Thave thought expedient to accept

this loyal and generous offer; and
in consequence, the deduction of
25 per cent. shall be made from the
salary of every individual counsellor
of state, upon the same terms, an
under the same restrictions and du-
ration as the deduction of four per
cent, afore-mentioned from the sa-
laries of all other placemen and pen-
sioners,

Second. With the advice of his
council, &c. his most Catholic ma-
jesty decrees—“ That no minister,
person or persons ofany class or cou-
dition whatsoever, shall receive more
than one salary or stipend, although
they may possess various employ-
ments under the government; their
salary, during the -existence of the

first decree, is left to their option.’’

The decrees are six in number,
dated in August last, all tending to-
wards providing an adequate fund
without the aid of new taxes on the
poor, for the continuance of the
war ; the clergy (with leave of his
holiness the pope ) are assessed seven
millions of rials annually ; a crea-
tion of paper money to the amount
of 18,000,000 of dollars was to take

235

place on the 15th of September, and
the appropriation of a redeeming
fund of two millions of dollars an-
nually was to be applied in dis-
charge of interest and principal
of both the present and preceding
issues of dillets reales.

Address to the Spaniards, published
early in October, 1794.

Brave Spaniards,

et a time when I only wish to
declare to you certain truths,
which. may serve to quiet your
minds, and when I only require of
you to hear me, my unremitting
attention to the concerns of the
public entitles me to your atten-
tion ; and your own interest in the
public tranquillity assures me [
shall obtain it. P
T am well aware that venal and
infected writers willemploy them-
selves in describing the events of
this war, in terms of desperation,
and that slanderers and audacious
people will represent the force of
the enemy as irresistible. I know
also that traitors to God, the king,
and to the public, will neglect nu
means of spreading their detestable
principles, and represent them to
you as practicable ones. I know
also that there will not want many
corrupt spies, who will represent,
(as things easy to be obtained) dif-
ficulties which are insuperable ; but
at the same time I am_ fully con-
vinced of your loyalty, and the
king is convinced re it too, and he
relies on it as a defence against
the impetuous torrent of their mad-
ness.
Do you know the real state of
our forces? They are sufficient not
only

#5 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

a Fepel, but to annihiildte en-
titcly'the'enemy as soon ‘as all the
~Feinfotcements for ‘the’ “army ‘are
Concétitrated, which até wow miarch-

ing with the ‘greatést ‘dispatch, and .

are inspired with more ardour to
meet the enemy ‘tha to remain in-
active.

Spaniards, they are only 20,000 -

men, weak and undisciplined troops,
who can maintain ‘the war against
us on the detestable fronticrs of the
French at Navarre and Biscay: ‘nor
can there possibly, be more owing
to the present condition of their
country. The allied armies occupy
particularly their attention, and. ia
- proportion as the French armieS
appear to increase, their effective
force really decreases. The tyrants
’ who govern France, only obtain a
forced obedience from the army ;
the ravages of death and the guil-
lotine are the means by which
they obtain it ; but, at the same
time, there are resources to ‘spread
amongst them terror and despera-
tion, The French already are con-
vinted, that thére exist no lohger
amongst them the sacred rights of
property, and that justice has dis-
appeared, and that undet’ the pre-
text of the godd of mankind, they
perceive they are only enslaving
them.” Unfortunately, several -of
our unhappy cduntryinen aré al-
ready in that situation. “The ‘ene-
my have not left one single inhabi-
_ tant in possession of his freedom
in’all the places where they have
penetrated’; nor is that to be wou-
dered at‘: such a licentiousness is
the ‘eértdin consequence of their
shameless veracity ; but understand
this, and you will be convinced of
the insufficiency of their arms.
“Can ‘you pessibly'imagine that
20;C00 men can overturn our coun-

Ms
=.

we i.

wih =

try, if we résolve to extirpate’te
enemy ? ‘Read ‘out histdtigs, ‘and in
them you, will find. an ‘answer ‘to
that ‘question in the ‘innumerable
déeds of valour performed by’ ‘our
glorious ancestors, who defended in
all ages their country; in several

situations more’ cvitieal “than the

present. Their'present’ invasion is
not surptising, considering the open-
ness of the cOuntry ; but they can
no longer promise themselves any
farther progress, as the’mourtain- —
ous count ow before them will

necessarily stop them 5 ble ey you
may rely on the activity of our ge-
ine whe will not buiffer eer ea
remain in’ possession ‘of that tract
of our country which they have
usurped, any longer than he finds
it convenient ; but as soon as he
shall resolve to destroy them, he
will accomplish their destruction, —
Dissipate, therefore, all these fears
which may even have effected you,
but at the same time maké one
great effortto preserve your proper-
ty. The cause of Ged and his
holy law command you to do it~—
Neither ought you to-expect that
your fields will produce any thing
till you make these efforts in’ de-,
fencé of God and his holy law.
God will assist, and he will ‘fight
for you.’ Implore sincerely his as-
sistance, to obtain which I have
already ordered public prayers to
be made. ’
But, notwithstanding all this, do
not despair, nor believe we are in
the last extremity ; we do not want
means to oppose the public enemy.
The king will crush their ‘pride at
the head of his Catholie army.—
The Almighty will stretch forth his
sword of vengeance against the vi-
olaters of his boly namé! Your
sovereign relies on the loyalty of
Spaniards,

+f %
a]

| ie which. he endeavours, to ,,

compensate, , by, diminishing,. as far. '

"as it, is consistent with, his ‘royal.

splendour, the expences of his court,

and household, to prevent. the .ne-’,
cessity of laying on,more taxes.
This conduct, of their majestiesy,
their paternal assiduity, and the),
king’s unremitting attention to the,
dispatch of all public business, and.
particularly in the strict administra-
tion of j justice, . ge a very exten as

ee in a to pro-
the , public welfare, and let
every one. perform his. respective ;
duties, by which means we shall re-
store and re-establish the public
ee

ett 1e upri ight intentions of their

:
es

guillity, and there will not be a
Pr eemaels subject, who will not reap the
reatest Pepe oa *
iT beg from yo dear coun-
E try men, to conside lwkat Ihave
just, said, and ih hope you will find
my expressions equally sincere, in-
telli gible, ; and true. =M ly ob-
ee is to preserve yourt nquillity,
and to excite your indignation
against a troop of banditti that ate
tempt to. ‘disturb you: if I succeed

in ‘that, you will see in a few days

the fruit of my dispositions. Co-
operate | with me, and you will very

“soon procure the récompense of

your fatigues...

ae religion will contribute to

our glorious triumph, Godwwill pro-

tect his holy law, and ill not

Gease Lo invoke his assistan Ce f
ALCUDIA,.

Done at Madrid,

SEATTLE PAPERS.

Decree uf the diet-ofithe German em=)
pires passed ou the Vth of Octaber ,
- 17945 with,only. one negative woice
in. the college..of\priucesy namely,
' that of Ssweedish, Pomerania.

HAT the war mest and shes
merited, thanks, be presented
to his majesty,the emperor, as welk.
for the» sacrifices which’ he has, not,

ceased to make, with magnanimous

constancy; of his.own resources for.

- saving Germany,,as for, the pater-

nal, solicitude with, which he , has,
oe watched. over the wel-,
fare of the empire, of .which, the.
tenor of the aulic decree..(of the’,
13th of Augustilast) furnishes, the.
most, convincing proof: and,that in
consequence. of .the last decree, of »
ta pice, on the 5th of May,..by.«
which the necessity was, already ace,
knowledged of the augmentation of ,
the forces ; .and,it,was determined ;
tideoee agreeable to legal. forms, ;
t ugmentation of the contingents»
of the empire to the quintuple,.as;
his Imperial, majesty had, proposed,’ ;
from the essential, motives of the a!
dangerand urgent necessityin which »
Germany was placed; that the said |
augmentation to, the iquintuphs eabs's
solutely conformable to the consti=,,
tution of the }empire, shall, be exes ;
cuted in thegens -manner that it
was agreed | ibe resolution of the(
23d Nove: 1b 1792, to carry, into }
effect the a augmentation by. wre
the states of the.empire ; that ally
efforts should ise united as soon.as »
possible to, that effect, im such. ay
manner, that; every, , state which

cannot a legal exemption, |
cn e ‘owardal it, by, the,.
ome ment. of all Aber forces, &e.
sasha incre
Baas iss yah pai tag eat
. Birweniion
i &
»

238.

Convention for the common defence of
the liberty and safety of the Danish
\ and Sweedish coinmerce and naviga-
tion, between the king of Denmark
and the king of Sweden, concluded
at Copenhagen, March 27, 1797.
H® majesty the king of Den-
mark and Norway, and his

considered how much it imports the
subjects of these realms to enjoy,
in ‘safety and tranquillity, the ad-
vantages attached to a perfect
trality, and founded on ack

eu-
&
ledged treaties, impressed with a

deep sense of their duties to their
subjects, and unable to dissemble
.. the inevitable embarrassments o
their situation ina war which 3
- inthe greater part of Europe, five
agreed and’ do agree to unite their
measures and their interests in this
respect, and to give to their na-
tions, after the example of ‘gs
predecessors, allthe protection whi
they have a right to expect from
their paternal care ; desiring, more-
over, to draw closer the bonds of
5% he amity which so happily subsists
~~ between them, have nominated to
this effsct—his Danish majesty, his
minister of state and foreign affairs,
the sieur André Pierre count de
Bernstorf, knight oftheordero‘ the
Elephant, _&c.—and his» majesty
the king of Sweden, the sierr Eric
Magnus, baron Stael de Holstein,
chamberlain to her majesty the
queen dowager of Sweden, and
knight of the order of the sword,
who, after haviag exchanged tlieir
full powers, have agreedon the fol-
lowing articles : ern ay,
1. *Their majesties declare so-
lemaly, that they will maintain the
ingst perfect neutrality in the course

as
2%

”

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794. |

ofthe present war; avoid as much |
as on them depends, whatever may
embrojl them with the powers, their
friends and allies; and continue
to mark, as they have constantly
done, in circumstances sometimes ’
difficult, all the attention, and even
all the amicable deference consist-
ent with their own dignity.

2. They declare, moreover, that
they claim no advantage which is

not clearly and unacceptionably,
Msecti ve treaties 3

founded on their
with the powers at war. 4 fe
3. They'engage also reciproca
ly; and before all Europe, that t
will not claim, in cases not speci-
fied in their treaties, any advan-
tage which ts not founded on’ the
universal law ‘of nations, hitherto
acknowledged and respected by all
the powers, and by all the sove-»
reigns of Europe, and from which —
they can as little suppose that any *
of tiem will cepart, as they are in- *
capable of depai from it them-
selves. Pie |
4. Younding on a basis so just

the'claim and the
thei isputable rights, they will
give to the innocent navigation of
their subjects, which is entirely
within the rule of, and conforma-
ble to the subsisting treaties, with--
out extending it to such as may
depart from the rule, all the pro-
tection which it deserves against all
those who, contrdry to their expec-
tation and their hopes, would disturb
the lecal exercise of sanctioned
nights, the enjoyment of which
cannot bé denied te neutral angain-
dependent nations, °

? 5. For attaining the proposed ob-
ject, their majesties engage reci-
‘ proeally to equip, as soon as the
season will permit, each a, squadron

a , ee
> APE SP APERS, A 239°

of. eight ships of the line, with a- were»neutral andiat peace, without.
roportionate number of frigates, Denmark and Sweden having ever
id to provide them with all neces- | dreamt,of interrupting: them.
saries. é * 12. But if the unfortunate case
6. These squadrons shall unite or’ should occur, that any power, in
separate, as shall US pies best for. contempt of» tréaties and the uni-

sap

thecommoninterest, hich shall be © versal law of nations, will not re-
‘interpreted on both sides, with the . spect the’ basis. of society and the
amity that so happily subsists be- general happiness. and shall, molest
tween the powers. the innocent navigation of the sub-

7. Nodistinction whatsoever shall jects of their Danish and Swedish
be made_ between the interests and, majesties, then wil they, after hav-
# flags of the two nations, except. ing exhausted all possible means of

ch as different. subsisting treaties conciliation, and made the most
other nations may require.—. pressing joint remonstrances, to ob-
reover, in all.cases of defence, , tain the satisfaction and indemnity
conyoy or others, without any ex- cue to them, make use of repri-
ception, the Danish ships shali de- ® sals, at the latest, four months after
fend the Swedish ships. and flag, as the refusal of their claim, where-
if they were their own nation, “and ever that shall. be thought fitting,

the same on the other part. »the Baltic always excepted; and
8. For the order of command in will answer entirely the one for the
all. cases it is gre to adopt the other, and, support one another e-
tenor of the ar 1h d7, in. qually, if either nation shall be at-»
the convention of f July, tacked or injured on account of this
W756... convention,
g. The Ge n va both it 13, This convention shall sub-

-Denmark and Sweden, are recipro- sist in iis whole tenor during the
cally and a cepted from this . present war, unless it should be a-
convention, rf greed upon, for the common inter-

* 10. The Baltic being always to est, tomake any useful or necessary

pacompidered as a sea shat, and ins change or addition to it.
accessible to the armed ships of dis- 14. The ratification shall take
tant powers at war, is declared so. place fifteen days after this con-
a-new by the contracting parties, _ vention shall have been signed and
who are resolved to maintain in it exchanged. In testimony of which,
the most perfec papquillity. we, th ndersigned, by v rgies

11. Their majesties engage to our full powers, have signed

-makea joint communication ofthis present convention, and affixed to >
convention toall the powers at war, it the seal of our arms.
andre the most so seta assirances
of their sincere desire erve Done at Copenhagen, this 27th 9
with them the mos foe! fect hz O- March, i794." * 7 h “4
ny, and to cement, /ratber th

wound it, by this measure whi (Sig )
tends only to secure rights main- . P. V. Bernsrour,
tained and asserted by those powers Pits Macnus Sta EL.

themselves, in all cases where they bx) Honsraia Ny

e- a

- pen contrary.to our pleasuré, as not customs, that the ‘consigninent of’

20 ANNUAL ger G. ;

Edict issued by theking of « Denmurk or merch andize ‘as, if ‘they ‘wete’ |
Sor the maintenance of the trade of | consigned to any’ harbour of ‘the
Denmark and Norway during the ee powers, would be cén-"
war. Wd, Sd ‘ band, and as such stipulated in“

le treaties between those pow ets |

W* Christian the sarehheh} bp aie us’s also’ tioned in our *

Denmark and Norway, &e. &¢.!° of 22d''and 25 ‘ebriiary,” 1793,

make known by these presenvs,/ we do 'farthér order ‘and ethand,

That.as we; for the safety and secus:’ that, besides the oath’ Which the

rity of our subjects, have made master'and’fieighter’ of ‘the’ ships

known and published by our former’ were ordered to make on’ such’
orders. and» proclamations of the’ occasion before the appointed ma-'
22d and 25:h of February, 1793, gistrates as before*mentioned, the
as soon as the war broke out be person’ who’ ships such’ goods,
tween the Belligerent naval powers | withthe master of each of such’
that all the vessels or ships-of our vessels, shall ‘be bound ‘to’ ma
subjects, sailing from any harbour 4. ‘special declaration’ en i de
in our dominions, and bound to the to the invoice ‘and ‘bills’ of Jading ?*
north: or western ‘seas, should be (besides © his’ actual” entry and |
provided with such sea passes and rance - at'|the’ ¢ustom+house), —
ships documents a» by the treaties ich shall contain» the ‘different.
had been stipulated'between us and s eae ‘of ’the'ygoods, to=
the Belligerent’ powers: having’ Bethea eir quantity and vas!
also, in our said orders and ‘public’ lue ;' is deelayation is’ ‘to be!

afhtmed _

ner persons shouldbe qualified to cargo, by the capt
obtaingsuch papers and documents,’ by the comptrolle é customs *
we do farther. order and demand, ‘| where'the- vessel’ ‘and clears’ ”

on purpose to prevent all.deviation’“ out, who is directly to forward the
which might or could in ‘time hap’ same ‘to our commissioner’ of ‘the

being mentioned in the stipulated such peaae may be* authentically *
treaties between Belligerent powers, _ prove f not lost’ by sea," or seized”’

a us. as follows, viz, on “hér! arrival at’ her’ destined * ps
pits order’ and: coreg alk * ports!) ;
5) ptrollers and officers in our This alteration ‘mt tbe. made’ i in?

several custom-houses: at Gur sea- the following ma or
ports, that they shall not permit or’ | whoships: such goog shall’be bound * .

‘allow any vessel ‘or’ ship, belonging — to:get’a certificate’ e consul

to any of our subjects, to clear out or mea.
for. any foreign sea-porf, without not bei
being duly provided with the:afore- trate,
said passes and documents, that our

orders and commands cougemting

1,07 im ease of there
uate from a magis~
r authorized per-
icone: ‘thatthe vessel ars
there and delivered her cargo

“may « be. more ctly es his former declaration; a
d followed... and such “certificate is either'to be’

mald:any: yéssel, bound toa sent-from- thence, directly’ tothe ~
rbour, take in such g goods commissioner of the customs, or as

* ; soon
: : Fringe”.

¥ et

» ee

STATE

soon as the yessel arrived at her
-home port.

In case such a certificate should
not he delivered, within a propor-
tionable time to the length of the
voyage, our college of commerce
has orders to demand an ex plana-
tion from the person who shipped
the goods, wh 0 is to make a decla-
ration on oath, whether he has re-
ceived any fhtelligence concerning
said cargo.
~ © Should sifehperson or persons not

be able to prove, by certificate, that

the goods were landed in a neutral
» port, and such a vessel not been lost

3 captured, hé shall forfeit twenty
rix-dollars for each commercial last
of the ship, to our royal college of
commerce, and the captain liable'to
be prosecuted by law. ap

Given at our royal residence,

‘J

| Copenhagen, the 28th of
f . ~ March, 1794. 9% :
(Signed) Curistian, R.
(Countersigned )
\ aoe ~ Soitinatenaay SENESTEDT,
z, d Degwarn,

Note delivered by the Ritian chargé

trl des affaires of Sweden on the part

Ms | of his court to the nk dated
; p Ly a Aug. a 794.

P12 em
thought
of Biren eye
proportio

press we Russia has
Bepet to fitout a fleet
sail of the line, anda
number of frigates,

to cruize and north seas,
Z
- for the purpose 0 inaggon with -

the English maritime
_ venting the sending

of pre-

: rh ee
sions or ammunition 66 France; 1 .
empress, ‘therefore, requests the:

king of Sweden not to Papa his
wets XKSVI,

PAPERS.

241

ships of war to take any Swedish
mefchantmen laden with any such
commodities, under their convoy.
Her: Imperial majesty has further
ordered all merchant ships, which
her squadron may meet in those
seas, to be searched, to see if their
cargoes consist of any such goods ;
all which is done for this reason,
namely, that no neutrality can take
place with respect to a government
consisting only of rebels.

[4 similar declaration has been made
on the part of the Russian court to
that of Denmark ; besides which,
the English ministers have deli-
vered similar declarations to the

Swedish and Danish Courts.

Reply of the Russian ambassador to
the declaration of the divan made
in January, 1794, that the Porte
would remain inviolably attached
to its neutrality.

© hesonie the empress determined
to take an active part in a
cause common to all sovereigns,
would never suffer a power capable
of molesting her frontiers, to pro-
fess neutrality ; that her majesty
consequently expected that the
Porte would immediately lay an
embargo on all French vessels 1n its
ports, “and declare war against the
rebels in France, and that he (the
ambassador) had the strictest orders
from his sovereign, to consider a
refusal on the part of the divan as
a declaration of war.

Propositions made by the Russian
minister, at the eon Oe e Reis
Efend Jane, 1794:

es AL

é Pi

€ a

242

I. Positive declaration that

the Porte would not in-
terfere in the actual affairs of Po-
land.

2. That it should oblige all the
French frigates and armed vessels
to quit the coasts of the Archipe-
lago ; and free all the ports of that
sea, over which the navy of France
had of late exercised a kind of do-
minion. )

8. That no alterations should be
made in the customs and duties,

4, That a free passage should be
allowed to Russian frigates through
the canal of Constantinople.

5. That the princes of Moldavia
and Wallachia, being Greeks, and
ill-treated by the Ottoman minis-
ters, should be considered under the
immediate protection of her Impe-
rial majesty. '

Reply of the Reis Effendi.

1. To this proposition he could
give no answer on the moment, as
it belonged to the Sultan himself to
decide upon points which con-
cerned the interest of his empire.

2. That the Porte would not
consent tooffer any violence to the
French frigates in question.

3. That the Porte, as well as
every other free and independent
state, would make whatever regu-
lations it thought fit in the duties,
without suffering the interference
of any foreign power.

4. That the free navigation of
the canal of Constantinople would
be a violation of the treaties and
conventions already subsisting be-
tween the two ceurts, :

§. That the prince of Moldavia
and Wallachia, though Greeks,
being tributary to the Porte, could
demand no other treatment, but

ANNUAL. REGISTER, 1794,

what was conformable to those
usages and customs which the Ot-
toman court had ever ebserved to
all its dependencies.

Note presented by the British ambas«
sador to the divan of Constanti-
nople in the Autumn, 1794.

HERE exists between the Bel-
ligerent powers, afid the na-
tions, mutual duties, regulated: by
treaties, or in default of these, by
the law of nations. ;

The neutral nations are bound to
an exact impartiality towards the
parties at war; they ought to assist
none of them.

They ought, consequently, not
to permit in their country, the fit-
ting out, or arming, of men of war,
or privateers, in favour of one Bel-
ligerent power against another.

Their harbours ought neither to
be the refuge of privateers, which,
if at all received, ought to be al-
lowed to enter them only in cases of
the most urgent necessity; and they

‘have a right to make them put to

sea again as soon as they have un-
dergone the most indispensable re-
pairs. The armed ships have no
right to bring up and carry their
prizes into those ports; and the
Belligerent powers ought, on their
part, to abstain from all hostilities
among the neutral nations; they

ought to respect their territories,
But the above duties being pers
fectly reciprocal, it cannot be re
quired from one party to make sa-
crifices for the sake of conformity,
if, on the other, those duties are
disowned and neglected; if these
principles are applied to the pre-
sent juncture, it is supposed that a
nation

SD, ATE

nation which has violated all that
is sacred among men, has the same
rights as other nations? that the
French democrats, instead of being
treated like pirates by the Turks,
ought to be admitted on an equal
footing with the ancient and sincere
friends of the country ?

But the Ottoman officers who
‘command in certain provinces do
not confine themselves to a parti-
ality in favour of the French, diffi-
cult to be interpreted; they even
seem, since the beginning of the
present war, to have lost sight of
all the obligations of neutrality ac-
knowledged by civilized nations.
At Smyrna, the sailors of the con-
vention were seen to commit open
hostilities against the British officers

‘and seamen, without the aggressors
having been given up, or even
searched after.

In the same harbour of Smyrna,
ships have been, at different times
seen, arming and fitting out as pri-
-vateers against the English, without
the smallest interruption on the
‘part of the magistrates. Prizes
taken by the French cruizers were
“seen to be brought thither publicly
‘and without obstacle.

» A squadron of frigates and armed
ships of that same nation remained
‘in the harbour as frequently, and as
‘long, as it thought proper; it
blocked up, as it were, the harbour
‘of Smyrna, and interrupted the
commerce of nations for near two
‘years.

__ In this self-same position, and in
‘the distance marked out by the rules
of neutrality, the French armed
“ships took prizes, and even in sight
‘of the Turkish fortresses they
“searched and plundered neutral
‘ships, and even those of the subjects

PAP E.R S.
of the Sublime Porte. What is the

consequence to be drawn from these
facts? It is natural to suppose,
that what'is lawful for one party,
must also be lawful for the other.
A British officer of the royal navy
acted in consequence; he attacked
and captured one of the enemy’s
frigates in a bay called Turkish,
having, however, previously made
himself sure that there was neither
a Turkish fort or flag in it, in order
to avoid every thing that might be
deemed an insult to the jurisdiction
of the Sublime Porte ; and having
afterwards resolved to indemnify
the inhabitants of the coast for the
damage he might have done them,
if they had actually been sufferers,
he offered freely to me to promul-
gate his name.

If the French Democrats were
susceptible of those feelings which
influence other men, that occurrence
would havs brought them to their
senses ; and seeing that an abuse,
subsequent to the indulgence which
they enjoyed on the part of the
Turkish commandants, might be
followed by disagreeable conse-
quences ; and, finally, even com-
promise the Sublime Porte herself,
they would have taken the resolu-
tion to forbear from committing
their unlawful depredations, and
to conform themselves forthwith to
the rules prescribed by the law of
nations,

But the result was quite different ;
the french having obtained exclu-
sive immunities and privileges from
the Turkish government, talk of
avenging themselves on those who
durst imitate their example; they
have the audacity to threaten the
peaceful inhabitants of Smyrna with
pillage and death; they provided

R2 arms,

243

. 244

arms, collected combustibles, and -

held conventicles to concert the ex-
ecution of their plans.

The conduct which the Sublime ~ reason to presume, as the fact has

Porte should observe in this respect,

is plain and evident ; the partiality,

or rather, the too great weakness

of the governors who command her

provinces, has been the origin of

this evil: let that weakness cease;

let the French be obliged to ob-

serve the articles of neutrality; or:
else, find no more the indecent pro-

tection which they hitherto enjoyed

in the harbours and roads of the

Turkish empire. Let the Porte

maintain good order in her territo-

ries, by a respectable armed force, ,
and I dare to answer, that no ex-
cess, no irregularity, will be com-
mitted by the officers of his Bri-
tannic majesty.

(Signed) Roseart Liston.

Message from general Washingion to
congress, wiih report annexed,

Gentlemen of the senate, and of
the house of representatives,
HE secretary of state having
reported to me, upon the se-
veral complaints. which have been
lodged in his office, against the vex-
ations and spoliations on our com-
merce, since the commencement of
the European war, I transmit to
you a copy of his statement, toge-
ther with the decuments upon
which it is founded.
Gro. WasHINGTON.

Philadelphia, March 2, 1794.

Sir, 7
On my succession to the depart-
“ment of state, I found a large vo-
lume of complaints, which the no-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

tification had collected, against se-
verities on our trade, various’ in
their kind and degree. Having

proved, that every day would in-
crease the catalogue, 1 have waited
to digest the mass, until time should
have been allowed for exhibiting
the diversified forms in which our
commerce has _ hourly suffered.
Every information is at length ob-
tained, which may be expected.

When we examine the docu-
ments which have been transmitted
from different parts of the union,
we find the British, the French, the
Spaniards, and the Dutch, charged
with attacks upon our commerce.

It is urged against the British, -

1. That their privateers plunder
the American vessels, throw the
out of their course by forcing them
upon groundless suspicion, into
ports, other than those to whic
they were destined; detain them
even after the hope of a regula
confiscation is abandoned ;_ by thei
negligence, while they hold th
possession, expose the cargoes t
damage, and the vessels to destruc
tion, and maltreat their crews.

2 That British ships of wa
have forcibly seized mariners, be
longing to American vessels, andi
one instance, under the protectio
of a Portuguese fort.

3. That, by British regulation
and practice, our corn and provi
sions are driven from the ports
France, and restricted to the po
of the British, or those of thei
friends.

4, That our vessels are not perf}
mitted to go from the British por
in the islands without giving sec
rity (which is not attamable,
with difficulty and expense) for th

discharg

discharge of thecargo in some other
" Britith, org neutral BOD:
5. ‘That without the imputation

| of a contrabaad trade, as defined
c by the law of nations, _our vessels

“mercial intercourse with the French
| West Indies, althou: gh itis tolerated
by the laws of. the French repub-
hie; and that; for this extraordimary
\ conduct, no other excuse is alleged,
than that, by some edict of a iiug
. of France, this intercourse was
prohibited ;—and, ,

6. That the genta of the ad-
_ miralty. in the British islaads is im-
peachable for an excess of rigour,
and a departure from strict judicial
_ purity ; and the expenses of an ap-
| peal to Eggland, too heavy to be
encountered, under ali the circum-
_ Stances of discouragement.
|. Against the French it is urged,
1. That their privateers harrass

our trade no less than those of the

British.

' Q. That two of their ships of
war haye committed enormities on
_ ourvessels.

3. That their courts of admiralty
are guilty of equal oppression.

» 4, That, besides these points of
accusation which are common to.
the French and Bittish, the for-
ther (the French) have infringed
the treaty between the United
‘States and them, by. subjecting to
‘seizure and condemnation our ves-°
sels trading with their enemies in
~merchandize, which that treaty de-
clares not to be contraband, and
‘under circumstances not forbidden
_by the law of nations.

5. That a very detrimental em-
bargo has been laid upon a large
number of American vessels. in the
French ports ; and,

STATE PAPERS.

_ are captured for carrying on a com- |

245

6, That. a contract with the
French goverament, for coia,,has
been discharged in depreciated
assignats.

Against the Spaniards the outs
rages of privateers are urged.

“And a gainst the Dutch, one cons
demination in the admiralty is in-
sisted to be unwarrantable.

Under this complication of mis-
chief, which persecutes our com-
merce, I beg leave, sir, to submit
to your consideration, whether re-
presentations, as far as facts may
justify, ought not to be immed -
ately pressed upon the foreign go-
vernmeéats, in those of the pre-
ceding cases for which they are re-
sponsible.

Among these I class; 1. The vio-

lence perpetrated by. public ships
elves 2. Prohibitions, or regula-
s, Inconsistent with the ion of
nations. 3. The improper conduct
# courts. , 4. Infractions of treaty.

- The imposition of embargoes ;
na 6. The breach of public con-
tracts. How far-a government 18
liable to redress the rapine of pri-
wwateers, depends upon the peculia-
rities of the case. It is incumbeat
upon it, however, to keep its courts
freely open, and to secure an im-
partial hearing to the injured appl'-
cants. If the rules prescribed to
privateers be too loose, and oppor-
tunities of plunder or ill-treatment
be provoked from that cause, or
from the prospect of impunity, it
‘Is impossjble to be too strenuous in
remonstrating against this formida-
ble evil.

Thus, sir, I have reduced to ge-
neral heads the pargicular com-
plaints, without making any inquiry
into the facts beyond the alicga~
tions of the parties interested.

cap Me I will

246

I will only add, that your mes-
sage seems to promise the congress
some statement upon those sub-
jects.

Epm. Ranpotrpn.

The president of the United States.

Message from the president of the
United States, to the Senate.

United States, 16th April, 1794.

Gentlemen of the senaté,

HE communications which J

have made you during your
present session, from the dispatches
of our minister in London, contain
a serious aspect of our affairs with
Great Britain. But as peace ought
to be pursued with unremitted zeal,
before the last resource, which has
so often beenthe scourge of nations,
and cannot fail to check the ad-
vanced prosperity of the United
States, is contemplated, I have
thought proper to nominate, and do
hereby nominate John Jay, as an
envoy extraordinary of the United
States to his Britannic majesty.

My confidence in our minister
plenipotentiary in London continues
undiminished ; but a mission like
this, while it corresponds with the
solemnity of the occasion, will an-
nounce to the world a solicitude for
a friendly adjustment of our com-
plaints, and a reluctance to hostility.
Going immediately from the United
States, such an envoy will carry
with him a full knowledge of the
existing temper and sensibility of
our country; and will thus be
taught to vindicate our rights with
‘firmness, and to cultivate peace
with sincerity.

G. WasHINGTON.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Memorial from Mr. Jay, the Ames

rican minister plenipotentiary at
the British court, to lord Grenville.

ies a undersigned envoy of the

United States of America hag
the honour of representing to .the
right hon. lord Grenville, his Bri-
tannic majesty’s secretary of state for
the department of foreign affairs :

That a very considerable number
of American vessels have been ir
regularly captured, and as impro-
perly condemned, by certain of his
majesty’s officers and judges.

That, in various instances, these
captures and condemnations were
so conducted, and the captured
placed under such unfavourable cir-
cumstances, as that, for want of the
securities required, and other obsta-

- cles, no appeals were made in some

cases, nor any claims in others.

The undersigned presumes that
these facts will appear from the do-
cuments which he has had the ho-
nour of submitting to his lordship’s
consideration ; and that it will not
be deemed necessary at present to
particularize these cases, and their
merits, or detail the circumstances,
which discriminate some from
others.

That great and extensive injuries
having thus, under colour of his
majesty’sauthority andcommissions,
been done to a numerous class of
American merchants, the United
States can for reparation have re-
course only tothe justice, authority,
and interposition of his majesty.
That the vessels and property taken
and condemned have been chiefly
sold, and the proceeds divided a-
mong a number of persons, of
whom some are dead, some unable
to make retribution, and others,
from frequent removals, and their

particular

particular circumstances, not easily
reached by civil process.

That as for these losses and inju-
ries, adequate compensation, by
‘means of judicial proceedings, has
_ become impracticable ; and consi-
_ dering the causes which combined
to produce them, the United States
confide in his majesty’s justice and
_ magnanimity, to calse such com-
! penttion to be made to these inno-

cent sufferers, as may be consistent
_ with equity: and the undersigned
_ flatters himself, that such principles
may without difficulty be adopted,

So grievous are the expences and |
delays attending litigated suits, to
_ persons whose fortunes have been

‘ go materially affected ; and so great
is the distance of Great Britain from
America,thatthe undersignedthinks
he ought to express his anxiety, that

+ a mode of proceeding as summary
and little expensive may be devised,

hardship of these cases may appear
to permit and require.
And as (at least in some of these
_ €ases) it may be expedient and nes
“cessary, as well as just, that the sen-
-_tences of the courts of vice-admi-
ralty should be revised and corrected
‘ by the court of appeals here, the
undersigned hopes it will appear
reasonable to his majesty to order
that the captured in question (who
bave uot already su done) be re ad-
mitted to enter both their appeals
and their claims,

The undersigned also finds it to
be his duty to represent, that the
irregularities before-mentioned ex-
tended not only to the capture and
condemnations of American vessels

SP Ag EP Pi ERIS.) |

as will serve as rules whereby to as- _

as circumstances and the peculiar

247

and property, and to unusual per-
sonal severities, but even to the im-
pressment of American citizens, to
serve on board of armed vessels.
He forbears to dwell on the injuries
done to these unfortunate indivi-
duals, or on the emotions which
they must naturally excite, either in
the breasts of the nation to whom
they belong, or to the just and hu-
mane of every country. His reli-
ance on the justice and benevolence
of his majesty, leads him to indulge
a pleasing expectation, that orders
will be given, that Americans, so
circumstaneed, be immediately li-
berated, and that persons honoured
with his majesty’s commissions do
in future abstain from similar via-
lences, ©” -

_. It is with cordial satisfaction that
the undersigned reflects on the im-

-pressions which such equitable and

conciliatory measures would make

_on the minds of the United States,

and how naturally they would in-
spire and cherish these sentiments
and dispositions, which never fail to
preserve, as well as to produce re-
spect, esteem, and friendship.
(Signed)

Joun Jay.

London, July 30,1794.

Answer of Lord Grenville to. the
above memorial.

T HE undersigned secretary of

state has had the honour to lay
before the king the ministerial note,
which he has received from Mr. Jay,
envoy extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary from the United
States of America, respecting the
alleged irregularity of the capture
and condemnation of several Ame-

rican vessels, and also respecting the
R4 _ circume

"248

-circumstances of personal severity,
by which those proceedings are
stated to have been accompanied in
some particular instances.

The undersigned is-authorized to
assure Mr. Jay, that itis his majesty’s
wish, that the most complete and
impartial justice should be done to
all the citizens of America, who may
in facthave been injured by any of the
proceedings above-mentioned. All
experience shews, that a naval war,
extending over the four quarters of
the globe, must unavoidably be pro-
ductive of some inconveniences to

the commerce of neutral nations;

and that no care can prevent some
irregularities in the course of those
proceedings, which are universally

recognized as resulting from the just.

rights incident to all Belligerent
powers. But the king will always

be desirous that these inconveni-.

encies and irregularities should be
as much limited as the nature of the

case will admit, and that the fullest of his majesty’s government than is,

opportunity should be given to all

to prefer their complaints, and to’

obtain redress and compensation
where they are due.

In Mr. Jay’s note, mention is
made of several cases where the
parties have hitherto omitted to pre-
fer their claims, and of others, where
no appeals have been made from the
sentences of condemnation pro-
nounced in the first instance. :

As to the cases of the first descrip-
tion, lord Grenville apprehends that
the regular.course of law is still epen
to the claimants ; and that by pre-
ferring appeals to the commissioners
of prize-causes here, against the sen-
tence of the courts below, the whole

“merits of those cases may be brought

forward,, and the most complete

justice obtained.

ANNUAL,.REGISTER, 1794,

Inthecases of second description,
the proceedings might be difficult,
from the lapse of the time usually
allotted for preferring appeals. —But
his majesty, being anxious that no

.temporary or local circumstances,
such as those to which Mr. Jay re-.

fers in his note, should impede the
courseofsubstantial justice, has been
leased to refer it to the’ rof-

ers to consider of a mode of en-

-larging the time for nggewns the a

appeals, in those cases, In order to
admit the claimants to bring their
complaints before the regular court
appointed for that.purpose.

The undersigned has no doubt
that in this manner a very,consider-
able part of the injuries alleged to
have been suffered by the Americans,
may, “if the complaints. are . well
founded, be redressed in the usual
course of judicial proceeding, at a
very small expence to the parties,
and without any other interposition

above stated; until the result and

. effect of these proceedings shall be

known, no definitive judgement can
be formed respecting the nature and
extent of those cases (ifany suchshall
ultimately be found to exist, ) where
it shall not have been practicable to
obtain substantial redress in this
mode, — But he does not hesitate to
say beforehand, that if cases shall
then be found to exist, to such an
extent as properly to call for the
interposition of government, where,
without the fault of the parties com-
plaining, they shall be unable, from
whatever circumstances, to procure
such redress in the ordinary course
of law, as.the justice of their cases
may intitle them to expect, his ma-
jesty will. be anxious that justice
should. at all events be done, and

will

4
;

STATE

’

_ will readily enter into the discussion
of the measures to be adopted, and

the principles to be established_for

»that purpose.

With respect to all acts of per-
“sonal severity and violence, as the
_king must entirely disapprove every
such. transaction, so his majesty’s
-courts are always open for the pu-

nishment of offences of this nature ;
and for giving:redress'to the suffer-
jers in every case where the fact can
be established by satisfactory proof;
‘nor does it appear that any case, of
/that nature can exist, where there
would be the smallest difficulty of
obtaining, in that mode, substan-
tial and exemplary justice.
_.. On the subject of the impress, lord
. Grenville has only to assure Mr.Jay,
tHat if, in any instance, American
seamen have been impr into the
king’s service, it has been contrary
_ to the king’s desire; though such
cases may have occasionally arisen
_ from the difficulty of discriminating
~betweén British and American

“ten exists an interest and intention
to deceive :—whenever any repre-
sentation has been made to lord
» Grenville on the subject, he has ne-
paver failed to. receive, his majesty’s
~ commands for putting it in a proper
_ course, in order that the facts might
be inquired into, and ascertained ;
“and tothe intent that the persons in
‘question might be released, if the
Reacts appeared to be satisfactorily
Fenah ished

__ With respect to the desire ex-
_ pressed by Mr. Jay, that new orders
| might be given, with a view to pre-
vent, as far as it is possible, the
_ Giving any just ground of complaint

on this head, lord Grenville has no

reason to doubt that. his majesty’s ,
} ry etofore you have done, to the

“intentions respecting this point are

ea-
men, especially when there “of

PAPERS. 249
already sufficiently understood by
his majesty’s officers employed on
that service: but he has, neverthe~
less, obtained his majesty’s permis~
sion to assure Mr. Jay, that, in-

structi o the effect desired, will
be renewed in consequence of his
application.

‘The undersigned avails himself
with pleasure of this opportunity to
renew to Mr, Jay his assurances of
his sincere esteem and considera-

tion,
(Signed)
Downing-street, Aug. 1, 1794.

GRENVILLE.

A talk from the White Lieutenant of
Oaksuskee, Mad Dog of Tucka-
baichies, and Alexander Cornell,
who are authorized by the Creek

-naiion to send th same to Willtam
Panton, merchant, in Pensacola.

Mr. Wilham Panton,
E are going to give you a
talk, which we do by desire .
of our chiefs and people of our land,
and as it is a talk which concerns
peace and happiness, as a nation
we must desire that you open your

- ears and attend thereto.

Our land hath for several years
been in great confusion and distress
occasioned by bad talks sent into it, .
and bad péople who have crept into
it and imposed upon us: this nation
now plainly see that ruin awaits
them if matters continue in their
present state, and therefore are fully
determined to establish a firm and
lasting peace with all nations and
people. In order that wedo not -
meet with any interruption in. ac-
complishing so desirable an object,
this talk is sent to you, to desire
that you do not on any account in-
bgpere in our national concerns, as

great ,

great detriment and injury of our-
selves and friends,

We are well acquainted with the
talks you send into our land, and
the mischief they have made among
our foolish young people, and are
resolved to have no more such do-
ings ;. our whole nation also sees
that you take by the hand the men
of our land who have brought
trouble and disgrace upon us, and
your talks have prevented justice
being done, and satisfaction given
to our nation by our neighbours,
for the murders and robberies com-
mitted upon them: this, Mr. Pan-
ton, you had no business with, To
repeat all the bad advice our people
have had from you since the time
the English left this country, will
take up too much time at present ;
but we must say that had our na-
tion taken the advice given by go-
vernor O’Neal, of Pensacola, Mr.
Panton, and others whom we can
mention when it is necessary, our
country would now he engaged in
a bloody and ruinous war, not only

with all the Americans, but with

our neighbouring nations of red
people. Some of our people were
mad enough to take these bad talks,
and blood was spilt in consequence ;
but the wise ones among us put a
stop thereto. But yet we cannot
forget such wicked bad advice, cal-
culated for our destruction.

Now, Mr. Panton, our advice to
you is to mind your trade, and not
meddle with our public concerns.

We have been too long blinded
by imposition; our eyes are now
open, and we plainly discover your
views are not for our good. ‘Once
more we tell you that our nation is
determined not to be longer slaves
to your talks, and they are the best
judges of their own business, and

250 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

or any other person or persons

will conduct it as they think best
for their own good.
After this warning, would you

meddle in our national affairs, so as
to prevent our establishing peace,
we shall consider all such as: ene-
mies to our land, and look to them
for all the consequences that may
follow. ?

There are public agents in our
nation from Spain and the United
States; to them alone we will listen,
and must not be interrupted by any
other talks; this is the opinion and.
voice of our nation, as well as your
friends,

The Warre Ligvt. of Oaksuskee,

The Map Doc of Tukabatchie,

ALEXANDER Cornext, of ditto.
April, V794. iP. 5

Reply made by lord Dorchester to a
deputation from seven tribes of
Indians, at a council held at the

castle of St. Lewis, in the city of
Quebec, on the 10th day of Fe-
bruary, 1794.

EPLY of his excellency lord .
Dorchester, to the Indians of
the seven viJlages of Lower Cana-
da, as deputies from all the nations
who were at the general council,
held at Miami, in the year 1793,
except the Chawanous, Miamis, and
Loups.

Children—I have well consider- |
ed your words, and am now prepas
red to reply.

Children—Youhaveinformedme,
that you are deputed by the seven
villages of Lower Canada, and by
all the nationsof the upper country,
which sent deputies to the general

council,

cept the Chawanous, Miamis, and
Loups.

} — Children—You remind me of

| what passed at the council fire, held
at Quebee, just before my last de-

| parture for England, when I pro-

_ mised to represent their situation
and wishes to the king, their fa-
ther, and expressed my hope that
all the grievances they complained
of, on the part of the United States,
would soon be done away by a just
and lasting peace. ’

Children—I remember all very
well: I remember that they point-
ed out to me the line of separation
which they wished for between them

_ and the United States, and with

which they would be satisfied and
make peace.

Children—I was in expectation
of hearing from the people of the
United States what was required by
them; I hoped I should have been
able to bring youtogether,and make
you friends.

Children—I have waited long,
and listened with great attention,
- ‘but [have not heard one word from
them.

3 Children—I flattered myself with
__ the hope, that the line proposed in
the year eishty-three, to separate us
frora the United States, which was
immediately broken by themselves
as soon as the peace was signed,
would have been minded, or a new
one drawn in,an amicable man-
ner; here also [ have been disap-
pointed.

Children—Sincemy return, I find
no appearance of a line remains ;
and from the manner in which the
people of the States push on, and
act, and talk on this side, and from
what I learn of their conduct to-

STATE PAPER 5.

| council, held at the Miamis, ex-

251

wards the sea, I shall not be surs
prised if we are at war with them
in the course of the present year ;
and if we are, a line must be drawn
by the warriors.

Children—You ask for a passport
to go to New York ; a passport is
useless in peace; it appears, there-
fore, that you expect we shall be at
was with the States before your re-
turn. You shall have a passport,
that, whether peace or war, you
shall be well received by the king’s
warriors.

Children—They have destroyed
their right of pre-emption ; there-
fore, all their approaches towards
us since that time, and all the pur-
chases made by them, I consider as
aninfringementon the king’srights 5
and when a line is drawn between
us, be it peace or war, they must
lose’all their improvement of houses
on our side of it. The people must.
all be gone, who do, not. obtain
leave to become the king’s subjects.
What belongs to the Indians will,
of course, be confirmed and secured
to them.

Children—What farther can Isay

. to you? You are our witness, that

on our part, we have acted in the
most peaceable manner, and borne
the language of the United States
with patience, and I ‘believe our
patience is almost exhausted.

Given under my hand, at the
castle of St. Lewis, in the city
of Quebec, on the 10th of
February, in the year of our
Lord 1794.

(Signed) DorcHEsTeR.
By his excellency’s command,
(Signed )
HERMAN Wisetus Ryvanpy
Secretary.
Message

92 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

Message from general Washington to

Congress.

May 21, 1794.

Gentlemen of the senate; and of
the house of representatives,

Lay before you certain infor-
‘& mation, whereby it would ap-
pear, that some encroachment was:
about to be made on our territory,
by an officer and party ef British
troops. Proceeding upon a suppo-
sition of the authenticity of this in-
formation, although of a private na-
ture, I have caused the representa-
tion to be made to the British mi-
nister, a copy of which accompanies
this message.

Itcannot benecessarytocomment
mpon the very seriousnature of such
an encroachment, nor to urge that
this new state of things suggests the
‘propriety of placing the United
States in a posture of effectual pre-
.paration for an event, which, not-
withstanding the endeavours making
to avert it, may, by circumstances
beyond ourcentroul, be forced upon
us.
G. WasHINnGTon.

Proclamation published by authority,
at New York, by the president of
the United States of America, Sept.
29, 1794.

X JHEREAS, from g hope that :

the combination against the
constitution and laws of the United
States, in certain of the western
counties of Pennsylvania, would
yieldtotimeand reflection, [thought
it sufficient, in the first instance, ra-
ther to take measures for calling

forth the militia than immediately,
to embody them; but the moment
is now Come, when the overtures
of forgiveness, with no other con-
dition than a submission to Jawy
have been only partially accepteds
when every form of conciliation, not
inconsistent with the being of go~
vernment, has been adopted with.
out effect; when the well-disposed
in those counties are unable, by
their influence and example to rey
claim the wicke mi their fury,
and are compelled to associate in
their own defence; when the prof-
fered lenity has been perversely
misinterpreted into an. apprehens
sion that the citizens will. march
with reluctance: when the oppor-
tunity of examining the serious con-
sequences of a treasonable opposi-
tion has been employed in propa-
gating principles of anarchy, en-
deavouring through emissaries to a=
henate the friends of order from its
support, and inviting enemies to
perpetrate similar acts of insurrec-
tion; when it is manifest, that vio-
lence would be continued to be-
exercised upon every attempt to en=

force the Jaw: when, therefore, |

government is set at defiance, the
contest being whether a small por-
tion of the United States shall dic-
tate to the whole union, and a the
expence of those who desire peace,
indulge a desperate ambition. Now
Mast Ad {, George Washington,

president of the United States, in

obedience to that high and irre-
sistible duty, consigned-to me by

,the canstitution, “to take care that

the laws be faithfylly executed ;”
deploring that the American name

should be sullied by the outrages of. —

citizens on their own government ;
commiserating such as remain obsti-
nate

SPA Ey sa. PERS.

nate from delusion ; but resolved, in
perfect reliance on that gracious
Providence which so signally dis-
plays its goodness towards thiscoun-
' try, to reduce the refractory to.a
| due subordination to the law; do
- hereby declare and make known,
| ‘that, with a satisfaction that can be
equalled only by the merits of the
militia summoned into service from
the states of New Jersey, Pennsyl-+
vania, Maryland, and Virginia, I
have received intelligence of their
patriotic alacrity, in obeying the
call of the present, though painful,
yet commanding necessity: that a
force, which according to every rea-
_~ sonable expectation is adequate to
the exigency, is already in motion
» to the scene of disaffection ; that
those who have confided, or shall
confide, in the protection of goyern-
ment, shall meet full succour under
the standard, and from the arms, of
the United States ; that those who
have offended against the laws, and
have since entitled themselves to in-
demnity, will be treated with the
most liberal good faith, if they shall
not have forfeited their claim by
any subsequent conduct, and that
instructions are given accordingly.
‘And { do moreover exhort all indi-
viduals, officers, and bodies of men,
to contemplate with abhorrence

the measures leading directly orin-
_ directly to those crimes which pro- ~

duce this resort to military coer-
~ @ion; to check, in their respective

253

spheres, the efforts of misguided or
designmng men, to substitute their
misrepresentation in the place of
truth, and their discontents in the
place of stable government ; and to
call to mind, that, as the people of
the United States have been per-
mitted under the Divine favour in
perfect freedom, after solemn deli-
beration, and, in an enlightened
age, to elect their own govern-
ment, so will their gratitude for
this inestimable blessing be best di-
stinguished by firm exertions, to
maintain the constitution and the
laws. And, lastly, I again warn
all persons whomsoever and where-
soever, not to abet, aid, or com-

, fort the insurgents aforesaid, as

they will answer the contrary at
their peril; and I do also require
all officers and other citizens, ac-
cording to their several duties, as
far as may be in their power, to
bring under the cognizance of the

law, all offenders in the premises. ,

In testimony whereof, I have caused

the seal of the United States of

America to be affixed to these pre-

sents, aud signed the same with my

hand. -

Done at the city of Philadelphia,
the 25th day of September,
1794; of the independence of
the United States of America,
the 19th.

i Geo. WASHINGTON.
By the president,
Epm. RanDoLPH.

‘ 8K ve orgy ¥ 4
ae Rag eet

ee ee ed :
Oana gti aaa Bien at

“ oa Ps: € bn os PRE ~ek Tre et yaw the ds

+ 4 * ‘
- ”, a4 i “
a Ai 4
. 4 yt
ee it
’ ye + j f
os he m rd

Anecdotes of Dr, Paul Hiffernan,
\ from the European Magazine.

lita author may be well reck-
oned amongst the extraordi-
aries of modern literature; not
that he excelled his contemporaries
either in genius or learning: he de-
rives this character from his eccen-
tricities, and to this he was fairly
entitled from the peculiarity of his
familiar habits, his studies, and his
writings. ;
- Dr. Paul Hiffernan was born in
‘the county of Dublin, in the year
1749, and received his early edu-
cation at a grammar school in that
county. From this, at a proper
age, he was removed to .a semi-
nary in Dublin, where the classics
were taught in good repute, and
where he was educated for the
profession of a Popish priest, his
ee being of the Roman Catho-
© persuasion.

For the better finishing his edu-
‘cation in this line, he was after-
wards sent to acollege in the south
of France, where he became ac-
-quainted with several students, some
of whom were afterwards much re-
nowned in the Republic of Let-
‘ters, and particularly the celebrated
Rousseau and Marmontel. The first
of these, he used to observe, gave
at that time no promise of his fu-
ture greatness, being very modest
and simple in his manners, and more

’

[ 255°]

CHARACTERS.

fond of retirement and contempla«

tion, than either study or conversa»

tion.

Of Marmontel he used to speak
in great praise. He was studious,
inquisitive, and lively, was the very

soul of his class for conviviality, -

good humour, and wit ; and scarce
a day passed without his producing
a sonnet, an epigram, or a bon mot,
which gained him great applause,
and prophesied his future reputa-
tion.

He remained at this college, and
at Paris, for near seventeen years,
which, though it gave him an op-
portunity of speaking and writing
the French language with fluency
and purity, accounts in some re-

_ spect for his haying so bad a style

as an English writer, he having left
his own country at so early an age,
that he insensibly imbibed the
French idioms in preference to. those
of his own.

Most of the Englishand Irish stu-
dents at this college being edu-
cated for the profession of physic,
our author followed the same track ;
and, though contrary to the design
of his parents, who intended him
for a Romish priest, he took out his
Bachelor’s degree of physic, and
soon after returned to Dublin, in
order to practise his profession.

Why he did not fulfil his resolu-
tion, on his arrival in Dublin, can
be readily accounted for by any

" person

256 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

person who knew his natural¥enm,
which was that of an unconquera-
ble love of indolence and dissipa-
tion.“ The regularities of any pro-
fession were circles too confined for
him, and the day that was passing
over him, was generally to decide
what he should do. . With this
temper, instead of cultivating his
profession, he sought the recepta-
cles and convivialities of his coun-
trymen; and as he was a good
scholar, abounded in anecdote, and
might, at that time, have imported
some of the agreeable manners of
the French, he found a ready chair
at several respectable tables in Dub-
lin. e

About this time a doctor Lucas,

aman who afterwards was much

celebrated for his opposition to the
government of Ireland, ed up,
and by those bold measures that
propose quick and sudden teforma-
tion of abuses, gained so much of
the popular attachment, that the
citizens of Dublin returned him as
one of their members in parlia-
ment. Another party opposed these
measures, and Fliffernan being con-
sidered as a young man of good
education and lively parts, he un-
dertook to write against Lucas ina
periodical paper, which was called
“©The Tickler.”

It is seldom that the merit of this
species of writing outlives its ori-
ginal purpose. We have seen many
of those papers, which, however,
the doctor (as Hiffernan was usu-
ally called) might pride himself on,
possessed little else than personal
abuse, or contradictions of opposi-
tional statements. Now and then,
indeed, some of the doctor’s whim

appears, but it was of that kind

“as-must induce his best friends to

ly known and hated by his ene-

- mies and what was worse, his ene-

transfer the laugh more to the man
than to his writings. :

vs "The Tickler,? howekel, as 2
party paper, made its way for some!
time, and procured at least this ad=
vantage to the author (which he
unfortunately prized too highly
through life), sof living constantly
ber and public tables. An_
author by profession at that time
of day in Ireland was no common
sight, and gained many admirers.
Those who had their great oppo-
nent in politics periodically abused,
felt a gratification in the company
of their champion; amongst these
he numbered many of the alder-
men of Dublin, and Hiffernan was
a man very well qualified to sit at
an alderman’s table.

If our author had the satisfaction
of being well-known and caressed
by his friends, he had at the same
time the misfortune of being equal-

mies by far out-numbered his friends 5
in short, he became:a mar!ced' man,
and as he was one that gave am
improper licence to his tongue as
well as his pen, he met with se-
veral insults in coffee-houses. and
public places. The doctor parred
this for some time; but as Lucas’s
reputation carried all before it, and
as he was, universally esteemed a
man of good intentions, Hifferuan |
suffered additionally by comparison;
so that being chased out of all pub-.
lic places, and, as he used to tell
himself, “in some danger of his
life,” hey by the advice of his friends,
lirected his course to London, there
to try his fate as an author, * in
this general homeofthe necessitous.”
What year he came to London,
we cannot exactly ascertain, but it
must,

ait

* (EV agwctikRs

A »
7

257

tnust, from some circumstances, be poets on occasional subjects. In

between the years 1753 and 1

this mélange of odd subjects, there
are some foreign anecdotes and re-

54.

_ In that and the next year, he i
lished five numbers of a pamphlet- marks, which distinguish thescholar
which he called “©The Tuner,” in and® man of observation. In his
which, with more humour than he “* Character of Polonius,” he par-
ever shewed-afterwards, he ridicu- ticularly rescues that statesman from
led the then plays of ‘* Phi- the imputation of a fool and a dri-
loclea,” « Boadices,” “ Constan- veler, and supports “his claim to
tine,” “ Virginia,” &c. His first wisdomand sagacity, both from his
employment wasin translationsfrom advice to his son and daughter, as

der
i

the French and Latin authors ; but

though a good scholar in both lJan- which
that familiarity ertes :

guages, he wan
in his own, which rendered his style
stiff and pedantic. He was not al-
‘ways punctual too in his engage-
» ments, so that, after repeated trials,

well as from the following character
the king gives of him to La-

7
a

“« The blood is not more native to the
heart,

The hand more instrumental to the
mouth,

‘ “he was found not to answer the Than to the ‘fens of Denmark is thy

reputation he brought with him.

father.”

from Ireland ; and he was, through i
necessity, obligéd to, strike into a The opposite character of Polo

new lineof authorship. Whilst he nius, however, has beenyacopt

was pursuing his studies at Paris _ all the performers we have ever seen

and Montpelier, as well as whilst
he was in [ieland, he amused him-
If with writing several things on
Moccasianal subjects for the enter-
tainment of his friends, and partly,
perhaps, with a view to keep up
that passport to their tables in which
he so much delighted. These, with
some others on more general sub-
jects, he resolved to publish ; and
accordingly, early in the year 1755,
he gave themto the world under
the title of ‘* Miscellanies in Prose
and Verse, by Paul Hiffernan,
M. D.”
These miscellanies are dedicated
! to the late lord Tyrawley, and
~ consist of essays on Taste, Ethics,
Character of Polonius, Theory of
Acting, Immoderate Drinking, The
Virtues of Cock-fighting, A Short
View of the Life and Writings”
of Confucius, The Last Day, Lo-
gico-Mastix, with a number of
Vor. XXXVI,

»
Gj
r.

”

play this part, except one ; we mear

’Munden’s late performance of it at

Covent-Garden Theatre, where, in-
deed, the whole of the representa~
tion of Hamlet is got up very cre-
ditably to thetaste of the manager.
Munden shews Polonius free fronz
all those blemishes of buffoonery
with which our best actors, who
have gone before him, have loaded
him; he is in his hands, though
somewhat of a formalist, and ‘at-
tached to the modes of a court, a
wise, a prudent, and upright states-
man; and this the audience felt; on
the first night, to be so much the
real draught of the character, that,
notwithstanding a!] their former pre-
judices, they gave it their universal
applause.

His ‘* Theory on the Art of Act-
ing,” is only to be remembered for
its eccentricity. In describing the
mechanical manner of the players

S generally

st ey th
vt w
fast

~alt ay
mw & * 2 - ‘,
ae okie ah tee ee 6;

ANNUAL REGISTER, 179%

What profit the publication of
these miscellanies, might bring him
is uncertain ; if he depended en-
tirely on the public sale, we should
suppose very little; but Hiffernan |
had the art of getting off hisbooks —
amongst his : Fonddpanid aequaint-
ication, and

ances by perscnalipp ical
other modes of address not so very

258

' ye ee . a
generally dying in the last act, he
draws a caricature scene of a man
being run through the body with a_
‘spit by his Jandlady, on his incapa-—
city of paying his reckoning ; and
that our readers may have an opi--
ion of the vulgar extravagancy
which our author ‘has ran into on
this oceasion, weshall bgp Sie : 5 not so
with the coneluding lines: & creditable either to learning or de-

« Here a generalcontraction of up after the publication of these
the body, which as nothing vio- © miscellanics was, » any mode which
lent can last long,» is to be succeed- presented itself to gain a temporary
ed by a gradual @volution of the existence ; sometimes by writing a
members, and the two following pamphlet, and / privately subscri-
Jines are to be uttered in the fare- bing it amongst his friends and ac-

» well, endearing, melancholy ‘tone : quaintances, and sometimes by be="

‘f _ coming the patron or defender of *
eprowd | some novice for the stage; or some
artist who wanted to. make his way
to public notice by puffing, or other
indirect means. — It is said he had
several players and painters under

contribution for this purpose ; and

* Farewell, ye cauliflowers on th
bey ee a: $
GBforimming tenkards, I never more shall
see— (a pause) } ’
“a

Ward—Hard fates?"
e
is to be spoken in a canine and
snappish mode, like ‘* Darkness,
-Darkness,” in Richard the "Third.

“« — O sure, it was not so much
To mean to build a sconce.”

. Here he is to look wishfully andre-
.pentantly towards -heayen, then a
_stammer, ‘* J—I—I1.”

As half of the last. 1—(O has
reigned long enough for the other
vowels to take their turn) is pro-
nounced, he is to have the rattles
in his throat, which are to be ace
companied by the wish abrupt, the
half screw, two kicks, and the fop

supine, equivalent to the sailors

_ phrase (“ Good-right, Nicholas !"’)
_when they are going to the bot-
tom.

as he was a man of some oe a

ty, and had a known intimacy wit!
Garrick, Foote, and many of the
literati, it is no wonder that he
sometimes gained proselytes.
His grand place of rendezvous
was the vider-
a place he usually reserted to o
those evenings, when, to use his
own expression, ‘*he was not housed
for ‘the night.” Here it was he
played the part of patron or pre-
ceptor with some dexterity. If any
painter found his favourite word
excluded a place in the Exhibition,
or wanted his piece puffed through
the papers, Hiflernan was “ the
lord of infamy or praise.” If any
player took dudgeon at his mana-
ger or rival brother, our author’s
pen was ready to deferd him; and
if any person as a candidate for the
stage,

ellar, Maiden-Jane 3;

es. :4

”

’
‘
:

‘

>
.

CHARACTERS.

ttage, wanted instruction or recom-
‘mendation, who so fitas Hiffernan,
the grave- scholar and travelled
man, the writer of plays himself,
the intimate friend and occasional
scourge of both managers and ac-
tors, to instruct them in the ele-
ments of their intended profes-
sion?

His mode of proceeding in this
last instance, we were informed of
by a late eminent performer of Co-
vent-Gatden Theatre, who, partly
from curiosity, and, perhaps, partly
from being deceived by some friend

respecting Hiffernan’s abilities and
patronage, went through the pro-_

cess himself, and who told it with

that whim and humour which he

‘was so much master of, on or off
the stage. “From him we are ena
bled to give somewhat of a general
description.

When a candidate for the stage
was first announced by the waiter
to doctor Hiffernan, the doctor
“never rose from his seat, but draw-
ing the pipe which he smoked
from his mouth, gave a slight in-
clination of the head, and desired
him to sit down. He then listened

_ yery attentively to the novice’s ac«

count of himself, his studies, and
4 tine of pretensions, but then gave

no opinion ; he reserved himscelt for |

a private meeting the next night
at the Black Lion, Russel: street, or
some other favourite ale-house; and
if the candidate, wi:hing to doa
civil thing by his preceptor, offer.
ed to pay the reckoning, the doctor
was notin the least offended, but,
‘on the contrary, considered it as
the perquisite of his owa superio¢
itys, «

When they met on the next
night, the preliminaries of business
were opened, which first begaa-by

259

the doctor explaining his terms,
which wete a entrance guinea an-
other guinea for instruction, and
two guineas more to be paid on
his getting an engagement at either
of the London theatres. All this
being settled, and the doctor hav-
ing pocketed his first guinea, he
began by attentively eyeing the
height and figure of the perfor-
mer: and; in order to ascertain
this with mathematical precision,
he pulled out a six-inch rule, which
he carried about him on these oc-
casions, and measured him against
the wainscot. If the candidate
happened to be very tall, “to be
sure that was not so well; but then,
Barry was tally and nobody ob-
jected to his theatrical abilities,”
If he was short, ‘* that was against
his being much of a hero; but
then there was Garrick, whom all
the world admired.’”? He, there-.
fore, generally consoled his pupi’,
let him be.of what size or figure he
might be, withthe superiority which
merit has over all external qualiti«
cations ; concluding with Churchill
upon the same subject,

“ Before such merit all distinctions fly,
Pritchard’s genteel, and Garrick’s six feet
high.”

In this wretched manner did our
author while away the greater part
of a life which, with becoming in-
dustry; and hisstores of information,
might have been made useful to
the world, and respectable to him-
self. He never, however, wholly
gave up the trade of took-making,
every now then producing some
original matter or translation from
the French. In this latter walk, we
find him employed in the year
1764, and as the circumstances ats
tending this case go in a great de-

SZ gree

, y
220 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

gree to develope the eccentric cha- fatal project ! whidht has plunged
vacter of the man, we shall detail all the nations into idolatry and
them at full length. thraldom, because a multitude of

Political parties, it is well re- suppositions that were then expe
membered, ran high much about dicnt to be made, have been since

this time, and much ink wes shed adopted as certain principles, and

upon both sides of the question; that mankind, then losing sight of
In this struggle it was suggested by what ought to have been the true
one of the heads of opposition, that principies of their conduct here
the translation of a Trench book below, went ia quest of superna-
called “The Origin of Despotism,’”? tural ones, which not being fitted
would not only sell well, but be of for this earth, not only deceived
use to the party. A bookseller,since but rendered them unhappy.” He
dead, was spoke to forthe purpose then attempts to shew the progress
of procuring a translator, and as of these principles from theecracy
Hifiernan’s knowledge of French to despotism, and concludes with
was. unquestionable, he was fixed _ some general observations Om a mor
upon to be the man. The book narchical government.

was accordingly put into his hands, In short, the whole of this book.

and in the usual time was finished appears to us to be a’ meremetaphy«
and prepared for publication. sical inquiry, too refined to’be taken

Andhereit may not be improper up onany active principle, and too
to remark, on the very material dif- general to calumniate or disturb
ference there appears to be in the any particular government; and
flavour and strength of pelitical wri- yet this book inthe year 1764 was,
ting then and at this present time. upon a consultation of some avowed
“ The Origin of Despotism” was eminent politicians of that day,
avritten, as the author declares in thought too dangerous to publish 3
hisdast section, as a kind of intro- and notwithstanding the title-page
duction to “Montesquicu’s Spirit was cautiously worked off, as if it
of Laws,” and the design of the had been printed at Amsterdam, it

book is as follows: , _ was agreed that the publication
The author first cofidemns the should be laid aside.
different opinions hithetto enter- | Comparing this with many of the

tained on the origin’of despotism, . political writings of the present
and thinks he has discovered its day, we shall make no ‘comment.
true sources “ The Origin of Des- "Phe real friends of the liberty of
potism,”?’ says he, “appears to me the press know and. feel the differ-
to haye established itself upon the ence. v2
earth, neither through consent nor But to return, the delay of pubs
by force, but was the dire effect, lication was for some time unknown
and almost natural consequence of to Hiffernan, when accidentally
that kind of government which men passing the bookseller’s shop, he in-
had forged for themselves in very quired the cause. The bookseller
remote ages, whenthey took fora informed him, and in the course
wmodel the government of the uni- of conversation on that subject pro-
werse, as itis reigned over by the ‘posed to sell him the ‘copies at six
Supreme Being. Magnificent but months credit, at the trde price.

= -, Hiffernan

Hiffernan at once closed with the
_ proposal, as it offered a cheap and

ready manner of laying his friends

and acquaintances under fresh con-
tributions. The account was in-
_ stantly. made out, a note of hand
. drawn, and every thing ready to
_ accomplish the bargain but the
» doctor's signature.
» «It willbe here necessary tostate,
_. that it was amongst the peculiari-
ties of this very eccentric man,

ms
4
"
%
7
7

CHARACTERS:

261

likewise gain him, some reputation ;
—and asto the payment of his. note,
that could be settled in his usual
way, viz. for some time by promises,
and at length by a frank acknow-
ledgment of total incapacity :— yet
all these advantages were foregone
sooner thai ‘‘ divulge the secrets of
his prison-house,”’—There he was
alike impenetrable to friend and
foe. or

The next thing of any conse.

never to acquaint his most intimate »quence that engaged our author's

__ friend with the place of his lodging.” attention, was a work called « Dra-

» Whatever could be the motive,
» drunk or sober, the secret, we be-
lieve, never once escaped him. In
. signing his name, therefore, to this
a note, the bookseller, very naturally,
a "desired him to put down his place
sof abode.
at the Bedford coffee-house,” re-
*) Mie the doctor. ‘‘ But, sir,” says
' the bookseller, ‘a coffee-house is
| a es loose a place to make'a note
be Pep

transferable, and therefore it will
ecessary to state where you

‘for some
. the Bedford coffee-hotse.”
«ing again told that this. would not
» do, he persisted in giv’ ¢ no other
address. The boekseller not. ap-
proving of this, the bargain fell-to
the ground, and the doctor walked
_ away-in great dudgeon, «reproba-
‘ting the inquisitive impertinence
» of tradesmen.” *

_ When Hiffernan refused accept=

ing credit for six months fora num-

2 ber of books, which he could very
. welldispose of amongst histriends—
4 _ we can very well see the price he
set on keeping his lodging a-secret.
The sale of the books would be a
ready money traffic to him during
the time ;—the translation would

«<1 am to be heard of

matic Genius’’—which he dedicated

whether pride or whim, let him be. to Garrick, his friend and patron

through life. This work is divided
into five books. The first deline+
ates a plan of a permanent temple
to be erected to the memory of
Shakespeare, with suitable decora-
tions and inscriptions. The second

_ investigates the progress of the hu-

man mind in inventing the drama,
and conducting it to perfection ;
with a candid disquisition of the
rules laid down by critics. The
third exhibits a philosophical ana-

» © constantlyreside.” Hiffernan paused» lysis of the pre-requisites of the art
time, and again rep-ated, . of acting.
Be-

; The fourth displays the
criteria of dramatic genius in com-
position, and the beautiful and sub-
dime of acting ; and the fifth treats
of architecture, painting, and other
arts, so far as they are acressary to

theatrical representation,
here is in this, as in most of
Hiffernan’s writings, a mixture of
science and absurdity .— He had not
taste sufficient to set off his learning,
and his familiar life was such as to
shut out all improvement. The
characters of the several plays of
Shakespeare given in this work “are
in Latin as well as in English ; and
as the doctor piqued himself on his
Latinity, the reader will judge for
himselt, what excellence he possessed
S53 ; wes
wi

tae

in|

; 2 a

> «

2622 ANNU
in that language from the following
specimen of the character of Richard
the Third. “eae

Ys ak

Ricardus Tertius.
Imperium obtinuit primorumi strage viro,
rum, ;

Bah ee.
Justitiam, Leges nature et Jura Derosus;

Reges Henricum, fratremgue, et pignora ~

amoris F

wy 4

a 1 °
: :
sa * : 4

GISTER, 1794,

padort a ie a
of the stage? And yet, though
these exertions might have done
credit to the friendship of our En= |
glish Roscius, they did not serve his
delicacy very much, as the praises.
so lavishly bestowed on him should. -
have in some respect witbhel ihn
personal interference: besides, they =>
were too fulsome in themselves to *

add any degree of credit to such esta- Ni

Sustulit é medio truculenta mente, Ri: + : oF} ; le
cardus «9 , *) Sblished abilities.” eo # A Ae 4
aru * : . - 5 ek sis <4 ’.

Astutusque, toro, et morti promoverat . The amount of these subscriptions -
: nnam, ‘ , * » : * ’ ih.
ee rae é hould -
Cognatas umbras menti fera somnia % we do not exactly know, but sh d )
pingunt, ps « . suppose to be ‘from one-hundred . -
Sin excussa quies—vanz excutiuntur et ‘and twenty to one hundred and
umbree, 3 _“-hifty pounds ; a temporary mine to _ 3
* ‘such a manas Hifernan, who lived — 9)

-
Religione tegit facinus, quia sanguinis ultro
Prodigus humani effuderat—emnis
Ordo gemit populi ; juga solvere barbara
jurat.
Richmondus petitur
ab oris
Advolat in patriam— cecinerunt horrida
bellum
Classica—Bosworthi in campo pugnatur:—
acerba
Funera densantur—mediisin millibusardet
Regia sevitus—et equo prisatur—ab omni
Milite clamat Equum, regni pretio; fu-
ibunda,

; Gallorum elapsus_

jactans:. : Sat
** Sex Richmondi hodié dextra,hae ceci-
dere, morantem - "
‘* Richmondum quoties,”
crepat ore!

- - .
Tauco vox in-

Convenere! enses rapido mucrone Cor-

ruscant,

Vulnera vulneribus
ictus— :

Rex fato opprimitur—Victori cedere Teg-
num

Cogitur ; infrendit moriens, “« Aterna
pente

&* Nox wae terras, perituro prologus
orbi.”” |

geminantur, etictibus

The subscriptions he gained by
this work were very considerable, as
Garrick exerted himse]f amongst his
friends for the author, and who
could refuse Garrick on the subject

«a ‘Ate. "
2 oy

tee *

emerged a little monet hfe

economy.» With, this mae em

“quitted the old English dress (as he. i?
“used to call his segdy clothes) fora
-new suit of black, and knocked at os
the doors of his friends with all the “i.
confidence of a successful author.

; t

4 In this progress, olirauthorsomes K ye

imes felt Pembarrasdurichesse,ina _ *

- manner that was Jaughableenough, . ~,

Dining one day at a friend’s house, 5 |.

and feeling the consequence and No= ;
velty of fol! pocket, he Wanted’

the change of atwenty pound bank

note ; the gentleman said he had
not quité so much money in the |
“house, but as his servant was going

on a message to Fleet-street after
‘dinner, he-should take it to Mr.

Hoare his banker, and bring him a

the change. This did very well,

and soon after Hiffernan gaye the J
*

note to the man for the above pur-

pose. A,

_ So far the object ef self-conse-

quence and vanity were sufficiently

displayed, and our author joined in

pushing about the bottle with great
spirit

‘ . ‘rewsnacaans oe 368
Apirit aed d\ conviviality. ” After i ae a supposition, th that the man must fe
ur or two spent in this manner, mad or runk who wrote it. The
Hiffernar quired after the man— _ publicati > i answered his
the bell wasrung— it no man was purpose, for as he was very heed-
a returned 5— e dropped. his .léss of his literary reputation, or |.
a i ttle ‘upon Pihis, but said no- ee did not always know when
) a an hour afterwards. he w 5 ha degrading, it, he as usual
ized aga ain, but no man, subse bedit among his friends; and
ir author began to lose a ite generally, whereverhe went to dine,
ae anc ence 5 2 and 4 ee ind to taxed his host from half a crown to
entleman_ 0 tie very _ a guinea (just as he couldget it) for
ora oo “By the living this pamphlet. Hugh Kelly, who
=d, 11 Bays man has ran ‘bad previously seen it ata friend's :
oney.” '—“ Upo amy youre’, generously, sent him a guinea
fy doctor the other (smo- for a copy ; but consoled himself at
, I must confess it has an, the same t time, that he was under no *
| ap) wrance 5 but if the fellow obligation to read. am
uld ‘< 2 gone off, itis pwith your Iking of this strange piiblica-
-y, notmine.”— y money!” tion at that time, gave ‘rise to one
ed Hiffernan, starting from of the last tlashesof poor Goldsmith.
ir, and raising ark ke “© How does this devil of an author,
would have you know, | ‘says < a friend, contrive to get credit
that I eis w ds well as you in > ~ even wi with his. bookseller for papers of

‘3 sp icular, an Pknow that if, “print, a and advertising? 2?”’?«¢ Qh } :
| : money your, servant my dear sir, says Goldsmith, very
| Poy directi ion, the act of the easily -—he steals the agpomne ready
a vant is the adtot the master.”"— made,” ”*
we an altercation on the point of The next year, 1755, doctor * .
9 se ie apa when Hiffernan appeared as a dramatic . © |
ocior was most happily exizi- “antbo by the introduction of,a
ct out of all his fears by theyar- tragedyat Drary-jane theatre, under* sng +
al of the servant with ‘the money, the title of «* The Heroine of the" ~~
Bnd who wus only prevented “from Cave.’ The history of his piece:is . Fe
returning i in time, by a number of el : After. the death of oP,
| mp rr messages which Rep agto ae Henry Jones, the author of the ©.
me from his mistress, 4 “tragedy, ofthe earl of Essex. (a Mal *** ¢ AY
n roduction 0 ser “i phespperior to Hiffernan in oint of.
rs. a at hing which be call vias, bat-very like bie i in ie ra

: which he i tipnicaliy cedicated to the ; fa was found | ar ngyst hi
“ore sities of pgs and .Cam- loose 1 ina by tbe al 5 dal bute
» bri *

i —if it aims at any Wag it ap- | close habits ot oaey
s

papcics ptimcaleati blades but donor, and sugge
| Yso is¢rably executed, as to warrant he might mia.te so

ve iA ia

e r : = Ts - h 7 4% $
l ei? cH or, * f, *,
ye : ‘ . wy & jj + pie:
ae hy a Ba) nt ee

264. ANN UALe R EGISTER, 1794. .
Picton ‘tie’ plot, and sii friends—and hf gc wash

some new characters. Fite ounced by the doc ing r
Hiffernan undertook ‘it, and ane pede himself to ad
_ brought it out the next year for the them of it.—< This method ( saidhe) ~ i
_ benefit of Miss Young (now Mrs. Pm look upon th the e best, as it prev
Pope), with anew prologue, epi- any imputation of quacking say Pe
logue, &c. &c. and by the very public advertisement.”
excellent and impassioned p rform- - The room fixed on ™ .
ance of that capital actress, who bition was at the Percy. coffee-house
played the heroine, it went off with | —the hour, ‘ape in the ai iy,
considerable applause. The title | Hin At this oa eh ae ’
Jones gave to this piece was, “ The gentlemen assemble octor os
Cave of idra.” ‘The p Bows ie nedy, ‘physitiantto > prince
from a narrative in the: Annua ie-* W: ales, and th nt tor-
re - gister ; ; and had the orig’ einal author ‘general. to the ee nis ie he
it 4, had time and coolness to Bish it, iy duke of York—Mr. George Ga
is probable he would hare succ rick—Mr, pbeckeighi mall —and
ed in making ita a_respecta é. - another e aren: Fd w ited
gedy. Even in Hiffernen’s hands till two ore company
the plot and incidents buoy ed him more offic the doctor spade bis
up above his ordinary thinkin app ce, Pom an ig oset,
and if he gave no graces, he avoided arbeteut ina full oe Fd black—
“any great blemishes. 5% and placing hims a ‘little,
The doctor lived upon the protest ‘otal table, made ae form
of this tragedy for some time; but, obeisance to bis smal] auditory. .
as usual, never made a calculation —__The co ould nat be p but —
“+ what he was to do nexé, till poverty smile t this mo “the e of beeen
"pressed him to do something. After, but the doctor proceeding with reat
- . easting about for some time (and © gravity, pulled out of his Legg
» occasionally damning the ooksel- sinal) print of a human ens
A * ers for their want of taste in not evidently cut out of some an S abe
. ~ €ncouraging learning, and the per- cal magazine, and laying it. n tite
i t formers of both theatres fora dearth table thus proceeded ;
‘ of abilities that discouraged anyrau- «Tam now, Breed, ols
_ thor of eminence from “writing fcr to open a subject to of the — y
A Cai them) he undertook togive a course greatest importance in at ich
iy ai of lectures on the anatomy of the® isthe knowledge of ou com
aa body. ‘ Plato recommends in short but
‘a e ‘instantly published proposals, forcible maxim of A Nose aie
© which was a guinea for the course, —Pope, by saying, “ The proper 9
to consist of three lectures, and the study of mankind is man” he our, |
i subscribers” “not to exceed twenty, divine Shakespeare, by exclaiming, ‘
= 4 in “order to be the better accommo- “ What a piece of work is man! «
dated ina private rooms Thesub- how noble in reason! how infniie ~_
scription (which Wasevidently g given in faculties!.in form and moving —
~ under: the impression of charity) was’ how express and admirable in
hs ‘goon fi filled by the ‘exertions of his. er how like an angel! in ap- ~
prehension,

: 1. a , 4%
ey Bo Se ‘tit, '
ifs my a
a

ay
oh Pai on

®
_ >

e is '
,
%
prehension, bw like wiGied ! the
uty of the woild—the paragon

sinior te sive great men on this

bject, }] commence with de-
ct the head of this paragon of
i

. ) mmon-place description of

skull, the br rains, &e. ich
“int about half an \hour, when
; Biitel up print, and resiori

the head OF e skeleton (which he

“had previously doubled down’ to its
rmer position, he nert undertook

a des ion of the breast.
se Here =

sae next

of this ver extraor-
* Monieht 1 may be very

'y of Meccan frante."— wat

is the audience could hold out no
ge unanimously burst out
horse laugh, whic made the

i stor pal se for some’minutes, and
duced in the company likewise
kward and, embarrassed sis.
pa last one of the gentle-
sen” broke ground” by saying,
Why, doctor, as we all

eid: the ‘subscription has

ve further trouble 2—We
d of your capacity, and
‘ ce lispense with any farther
k aaa ye—aye, joined the
Fest of the any.—* Why then
Piotinded ghaghr rst speaker, suppose
you all come and take a bit of din-
‘er with me to-day, when we shall
pase what we are able to do in ana-
painziog the bottle.”
he sound ot a gratuitous good
Saioner always tell very musically on
ernsn’s car, and in the present

* instance peculiarly so, as it not only
ppleotifully provided for the wants

CHARACTERS. |

1s.?’ —Here thedoctor enter ed ‘

tye Med Gap its very curi=
° bend and. texture — the brea d-.

a, what signifies giving.

265

of one day, but released him from
the trouble of two days more at-
tendance, without losing any part
_of his subscription-money. Hence
the brow of the grave and philoso-
phic lecturer instantly relaxed into
that of the convivial familiar ac-
guaintance ; he stept from behind
the corner of bis little table with
the utmost chearfulness, paid his

_congees separately to his friends,

ordered up some coffee (which he
left them to pay fo: }, and soon after
met them at the diuner rendezvous
in alithe hilarity of an RPP TORD RAY
guest,

entlemen, says! he, is This transient exhibition, we be-

lieve, was the last public effort of
his, either as ayphysician or an au-
thor; not but he sometitnes used to
advertise works, perhaps without
auy design of puvlishing them, but
for the purposes of giving pain, .or
extorting money in this list we find
many panphiets, some, perhaps,
written, others intended to be writ-
ten; but all calculated to form his
miserable wile and means for ¥ Yal-
sing the supplies.
in this shifting manner our au-
thor went on, living as he most
conveniently could make it out,
without feeling much of the dis-
grace or embarrassment of his sita~
‘ation, tillthe spring of 1777, when
he contracted the jaundice, which
-very soon made an evident impres-
sion on his frame and spirtits. His
friends, knowing his pecuniary si-
tuation, saw it was necessary for
him to confine himself to his apart-
ments, and liberally assisted him for
this purpose. Amongst these were

Mr. Garrick, Mr. Murphy, Dr.
Kennedy, Mrs. Abington, and
others. The doctor, however, used

to creep out during the morning sun
foran hour or two, which he trusted
would

] + pe ig CO TE Oe ae
¥ : 4 , * 7 ay J
266 =ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

would do him more good than either *complexién’s black, ‘upsetting ey
physic or confinerient: “om, % . with a nose somewhat inclined te

In one of these morning ‘eieur- ~the. aquiline, and upon the whole,
_ sions, he gave a singular ‘proof of | though not forme ith much
the ruling passion sticking touseven symmetry, might’ b ed | an in-
in the hour of death. Calling ata ‘telligentand well-lookit man 5 ; but
friend’s house so taint.and spiritless as he has satin ie mind

that he was unable to walk up toy pane person in a
the drawing-room, he was told in a Wealiod 6 the or on
delicatea manner as possible, ‘‘ that Himself, ome is ow n-

as sickness always brought on addi- Gil x. °4 ‘y
tional expences, if he would give his > Spt)
friend his address, he would very «Perhaps some curious would my per

son know ; ;
readily lend hima guinea per week humbiy answer, 2 ish bat 5p }
until he recover ed. ~ Not over bath 2 despi a

“I

The doctor received the promise Black frowning brows math dene any es

ofthe loan with becoming eee re o’e See

but referred him for his, address to Po I ear, -fo isian 1-9
hot Nature ga a ; ae

the usual place, “The Bedford cof- iy, And mark’d eat witha me Fn ues

fee-house.””—* My dear doctor, says In iiribs orepoa

assureyouin themostsolemn manner” {amour various—
The ladies servitor—in

Ido not. make this inquiry from any Good- natlir'd, peevish, 2 =e

impertinent curiosity, or idle wish ~~ thingy;

to extort a Secret from, you under That me ae Hiiace,
your present circumstances; my onl ye ES

hah is, for the quicker dispateh ¢ are, thy ating ad P rosea
of sending you any thing that may” wr ces wss a mer bsur
be needful. - <The doctor still ex- Nothing to do—and learnedly idle be ;
pressed his gratitude with a sigh, Ties RsclPfohavea cide it tend,
and ardent gripe of the hand ; but tf i core —0y ig pede

t infancy s|
1>ft the house by referring his friend So, like true poets, dr 4

mn my 1

to the Bedford coftee-house. .
It was in vain to expostulate Asa writer er nt,

farther: the gentleman sent on ihe _ fo fore observed, had the - of
two following Saturdays a guinea “scolarship 5 but ne .
each dy. sealed up in a ‘letter, cultivatingdppd nly mote]
which, on enquiry, he found the crificing occasi puch to”
doctor received; but on the third Baechus, bedi n ye avail —
Saturday no messenger arriving, himself’ of his. stock of learning. | ‘
upon enquiry, it was found thatthe - He was far from being, however, —
doctor was no more, having died the a mere scholar ; he Saal deport
preceding night, at his loagings, in himsélf in good company with very
one of the little courts of St. Mar- becoming decorum, and enliven the
tin’s lane, about the beginning of conservation with anecdote and am ;
June, 1777. setvation, which rendered him a
Hiffernan was in his person a timesan agreeable companion. A

short, thick-set man, of aruddy other times, and particularly when’ —
he

Circ kA

e very coarse and vulgar, sparing
Mo epithets of abuse, and indulging
himself in al] the extyavagancies of
ission. Had he attended at an
a age to take the proper ad-
‘vantages of his education and ta-
Tents, there were many situations,
Hprobably he might have heen fit
for; for instance, a schoolmaster, a
physician, ora translator. In saying
'this, however, we must presuppose
industry, sobriety, &c.; but his
nduct was such, that he let all
Ms powers run ‘to seed, and only
te
Tike them, sometimes, we are afraid,
¢ obtained either by stratagem or

*
i Bie i

. by fraud, oS oe Ma

‘to th who knew. him intimately,
ped the pleasantest part ot his
pharacter, “One was, and which
ve before remarked, the inviolable
he observed abont the place
Jodging. ‘Many schemes used

* 2

ented the discovery. Hoy
ried this whimsical idea, may
n from the following anec-
' Being one night in a mixed'com-
»
N

retary to ‘the “late duke of
rthumberland, a man of a lite-
turn, but who loved lace hours

:
Ietigst oa late risingin the morn-

to an excess. He had another

i ly was, that whoever he sat
ast with, he made it a point of
nghimhome. Such a coinci-
ce of characters as Hiffernan

“and he formed, could searcely fail

Toused them, like the beasts of the.
forest, to hunt for daily prey, Which, —

» He had many peculiarities, which, ;

levised among his friends to

at old Slaughter’scoffee house,
ong the rest was a Mr. Dossie, |

habit more peculiar than theformer, °

OTTERS.

267
of producing some whimsical event.
On their leaving the coffee-house,
“about one o’clock in the morning,
Mr. D. asked the doctor permission
to see him home. This was a ques-
tion of all others the doctor was
least willing to answer; however,
after pausing for sometime, ‘‘ he
thanked him for his civility ; butas
he lived in the city, he could not
think of giving him that trouble,”

. at . 4 : *
—‘‘ None in the world, sir (said
the other) ; on the contrary, it af-

fords me the highest satisfaction.”

To this the doctor was obliged to
subscribe, and they walked on arm
in arm until they came to St. Paul’s
church-yard; ** Pray, doctur, (ar-

‘Tiving at this point)’ says Mr. D.

~ do you live much farther ?”—

would be. given you a great deal
of trouble.” Vhis revived the

“ other’s civility, and on they march-
-editill they reached the Royal Ex-
change. Here the question was

‘

__ asked again, when the doctor, who

this out ; but his vigilance,. found him lagging, and thought be
her drunk or sober, alt ys could venture to name some place,
ar ~ replied, “ he lived at Bow.” This

answer decided the contest; Mr. D.
confessed he was not able to walk
so far, particularly as he had busi-
“ness in the morning which required
bis attendance at two o'clock, and
wished the doctor a good night,
and waiked back to his lodgings near
Charing-cross with great compe

sure. © :
~The’ doctor lived upon some
terms of intimacy with most of the
literati of his time, viz. Foote,
CGarick, Murphy, Goldsmith, Kel-
ly, Bickerstatle, &c. and cccasion-
ally felt their patronage and bene-
ficence, He had other houses of
call, as he used to express himselt,.
where

268

where he was entertained, and
- where he foundaready subscription
for his publications; his real ex-
pense of living, therefore, must.
have been yery trifling, if we de-
duct, from it the high price he paid
for his time and independence, but
in these he himself was the West
valuator. © ¢
Garrick often relieved him, God
Hiffernan was vain enough to think
he repaid him by an occasional epi-
grain or paragraph in praise of his.
talents, both of which he was very
far from excelling in. Foote had
him upon easier terms ; he enter-
tained him upon no other principle
than that of amusement, and re-
lieved him from thé impulse of hu-
manity, of which the following isa

peculiar instance, and which the yan eating: house, and in the eve

doctor used to relate as a proof, a-—
mongst many others, of his friend’ s
generosity.

Foote meeting Hiffernan one
morning rather early in the Hay-

market, asked him how he was >. or some of the

‘* Why, faith, but so so,”» replied
the doctor. ‘* What, the old dis- ”
order—2mpecuniosity—I suppose— ~

(here the doctor shook his head)-—=> “he. could be for a time. very enters:

Well, my little Bayes, let me pre-

scribe for you; I have’ been jucky '

last night at play, and I'll give you
as Many guineas.as you have shil-
lings in your pocket—Come, make
the experiment.”
readily assenting, pulled out seven
shillings, and Foote, with as much
readiness, gave him seven guineas,
adding wate a laugh, ‘You see;
Paul, Fortune is not such.a b—ch
as you imagine, for she has been

equally so to you this morning.”
Where the doctor generally ‘lodg-

ed, he had the dexterity (tor pur-

posesonly known tohimself) tocon-

ANNUAL REGISTER,. 1794,

_about twelve o'clock at noon ; he —

Hiffernan most.

ceal to the last hour of his lifp. |
The supposition lay, from the cir- §
cumstances of his being often found —
coming out with clean shoes, &¢. —
in that quarter, to be in oneof the #
courts of Fleet-street, where lodg- 4
ings are not only cheap, but where 5
there areanumber of eating- -houses, #
which afford an easy accommod:
tion.

His familiar day was spent as
follows: He never turned out a

then called at some friend's house, "§
to enquire their health, &c. tell
them the news of the morning,’ and
_ put himself in a way of being asked 5
todinner. if he failed in one, he §
tried it inanother, and so to a thirds
and fourth; if all faile he dined at

ing went to the theatre, where he |
generally slept out the whole of the
entertain ent in the, numberet ‘Ss
box, Ned die finished his eve

vat the cider-cellar,_ Maiden-lane, ©
rter-houses roun
Covent+garden: at these last places,
he generally quar tered upon some
” frie d, who treated him, and where

taining. Towards the close of the
hight he got drunk, if he could, ‘aad
then broke out the violence of ‘hi
temper, abusing every body Ww ‘ho
ditiered with him i in litics, reli-
gion, Jiterature, -&c. in the coarses:
strains of Billingsgate. He did a
this, however, with impunity;
every body knew him, and cheval
body laughed at him, and .some-_
times worked him up to this pitch ~
of phrenzy to exhibit Bisate stran-4
gers. *|
When he spent the -* at a
friend’s, he generally put on adit-
ferent kind of behaviour, mixing in
the conversation with temper and
observa-

ser'vation, and sometimesenliven-
ing it with anecdotes and remarks,
either whiinsical or judicious. His
‘only want of respect here was his
being subject to nod a little after
dinner, which sometimes proceeded
to a’sound nap, and was often ‘the
cause of some ridiculous embarrass-
ment, of which the following is an
“instance :
_ Previous to the exhibition of the
comedy of -“ ‘Tis Well Its no
Worse” (since cut down tothe farce
> The Pannel’’) Bickerstaffe in-
vited a few friends, of wham Hif-
-fernan was one, to dine with him,
and hear him read his play. After
nner the glass went chearfully
wand for about half an hour, when
the author began, and read to the
end of the first act, the company
Making such observations on it as it
ee geested to’ their judgements. Hif-
fernan’s only remark allthis while
ws s, “* Very well, by G—d! very
w ell,” till about the middle of the
second act, when he began to nod,
id nd in a little time afterwards, to
nore so loud, that the author could
carcely be heard. Bickerstaffe felt
alittle embarrassed, but, raising his
voice, wenton. Hiffernan’s tunes,
however, increased, till at last
Goldsmith could hold nolonger, but
cried’out, «« Neyer mind the brute,
“Bick ; go on—so he would have
served Homer if he was here, and
reading his own works.”
Hiffernan, however, made his
excuse the next day, and which
dsmith was ready enough to ad-
“Mit as such; for when the latter
hiss how he could behave in
_thatmanner, theother coolly replied,
-* Ttis my usual way—I never can
Tesist sleeping at a pantomime.”

p26 EAR C.F E.Rés.

269

man who had learning sufficient to
fi many situations in life, and ta-
lents and observation, ifjoined but
to a common share of prudence and
industry, to make himself respect-
able and independent. All his bad
qualities seemed to grow out of his
indolenee, and he adds another name
to the Jong listof martyrs who have
sacrificed to this destructive and de-
grading vice. Men of this stamp
act as if they considered themselves
as a “kind of rent-charge upon
Providence,” who is obliged to in-
yert the order of nafure in their fae
vour, and provide for them at the
public expence. Repeated disap-
pointments, or the severe bites of
poverty, will not set them right ;
and as life must be supported (and
sometimes according to their extra-
vagant ideas of support), the means,
of course, must be unjustifiable.

The following, as far as we have
been able to Galler; is a cronologi-
cal list of Dr. Hiffernan’s works :

The Ticklers ; a set of periodical
papers, published in Dublin about
1750.—The Tuner ; a set of peri-
odical papers, published in 1753.—
Miscellanies in Prose and. Verse ; -
Lond. 1754.—The Ladies Choice;
adramatic petitepiece, 1759.—The
Wishes of a Free People; a drama-
tic poem, 1761.—_The New Hypo-
crates ; a farce, n. p. 1761.—The
Earl of Warwick; a tragedy, 1764,
—Dramatic Genius; in five books,
1770.—Philosophic Whim, 1774.
—Heroine of the Cave; taken from
Jones’s ** Cave of Idra’”’ ;.a trage-
dy, 1755.

Account of the town of Zurich, and
yf the dress and manners of the in-
habitants ;

272 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

halitants; from Gray's Tour
through Germany.

URICH is charmingly situated
on the river Limmat, where
it runs from the lake. The town
has no streets that are regular or
well built; the suburbs, towards
the lake, are improved by some
modern buildiugs; the environs
are very beautiful, and the banks
of the lake and the Limmat areco-
vered with houses, many of which
are the country seats of the gentle-
men of Zurich® these derive their

chief beaaty from their situation ;_

having nothing that corre ponds with
our pleasure-garden ;_ the Swiss,
who, on every side, behold the bold
and magnificent features of nature,
seem to despise the minute and arti-«
ficial ornaments by which we mimic
her works. q
Though the town has no build-
ings distinguished for their beduty
of architecture, it has every edifice
of importance to the welfare of the
people. The town-house is large
and commodious ; the granary is
well conducted, and, in times of
scarcity, alleviates the publicdistress:
the arsenal, where, among the an-
cient armour, is preserved, as a va-~
luable monument of liberty, Wil-
liam Tell’s cross-bow, seems. to be
well provided with arms: Les Or-
phelines, a charitable institution
tor the children of the citizens, and
which coutains from eighty to one
buudred, who are instructed,: and,
at fiftegn, are apprenticed to dif-
ferent trades, is well supported.
The Swiss have neither the inclina-
tion or the power to spend rnoney
in superfluous edifices. Their pri-
vate houses are furnished with sim-
plicity, and very little ornament :

their carsiages are for coriveniencé,
and chiefly open ; their possessors
are hot permitted to use them in
town ; their servants seldom weat.
liveries; and there is but little ap-
pearance of thoserefinements which |
are too often the indication of cor~ |
ruption of manners. The dress of
the highef ranks is extremely plain; 7
black is the full dress; and the men,
who are in any department of go-
yernment, wear swords. The dress.
of the women is unbecoming ; on |
Sundays they wear black in the
morning, and colours in the even-
ing: the hair is dressed in the~
French and English fashion, but
with a loose and ill-shaped negli-+
gence, appearing what is vulgarly
called blowzy ; their shapes are not.
advantageously displayed, nor do
they exhibit any, of that flowing
and graceful drapery which gives
to the lengthened and picturesque
forms of Reynolds and Bunbury,
the elegance of the Grecian figure :
their squat and unfeminine mon-
sters of shoes seem manufactured for
downright walking, not to bend
with supple pliancy in the dance,
or to draw attention in the suc-
cession of the well-directed steps.
Thestrangers who resort here begin
to sap a little the simplicity of
manners which prevails, by the in-
troduction of foreign luxuries ; they
intermix indeed, but seldom, with
thenatives in convivial intercourse ;
but the sight of luxury is infectious,
and the genius of the people of
Zurich yields to the contagion.
Heidegger, the famous arbiter ele-
gantiarum, for manyyears, in Eng~
land, was the son of a clergyman
at Zurich ; and no man ever pre=
sided with greater spirit in the cir-
cles of dissipation, or pushed the
: revels

spaivect

The native of a severe
ple town in Switzerland,
ted the luxurious pleasures of
ne, of the most refined courts in
Europe.“ Iwas born a Swiss,”

lid he in'a public company, ‘and

er exte

and

«ae
revels a te toa great-

came to England withouta farthing,

‘

ir,
i
ne

,
+
i
f
i"
ii
¢
fe

where I have} foun a gain

5000 » spend ‘it.
N Worl ety oP cnost ae English-
; to go to Switzerland, and éi-

to gain ‘that i income or spend it
here.” ¢ :

- to ae of this town,

pence chi lefly with the Eng-,
and one He rs, with whom

Dance, or our ublie

us acquainted. “I have been intro-

e no particular Pe
e

duced, ho fet to Mr. Lavater, ’

whose mil
nance,” Ae
by a shade of dejection, will. re-
commend him to all whoadopt his
_ principles of plysiognomy, J ob-
served to him, that it. mecges some
courage to present ourselves before ©
a man possessing the powers of pe-
~ netration, which he professed: he
’ replied, that no mortal need fear
the presence of another, since all
must be conscions of defect. He
lives in asmall house; we found.
Bhim instructive and unassuming
in conversation. He speaks French

expressive counte-

_ wWith hesitation and difficulty, but
his expressions are forcible.

Ona
* second visit he shewed us his col-
* aap of pictures, which contains
tee or four pieces by Holbein, in
high preservation :. among these is

1 ah 4 {
at @ FF , '
“tp CHAR ACT BRS. 271
. Ei

ful drawings, and other things well
worthy attention. Mir. Lavater’s
Se yet as a minister, is very
bi He is now projecting two

et charitable institutions, one
of which is designed as a retreat for
women after the age of fifty. He
is engaged in a pleasant periodical
publication of Miscellanies, of which

six yolumes have appeared for the

pd ear, and one for the second.

ecomplains that our translations of

is writings (especially of his great
work) are extremely defective. I
have since heard him preach with
great apparent energy ; but he
preached in an unknown tongue to
me. The Vandyke frill, which the

table brings | ministers wear, gives them a very

antique appearance; and the mourn-
ing dresses of the congregation pro-
duce a very grave ‘effect in. the

more interesting schurches. Tati tag much disposed

toapprove an hour glass, whichwas
, placed by the pteacher, to direct -
himan the length of his discourse.
After the singing, in which all the-
congregation join, there is a great’
noise ot lettingdowntheseats; and
the people ally put on their hats and
sit down, to hear the minister pray
or preach, Devotion here appears
to correspond with Parnel’s descrip-
_tion of it at Geneva. “ A sullen
thing, “whose coarsenass suits the
croud.”’ ITreflected, with satisfac-
tion, on the rational and decent ser-
vice established in our church : on
premeditated prayérs, formed upon
sublime principles of piety and be-
nevolence ; and exterior forms, de-
signed only to be expressive of re-

angel with the instrument of verence for God, and subseryient to

Chit $ crucifixion, that bas great
merit. There are some other va-
Juable pictures ; one by West, and
two orthree admirably done by a
Swiss peasant ; a variety of beauti-

the becoming solemnity, of public
worship.

The ministry is supported with
suitable maintenance at Zurich, and
the people seem toprofitat least.by

its

272

a
its moral instructions, being cele=
brated for their integrity and
worth,

Account of the resignation of Philip
V. king of Spain; from the History
of Spain, by theauthor of the His-
tory of France, in 3 vols. Svo,
: > » & .
HOUGH the relief of Ceuta,

left the Spanish empire inpe
fect tranquillity, yet theinternal re-
gulation of it required the most stre-
nuous exertions and unwearied ap-
plication: the public debt had ra-
pidly grown beneath the profuse ad-

ministration of Alberoni; whilethat. ty-three years th

statesman pursued his vast and vi-
sionary plans of dominion, he had
totally: neglected, and not unfre-

ae oh s . 2 4 Be
ANNUAL® REGI STER; 1794.

= ay

he a %

_ had oftered violence to bis ow

; rg had been early instru

what remained was beyond thé
strength of Philip ; and a’mind na-
turally prone to indolence, to sti-
perstition, and te melancholy, was
oppressed by the weight of busi-

ness, pi!
Of thedi ontitincditode have =
so a throne; F

descended

ost are
“supposed to have secretly ented —
_ of their hal sole ion; butit was -

in"accepting a sceptre that Philip
is-
position. Bred up in the ostenta-
tious school of Lewis the Fong opal
dto p
er grandeur to ease; but in poss
session of acrown he had experi ae +
the fallacy of his. ae Of twen-
a had reigned,
‘eighteen had been consumed in
foreign war, or domestic commo-
tion; and thelove Dn and mar-

quently left unfilled the subordinate» tial glory, which to noble minds re-

departments of the state ; the dis-
orders in therevenue had multiplied
beyond the example of former
times; and it demanded the clearest
judgement and the purestintegrity,
to explore the crooked labyrinth of.
finance, to reform abuses which had
been sanctioned by custom, and to
redress grievances which originated
in the corruption of a court. Such

qualities were not the growth of the

reign of Philip the Fifth. The
death of the marquis of Bedmar,
who had filled with ability the .im-
portant trust of president of the
council of the Indies, was an irre-
parable loss; the marquis del Cam-
po, to whom was principally con-
fided the superintendence of the
revenue, was of a delicate consti-
tution, and was rather eccupied in
administering to his own infirmities
than tothose ofthe state: the marquis
of Grimaldi alone relieved the king
from partof thepublicburthen; but

conciles every toil and danger, was ©
only faintly or never felt by the —
feeble spirit of Phifip. Fanaticism
mingled with indolence to embitter
the cup of royalty ; in the bloody
and tumultuous strugele with his
rival, incessant action had allowed
no leisuré for reflection; and the
splendid hopes which the chimerical
projects of Alberoniinspired, had |
for a moment triumphed over reli-
gious terrors. | But no sooner had
Philip secured the peace of his king-
dom, than he trembled for the sal-
yation of his soul. From the relief
of Ceuta, two auto-da-fés, in two ©
successive years, admonished his
subjects that under the reign ofa bi-
got it was less dangerous to revolt

-from their civil than spiritual alle-
giance; but their murmurs probably
never reached the earsof their sove-
reign, who in the sequesteredshades
of St. defonso, prayed and fasted
with alternate fervour.
The

CHARACTERS.

The various climate which pre-
vails between the Escurial and St.
Ildefonso, though at the distance of
only eight leagues from each other,
probably first preferred the latter to
the notice of Philip. A range of
lofty mountains divides it from the
sultry plains of the south; in a deep
recess, and accessible only to the
north wind, it enjoys the freshness,
and throws forth the flowers of
spring, while the inhabitants of the
southern regions are exposed to the
heats, and engaged in collecting the
produce of autumn. It was to this
cooland quiet spot that the king re-
tired from the complaints of his sub-
jects, and the importunities of his
ministers; beneath his care the
farm of Balsain arose into a palace ;
a chapel dedicated to St. Ildefonso
changed even the ancient name of
the hamlet; about six millions ster-
ling were expended in fertilizing a
barren rock; and though the palace
of Ildefonso cannot vie with the
proud pile of the Escurial, yet its
gardens, traversed by close and
fecny walks, and refreshed by
requent fountains, present a de-
sirable retreat from the burning
rays of a summer’s sun,

Here Philip fixed his residence ;’

and here, in the vigour of his age,
he determined to deliver himself
from the cares of royalty, and to
relinquish his crown to his son.
Yet some delay was interposed by
the remonstrances of the queen, and
of the father d’ Aubenton, the king’s
confessor: the latter had cherished,
from the different conduct of the
duke of Orleans, an idea that he
would strongly disapprove the ab-
dication of the king of Spain. He
had, therefore, laboured to instil
into the mind of his royal penitent,
that a desertion of his regal duty was
Vou. XXXVI.

273

a sacred offence. In a letter to the
duke of Orleans, he explained the
motive of his counsels. But the
regent was only anxious to_see his :
daughter on the throne of Spain.
He sent the letter of the father to
Philip, and d’Aubenton was not
able to survive the detection of his
treachery. ‘The death of the Jesuit
released the monarch from his scru-

ples: the prince of Asturias had at,

tained the age of eighteen ; he had
already been familiarized with the_
forms of government ; and the gra-
vity of his manners seemed to ren
der him worthy the important trust.
The queen no longer deemed it,
prudent to persevere in a resistance
which might have exposed her to
the resentment of her son-in-law.
The chief object of Elizabeth had,
been to secure a royal inheritance
for her son Don Carlos; this had
been stipulated by the late peace :
and the death of Cosmo of Medicis,
with the shattered constitution of

"his impotent successor, promised

soon to gratify her wishes, in the
possession of the duchy of Tuscany.
Thus circumstanced, she yielded to
the inclinations of her consort, and
consented to renounce the tumul-
tuous grandeur of a crown, and to
confine her future views to the ag-
grandizement of her son.

It was in the twenty-fourth year
of his reign, and in the fortieth of
his age, that Philip formerly an-
nounced his intentions to his people ;
the instrument of his renunciation
was intrusted to the marquis. of
Grimaldi, and was by that noble-
man publicly read in the Escurial.
It stated that, desirous of rest after
a turbulent reign of twenty-three
years, and anxious to employ the re-
mainder of his life in preparing for
a spiritual crown, Philip resigned

fh his

274.

his temporal one to his eldest son
Lewis, and transferred to him the
allegiance of his subjects; 1t named
at the same time a council of state,
to assist the inexperience of the
young monarch ; and it concluded,
with providing a proper subsistence
for himself and his consort, in the
rétreat he meditated.

This extraordinary scene, which
recalled to the minds of the hearers
the abdication of Charles the Fifth,
was attended by the same external
marks of regret, that had accompa-
nied the resignation of that mo-
narch ; but when the first impres-
sions of surprise had subsided, the
Spaniards could not but be sensible
to the. different situation and con-
duct of those two princes. Charles
had advanced his country to the
highest pitch of grandeur and pro-
sperity ; and it was not until along
series of illustrious atchievements
and stubborn toils had matured his
glory, and broken his constitution,
that he resigned a sceptre which
his arm could no longer wield with
vigour. ' He retreated to the con-
dition of a private gentleman, and
a stipend of a hundred thousand
crowns, or about twelve thousand
pounds a year, was all that he re-
served for the support of his family,
and the indulgence of beneficence ;
in thé monastery of St. Justus he:
buried every ambitious thought, and
he even restrained his curiosity from
enquiring respecting the political si-
tuation of Europe. But the age of
Philip was that when the mind and
body possess their fullest powers ;

whatever activity he had’ displayed,
had.been in support of his personal
interests; nor had he earned his
discharge from the cares, by having

laboriously fulfilled the duties of

ANNUAL REGISTER, :1794.

royalty ; his abdication was the re-
sult of a degrading indolence, and _
anarrow superstition; in the palace -
of Ildefonso he preserved the re-=
venue, though he abandoned the
functions, oF king; the annual
payment of a million of crowns, or
one hundred and twenty thousand
pounds sterling, was severely felt,
and the sum that he was reported
to have privately transported to his
retreat was loudly resented by the

people.

Account of the Baschkirs, from Pal-
las’s traveis, among the Kalmucs
and Tartars.

i lontncite people differ from other
nomades in inhabiting, du- ©
ring the inclement season, solid
houses constructed of wood, after
the manner of-the Russians. *For
the supply of the pressing wants of
their flocks, they collect hay, which
they put in heaps round some large
trees. Their houses are generally
gmall, and their chambers, like
those of the Tartars, are furnished
with large benches, which serve in-
stead of beds. The principal uten-
sil, seen in the Baschkir huts, is
a pretty tall leathern bottle, of the
form of a flaggon, rested on a
wooden foot, and constantly full
of sour milk. While their cattle
furnish milk, and they have good
provision of honey, they live joy-
ously, and drink nothing but sour
milk or hydromel: but, as they sel-
dom clean their vessels, one may
easily conceive the odour issuing
from this inexhaustible bottle. In
winter, and on their journey, they
supply the defect of their usual-be-
verage by little cheeses made with

very

CHARACTERS.

very sour milk, and smoke-dried,,
which they crumble between their
fingers, and infuse in water. They
also drink, in spring, the sap of the
birch, which they collect by means
of deep incisions in the trees ; which
practice kills a great number of the
trees. Their most common nou-
rishment is a very thin meat-broth,
which they pour from large spoons,
part in their mouths, and part on
their, beards. They sow, indeed,
a little corn, but scarce enough for
their small consumption. While
they are able to. keep horses and
bees, and can please themselves
with an indolent life, it is. not to
be expected that they can be made
tillers of the ground. Bread is not
of daily use with them. A Basch-
kir woman kneads, with unwashed
fingers, a cake, with water, and a
little salt, and buries it in hot ashes
onthe hearth ; it is then stuck ona
stick, and held before the fire to
make a crust. '

The Baschkirs have been lon
without Khans, and all their nobi-
_ lity have been gradually destroyed
in the civil wars. At present, every
tribe or Wolost chuses from itself
one or more ancients or Starchini.
The nation composes thirty-four
Wolosts, wherein were reckoned, in
1770, 27,000 families. Their lan-
guage is a Tartar idiom, differing
much from that spoken at Kasan.

As to military service, they them-
selves chuse the chiefs, and the of-
ficers of the small troops :, but the
regimental chiefs, called +tamans,
are named by the Russian comman-
ders, from amongst the most merito-
riousof the Starchinis. Their usual
arms are a bow, arrows, a lance,
_acoatof mail, and a casque: but

275

many are armed with sabres, fusils,

or pistols, and some with all these.

They are very well: mounted, are

good horsemen, and excellent: ar-

chers; whence a small troop of

Baschkirs is not only sure to obtain

the victory over a much greater

number of Kirgisians, but a/single ,
regiment of Baschkirs often makes

long marches in the midst of a Kir-

gisian horde without ever being,
beaten. A corps of Baschkirs of-.
fers several singularities. Every

horseman dresses himself as he

pleases, or as he can; all, how-

ever, wear long clothing. Each,
has a led horse, which he keeps

for the battle, and which carries”
his provisions, consisting chiefly in

well-dried corn, which they grind

to meal in hand-mills carried with

them. Each troop of a hundred

carries a standard of various co-

lours, which differ from each other

in every regiment as much as the

arms do. They preserve no order

in marching, and it is only when

they halt, that they observe any ap-

pearance of ranks and files,

The Baschkirs live in huts in
winter, and in moveable jourts *
insummer. In the choice of situ-
ations for winter villages, they pay
more regard to the fertility of the
soil, than to the proximity of water,
snow serving them in that respect.
A village contains from ten to fifty
huts; an encampment is only from
five to twenty jourts; so that a large
winter village divides into several
summer camps. Though’ the wins.
ters here are long and rigorous, the
Baschkirs leave their-cattle entirely
to their own discretion. "These un-
fortunate animals are reduced to
scratch up, from beneath the. snow,

* A kind of barracks.
os some

276 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

some withered and frozen herbs, or
a little moss. The masters only
furnish a little hay to their weakly
beasts, and to those which bring
forth out of season. As to their
camels, which in like manner they
oblige to provide their own subsist-
ence, they wrap them in old felt
coverlets, which thew sew about
their bodies. Hence all their cat-
tle are dismally lean and meagre
toward spring ; but, in the summer,
they are not only healthy, but fat.
In order to profit of the milk, they
tie, during the day, their soals and
calves to cords stretched near the
jourts, and suffer them to run with

their dams only during night. They~

have observed that the young,
brought up thus sparingly, support
much better the severity of the win-
ters, than those which are indulged
with all the mother’s milk.

Both sexes wear shirts, which are
usually of coarse cloth of nettles,
long and large drawers, and buskins
or slippers. A woman’s gown is
of fine cloth or silk stuff, buttoned
before, and tightly bound round
the body with a girdle. The neck
and breast are covered with a kind
of net, garnished with pieces of
money. The Baschkirs are more
gross, negligent, and slovenly« in
their manner of living and com-
merce than the Kasan Tartars, but
they are also more hospitable, lively,
and joyous, especially in summer.
They make no account of car-
riages, but both men and women
love to ride on horseback, and take

pride in fine horses and rich hous-
ings. The saddles for the women
are distinguished from those which
the men use by handsome and larger
coverings. A saddled horse is com-
monly seen before every jourt. The
habit which they have contracted
of being constantly either on horse-
back, or seated on their hams, makes
nearly all the men crook-kneed.
They sleep at night with their
clothes on, lying on felts; whence
they are rarely without vermin, es-
pecially as they use fewer ablutions
than other Mohammedans. Old
age without reproach is greatly es-
teemed among them, acccording to
the oriental custom; and, when
they invite their friends to a feast,
they promise to seat them among
the old men.

Character of William Rufus, from
Andrewes's history of Great Bri-
tain.

ILLIAM was now on the
‘point of gaining Guienne,

by advancing money to its prince as
he had acquired Normandy when
a niis-directed shaft, froma French
knight, named Walter Tyrrel, end-
ed all his ambitious projects. The
king was hunting in the New Forest
and had just struck adeer. He
checked his horse, and had raised
his hand to guard his eyes from the
sun-beams, when he received the
fatal wound. * ‘The disastrous ar-
cher

* Monarchs must have prodigies to announce their fall. We are told, that William
dreamed the night before the fatal chace, that an extreme cold wind had pierced

through his sides.

A monk too would have detained him from hunting, by the re-

cital of a frightful vision ; he had seen in a dream, the king gnawing and tearing a
crucifix with his teeth, and he had seen him spurned and trodden down by the image,

while flames of fire burst from his mouth.
shillings, and bade him ‘* dream better dreams.”

The intrepid tyrant ordered him loo
([Brompr, Camp. Ramains.]
There

CHARACTERS.

cher instantly embarked for the
Holy Land to expiate his involun-
tary crime. The body was con-
veyed to Winchester in a common
cart. A tomb erected over it was
broken to pieces in the last civil
wars, and a large gold ring and a
silver chalice were found mingled
with the royal dust.

William Rufus fell, unmarried, in
his fortieth year. His person must
have been unpleasing. He was
short and fat, had a stern visage, red
hair, andeyes of different colours.
He had al] his father’s vices without
his few virtues, a stern magnani-
mity perhaps excepted ; imperious,

tf s ge
_ cruel, and avaricious; he regarded

his word or oath only as means to
delude the credulous ; religion he
scorned ; an Israelite who knew his
character, gave him a large sum of
money to persuade his converted

277

son to return to Judaism. Rufus
did his honest endeayour, but. in
vain. ‘ Well,’ said he to the father,
‘ [have done what I could, but I
have not succeeded. It is not my
fault though, so we will divide the
money between us. Another time,
when ten Englishmen had been
cleared by the ordeal of fire from a
charge of killing deer, the impious
Rufus exclaimed, ‘ Pretty justice
above, indeed! to let ten such
scoundrels escape !’

To close the'character of William
Rufus, let us quote the nervous
lines of Henry of Huntingdon :
‘ He was a man more fierce than
seemed consistent with human na-
ture. By the advice of the worst of
men (which he always followed)
he perpetually harrassed his neigh-
bours with war, and his own sub-
jects with soldiers and taxes.’ *

’ Character

There are various opinions as to the death of Rufus, although what is written above
‘is generally credited. Eadmer gives it as a received opinion, that he feil with an ar-
- Yow in his hand and mortally weunded his breast. Suger, in his ‘ Life of Lewis the
“ Fat,’ affirms, that Tyrrel had with selemn oaths averred to him, that he was not
£ven in that part of the forest where the king fell, nor saw him there on the day of
his death. And John of Salisbury, comparing the death of William to that of Juliam
the Apostate, says, that it was equally doubtful (at the time when he wrote) by whom
either of them was killed. LyrtLeron’s Heney II.)

Yet there is in the New Feorst, a ford called ‘ Tyrrel’s Ford ;’ there is an estate too

«alled Avon Tyrrel, and if (as the tradit‘on of the forest affirms) these lands have been
liable to pay a yearly fine to the Exchequer of seventeen shillings, on account of the
above-mentioned ford having been shewn to the regicide-by the then owner of the
“¢State, there can be no doubt of Tyrrel’s at least presuming himself guilty.

A monument (which still exists) was erected on the spot where Rufus died, by a
Jord Delawar, who avers, that he had seen the oak on which the shaft had glanced,
In the incsription, it is recorded, that a peasant named Purkiss, drove the cart which
cOnveyed the royal body to Winchester; and it is remarkable, that two families of
the. said name still occupy cottages near the spot, and that within the present century
an axle tree was preserved by one of these cottagers, whieh tradition asserted to have
belonged to the very cart above-mentioned.

* Among these, one of ths most irritating was that species levied by the lawless pur-
veyors. ‘ They ravaged the whole country,’ says Eadmer, * through which the court
passed. Frequently they would burn or destroy the provisions which they could not
use; and after having washed the feet of their cattle with the best liquors, they
would let the rest run to waste. In short, the cruelties which the masters of families
suffered, and the brutal treatment offered by these wretches to their wives and
daughters, are too shocking to be to!d or credited.’ Much more defensible was a spe-

ecies of impost mentioned by an acctyate and curious writer, as in use during
Ta earlier

278 ANNUAL REGISTER,

‘Character of king John, from the

Same.

HE party of John being now
‘the strongest, he indulged his
favourite passion, ‘revenge, to such
‘excess, that he drove the barons to
the desperate resolution of applying
to Philip of France, for his son
Lewis, (in right of his wife Blanche,
grand-daughter to Henry IT.) to be
‘their king. In consequence, the
Dauphin, embracing their invita-
‘tion, soon landed in Kent, and was
joined by many noblemen and their
armed dependents. He took Ro-
chester-castle with ease, and was
actually received in London with
transport. ‘The friends and soldiers
of John began to abandon him; and
the French prince might have crush-
“ed this royal viper with ease, had

1794.

he not made a rash vow not to/ad-
vance before he had reduced Dover-
castle, While he strove for this in *
vain; the English barons by this
delay had time to reflect on the ills |
their country might sustain from a
foreign lord; and even to entertain
such + suspicions of Lewis’s inte+
grity, that they determined to quit
his party and (under restrictions) to
restore the abhorred John. But
that equally wicked and unfortunate
prince was doomed to receive no
benefit from their good intentions.
A flood had swept away his money,
his provisions, and even his regalia,
as he marched along the { sands of
Lincolnshire : no consciousness of
rectitude, no magnanimity, was at
band to support him under this ca-
lamity ; with difficulty he reached
Newark-castle; and || in that for-

“earlier Norman reigns, viz. Severe fines on persons ‘ for making foolish speeches, re-
turning foolish answers, for having short memories,’ &c. [Mavox; Hist. Excu.]
This tax may not be unprofitable in more modern days. ; ,
* It is probable, that the first standing military force in Britain was that garrison in
Dover-castle, which by resisting the arms of the Dauphin saved the kingdom of Eng-
land froma foreign dynasty. For fas Camden quotes from an ancient historian) ‘* Sir
Hubert de Burgo (when made constible of the castle) considering that it was not fo
the safety of the fortressto have new guards every month, procured by the assent of the
king, and of all that held of the castle, that every tenamt for one month’s guard should
send his ten shillings, out of which, certain persons elected and sworn (both of horse
_ and foot) should receive pay for guarding the castle.” [Barrannia.]
** Alas (said the king of France, on hearing how ill the besiegers had sped) it my
son has not gained Dover-castle, he has gained no footing in England!”
+, Suspicions which, from the succeeding tenor of Lewis’s blameless life, we may
' conclude to have been groundless. He was charged with a design to exeeute the Eng=
. lish barons as traitors to their kigg, so soon as by their help he should be confirmed on
hismew throne. Yet the French writers speak doubtfully of this busizess.
$ John had so strong an attachment to Lynn, in Norfolk, that he had given ita
charter, and had girded the first mayor with his ewn sword, a relique still preserved in
that town. He kept also there his crown and other regalia; and it was in attempting
» to remove these to a stronger fortress that he met with the last misfortune.
[M. Paris. CaMDEN.]
\| The story of John’s being poisoned by a monk at Swineshcad-abbey, is of a late
date, and deserves nocredit. In some respects, this inconsistent prince had befriended
the church; he had actually built many monasteries; and indeed in 150 years, which
\ elapsed between the deaths of Harold and of John, no less than 550 religious houses
were founded in England, which composed above five parts in seven of the whale
number of those which Henry VIII. afterwards dissolved at the reformation. So
- desirous were the most despotic of the Norman princes and their barons of expiating
their sins, at'the cost of their ill-fated and oppressed vassals, ‘ [ANpERson,)

C3 A ROA € TIEAR Bi ‘279

tress, broken-hearted and unlament-
ed, the tyrant breathed his last.

_ A-worse prince scarce ever dis-
“graced any throne ; and the histo-
rian may sure save himself the odious

task of drawing up-~his character,

by referring the reader to the an-
nals of his life, as son, uncle, and
king. ‘ Hell,’ said a contemporary

writer, ¢ felt herself defiled. by his”

admission.’* He fell in the forty-

ninth year of his age, leaving five-

legitimate children, Henry (who
succeeded him), and Richard, earl
of Cornwall; Joan, + queen of
Scotland; Eleanor, countess of
Leicester; and Isabella, wife of
rederic II. emperor of Germany.
He had six natural children, whose
names and posterity are recorded at
length by Sandford.
The person of John has not been
noticed by his biographers. If, in
the black gloom of his sullen soul
there was a single spark of patriot-
‘ism, it pointed its ray towards the
mavy. In the first year of his reign
-he had asserted the superiority of the
English flag by an ordinance ; ‘and

* Fedatur Johanne Gehenna.

in 1213 ‘he had annihilated ‘the na-
val power of France, by a gallant
and successful battle; and in his dis-
stres in 1215, the affections of the
seamen (of the Cinque Ports parti-
cularly) was kis only refuge. He
even lived night and day on ship-
board, for fear of being betrayéd.f
Wor should it be concealed that,
from the beginning of his reign this
inconsistent prince had shewn a sin-
gular, readiness to convert demesne-
towas into corporate burghs. A
measure imimical to all despotism. |]
‘Trifling too as the merit may ap-
pear, we must allow to John the
honour of having been the first
English king who perfected ‘the
coining of pure sterling money.
Had historians no stronger reasons
to accuse this hated prince of im-
piety, than his pointing to’ a fat

-deer, and saying, sée how plum
> J oO .

he is } and yet ‘he has never heard
niass,” we might have allowed some=
what for the humorous allusion to
thewonderful gluttony of themotks
in his days.§ , But he was unifotm-
ly wicked; and laughed at every

tart obligation

[M. Panis.)

+ This amiable princess was styled ‘Joan Make-peace 5” ‘from her constant and
successful endeavour to keep England and Scotiand untted in amity. -

t Mad. Firma Burgh. -
{| Wendover.

“or

§ The extent of monkish gormandizing in the earlier centuries is almost incredible,
From St. Swithen’s, Winton, Henry JI. recéived a formal complaint against the abbot
for depriving his priests of shree out of thirteen dishes at every meal. The monks of
Canterbury exceeded those of St. Swithen. They had seventeen dishes every day 5
and each of these cooked with spices and the most savory and rich sauce.

: ; [Giratp. Camer.] |

The historian of Croyland-abbey speaks highly in praise of brother Lawrence Char-
tres, cook of the society {an office considered as of the highest importance) who,
prompted by the love of heaven and a religious zeal, had expended asum equal to 400
modern pounds to supply the fathers with almond-milk on fish-days. But the glutton-

* mass (which was celebrated in honour of the B. V. five times in the year) carried

ecclesiastical luxury to the highest ,itch. “The inhabitants of every parish vied with
each other in filling their churches with meat and drink ; and as soon as the mass
ended, the feast began ; the laicy were invited to join the clergy in the good-work 5
and the church became a scene of the most gross and bestial licentiousness. The -
monks of France were:not less attached to the pleasures of the table. It was a
celebrated preacher among them, who, in a sermon, represented the pheasants, par-
tridges, and ortolans, as addressing themselves to the clergy and intreating to be
V4 eaten

280

obligation which mankind lock on
as sacred. | Matthew Paris, how-
ever, (who abhorred him) owns,
that once, when he was persuaded
to deface a splendid tomb erected
over an enemy, he chid the adviser,
and added, ‘* Would to heaven all
my foes were as handsomely en-
tombed!”’

Account of the famous Giraldus

Cambrensis, from the same.

| es 1202 or 3, Gerald Barry (bet-
ter known as Giraldus Cambren-
sis) forsook the world and lived in
retirement till his death, the zra of
which is not known. He was born
in 1146, and had studied with ho-
nour at the University of Paris.
Returning to England in 1172, he

was put in possession of several be-

nefices, one of which (that of Bre-
chin) he says he obtained by con-
victing the old incumbent of keep-
ang a concubine. He was a fi
yourite of church and of court ; was
a joint preacher of a crusade with
the archbishop of Canterbury, and
was (as he affirms) inserted by
Richard Coeur de Lion in his com-
emission for, the guardianship of
England.
Gerald was a most entertaining
writer, but very credulous and most
‘intolerably conceited. He expati-
ates on the exquisite delight which
he gave at Oxford in publicly read-
ing his books three days successive=
ly. First to the poor; secondly, to
the doctors and men of literature ;
and, o1 the third day,to the scholars,
‘soldiers, &c. ‘A most glorious
spectacle (says the honest Gerald),

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

which revived the ancient days of
the poets.” He also speaks of his
Latin sermons, which affected and
excited to take the cross (for the re=
covery of Jerusalem) the honest
Welchmen, who knew not a word
of Latin, the language in which he
had preached. He dwells with
transport on his own princely lineage
which, he avers, made Henry II.
jealous of him and stopt his prefers

-ment. He went with prince John

to Ireland ; and refused (as he says)
two'sees, that he might have time

to compose a history of the country.

At Chester, he observed that the
countess Constance kept a herd of
milch-kine, made cheeses of their
milk, and presented three of them
to his comrade the archbishop o
Canterbury. He adds, that he re-
marked an animal between an ox
anda stag; a woman born without
arms, who could sew with her toes’ ~
as well as others could with fingers;
and that he heard of a litter of
whelps, begotten by a monkey. —
How judicious and important our
historian’s observations sometimes
were, may be judged from these
extracts; yet, when we smile at
his foibles, we must allow that
many curious pieces of intelligence
are to be found in his work; his
stories too are frequently interesting
though absurd, as the following spe-
cimen, perhaps, may prove: A
prelate, he affirms, kept a domestic
who used to entertain him beyond
measure, by a wonderful proficien-
cy in science the most abstruse ;.and
particularly by reciting passages of
sacred history perfectly new, and not
to be found in the Bible. One day

eatem by them and them only, ‘ that, incorporated with their glorious bodies, they
tight be raised to heaven ; and not go with impious devourers tothe infernal regions,’

(St. Forx su> Panre

CHARACTERS.

he related with great energy the
various distresses of the rebellious
angels, when driven from the pre-
‘sence of their incensed Creator,
“ They fled (said the story-teller)
to the extremes of the universe,
and hid themselves, to avoid his
wrath, in the most unfrequented
places. Some sought the deepest
caverns; some plunged inio the
_ ocean; as for me, I divided into a
__well.”? Here the incautious narra-
tor, conscious of having betrayed
his diabolical origin, broke off short,
and vanished away with every
symptem of vexation and shame.

ef ;
Account of James Bruce, esq. the
_, date celebrated Abyssinian iravel-

ler.

E was born in Scotland, about
ms the year 1729, of an ancient
_ and respectable family, which had
~ been in possession for several centu-

ries of some of the estates which he
owned at the time of his decease.
_ Indeed Mr. Bruce more than inti-
mates that he was descended from
‘some ancient kings. At an early
period he was sent for education to
a boarding-school at or near Hoxton,
where his acquaintance commenced
with several respectable persons,and
particularly some of the family of
_ the Barringtons, whose ftiendship

he retained to the end of his life.
Returning to Scotland, he experi-
enced from his father, who had
given him a step-mother, a degree
of ill treatment which occasioned
him to resolve on quitting his coun-
try. He accordingly came to Lon-
don, and soon afterwards married
the daughter of Mr. Allen, a wine
merchant, with m he continued
the wineetrade during several years.

281

An indisposition of his wife, which
terminated in her death, induced
him to carry her to France; and the
loss of her, it may be conjectured,
inclined him to continue his travels.
At the latter end of the earl of
Chatham’s ministry, about 1761, he
returned from a tour through the -
greatest part of Europe, particularly
through the whole of Spain and
Portugal, and was about to retire
to his small patrimony, in order to
embrace a life of study and reflec-
tion, when chance threw him into
a very short and desultory conversa-
tion with that nobleman. He soon
afterwards received an intimation
of a design to employ him, which
proved abortive by the resignation
of his intended patron. He then
received some encouragement from
lord Egremont and Mr. George
Grenville, and in a short time a
preposal from lord Halifax to ex-
plore the coast of Barbary, to
which he acceded. The consulship
of Algiers becoming vacant at this
juncture (1763), he was appointed
to it, and immediately set out for
Italy. At Rome he received orders
to proceed to Naples, from whence
he again returned to Rome. He
then went to Leghorn, and from
thence proceeded to Algiers.

He spent a year at Algiers, and
having a facility in acquiring lan-
guages, in that time qualified hime
eke appearing on any part of the
continent without an interpreter ;
but at this instant orders arrived
from England for him to wait for
farther orders as consul. He ac-
cordingly remained in this post
until 1765.

In June, 1764, he solicited leave
of absence from the secretary of
state, to make some drawings of an-
tiquities near Tunis. He had be-

fore

/28

fore this been to Mahon and the
coast of Africa. He was ship-
wrecked on the coast of Tunis, and
plundered of all his property.

In 1768, we find him at Aleppo,
and in August that year was at Cai-
ro, from whence he proceeded to
Abyssinia, which he is supposed to
have entered either the latter end
of that year, or the beginning of
1769. His stay in that country was
about four years, as he returned to
Cairo the 15th of January, 1775.
The transactions of this period form
the substance of the five volumes of
his Travels, published in 1790,

During Mr. Bruce’s absence, his
relations considering him as dead,
took some measures to possess them~
selves uf his property, which they
were near succeeding in, when he
returned home. Soon afterwards
he took an effectual method of dis-
appointing any future hopes, by a
second marriage, the consequence
of which was, one, if not more,
children. In 1784 his lady died,
and in 1790 he published his T'ra-
vels, a new edition of which was
negociating with a bookseller at the

ime of his death, which happened
at Kinnaird, the latter end of April
in this year, owing to a fall'down his
Staircase, in which he dislocated
his breast-bone.

The following account of Mr.

~Bruce is extracted from a late tra-
veller, Mr. Lettice, who visited him

in the autumn of 1792.
“ Linlithgow, Sept. 25, 1792.

« Tt was impossible to be within
two miles of Kinnaird, and to quit
the nei hbourhoed without wishing
to offer our respects to the Abyssi-
nian Traveller, and requesting per-
mission to inspect his museum.

“ The latter point being obtained,
fortunately gave us an opportunity

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

of seeing Mr. Bruce himself, ‘who
received us with flattering marks of
attention. When we had taken
some refreshment, he was obliging
enough to accompany us to his mu-
seuin, and to direct his librarian’s
search for such objectsas he thought
hkely tointerest our curiosity : upon
many of them he himself commented
in a very agreeable manner, relating
at the same time several little inci.
dents and anecdotes connected with
the occasions of procuring them,
which enhancéd both our entertain-
ment. and information. This repo-
sitory occupies a large room, and its
valuable furniture is arranged in a
number of neat glazed cabinets, each
having a cupboard below it, beauti-
fully painted with the figure of some
curious object of natural history,
described by Mr. Bruce in his Afri-
can Tour; many of them found on
the coasts of the Red Sea and the
Nile. This museum consists, as you
will imagine, not solely of articles
from the animal, vegetable, and
mineral kingdoms, of curious pe-
trifactions, lusus nature, &c. but
has many rare specimens of art,
distinguished by their singularity,
or exquisite workmanship; and,
lastly, a collection of Abyssinian
and Arabian manuscripts.
“As, after a cursory survey of
some thousand articles, without an
opportunity of making notes whilst
the objects are before the eye, it
is impossible to be sure that the
most curious may not have escaped
the memory, I find little inclination
to sptcify those which mine may
have retatned. If I mention, among
the petrifactions, a horse’s knee
agatized, or speak of stones more
curiously reticulated than perhaps
most other collections can exhibit,
it is with the mortification of having
: forgotten

forgotten many things more worthy
lof curiosity. Ores of every descrip-
tion you will naturally anticipate.
The variety and splendor of the sea
shells, not to. mention the novelty
of many of them, is scarcely to be
equalled elsewhere. Among the
reptile kind, none, perhaps, more
deservediy claimed our notice than
the serpent consulted in divination ;
but of that, you know, Mr. Bruce
has particularly treated in his book.
_ Among the artificial curiosities
which were shewn us, was a drink-
ing cup, or goblet, with four heads,
mbassed round the outside ; an an-
tique from Rhodes ; and a model of
at executed at Glasgow, in a man-
ner highly creditable to the skill
of the British artist. Any thing re-
lative to the Nile, the first object of
the Abyssinian Traveller, was sure
attach every. spectator; and Mr.
Bruce himself seemed not uuplea-
santly interested in displaying his
invention to measure the rise and
fall of that river; a brazen bar
with a graduated scale ingeniously
conyerted* to that purpose from
Some cramps used in the arches of
Egyptian cisterns: nor did he, per-
haps, with less feeling, call our at-
tention to the hilt ofa spear marked
by bullets discharged at himself, but
fortunately missing aim, in an eu-
counter with a desperate banditti
assassins and robbers.»
§* Had» Horace himself been at
our elbow, and vind voce sounded in
i] admirari prope res est una,
} mict, §Sc.
had been impossible not to have
lt a paroxysm of admiration when,

xt, we belield two cups made
eo be ;

Nu-

» ES

CHARACTERS

283

from the horns of the very bullock
who roared through them no sounds
of welcome to the bloody banquet
furnished from his own living flesh
to the royal epicures of Gondar;
two cups turned by the delicate
hand of one of his Abyssinian ma-
jesty’s daughters, and presented by
herself to Mr. Bruce, as a memo-
rial of his entertainment and recep=
tion at that polite court.

« Last of all we were favoured
with inspection of the cabinet of
manuscripts, written upon parch-
ment of goat skins, and manufac-
tured by the priests of those coun-
tries. From the account which Mr.
Bruce has given of the low state of
religion and science in Arabia, it is
but too probablethatthe priesthood,
a channel through which all the li-
terature of Europe, since the revival
of letters, has first been derived to
ourenlightened quarter of the globe,
has, in Abyssinia, contributed little
else to the extension of knowledge
than the material substance of
books,

‘¢ Mr, Bruce mentioned to us,
that thirty different languages were
spoken in the camp of one of the
caravans 11 which he had occa-
sionally travelled on the continent
of Africa, and that it was his desire
to have procured a translation of the
“Song of Solomon” (from the
Arabic, I believe) into ther all.
This was executed for him in ten
of them, beautifully written in
fEthiopic characters, and each in a
different-coloured ink, to .prevent
a confusion of tongues, which, in
this instance, had certainly not been
miraculous. ‘To spare the ears of
the unlearned, and, pérhaps, at

4 * Under the distressing circumstance, 1 think he said, of having been deprived,
by some accident, of his mathematical apparatus. ! : rf

some

284

some moments, his own recollection,
he calls these languages, with some
humour, the red, blue, green, or
yellow languages, &c. according to
the colour of its character. Upon
Mr. Bruce’s shewing these manu-
scripts toa lady distinguished for the
vivacity of her remark, and in-
forming her that the word iss,
which occurs in Solemon’s song, is
to be met with, expressing the same
idea, in some passages of his rain-
bow of languages, she pleasantly
observed to hin—* I always told
you, Mr. Bruce, that kissing is the
same all the world over.”

. _ Before we departed, Mr. Bruce
ebligingly accompanied us to an in-
closure in his park to shew us all his
Abyssinian sheep. They are en-
tirely white, except their heads,
which are black. Their tails are
large, and, indeed, the animal is
larger than our common sheep.
They are extremely tame, and of-
ten very frolicksome. The three or
four remaining in Mr. Bruce’s pos-
session, are unfortunately all males.
One of them bred with a she-goat,
but the offspring died.

‘© Except a month or two in
summer, which Mr. Bruce passes
upon an estate in the Highlands, he
spends the rest of the year chiefly at
Kinnaird, divided betwixt his mu-
seum, his books, and his rural im-
provements, in elegant retirement
and lettered conversation. ‘This
latter estate has descended to him
from ancestors of his name, who
have successively possessed it up-
wards of 380 years. He has rebuilt
the family mansion since his return
from his travels. In what we saw
of it, good taste and convenience
equally prevailed. The park appears
to be well wooded and pleasant, and
his situation commands some of the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

finest views of the Forth. His mu-
seum, every article ‘of which, by ©
association of ideas, must recal some —
incident, some scene, some object —
new or strange in his travels, can-_
not but be to him a fund of perpe-
tual entertainment and delight,
which, through the liberality of his
character, as a man of learning, and ©
a citizen of the world, he freely
communicates to all who can have —
any pretension to approach him. |
“ Asevery thing is interesting —
that relates to extraordinary men, —
you will not be displeased with a
trait or two of the Abyssinian tra-
veller’s person, His figure is above
common size, his limbs athletic, but
well proportioned; his complexion
sanguine, his countenance manly
and good-humoured, and his man-
ners easy and polite. The whole ©
outward man is such as announces a
character well calculated to contend _
with the difficulties and trying oc ~
casions which so extraordinary a —
journey was sure to throw in his
way. That his internal character,
the features of his understanding —
and his heart, correspond with
these outward lineaments, you who
have read his work cannot be- at —
any loss to know.”

Account of Henry Jones; from the —
European Magazine.

HIS author stands in the line

of celebrity from his talents
rising above the obscurity of hie,
original, and the lowness of his edu»
cation. Like Ben Jonson, he sas
bred a bricklayer, arid like him. he
soon relinquished the drudgery of a
mechanical profession forthe service
of the muses. Jonson, however,
having 7

__ having a great superiority of educa-
_ tion, laid the basis of that fame,

_ Which left like Egypt’s kings a lasting
& tomb :”
whilst Jones, not having exertion
_ enough to improve his education,
nor conduct sufficient to render him-
__self deserving of patronage or public
countenance, stunted the growth of
his natural talents, and in-the end
_ fell a sacrifice to his dissipations.
Henry Jones was born at Bewley
_ near Drogheda, in the north of Ire-
__ land, about twenty-five miles from
Dublin, in the year 1721. His fa-
mily, in all probability, were in low
_ circumstances, as he was bred a
_ bricklayer. He, however, had a
_ good English school education pre-
_ vious to his apprenticeship, and
_ shewed such a desire to improve
_ that little, that in the course of
learning his trade, he made himself
_ acquainted with some of our best
authors, and with many translations
from the Greek and Latin poets.
This course of study in time induced
him to try his hand in versification ;
and whilst he seemed to mix un-
noticed in the common herd of me-
chanics, Jones at once surprised the
corporation of Drogheda with a
complimentary copy of verses, with
__ some hints towards the farther im-
provement of their town, trade, &c.
_ -€&c, These verses, which were
_ never printed, and of which the
Sitio: kept no copy, were reckoned
so good, that they were for some
time thought to be above the flight
of a bricklayer; but Jones soon
_ identified his claim to the muses by
other productions, and particularly
by some lines occasioned by the
death of Mr. Pope, which, as one
of the earliest production of our
- author, we insert.

wie fe

£ CHARACTERS.

985
On Mr. Pope’s death,

These lines to Pope for ever sacred live,

The best a grateful mourning muse can
give;

To him now number’d with th’ immortal
dead,

This verse unfeign’d with flowing eyes be-
read.

O thou! applauded by the wise and great,

Nor worth or genius could postpone thy
fate ;

Foo long an exile from the worlds of bliss,

By envying angels snatch'd too svon from

this,
Thy strains seraphic shall their anthems
raise,
Give heaven new harmony—and God new
praise.

These poems so recommended
him to the favour of the corporation
of Drogheda, and other gentlemen
of the town, and in particular to
lord chief justice Singleton, who
lived at Bewley, where Jones was
born, that they paid him every kind
of civility, and constantly made
him one of their convivial parties.

In the latter part of life Jones
would have fastened upon this kind
of .patronage, and yielding to the
pleasures of a corporation table,
would have theught his time hap-
pily filled ; but youth is the season
of spirit and adventure, and an op-
portunity soon offered of calling out
our young poet to greater scenes,
and more independent prospects.

The parliament-house in Dublin
being about to be repaired at this
time, a number of workmen in all
branches were in much request; and
Jones living but twenty-five miles
from the capital, thought this would
be a lucky opportunity to try his
fortune. His dine and rul- were his
immediate pretensions ; but his muse
was the mistress he secretly relied
on. With this hope he left Drog-
heda about the beginning of the

year

286

year 1745, much against the in-
clination of his friends, but with
that confidence in his own powers
which, generally speaking, if pro-
‘perly founded, and diligeatly pur-
sued, seldom misleads us.

Had his» prudence been equal to
this resolution, it was the luckiest
measure he possibly could have
adopted. He had an opportunity
of living in the capital of his coun-
try upon better terms than in his
own native place; he had the means
of improving himself both in the
line of his profession, and as.a poet;
and above all, perhaps, he might
then have the flattering hope (which
afterwards came to be verified) of
his muse reaching the ear of a Mz-
cenas,* who had taste and liberality
to encourage and reward his la-
bours.

The following circumstance soon
brought him to this last point of
success. Lord Chesterfield, who
had been some time before appoint-
ed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, just
landed in Dublin. Jones thought
this a good opportunity to come
forward. He accordingly addressed
his excellency in a copy of verses on
his arrival; wherein he not only
panegyrizes with some force and
delicacy, but towards the close thus
artfully insinuates his own humble
occupation.

** Nor you, great sir, on these weak num-
bers frown,

Which mourn a Swift, and sing thy just
renown 3

Such strains, alas ! as my unletter’d hand,

Trembling would reach thee on the
crowded strand ;

But thronging thousands intercept my
wey,

And deafening 10’s drown my feeble lay ;

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794,

Yet if a moment from the toils of state,

And all the burthen ofa kingdom's weight,

Some little leisure to the muse you lend,

(Each leisure moment.is the muse’s
friend), ;

Permit, my lord, that my unpolish’d lays

May hope for pardon, tho’ they fail to
please.”

Jones had the good fortune to
have these lines presented by his
constant friend through life, lord
chief justice Singleton; and he had.
still the better fortune to see his
poem take effect. Lord Chester-
field was pleased with it, and in-
quiring into the origin and charac+
ter of the author, sent for him, li-
berally rewarded him, and took
him into his immediate protection.

What pecuniary reward our au-
thor received is now uncertain; but
whatever it was, “ the bricklayer’s
frock went on no more.”? He com-
menced author at large, and soon
after, by his lordship’s desire, fol-
lowed him to England.

On his arrival here, which was
in the year 1748, he collected some
of the best of the poems he had
written at different times before his
introduction to lord Chesterfield,
and added others upon a variety of
occasional subjects, which he took
some pains to polish and_ refine.
With these his lordship. seemed
highly pleased. He thought hé saw
something in this mechanic muse
which in time might do credit to his
patronage and the republic of let-
ters; he therefore not only received
him at his house with kindness and
hospitality, but recommended him
to several noblemen and literati, by
whose assistance he published his
Poems by subscription, and was li-
berally rewarded.

* The late earl of Chesterfield, then lord-lieutenant of Ireland,

>
i

CHARACTERS.

With the little poetical freight
which Jones brought with him from
Ireland, he likewise brought the
sketch of a tragedy, entitled ‘* Tbe

» Earlof Essex.” Having now leisure
to correct it, and money sufficient
to keep him from the drudgery of
other pursuits, he sat down to this
‘tragedy, and finished it about the
latter end of theseason of 1752. It
was highly approved of by lord
Chesterfield, and warmly recom-
mended by him to Colley Cibber,
who not only introduced him to the

_ manager of Covent-Garden theatre,
but continued his regards for him
through life by a thousand acts of
friendship and humanity, and even

_ made strong efforts by his interest at

court, to have secured to him the
succession of the laurel after his
death.

~ It was rather remarkable, that on

» the very day that Jones sent the
manuscript tragedy of ‘* The Earl ,

of Essex” tothe manager of Covent-
Garden theatre, the late Dr. P.
Francis sent his tragedy of “ Con-
stantine.’”’ This rather embarrassed
the manager which he should bring
out first. Jones’s friends (and they
were powerful in point of rank and
_ numbers) pleaded the originality of
' his genius, and the pressure of his
circumstances; but Francis di:re-
garded these particulars, and insist-
ed upon the justice of an equal
claim. ‘The manager felt this, and
after ruminating for some time to do
justice to both, proposed tossing up
forthe priority. The partiesagreed,
and whilst the shilling was spinning
in the air, Jones, with the coarse-
ness of his original education, cried
out, “Woman’’ by the grossest name
he could make use of. He was suc-
cessful, and the doctor turned away
in disgust, pretending to be more

287

hurtat the indelicacy offs rival than |

at the failure of his own success.
Francis’s ** Constantine’? came
out the next year, and afforded a
striking contrast between art and
natures The Scholar’s tragedy near-

ly failed, whilst the Bricklayer’s met, ;

with universal applause. It was
brought out in the best part of the
season, January, and was played
fifteen nights to very great houses,

and his benefits were supposed to

bring him in no less than five hun~ ,
dred pounds—asum, considering the ,

state of the theatre and audience in
those days, which was almost un~
precedented.

The merits of this tragedy were

much cried up at that time; the,

public had been loug taught to Xz,
pect it: and as the author had al-

ready published a book of Poems,
wherein some of the first names in
both kingdoms appeared as subscri-
bers, and as he was, likewise well-
known to be protected and encou-
raged by so great a judge and pa-
tron of the muses as lord Chester
field, expectation ran high.
expectation was farther confirmed
by overflowing audiences, as John
Bull found something so congenialin

‘the ground-floor pretensions. of a

humble bricklayer, that, he )very
freely gave him his praise and pros
tection.

Banks had written upon this sub-

ject before, and Brookes followed

in 1761. The former seems to have
more pathosthanJones,and Brookes’s,
upon the whole, appears to be writ-
ten with more powers of poetry,
But Jones, by catching at the popu-
lar character of the Earl of Essex,
and introducing those incidents
which led to the fall of that unhap-
py nobleman, renders it more an
English story, and being thus ren-

x dered

This.

288

dered more intelligible and conge-
nial to an English mind, it alone
keeps possession of the stage to this
day.
Whilst the public gave him praise,
critical envy was not silent. To be
a favourite of the muses in itself was
a stimulus to ill-nature; but for a
Jow mechanic to woo such mistresses
was insufferable :—hence, amongst
other reflections upon our new dra-
matist, it was said, “‘ The tragedy
was not his own; or at least he was
so far assisted by his noble patron, as
to leave him little or ne merit; that
they could evidently see the linsey-
woolsey shoot itself with the si/k ; and
that though some passages were
poetical, others were little better
than a prosaic history of the times.”

A similar charge has been often
alleged against young authors, on
account perhaps of the facility with
which it might be made. A novice,

if he has merit, creates envy, and .

persons possessed of this quality find
their interest in attempting to crush
a rival in embryo. A novice like-
wise, generally speaking, has not
many friends to defend him ; nor is
he himself dexterous enough to re-
pel the arts, the intrigues, and the
insinuations of the many ;—he be-
sides all this cannot be compared
with himself; so that there are va-
rious assailable places about him,
which envy is quick-sighted enough
to see and to attack.

Speaking of this as a general
question, and we speak upon some
experience, we believe it is not
once in twenty times that an author
rises into any degree of fame by
another man’s labours, and by his
permission. Fameis not so easily ac-
quired, and when acquired not so
easily parted with, as ‘to form the
common commerce of friendship ;

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

the receiver of fame too, from the
inequality of talents; must soon oe
discovered, and when discovered,
his pretensions are atanend. The
charge in the course of time has
been mhade against many, and yet
no one instance, we believe, has
appeared, that any great work has
been claimed by any but the origi-
nal author : so that we are pretty
safe in giving credit to any man who
publicly signs his name to a work,
except he has already shewn himself
incompetent to such credit for speak-
ing truth on that occasion.

Upon the question at issue, Whe-
ther Jones was the author of the
Earl of Essex? there is all the inter-
nal evidence of its being a fact.
There is nothing in the writing of
that tragedy that may not be at-
chieved by the author of the poems
which were already published in his
name, anduniversally acknowledged
to be his. He had previously shewn
his tragedy, peace-meal, to many of
his friends, and has been known to
make several alterations, during the
rehearsal, on the spot. Jones freely
confessed the few alterations which
lord Chesterfield suggested, which
were in the two great familiarity of
language in some passages, and one
in particular, of changing the phrase,
*« the house is up,” to ‘ the senate
is resolved.” But, except these,
and some ariangements of the scenes
suggested by Colley Cibber, we
subscribe to Jones’s repeated decla-
rations, ‘‘ that the tragedy was en-
tirely his own.”

Indeed, if any doubt could arise
upon this subject, it must have been
long since cleared up by his two
subsequent tragedies. ‘ Harold,’
and ** The Cave of Idra.”’ This
Jast was brought uponthe stage some
years after Jones’s death, by his old

friend

CHARACTERS. 539

friend and brother adventurer Dr.
Paul Hiffernan, under the title of
« The Heroine of the Cave,” and
though it was left in an unfinished
State by the author, evidently shewed
a species of writing equal to “« The
Earl of Essex.” |

OF « Harold,” we believe it is
riowentirely lost to the world. Jones
iised to speak of this as his chef-
d@’cuvre, and we remember to have
heard Dr. Hiffernan repeat some
passages of it that were very pocti-
cal, both in point of sentiment and
power of language. It was never
brought upon the stage, or publish-
éd ; therefore to say what is beconie
of it now, must entirely be conjec-
ture. The late Mr. Reddish, of
Drury-larie; possessed himself of all
Jones’s manuscripts, and by this ob-
tained “* The Cave of Idra,” which
Hiffernan, as we have already said,
extended to five acts, and brouglit
out forReddish’sbenefit. “* Harold,”
in all probability, was dmongst the
number of these papers, and, per-
haps, intended fox some future be-
nefit ; but the subsequent insanity of
Reddish deranged all this, and, per-
haps, consigned “ Harold” to the
flames, or impenetrable obscurity:

That Jones had been playing
what gamblers call “ the best of the
game” with the booksellers, relative
to this tragedy, is pretty evident, as
he obtained some money on it from
Mr. Cooper, the printer, and, per-
haps, front others; but such is the
impolicy of knaves, that in cheating
their friends, they cheat themselves.
Had Jones meant honestly to have
_. brought this play forward, the pro-
ability was, that he could have
- *redeemed what he borrowed on it,
and put a considerable sum in lis
own pocket ; but he chose to make
it an engine of deceit, and-thus sd-

Vor. XXXVI.

\
ctificed his interest and reputa-
tion.

Some critics thought they got
scent of “ Harold,’? when it was
known that Mr. Cumberland was
bringing out his tragedy, called
“ The battleof Hastings ;”” and Mr.
Cooper, who was interested to know
this fact more than others, attended
the theatre on the first night’s re-
presentation for that purpose. But
whatever * The Battle of Hastings’’
was like, it was not, like Jones’s
«“ Harold ;” and this Mr. Cooper
was so sensible of, that to atone for
his own suggestions on that head, as
well as to do every degree of justice
to Mr: Cumberland, he published
the following letter in the General
Advertiser.

Ce
To thé editor of the General Adveriiser.

SIR, -

“ Having Heard several gentle.
meh; not only in the theatre, but
in private company, question whe
ther Mr. Cumberland is the author
of the tragedy now playing, called
© The Battle of Hastings,” and de=
claring it to be an alteration of a
tragedy, written by the late Mr.
Jones (author of the Earl of Essex),
called “© Harold ;’”? I beg leave,
through the channel of your paper;
to relate a few circums‘ances, which
may tend to clear all doubts upon
that subject.

« Some years ago, Mr, Jones
brought me a tragedy, called
“ Fyarold ;” which was to have
been my property, upon terms then
agreed on between us. It remain-
ed in my hands. for some months,
and I read it twice with great at«
tention. After this, Mr. Jones
called ‘on me again, and left with

U me

290

me two books of a poem he was wri-
ting, called “« Kew Gardens,” which
I also agreed to purchase. At this
time he requested me to lend him
the tragedy, that he might shew it
toafriend. I did so; and this re-
quest was ina few days followed
by a second for the poem, which I
wae complied with, but from
that day never saw the author or
his works,
“ Uponthe first representation of
“ The Battle of Hastings,” 1 went
to see it, 1 own on purpose to prove
whether it was a new piece, or an
alteration from that for which 1 had
paid a consideration. As many
passages in Mr. Jones's Harold are
perfect in my memory, and I must
immediately have known them, J
think it but common justice to Mr.
Cumberland to declare, that his
play does not bear the least resem-
blance to Mr. Jones’s in any one
scene,
s° J am, sir,
** Your very humble servant,
“ Jo, Coorer.”
Theeclat of The Earl of Essex”
gave Jones not only the entrée of the
theatre, but introduced him tomany
persons of condition and literature,
who were well disposed to-be friend-
ly to him; but his original habits
being in a great respect confirmed
by dissipation, the keeping good
company was too great an effort for
his mind, which, instead of shew-
ing any of its original force upon
these occasions, contented itself “to
~ dwell in decencies :’"—the fact was,
he was afraid to be at what he called
his ease, for in these. moments he
was subject to betray a coarseness
and vulgarity very incompatible
with the situation he was then
placed in.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Someof his friends saw this would
be a barrier to his rising in the
world, and suggested to him a plan
for improving his education :—one
in particular, who is now living,
and no less eminent in rank than
literature, proposed he should begin
with the French, and as his son was
just studying that language, if Jones
would attend three times a week,
at stated hours, at his house, he
should have every accommodation,
and his instruction cost him nothing.’
Jones accepted this proposal with
seeming gratitude, and attended
three or four mornings pretty punc-
tually ; he then became a little irre-
gular, and one morning came so
drunk, that he could scarcely arti-
culate his own language. This, of
course, put anend to the gentle-
man’s civilities, and Jones spoke of
the release with all the exultation of
a man getting out of bondage.

Sitting down to learn any lan-
guage in the prime of life, when
cares and passions have generally
toostrong holdsof the human breast,
is very difficult, and must be little
less than a drudgery to any man,
particularly to a man of genius, but
for the ends to be attained. This
is the incentive which physics pain,
and smooths all intervening diffi-
culties.

Jones, however, felt none of
those incentives, Idle in his habits,
warm in his passions, and somewhat
despotic in his genius, he only aim-
ed at catching his improvement
through the medium of pleasure ; if
it did not come that way, let other
people seek it forhim. What was
still more against him, he was fond
of a more mixed company—he was
more unbent in their society—they
flattered his talents, and what was
so easily and pleasantly purchased,

CHARACTERS.

bf course was often repeated ; hence
the most of his time was spent in
the company of players, painters,
and artists of all descriptions; whom
he affected to take under his pro-
_tection, and from some of whom,
it is said, he exacted tribute of
every kind.
he period at which Jones came
to England was favourable: for ac
quiring an historical knowledge of
the drama, which is every now a
mong the disiderata of literature.
His natural attachment to the stage,
_his exalted patronage, and his being
the author of a successful tragedy,
gained him the friendship of many
of the principal performers of that
time, viz. Barry, Mossop, Sheridan;
Mrs. Woffington, and, in particular,
old Husbands, who was said to have
great traditional knowledge of his
profession, and who used .to coms
municate that knowledge, with no
inconsiderable talent of narration, at
his clubs about Russel«street, Co
vent-garden. Our author availed
himself of these advantages, and, it
is said, compiled from Husbands’s
memoranda and conversation some
very valuable anecdotes of the stage:
but these, with his other papers,
either from the authoy’s well-known
. tarelessness, or the carelessness or
-subseauent insanity of Reddish, his
self-assumed executor, are now, per=
chaps, for ever sunk in obscurity,
In the midst of Jones's dissipation
he still kept up his intimacy with
lord Chesterfield, who received him
always very kindly, and gave him
a chair at his table upon all days,
except those assigned to very select
-companies. It appears to be diffi-
cult for a man of Jones’s habits and
natural tendencies, to throw off
_ those habits periodically, and become
the companion-of him who had de-

291

mands upon the first scholars; and
the men of first breeding, for their
exertions. Our author himself has
in some respect solved this difficulty,
as he has frequently told his intimate
companions that he always kept
himself sober the day before he
knocked at hislordship’sdoor—took.
care to collect all the anecdote and
talk of the town that he thought
would be most agreeable—was Ay-
pocritically reserved at his bottle, and
took an early departure.

But even this kind of conduct, we
should think, could be but a Lenten
entertainment for the Mzcenas of
his day. He that was so delicate
as to shrink from the morning visits
of a Johnson, to make Jones the
companion of his leisure hours, ap=
pears to be somewhat unaccount-
able, did we not know the effect of
compliances on some minds. The
Sturdy Morakst, though a man of
the first education and observation,
was not so ready to yield opinions,
or mould himself to the general cast
of conversation, Johnson would
talk upon any subject, and with a
force, if necessary, which made it
very indifferent to him what he trode
upon, whether the neck of a lord
or any other person: but Jones felt
himself the humble friend and pro-
tégé—he thought it his duty to talk
or be silent, just as he was encou-
raged—he created no jealousies,
embarrassed no conversation—he
assisted at the table as the mirror of
his lordship’s superiority, his dis-
cernment, his protection, and hos-
pitalities,

Indeed hislordshipindirectly gives
another reason for leaving off Dr.
Johnson, in one of his “ Letters to
his Son,’’ where, in describing the
character of a very learned yet very
aukward many he draws. the por-

V2 trait

292 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

trait of Johnson with so much discri-
mination, yet with such severity,
that every body knew the origmal
at first sight; and yet it is the gene-
ral opinion that this portrait would
never have been drawn, had not
Johnson previously released his lord-
ship from all kind of patronage, in
that celebrated letter of his, publish-
ed by Mr. Boswell—a letter that
the oftener it is read must be the
more admired for its strength, ori-
ginality, and independence.

Whatever was the attraction that’

kept Jonesthe humble friend of lord
Chesterfield’s leisure hours, he cer~
tainly kept it for some years, and
if he had had but common prudence
and common industry, he could very
readily, under such a patron, have
established himself in some line of
independence. It may be asked,
Why did not lord Chesterfield do
something for him unsolicited ?— and
the laws of private and equal friend-
‘ship will readily justify such a ques-
tion :—but the patron and patronized,
according to the custom of the great,
stand upon different footings. To
- notice a mam in public, to give him
the entrée of his house, and promote
subscriptions for his benefit, are con-
descensions that g0 a grcat way, and
must in general be accepted as
friendship; and if the patronized
does not think himself entitled to
higher rewards than those transitory
attentions, the patron, aecording to
the old established rule of courtiers,
consoles himself by thinking, ¢ that
when a mai solicits for nothing, it
is a proof he thinks himself already
sufficiently provided for.’
_ The unhappy temper of the au-
‘thor at last broke the link of this
early and fortunate connection, ne-
ver to be again restored. He had
been ‘absent tor somie thme from

Chesterfield-house, and as his lord-
ship was dressing one morning, he
asked his man when he had seen
Jones? ** Not these two months,
my lord.”— Why I was thinking
it is somewhat about that time since
he was here, and I am afraid the
poor fellow may be taken ill, and
perhaps in want of some little com-
orts; therefore I wish you would
make inquiries about him,” The
man bowed, and as he was going
out of the room,smiled—but “smiled
in such a sort,” as could not escape
so accurate a judge of men’s tem-
pers and passions as lord Chester-
held: He called him back, and,
looking him gravely in the face,
asked him why he smiled as he went
out of the room, and whether he
knew any thing particular about
Jones ? The man hesitated for some

‘time, but at length confessed, that

the last day Mr. Jones dined at his
lordship’s table, he borrowed eight
guineas from him, and he believed
it was that circumstance, and not
illness, that might have prevented
his attendance. His lordship paused
for some time, and then ‘calling up
that air of good breeding which was

+ so natural to him, observed, “That

as the lending of a sum of money to
any gentleman that sat at his table,
was an act of civility that he could
not possibly condemn, he would pay
him the eight guineas ; but as to Mr.
Jones (though, says he, I believe
you'll never be put to the trial), if
ever he knocks at my door, I’m not
at home, and this must be your
constant answer.”

Thus, likethe foolish Esau, Jones
sold his birth-right for a mess of
pottage. Eight guineas ia the most
pressing situation could avail him
littke—the purchase, perhaps, of a
few irregular pleasures, or, at best,

a month

CHARACTERS.

-« month or two's subsistence ; and

for these he exchanged the friend-
ship and protection of one of the
greatest characters of the age—a
character that the scholar and mau
of rank must pride themselves to be
acquainted with, but to him must
be an acquisition which could rare-
ly fall to the lot of his description
in life, ,

’ And yet, perhaps, reasoning in this
manner, however just, but ill de-
scribed Jones's real feelings. The
man that could, in the first instance,
stoop to borrow moxey from the
seryant of his friend, must be pretty
callous to the finer sensations ;—he
must likewise very well know the
result’ of such a conduct, and must
be supposed to estimate, in some
degree, the value of the money he

borrowed, by what he was about

to lose, Whatever he thought upon
the subject, the connection between
lord Chesterfield and him ended
here; though, we believe, Jones
afterwards took some pains to revive
it, if we may judge from the follow-
ing lines addressed to lord Tyraw-
ley, entitled, “ On his sending me
to Jord Chesterfield when I duist
not knock at his door.”

Rejoic’d I went, of speeding sure, ~
My lord! at your command

I boldly stood at Stanhope’s door,
And stoutly stretch’d my hand.

The sounding brass f rashly rais’d,
Resolv’d my hopes to crown ; :

Some power unseen my senses sciz’d,
1 laid it silent down,

The knocker thus J thrice upheld,
And thrice I made essay—

For your command my arm impell’d,
And | would fain obey.

Rut Fate forbid th’ intruding sound’ ~
Which would his ears assail ;

By greatness aw'd, and worth renown'd,
Hibernian tront must fail.

293.

Jones, thus emancipated from the
awe of his patron, seemed to turn
his thoughts to the stage, as the best
resource for his future fame and for- |
tune. He had at that time made
some progress in a-tragedy, called
“ Harold,” and he flattered himself
much on the profits of this produc-
tion; but in this he neither esti-
mated his industry, his economy, or
reputation, He raised money (as
we before observed} upon this tra-
gedy in embryo, and such was his
unaccountable indolence, and neg-
lect of all character, that sooner than
finish it for the stage, which in all
probability would produce him a
fair fame, and considerable profits,
he chose to employ it as the tem-
porary expedient of raising money
under false pretences.

His intercourse with some of the
principal performers of both houses
is pretty evident, from the poems
he dedicated to them from time to
time. He wrote a prologue for old
Husbands, the player; paid some
poetical compliments to Barry on
his Hamlet; and as Jones’s muse
not only reached the principal per-
formers of his time, but occasionally
stooped to flatter those of that pro-
fession who might be serviceable to
him in his wants and his pleasures. —
The fact is, he had the lower part
of the green-room at that time un-
der a kind of contribution. He.
lived with them either at their
lodgings, or at ale-houses, borrowed,
money of them, &c. &c. and for
this he repaid them with puffs and
poetical compliments preceding
their benefits. He could be coarse
too upon particular occasions ; and,
like his friend Hiffernan, was sub-

ject to fall under the tyranny of the

tankard. 1nthese moods he used to
abuse the profession of the stages .
We calling

294

calling the performers parrots, who
solely depended upon the words
which the author put into their
mouths for their reputation and
support,

A life of this kind daily wore off
that spirit of independence and re-
spect for character, without which
man is poor indeed. Jones soon
entirely lost sight of fame, as well
as establishment, and only roused
himself for the provision of the day,
The misery attending this situation
ean readily be conceived; and our
author must have felt it at times,
though he had not resolution to alter
his conduct. Hence he experienced
all the vicissitudes of an indigent
and degraded condition ; ‘‘ the shift-
ing tides of fear and hope, the peril
and escape, the famine and the
feast ;”? the noisy moment of intoxi-
cation, and the brooding melan-
choly hours of despondence and
despair,

His distresses daily gaining onhim,
and no effort on his part exerted to
relieve him, he frequently fell un-
der the gripe of the law, and the
spunging-house was a place that not
unfrequently claimed his habitation.
Here he generally drew upon his
muse for his support; and, as he
could assume some address and soft~
ness in his manners, he generally
found out the weak side of the
daughter or wife of the bailiff, and
flattered them so with a copy of
verses, either on their beauty or ta-
lents, as to make his quarters both
comfortable and convenient. Many
stories have been told of his address
in those matters, Sometimes he
would make himself useful by draw-
ing petitions and memorials for per-
sous under the same roof with him;
sometimes he would assist at the tap ;
and sometimes would be so far con=

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

fided in, as to be appointed guars
dian of the inner door,

‘Two anecdotes he used to relate
with no little pride, as proofs of
the prevalency of his talents. The
one was his borrowing favo guineas
of the bailiff whilst in his house, un-
der an arrest for ten pounds; and
the other of his writing some verses
on the daughter of a bailiff, who,
like a second Lucy, gave her lover
his liberty, at the expence of her
father’s purse and resentment.

Tt would be difficult to trace Jones
through all the labyrinths of his for-
tune. A life so totally unguarded
must hang upon the events of the
hour, and, if known, must form a
repetition of scenes as disgusting in
the exhibition as disgraceful to the
actor, Jt is sufficient to know, that
after experiencing many reverses of
fortune, which his impracticable
temper and unaccountable impruy
dence drew on him, his situation at
lastexcited the pity of Mr. H—d—n,
the master of the Bedford coffee-
house ; a man who, to the virtues
of frugality and attention in his bu-
siness, displayed, upon all proper
occasions, a very feeling heart, and
was well known to be particularly
attentive to the wants of distressed
gentlemen, decayed artists, &c,
This man, knowing Jones’s ‘story,
and struck with the shabbiness of
his appearance as he took his
morning perambulation round the
Piazzas, made him an offer of a
room in his housé, and board every
day that he was not otherwise bet-
ter engaged. Jones accepted this
proposal with gratitude, and for
some time kept within the regula-
tions of a private family. But the
natural love of a more mixed and
enlarged society, the spirit of do-
mineering, of contrast, of dissipation,

soon

@ rack Aecer BR o:

soon prevailed; and eloping one
morning early from his lodgings, he
did not return that night; the next
night came, and Mr. H—d—n
again missed his inmate, ‘This
roused his inquiries, when it ap-
peared, that Jones, after being in
a state of inebriety for two days,
was found run over by a waggon on
the night of the third, in St. Mar-
‘tin’s Lane, without his hat or his
coat. In this disgraceful and muti-
lated situation, he was taken to the
workhouse of that parish, where he
died a few days after (April, 1770),
a strong and miserable example of
the total want of that prudence,
which to men with or without ta-
lents, is so absolutely necessary to
conduct them through all the affairs
of life.

Asa man, Jones, from the report
of those who knew him in the early
parts of life, possessed many amiable
qualities. He was generous, affa-
ble, goodenatured, and complying ;
and perhaps his only fault was in
being too much addicted to the plea-
sures of the table. He received his
first patronization under lord chief
justice Singleton, and the principal
inhabitants of Drogheda too un
spoiled, but the patronage of lord
Chesterfield in time sapped the
strength of his mind, To be select-
ed by such acharacteras his lordship
from the common mass of authors,
without education or family con-
nections; to be transplanted after-
wards by him to England, as a soil
more congenial to his talents; to
have the entrée of his lordship’s
house ; to be supported by him in
subscriptions and private recom-

mendations ;—these raised a sudden |

tide of prosperity, which overflow-
ed the bounds of our author's dis-
cretion, and drove hjm into the

295

ocean of life without rudder or
compass,

He was, however, under some
kind of restriction in his conduct till
he broke altogether with lord Ches-
terfield. The awe of his lordship’s
high character, the expectations he
raised upon his protection, and the
necessity there was for an appear-
ance both in dress and conversation
when before him ;—all these check-
ed even such a character as Jones ;
and it was always readily perceived
amongs his intimates when he was
about to pay a visit to Chesterfield-
house, by some seasonable and pre
paratory deviation which he made
from his general conduct,

When this barrier was once broke
down, he rushed into all the extras
vagancies of his natural and ace
quired vices. ‘The great eye of the
public was no censor for him; it
might observe, but it observed in
silence; and Jones estimated his
pleasures (as he called them) above
his reputation, To provide for the
sensual enjoyments of the day, was
all his care ; and this once obtained,
he was philosopherenough ‘to let
to-morrow take care of itself.’’

We shall wind up this part of his
character with the observation of one
who seems to have known him well,
«< His temper (says he) was, in con-
sequence of the dominion of his
passions, uncertain and capricious,
easily engaged and easily disgusted;
and as economy was a virtue which
eould never be taken into his cata+
logue, he appeared to think himself
bora rather to be supported by
others, than under a duty to secure
to himself the profits which his wri-
tings and the rfunificence of his pae
trons from time to time afforded.”

As an author, his character comes
more critically before us: but inde»

U4 veloping

296

veloping this character, we must
always have an eye on his origin.
Bred in the humble line of a pro-
- yincial bricklayer, with a very little
better education than is generally
attached to that line, much could
not necessarily be augured from the
efforts of his mind. ‘To get a little
forward in life by the narrow glean-
ings of his profession, or perhaps
by some stroke of enterprize, to ar-
rive at the rank of a master builder,
speakiug generally, would be term-
ed a fortunate wind-up for such a
character:—but when we see a
young man, in the very outset of
life, without family, fortune, or con-
nections—without the incitement of
example, or that collision of similar
minds which rouses and invigorates
the seeds of ambitious fame ;—to
see such a man at once abandon a
profession which was his daily sup-
port, and courageously throw him-
self under the protection of the
muses,—we must at least allow him
a genius, anda force of mind very
peculiar to his situation in life.
Such were Jones’s efforts when,
after first obtaining the patronage of
lord Chesterfield, he sat down to
his tragedy of the Earl of Essex. It
is idle to listen to the little tales of
malice and rivalship which were
propagated at that time, of this play
not being his own, and that he was
reatly assisted in it by lord Chester-
Feld and Colley Cibber: whoever
has read the play with any degree
of accuracy, will Jook in vain for
fhe marks of two such writers ;—
they will neither see the long-expe-
rienced dramatic contrivance of the
latter, nor the elegant pointed pe-
riods of the former; they will see a
story more naturally than artfully
drawn from thé history of their
country, combined with such inci-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

dents as were most likely to pros
duce effect and illustrate the fable ;
aided by language appropriate
enough to the characters, but more
forcible than elegant, and issuing
more. from the first heat of the
mind, than the studied Incubrations
of the scholar.

Considering, therefore, the merits
of this tragedy, and from the three
acts ot his “ Cave of Idra,’’ with
the reports we have heard of his
** Harold” (a tragedy,which, in the
unaccountable confusion of events,
is now, perhaps, for ever lost to the
stage), we must pronounce Jones no
inconsiderable dramatist: nay, we
are warranted to say more—That
had he cultivated his talents in this
line with becoming assiduity and
prudence, there is every reason to
think he would stand in the first
line of modern tragedy writers.

Of his lighter pieces of poetry we
cannot say as much, ‘They are
mostly written upon eccasional and
perishable subjects 1t is true, but,
then there is little of that point and
gencral reflection which preserve such
trifles from oblivion. Gray’s *‘Verses
on a Cat being drowned in a tub of
gold fishes,”’ seems to promise little
trom the title; but when we see
trifling incident embellished with
neat allusions to the faults of ambi-
tion, and the false friendships of the
world, we read it over and over
with avidity, and esteem it as one
of the poetical gems of a great
master. ,

On the whole, Jones’s talents
must be estimated by the line he set
out in, viz. a journeyman bricklayer
with a moderate share of education ;
and, considering that he neglected
the means that were offered him to
improve this situation, and rested
almost solely on those talents which

nature

be a |

CHARACTERS.

nature originally gave him, he must
be considered as a very extraordis
nary genius. ‘

Account of Nell Gwynn, from the
notes to the new transiqtion of
Grammon?’s memoirs.

F the early part of Nell’s life
little is known but what may

be collected from the lampoons of
the times; in which it is said, that
she was born in a night-cellar, sold
fish about the streets, rambled from
tayern to tavern, entertaining the
company after dinner and supper
with songs (her voice being very
agreeable); was next taken into
the house of madam Ross, a noted
courtezan, and was afterwards ad-
mitted into the theatre, where she
became the mistress of both Hart
and Lacey, the celebrated actors.
Other accounts say she was born in
a cellar in the coal-yard in Drury-
Lane, and that she was first taken
notice of when selling oranges in
the play-house. She belonged to
the king’s company at Drury-lane ;
and, aecording to Downes, was re-

ceived a8 an actress a few years af-

ter that house was opened, in 1653.
The first notice I find of her is in

_ the year 1668, when she performed
‘in Dryden’s play of Secret Love ;

after which, she may be traced every
year until 1678, when I conjecture
she quitted the stage. Her forte
appears to have been comedy. In an
epilogue to T'yrannic Love, spoken
by her, she says,

I walk, because I die
Out of my calling ina tragedy.

And from the same authority it may

be collected that her person’ was
small, and she was negligent in her

297

dress. Her son, the duke of St,
Alban’s, was born before she left
the stage, viz. May 8, 1670, Bishop

‘Burnet speaks of her in these terms:

“¢ Gwynn, the indiscreetest and wild-
est creature that ever was in a court,
continued to the end of the king’s
life in great favour, and was main-
tained at a vast expence. The duke
of Buckingham told me, that when
she was first brought tothe king, she
asked only 500 pounds a year, and
the king refused it. But when he
told me this, about four years after,
he said she had got of the king above
sixty thousand pounds. She acted
all persons in so lively a manner, and
was such a constant diversion to the
king, that even a new mistress could
not drive her away ; but after all, he
never treated her with the decen-
cies of a mistress.” History of his
Own Times, vol. i. p. 359. The
same author notices the king’s at-
tention to her on his death-bed.
Cibber, who was dissatisfied with
the bishop's account of Nell, says,
«¢ Tf we consider her in all the dis-
advantages of her rank and educa-
tion, she does not appear to have
had any criminal errors more re-
markable than her sex’s frailty, to
answer for; and if the same author,
in his latter end of that prince’s life,
seems to reproach his memory with
too kind a concern for her support,
we may allow, it becomes a bishop
to have had no eyes or taste for the
frivolous charms or playful badinage
of a king’s mistress ; yet if the com-
mon fame of her may be believed,
which in my memory wagnot doubt-.
ed, she had less to be laid to her
charge, than any other of those la-
dies who were in the same state of
preferment : she never ‘meddled in
matters of serious moment. or was
the tool of working politigians ;
never

298
never broke into those amorous in-
fidelities which others, in that grave
author, are accused of ; but was as
visibly distinguished by her particu
Jar personal inclination to the king,
as her rivals were by their titles and
grandeur.”’ Cibber’s Apology, 8vo.
p- 450. One of madame Sevigné’s
letters exhibits no bad portrait of
Mrs. Gwynn.—‘* Mademoiselle de
K—( Kerouaille, afterwards duchess
of Portsmouth) has not been disap-
pointed in any thing she proposed.
She desired to be mistress to the
king, and sheis so; he lodges with
her almost every night, in the face
of all the court: she has had a son
who has been acknowledged and
presented with two duchies; she
amasses treasure ; and makes herself
feared and respected by as many as
she can. But she did not foresee
that she should finda young actress
in her way, whom the king dotes
on; and she has it not in her power
to withdraw him from her. He di-
vides his care, his time, and his
health, between these two, The
actressis as haughty as mademoiselle ;
she insults her, she makes grimaces
at her, sheattacks her, she frequently
steals the king from her, and boasts
whenever he gives her the prefe-
rence. She is young, indiscreet,
confident, wild, and of an agreeable
humour ; she sings, she dances, she
acts her part with a good grace.
She has a son by the king, and hopes
to have him acknowledged. As to
mademoiselle, she reasons thus:
This duchess, says she, pretends to
be a person of quality : she says she
is related to the best families in
France; whenever any person of
distinction dies, she puts herself in

mourning: if she be a lady of such °

quality, why does she demean her-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

self to be a courtezan ? she ought te
die with shame. As for me, it is
my profession: I do not pretend to
any thing better. He hasason by
me: I pretend that he ought to acw
knowledge him; and I am well
assured he will; for he loves me as
well as mademoiselle. This: crea-
ture gets the upper hand, and dis+
counterances and embarrasses the
duchess extremely.” Letter 92,
Mr. Pennant says, she resided at
her house, in what was then called
Pall-Mall. It is the first good one
on the left hand of St. James’s
Square, as we enter from Pall-Mall,
The back room on the ground-floor
was. (within memory) entirely of
looking-glass, as was said to have
been the ceiling. Over the chim-
ney was her picture; and that of
her sister was in a third room."
London, p. 101. At this house she
died, in the year 1691, and was
pompously interred in the parish
church.of St. Martin’s in the Fields,
Dr. Tennison, then vicar, and after-
wards archbishop of Canterbury,
preached her funeral sermon. This
sermon, we learn, was afterwards
brought forward at court by lord
Jersey, to impede the doctor's pre-
ferment ; but queen Mary, having
heard the objection, answered,
‘¢ What then?” in a sort of dis~
composure to which she was but
little subject. ‘ I have heard as
much: this is a sign that that poor
unfortunate woman died penitent ;
for if I can read a man’s heart
through his looks, had net she made
a pious and Christian end, the doc-
tor could never have been induced
to speak well of her.” Life of Dr,
Thomas Tennison, p. 20. Cibber
also says, he had been unquestion-
ably informed, that our fair offen-

p der’s

eT AR ROC TE KS.

der’s ie ia appeared in all the
contrite symptoms of a Christian
sincerity. Cibber’s apology, p. 451.

Account of the late George Colman;
esq. from the European Magazine.

EORGE COLMAN was the

x son of Francis Colman, esq.
his majesty’s resident at the court of
the grand duke of Tuscany at Flo-
rence, by a sister of the late coun-
tess of Bath. He was born at Flo-
rence about 1733, and had the ho-
nour of haying the lateking George
II. whose name he bears, for his
godfather, He received his educa-
tion at Westminster-school, where
he very early shewed his poetical
talents. The first performance by
him is a copy of verses addressed to
his cousin lord Pulteney, written in
the year 1747, while he was at
Westminster, and since printed in
the St. James’s Magazine, a work
Bee by his unfortunate friend
Robert Lloyd.* At school he had

for his companions Mr. Lloyd, Mr.
Churchill, Bonnel Thornton, and
some others, who afterwards distin-
guished themselves. in the literary
world. From Westminster-school
he removed to Oxford, and became
a student of Christ-church. It was
here, at a very early age, he en-
gaged with his friend, Bonne! Thorn-
ton, in publishing The Connoisseur, a
periodical paper which appeared
once a week, and was continued
from January $1, 1754, to Septem-
ber 30,1756. When theage of the
writers of this entertaining paper is

299

considered, the wit and humour, the
spirit, the good sense, and shrewd
observations on life and manners,
with which it abounds, will excite
some degree of wonder, but will at
the same time evidently point out
the extraordinary talents which were
afterwards to be more fully display-
ed im the Jealous Wife and the
Clandestine Marriage.

The recommendation of his friends,
or his choice, but probably the for-
mer, induced him to fix upon the
law for his profession; and he ac-
cordingly was entered of Lincoln’s
Inn, and in due season called to the
bar. He attended there a very
short time, though, if our recollec-
tion does not mislead us, he was
seen often enough in the courts to
prevent his abandoning the profes-
sion merely for, want of encourages
ment, It is reasonable, however,
to suppose, that he felt more plea-
sure in attending to the muse than
to briefs and reports, and it will
therefore to exciteno wonder that he
took the earliest opportunity of re-
linquishing pursuits not congenial to
his taste. Apollo and Lyttleton,
says Wycherley, seldom meet in the
same brain.

On the 18th of March, 1758, he
took the degree of master of arts at
Oxford ; and in the year 1760, his
first dramatic piece, Polly Honey-
combe, was acted at Drury-lane,
with great success. For several
years before, the comic muse seem-
ed to have relinquished the stage.
No comedy had been produced at
either theatre since the year 1751,
when Moore’s Gil Blas was with

'* In conjunction with this gentleman, he wrote the best parodies of modern times,
the ** Odes to Oblivion and Obscurity.” When Mr. Lloyd’s volume of poems was about
to be published by subscription, materials being wanted to complete it, Mr. Colman gave
Mr. Lloyd The Law Student, addicssed to himself, with such alterations as that circum-

Stance made necessary,

difficulty

300

difficulty performed nine nights. At
length, in the beginning of the year
1761, three different authors were
eandidates for public favour in the
same walk, almost at the same time,
viz. Mr. Murphy, who exhibited
the Way to Keep Him; Mr. Mack-
jin, the Married Libertine; and
Mr. Colman, the Jealous Wife.
The former and Jatter of these were
most successful, and the latter in a
much higher degree, Indeed, when
theexcellentperformance of Messrs.
Garrick, Yates, O’Brien, King,
Palmer, Moody, with Mrs. Pritch-
ard, Clive, and Miss Pritchard, are
recollected, it would have shewn a
remarkable want of taste in the town
not to have followed, as they did,
this arlmirable piece with the great-
est eagerness and perseverance.

‘he mention of the Jealous Wife
in Churchill’s Rosciad, occasioned
Mr. Colman to experience some of
the malevolence which that and
other of Mr. Churchill's satires gave
birth to. We shall only observe,
that much good writing, and much
wit and humour, were thrown
away in this very acrimonious and
disgraceful controversy. |

We shall not regularly trace the
several dramatic pieces of Mr. Col-
man as they appeared, the greater
part being within the most of our
readers remembrance. In July,
1764, lord Bath dicd, and on that
event Mr. Colman found himself in
circumstances fully sufficient to en-
able him to follow the bent of his
genius. The first publication which
he produeed, after this period, was
a translation of thecomedies of Te-
rence, in the execution of which he
rescued the author from the hands
of as tasteless and ignorant a set of
writers as ever disgraced: the name
of translators. Whoever would wish

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

to see the spirit of the ancient bard,
transfused into the English lan-
guage, must look for it in Mr,
Colman’s version,

The successor of lord Bath, gener
ral Pulteney, died in 1767, and Mr.
Colman again found himself remem-
bered in his will, by a second an-
nuity, which confirmed the inde-
pendency of hisfortune. Heseems,
however, to have felt no charms in
an idle life; as, in 1767, he united
with Messrs. Harris, Rutherforth,
and Powell, in the purchase of Co-
vent-Garden theatre, and took upon
himself the Jaborious office of acting
manager.
arose from this association are too
recent to be forgot, and the causes
of them perhaps too ridiculous to
be recorded. It may, however, in
general, be observed, that the ap-
peals to the public, during this
controversy, do great credit to the
talents, if not the tempers, of each
party. As an act of oblivion of
former animosities, and a general
reconciliation of all parties, soon
afterwards took place, we shall not
perpetuate the memory of quarrels,
now no longer of consequence to
the public.

After continuing manager of Cos
vent-Garden theatre seven years,
Mr. Colman sold his share and in-
terest therein to Mr. James Leake,
one of his then partners, and, in
1777, purchased of Mr. Yoote, the
theatre in the Hay-market. The
estimation which the entertainments
exhibited under his direction were
held in by the public, the reputa-
tion which the theatre acquired, and
the continual concourse of the polite

- world, during the height of summer,

sufficiently speak the praises of Mr.
Colman’s management. Indeed it
has been long admitted, that no per-

: son,

The differences which ~

CHARACTERS.

$0n, since the death of Mr. Garrick,
- was so able to superintend the en-
tertainments of the stage as the
subject of this account.
To sagacity in discovering the ta-
ents of his performers, he joined
the inclination and ability to display
them with every advantage. To
him Mr. Henderson, Miss Farren,
Mrs. Bannister, Miss George, Mrs.
Wells, and, in some measure, Mr.
Edwin, (whose comic powers had
been buried a whole season under
Mtr. Foote’s management) besides
some others, owedtheirintroduction
to a London audience; and thegreat
improvements made by Mr. Palmer,
Mr. Parsons, &c. testify the judg-
ment and industry of their director.
Mr. Colman’s attention to the
theatre did not make him entirely
negiect his classical studies.. He
gave the public a new translation
and commentary on Horace’s Art of
Poetry, in which he produced a
hew system to explain this very dif-
ficult poem. In opposition to Dr.
Hurd, he supposes, ‘** that one of
** the sons of Piso, undoubtedly the
© elder, had either written or me-
**ditated a poetical work, most
“* probably a tragedy; and thal he
“had, with the knowledge of the
* family; communicated his piece
** or intention to Horace; but Ho-
** race either disapproving of the
** work, or doubting of the poetical
* faculties of the elder Piso, or
** both, wished to dissuade from all
*‘ thoughts of publication. With
‘this view he formed the design
“ of writing this epistle, addressing
** it with a courtliness and delicacy
** perfectly agreeable to his acknow-
* ledged character, indifferently to
** the whole family, the father and
** his two sons, Lpistola ad Pisones
** de arte Poctica.” This bypothesis

301

is supported with much learning,
ingenuity, and modesty ; and if not
fully established, is at least as well
entitled to applause as that adopted
by the bishop of Worcester.

On the publication of the Horace,
me bishop said to Dr. Douglas,

* Give my compliments to C
¢ and thank him for the handsome
‘© manner in which he has ,treated
“« me, and tell him, that / think he
“ as right.”

Besides the dramatic works of

‘Mr. Colman, and those we have

already mentioned, he was the au-
thor of a preface to the last edition
of Beaumont and Fletcher, a dis-
sertation prefixed to Massinger, a
series of papers in the St. James’s
Chronicle, under the title of the
Genius, and many other fugitive
pieces.

At the close of the theatrical sea~
son of 1785, Mr. Colman was seized
at Margate with the palsy ; and at
the beginning of the season of
1789, he first shewed symptoms of
derangement of his mind, which
increasing gradually, left him in a
state of idiotism, On this occasion
the concluding lines of his friend
Churchill’s ‘pistle to Hogarth, will
naturally intrude themselves on our
reader's attention :

*€ Sure ’tis a curse which angry fates im
pose

To mortify man’s arrogance, that those

Who’re fashion’d of some better sort of |
clay,

Much sooner than the common herd de-
cay. :

What bitter pangs must humbled genius
feel,

In their last hour to view a Swift and

Steele!

Liow must ill-boding horrors fill her
breast,

When she behole is men mark’ d abeye the
rest,

For

302

For qualities most dear, plung’d from that
x height,
And sunk, deep sunk, in second child-
_ hoed’s night! .
Are men indeed such things? And are
' the best
More subject to this evil than the rest,
To drivel out whole years of idiot breath,
And sit the monumen's of living death?
O galling circumstances to human pride!
‘Abasing thought! but not to be deny’d.
With curious art the brain, too finely
wrought,
Preys on herself, and is destroy’d by
thought.
Constant attention wears the active mind,
Blots out her pow’rs, and leaves a blank
* | behind.”

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

In this sad state he was cotis
mitted to the care of a person at
Paddington. The management of
the theatre was entrusted to his
son, with an allowance of GOO. a
year. . .

Mr. Colman died on the 14th
of August; 1794, at the age of 62;
at Paddington. A few hours
before his death he was seized
with violent spasms, which weré
succeeded by a melancholy stu
por, in which he drew his last
breath.

NATURAL

{ 303

NATURAL

Description of Corsica.

HE island of Corsica, now
united to the crown of Great
Britain, is situated nearly opposite
to the main-land of Genoa, between
the gulph of Genoa and the island
of cardia’ and according to the
best maps which Busching had seen,
is in length thirty-two miles, and
in breadth twelve miles, * divided
almost longitudinally by a chain of
mountains ; and indeed the greatest
part of the island is mountainous.
The soil is fruitful even on the
mountains, except the highest,
whose summits are covered with
snow the greatest part of the year.
Corn grows very well, and much
flax, and in many places excellent
wine, and oil, and chesnuts. In
the interior part of the island is
plenty of cattle, and the inhabi-
tants drive a great trade with all
sorts of them, but more especially
goats, whose flesh is the common
food of Corsica. There are seve-
ral mines of iron, lead, copper, and
silver, besides stones and minerals,
and a good coral fishery on the
coast. The number of parishes, in
1740, was 333; of villages, 427 ;
of hearths, 46,854; and of souls,
120, 380; which, in 1760, amount-

“emperor.

HISTORY.

ed to 130,000! Mr Boswell car-
ries it to 220,000, _
The kingdom of Corsica was

_conquered by the Genoese, who

droye out the Saracens, A. D. $64.
The Pisans took it from the Ge-
noese in the 1ith century, ceded
it in the following, and recovered.
it in the next. Alphonsus V. king
of Arrogan, attempted, without
success, to make himself master of
it 1420. In 1533, the French pos-
sessed themselves of the greatest
part of the island, but ceded it by
the treaty of Cambresis, 1559. In
1564, the inhabitants revolted from
the Genoese; and, though reduced
to obedience five years after, pre-
served an inveterate aversion to the
Genoese, who treated them with
the utmost rigour. An insurrec-
tion, on occasion of heavy taxes,
broke out in 1726, which were
ended by the interposition of. the
In 1735, fresh troubles
broke out, and the islanders chose
Theodore baron Neuhof their king ;
who, after some exertions, ended
his days in prison for debt at Lon
don, where, in 1753, a subscrip-
tion was raised for him by a public
advertisement. Peace was at length
restored during the years 1742 and
1744; and, though our fleet bem-

; * These are German miles, each of which is about five English miles.

barded

8044 ANNUAL REGISTER, if94,

barded Bastia 1745, and the mal-
contents seized the town, it was
soon recovered from them. May
15, 1768, the Genoese gave up
Corsica td the king of France, as a
compensation for the expences that
crown had been and was to be at
for the reduction of the island.
April 9, 1709, comte de Vaux ar-
rived at Corsica, and made a pros
gress. May 13, Paoli and his
friends embarked at Port Vecchio,
on board a vessel carrying English
colours. July 18, France ceded it
to the king of Sardinia; and the
duke de Chablais, the king’s bro-
ther, prepared to take possession of
it.

The clergy are very numerotis,
and there are sixty-eight convents
of Cordeliers, Capuchins, and Ser-
vites. ‘The revenues of the island
were applied by the Genoese, in
time of peace, to maintain gover-
nors, officers, and soldiers: the sur-
plus has never exceeded 40,000
Genoese livres.

The chain of mountains divides
the island into two unequal parts,
and these are again stibdivided into
districts or provinces of different
tribunals and fiefs, and these again
into pieves, parishes, and paezes.

Mr. Boswell makes the length of
the island 150 miles, the breadth,
trom 40 to 53 miles, and the cir-
cumterence 322 miles. Jt is charm-
ingly situated in the Mediterranean,
whence continual breezes fan and
coql it in summer, and the sur-
rounding body of water keeps it
warm in winter; so that it is one
of the most temperate countries in
that quarter of Europe. Lhe air is
fresh and healthful, except in one
or two places. It is remarkably
well furnished with good harbours.
The great division of it is into the

coiintry of this and oti that side of.
the mountains, reckoning from Bas-
tia, into nine provinces, and into
niany pieves, containing each a cer-
tdin number of parishés,’ Every
paese, or village, élects annually a
podesta, and two other magistrates,
called padri del commune; and once
a year all the inhabitants of each
village assemble and choose a pro-
curatore, to represent them in the
general consu/ta, or parliament of
the nation, made-up of sevéral who
have been formerly members of the
supreitie council, of have lost near
relations in the service of theircoun-
try. ‘The magistrates of each pro-
vince send also a procuratore; and
two of those of the provinces, to-
gether with the procurafore of their
Niagistrates, ate chosen to elect the
president to preside in rhe generat
consulta, and an orator to read the
papets subjected to deliberation. —
The genetal’s office much resem-
bles that of the stadtholder. The
government exhibits a complete
and well-ordered democracy.

Observations on Middlesex agricul-
ture, by Abraham Wilkinson,

iD. From the Annals of
agriculture.

White Well House, Enfield-Chacé,
Dec. 14, 1793.

TO A. YOUNG, ES@.

Dear sir,

Ppa meto congratulate you
on your appointment to the
ctlice of secretary to the Board of
Agriculture. May the same spirit
of patriotic industry, which has Jong
distinguished your agricultural la=
bours, pervade and invigorate the
proceedings of the board. From
the

NATURAL HISTORY.

Ahe known characters of the presi-
» dent and secretary, the public are
justified in entertaining the most
sanguine expectations.
_. 1 must cenfess, I should have be-
held, with concern, so deserving a
veteran in the service of agricul-
ture, retiring from the field, disre-
garded and unrewarded by that
community to whose aggrandize-
ment he has long devoted the la-
ours of his pen, and the sweat of
his brow. _ The gratitude of the
State preserves comfort and inde-
pendence to the veteran soldier,
the vigour of whose youth has been
exhausted in fighting her battles,
and advancing her cause. And al-
- though you have neither wielded the
sword, nor pointed the cannon in
her defence ; the pillar of your fame
‘simply ornamented with the plough
and the ficece, shall prove more du-
rable than one stained with bivod,
and emblazoned with all the ¢ro-
‘phies of war. _

Having sent some communica-
‘tions to sir John Sinclair, for the
History of Midd}-sex Agriculture,
which the ingenious Mr. Beard has
incorporated into his accurate sur-

* vey ; and having been requested,
by the worthy president of the
board, to continue my commuuica-
tions for the more complete investi-
gation of the subject; in sir John’s
absence, I take the liberty of ad-
dressing a few particulars to you, as
secretary to the board, which may

_ be published in the Annals, or in-
corporated into some future copy of
the Survey of Middlesex, or both,
as you may judge proper.

305

stillof opinion, that the advantages
attending such an institution would
be great, and more than acounter-
balance to the expence; yet, as
many difficulties would occur re-
specting the mode of conducting it
and the sum to be allowed by go-
vernment, it appears to me, thata
method of pursuing agricultural ex-
periments might be adopted, with-
out incurring any considerable
trouble or expence. Let a num-
ber of corresponding members be
selected from the principal farmers
and landholders, who might be
willing to co-operate with the
board of agriculture. They might
be requested annually to attend a
public meeting ef the board, when
a list of experiments for the ensu-
ing year might be made out, and
allotted to the landholders present,
according to the nature of the soil
they occupied, and the advantages
for coiducting the experiments,
which their situations might respec
tively admit of. | Corresponding
members might be selected from si-
tuations which command the use of
marl, chalk, and lime for the com-
plete investigation of these valuable
manures.. And in regard to live
stock and the utensils of husbandry,
there can be no doubt, but that a
sufficient number of farmers might
be procured from the leading men
in their profession, who could fa-
vour the board with such communi-
cations, as would tend greatly to
ascertain the best instruments for
the cultivation of different soils, and
the most profitable stock, that can
engage the attention of the grazier.

. AInthelast paper which Ihadthe «

honoar of communicating to the

Annals, I expressed a wish for the

establishment of a national experi-

mental farm; and although 1 am
Vor. XXXVI.

On suckling Calves.

Though Smithfield market is
chiefly supplied with fat calves from
xX the

306 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

the Essex farmers ; yet, on the bor-
ders of Middlesex, there area num-
ber of ‘cows kept solely for suck-
Ying. This to a gentleman may be
considered as the most profitable
expenditure of afier-grass. Sheep
purchased solely to consume the
after-grass, where there are no tur-
nips for winter food, are often sold
again to a great disadvantage. —
Suckling being’ easily managed by
aman, requires no additional ex-
pence of a dairy-maid, and the easy
access to Smithfield-market, affords
a certain sale, if no neighbouring
butchers’ can be dealt with. It is
generally reckoned, that calves
should pay 5s. a week as sucklers,
exclusive of the value of the calf
when first. dropped. Some value
the saleable meat at 6d. per Jb. al-
towing what is called the fifth quar-
ter for the butcher’s profit. In or-
der to keep up a regular supply,
calves: are purchased as sucklers,
from a week to three. weeks old ;
the price varying from 16s. to 11.
10s. A wide difference is observa-
ble in the thriving nature of the
calves; some acquiring a proper
degree of fatness for the butcher
much sooner than others, though
kept on the same food. Could the
exuises occasioning thisdifference be
discovered, they would be of great
Consequence to the farmer, in re-
gulating the purchase of sucklers.
When the food and treatmentis in
every respect the same, ‘the differ-
ence must be referred to something
constitutional in the calf, which it
must be gifficult to discover, unless
connected with a particular breed.
The bntchers in general are averse
to the purchase of the black calves,
though there is reason to believe,
that the colour of the skin has no
influence on the delicacy of the

meat. The ball-faced sucklers are

other-colours. The calves are con-
fined solely te the milk of the cow ;
of which they are allowed a full
quantity morning and evening. —
Chalk is uniformly placed in lamps
in the corner of the calves peng,
with a view to render the veal
white; and though this effect should
not be clearly ascertained, still,
however, the practice may be jus-

- tified, as contributing to the health

of the calf, by correcting that
strong acid, which, though com-
mon to the young of all animals,
seems to be peculiarly powerful in
the stomach of the calf. It is cus-
tomary with the butchers to bleed
their calves about two days before
they kill them: some bleed them
frequently during the time of fat-
tening. Though a new milched
cow will give more milk than her
calf will consume, yet, to render
it completely fat, the assistance of
another cow is generally required.
The calves are sold at different
ages, from eight to ten weeks, the
price varying from 21. rs. to 31,
13s. Gd, Jt is of importance to the
farmer, to ascertain the exact age
at which the calf should be sold, in
order to secure the greatest profit.
Some calves will grow, but not fat-
ten; in this case it is losing money
to keep them long, in expectation
of their being fat for the butcher.
It sometimes happens that a calf,
uncommonly voracious, will con-
sume a much larger quantity of
milk than any of the others de-
mand, without acquiring growth
and fatness corresponding to his
proportion of food: such calyes are
unprofitable if kept toa large size.
These observations are ef import-
ance, as the butchers in general

endeayour

NATURAL HESTORY.

. endeavour to persuade the farmers,
to‘defer the sale of their calves.as
late as possible?

’ The chief advantage of suckling
in winter arises from the great va-
riety of green food, which the far-
Mers may give the cows, without
injuring the quality of the milk,
particularly cabbages and turnips,
which are so well known to com-
municate, a disagreeable taste to
butter. Grains, however, and other
forcing food, which give a greater
quantity of milk, but of an inferior

_ quality, cannot be used so freely
as where cows are kept solely for
the pail. It is the quality, and not
the quantity of milk which con-
tributes to the nourishment of the
calf. Ihave found, by experience,
that cows kept almost entirely
on potatoes, will produce too thin
a milk to support a thriving suck-
ler.

It’ may here be observed, that
cows kept solely for suckling, are
more apt to miss taking the bull,
than where they are con sfined to the
dairy, after their own calves are

weaned. ani

Turnips.

The advance of rent and taxes,
wbliges*the Middlesex farmers to
‘make the most of their land, by a
quick succession of crops. Turnip-
seed is sometimes sowfi on the
wheat stubble, ploughed up imme-
diately after harvest.
stubble turnips, will produce about
3s 3s. per acre, if sold in. spring
to the Loudon cow-keepers. The
apple will be but small; yet the
yscarcity of green food at on season
Wenders the tops valuable. This
autumn (1793), twelve: acres of
turpipshave been sold for 100). to

- dlesex on a large scale.

This crop of

307

a London cow-keeper, who enga-
ged to clear the crop time enough
for wheat. The distance five miles
from London.

Potatoes...»

Potatoes are cultivated in Mid
The latter
end of April, and begianing of
May, are found to be the best sea-
sons for planting this root, unless
the very early sorts are to. beraised.
The sharp frosts, so destructive to
vegetation in the spring, will fre-
quently cut down the potatoe shoots
if planted early. . The sorts chiefly
cultivated for the table are the
red-nose-kidney, thewhite-blossom,
and the champion. If wheat is to
succeed, the champions are prefer
red, as arriving sooner at maturity,
than the kidneys. Some use the
plough in taking them up, but in
general they are dug up with the
spade. The frosts of October fre-
quently cut down the leaves of the
potatoe plant. .. The root however
will continue to grow, so long .as
the sap remains in the stem, so that
in a backward season (as the pre-
sent) the time of taking them up
may be deferred to the middle or
Jatter end of November.. They are
found not to keep well, if taken up
too early, while the skin is still soft
and tender,

The price of potatoes, when de-
livered to the London dealers, vas
ries from two guineas to fourguineas
per ton, according to the quality
of the root and the time of delivery.
The market generally falls after a
supply from Yorkshiréarrives in the
river, Some of the ox-noble have
been cultivated, and sold at a low
price to the cow-keepers. » The
general preduce of the potatoe-crop

X 2 Varies

£08

Varies from two to four hundred
Pushels per acre.

Horse Beans,

The small horse bean is culiivated
on the strong lands in the neigh-
bourhood of Harrow and Pinner.—
The distance between the rows is
about fourteen inches, and thebeans
are dibbled close in the rows. The
culture is very inferior to what is
practised in Kent. No horse-hoes
are_used, nor is the hand-hocing
sufficient to keep down the weeds.
But in the succession of crops they
are most deficient, a fallow, instead
of wheat, succeeding the beans,

Course of crops for Middlesex Agri-

culture. *

The following course of crops
will be found particularly advanta-
geous in the vicinity of the London
market: and the very considerable
returns they ensure, demonstrate the
absurdity of suffering land in Mid-
dlesex to lie waste and uncultivated.
Tn several counties the manufac-
tures are at a stand, and the poor
in want of the cornmon necessaries
of life. Nothing inoreclearly proves
the importance of encouraging
‘agriculiure, which, deriving itssup-
port from the more permanent wants
“of man, is not subject tointerruption
from the vissitudes of peace and war,
‘or from the uncertain changes of
the human fancy.

: Peete
1. Green pease on the clo-
ver ley, dunged, and
followed: by turnips
the same year, -10 10

Carry forward, 19 10

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

F Se
Brought forward, 10 10
2. Potatoes, 300 bushels, -
at Is, = -15 @Q
3. Wheat, 4qrs. peracre,) *
at 21. 5s. L.9 obn g
Twoloads of straw, 2 2

4, Winter tares on the
wheatstubble,dung-
ed and followed by
turnipsthe sameyear,
The tares sold stand- i
9

ing,at - £.66 9
Theturnips, - 3 3
5. Barley or oats ; the bar-
ley, 43 qrs. the oats,
6 qrs. the straw being
included, either crop
may be fairly valued
at - 6° @
6. Clover sold to be cnt
green, at, £.6067-7 7
After-grass, - 11
&. 59; 8

Which is nearly 101. per acre, an-
nual product, withoutany exhaust-
ing rotation of crops; and this for
a course of six successive years.—
Though the band is supposed to be
dressed twiee in the course of six
years on accountof the turnips, yet
it would require no great quantity
of manure to secure the above re-
turn, If the value of the hatiim
of green pease is considered asa
fodder for horses, the total of the
pea and turnip crop will generally
exceed tHe above statement:

——_

Minerat Manures.— Marl.

A stratum of marl has been dis-
covered in Enfield-Chase, which
has been the means of enriching
some of the poorest parts of that
district. It has been particularly
applied with success, by Mr. Bing,

member

NATURAL

member for the county, Mr. James,
of North Lodge, and Mr. Walker,
of Potter’s Bar.

Chalk.
Though chalk has not yet been

discovered in any considerable quan-
tities in Middlesex, yet it abounds
in the neighbouring counties of
Kent and Hertfordshire. It is
found.on Northaw and Cheshunt
commons, on the borders of Mid-
dlesex, from whencetheneighbour-
ing districts of Mims, Barnet, and
Enfield, have been supplied with
lime.

Lime is sold at. Gd. the bushel,
delivered at short distances; or at
54d. if bought at the pit. Chalk
is sold at the pit, for 2s. the waggon-
Joad. Lime is sold at Bow, at
about 5d. the bushel. It is chiefly
brought from the coast of Kent. A
number of the Essex carts take it as
back-carriage, after delivering their
hay inthe London market. From
Bow it is sent by thelime-merchants
to various parts of Middlesex; but
itis used more for building than
agriculture.

London affords aninfinite variety
of substances, which are used in
agriculture as manures,

Woollen rags, at 41..17s. per ton.

Sugar-baker’s scum, from 5s. to
7s. Od. per load.

Night soil, 5s. ditto.

Coalashes, from 5s, to 6s. ditto.

Soot, 64d, and 7d. per bushel.

In the neighbourhood of Baldock,
in Hertfordshire, they bring soot yi
their wheat, in broad-wheel wagons
from London, tothe amount of 300
bushels a load.

Train-oil, and’ tallow-chandler’s
graves, the dung of pigeons, rab-
bits, and poultry, soap-ashes, bones,

HES TO: RY: 309

and horn-shavings, .are sold at vari-
ous and uncertain prices,

Timber and Underwood.

The oak and the elm, but chiefly
the latter, are the prevailing trees
of this district. The hedges are
frequently formed iutirely of the
shoots of the elm. A custom too
much prevails of nautilating these
trees, by stripping them up close to
the stem, which must certainly
prove ivjurious to their growth, if
the leaves haveany influence in im-
bibing nourishment from the sur-
rounding atmosphere. Jt has been
observed, on cutting down elms,
where the year of stripping could
be acertained, that the circle of
wood which the tree annually pro-
duces, was less on those years than
on any others.

There are but few oaks in this
district of any size, except what
have been saved from the axe for
the ornament of gentlemen’s plea-
sure grounds. Here. we sometimes
find that truly venerable remnant of
antiquity, the pollard oak, of im-
mense size, and rugged stem; pro-
tecting, with its hospitable siade,
the panting flock from the meridian
sun. An object themost beautifully
picturesque that nature presents to
the eye.

On the borders of Middlesex,
there are woods of, oak, which are
cut in rotation,,at seven years
growth. ‘They ave generally pur-
chased for fuel by the London bak-
ers. In the parish of Pinner, with-
in 13 miles of London; on an es-
tate of my own, | have 24 acres
of this underwood, which I am
gradually training to a timber-grove,
by reserving at every fall the most
thriving of the young oaks, This

X 3 lam

“810 ANNUAL REGISTER,

I am persuaded, is the only method
of raising timber, which will an-
swer on a smaller scale. [ once de-
voted near thirty acres toa plantation
of every species of fir and forest-
tree; they were planted at two
years old; but I found my planta-
tion sustained so much injury, from
sheep being put in secretly in the
night time, and from the depreda-
tions of other cattle, that | preferred
drawing my trees, and letting the
Jand at 12s. per acre. [I am appre-
hensive, that government will find
the method they have taken of plant-
ing the New Forest, attended with
avery precarious success. At the
same time, the minister’s intention,
¥ doubt not, was highly patriotic
and laudable.

Within these last twenty years,
several varieties of the poplar bave
been introduced into Middlesex:
The Lombardy, or Po poplar, is
much cultivated, as an ornamental
plant, in the neighbourhood of Lon-
don. As a timber-tree, it is but of
inferior value, not being able to
bear exposure tothe weather. For
packing-cases, however, and other
purposes, where duration of wood
is not required, it may prove a
cheap and useful substitute for deal.

Its growth far exceeds that of any

other timber-tree. It is supposed
that there are few in) England
whose age exceeds forty years. It
flourishes best on the sides of rivers,
and has acquired its name from its
Jong-famed situation on the banks of
the Pa.

Of the white and black poplar,
the white is most frequent in Mid-
dlesex, but the black yields the best
‘timber. The weod of the latter, I
can pronoutice, from experience, to
‘be excellent for common floors. It
is much used for the purposes of

1794.

deal in the midland counties. In
Worcestershire they reckon that it
pays the owner 1s. a year, from the
time of its being first planted.
When converted intoa pollard, the
Joppings are used for hop-poles.
The boards of the poplar-are so
slow of taking fire, that the flames
of ahouse on firchave been stopped
at that part of the building, where
the timber of the poplar had been
used. ‘l’hey are observed to smoke
along time before they burst into
a flame.
: ‘

Osiers.

There are some flourishing osier-
grounds near London, on the banks
of the Thames. Thequick growth
of these aquatics, allows them to
be cut every year. The cuttings
are sold to the basket-makers, in
bundles measuring 42 inches in
circumference, at 1s. and is. 6d.
per bundle. The basket-makers
will willingly give 5]. an acre rent,
for a good osier ground, thought si-
tuated at the distance of ten or
twelve miles from London, But
the produce of a good bed will fre-
quently amount to 101. per annum.
Considering the small expence ne-
cessary for supporting the osier-bed,
and that neither the’plough norma-
nure are required to produce an an-
nualcrop, there is reason to believe,
that land adapted to the growth of
aquatics, will ensure a larger profit
when planted with osiers, than in
any common mode of cultiva-
tion. ;

The salix vitellina, or golden wil-
low, and the salix viminalis, or green
osicr, are the sorts used by the
basket-makers. The annual growth
of these will frequently exceed six
feet.

Rivers

NATURAL HISTORY.

Rivers.

In an agricultural survey of Mid-
dlesex, the rivers, which contribute
so much to the fertility of the land,
ought not to be omitted. Being
immediately connected with the
New River, which takes its course

* for nearly a mile through my own
estate, I shall minute down a few
particulars worthy of notice. The
New River rises ina rich valley,
about half way between Hertford
and Ware. The water at the foun-
tain head, which is remarkably clear
and pure, collects in a circular ba-
soni ; it then takes a course through
Amwell and Hoddesdon, nearly
parallel with the London road ; at
Cheshunt, Theobalds, and Enfield,
it winds through severai parks and
gardens, not oniy supplying the in-
habitants of those districts with wa-
ter, but enriching the country with
the fertility and beauty of its stream;
at Enfield, after, passing through
White Webb’s farm, itjust touches

- on Enfield-chase, and returns im-
mediately through the same farm,
in a direction nearly parallel to its
former course, and thus encloses
completely a large tract of rich
meadow-land, which requires no
other fence. The mode of conduct-
ing streams across vallies was but
little. understood when this river
was first formed, otherwise, so cir-
cuitous a course, to preserve the
Jevel, would have been unnecessary.
On the chase, in its turn, it crosses
la narrow vale, which after heavy
rains it frequently tlooded. ‘The
water being obstructed inits course

+by the banks of the river, would
certainly have overflowed and ‘da-

Mmaged the river water, with ‘the

“impurities of a land fiood, had not
thisimischiefbeea prevented, by an

‘

arch ofbrick-worls, which is thrown
across the river, by means of which
the waters collected inthe valley,
after heavy rains, pass over the
stream without injuring it. Ina
wet season, so large a sheet of wa-
ter, rushing over the ‘New River,
with great noise and impetuosity,
forms a very grand cascade.
Between Enfield and London,
the New River winds in so singular
a manner, that in the course of ten
miles you pass it as many times,
The weeds at'the bottom of the
river are repeatedly cut, and the
mud cleared away, in order to pre-
serve the channel free and open for
the course of the water. | For'the
care of the banks a walksman is
appointed to every two miles. On
trying the mud of the New River,
in the neighbourhood of Entield, 1
found it strongly calcareous ; a con-
siderable effervescence ensuing on
being mixed with acids. This is
owing to the admixture of shells
and fresh water snails, which, con-
tinnally subsiding, give a marly na+
ture to the earth atthe bottom of
the stream. If we consider that it
is now one hundred and eighty
years since the river was completed,
the quantity of calcareous matter
thus accumulated must be consider-
able. ‘Lhe chalk which abounds
in the neighbourhood of Hertford
and Ware, where ‘the river rises,
may furnish an additional supply of
the calcaréous earth. On using this
river mud, as a manuteon meadow
land, I have found ‘the pasture
sweetenéd by the great increase of
the white clover. The floée fescue
¢rass prevails much on the banks of
the New River, owitg probably to
the calcareous mud scrape? 1p rom
the bottom, and with which the
banks ‘are continually repaired
X 4 This

312

This grass has been observed to a-
bound in meadows, that have been
often flooded with water, which has
previously passed over calcareous
earth. Land contiguous to rivers
‘ought always to be in grass, both
on account of the advantage of wa-
ter to cattle, and the constant be-
nefit that grass receives from a
running stream. ‘The loss, there-
fore sustained by common field land
adjoining to rivers:must be consi-
derable, as the course of crops to
which they are subject necessarily
excludes grass. In the county of
Middlesex there are several hundred
acres of common field land thus si-
tuated, the rental and produce of
which might be doubled by enclo-
sure.

The above observations on Mid-
dlesex agriculture, I am persuaded
would be of no value to the board,
if there did not exist a backward-
ness, in farmers in general, to sa-
tisfy the inquiries of gentlemen, on
the subject of agriculture. With
my best wishes for your success, in
your various and important occupa-
tions, I remain,

Your obliged humble servant,
ABRAHAM WILKINSON,

Account of some wild cattle in Nor-
' thumberland. From the same.

6 Bion are only found in Chil-
lingham-park, belonging to
the earl of Tankerville, and as it is
probable they are the only remains
f the true and genuine breed of
that species of cattle, we shall be
more particular in our description.
Their colour is invariably white,
muzzle black; the whole of the in-
side of the ear, and about one-third

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

of the out-side from the tip, down-
wards, red; horns white, with
black tips, very fine, and bent up-
wards. Some of the bulls have-a:
thin upright mane, about an. inch
and a half, or two inches long.
The weight of the oxen is from 35.
to 45 stone, and the cows from 25
to 35 stone, the four quarters: 14]b.
to the stone. The beef is finely
marbled.and of excellent flavour.

From the nature of their pasture
and the frequent agitation they are
put into, by the curiosity of stran-
gers, it is scarce to be expected
they should get very fat; yet the
six years old oxen are generally
very good beef; from whence it
may be fairly supposed, that in pros
per situations they would fecd »
well.

At the first appearance of any
person they set off in full gallop ;
and, at the distance of two or three.
hundred yards, makea wheelreund,
and come boldly up again, tossing
their heads in a menacing manner.
On asudden they makea full stop,
at the distance of forty orfitty yards,
looking. wildly at the object of their
surprise; but upon the least motion
being made, they all again ‘turn
round, and gallop off again with
equal speed, but not to the same
distance ; forming a shorter circle,
and again returning with a bolder
and more threatening aspect than
before, they approach much nearer,
probably within thirty yards, when
they make another stand, and again
gallop off. This they: do several
times, shortening theirdistance, and
advancing nearer, till they come
within afew yards, when most peo-
ple think it prudent to leave them,
notchusing to provoke them farther,
as it is probable that in a few turns
more they would make anvattack.

The

NATURAL

The mode of killing them was,
perhaps, the modern remains of
the grandeur of ancient hunting.
On notice being given, that a wild
bull would be killed upon a certain
day, the inhabitants of the neigh-
bourhood came mounted, andarmed
with guns, &c. sometimes to the
amount of a hundred horse, and
four or five hundred foot, who stood
upon walls or got into trees, while
the horsemen rode off the bull from
the rest of the herd, until he stood
at bay; when a marksman dis-
mounted and shot. At some of
these huntings, twenty or thirty
shots have been fired before he was
subdued. On such occasions, the
bleeding victim grew desperately
furious, from the smarting of his
wounds, and the shouts of savage
joy that were echoing from every
side ; but, from the number of ac-
cidents that happened, this dan-
gerous mode has been little prac-
ticed of late years; the park-keeper
alone generally shooting them with
a rifled gun, at one shot. When
the cows -calve, they hide their
calves, for a week or ten days, in
some sequestered situation, and go
and suckle them two or three times
aday. Ifany person comes near
the calves, they clap their heads
close to the ground, and lie like a
hare in form, to hide themselves.
This is 4 proof of their native wild-
ness, and is corroborated by the
following circumstance, that hap-
pened to the writer of this narra-
tive, who found a hidden calf, two
days old, very lean, and very weak.
On stroking its head, it got up,
pawed two or three times like an
old bull, bellowed very loud, step-

back a few steps, and bolted at
is legs with all its force; it then
began to paw again, bellowed,

HISTOR Y.' 3S

stepped back,. and bolted as before; »
but knowing its intention, and
stepping aside, it missed me, fell,
and wasso very weak, that it could:
notrise, though it made several ef-
sorts. But it had done enough, the
whole herd were alarmed, and

. coming to its rescue, obliged me to

Ttetire; for the dams will allow no
person to touch their calves, with-
ont attacking them wiih inpétuous
ferocity.

When any one happens to be
wounded, or grown weak and fee-»
ble through age or sickness, the rest.
of the herd set upon it; and gore it
to death.

Account of some remarkable caves in
the principality ef Bayreuth, and
of the fossil bones found therein.
Extracted from a paper sent, with
specimens of the bones, as a pre=
sent to the Royal Society, by his
most serene highness the margrave
of Anspach, Sc. From the Phi=
losophiwcal Transactions.

Ridge of primeval mountains

runs a}most through Germany

in a direction nearly from west to.
east; the Hartz, the mountains of
Thuringia, the Fitchtelberg in Fran-
conia, are different parts of | it,
which in their farther extent consti-
tute the Riesenberg, and join the
Carpathian mountains ; the highest
parts of this ridge are granite, and
are flanked by alluvial and stratitied
mountains, consisting chiefly of ime
stone, marl, and sandstone; suchat
least is the tract of hills in which
the caves to be spoken of are situ-
ated, and over these hills the main
road leads from Bayreuth to Erlang,
or Nuremberg. Half way to this
town lies Streitberg, where there is,
a post,

314

a post, and but three or four Eng-
lish miles distant from thence are
the caves mentioned, near Gailen-
reuth and Klausstein, twosmall vil+
lages, insignificant in themselves,
but become famousfor the discove-
ries made in their neighbourhood.

The tract of hills is there broken
off by many small and narrow val-
lies, confined mostly by steep and
high rocks, here and there over-
hangingand threatening, as it were,
to fall and crush all beneath ; and
everywhere thereabouts, are to be
met withobjects, which suggest the
idea of their being evident vestages
of some general and mighty catas-
trophe which happened in the pri-
mevai times of the globe.

. The strata of these hills consist
chiefly of lime-stone of various co-
lour,.and texture, or of marl and
sandstones. ‘The tract of lime-stone
hills abounds with petrifactions of
various kinds.

. The main entrance to the cave
at Gailenreuth opens near the sam-
mit of a limestone hill towards the
east. An arch, near seven feet
high, leads into a kind of anti-
chamber, 80 feet in length, and
300 feet in circumference, which
constitutes the vestibule of four
other caves. ‘This anti-chamber is
lofty and airy, but has no light ex-
cept. what enters by its open arch ;
its bottom is level, and covered
with black mould; although the
common soil of the environs is loam
and marl.

By several circumstances it ap-
pears, that it had been made use of
in turbulent times as a place of re-
fuge. ;

From this vestibule, or first cave,
a dark and narrow alley opens in
the corner at the south end, and
leads into the second cave, which is

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

about 60 feet long, 18 high, and
40 broad. Its sides and roof are
covered, in a wild and rough man-
her, with stalactites, columns of
which are hanging from: the roof,
othersrising fromthe bottom, meet-
ing the first in many whimsical
shapes.

‘Lhe air of this cave, as well as
of all the rest, is always cool, and —
has, even in the height of sum- —
mer, been found below temperate.
Caution is thérefore necessary to its
visitors ; for it is remarkable, that
people having spent any time in this —
or the other caverns, always on their
coming out again appear pale,
which in part may be owing to the
coolness of the air; and in part
likewise to the particular exhala-
tions within the caves.. A very
narrow, winding and troublesome
passage opens farther into a
- Third cave, or chamber of a
roundish form, and about 30 feet
diameter, covered all over with
stalactites. Very near its entrance
there is a perpendicular descent
of about 20 feet, intoa dark and
frightful abyss; a ladder must be
brought to descend into it, and
caution is necessary in using it, on
account of the rough and slippery
stalactites. When you are down,
you enter into a gloomy’ cave of
about 15 feet diameter, and 30 feet
high, making properly but ‘a seg-
ment of the third cave.

In the passage to this third cave,
some teeth and fragments of bones
are found; but coming down to the
pit of the cave, you are €very way,
surrounded by avasthéap of animal
remains, The bottom of this cave
is paved with a stalactical crust of
neara foot in thickness; Jarge and
small fragments:of all sorts of bones
are ‘scattered every where on the

surface,

’

NATURAL

surface of the ground, or are easily
drawn out of the mouldering rub-
bish. The very walls seem filled
with various and innumerable teeth
and broken bones. ‘The stalactical
covering of the uneven sides of the
cave-does got reach quite down to
its bettom, whereby it plainly ap-
pears that this vast collection of
animal rubbish, some time ago filled
a higher space in the cave, before
the bulk of it sunk by mouldering.

This place is in appearance very
like a large quarry of sandstones ;
and, indeed, the largest and finest
blocks of osteolithical concretes
might be hewn out in any number,
if there was but room enough to
come te them, and to carry them
out. This bony rock has been dug
into in different places, and every
‘where undoubted proofs have been
met with, that its bed, or this oste-
olithical stratum, extends every
way far beneath and through the
limestone rock, into which and

through which these caverns have

been made, so that the queries sug-
gesting themselves about the asto=

ishing numbers of animals buried

here confound all speculation.
Along the sides of this third ca-
vern there are some narrower open-
ings, leading into different smaller
chambers, of which it cannot be

said how deep they go. In some of
them, bones of smal!er animals have

been found, such as jaw-bones,
vertebre, and tibiz, in large heaps.

The bottom of this cave slopes to-

ward a passage seven feet high, and
about as wide, being the entrance
toa

Fourth cave, 20 feet high, and
15 wide, lined all round with a
stalactical crust and gradnally
sloping to another steep~ descent,
where the ladder is wanting a se-

HISTORY.

cond time, and must be used'with
caution as before, in order to get
into a cave 40 feet high, and about
half as wide. In those deep and
spacious hollows, worked out
through the most solid mass of rock,
you again perceive with astonisa-
ment immense numbers of bony
fragments of all kinds and sizes,
sticking every where in the sides of
the cave, or lying on the bottom.
‘his cave also is surrounded by se-
yeral smaller ones; in one of them
rises a stalactite of uncormmon big-
ness, being four feet high, and eight
feet diameter, in the form of a trun-
cated cone. In another of those
side grottoes, avery neat stalactical
pillar presents itself, five feet in
height, and eight inches in diameter.

‘The bottom of all these grettoes
is covered with true animal mould,
out of which may be dug fragments
of bones.

Besides the smaller hollows,
spoken of before, round this fourth
cave, a very narrow opening has
been discovered in one of its cor-
ners. It is of very ditticult access,
as it can be entered only in a craw-
ling posture. This disma] and dan-
gerous passage leads into a fifth
cave, of near 30 feet high, 43 long,
and of unequal breadth. To ‘the
depth of six feet this cave has been
dug, and nothing has been found
but fragments of bones, and ani-
mal mould : the sides are finely de-
corated with stalactites of ditierent
forms and colours; but even this
stalactical crust is filied with frag-
ments of bones sticking init, up to
the very roof.

From this remarkable cave, an-
other very low and narrow avenue
leads into the last discovered, or the

Sixth cave, not very large, and
merely covered with a stalactical

crust,

315

316

crust, in which, however here and
there bones are seen sticking. And
here ends this connected series of
most remarkable osteolithical ca-
verns, as far as they have been hi-
therto explored; many more may,
for what we know, exist, hidden,
in the same tract of hills.

“Mr. Esper has written a history
in German of these caves; and
given descriptions and plates of a
great number of the fossil bones
which have been found there. To
this work we must refer for a more
particular account of them.

Olservations on the fossil bones pre-
sented to the Royal Society by his
most serene highness the margrave
of Anspach, Fc. By the late John'
flunter, esq. F.R.S. Commu-
nicated by Everard Home, esq.
fF. R.S.. From the same.

HE bones, which are the snb-
ject of the present paper, are

to be considered more in the light~

of incrustations than extraneous
fossils, since their external surface
has only acquired a covering of
crystallized earth, and little or no
change has taken place in their
internal structure.

The earths with which bones are
most commonly incrusted are the
calcareous argillaceous, and silice-
ous, but principally the calcareous ;
and this happens in two ways ; one
the bones being immersed in water
in which this earth is suspended ;
the other, water passing through
masses of this earth, which it dis-
solves, and afterwards deposits up-
on bones which lie underneath.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Bones wkich are incrusted seem
never to undergo this change in the
eatth, or under the water, where
the soft parts were destroyed; while
bones that are fossilized become so
in the medium in which theywere-
deposited* at the anjmal’s death
The incrusted bones have been pre-
viously exposed to the open air;
this is evidently the case with the
bones at present under considera~
tion, those of the rock of Gibraltar,
and those found in Dalmatia; and
from the account given by the abbé
Spallanzani, those of the island of

. Cerigo are under the same circum-

stances. They have the characters
of exposed bones, and many of
them are cracked in anumber of
places, particularly the cylindrical
bones, siruilar to the eftects of long
exposure to the sun. This circum-
stance appears to distinguish them
from fossilized bones, and gives us
some information respecting their
history. ,
If their numbers had correspond-
ed with what we meet with of re-
cent bones, we might have been
led to some opinion of their mode
of accumulation ; but the quantity
exceeds any thing we can form an
idea of. In an inquiry into their
history three questions | naturally
arise: did the animals come there
and die? or were their bodies
brought there, and lay exposed; or
were the bones collected from dif-
ferent places? The first of these
conjectures appears to me the most
natural ; but yet I am by-no means
convinced of its being the true one.
Bones of this description are
found in very different situations,
which makes their present state

* Bones that have been buried with the flesh on acquire a stain which they never
lose ; and those which have been long immersed in water receive a considerable tinge.

NATURAL HISTORY.

moredifficultly accounted for. Those
in Germany are found in eaves.
The coast. of Dalmatia is said to be
almost wholly formed of them, and
we know that this is the case with
a large portion of the rock of Gib-
raltar.

If none were found in caves, but
in solid masses covered with marl or
limestone, it would then give the
idea of their having been brought
together by some strange cause, as
a convulsion in the earth, which
threw these materials over. them ;
but this we can hardly form an idea
of; or if they had all been found in
caves, we should have imagined
these cases were places of retreat
for such animals, and had been so
for some thousands of years: and if
the bones werethose of carnivorous
animals and herbivorous, we might
have supposed that the carnivorous
had brought in many animals of a
smaller size which they caught for
food; and this, upon the first view,
appears to have been the case with
i which are the subject of this
paper; yet when we consider that
the bones are principally of carni-
yorous animals, we are confined to
the supposition of their being oly
places of retreat. 1f they had been
brought together by any convulsion
of the earth, they would have been
mixed with the surrounding mate-
rials of the mountains, which does
mot appear to be the case; for
although some are found sticking
in the sides of the caves incrusted
in calcareous matter, this scems to
have arisen from their situation in
the cave. Suchaccumulation would
have made them coeval with the
mountains themselves, which, from
the recent stateof thebones1 should
yery much doubt,

317

The difference in the state of the
bonesshews that there was probably
a successionof them for a vast series
of years ; for, if we consider the dis-
tance of time between the most per-
fect having been deposited, which
we must suppose were the last, and
the present time, we must consider
it to be many thousand years, and
if we calculate how long these must
still remain to be as far decayed as
some others are, it will require
many thousand years, a sufficient
time for a vast accumulation: from
this mode of reasoning, therefore, it '
would appear that they were not
brought here at once in a recent
state,

The animal earth, as it is called,
at the bottom of these caves, is sup-
posed to be produced by the rotting
of the flesh, which is supposing the
animals brought there withthe flesh
on; but I do conceive, that if the
caves had been stuffed with whole
animals, the flesh could not have
produced one-tenth part of the
earth, and to account for sucha
quantity as appears to be the pro-
duce of animals. I should supposeit
the remains of the dung of animals
who inhabited the caves, and the
contentsof the bowels of those they
lived upon. This is easily con-
ceived from knowing that there is
something similar to it, in a smaller
degree, in many caves in this king-
dcm, which are places of retreat
for bats in the winter, and even in
the summer, as they only go abroad
in the evening; these caves have
their bottoms covered with animal
earth, for some feet in depth, in all.
degrees ofdecomposition, thelower-
most the most pure, and the upper-"
most but littlechanged, with all the
intermediate degrees: in which

caves

$18

eaves are formed a vast number of
stalactites, which might encrust the
bones of those that die there.

The bones in the caves of Ger-
many are se much the object of the
curious, that the specimens are dis-
persed throughout Europe, which
prevents a sufficient nurober coming
into the hands of any one person to
make him acquainted with the ani-
mals to which they belong.

From the history and figures given
by Esper, it appears that there are
the bones of several animals; but
what is curious, they all appear to
have been carnivorous, which we
should not have expected. There
are teeth in number, kind, and mode
of setting, exactly similar to the
white bear, others more like those
of the lion ; but the representations
of parts, however well executed,
are hardly to be trusted to for the
nicer characters, and much less so
when the parts are mutilated.

The bones sent by his highness
themargrave of Anspachagree with
those described and dilineated by
Esper as belonging to the white
bear ; how far they are of the same
species among themselves, I cannot
say ; the heads differ in shape from
each other; they are, upon the
whole, much longerfortheir breadth
than in any carnivorous animal I
Know of; they also differ from the
present white bear, which, as far as
TI have seen, has a common propor-
tional breadth ; it is supposed, in-
deed, that the heads of the present
white bear differ from one another,
but for the truth of this assertion I
have not seen heads eneugh of that
animal to determine.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

The heads not only vary inshape,
but also in size, for some of them,
when compared with the recent
white bear, would seem to have be-
longed to an animal twice its size,
while some of the bones correspond
in size with those of the white bear,
and others are even smaller *.

Thereare twoossa humeri, rather
of a less size than those of the re-'
cent white bear ; a first vertebra,
rather smaller; the teeth also vary
considerably in size, yet they are all
those of the same tribe; so that the
Variety among themselves is not less
than between them and the recert.
In the formation of the head, age
makes a considerable difference ;
the skull of ayoung dog is much
more rounded than an old one, the
ridge leaning back to the occiput,
terminating in the two lateral ones,
hardly exists in a young dog ; and
among the present bones there is
the back part ofsuch a head, yet it
is larger than thehead of thelargest
mastiff , how far the young white
bear may vary from the old, similar
to the young dog, I do not know,
but it is. very probable.

Bones of animals under circum- _
stances so similar, although in diffe-
rent parts of the globe, one would ©
have naturally supposed to consist
chiefly of those of oneclass or order
in every place, one ptinciple acting
in all places. In Gibraltar they are
mostly of the ruminating tribe, of
the hare kind, and the bones f
birds; yet there are some of a small
dog or fox, and likewise shells,
Those in Dalmatia appear to be
mostly of the ruminating tribe, yet
Isaw a part of the os Ayotdes of a

* It is to be understood, that the bones of the white bear that I have, belonged to
one that had been a show, and hadnot grown to the full or natural ‘size ; and I make
allowance for this in my assertion, that the heads of those incrusted appear to belong
to an animal twice the size of our, white bear.

horse ;

NATURAL

horse; but those from Germany are
Mostly carnivorous. From these facts
we should be inclined to suppose,
that their accumulation did not arise
from any instinctive mode of living,
as the same mode could not suit
both carnivorous and herbivorous
animals,

In considering animals respecting
their situation npon the globe, there
are many which are peculiar to par-
‘ticular climates, and others that are
less confined, as herrings, mackerel,

and salmon; others again, which
probably move over the whole ex-
tent of the sea, as the shark, por-
pus, and whale tribe ; while many
shell-fish must be confined to one
spot. If the sea had not shifted its
situation more than once, and was
to leave the land in a very short
time, then we could determine what
the climate had formerly been by
the extraneous fossils of the station-
ary animals, for those only would
be found mixed with those of pas-
sage ; but if the sea moves from one
place to another slowly, then the
remains of animals of different cli-
mates may be mixed, by those of
one climate moving over those of
another, dying, and being fossilized ;
but this I am afraid cannot be made
out. By the fossils we may, how-
ever, have some idea how the bones
of the land animals fossilized may be
disposed with respect to those of the
sea.

If the sea should have occupied
any space that never had been dry
land prior to the sea’s being there,
‘the extraneous fossils can “only be
‘those of sea-animals ; but each part
will have its particular kind of those
that are stationary mixed with a few
of the amphibia, and of sea-birds, in
those parts that were the skirts of
the sea. I shall suppose that when

HISTORY.

the sea left this place it moved oveF
land where both yegetables and
land-animals had existed, the bones
of which will be fossilized, as also
those of the sea animals; and if the
sea continued long here, which there
is reason to believe, then those mix-
ed extraneous fossils will be covered
with those of sea-animals. Now
if the sea should again move and
abandon this situation, then we
should find the land and sea fossils
above-mentioned disposed in this
order ; and as we begin to discover
extraneous fossils in a contrary di-
rection to their formation, we shall
first find a stratum of those ani-
mals peculiar to the sea, which were
the last formed, and urideri it one of
vegetables and land animals, which
were there before they were cover=
ed by the sea, and among them
those of the sea, and under this the
common earth, Those peculiar to
the sea will be in depth in propor-
tiontothe time of the sea’s residence
andothercircumstatces, as cur rents,
tides, &c.

From a succession of such shift-
ings of the sitwation of the sea, We
may have a stratum of marine ex-
traneous fossils, one of earth, mixed
probably with vegetables and bones
of land animals, astratum of ter-~
restrial extraneous fossils, then one
of marine production; but frony the
sea carrying its inhabitants along
with it, wherever there are those of
land-animals there will also be a
mixture of marine ones 5 and from
the sea commonly remaining thou-
sands of years in nearly the same
situation, we have marine fossils
unmixed with any others.

All operations respecting the
growth or decomposition of animal ~
and vegetable substanees go on
more readily on the surface of the

earth

319

820

earth than in it; the air is most pro-
bably the great agent in decompo
sition and combination, and also a
certain degree of heat. Thus the
deeper we go into the earth, we find
the fewer changes going on ; and
there is probably a certain depth
where no change of any kind can
possibly take place. The operation
of vegetation will not go on at a
certain depth, but at this very depth
a decomposition can take place, for
the seed dies, and in time decays ;
but at a still greater depth, the seed
retains its life for ages, and when
brought near enough to the surface
for vegetation, it grows. Something
similar to this takes place with re-
spect to extraneous fossils; for al-
though a piece of wood or bone is
dead, when so situated <s to be
fossilized, yet they are sound and
free from decomposition, and the
depth, joined with the matter in
which they are often found, as
stone, clay, &c. preserves them
from putrefaction, and their disso-
Jution requires thousands of years
to complete it; probably they may
be under the same circumstatices as
ina vacuum; the heat in such situa-
tions is uniform, probably in com-
mon about 52° or 53°, and in the
‘colder regions they are still longer
preserved.

I believe it is generally under-
stood that in extraneous fossils the
animal part is destroyed ; but I find
that this is not the case in any I
have met with.

hells and bones of fish, most
_probably have the least in quantity,
-having »een longest in that state,
otherwise they shouldhavethe most;
for the harder and more compact
the earth, the better is the animal
.patt. preserved; which is an argu-
Agent in proof of their having been

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

the longer in a fossil state. From
experiment and obseryation, the
animal part is not allowed to putre-
fy, it appears only to be dissolved
into a kind of mucus, and can be
discovered by dissolving the earth in
an acid ; when a shell is treated in
this way, the animal substance is
not fibrous or laminated, as in the
recent shell, but without tenacity,
and can be washed offlike wet dust;
in some, however, it has a slight
appearance of flakes. 4

In the shark's tooth, or glosso-
petra, the enamel is composed of ©
animal substance and calcareous
earth, and is nearly in the same
quantity as in the recent; but the
central part of the tooth has its ani-
mal substance in the state of mucus,
interspersed in the calcareous mat-
ter.

.In the fossilbones of sea-animals,
as the vertebre of the whale, the
animal part is in large quantity,
and in two states ; the one having
some tenacity, but the other like
wet dust: but in some of the harder
bones it is more firm.

Inthe fossil bones of land-animals,
and those which inhabit the waters,
as the sea-horse, otter, crocodile,
and turtle, the animal part is in
considerable quantity. , In the stags
horns dug up in Great Britain and
Ireland, when the earth is dissolved,
the animal part is in considerable
quantity, and very firm, The same
observations apply tothe fossil bones
of the elephant found in England,
Siberia, and other parts of the
globe; also those of the ox kind ;
but more particularly to their teeth,
especially those from the lakes in
America, in which the animal part
has suffered very little; the inha-
bitants find little difference in the
ivory of such tusks from the recent,

but

NATURAL HISTORY.

but its having a yellow stain ; the
cold may probably assist in their
preservation.

The state of preservation will
vary according to the substance in
which they have been preserved ; in
peat and clay I think the most;
however, there appears in general
a species of dissolution ; for the ani-
mal substance, although tolerably
firm, in a heat a little above 100°,
becomes a thickish mucus, like dis-
solved gum, while a portion from
the external surface is reduced to
the state of wet dust.

In incrusted bones, the quantity
of animal substance is very different
in different bones. In those from
Gibraltar there is very little ; it in
part retains its tenacity, and is
transparent, but the superticial part
dissolves into mucus.

Those from Dalmatia give similar
results when examined in this way.

Those from Germany, especially
the harder bones and teeth, seem to
_contain all the animal substance na-
tural to them, they differ however
among themselves in this respect.

The bones of land-animals have
their calcareous earth united with
the phosphoric acid instead of the
aerial, and I believe, retain it when
fossilized, ‘nearly in proportion to

The mode by which I judge of
this, is by the quantity of efferve-
scence ; when fossil bones are put
into the muriatic acid it is not near-

ly so great as when a shell is put
‘into it, but it is more in some, al-
though not in all, than when a re-
cent bone is treated in this way,
_and this I think diminishes in pro-
portion to the quantity of animal
substance they retain; as a proof of

Vor. XXXVI.

321

this, those fossil bones which con-
tain a small portion of animal mat-
ter, produce in an acid the greatest
effervescence when the surface is
acted on, and very little when the
centre is affected by it; however,
this may be accounted for by the
parts which have lost their phos-
phoric acid, and acquired the aerial,
being easiest of solution in the
marine acid, and therefore dis-
solved first, and the aerial acid let
loose.

In some bones of the whale the
effervescence is very great; in the
Dalmatia and Gibraltar bones it is
less ; and in those the subject of
the present paper it is very little
since they contain by much the
largest proportion of animal sub-
stance.

Account of a spontaneous inflamma=
tion, by Isaac Humfries, esq. in
a letter from Thomas B. Woodman,
esq. to Geo. Atwood, esq. F. R. S-

from the same.

Ewell, June 9, 1794.
Dear sir,

Inclose you the extract of the
letter from Isaac Humfries,
esq. a gentleman resident in India,
and employed in the company’s
service, which relates to the cir-
cumstance of the fire I lately men-
tioned to you.
And am, yours, &c.
Tuomas B. WoopMAN.
“ On going into the arsenal, a
few mornings since, 1 found my
friend Mr. Golding, the commissa-
ry of stores, under the greatest un-
easiness, in consequence of an acci-
dent which had happened the pre-
bh oe ceding

$22

ceding night. A bottle of linseed
oil had been left on’ a’ table, close
to which a chest stood, which con-=
tairiéd ‘some coarse cotton cloth ;
in'the course of the night the bottle
of oil was thrown down, and
brdken on.the chest (by rats most
prebably), and part of 'the oil ran
into the chest, and on the) cloth:
when the chest was opened in the
morning, the cloth was found in a
very strong degree of heat, and
partly reduced to tinder, and the
wood of the box discoloured, as
from ‘burning. After a most mi-
nute examination, no appearance
of any other inflammable substance

could be found, and how the cloth ‘

could have been reduced to the
condition in which it was found,
no one could éven conjecture. The
idea which occurred, and which
made Mr. Golding so uneasy, was,
thatof an attempt to burn the ar-
senal. Thus matters were when I
joined him, and when he told me
the story and shewed me the re-
mainder of the cloth. It luckily
happened, that in some chemical
amusements, I had occasion to con-
sult Hopson’s book a very few days
before, and met with this particu-
Jar passae, which I read with a
determination to pursue the expe-
Timent at some future pericd, but
had neglected to do so. ‘The mo-
‘ment I saw the cloth, the similarity
of circumstances struck me so for-
cibly, that I sent for the book and
shewed it to Mr. Golding, who a-
greed with me, that it appeared
‘sufficierit to account for the acci-
dent. However, to convince our-
‘selves, we'took a piece of the same
‘kind of cloth, wetted it with linseed
oil, and put it imto a box, which
was locked and carried to his quar-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

ters. In about three hours the box
began to smoke, when, on opening
it, the cloth was found exactly in
the same condition as that which
had given us so much uneasiness in
the morning; and on opening the
cloth, and admitting the external
air, it burst into fire.’ This was
sufficiently convincing: however, to
make it more certain, the experi-
ment was three times tried, and
with the same success.’?’ | :
P. 8. The passage Mr. Humfries |
alludes to, is in page 629 of Hop-
son’s Chymistry, where, in a note, |
you will find mention ‘made of a
set of chymical experiments made
on inflammable substances by a Mr.
Georgi, of the Imperial academy
of Petersburgh, in consequence of
the burning of a Russian frigate at
Cronstadt, in 1781, ‘although no
fire had been made on board of her
for five days before. uke

Description of a new species of warb-
ler, called the Wood Wren, observ-
ed in May, 1792, by Mr. Tho-
mas Lamb, A. L. 8. from the

Transactions of the Linnean So-
ciety. 4

HE length is five inches and a
half; bill horn-colour 3 up-

per mandible bent at the tip, and
rather longer than the under ; irides
hazel; nostrils beset with bristles ; |
top of the head, neck, back, and |
tail coverts olive-green ; throat and |
cheeks yellow, paler on the breast ;
belly and vent of a most beautiful
silvery white; through the ‘eye
passes a yellow line; wings and
coverts brown, edged with green ;
the tail consists of twelve feathers,
rather forked} and of a’ brown cé-
: “Tour;

NATURAL
lour, edged with green on the ex-
terior webs, and with white on
the interior, the first feather want-
ing the green edge; under part of
the shoulder, bright yellow; legs

rather more than an inch long, of a.

horn-colour ; claws paler.

This is undoubtedly a new spe-
ties in England, and I believe a
non-descript : it inhabits woods,
and comes with the rest of the
summer warblers, and in manners
is much the same, running up and
down trees in search of insects.

T heard it first, early m May, in
Whitenight’s Park, near Reading ;
it was there hopping about on the
upper branch of a very high pine,
and having a very singular and sin-
gle note, it attracted my attention,
being very much like that of the
Emberiza Miliaria (Linn.), but so
astonishingly shrill, that I heard it
at more than a hundred yards di-
stance: thisit repeated once in three
or four minutes.

I never heard these birds before
Jast spring, and nevertheless I have
heard nine in the course of a
month ; four in Whitenight’s Park,
and five in my tour to the Isle of
Wight; viz. one in a wood at
Stratfield-sea, one at East Stratton-
park, two in the New Forest, and
one in a wood near Highclere: I
have not heard it since June 6.—
Colonel Montague informed me, he
had met with it in Wiltshire, and
tad called it the Wood Wren; it
has‘also been heard near Uxbridge.

It differs from the Motacilla Hip-
polais (Linn.), in being much lar-
ger, of a finer green colour on the
Biscs parts, and more beautiful
white beneath ; alsoin the yellow

Streak passing through theeye,which
in the Hippolais passes above and
“below the eye. It differs also from

HISTORY.
the Motacilla Trochilus (Linn.) in

being larger, and white on the uns
der parts, which are yellow in the
Trochilus. Vhe three which 1. o-
pened were all males: I chall still
continue my researches for the fe
male with the nest and eggs; and
if I should at any time meet with
them, { shall with pleasure submit
my observations to the Linnean So-
ciety.

323.

Objections against the perceptivity of
plants, so far as is evinced by their
external motions, in Gnsqwer to Dr.
Percival’s memoir in the Manches-
ter Transactions, by Robert Town-
son, esq. F. R. S. Edinburgh ;

from the same.

OWEVER sanguine we may
be in our expectations of ex-
tending the limits of human know~
ledge, we cannog avoid perceiving,
that there are boundaries which it
never can exceed. These bounda-
ries are the limited faculties of the
human mind, which, though fully
sufficient to answer all the purposes
of common life, are an insuperable
barrier to the enquiries of specula-
tive men. None feel more the
truth of this observation, than those
engaged in physiological enquiries ;
the operations of nature being so
complicated, and at the same time
carried on in so secret a manner, as
to keep us ignorant of the most
common phenomena.
lf physiologists have been unsuc
cessful in many of their enquiries
into the animal economy, they have
been still more so with zespect to
vegetables: for how little do we
know at this day of the coutse of
their fluids, and of the power by
which they are moved? Are we.

X¥ 2 not

324

not in the vegetable kingdom where
we were near two centuries ago in
the animal, when the great. Harvey
withdrew the veil ?

The many beautiful analogies ex-
isting between the two organized
kingdoms of nature, their similar
origin from egg to seed, their sub-
sequent developement, and nour-
ishment by iutus-susception; the
power of continuing their species,
the limited time of their existence,
and, when not carried off by dis-
ease and premature death, posses-
sing in themselves the cause of their
own destruction ; have been so fa-
vourable to the supposition of the
existence of a complete chain of
beings, that there appeared to the
favourers of this opinion nothing to
be wanting to connect them, but
the loco-motive faculty ; for irrita-
bility, from phenomena in a few
vegetables, had been granted them
by some. This.loco-motive facul-
ty, which is considered as a con-
sequence of volition, which is an
attribute of mind, they say, * is
manifested in the direction of the
roots towards the soil which af-
fords them their most proper nour-
ishment, and in the direction of the
tender shoots and leaves towards
the light, which is likewise neces-
sary to their well-being. These
facts are admitted, but not the cons
sequence drawn from them.

it must indeed be allowed, that
vegetables do on some occasions act
as though possessed of volition, a-
voiding those things’ that are inju-
rious to them, and turning towards
those that are beneficial; thus ap-
pearing to act by choice, which
must be preceded by perceptivity,

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

a favour that nature has granted, I
think to the animal world alone.
The following are brought as ex-
amplest : .

A palm-tree twenty feet high,
growing upon the top of a wall,
straitened for nourishment in that
barren situation, directed its roots
down the side of the wall, till they
reached the ground ten feet below.
It has been amply repaid, say they,
for its trouble ever since, by plen-
ty of nourishment, and a more vi-
gorous vegetation has been the
consequence. On another . occa-
sion, a plant being placed in a dark
room, where light. was admitted
only through an aperture, put forth
its shoots towards the aperture,
which elongating passed through it ;
and this likewise was rewarded for
it trouble, by plenty of light and
free air.

That appearances so similar to
those that are observed in animals,
should be considered as. proceeding
from the same cause, viz. volition,
is not to be wondered at, when so
many of the inferior orders of ani-~
mals hardly possess so much of the
loco-motive faculty ; particularly by
men of warm imaginations, who,
prepossessed in favour of an opi-
nion, were grasping at every dis-
tant analogy to support it. Though,
as 1 have said, we are by no means
acquainted with the course of their
proper fluids (succi proprii), or
with the power: by which they are
moved, nor even can say by what
power it is that the fluids, which
are its food, are taken in: yet so
Yar we know, that here, as in the
animal economy, there is a con-
stant change and evolution of their

* Dr. Percival, Manehester Transactions. + Manchester Transactions.

fluids,

NATURAL

fluids, and that a constant supply
is necessary, without which they
soon perish. This supply, .so ne-
cessary, must -be taken in by ab-
sorption: and it is this act of ab-
sorption that I shall endeavour to
prove to be the efficient cause of
these motions in vegetables, and
thus exclude volition from having
any causation in these phenomena ;
for it is from their not having been
explained upon mechanical princi-
_ ples, that mind has been resorted
to. Mindis in general our last re-
source, when we fail in explaining
natural phenomena. I could wish
that physiologists were agreed upon
the kind of absorption which takes
place here, whether it be by active
open-mouthed vessels, which in the
common opinion takes place in the
animal economy, or by capillary at-
traction, which is the most general
opinion in the vegetable; but the
theory I shall offer to the consider-
ation of the Linnean Society will
agree with either.
_ The first consideration is—That
an inert fluid is in motion.

Secondly—That, possessing no
motion in itself, it owes this motion
to the plant. :

Thirdly—That as action and re-
action are equal, whilst the plant
draws the fluid towards itself, it
must be drawn towards the fluid,
and that in the reverse ratios of
their respective resistances.

Now whether this absorption be
performed by vessels acting as in
the animal economy, or by vessels
of the nature of capillary tubes, is
of little moment, provided only that
an absorption be admitted ; for it
is evident, that if action and re-
action be the same, the absorbed
fluids, which possess no motion in

HISTORY.

825
themselves, cannot be put in mo-
tion by the open-mouthed active
vessels, without being drawn in the
direction of the absorbed fluids.—
But should we prefer the theory
which explains this absorption by
capillary attraction, which theory
I think is the most prevalent, we
shall still find that the absorbing
vessels are drawn towards the fluid.
This is equally true as evident,
whether applied to that simple
hydraulic instrument, the | straw,
through which theschool-boy sucks,
or to the most complicated ma-
chine of the natural philosopher.—
These. principles will, I think, be
sufficient to explain those appear~
ances in vegetables which have
served as a foundation, or have
been considered as signs of their
perceptivity and volition, and which,
as far as I have learnt, have never
been attempted to be explained,
viz. the direction of their roots to-

wards the soil which affords them

the best nourishment, and the young
and tender shoots towards the light :
for here is an absorption of water
and light. The absorption of water
is easily ascertained; but that of
light, by its subtleness, eludes our
experiments, with probably many
other fluids of great importance to
the healthy state of the vegetable
world, But to make the connexion
more complete between the two
organic kingdoms, it has not only
been found that plants move ta-
wards their food like wise and intel-
ligent beings, but they likewise
turn aside from those soils, &c,
which are injurious to them, or at
least afford them but a scanty
nourishment. This is a deception :
it is only the immediate conse-~
quence of their motion towards

ba their

326

their nourishment ; for when the
root of a tree or plant changes its
course, on account of meeting with
a rock, or with a hard, stiff, and
barren clay, or other object that
does not afford it proper nourish-
ment, it is owing not to any dere-
liction of these objects, but to no
attraction from absorption acting in
that direction, but one froma more
favourable soil. The smallness of
the resistance of these fluids cannot
be urged against this theory: the
motion to be explained is only the
tendency of the nascent shoots, no
one having pretended that the solid
wood could alter its direction ; and
this power, however feeble, is al-
ways acting. I am not ignorant,
that these are not the only motions
which are thought to announce the
perceptivity of plants. The mo-
tions observed in the stamina and
other parts at the time of fecunda-
tiou, the spiral direction of the stems
of some, * the use of the cirrhi
of others, and the bursting of the
capsules, have all, with many other
powers, been thought to favour this
opinion. These are but powers
nature has bestowed upon them for
their preservation and production,
which can no more be considered
as the consequence of volition, than
the fall of ther leaves at stated pe-
riods, their growthand decay, which
have never been considered as the
consequence of mind, any more
than the increase er destruction of

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

animal hodies, the efficient cause of
which may for ever remain un+
known.

When all is considered, I think
we shall place this epinion amongst
the many ingenious flights of the
imagination, and soberly follow that
blind impulse which leads us natu-
rally to giye sensation and percep-
tivity to animal life, and to deny it
to vegetables ; and so still say with
Aristotle, and our great master
Linneus— Vegetabilia crescunt et
viunt ; animalia crescunt, vivunt, et
sentiunt.

Observations and inquiries made
upon and concerning the coal-
works at Whitehaven in the county
of Cumberland, in the year 1793.
By Joseph Fisher, M. D fellow
of the royal physical society in
Edinturgh. From the Trans-
actions of the Royal Irish Aca-
demy.

N the.neighbourhood of White-+

haven .are two coal-works or
collieries, called Howguill and
Whinguill. ‘The first lies on the
south-west part of the ‘town, and
the present works extend from the
town towards the south about two
miles and a half, reaching nearly to
the valley called Sandwith, and in
breadth about one mile and a half,
viz. from arivulet called the Pow-~
beck on the east side to about nine

“* I have read, and heard it more than once asserted, that the Lonicera and other
plants with thé cqulis voluéivés, which are twisted either dextrorsum or sinistrarsum,
can change this natural direction; so that when two Lonicere, or two branches of
the same Loniccra, meet, the one turns to the right, the other to the left, that they
may afford to each other a better support. This isa mistake, and, if true, would only
counteract the intention of nature, which is a mutual support; for this would pre-

Vent their uniting so firmly together.

Some of the cirrhi of the Bryonia, &c. turn

’ to the right, others to the left, but do not accommodate one another.

hundred

NATURAL

hundred yards under the sea to-
wards the west, making in area
about two thousand four hundred
acres. ‘This is the extent of the
present workings, and is asserted
to be the most extensive colliery in
Great Britain.

In this colliery are now discovered
five workable seams or bands of coal,
besides several smaller seams which
are not worth the working.

In the pit named King-pit, which
is the deepest pit in this colliery, or
in Great Britain, the first seam or
band is called the Crow-coal, which
is two feet two inches thick. It lies
at the depth of sixty yards.

The second seam o7 band is call-
ed the Yard-band, in thickness four
feet six-inches, and lies at the depth
of one hundred and sixty yards.

The third seam is called the Ban-
nock-band, about eight feet thick,
including two metals, which are
about twelveinchesthick. Itliesat
the depth of two hundred yards.

“The fourth seam is called the
Main or Prior-band, which is from
ten to twelve-feet thick, and about
two hundred and forty yards deep.

* The fifth seam is called the Six-
quarters coal, about iive feet thick.
Itlies at the depth of three hundred
and twenty yards. No part of this
last seam has been yet wrought.

What other seamslie below these
are yet unknown. No trial has
been made above twenty yards be-
low the fifth seam, which makes
the greatest perpendicular depth hi-
therto sunk to be three hundred
and forty yards below the earth’s
surface.

It would not be difficult to per-
ceive, before any coals were got,
that this tract of land contained

seams or bands of coa!, because the
Bannock or third seam, and the

Main-band or fourth seam, before
mentioned, have burst out, as it is
termed, at Whitehaven ; that ‘is,
they shew themselves. in ‘several
places on the sloping surface of the
earth, on the west side of the valley
leading from Whitehaven to St.
Bees. To the southward of this
colliery, these seams of'coal are also
thrown much nearer the surface by
what is called upcast dykes (words
which will be hereafter explained)
the largest of which is ‘about forty
yards. '

Ata pif called Wilson’s pit, which
is the most southern pit in this col-
lieryy the Main-band, or ‘fourth
seam, before-mentioned, lies’ only
about one hundred and forty yards
below the surface; whereas at
King-pit, as+ before stated, it lies
one hundred yards deepér, or about

‘two hundred and forty yards.

It appears, that at the first be-
ginning to work this colliery, a le-
vel or water-course has been driven
from the rivulet called Powbeck,
near the copperas-work, to the
south of the town about three hun-
dred yards.

The course of this level is to the
full dip or descent of the colliery,
which is nearly due west, until it
cuts or insects the Bannock-band,
or third seam of coal before-men-
tioned. © This level effectually
drained about three hundred yards
in length, and about one hundred
yards ae breath, water Jeve! course,
in this seam. ‘The extent of coals
thus drained is called a winning.
The depth of the pits in this win-
ning or extent is from twenty to
sixty yards.

The second winning or extent
drained, has been efiected by dri-
ving a level from the surface of the
Vowbeck, near a farmealled' Thick-

YA et,

328

et, farther southward than the first
winning, By continuing this level
to the westward, they have cut or
intersected the Main-band or fourth
seam before-mentioned, about four
hundred yards to the dip or west of
the outburst or appearance of this
€oal at the surface. .

This level drained about a thou-
sand yards in Jength, water level
course, and four hundred yards in
breadth, ordip and rise course ; and
also something more in breadth in
the Bannock-band seam of coal.

The coals obtained from these
two winnings or extents must have
been very considerable.

Atthat time the coals were drawn
out of the pits by men with jack-
rolls or windlasses, and laid up in
banks, from whence they were car-
ried to the ships upon the backs
of little horses in pack-loads, each
pack-load containing what is called
a Cumberland bushel, consisting
of twenty-four gallons, and each
weighing about fourteen stones.

Having obtained as much coal
as they could by these two levels,
the third winning was made at a
place now called Ginns, which is a
village or hamlet near Whitehaven
on the south-west.

Horizontal vertical wheels were
erected here, called Ginns, by
which they drew the coals with
horses out of the pits, which before
was done by men with windlasses
or jack-rolls.

A few houses being built here,
2n consequence, for the colliers aud
workmen, became a considerable
_ Village, now known by the name of
Ginns,

With these ginns or vertical
wheels both water and coals were
drawn from the pits; but drawing
the water thus, by horses and these

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

vertical wheels, became too expen-
sive, so that the coals drawn would
not pay for the expences incurred.
To remedy this, the late sir /ames
Lowther purchased the materials of
an engine in London, which had
been formerly used there for raising
water to supply the city. _ Report
says, that this was thesecond steam-
engine which was erected in Eng-
land. ‘The materials were sent in
a ship from London to White-
haven, where they were put toge-
ther and fixed upon a pit near
Ginns. The depth of this pit is
about fifty-six yards from the earth’s
surface tothe Main-bank, or fourth
seam of coals, This engine had a
copper boiler about ten feet in di-
ameter, with a lead top, a. brass
cylinder twenty-eight inches in the
diameter, and wooden pumps eight

‘inches in diameter, with a brass

working barrel.

As the number of pits was in-
creased the water augmented, until
at length it was judged necessary to
erect another engine with greater
powers than the first. By thesetwo
engines the water was drained from
a considerable extent of the Yard-
band, Bannock-band, and. Main-
band, seams of coals, which, being
thus laid water free, supplied the
town and export market for many
years.

The pit, called Parker's pit,
about half a mile from what is call-
ed the Staith, (a place to hold a
large quantity of coals) which is
near the harbour, was won in the
Yard-band seam by these engines.

It was from this pit that the first
waggon-way (as it is called) was
Jaid in this country, A waggon-
way is a road for a waggon with
four wheels to-run upon. It is
made with wood laid down fast

on each side of the road, at a pro-
per distance, for the solid iron
wheels of the waggon to move up-
on; the wheels are confined from
running off from the wood by a
protuberant rim of iron on the in-
terior side of each wheel. ‘The
road is made so as to have a gentle
descent along its whole length, so
that the loaden waggon runs from
the pit to the staith without any
horse to draw it ; where the descent
is so much that the motion would
be too quick, a man, who is mount-
ed behind the waggon, by pressing
down upon one wheel a piece of
wood, called the convoy, which is
fixed to the waggon for that pur-
pose, ean restrain the too rapid
motion and regulate it properly.

_ A horse is used to draw the empty
waggon back again to the pit from
the staith, by an easy ascent along
another similar waggon-way, laid
along the side of the former at about
three feet distance ; thus it is so
contrived, that the loaden and
empty waggons never meet or in-
terfere with each other.

The staith is a large wooden
building on the west side of the
town adjoining to the harbour and
covered in. In this staith are fixed
five hurries or spouts, at such a di-
stance from each other, that a ship
of three hundred tons burden can
lie under each hurry and receive a
loading at one time. ‘The staith is
about thirty-seven feet above the
level of the quay, and when the
wagons arrive there, the bottom of
each waggon is drawn out and the
coals are dropped from thence into
the hurry or spout under it, through
which they run down into the ship
Jaid below to receive her loading.
The hurries or spouts lie with an

NATURAL HISTORY.

$29

inclining slope of about. forty-five
degrees.

When there are no ships ready to
receive coals they are deposited in
the staith, which will contain about
six thousand tons, Dublin measure,
or three thousand waggon loads.
These coals thus deposited are once
more put into waggons and dropped
through the hurries or spouts into
ships, when there are more vessels
than the usual daily supply of coals
will load. There have been two
hundred waggon loads, or four
hundred Dublin tons, shipped from
the pits in one day, and an equal
quantity on the same day from the
staith, making-in the whole about
eight hundred tons, Dublin mea-
sure,

By the contrivance of waggons
and waggon-roads, one horse carries
as much coals at once as twenty-
four horses used to do upon their
backs before this invention.

The fourth winning or extent of
coal drained was made about eighty
years ago, at a place called Saltom
near the sea, about a mile south-
west of Whitehaven. This was a
very expensive undertaking ; it was,
however, deemed absolutely neces-
sary, as on the completion of tbis
depended the future success of this
colliery. A fire-engine was there-
fore erected here with a twelve feet
boiler, a cylinder forty inches in
diameter, and a pump seven inches
in diameter. ‘The pumps were di-
vided into four sets or lifts, the pit
being one hundred and fifty-two
yards in perpendicular depth. It
was perceived necessary, however,
a few years afterwards, to erect a
second steam-engine in this place,
of the same dimensions as the first,
because the water was increased

very

$30

very considerably by sinking several
new pits.

The fields of coal already drained
by these two engines have been ex-
plored from north to south about
three miles, and may probably be
extended about three miles more
when wanted. The coal now drain-
ed, and ready to be wrought in the
several working pits at present,
will serve for about twenty ycars,
according to the quantity now
drawn. Pits, however, being’ in
some time naturally exhausted, it is
thought prudent now and then to
drive what is called trial‘ drifts, in
order to explore the fields of coal,
and to find proper places where to
make new pits, when the same may
be wanted, :

* About twelve years” ago, these
two engines being nearly worn out,
a new one was erected at Saltom,
capable of drawing more water
than the two old ones. It has two
boilers, ‘each fifteen feet in diame-
ter, a cylinder seventy inches in
diameter, and a working-barrel ele-
ven inches and a half. It can draw
all the water in eight hours which
is produced in summer in twenty-
four hours, and in winter it requires
double that time as there is double
the quantity of water. This engine
was repaired about three years ago
at a very great expence, with a new
cylinder, new regulating beam,
and new cylinder and spring beams.
At this time it is admitted, by se-
veral professional men who have ex-
amined it, to be the best engitfe of
the size within the kingdom. Its
maximum in working is fifteen
strokes, each six feet and a half
long, in a minute; each stroke
draws twenty-seven gallons of wa-
ter, that is, four hundred and five

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

gallons per minute, or nine thou
sand two hundred and forty hogs=.
heads every hour.

All the bands 6r seams of coal in’
this culliery dip'or descend nearly
due west, sloping towards the ho-
rizon with a descent of one yard in
eight to ene in twelve, and the
seams are always and invariably

equally distant from each other,

whatever be ths depth. However,
though these seams of coal are thus
always equally distant from each
other, yet they are not ‘equally deep
from the earth’s surface. The seains,
as before-mentioned, constantly dip
or descend towards the west, and
rise towards the east, till at length
they shew themsélves in some places

on or near the earth’s surface.
Besides this general descent or
ascent, the seams are in some places
abruptly broken off by a bed of
stone or other matter of a consider-
able thickness, betwixt the coal,
and which there is generally a ca-
vity or hollow called at Whitehaven
a gut. When a seam of coal is
thus interrupted by the interposition
of other matter, the workmen know
that they will find the same seam
either above or below this place,
or, as they term it, they know that
the seam is thrown either upward
or downward. In order to know
whether the seam of coal will be
found above or below, they endea-
vour to discover which way the
stone or other separating matter
hangs orslopes. If it recedes from
the coal, sloping ever so little up-
wards, they conclude that the seam
of coal is thrown upwards (as they
call it), that is, in such a case the
seam is always found above the
break. If the slope be hanging
over the coals, sloping towards the
surface,

NATURAL

surface, then the seam of coal is
said to be thrown downwards, and
is found below the break. The real
fact is, that in some former time
there has been some great convul-
- sion of the earth, in which all the
superincumbent covering matter,
_ consisting of seams or beds of stone,
coals, or other materials, have been
moved upwards: in all such chasms
or breaks, leaving the seam or bed
of coal below, in one part, where
it was at the time the dreadful con-
vulsive motion happened. Hang-
ing over, and sloping upwards, or
- downwards, are only relative terms,
depending upon which side of the
interposed matter you arrive at.
Where any seam or field-coal seems
thus to end, the interposing matter
hangs or slopes one way on one
side of the matter, and the contrary
on the other side, so that the super-

coals, has been invariably thrown
upwards by the convulsion, whilst
the remaining part of the bed has
been left as it was before’ the mo-
tion. y

Whitehaven collieries abound
with what they there call Dykes,
that is, beds of stone of a consi-
derable thickness, which separate
one field of coal from another.
The principal ones run in a direc-
tion nearly east and west. They
dividé the seams of coal into fields,
as they are called, that is, separate
- tracts of coal almost like the fields
or inclosures of a farm. These
dykes or separations are very use-
ful, by restraining the water or in-
flammable air from flowing out of
any adjoining field of coal, where
no works are going on, into an-
other where men are working, un-
til it is found convenient to cut
through or work a new field.

HISTORY. 331

Without these dykes, it would fre~

“quently be very difficult to keep the

works from being overcharged with
water, but it is sometimes very
troublesome and expensive to cut
through them, being ofaconsiderable
thickness. Where the covering of
superincumbent matter is not of so
great a thickness, which is towards
the rise of the seam or field, there
pillars of coal are ‘left from five to
ten yards square, and the workings
are from three to four yards wide,
so that about one-half of the coal
is taken away, and the other half

‘left to support the earth above.

Where the coals lie from one hun-
dred and fifty to threehundred yards
deep, and especially where the coal
is drawn from under the ‘sea, the
pillars are left from sixteen to twen-
ty yards square, so that about one-
third part of the coal is taken, and
two-third parts are left to support
the roof.
Whitehaven colliery is not so
much loaden with water as the col-
lieries about Newcastle and other
flat countries are, where they are
not able, by what is called day
levels, to take away the top water,
called surface-seeds, as is practise
at Whitehaven. :
The coal-works at Whitehaven
have produced, and still do produce,
greater quantities of inflammable air,
commonly called damp, than any
other coalework known. This seems
to arise from the coal lying ata
greater depth below the level of the
sea than any other known colliery,
This observation holds invariably
true both here and about Newcastle,
that in all coal-works lying above
the level of the sea little or no in-
flammable air is perceived, except
in the guts of the dykes, that is, in
the cavities or hollows betwixt the

fields

832 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

fields of coal and the dykes or beds
of stone which separate the fields.
The quantity of inflammable air ap-

pears to bear proportion to the

depth of the works below the level
of the sea.

When they began tosink the coal-
pits at Whitehaven so deep that
coals were drawn from below the
level of the sea, inflammable air was
found in such quantities, that it fre-
quently took fire from the flame of
the candles used by the workmen
under ground, which caused violent
and dangerous explosions, by which
numbers of the workmen were
burned and maimed, and by which
several lost their lives, Mr. Sped-
ding, a late eminent engineer and
director of the coal-works at White~
haven, discovered that sparks pro-
duced from flint and steel were not
nearly so productive of these explo-
sions, by kindling the inflammable
air, as the flame of candles was. He
therefore contrived a machine, com-
posed so that by being turned about
by a wheel it struck a great number
of flints against steel ina perpetual
succession. This gives a light sufli-
cient for the workmen to work by
iysuch depths as the inflammable
air ‘abounds in, whereby the danger
is greatly abated. Without this or
some similar contrivance the deepest
coal-works would probably before
this have been totally given up, as
being so dangerous to the men em-
ployed.

It is now about one hundred and
fifty years since coals are supposed
to have been first raised here for ex-
portation. What the quantity ex-
ported has been at different periods
cannot now be well ascertained.

Within the last twenty years the ex-.

port trade has increased above one-
third part of what it now is. White-

haven colliery has produéed for a
few years last past from one hundred
thousand to one hundred and twenty
thousand tons, Dublia measure,
yearly. Two tons contain about a
chaldron and a quarter, London
measure. In general, a Whiteha-
ven waggon of coals contains twe
Dublin tons, each ton weighing
from twenty-one to twenty-two
hundred weight. The best coals
are invariably the lightest. One-
third part of the main band seam,
which lies in the middle thereof,
would, if separated, be as goad as
the best Newcastle coal. The bank
or bottom is worse in quality, but
when mixed, they are allowed to
be the best coals raised in the coun-
ty of Cumberland.

On thesouth-west side of White-
haven, in the part called Preston-
Isle, there appears to be coalenough
to supply exportation at the present
rate for near two hundred years to
come. There are three day holes,
called Bear-mouths, where the men
and horses go from the surface down’
a sloping cavern tothe works; they
are made into the different seams of
coal. By these entrances horses are
daily brought down to draw the
coals from the places where they
are hewn, in waggons, along a
waggon-way under the ground,
made as before-mentioned, to the
bottom of the respective pits, where
they are put into baskets, and drawn
perpendicularly up to the earth’s
surface by steam-engines, through
a space of near three hundred yards
in depth in some places. Each
engine performs what twenty-four
horses used to do formerly. The men
also walk up and down these caverns
to and from their work, which is
much easier and less troublesome
than being let down and drawn up

through

NATURAL HISTORY.

through the pits each night and

morning, which was formerly done.

In short, every thing is most won-

derfully contrived to save labour
and expence

On the similarity between the physio-
logy of plants and animals; from
Sulivan’s View of Nature, Se.

F the essence and properties of

life we are personally ignorant.
What life really is, seems too subtile
for our understandings to conceive,
or our senses to discern. All ani-
mals are endowed with sensation, or
at least with irritability, which last
has been considered as a distinguish-
ing character of animal existence,
We acknowledge sensation in orga-
nized bodies, when we perceive
they have organs similar to our own,
er when they act, in certain circum-
stances, in the same manner as we
act. If an organized being have
eyes, ears, a mouth, we naturally
conclude it enjoys the same sensa-
tions, as these organs convey to us.
If we see another being, whose
structure exhibits nothing analogous
to our organs of sensation, yet con-
tracting withrapidity when touched,
directing its body uniformly to the
light, seizing small insects with ten-
tacula, or a kind of arms, and con-
veying them to an aperture placed
at its anterior end, we hesitate not
to pronounce it to be animated.
Cut off its arms, deprive it of the
faculty of contracting and extend-
ing its body, the nature of this be-
ing will not be changed; but we
shall be unable to determine whether
it possesses any portion of life. This
is nearly the condition of the small
sections of a polypus, before their

$33

heads begin to grow. The wheel-
animal, the eels in blighted wheat,
and the snails recorded in the Philo-
sophical Transactions, afford in-
stances of every appearances of sen-
sation, and even of irritability, being
suspended, not for months, but for
several years, while yet the life of
these animals is not extinguished,
for they uniformly revive upon 2
proper application of heat and of
moisture. If, then, we have no
other criteria to distinguish life, than
motion, sensation, and irritability,
the animals just mentioned, conti-
nuing in a state for years, which
every man would pronounce to be
perfectly dead, life may probably
exist in many bodies which are coms
monly thought to be as inanimate
as stones.

Wherever there is a vascular sys-
tem, containing a moving nutritive
succus, there is life; and wherever
there is life, there may be, for aught
we can prove to the contrary, a more
or less acute perception. The same
kind of comparative reasoning, that
would exclude vegetables from the
faculty of perception, might equally
exclude from animality, those ani-
mals which are provided with the
most obtuse senses, when compared
with such as are furnished with the
most numerous, and most. acute.
The perception of man seems to
be infinitely greater, when com-
pared with that of coralines, sea-
pens, and oysters, than the percep-
tion of these, which are allowed to
be animals, when compared with
the signs of perception manisfested
by a variety of what are called ve-
getable. Should [ not rather cal}
one of the blooming, gentle, and af-
fectionate daughters of humanity,
the sister of the lily of the valley, or
of the rose, than of the muscle or

354

of the barnacle? Spunges open
_and shut their mamille ; corals, and
sea=pens, protrude, or draw back
their suckers; shell-fisk open or keep
closé their shells in search of food,
or avoidance of injury; and it is
from these muscular motions, we
judge the beings ito which they be-
bene to have perception, that is, to
-be animals,

In the vegetable kingdom, the
muscular motion of many plants may
be observed to be to the full as dea
finite and distinguishable, as those
of the class of animals just men-
tioned. The plants called Aelio-
trope, turn daily round with the
sun; by constantly presenting their
surfaces to that luminary, they seem
as desivous of absorbing a nutriment
from its rays, as a bed of oysters
does:from the water, by opening
their shells upon the afflux of the
tide. “The flores solares, are as uni-
form in their opening and shutting,
as animals are in their times of
feeding and digesting: some, in
these motions, do not observe the
seasons of the year, but expand and
shut up their flowers, at the same
hourin all seasons; others, like a va+
riety of insects, which appear or
not, according to the heat of the
weather or climate, open later in
the day, or do not open at all, when
ther ares removed from a southern
to amore northern latitude. ‘T're-
foil, wood sorrel, mountain ebony,
wild senna, the African marigold,
&c. are so regular in folding up their
leaves before rainy weather, that
they seem to have a kind of instinct
of foresight, similar to that of ants,
And what is still) more extraordi-.
nary, vegetables appear to be a sort
' of bygrometers, for in- several there
is found a contorsion of the fibres,
which answers, in every respect,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

this purpose. The fibres of thé
plants, being affected by the quality
of the air, the spiral part twists, or
untwists, as the weather yaries, and
that the degrees of dryness or mois-
ture of the atmosphere are to be
observed. Young. trees ina thick
forest are found to incline them-
selves towards that part through
which the light penetrate, as plants
are observed to do in a darkened
chamber, tewards a stream of light
let in through an orifice, and as the
ears of corn do towards the south.
The roots of plants are also known
to turn away with a kind of abhor
rence from whatever they meet
with which is hurtful to them ; and
to desert their ordinary direction,
and to tend with a kind of natural
and irresistible impulse towards col=
lections of waters placed within
their reach. Many plants expe-
rience convulsions of their stamina,
upon being slightly touched. What-
ever can produce any effect upon
an animal organ, as the impact of
external bedies, heat and cold, the
vapour of burning sulphur, of vola-
tile alkali, want of air, &c. is found |
to act also upon the plants called
sensitive. But, we will not insist
upon any farther instances of that
class) We have already noticed
many, which seem far superior in
quickness to those of a variety of
animals. Now, to refer the mus-
cular motions of shell-fish, and
zoophytes, to an internal principle
of volition ; to make these indica-
tive of the perceptivity of the be-
ing; and to attribute the more
notable ones of vegetables to cer-
tain mechanical dilatations and con-
tractions of parts; occasioned by
external impulse, is to err against
the rule of philosophising, which
assigns the same causes for effects id
the

NATURAL HISTORY.

the same kind. The motions, in
both cases, are equally accommo-
dated to the preservation of the
being to which they belong; are
equally distinct and uniform; and
should be equally derived from me=
chanism, or equally admitted as cri-
teria of perception. The genera-
_ tion, nutrition, organization, life,
health, sickness, and death of plants,
establish no discriminative charac-
teristic between them and animals.
A communication of sexes, in order
to produce their like, belongs to
certain vegetables, as well as to
certain animals. Expiration and
inspiration, a kind of larynx and
lungs, perspiration, imbibition, ar-

335

teries, veins, lactéals, and probably
a circulating fluid, appertain to ve=
getables, as well as to animals. Life
belongs alike to both kingdoms, and
seems to depend upon the same
principle in both. Both are inca-
pable-of assimilating to tHeir proper
substance, all kinds of food; for
fruits are found to taste of the soil,
just as the milk, and flesh, and bones,
and urine of animals, often give in~
dications of the particular pabulum
with which they have been fed.
Both die of oldage; from excess of
hunger or thirst ; from external in-
juries ; from intemperance of wea-
ther; or from poisoned food.

USEFUL

USEFUL PROJECTS.

Account of a method of curing Lurns
and scalds, by Mr. David Cleg-
horn, brewer in Edinturzh, com-
municated in three letters to John
Hunter, esq. F.R.S. surgeon-ge-
neral to the army, &c. and by
him to Dr. Simmons. From Me-
dical Facts. ©

Ma first application and most
powerful remedy is vinegar.
If the injury is on the fingers,
hands, or lower parts of the arms,
the application may very properly
be made by an immersion of the
parts. Formerly, I used also to
immerse the feet and lower part of
the legs, when injured, in a pail
containing vinegar: but, although
no material bad consequence ensued
from this practice, I found that,
by placing the legs in a perpendi-
cular posture, the sores were more
apt to swelland inflame, than when
they were laid up and supported in
an horizontal one, When there-
fore the feet or legs are injured,
or when the injury falls on the
thighs, the body, the face, or head,
where immersion would be incon-
venient or impracticable, the me-
thod I follow, (and which 1 find
very effectual) is to pour some vi-
negar into a plate or flateedged
dish, and to dip linen rags in the
vinegar, and lay them or let them

drip on the sores. This operation
of alternately dipping the rags and
laying them on the parts affected,
is repeated so quickly, that the
parts are kept constantly wet, or
rather overflowing, with the vine-
gar, and the plates areplaced so as
to receive or catch as much of it
as possible ; and I continue to use
what falls back again into. the
plates for some time, till it has be-
come somewhat vapid, when I
throw it out, and pour into the
plates a new supply of fresh vine-
gar. I have known two English
quarts of vinegar used in this way,
to a large scald on the legs in four
or five hours; and, if the sores
have a large surface, and are on
the body, under which the plates
cannot be so placed as to prevent
it from spilling, a larger quantity
still of the vinegar will be needed.
So cooling and grateful are the ef-
fects of this application, while any
considerable degree of pain or heat
remains, and so immediately does
the uneasiness return when it is too
early discontinued, that the patients
themselves seldom fail of giving
their active assistance in this ope-
ration of wetting the parts affected.

In slight or superficial injuries,
by which I mean such as are at-
tended with no excoriation, but
with pain, heat, or Bs ia

VSkF Ppa PROJ 2\C TS

and perhaps with small blisters, the
vinegar, if early and constantly ap-
plied, is sufficient to effect a cure
without any other application. | It
almost instantly gives relief, andin
two or three hours, and often ina
much shorter time, the patient will
be quite at ease. ‘The application
of the vinegar may then be inter-
mitted ; but, as some degree of pain
and heat may possibly return, and
if not attended to, might yet pro-
duce a sore, the vinegar must be
applied as often as any painful sen-
sation returns; and, to make sure,
it ought to be continued now and
then for a day after. In short, it
is always prudent, even in these
slight cases, tg use the vinegar long,
and in abundant quantities.

In most instances, such slight in-
juries, as those I now speak of, are
healed without ever breaking out
into a sore; if however, through
neglect of using the vinegar spee-
dily, or not continuing it long e-
nough, and in sufficient quantities,
from something peculiar in the pa-
tient’s constitution, or any other
cause, the injury should degenerate
into a sore, it will readily be heal-
ed by the application of chalk and
poultices in the manner. hereafter to
be mentioned.

In severe burns and scalds which
have recently happened, and which
are attended with large blisters,
excoriations, or loss of substance,
the vinegar must be constantly ap-
plied till the heat and pain nearly
cease, which.will happen in from
two to eight hours, according as
the injury is more or less severe.—
The sores must then be covered
with rags or cloths well wetted,
which, as often as they dry, or
any sensation of pain or heat re-
turns, must be wetted afresh with

VoL. XXXVI, °

337

the vinegar for two, three, or four
hours. _

In the worst cases I have ever
met with, the pain became tole-
rable soon after the vinegar was
applied; and in ten, or at most
twelve hours, the patients were so
much at ease, that in general they
fell into a sound sleep.

When I first began this practice,
I used to keep the wetted rags on
the sores, without any other ap-
plication, sometimes for two or
three days; but experience show-
ed me, that, after the pain and
heat peculiar to burns and scalds
were removed, the vinegar excited
smarting in the tender excoriated
skin, and was in fact of no farther
use; I therefore never employ it
longer than twelve hours, except-
ing on the parts round the edges,
or outside of the sores, which IL
foment with it for a minute or two
before the dressings to be after-
wards mentioned, as long as they
continue in any degree swelled or
inflamed.

The wetted rags being remoyed,
the sores must next be healed with
other applications; and the first
cressing | use, isa common poultice
made of bread and milk, with a
ittle sweet oil or fresh butter in it.
I lay the poultice close to the sore,
and use no gauze or cambric be-
tween them. The first dressing
should remain six, or at most eight
hours; and when it is removed,
the sores must be covered entirely
with chalk finely pounded or scra=
ped (for, instead of pounding the
chalk, I generally bold a lump of it
over the sores, and scrape it with
a knife upon them) till the powder
has absorbed the matter or ichor
from the sores, and appears quite
dry all over them; a fresh poultice

Z. is

338

is then laid over the whole, and
the same sort of dressing with chalk
and poultice is repeated morning
and evening till the sores are heal-
ed,
“Tn some cases, after the second
or third day, if the sores aré ona
part of the body where it is diffi-
cult to keep the poultice from
shifting, I use, instead of it, a plas-
fer, pretty thickly spread, of the
white lead ointment, through the
day, (covering the sores previously
with chalk), and chalk and poul-
tices through the night, as already
directed, also use the same kind
of white ointment, occasionally,
‘through the day, when I think the
constant renewal of poultices has
softened and relaxed the sores too
much ; a circumstance which, not-
withstanding the absorbent quality
of the chalk, will, at times, in some
degree, happen.
In cases where there are large
listers, before I apply the vinegar,
T open them with a pin or Jancet in
different parts, and gently press the
“water out of them with a linen
cloth. ‘Lhe intention of this is
to bring the vinegar to act more
closely upon the burnt flesh, and ¥
‘have found it to have an excellent
effect.
Whilst any of the skin of the
blisters remains on the sore, matter
will-form and lurk under it, which
cannot be reached and absorbed by
the chalk. New punctures, there-
fore, must be made at every dres-
‘sing, whenever matter (which must
be gently pressed out with a cloth)
is seen lurking 3 and as soon ‘as the
_skin has lost its tougliness, so much
that it can be separated: from the
sore without irritating it, which in
“general is the case on the second
_or thitd day, it-ought to be gently

ANNUAL REGISTER,

7946
and gradually picked off when thé

sores are dressed,
chalk instantly laid on to prevent
any bad effects the air might have
on sores in a state so highly eae
tible of injury.

In s€vere cases, or such as are
attended with excoriation or loss of
substanee, when the vinegar is not
applied within twenty- -four hours
of the time the aécidents happen,
it almost always gives considerable
pain; but, if the patient can en-
dure it, the sores may safely be
wetted all over for a quarter or half
an hour, or even much longer, The
smarting is no doubt a little irk-
some, but it ts worst at first, and,
at any rate, goes off immediately
upon discontinuing the vinegar, and

leaves the sores in a much cooler:

or less inflamed state. Hf the pa-
tient, however, cannot, or will not
bear the vinegar on the raw and
fender parts of the sore, } then
cover those parts close with a plas-
ter of the white ointment, and wet
all round them with the vinegar,
for a quarter or half an hour, of
longer The ointment is then taken
off, and the sores are covered with
the powdered chalk, and a poul-
tice laid over all ; and they are af-
terwards to be treated, in all re+
spects, till they heal, as the severer
sort of sores, to which the vinegar
has been early applied, are already
divected to be, after the pain and
heat have left them.

The vinegar I prefer, is that
made of the best white wine; but
auy sort that has enough of acid
will answer, provided there be no
admixture of any mineral acid. In
severe cases I generally warm the
vinegar before I use it, to nearly
blood- heat, especially in cold wea-
ther, and where a great deal of it

must

and plenty of

—

USEFUL PROJECTS.

Yust be employed. When it is
applied cold, and in great quanti-
ties, it is apt to bring on a chill-
ness and shivering, which I have
always removed readily by wet-
ting the feet wita cloths dipped in
warm water, and giving the patient
a litte warm wate: to drink, with
some spirits added to it, so as to
‘be rather stronger than good punch.
If the arms or hands are badly in-
jured, I keep them, during the
cure, always slung; and, if the legs,
I endeavour to support them so as
to procure as much ease to the pa-
tient as possible.

Besides many people scalded, with
boiling water, &c. I have cured a
variety of burns, occasioned by
melted lead and brass, liquid pig
iron, red-hot bar iron, the flames
‘of spirits, burning coals, linen, &c.
quick lime, and by the explosion
of gunpowder; and there is no
part of the body that one or other
of my patients has not been burnt
or scalded on.

One child, in going backwards,
“was thrown down by a pot stand-
ing on the floor, newly takén off
the fire, and almost full of boiling
broth, and fell into, or rather sat
down in it, and scalded in a very
bad manner his anus, scrotum, and
parts adjacent; but was healed in
a surprisingly short time, the vine-
gar having been early applied : aud
a blacksmith once was relieved and
cured, who wasin great agony from
a spark of hot iron which flew into
his eye from a piece he was strik-
ing on an anvil. In this case, the
vinegar was diluted with water to
one-half of its strength, and the
“patient let some of it into the eye.
He also kept the eye shut, and
bathed it with vinegar of a full
strength.

839

In what manner my applications
act, so as to prevent marks and
scars, I do not pretend to explain ;
but I uniformly observed that, when
used in time, they entirely check
suppuration in all slight cases, and
that even in many severe ones, pus
or matter is hardly ever seen. In
deep burns too, attended with loss
of substance, the discharge miust
appear astonishingly little to those
who have been accustomed to see
sores cured in the ordinary way.—
It has been commonly remarked,
that burns and scalds spread or en=
large for eight or ten days; but,
with my treatment, they visibly en-
large from the beginning. The
new skin begins to form round the
extremities of even a bar sore,
sometimes so early as the second
day ; and in the middle, where
there has been a loss of substance,
the new flesh shoots up from the
bottom with rather a fungous ap-
pearance, the surface of it be-
ing unequal, somewhat resembling
heads of pins, or the candying of
honey (but of a flesh colour), and
continues gradually to grow till it
rises to the height of the sound
flesh aroundit, when the skin forms
at once without incrustation.—
When I began the practice, indeed,
(1 do not speak of the face, my
treatment of it, and the effects there-
of having always been much the
same,) I used the vinegar in bad
cases much longer than I do now,
and did not apply the poultices for
twenty-four hours, or oftentimes
more; a dry scab, stained by ‘the
vinegar of a black ink-colour (easily
accounted for), would then form
over all the excoriated places,
and under it there was always
matter. The poultices which were
then applied, brought off the

Z2 scab

340

_ scab generally in a lump. the third
or fourth dressing,.and a.very ten-
der bleeding sore. was thus expo-
sed, which 1 instantly laid very
thick over with scraped chalk and

‘ poultices. After this, the very same
method was observed which I now
follow, and the sores healed with-
out a second seab or, incrustation,
and. without. mark,or scar, as they
do now. As I know little of the-
ories, I cannot say, whether these
circumstances. when duly consider-
ed, will confirm or contradict, or
throw any new light on the re-
ceived opinion, concerning the use
of suppuration in. the production
of new flesh; but this I can safely
afirm, that I bave neither advan-
ced any thing that has not actually
happened in the course of my long
experience ; nor,have I exaggera-
ted, to my knowledge, any of the
circumstances of the cases I have
related, as I trust, you will in, due
time be convinced of fzorn your own
experience.

With regard to diet, I allow my
patients to eat boiled or roasted
fowl, or, in short, any plain dress-
ed, meat they like; and I do not
object to their taking (with mode-
ration however) wine, water and
spirits, ale, or porter. My appli-
cations, as have been. already ob-
served, allay, pain and inflamma-
tion, and also always either pre-
vent or remove feverisiness ; and
as at the same.time. (if one may
judge from their effects) they have
powerful antiseptic virtues : I have
never had occasion. to order bark,
or any internal-medicine) whatever,
and Ihave, only once thought it
necessary- to.let blood. When a
patient is. costive, I order boiled
pot barley and prunes, or some
other laxative nourishing food, and

ANNUAL) REGISTER, 1794.

sometimes an injection, but never
any purgatives,, It.is distressing for
a patient with bad sores,to, be of-
ten going to stool. ..Besides, I re-
marked that weakness and langour
(which never in my opinion basten
the cure of any -sore) are always
brought on more or less by, purga-

tives. . From the effects too L have
felt them have on. myself, and ob-
served them to have,on others,
they do not seem fo me to have so
much tendency to remoye.heat and
feverisbness as is generally imagin-
ed ; and I suspect that, contrary to
the intention of administeringthem,
they oftener carry oft useful humours
than hurtful ones, But 1 am going
out of my depth, and exposing my-
self to criticism, by speaking on a
subject that I surely must.be very
ignorant of ; I will, therefore,. re-
turn to my vinegar. Ihave al-
ready said, that I, always prefer
wine vinegar, when. itis to be had,

1 have however, used, with very

good eflect, vinegar made of sugar,
gooseberries, and even alegar; but
whichever of them is taken, it ought
to be fresh and lively tasted.

I once made some trials (on a
burn I met with myself) of oil of
vitriol diluted with water, and of
different degrees of strength; but
I found its effects to be the very

everse of vinegar, for it increased

the pain and ‘heat even when it
was pretty much diluted. I make
no coubt, that. distilled vinegar
might do; but since the common
sort, when fresh and good, has in
every case been so efficacious, there
seems to be no occasion to attempt
improving upon it; and, as acids
are of a pungent penetrating na-
ture, perhaps it would not be safe
to apply one too strong to araw
and tender sore. Even the com-

mon

USEFUL

mon’ vinegar, only by being used

«too cold, afiected two of my pa-

-tents with tremblings and chilli-

ness, which alarmed me a good deal.
I removed these symptoms indeed

»(as I betore-mentioned) very rea-

dily, by warming the patient’s fect
with cloths dipped in warm water,
and giving them warm water .and
Spirits to drink; but ever since I
. have beencareful to use precautions
against the like symptoms, particu-
larly in cold weather, by warming
the vinegar alittle, placing the pa-
tients near a fire, giving them some-
thing warm internally, and; in short
by keeping them in every respect in
a comfortable condition.
In any slight case it is not neces-
sary to heat the vinegar, and seldom
in severe ones, if the injury is on the
hands or face. - Were it not for the
chilling effects, it ought to be used
cold. on every part, because heating
weakens it, and hastensits becoming

_ vapid duringthe application; when

used warm, it must, therefore be
the oftener thrown out and replaced

_ with a fresh supply.

_If the vinegar is introduced into
hospitals, tubs (resembling bathing
tubs, but shallower) ihat would hold
a patient at full length would be
useful in cases of universal burns
and scalds. A mattress, or some-
thing soft, should be made to fit the
tub, and the patient ought to be
extended on it, and as much warm
vinegar poured into the tub as
would wet al] the under part of the
body and the sides, and the upper
part might be wetted with cloths.
1 never met with sucha case ; but
from the success 1 have uninter-
ruptedly had, [ should not be a-
fraid of undertaking almost any
case.

ie 6 aR a

oe ae 841

Account. of acurious chirurgical ope-
ration, long practised indndia with
success, of affixing a new nose on a
man's face, g

OW ASJEE, aMahratta, ofthe
cast of husbandmen, was a
bullock-driver with the English ar-
my in the war of 1792,. and was
made.a prisoner by Tippoo, who
cut of his nose and one of his
hands, In this state, he joined the

Bombay army near Serivgapatam,

and is now,a pensioner of the ho-

nourable East-Indiacompany. . For
above twelye months he remained
without.a nose, when he hada new
one put on by a man of the brick-
maker cast, near Poonah. Thiso-
peration is notuncommon in India,
and has been practised from timeim-
memorial, Two of the medical gen-
tlemen, Mr. Thomas Cruso, and
James Trindlay, of the Bombay
presidency, have seen it performed,
as follows: a thin plate of wax is
fitted to the stump of the nose, so
as to makea nose of agood appear-
ance. If is ther flattened, and Jaid
ou-the forehead... A ‘line is drawn
round the wax, and the operator
then dissects off as much skin as it
covered, leaving undivided a small
slip between the eyes. ‘This slip
preserves the circulation till an
union has taken place between the
new and old parts. The cicatrix
of the stump. of the nose is next
pared off, and immediately behind
this raw part an incision is made

through the skin, which passes a-

round both a/@, and goes along the

upper lip. Lhe skin is now brought
down from the forehead, and, being
twisted half round, its edge is in-

serted into this incision, so that a

nose is formed with a doubie_hold

Z8 ) above,

$42. ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

above, and with its ale and septum
below fixed in the incision. A lit-
tle terra japonica is softened with
water, and being spread on slips of
cloth, five or six of these are placed
over each other, to secure the join-
ing. No other dressing but this
cement is used for fourdays. Itis
then removed, and cloths dipped in
ghee (a kindot butter) are applied.
The connecting slips of skin are di-
vided about the 25th day, when a
little more dissection is necessary to
improve the appearance of the new
nose. For five or six days after the
operation, the patient is made to lie

on his back ; and, on thetenth day, -

bits of soft cloth are put into the
nostrils, to keep them sufficiently
open. This operation is very ge-
nerally successful. The artificial
nose is secure, and looks nearly as
well as the natural one ; nor is the
scar on the forehead very observable
after a length of time.

An account of some experiments upon
coloured shadows. By lieutenant-
general sir Benjamin Thompson,
ccunt of Rumford, F. R.S. Ina
letter tosir Joseph Banks, Laronet,
JEM Is: S. from the Philosophical

Transactions,
Dear sir,

QINCE my Jast letter, being em-
XJ ployedin the prosecution of my
experiments uponlight, | was struck
with a very beautiful, and what to
me appeared to be a new appear-
ance. Desirous ef comparing the
intensity of the light of a clear sky,
by day, with that of a common wax
candle, { darkened my room, and
letting the day-light trom the north,
coming through a hole near the top

of the window-shutter, fall at an
angle of about 70° npon a sheet of
very fine white paper, I placed a
burning wax candle in such a posi-
tion, that its rays fell upen the same
paper, and as near as I could guess,
in theline of reflection of the rays of
day-light from without ; when in-
terposing a cylinder of wood, about
half an ineh in diameter, before the
centre of the paper, and at the dis-
tance of about two inches from its
surface, I was much surprised to
find that the twoshadows projected
by the cylender upon the paper, in=
stead of being merely shades without
colour, as I expected, the one of
them, that which corresponding
with the beam of day-light, was
illuminated by the candle, was yels
low ; while the other, correspond.
ing to the light of the candle, and
consequently illuminated by thelight
of the heavens, wasofthe most beau
tifal d/wethat it was possible to imas
gine. ‘This appearance, which was
not only unexpected, but was really

in itselfinthe highest degreestriking

and beautiful, I found, upon repeats
ed trials, and after varying the ex-
periment iu every way Icould think
of, to be so perfectly permanent,
that is is absolutely impossible to
produce two shadows at the same
time frora the same body, the one
answering. to a beam of ‘day-light,
and the other to the light of a can-
dleor Jamp, without these shadows
being colcured, the one yellow, and
the oiher Llue. ‘
The experiment may very easily
be made at any time by day, and
almost in any place, and even by
a person not in the least degree
versed in experimental researches.
Nothing more is necessary for that
purpose than to takea burning can-
dje into a darkened rcom in the day
time,

)

TS ELE LPR OIE, C.1 Ss.

time, and open one of the window-
shutters a little, about half or three
quarters of an inch for instance;
when the candle being placed upon
a table or stand, or given to an
assistant to hold, in such a situation
that the rays from the candle may
‘meet those of day-light from with-
out, at an angle of about 40°, at
the surface of a sheet of white pa-
per, held in a proper position to re-
ceive them, any solid opaque body,
a cylinder, or even a finger, held
before the paper, at the distance of
two or three inches, will project
two shadows upon the paper, the
one blue, and the other yellow.
If the candle be brought nearer
‘to the paper, the blue shadow will
become of a deeper hue, and the
yellow shadow will gradually grow
fainter; but if it be removed farther
off, the yellow shadow will become
of a deeper colour, ‘and “the
blue shadow will become faint-
er; and the candle remaining
_ Stationary in the same place, the
same varieties in the strength of the
fints of the coloured shadows may
be produced merely by opening the
window-shuttera little more or less
and rendering the illumination of
the paper by the light from without
stronger or weaker. By either of
hese 1 means, the coloured shadows
may be made to pass throuzh all the
gradations of shade, trom the d eep-
est to the lightest, and vice versa ;
and it is not : a little ansusing fo see
shadows, thus glowing with al! the
brilliancy of the purest and most in-
tense prismatic colours, then passing

suddenly through al! the varieties of

shade, preserving in all the most per-
fect purity of tint growing stronger
and fainter, and vanish ng and re-
turning at command.

With respect to the causes of the
colours af these shadows, there is

$43

no doubt but they arise from the dif-
ferent qualites of the light by which
they are illuminated ; but how they
are produced, does not appear to
meso evident. That the shadow

"corresponding to the beam of day-

light, which is illuminated by the
yellow light of a candle, should be
of a yellowish hue, is not surpising :

but why is the shadow correspond-
ing to the light of the candle. and
which is illuminated by no other
light than the apparently white light
of the heavens, @/ue? I at first
thought that it might zrise from the
blueness of the sky; but finding that
the broad day-light, reflected from |
the roof a neighbouring house co-
vered with the whitest new fallen
snow, produced the same blue co-
jour, and, if possiple, of a still more
beautiful tint, I was obliged to
abandon that opinion.

To ascertain with some degree of
precision the real colour of the light
emitted by a candle, I placed a
lighted wax candle, well trimmed,
in the open air, at mid-day, at a
time when the ground was deeply
covered with new fallen snow, and
the heavens were overspread with
white clouds; when the flame of
the candle, far from being white, as
it appears to be when viewed by
night, was evidently of a very de-
cided yellow colour, not even ap-
proaching to whitness. The flame
of an Argand’s lamp, exposed-at the
same time in the open air, appeared
to be of the same yellow hue, But
the most striking manner pf shewing
the yellow hue of the light emitted
by Jamps and candles, is by ex~
posing them in the direct rays of a
bright meridian sun. In that situa-
tion the flame of an Argard’s lamp,
burning with its oreatest brilliancy,
appears in the forin of a dead yel-
low semi-transparent smoke, How

ZA tran-

544

transcendantly pure and inconceiv-
ably bright the rays of the sun are,
when compared to the light of any
of our artificial illuminators, may be
gathered from the result of this ex-
periment.

It appearing to me very probable,
that the difference in the whiteness
of the two kinds of light, which
were the subjects of the foregoing
experiments, might, some how or
other, be the occasion of the diffe~
rent colours of the shadows, I at-
tempted to produce the same effects
by employing two artificial lights of
difterent colours ; and in this I suc-
ceeded completely.

In a room previously darkened,
the light from two burning wax
candles being made to fall apon the
white paper ata proper angle, in
order to form two distinct shadows
of the cylinder, these shadows were
found not to be the least colour-

ed; but upon interposing a pane of
yellow glass, approaching to a faint
orange colour, before one of the
candles, one of the. shadows imme-
diately became yellow, and the other
blue. When two Argana’s lamps
were made use of instead of the
candles, the result was the same ;
the shadows were constantly and
very deeply coloured, the one yel-
low approaching to orange, and the
other blue approaching to green.
I imagined that the greenish cast of
this blue colour was owing either to
the want of whiteness of, the one
light, or to the orange hue of the
other, which it acquired from the
glass.

When equal panes of the same
yellow glass were interposed before
both the lights, the white paper
took anorange hue; but the shadows
were, to all appearance, without
the least tinge of colcur ; but two

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

panes of the yellow glass being af
terwards interposed before one of
the lights, while only one pane re-
mained before the other, the colours
of the shadows immedi.tely re-
turned.

The result of these experiments
having contirmed my suspicions, that
the colours of the shadows arose
from the different degrees of white-
ness of thetwo lights, I now endea-
voured, by bringing day-light to be
of the same yellow tinge with can-
die-light, by the interposition of
sheets of coloured glass, to prevent
the shadows being coloured when
day-light, and candle-ligbt were tos
gether the subjects of the experi-
ment; and in this J succeeded. I
was even able to reverse the colours
of the shadows, by causing the day-
light to be of a deeper yellow. than
the candle-light. In the course of
these experiments I observed that
different shades of yellow given to
the day-light producedvery different
and often quite unexpected effects :
thus one sheet of the yellow glass
interposed before the beam of day-
light, changed the yellow shadow
to a lively violet colour, and the
blue shadow to a light green; two
sheets of the same glass nearly de-
stroyed the colours of both the sha-
dows; and three sheets changed the
shadow which was originally yellow
to blue, and that which was blue to
a purplish yellow colour, p

When the beam of day-light was |
made to pass through a sheet of blue
glass, the colours of the shadows,
the yellow as well as the blue, were
improved and rendered in the high-
est degree clear and brilliant ; but
when the blue glass was placed be-
fore the candle, the colours of the
shadows were very much impair-
ed,

otha

In order a see what would be
the consequence of rendering the
candle light of a still deeper yellow,
I interposed before it a sheet of
yellow or rather orange-coloured
giass, when a very unexpected and
most beautiful appearance took
place; the colour of the yellow
shadow was changed to orange, the
blue shadow remained unchanged,
and the whole surface of the paper
appeared to be tinged of a most
beautiful violet colour, approaching
to a light crimson or pink ; almost
exactly the same hue as I have often
observed the distant snowy moun-
tains and valleys of the Alps to take
about sunset. Is it not more than
probable, that this hue is in both
cases produced by nearly the same
combinations of coloured light? in
the one case, it is the white snow
illuminated at the same time by the
purest light of the heavens, and by
the deep yellow rays from the west;
and in the other, it is the white pa-
per illuminated by broad day-light,
and by the rays from a burning can-
dle, rendered still more yellow by
being transmitted through the yel-
low glass. The beautiful violet co-
lour which spreads itself over the
surface of the paper will appear to
the greatest advantage, if the pane
of orange-coloured glass be held in
such a manner before the candle,
‘that only a part of the paper, half of
‘it for’ instance, be afiected by it,
the other half of it remaining

white.

To make these experiments with
moreconyenience, the paper, which
may be about 8 or 10 inches square,
should be pasted or glued down upon
a flat piece of board, furnished with
a ball and socket upon the hinder
side of it, and mounted upon astand,
and the cylinder should be fastened

PFUL Poo e eC 1S.

545

to asmall arm of wood, or of metal,
projecting forward from the bottom
of the board for that purpose. A
small stand, capable of being higher
or lower as the occasion requires,
should likewise be provided for sup-
porting the candle; and if the board
with the paper fastened upon it be
surrounded with a broad black
frame, the experiments will be so
much the more striking and beauti-~
ful. For still greater convenience,
1 have added two other stands. for
holding the coloured glass through
which the light is occasionally made
to pass, in its way to the white sur-
face upon which the shadows are
projected. It will be hardly ne-
cessary to add, that in order to the
experiments appearing to the oreat~
est advantage, all light, which is
not absolutely necessary to the ex-
periment, must be carefully shut
out

Haying fitted up a little appara-
tus according to the above direc-
tions, merely for the purpose of pro-
secuting these inquiries respeciing
the coloured shadows, I proceeded
to make a great variety of experi-
ments, some with pointed views,
and others quite at random, and
merely in hopes of making some ae«
cidental discovery that might lead
to a knowledge of the causes of ap-
pearances which still seemed to me
to be enveloped in much obscurity
and uncertainty.

Having found that the shadows
corresponding to two like wax can-
dles were coloured, the one blue,
and the otheryellow, by interposing
a sheet of yellow glass before one
of them ; | now tried what the ef-
fect would be when blue glass was
made use of instead of yellow, and
I found it to be the same ; the sha-
dows were still coloured, the one

blue

346

blue, and the other yellow, with
the difference, however, that the
colours ofthe shadows werereversed,
that which, with the yellow glass,
was before yellow being now blue,
and that which was blue being
yellow.

I afterwards tried a glass of a
bright amethyst colour, and wassur-
prized to find that the shadows still
continued to be coloured blue and
yellow The yellow, it is true,
had a dirty purple cast? but. the
blue, though a little inclining to
green, was nevertheless a clean,
bright, decided colour.

Having no other coloured glass at
hand to push these particular inqui-
ries farther, I now removed the
candles, and opened two holes in
the upper parts of the window-
shutters of two neighbouring win-
dows, I let into the room from
above twe beams of light from diffe-
rent parts ofthe heavens, andplacing
the instrument in sucha manner that
two distinct shadows were projected
by the cylinder upon the paper, I
was entertained by a succession of
very amusing appearances. The
shadows were tinged with an infi-
nite variety of theniost unexpected,
and often most beautiful colonrs,
which continually varying, some-
times slowly, and sometimes with
inconceivable rapidity, absolutely
fascinated the eyes, and command-
ing the most eager attention, afford-
ed an enjoyment as pew as it was
bewitching. It was a windy day,
with flying clouds, and it seemed as
if every cloud that passed brought
with it another complete succession
of varying hues, and most harmo-
nious tints. If any colours could be
said to predoninate it was purples ;
but all the vacieties of browns, and
almost all the other colours I ever

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1704

remembered to have seen, appeared
in their turns, and there were even
colours which seemed to me to be
perfectly new.

Reflecting upon the great var ‘ety
of colours observed in these last ex-
periments, many of which did not
appear to have the least relation to
the apparent colours of the light by
which they were produced, I began
to suspect that the colours of the
shadows might, in many cases, not=
withstanding their apparent brilli-
ancy, be merely an optical decep-
tion, owing to contrast, or to some
effect of the other neighbouring co-
lours upon the eye. To determine
this fact by a direct experiment, I
proceeded in the following manner,
Having, by making use of a flat
ruler instead of the cylinder, con-
trived to render the shadows much
broader, I shut out of the room
every ray of day-light, and prepared
to make the experiment with twe
Argand’s lamps, well trimmed, and
which were both made to burn with
the greatest possible brilliancy; and
having assured myself that the light
they emitted was precisely of the
same colour, by the shadows be-
ing perfectly colourless which ci.
pr ‘ojected upon the white paper, {
directed a tube about 12 inches
Jong, and near an inch in diameter,
lined with black paper, against the
centre of one of the broad shadows ;
and Jooking through this tube with
one eye, while the other was closed,
I kept my attention fixed upon the
shadow, while an assistant repeated
ly interposed a sheet of yellow glass
before the lamp whose light corres
ponded to the shadow I observed,
and as often removed it. The re-
sult of the experiment was very
striking,and fully confirmed my sus~
picions with respect to the fallacy

of many of the appearances in the
foregoing experiments. So far from
pei1g able to observe any change in
the shadow upon which my eye was
fixed, I was not able even to tell
hen the yellow glass was before
helamp, and when it was not: and
hough the assistant often exclaimed
at the striking brillancy and beauty
f the blue colour of the very sha-
ow I was observing, I could not
Hiscoyer in it the least appearance of
any colour at all. But as soon as I
emoved my eye from the tube, and
‘Jeontemplated the shadow with al
ts neighbouring accompaniments,
he other shadows rendered really
yellow by the effect of the yellow
lass, and the white paper which
ad likewise from the same cause
acquired a yellowish hue,theshadow
in question eppeared tome, asit did
fo my assistant, of a beautiful blue
lour. I afterwards repeated the
ame experiment with the apparent-
ly blue shadow produced in the ex-
riment with day-light andcandle-
ight, and with exactly the same
esult.

How far these experiments may
nable us to account for the appa-
rent blue colour of the sky, and the
great variety of colours which fre-
quently adorn the clouds, as also
what other usetul observations may
be drawn from them, I leave to
philosophers, opticians, and painters,
todetermine. Inthe meantime I
believe it is a new discovery, at
Jeast it is undoubtedlya very extra-
ordinary fact, that the eyes are not
always to be believed, even with
respect to the presence or absence of
colours.

I cannot finish this letter without
mentioning onecircumstance, which
struck me very forcibly in all these
experiments uponcoloured shadows,

US E20. Ly «PRO ECT S.

947

and thatis, the most perfect har-
mony which always appeared to sub-
sist between the colours, whatever
they were, of the two shadows ;
and this harmony seemed to me to
be full as perfect and pleasing when
the shadows were of different tints
of brown, as when one of them was
‘blue and the other yellow. In
short, the harmony of these colours
was in all cases not only very strik-
ing, but the appearances were al-
together quite enchanting ; and I
never found any body to. whom [
showed these experiments whose
eyes were not fascinated with their
bewitching beauties. It is, how-
ever, more than probable, that a
great part of the pleasures which
these experiments afforded to the
spectators arose from the continual
changes of colour, tint, and shade,
with which the eye was amused,
and the attention kept awake. We
are used to seeing colours fixed and
unalterable, hard as the solid bodies
from which they come, and just as
motionless, consequently dead, un-
interesting, and tiresome to theeye;
but in these experiments all is mo-

tion, life, and beauty. P
It appears to me very probable,
that a farther prosecution of these
experimentsupon coloured shadows
may not only lead to a knowledge
of thereal nature of the harmony of
colours, or the peculiar circum-
stances upon which that harmony
depends: but that it may also en-
abie us to construct instruments for
produciig that harmony, for the
entertainment of the eyes, in a man-
ner similar to that in whichthe ears
are entertained by musical sounds.
I know that attempts have already
been made for that purpose ; but
when | consider the means employ-
ed, Lam not surprizedthat they did
not

348

not succeed. Where the flowing
tide, the varying swell, the crescen-
do is wanting, colours must everre-
main hard, cold, and inanimate
masses,
I am very sorry that my more se-
rious occupations do not at present
_ permit me to pursue these. most en-
tertaining imquiries... Perhaps at
some future period I may findicisure
to resume them.
Iam, &c.
Munich, 1st March, 1793.

Specification of the patent granted to
Joseph Greene, of Westhiil, in the
parish of Wandsworth, Surrey,
gentleman ; for his invention and
method of warming rooms, and
buildings, with hot air of a more
“pure quality than has hitherto been

\ used, From the Repertory of Arts
and Manufactures.

Dated December 9, 1793.

T O all to whom these presents
: shall come, &c. &c. Now

know ye, that I, the said Joseph
Greene, in pursuance of, and in
compliance with, the said proviso
in the said letters patent, do hereby
describe and ascertain the nature of
the said invention, and in what
manner the same is to be perform-

ed, as follows, that is to say, the |

‘principle on which my invention is
founded is the heating air, for the
purpose of warming buildings, by
means of hollow vessels, or pipes,
immersed in hot water or steam,

- whereby too great a degree of heat
is avoided, and the air remains un-
burnt, and fit for respiration; and
T provide a boiler made, of iron,
copper, or other fit materials, with

a cover fastened thereto. Within

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

‘ building proposed to be warmed.

the boiler I fix a hollow vessel or
worm, and sometimes several such |
vessels or worms, made of lead, cop-
per, earthenware, or other proper.
materials ; and into.each of these
hollow vesselsor worms I introduce |
the external or open air, by. the |
medium of a pipe, which I make |
to pass through a convenient part |
of the boiler, firmly soldered or ce-_
mented into it; and which pipe T |
communicate with the said vessels |
or worms. The boiler may be fixed |
in the ordinary manner in any of
the lower apartments, or other con-
venient part of the house or build- }
ings; or it may be fixed behind a
stove or grate, so as to be heated by
means of acommon fire, in any of
the rooms, and the size of it should
be regulated by the extent of the

From the hollow vessels or worms
above-mentioned, pipes of any of
the above-mentioned materials are”
fixed and carried inthe most con-
venient manner, to the different
rooms, or parts of the buildings, to /
which the warm air.is to be) con-
veyed. To these pipes are ‘fixed |
cocks or sliders, in order. to admit
or prevent the introduction of the”
warm air intoany particular room or
place; and in some convenient part ©
of the pipes I place a shifting valve, |
or self-acting cock,, to prevent the ©
bursting of the boiler, or pipes, by |
the force of the steam. The boiler —
being in part filled with water, a_
fire is lighted in the furnace, and)
the water made to boil, or brought |
to such a degree-of heat as may be |
found necessary; by this heat the air —
contained in the hollow vessels or
worms before-mentioned, being ra~ |
rified and warmed, wall ascend, and)
is to be admitted, by means of the |
above-mentioned cocks or sliders,

)

.
y

USEFUL PROJECTS.

or by any other convenient mode,

into the several apartments to be

warmed. When the rooms are at
too great a distance from the boiler
to be warmed by single pipes, then,
in ordey to prolong the direction of
the heat, I either inclose the pipes,
through which the warm air is
conyeyed, in larger pipes, to which
the steam rises from the boiler, or
Lintroduce the warm air into the
larger, and the steam into the smull-
er, pipes ; by which means the air-
pipes are prevented from growing
cool, so soon as they would do if
they were exposed to the action of

_ the open air. [ also in certain cases,

where I judge it proper and more
convenient, place my air-vessel or
worm in a vessel distinct from the

_ boiler, but still bavinga conimunica-

tion therewith for the steam from
the boiler to pass, and thus heat the
air vessel or worm by means of
steam only; by the above process

- too great a degree of heat is avoid-

ed, andthe air remains anburnt,
and fit for respiration. In witness
whereof, &c.

On the method of making instruments
of elasticgum,withthe bottles that:
are lrought from Brazil, by M.
Grossart a Chirly). From the An-
nales de Chimie.

AOUTCHOUG, or elastic

gum, is a substance which has

engaged the attention of philoso-

phers ever sinec it has been known.

Its singular elasticity, its flexibility,
and the little action most substances
haye upon it, have caused it to be
considered as very valuable for

“many purposes, particularly in the

art of surgery. But it has hitherto
been impossible to procure instru-

$49

ments of this substance, inasmuch
as almost the whole quantity of ca-
outchoucbronghtinto Europecomes
from Brazil already fashioned into
bottles, birds, or other figures ; this
has rendered its use extremely cir-
cumscribed.

It is known that these are made,
inthat country, by means of moulds,
with the juice of a tree of the ors
der of Euphorbiz. The liquid is
drawn from the tree by incision,
and it thickens. in the manner of
resinous juices... _It would be easy,
“could we procure it in its original
state of fluidity, to give it all the
forms. under which it might be use-
ful to us; but the communications
with Brazil are very difficult for the
greatest part of Europe; and the
necessity of passing the line, in
bringing it to our parts, is another
obstacle to the juice arriving ina
proper state for our purposes ; as it
is decomposed by heat in the same
manner as milk, exhaling at that
time an extremely fetid odour, and
having no longer its original pro-
perties. Sir Joseph Banks, president
of the royal society of London, so
well-known by the voyage round
the world, which his attachment to
the sciences prompted him to un-
dertake, told me he hada bottle
of it in its original state, but which
after a little time became decom-
posed; since which he had not been
able to procure any more from Lis-
bon, although he, had offered even
to.the value of fifty guineas for a
second bottle.

Most of the persons towhom the
liquid has been sent, whether from
Cayenne, or from the isle of France
(where the tree that furnishes this
liquor is also known,) have never
received it but in a decomposed
state. I had for some time abeut a

pint

350

pint of it in that state; it was given
to me by M. d’ Arcet, towhom some
had been sent from the Isle of
France. It was kept several win-
ters ina room without a fire; but
after the hard frosts of 1788-9, I
found the bottle broke. I think it
may be useful to take notice of this
accident, as the like, most proba-
bly, has not been recorded. Iam
not able to point out, either at what
degree of temperature the decom-
posed liquor passed to the solid state,
or in what manner it crystallised ;
because I did not go into the place
where it was kept until the weather
had become much milder.

The difficulty of procuring the
juice unaltered in this country is evi-
dent; and the distance of the places
where the trees grow; the necessity
of having agents there to see the
necessary articles properly executed ;
the length of time we should be ob-
liged to wait before we could re-
ceive what was ordered, a!l concur
to render it an object of desire both
to philosophers and artists, that they
might be able to use the bottles of
caoutchouc, which we have here in
abundance, so as to make from them
the various instruments they may
have occasion for. Many persons
have employed themselves’ in this
research, but I know not that-as yet
any one has succeeded,

It was soon discovered, that it
was not possible to employ liquefac-
tion by means of heat; caoutchouc
indeed melts as easily as otherresins,
but when cooled it remains liquid

and adhesive. Alcohol, or spirits
of wine, the usual solvents of resi~
nous substances, did not act upon it,
nor was it dissolved in water, as
gums are, It was then tried to dis-
solve itin drying oils, and it was
found that by the aid of heat the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1754,

caoutchouc was dissolved, and form:
ed an excellent varnish, supple, im-
pervious to air or water, and resist-
ing a long time the action of acids.
With this varnish Messrs. Charles
and Robert covered their balloons ;
and an ingenious artist, M. Bernard,
and afterwards the brothers Durand,
made with it several instruments
useful in surgery. ‘Their catheters
are much used, and are known by
the name of catheters of elastic |
gum; they are flexible and have a
sufficient elasticity ; they are, how-
ever, nothing but taffety, covered
with a solution of elastic gum in
some kind of drying oil, This
coverimy after some time cracks, and
falls off in scales, and they then be-
come unserviceable. ‘They have
not the property of Jengthening,
and again recovering their former
dimensions, like a tube of caout-
chouc : perhaps there may be cases
where, for this very reason, these

instruments may be preferable to

those which might be made of the
pure elastic gum.

Macquer also made some re-
searches on this subject, and to him
T believe it was first known that
ether dissolves caoutchouc without
altering its nature, He proposed to
apply the solution, layer upon layer,
ona mould, and to Jet the ether
evaporate ; this process was how-
ever too long, and too expensive,
to be of much use: moreover the
very tact of the dissolution has been
contested by many chymists, who
have not succeeded in repeating the
experiments of Macquer ; respec
ting which, there is not at present _
any manner of doubt, although it is
not yet determined whence arose thé
different resultsin the experiments of
those who were occupied on this sub-
ject. A wiell-leto wale peblicd

tion

“UOSEFUL-PROJECTS. 351

fion of which we owe to Mr. Cavel-
lo, may perhaps explain the matter.
Ether, which before being washed
only makes the caoutchouc swell,
tlissolves it with ease after it has
been washed with a large quantity
of water. Itnecessarily loses, by
this operaticn, that acid, of which
indications are frequently found,
and saturates itself with water.
Be that as it may, it is easy at pre-
sent to obtain, by means of this
_ process, asolution which, after the
evaporation of the solvent, is pure
elastic gum: yet this mode of ma-
king instruments, though possible,
is nearly impracticable, as it is not
only too expensive, from theloss of
the ether which evaporates, and of
that which is taken up by the wa-
ter; but itis also very inconvenient
to manage the concentrated solution
of caoutchouc, because it adheres
to every thing that it touches, and
bubbles of air are apt to be retained
in the pelliclesof elastic gum, which

are formed by the evaporation of |

the ether.
© Several essential oils, as those of
the turpentine and lavender, act
npon the caoutclouc, even when
cold: yet in making nse of them,
in the manner already xplained,
we shal] succeed still less than with
ether, eitherin obtaining pure elas-
tic gum, orin forming instruments.
M. Fourcroy, in a memoir read in
December, 1790, at the royal soci-
ety of agriculture, in which he
mentions all] the facts known in re-
ard to caoutchouc, and adds many
‘Interesting experiments, has ex-
pressed his wishes, and given his
idea of the manner by which the

juice of the caoutchouc may be

brought to us without alteration.
The desire ofa philosopherso worthy
of praise, and the little probability

there exists of seeing his wishes ful-

filled, made me recur to some ideas
I had formed upon the subject ; and
T have succeeded in making, with
the bottles of elastic gum, the tubes
which are now presented to you.
My work is indeed very imperfect ;
yet, being certain that my ideas, by
being madesknown, will sooner ac-
quire in the hands of artists the per-
fection of which they are suscepti-
ble, [ shall not keep back, from
selfish motives, the knowledge of a
process which may be useful in
many arts.

The following is the path I have
pursued, and the methods I have
employed ; it may be easy to substi«
tute better, but those of which I
am about to give am account may
certainly be of some advantage, in-
asmuch as they may prevent “others
who may employ themselves in
such researches from making useless
trials.

It appeared, even%h my first ex-
periments, that I was attempting
too much, and giving myself useless:
trouble, in searching for a manner
of completely dissolving the elastic,
gum, sothat it might be “again made
up in new forms. — I then thought
that it would be easier to find out a
method, asit were, of soldering it,
and of not acting upon it more than
might be necessary to cause its
softened parts to reunite. Fxperi-
ence has shewn me that a strong
pressure made upon two pieces of
caoutchouc (when brought to that
state of softness) and continued un-
til they areintirely dry, caused them
to contract so strong an adhesion,
that the piece, being pulled out till
it broke, often broke, not at the
united part, but by the side of it.

By means of ether I immediately
succeeded in making these tubes >

the

352

the method which appears to me to
succeed the best is, to cut a bottle
circularly ina spiral slip of a few
Tinesin breadth. It is very easy to
cut a bottle in such manner as to
form a single long slip, and thus un-
- ‘Hecessary joinings are avoided.

The whole slip is to be plunged
into ether, until it is. sufficiently
softened, which comes to pass sooner
or later, according to the quality of
the vitriolic ether that is employed.
Half an hour frequently suffices ;
but I haye already observed, that
there is a great diversity in the man-
ner in which different sorts of vi-
triolic ether act, ,and of which the
cause is not yet, so far as I know,
determined.

The slip being taken out, one of
the extremities isto be taken hold
of and rolled, first upon itselfat the
bottom of the tube, pressing it ;
then the rolling is to be continued,
mounting spirally along the mould,
and taking cate to lay over and
compress with the hand every edge,
ohe against the other, so that there
may not be any vacant space, and
that all the edges may join exactly.
The whole is then to be bound hard
with a tape of an inch in width,
taking care to turn it the same
way with the slip of elastic gum.
The tape is to be tied over with
packthread, so that by every turn
of the packthread joining another
an equal pressure is. given to every
part; it is then left to dry, and the
tube is made.

The bandage is to be taken off
with great care, that none of the
outward surface, which may have
been lodged within the hollows of
the tape (of which the caoutchouc
takes the exact impression) may be
pulled away. | advise the applica-
tion ofa tape before the packthread,

ANNUAL REGISTER,

1794.

because, especially in the thinner }
tubes, we should run the risk of }
cutting the caoutchouc, if the pack- |
thread were applied immediately
upon it

It is easy to take off the tube of
elastic gum which has been formed
upon a solid mould of one piece ;
if the mould be made rather conic,
it may be made to slide off by the |
smaller end: at the worst, it is
easily accomplished by plunging it |
into hot water, for it is softened by
the heat, and is distended; without
this precaution it would be some-
times difficult to draw it off when
dry, because, having been applied
upon the mould whilst it had its vo-
lume augmented by the interposi-
tion of the ether, the parts otf the-
caoutchouc are drawn nearer cach
other by the evaporation of the in-
terposed body.

The great affinity between these
two bodies is seen by the length of
time that the odour of the ether re-
mains, notwithstanding the great
volatility of the latter, and that, the
apparent dryness of the tube seems to
shew that there is none remaining ;
nevertheless, after a certain time,
the odour dissappears intirely. One
of those tubes which are now before
you, and which was made with
ether, after the method here de-
scribed. does not retain the least
trace of the solvent. It is needless
to say, that it is easy to make tubes
as thin, or as thick, as may be
judged proper.

Although the process that I am
now describing is but very litue
expensive, yet I have tried te em-
ploy other solvents in lieu of ether,
because it is not to be had in every
place, and requires a particular care
in its preservation. 1 have employ-
ed, with some, success, the ale

tia

oo USERCLO PROJECTS.’

tial oilscof lavender, and of turpen=
tines both of them speedily dilate’
the caoutchouc, and are/of no great
price,
the oil of turpentige becemes pera
haps, in process of time, less dis-
sees than that of lavender.
Vhis last is dearer, but, the differ-
ence is not so, great as it appears.at
first, for we may make some advan-
tage of the oil of lavender that is
employed by the following opera-
tions upon plunging into alcohol
the elastic tube prepared with oil
of lavender, the alcohol charges
itself with the oil, and forms a very
- good lavender-water; the same as
would be made by an immediate
mixture of oil of lavender with
spirit of wine. Immersion: in this
liquor also serves to hasten the dry-
ing of the caoutchouc instruments,
thus made by means of essential
oils, Ihave made tubes with the
oils of turpentine and of lavender ;
both are much slower in evapora-
ting thanether. The oil of turpen-
tine particularly appeared to me
always to leave a kind of stickiness,
and I know not as yet, that we
have any means whereby to get
speedily rid of its smell.
Nevertheless there is a solvent
which has not that inconvenience ;
it is cheaper; and may easily be
procured by every one ; this solvent
1s water. I conceive it will appear
strange to mention water as a sol-
vent of elastic gum, that liquid hav-
ing been always supposed to have
Do action upon it. I myself re-
sisted the idea; but, reflecting that
ether by being saturated with water
is the better enabled to act on ca-
utchouc, and that this gum when
plunged into boiling water becomes
1ore transparent at the edges, I
presumed that this effect was not
- Vor. XXXVI.

The disagreeable smell of-

858

due! simply'to the dilatation of “its
volume-bythe heat. [thought that;
at ‘that ‘temperature, some action
might take: placé, ‘and that 4 long
continued ebullition might produce
more''sénsible effects. I was not
disappointed’ in’ my expectations,
and ‘one of those tubes was pre-
pared without any other solventthan
water and heat. I proceéded in
the same manner as with ether; the
elastic gum dilates but very little in
boiling water, it becomes whitish,
but recovers its colour again, by
drying it in the air and light. It is
sufficiently prepared for use when it
has been a quarter of an hour in
boiling water ; by this time its edges
are somewhat ‘transparent. It isto
be tured spirally rotnd the mould,
in the manner we described before,
and replunged frequently into the
boiling water, during the time that
is employed in forming the tube, to
the end that the edges may be dis-
posed to unite together. When the
whole is bound with packthread, it
is to be kept some hours in boiling
water, after which it is to be dried,
still keeping on the binding.

If we wish to be more certain
that the connection is perfect, the
spiral may be doubled; but we must
always avoid placing the exterior
surfaces of the slips one upon the
other, as those surfaces are the parts
which most resist the action of
solvents. This precaution is less
necessary when ether is employed,
on account of its great action upon
the caoutchouc. —

It might be feared, that theaction
of water on caoutchouc would de=
prive us of the advantages which
might otherwise be expected ; but
these fears will. be removed if we -
consider that the affinities differ ac-
cording to the temperatures ; that it

Aa is

354
is only at a very high temperature
that water exercises any, sensible

- action upon caoutchouc. I can af-
firm: that at the hundred and

twentieth. degree of Reaumur's.

thermometer, [302 of Fahrenheit}
this affinity is not such as that the
water can give a liquid form to
¢aoutchouc; and it does not appear
that we have any thing to fear in
practice from a combination be-
tween these two bodies, which,
though it really is a true solution,
does not take place in any sensible
degree but at a high temperature.
Its therefore, at present, easy to
make of caoutchouc whatever in-
struments it may be advantageous
to have of a flexible, supple, and
elastic, substance, which is imper-
meable to water at the temperature
of our atmosphere, and resists the
“action of acids, as well as that of
most othersolvents. As to the du-
rability of these instruments, few
substances promise more than this,
because it may be soldered afresh in
a damaged part. . Any woven sub-
stance may be covered with it, itvis
only required that the. substance
should be of a nature not to be
acted upon, during the preparation,
either by ether or by boiling water;
for these two agents are those which
appear to me to merit the prefer-
ence. Artists will frequently find
an advantage in employing ether,
as it requires less time; so that a
person may make, in a single day,
any tube he may have occasion for.
The .expence of ether is very little,
since it is needful only to dispose
the caoutchouc to adhere; and,
being .brought into that state, the
caoutchouc may be kept in a vessel
perfectly well closed. It would also
diminish the expence of the ether,
if, instead of washing it with a large

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

quantity of water, there should be
added to it only as much water as
it can take up.

On a method of ascertaining an unia
- versal and invaria. le standard of
measure, by Mr. Robert Leslie,
watch-maker, ¢f London. From
the Repertory of Arts. .

‘“HROWING together. the in-
equalities of solar days, 2
mean interval, or day, has been
found, and divided, by very general
consent, into eighty-six thousand
four hundred equal parts.

A pendulum, vibrating in small
and equal arcs, may be so adjusted
in its length, as, by its vibrations, to
make this division of the earth’s
motion into eighty -six thousand four,
hundred equal parts, called seconds
of mean time.

* Sucha pendulum then becomesite
self a measure of determinate length,
to which all others may be referred,
as to a standard.

But even the pendulum is not
without its uncertainties.

First, the difficulty of ascertain-
ing in practice its centre of oscilla-
tion, as depending on the form of
the bob, and its distance from the
point of suspension ; and the effect’
of the weight of the suspending
wire, towards displacing the centre
of oscillation, (that centre being
seated within the body of the bob,
and therefore inaccessible to mea-
surement), are sources of consider-
able uncertainty.

Secondly, both theory and expe«

rience prove that, to preserve its *

isochronism,' it must be shorter to-
wards the equator, and longer to-
wards the poles. a
Thirdly, to continue small and
equal, vibrations. through a

og cient

suffi«

USEFUL PROJECTS.

cient length of time, and to count
these vibrations, machinery and a
power are necessary, which may
exert a small but constant effort to
renew the waste of motion; and
the difficulty is, so to apply these
as that they shall neither retard
nor accelerate the vibrations.

In order to avoid the uncertain-
ties which respect the centre of os-
ciJlation, I have substituted an uni-
form cylindrical rod, without a bob,
for the pendulum.

' Could the diameter of such a rod
be infinitely small, the centre of os-
cillation would be exactly at two
thirds of the whole length, mea-
sured from the point of suspension.
Giving it a diameter which shall
render it sufficiently inflexible, the
centre wili be displaced indeed,
but, in a second rod, not the
(1)600,000 part of its length, and
not the hundredth part so much as
in a second pendulum with a bob.
This displacement is so infinitely
minute then, that we may consider
the centre of oscillation, for all
practical purposes, as residing at
two-thirds of the length from the
point of suspension. ‘The distance
between these two centres might
be easily and accurately ascertained
in practice.

But the whole rod is better for a
standard than any portion of it, be-
cause sensibly defined at both its
extremities.

The uncertainty arising from the
difference of length requisite for the
second pendulum or rod, in different
latitudes, may be avoided by fixing
on some one latitude, to which our
standard shall refer.

To give an uniform impulse to
the rod, to renew the waste of mo-
tion occasioned by the friction and
resistance of the air, I have made

$55

an improvement on the escapement’
of the common clock, which effec-’
tually prevents anyirregularity, that’
might otherwise be occasioned by
the unequal action of the wheels.

‘Tomake the experiment, nothing”
mote is necessary than such a clock,
and a piece of straight iron wire;
of about the diameter of a common
goose-quill ; and the length that
will be found to vibrate seconds;
will be about fifty-eight English in-
ches, from the point of suspension
to the end of the rod.. The most
certain way -of proceeding in tHe
experiment is, to have the rod at
first too long, and to continue cut-
ting small portions off thelowerendy
till the clock is brought to time.

The advantage that the above has
over all other pendulums, for ascer-
taining an universal standard of
measure, are,

First, that it can be regulated
with more certainty.

Secondly, that it is one-third
longer, and therefore can be divided
with more certainty.

And,thirdly, its simplicity, which
puts it in the power of any person
to make the experiment with the
greatest accuracy, even without the
use of figures; the whole (after .
the clock is regulated) being ascer-
tained by one single measurement
of a straight line.

A method of preparing a sulphit
reous medicinal water, by the re-
verend Edward Kenney. From
the Irish Transactions. ;

Cees differ in opinion
concerning the process of na=
ture in the formation of sulphureous
waters. Whilst all agree, that sul-
phur by itself isnot soluble in wa-

Aa2 ter,

356

ter, some consider sulphureous wa-
ters as impregnated by the fumes
only of sulphur: others assert, that
these waters contain sulphur com-
bined with an alkali: and each pare
ty thinks, and possibly justly, that
its opinion respecting particular
waters is supported by the analy+
zation of them. Artificial sulphu-
reous waters have often been pre-
pared on the former of these prin-
ciples ; and they have been pre-
pared on the two principles com-
bined by M. Le Roy, of Montpel-
lier, who applied a strong and con-
tinued heat to water mixed with
small quantities of sulphur and
Magnesia, until the fumes of the
sulphur had strongly impregnated
the water. nds

. My method is founded on the se-
cond principle, -Its simplicity, and
the probability, that it is similar to
that pursued by nature in the for-
mation of some of the most powerful
gulphureous waters, induced me to
make trial of it.. The same consi-
derations may possibly be deemed,
by gentlemen of the medical facul-
ty, 2 recommendation of this artifi-
cial medicinal water for trial in the
course of their practice,

The method is this: mix sulphur
and magnesia, in the proportion of
four drachms of each with one
quart of cold water.. Care must be
taken, that every particle of the
sulphur and magnesia be made so
wet as that none can float. Pour
this mixture into.a vessel in which
it. may be conveniently shaken se-
veral times every day, during the
space of three weeks. Let it then
settle for two days, and rack off the
liquor. This, first racked off from
the sulphur and magnesia, will be
of the colour of water, and free
from any bad amell. If a like

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

quantity of water be poured into
the vessel in which the magnesia

_and sulphur. remain, and be fre«

quently shaken, it will-in a fort-
night be found to be as. strongly |
impregnated as the former; and in
hike manner, may many successive
impregnated liquors be obtained ;
but they will differ from the first in
having a yellow tinge, and emit-
ting a fectid odour. However, in
their component parts and medici-
nal properties, all these impreg-
hated liquors seem to me, from the
trials I have made of them, perfect-
ly to agree. These liquors almost
instantly change the colour of sil-
ver. They are most effectually de-
composed by powdered nutgalls and
alum, the alum being added a few
minutes after the nutgall. In this
process a very copious precipitation
ensues.

Flowers of sulphur and magnesia
are to be mixed with water in the
proportion of four drachms of each
to a quart of water. They should
previously be ground together in a
glass mortar, for the purpose of
breaking all the small lumps of sul-
phur which would otherwise float
on the waters They should then
be gradually wetted with the wa-
ter, and worked up with it by the
hand. When so mixed, as that
none of the sulphur floats, the
whole is to be poured into-a close
vessel, in which it may conveniently
be shaken two or three times every
day for three weeks. After that
time, it is to settle for two days,
and then the liquid to be racked
off fine. The same ingredients will
impregnate the like quantity of
water two or three times, to an
equal degree of strength, in a
space of time somewhat shorter
than the first. i

N.B.

USEFUL PROJECTS.

N. B. T-have not found that the
finest, light, white, magnesia, suc-
ceeds as well as a darker and hea-
vier sort.

The liquid thus racked off, ‘con-
tains in solution what may be
named a magnesiac liver of sulphur.

Some powdered nutgalls being
mixed with ‘this liquid, and after-
wards some alum, the water is by
their stiptic quality rendered inca-
im of holding the magnesiac
iver of sulphur in solution : the
latter is therefore precipitated, but
not decomposed.

One ounce of this solution of
magnesiac liver of sulphur, mixt
with a quart of pure water, free
from any stiptic or acid mixture,
makes a medicinal sulphureous wa-
ter fit for use. [f an acid be added
to it, it decomposes the liver of
sulphur, uniting with the magnesia
to form a sal catharticus amarus.—
Fixed jair would therefore be an
improper additional to this medici-
nal water.

A grown person may take of this
medicinal water, at first, half a
noggin twice in the day; and gra-
dually increase the quantity to three
noggins in the day. I have not
known it te cause the head-ach in
any person except myself; anc I
have always been immediately ‘re-
lieved by taking six grains of cam-
phor, and six drops of ether in
honey and water.

I have had ample experience of
the efficacy of this medicinal water,
in the cure of those disorders which
are sometimes called the land scur-
vy, and sometimes said to proceed
from impurities of the blood ; such
as eruptions on the head; the
herpes exédens ; a white, dry, scaly
scurf; and those various infectious
eruptions, which in Scotland are

357

named the sibbens; and amongst
the common ‘people of this country,
pass: under a variety of names.

The itch is also effectually cured
by this water.

It has had remarkably good effect
in the few cases of scrofula, in
which I have had opportunity — of
trying it.

In ev ery case’ of worms, in whith
I tried it, and they have not been
few, it has destroyed them ; those
particularly called ascarides.”’ “Ih
some of those, cases, the patients
were in a state of high fever when
they took this medicine. ‘This is
the only case in which I give this
water, whilst symptoms of fever are
perceivable.

I have also found this water to be
very successful in the cure of the
chronic rheumatism.

1 have thus, my dear sir,. noted
down the particulars — which } you
wished me to commit fo writing
for you, and am

Your very affectionate
humble servant,
EpwarD Kenney.

The method of preparing the
medicinal sulphureous water, from
this strongly impregnated liquor is
very simple, being as follows, viz.

Mix one ounce of the impreg-
nated liquor with twelve ounces of
cold water.

This medicinal water should be
used with caution. ‘Two ounces at
a time may be, in general, a pro-
pet quantity for a person to begin
with.

The strongly impregnated Tiquor,
and the medicinal water prepared
from it, may be ke pt a long ume _
unimpaired.

Epwarp Kenney.

Moviddy, Cork, Jan. 28, 1798.

Aa3 On

358

On the improvement of coppices, by

_, the bishop of Llandaff ; from Prin-
gie’s General View of the Agricul-
ture of the county of Westmore-
land.

N some parts of Westmoreland,
I considerable portions of land
are covered with coppices, consist-
ing principally of oak, ash, elder,
birch, and. hazel. . These under-
woods are usually cut down every
sixteenth year: the uses to which
they are applied are chiefly two-—
hoops fe charcoal. ‘The hoops
are sold in the wood at-5l. a thou-
sand; they are generally manufac-
tured in the country, and sent by
sea to Liverpool ; the charcoal is
sent, to the iron-furnaces in the
neighbourhood. The value of a
statute-acre of coppice-wood, of
sixteen years growth, is variable
from 101. to 15], ; and if it consists
altogether of oak, its price may a-
mount to twenty guineas; 6], for
the charcoal, and 151. for the bark ;
it being the custom here to peel the
balls, and all the branches of the
oak, which are equal to the thick-
_ ness of a man’s thumb,

It isan’ extraordinary thing to see
any trees left to stand for timber in
these underwoods; the high price
of bark is a temptation to cut the
whole down. Fine saplings, from
nine to twelve inches in circumfe-
rence, at five feet from the ground,
and with bark as splendid as po-
lished silver, are felled by the un-
feeling proprietor with as little re-
gret, as if they were thorns or bri-
ars. Of late, indeed, some few
owners of underwoods have left
standards, and if they consult their
interest, the practice will become
general. As this isa point denied
by many proprietors of coppices,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

it may be of use to explain the prin-=
ciples on which the observation is
founded.

Suppose a statute-acre of under~
wood to be, in the spring of 1794,
sixteen years old, and that the whole
is then cut down and sold for 141.
This sum will, in sixty-four years
(reckoning compound interest at 41,
per cent, ), amount to 1721. In’
1810, another fall of underwood,
of the same value, will be made;
the 14]. then arising, improved
from forty-eight years, in the same
way, will produce 911. In 1826,
another 14]. will arise from another
fall of the underwood, this sum im+
proved for thirty-two years, will
amount to 49]. In 1842, another
fall will produce 141. which, in
sixteen years, will become 261.—
And, lastly, in 1858, or in sixty-
four years from 1794, another fall
will produce 141. The amount of
the value of the five falls, thus esti-
mated and improved, will be 352].
Let us now calculate the profits
which would result, in the same
time, from the same acre of under
wood, if it was managed in a dif-
ferent way. Instead of cutting the
whole down in 1794, let us sup-
pose that 150 of the best young oaks
are left to stand for timber; the
then value of these, at 2d, a tree,
is 25s. this being subducted from
14], the value of the whole cope
pice, leaves 121. 15s. Od. This
sum, improved as before, will a-
mount, in sixty-four years, to 1561.
(shillings and pence in these calcus
lations heing neglected). The next
fall in 1810 ought not ta be va-
lued at more than 10], as 150 trees,
then of thirty-two years growth,
will do some injury to the under-
wood ; 101. in forty-eight years,
will amount to 651. The next fall

USEFUL PROJECTS. 359

in 1826, may be valued at 81. and
at that time seventy-five trees
should be taken down; these trees
will then be forty-eight years old,
and worth 15s. atree, or 561. in
the whole; this added to 81. the
value of the then underwood, makes
641. which, in thizty-two years,
wll produce 2241. Without esti-
mating the underwood in 1842, and
an 1858 at any thing, or the value
of the pasturage forthirty-two years
at any thing, let us suppose the
seventy-five remaining trees to be
cut down in 1858, being then
eighty years old, and that they
would, one with another, be worth
41. a piece, or 3001. in the whole.
The sum of the profits, thus arising,
4s 7451, or more than double the
other amount,

It is a general opinion in this,
and, I believe, in other countries,
that it is more profitable to fell oak~
wood at fifty or sixty years growth,
than to let it stand for navystimber
to 80 or 100. According to the
price which is now paid for that
commodity, either by the navy-
board or the East-India company, I
believe the opinion to be founded
in truth. The following obserya-
tions contain the reason for this
belief.

If profit is considered, every tree
of every kind ought to be cut down
and sold, when the annual increase
in value of the tree by its growth,
is less than the annual interest of the
money it would fell for: this being
admitted, we have only to inquire

into the annual increase of the va-

lue of oaks of different ages,

In the Philosophical Transactions
for 1759, there are some useful ta-
bles respecting the growth of trees,
by Mr. Marsham ; from these tables,

1. That it is highly profitable to
let young thriving oaks, which are
not worth above 30s. a tree, con-
tinue standing,

g. That itis not profitable to let
oaks of 80 or 100 years growth
continue standing. ~

Three oaks marked in the tables,
No. 8, 11, 12, in April, 1743, be-
fore they began to shoot, contained
eleven and one-half feet of. wood,
and were altogether worth, at 18d.
a foot, bark included, 17s. and 3d.
The same trees, sixteen years aftere
wards, contained thirty-four and
one-half feet, and were worth QI.
lls. 9d. Now, if 17s. and 3d.
had been improved at the rate of
7 per cent. at compound interest
for sixteen years, it would not have
amounted to. 2!. lls, Qd, and of
consequence the proprietor, by let-
ting such oak stand, improves his
prepare in as high a degree, as if

e put out his money to interest,
at near seven and a half per cent.

Three oaks, No. 2, 3, 5, in
1743, contained 1003 feet of tim-
ber, and were worth 71. 10s. 9d.
The same trees, sixteen years after=
wards, contained 1328 feet, and
were worth 9]. 18s. 6d. Now,
71. 10s. 9d. the value of the trees
in 1743, improved at the low rate
of interest at two per cent. would
in sixteen years amoynt to a sum
exceeding 9], 18s, 6d. The pro-
prietor then, by letting such trees
stand, does not improve his proper-
ty at the rate of 21. per cent.

The oak, No. 1, in the third ta-
ble, was worth 11. 2s, 6d. in 1757,
it gained in one year one foot, or
Is. 6d, in value; if it has been
worth 30s. and had gained one

Aa +t foot,

299

oot, there would have been no
ofit in letting it stand, as the in-
terest of 20s. at 5 per centy would
aye produced Is. 6d. in the year ;
and it is for this reason that I
have fixed upon 30s. as the value
trees which should be cut down ;
if they are cut sooner or later, the
proprietor will bea loser. It must
not be supposed, however, that
great precision can attend, this ob-
yelp 3 Since particular soils, or
the greater or less thriving condi-
tion, of the wood, may render it
useful to cut down, trees before
they are worth 30s. or to let them
stand a while longer. It ought to
be remarked also, that. large trees
sell for more per foot than small
ones do, yet the usual increase of
price is not a compensation to. the
proprietor for letting his timber
stand toa greatage. This may be
made out from the following expe-
riment. ny Sa Pee Poy
~ In the 27th of October, 1792, I
measured, at six feet from ‘the
ground, the circumference of a very
ie oak of eighty-two years growth,
from the time of its being planted,
and found it to be, 107 inches; on
the same day of the month, in 1793,
it measured, 108 inches. There is
not one oak in fifty (at the age of
this) which gains an inch circum
ference in one year. The length
of the boll of this tree was. about
eighteen feet, it contained about
eighty-four feet of timber, and was
worth, at 3s. a foot, 12]. 12s. It
gained in one year very little more
than one foot and a_ half of timber,
or.4s, 6d. in value ; but the interest
of 12], 12s, at 4 per cent. amounts
in one year, to above twice the yas
lue of the increase, even of this tree,
which is a singularly thriying one.

£&

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

| Lhave been the move particular
on this subject from a public consi<
deration,. Many men are alarmed,
lest our posterity should experience
a scarcity of oak-timber for the use
of the navy. ; and various means of
increasing its quantity have been
recommended with great judgement.
In addition to these. means, the
making a much greater than the
ordinary increase of price on timber
of a large scantling, might be not
improperly submitted to the consi-
deration of those who are concern~
ed in the business. If the navy-
board would give $l. or,Ql. a load
for timber trees containing 100 cus
bic feet or upwards, instead of 41.
or 51. every man in the kingdom
would have a reasonable motive for
letting his timber stand till it be~
came of a size fit for the use of the
navy ; whereas, according to the
present price, it is every manjs in-
terest to cut it down sconer.. |,
In the neighbourhood of Amble-
side, there is found a stratum of
grey lime-stone, which, though it
contains a little clay, might be as
serviceable as the purest. sort for a=
gricultural purposes ; but, unfortu~
nately, for the improvement of this
art of the country, coal.is so dear,
that very little of this lime-stone is

CORpIEE TINO Od in the district here
He ken of, it may be useful for the
farmers

USEFUL PROJECTS.

_ themintocharcoal. Eyen the spray-

wood, here called chats, which is
too small to be made into charcoal,
and which is now sold for sixpence
a cart, or more generally left on
the ground, might be made into
fagots, and mixed with wood of a
larger size, so that no part of the
coppice would be lost. In Sussex;
they use GOO fagots, cut. in tile
winter, and weighing, when dry in
the spring, thirty-six pounds each,
for the burning of 480 Winchester
bushels of lime.

On the manufacture of Indigo at Am-
bore, by lieutenant-colonel Claude
Martin ; from the Transactions of
the Asiatic Society.

[ Present the society with a short

description of the process ob-
served in the culture and manufac-
ture of indigo, in this part of India.

The Ambore district 1s comprised

within a range of surrounding hills

of'a moderate height: the river

Pallar, declining from its apparent

southerly direction, enters this dis-

trict about three miles from the east-
ward, washes the Ambore Pettah,

a small neat village, distant three

miles to the southward of the fort

of that name, situated in a beautiful
valley ; the skirts of the hills co-

‘vered with the Palmeira and Date

trees, from the produce of which
a considerable quantity of coarse
sugar is made. This tract is fertili-
zed by numerous rills of water, con-
ducted from the river along the
margin of the heights, and through-
out the intermediate extent; this
element being conveyed in these
artificial canals (three feet deep),
affording a pure and crystal current
of excellent water for the supply of

a “”
é

",
}

361

the rice-fields, tobacco, mango, and
cocoa-nut, plantations; the highest
situated lands affording indigo, aps
parently without any artificial wa-
tering, and attaining maturity at
this season, notwithstanding the in-
tenseness of the heat, the thermo-
meter under cover of .a tent rising
to 100, and out of it to 120; the
plant affording even in the dryest
spots good foliage, although more
luxuriant: in moister situations. ¥
am just. returned from examining
the manufacture of this article—
First the plant is boiled in earthen
pots of about eighteen inches ‘dia-
meter, disposed on the ground in
excavated ranges from twenty-to
thirty feet long, and one broad, ac-
cording to the number used. e

the boiling process has extracted a

the colouring matter ascertainable
by the colour exhibited, the extract
is immediately poured into an ads
joining small jar fixed in the ground
foritsreception, and is thencé ladle

in small pots into larger jars, dispo-
sed on adjoining higher ground, be-
ing first filtered through a cloth;
the jar, when three-fourths full, is
agitated with a split bamboo ex-
tended into a circle, of a diameter
from thirteen to twenty inches, the
hoop twisted with a sort of coarse
straw, with which the manufacturer

“proceeds to beat or agitate the ex-

tract, until a granulation of the fe=
cula takes place, the operation cone

_ tinuing nearly for the space of three=

fourths of an hour; a precipitant
composed of red earth and water,
in the quantity of four quart bot-
tles, is poured into the jar, which,
after mixture, is allowed to stand
the whole night, and ‘in the morn-
ing the superincumbent fluid is
drawn off through three or four a-
pertures, practised in the side of the

jer

862

jar in a vertical direction, the low-
est reaching to within five inches of
the bottom, snfficient to retain the
fecula, which is carried to the
_ houses and dried in bags,

This is the whole of the process
recurred to in this part, which, I
_ think, if adopted in Bengal, might
in no small degree supersede the ne-
cessity of raising great and expen-
sive buildings ; in a word, save the
expenditure of so much money in
. dead stock, before they can make
any indigo in the European method ;
to which I have to add, that indigo
thus obtained, possesses a very fine
quality.

As I think these observations
may, be useful to the manufacturers
in Bengal, .I could wish to see
them printed in the Transactions
of the Asiatic Society,

_ dmbore, 2d April, 1791.

Extract from a treatise on the manus
facture of indigo, at Ambore, by
Mr. De Cossigny ; from the same.

iS aaa experiment. (the Indian
process) infallibly shews, that
indigo may be produced by differ-
ent methods, and how much it. is
- to be regretted, that the European

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

artists should remain constantly

wedded to. their method or routine,”

without having yet made the neces-
sary enquiries towards attaining per
fection. Many travellers on the
coast of Coromandel having been
struck with the apparent simplicity
of the means used by the Indians in
preparing Indigo, from having seen
their artists employed in the open
air, with only earthen jars, and from
not having duly examined and
weighed the extent of the detail of
their process, apprehend that it is
effected by easier means, than with
the large vats of masonry, and the
machinery employed by Europeans :
but they have been greatly mista-
ken, the whole appearing a delusive
conclusion from the following ob-
servation, viz, that one man can,
in the European method of manu-
facture, bring to issue one vat, con-
taining fifty buadles of plant, which,
according to their nature and qua-
lity, may afford from ten to thirty
pounds of indigo ; whereas, by the
Indian process, one employed du
ring the same time, would probably
_only produce one pound of indigo;
the European method is, therefore,
the most simple; as well as every
art where machinery is used, ine
stead of manual labour.*

* Experience alone must decide between the opposite opinions of Colone] Martia

and Mr, De Cossigny.

: ANTIQUITIES.

Manche r ister

wN TTQ,0U1 PRES.

Copy of a scarce printed paper, be-
tug the resolutions of the loyal
gentry of Lincolnshire, 1042.

A resolution of the gentry of
- Lincolnshire, to provide 168
horse for the maintenance and de-
fence of his majesty’s just preroga-
tive, and the preservative of the
public peace ; the said horse to be
disposed within the county of Lin-
coln for three months, after the
20th of this instant July, at such
time, and in such way, as his ma-
jesty shall by his commission direct.

F, Fane, 4.

Per. Bertie, 4.
John Monson, 12.
Edward Hussey, 6.
George Heneage, 6,
John Bolles, 5.
William Felham, 3.
William Thorold, 6.
Ch. Hussey, 2.
Daniel Deligne, 3.
Robert Thorold, 3,
Jervase Scrope, 4.
Jervase Neville, 2,
John Burnell, 2.
Chris: Beresford, 2.
Robert Tredway, 2.
Ralph Ewes, 4.
Edm. Ellis, 1.
Arthur Redhed, 1,
George Walker, 1.

Hustwait Wright, 1.

William Stone, 1.

William Langton, 1. |

John Fornery, 4.
Charles Bolles, 3.
Ch, Dallyson, 4.
Anth. Meres, 1,

William Saltmarsh, 2.

Ste. Anderson, 2,
Thomas Ogle, 2.
Thomas Reid, 1,
Goorge Bradley, 1.

William Quadring, 1.

William Cony, 3.
William Tyrwhit, 2.
Robert Tyrwhit, 2.
Edward Heron, 1.°
Thomas Monson, 1.
Robert Markham, 4.
Robert Bellese, 1,
Thomas Rands, 1.
Jo. Columbell, 1.
Jo. Stutt, 1.

Th. Herington, 2.
William Dallyson, 4.
N. Smith, 1.

Jo. Oldfield, 2.
And. May, 3.
Edward Tourney, 1.
Anth. Butler, 2.
Anth. Topham, 4.
Hamlet Marshal, 5.
Robert Meres, 3.
Morgan Winne, 2.
Thomas Hurst, 2.
Robert Sanderson, I.

Robert

3644 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Robert Haslewood, 1.
Adam Cranwell, 1,
Ste. Primet, I.

Ch. Harrington, I.
Henry Pigg, 1.

Dary Wilhamson, 1.
John Chapel, 1.
William Welby, 2.
Edward Middlemore, |,
William Disney, 2.
Fran, Welby, 1.

John South, 3.

Hen. Fiennes, 1.
Robert Rates 1,
Richard Parke, 1.
Richard Fancourt, 1,
Mont. Cholmeley, 1.

"oS

Pensions granted ly king Charles
the Second, 1073.

i GREY Ea bankelsgiseny ray,
since the beginning of May,
to Christmas, 1673, as it was taken
out of the signet-office.

sid.

A warrant for theearle .

of Arlington 10,000 0 0
A warrant for the :

duke of Bucks 2,030 00
Given to the earle of

Berkshire 3,000 00
To the earle of St.

Alban'’s 2,500 0 0
To the lord Buck-

hurst 4,400 00
To the privy purse 29,000 0 O
To the lord Grandi-

son. 50000
To the earle of Bris-

toll 2,120 0 0
To the earle of Ar- -

lington 5,338 00
To the duke of Lau-

derdale 1,060 00

; Lausha,
Tothelady Falmouth 11,289 00
To the earle of Ox-
ford

Granted to the dus
chesse of Cleave-
land and her -chil-
‘dren, out of the
wine-licence office
,300!. per ann.

To the duchesse
Cleveland’s eldest
daughter ; incase it
could not be ready
paid out of the ex-
chequer, then to be
charged out of the
remaining part of
wood of the forrest
of Deane

To the lord. Clifford
and his heirs:male
fee farm rent, pay-
able out of the ‘
Norch at Exeter —

» 2,000 0 0

1,200 00

20,340 00

20,000 0 0

145], per ann. 2,41000
To the earle of Angles

sey a pension dure-

ing life, 3,000). per

annum by the tred«

suryroffice | 21,000 00
To sir Jo. Woorden 1,09000
To Thomas Lott 6,000 0 O
To sir Rob. Rye go00 00
To Mr. Harbert 9,000 0 0
To sir Rob, Holmes 650 9 4

To sir John Duncombe 2,000 00

Default of sir George
Cartwright

A pension to the lady
Falmouth, 20001.
per ann.

A pension for sit Jo.
Holmes, 500) per

ann.

16,336 0 0
7,000 0 0

2,500 00
A pen-

ANTIQUITIES.

S$. de

A. pension to the earle
of Arlington, 200.

_per ann,

A.pension to the duke
of Monmouth,6000).
per ann.

A pension to the lord
Obryen, 100]. per
ann.

Ay pension. to Henry
Savile, 5001. per:

_ ann,

A donative to the earle
of St. Albans, in
trust for sir Rich.
Talbotsonn

A pension to James

. Hamilton

More to the earle of
Oxon and his lady,
2001. per ann, dure-
ing their lives, pay-
able out of the first
fruits

1,400 0 0
42,000 0 0
700 00
3,500 0 6

14,000 0 0
2,450 0 0

20,000 0 0

———

The totall summe is 791,255.9 4

Account of the remains. of Pompeii
- and Herculaneum; from Gray's
~ Tour through Germany, &e.

eg our first slight descent at the
% entrance, we see the soldiers’
arters, with the names of some
ient’ Romans, inscribed above
seventeen centuries ago, on the
walls; the platform and proscenia
of two theatres: some rooms of a

private house, with a human skull

that once was animated with the
features of Roman genius; the im-
aie of a foot sunk im yielding

ava; the perfect form of the tem-

ple of Isis, built of stuccoed brick;

its columns, its altars the czna-

‘

865

bulum of the priests, in which the
bones of some fish were found; the
slaughter-house with the still-exist-
ing ring to which the generous and
struggling victim’was tied, and the

‘canal by which the blood was con-

dueted away.
If, ascending by the Appian way;
we proceed across the vineyard to a
suburb of the town, we behold two
narrow streets, each about ten feet
wide, entirely cleared : we have a
perspective view of both at.the same
time diverging obliquely from a
fountain at a sharp angle. We see
the rows of houses on each side un=
roofed, indeed, and with walls di-
lapidated, and presenting the aps
pearance of buildings half destroy
ed and cleared away after a fire.
The pavement, the narrow trotoir,
and the channels worn by the
wheels, are still perfect. We en-
ter into the honses, which, except-
ing one distinguished by its colons
nade and double stair-case, are very
small, and generally built with a
porticovenclosing a court, into which
fountains were usually introduced.
The apartments, particularly those
of the surgeon’s house, where chi-
rurgical instruments and manuscript
rolls were found, as also those sup~
posed to have belonged to the ves-
tals, are painted with figures, many |
of which have been removed, but
a few still remain and look beauti-
ful, when theircolours are refreshen=
ed by water thrown upon them
In some rooms are the remains of
Mosaic pavement. The utensils
now used by soap-boilers were found
at the house of one of that business,
The stain of a heated cup is stilk
visible on the front slab of a tavern 3
and the indecent symbol of a bros.
thel bears testimony to the gross
manners of the people who were
destroyed

366

destroyed in the town. The walls
of the sepulchre, at the outside of
the city, are sculptured with ancient
masks.

Some ruins in the neighbourhood
exhibit a specimen of an ‘ancient
villa with the whole plan of the
house, its out-houses, and its gar-
den, which is about, perhaps, half
an acre, and divided into compart-
ments, in one of which was a pond.
The walls of the rooms retain some
delicate painting. The cellars still
contain Amphorz, with wine, en-
crusted by ashes to a solid substance,
{n the cellars of this villa the skele-
tons of some unhappy sufferers were
found, who had fled there for shel-
ter from the shower of ashes which
buried the district.

At Herculaneum the remains of
a theatre still may be seen, with its
seats, its orchestra, and several de-
partments, all much more below
the surface of the ground than are
the ruins of Pompeii. The ruins of
Stabia have been so little cleared,
that we were told it was not worth
while to visit them.

If afterwards we turn to Portiei,
we find a display of every article
which can illustrate the private and
domestic cconomy of the ancients.
Tn one museum is collected almost al}
the furniture useful and ornamental
of a Romanhouse. The lectister-
nia, the side-board, the culinary
utensils, and even the eatables are
preserved. The weights and scales
and steelyards are scarce ‘excelled
by modern improvements. The
caledavia with heaters iirst sug-
gested the idea of tea-urns. The
implements of agriculture, which
resemble those used in our own
time, prove that necessity always
operates by the most simple contri-
vances, and suggests nearly the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

same means. ‘The tops, and diffes
rent representations of ancient
amnsements, prove che antiquity of
many games, ay well as do the lines
of fiorace, that speak of ridiag on
sticks, and playing at odd and even,
The toilet and its furniture unfold
the decorations of femaic taste. The
chirurgical instruments here are not
sufficient in numbe to illustrate
much of the state o: surgery at the
time when they were used. Among
the musical instruments is an un-
common trumpet, which Dr. Burs
ney conceives to be the ancient
clangor tubarum. The altars and
the sacrifeal vessels exhibit the pa-
rade of Paganism. ‘The Jachryma-
tories and amulets of indecent su-
perstition expose the artificial and
credulous follies of the people.

The painitmgs, which fill rooms,
sometimes enue our admiration
by the display of elegant figures and
descriptions, of Bacchanals and
Fauns dancing on the tight rope,
of Chiron teaching ‘Achilles, of
Dido ->andoned of the victory of
Theseus over the Minotaur, of
Genii with their attributes. These,
beiug found on the walls of private
houses, demonstrate the high per-
fection to which the art of painte
ing was advanced, while the filthy
representations which painting and
sculpture sometimes exhibit, argue

EE ———

ancient taste, and disgust us with
the idea of a people, among whom
superstition consecrated unnatural
conjunctions, and female , delicacy
was not shocked by the most uns
chaste ornaments. He that sees
them cannot but marvel much at
the affected refinement of some
modern advocates Sf natural reli-
gion, who pretend to extract from
the emblems of a loose and popular

5 credulity,

ANTIQUYTIES.

_eredulity, a pure and elevated phi-
losophy, and instructive intimations
ef moral import.

The scrolls of the Papyrus, hard
and resembling rolls of portable
soup, particularly struck us; four
or five have been explicated by an
elaborate process - but, instead of
the lost and regretted books of
Livy and Tacitus, they unfold a
dry treatise on the Epicurean philo-
sophy; a work or two on morality

and rhetoric ; and a dissertation on
music, by Philodemus, containing,
as some say, a vindication of the
arithmetical proportions, in confu-
tation of the system of Aristoxenus,
er, as others state, some reflections
on the bad effects of music ina re-
public. Two only of these works
have, I believe, yet been published.
A third treatise is soon to appear,
and the examiners will, I hope,
persevere till we recover some of
the works of which we regret the
loss, and some of equal value with
those which we possess.

Letier from Robert Vaughan, the
celebrated Welch antiquary, to arch-
bishop Usher.

To the most somsreia James Usher,
. archbishop of Armagh.

Reverend father,

N performance of yowr request

and my promise, have at last
sent you the annals of Wales, as, out
of the ancient copy which you saw
with me, I did faithfully translate
them into the English tongue, as
near as I could, word by word;
wherein (knowing my weakness) I
Jaboured not so much to reuder a
sweet harmony of speech, as the

$67
plain and simple phrase of that age
wherein it ‘was written, which I
thought would please you best;
though haply with othersit will not
so well relish. Be pleased to receive
it as a token from him who honours
your worth. As you readit, I pray
you correct it, for I know it hath
need. There was a leaf wanting in
my book ; which defect (viz. from
900 to ann. 950), and some passages
besides, I was fain to make up out
of other ancient copies, whereof
though we have many in Wales, yet
but few that agree verbatim with one
another. And I believe some mis-
takings will be found in the times
ef some transactions in this book, if
they be narrowly examined, as in
the very frontispiece of this author
we find.

In most copies we find that Cad*
walader went to Rome anno 680, or
the year after, as it is in my copy3"
nevertheless, it is confessed and
granted by all of them, that the
great mortality happened in that
year that he went to Rome; but I
find no mention of any great morta-
lity of people that happened about’
anno 680, and'therefore I think it
not very likely that Cadwalader’s:
going to Rome was deferred to that
year. Moreover, venerable Bede,
and other ancient writers, do aflirm,,
and the great mortality fell about
66%, about the 22d year ef king
Oswi's reign over Northumberland,
in whose time Cadwalader lived and
reigned, as is manifest from the
tract which is added to some copies
of Nennius (if I may give credit to
that corrupt copy of it which I have)
in the words following: ‘ Osguid,
filius Edelfrid, regnavit 28 ann. et
sex mensibus, dum ipse regnabat,
venit mortalitas hominum, Catguas
later regnante apud Brittones, post
pairem

368

patrem suum, et in ea pefiit.”. This
evidence doth persuade with me,
that Cadwalader went to Rome fat

before ann. 680. But if in ea pecs

be meant of Cadwalader, for king
Oswi ruled five or six years, unless
we grant that the plague endured
twelve years,as our Welsh historians
do aver, it maketh such breach in
the history, that i (formy own part)
knew not how to repair it; for, if
it be true thar Cadwalader died of
that plague, then. he went not to
Rome; and to deny his going to
Rome is no. less than to deny our
British and Welsh antiquities in
general. iw ey
Therefore,I desire you will vouch-
safe not only to give me your’sense
of Cadwalader’s going to Rome,
and the time (whereby I may’rest
better satisfied than at present), but
also the loan of your best copy of
Nennius, with the tract before cited,
which is added to some copies there-
of., And, if I'be not over-trouble-
some to your patience already, I
have anotherrequest unto you,which
is, that you will select all the notes
and histories that you have that treat
of the affairs of Wales, and princes
thereof, and that you will candidly
impart them unto me by-degrees; as
I shall have done with one piece, so
be pleased to send anothers and you
may commandany thing that J have,
.or can come by; for, it is, not la-
bour, pains, or expence of money
(to my power), shall retard me in
your service. My love and zeal for
_ my poor country, and desire to know
the truthandcertainty of things past,
moves me sometimes to a passion,
when I call to mind the idle and
sloth ful life of my countrymen, who,
in the revolution of a thousand years,
almost afford but only Caradoc of
Lancarvan, and the continuance

see

ANNUAL-REGISTER,s 1794,

thereof, to register any thing to the .

purpose of the acts of the princes of
Wales that I could come by or heat
of (some few piecemeals excepted).

the Princes of Wales, citeth Thos
mas Maelorius de Regibus Gwy-
nethie (North Wales); but I could
not hitherto meet with that book,
and 1 am persuaded he lived not
much before Henry the Vith’stime }
peradventure you have seen it: and
I do not remember that he citeth
any other author of ourcountrymen$
it may be, ‘there are some® extait
yet, though I had not the felicity
hitherto to se2-them. _ I hope, by
your good means hereafter, I. shall
attain to some hidden knowledge of
antiquity. /But Iam too tedious §
pardon ime,’ I pray you, reverend
father; think of my request, and put
me not off with excuse any loayers
and. my: prayer shall be. for your
health, peace, and prosperity; *in
this world, and everlasting: felicity
in the world:'to. come.’ 5 >
Your friend and servant, _
~~ Rosert VauGuHan.
Hengwrt, near Dolgellen, in the county
of Merioneth, april 14, 1651.

An account of the same of Chess, as
played by the Chinese, in @ letter
from Eyles Irwin, esq. to the
right honourable the earl of Charle-
mont, P. R. I. A. from the Irish

Transactions.

My lord,

perrs no apology necessary
for this intrusion on the public
situation in which your talents and
reputation have placed you. What~
ever tends to the accession of knows
ledge, or the illustration of .anti-

quity,

‘Dr. Powel, in his Latin History of —

ANTIQUITIES.

quity, cannot prove unacceptable to
your lordship, when adding a mite
to the Transactions of the academy
which is distinguished by your su-
périntendence.
Why Ihave addressed a subject
of this nature to the Irish academy,
when there isa society existing, whe
seéms to have a title to it from its
name—or why the first offering of
my réséarches should proceed from
the remote empire of China, are, I
trust, questions that are not neces-
sary for me to resolve. If a patriot
wish to promote the spirit of inves-
tigation in my country, by the ex-
ertion of my mean abilities, be not
‘denied me, I am indifferent to cen-
sure or praise on this occasion.
I must premise to your lordship,
that, during a long residence in the
ast Indies, where the game of
Chess is generally supposed to have
originated, [ had often heard of its

stence in China, though on a

different footing, as well in respect
to the powers of the king, as to
the aspect of the field of battle.
The Bramins, who excel in this
game, and with whom [I used fre-

ently to play for improvement,
ad a tradition of thisnature, which
is a farther argument in behalf of
what Iam about to advance. But;
with all my enquiries from persons
who had been there, and from the
wublications relative to China, I

ould tiever obtain ahy confirmation

of the game being ever known in
the country, except that Chambers,
in his Dictionary, mentions it to be
the favourite pastime of the ladies,
but quotes no authority for the as-
sertion.

Some unlooked for circumstances
if: the coursé> of the last’ year, at
length brought me to the quarter,
which I had once wished, but ne-

Vor. XXXVI.

369

ver expected to visit. I need not,
say, that among other objects ,of
Curiosity, I was eager to ascertain
the reality cf the Bramins story.
And ifthe difficulty of acquiring ine, .
formation here, not more from the
want of interpreters, than the jea-
lousy of the government, were not
well known in Europe, | should be,
ashamed to tell your lordship that I
despaired of success for some time..,
A young Mandarin, however, of,
the profession of arms, having an;
inquisitive. turn, was my frequent,
visitor; and what. no questions;
could have drawn. from him, the
accidental sight of an English chess-,,
board effected. _ He told me, that;
the Chinese had a-game of the same;
nature ; and_on his specifying a,
difference in the pieces and board, ,
I perceived, with joy, that I had
discovered the desideratum of which.
I had been solong in search. The.
very nextday my Mandarin brought;
me the board and equipage ; and.E
found, that the Bramins were nei-
ther mistaken touching the board,
which has.a river in the middle to
divide the contending parties, nor.
in the powers of the king, who is.
entrenched in a fort, and moves
ohly in that space, in every direc-
ticn. But what did I not before
hear, nor do I believe is known out
of thiscountry, there are two pieces,
whose movements are distinct from.
any in the Indian or European game.
The Mandarin, which answers to
our bishop, in his station and side+:
long course, cannot, through age,
cross the river ; and a rocket-boy,
still used in the Jndian armies, who
is stationed between the lines of
each party, acts literally with ‘the’
motion of the rocket, by vaulting
over a man, and taking his adver.
sary at the other end of the board.’
Except

370

Except that the king has his two
sons to support him, instead of a
queen, the game, inother respects,
is like ours.

- As the young man who had dis-
covered this to me, was of acommu-
nicative and obliging disposition,
and was at this time pursuing his
studies in the college of Canton, I
requested the favour of him to con-
sult such ancient books as might
give some insight into the period of
the introductionof Chess into China;
to confirm, if possible, the idea that
struck me of its having originated
here. The acknowledged antiquity
of this empire, the unchangeable
state of her customs and manners,
beyond that of any other nation in
the world ; and more especially the

simplicity of the game itself, when

compared toits compass and variety
in other parts, appeared to give a
colour to my belief. That I was
not disappointed in the event, I
have no doubt will be allowed, on
the perusal of the translation of a
manuscript extract, which my friend
Tinqua brought me,. in compliance
with my desire; and which accom-
panied by the Chinese manuscript,
goes under cover to your lordship.
AAs the Mandarin solemnly assured
me that he took it from the work
quoted, and the translation has been
as accurately made as possible, I
have no hesitation to deliver the
papers as authentic.

In the pursuit of one curiosity I
flatter myself that I haye stumbled
by accident om another, and have
gone some length to restore to the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Chinese the invention of gun-pow-
cer, solong disputed with them by
the Europeans; but which the evi-
dence on their chess-board, in the
action, of the rocket, seems to esta-
blish beyond a doubt. The in-
stitution of the game is likewise
discovered to form the principal zra
in the Chinese history ; since, by
the conquest of Shensi, the kingdom
was first connected in its present
form, and the monarch assumed the
title of emperor, as may be seen in

the extract which [ have obtained.

from their annals.

From these premises Ihave there-
foré ventured to make the follow-
ing inferences :—That the game of
Chess is probably of Chinese origin.
That the confined ‘situation and
powers of the king, resembling those
of a monarch in the earlier parts of
the world, countenance this suppo-
sition; and that, as it travelled
westward, and descended to Jater
times, the sovereign prerogative ex-
tended itself, until it became unli-
mited, as inour state of the game.
That the agency of the princes, in
lieu of the queen, bespeaks forcibly
the nature of the Chinese customs,
which exclude females from all
poweror influence whatever: which
princes, in its passage through Per-
sia, were changed into a single
vizier, or minister of state, with the
enlarged portion of delegated au-
thority that exists there; instead of
whom, the European nations, with
their usual gallantry, adopted a
queen on their board.* That the
river between the parties is expres-

‘ * That on the acquisition of so strong a piece as the vizier, the Pao were suppressed,
this as possessing powers unintelligible, at that time, to other nations; and three pawns
added, in consequenee, to make up the number of men ; and that as discipline im-
proved, the tines, which are straggling on the Chinese board, might, have been closed

on ours.

sive

AN DTPAPUITIES.

‘sive of the general face of this coun-
try, where a battle could hardly be
fought without encountering an in-
terruption of this kind, which the
soldier was here taught to over-
come 3 butthat, on the introduction
ef the game into Persia, the board
changed with the dry nature of the
region, and the con‘est was decided
on terra firma. And, lastly, that in
‘no account of the origin of chess,
‘that [ have read, has the tale been
so characteristic or consistent as that
which I have the honour to offer to
the Irish academy. With the Ia-
‘dians, it was designed by a Bramin,
to cure the melancholy of the
daughter of a rajah. With the
Persians, my memory does notassist
me to trace the fable ; though, if it
were more to the purpose, I think
I should have retained it. But,
with the Chinese, it was invented
by an experienced soldier, on the
principles of war. Not to dispel
love-sick vapours, or instruct a fe-
male in’ a science that could neither
benefit nor inform her ; but to quiet
the murmurs of a discontented sol-
diery ; to employ their vacant hours
in lessons on the military art, and to
cherish the spirit of conquest in the
bosom of winter quarters. Its age
is traced by them on record near
two centuries before the Christian
ra; and among the numerous
claims for this noble invention, that
of the Chinese, who eall it, by
way of distinction, Chong Ké, or
The Royal Game, appears alone to
be indisputable.

I have the honour to remain,
My lord,
Your lordship's obedient
Humble servant,
Eyves Irwin.

Canton, March 14, 1793.

S71

Translation of an extract from the
Concum, or Chineseannals,respeet-
ing the invention uf the zame of
Chess, délivered to'me ly Tingua,
a soldier mandarin, of the province
of Fokien.

Three hundred and seventy-nine
years afier the time of Confucius,
or one thousand nine hundred and
sixty-five years ago, Hung Cochu,
king of Kaingnan, sent an expedi-
tion into the Shensi country, under
the command of a mandarin, called
Hansing, to conquer it. After one
successful ‘campaign,’ the soldiers
were put into winter-quarters’;
where, finding the weather much
colder than. what they had been ac-
customed to, and being also depri-
ved of their wives and families, the
army, in general, became impa-
tient of their situation, and clamour-
ous to return home. Hansing,
upon this, revolved in his mind the
bad consequenses of complying with
their wishes. ° The necessity of
soothing histroops, and reconciling
them to their position, appeared
urgent, in order to finish his opera-
tions in the ensuing year. Hé was
a man of genius, as well as a good
scholar ; and having contemplated
some time on the subject, he in-
vented the game of Chess,-as well
for an amusement to his men in
their vacant hours, as to inflame
their militaty ardour, the game be-
ing wholly founded on the princi-
ples of war. The stratagem suc-
ceeded ‘to‘his' Wish. ‘The soldiery
were delighted with the game ;
and forgot, in their daily contests
for victory, the inconveniences of
their post. In the spring the gene-
ral took the field again ; and, in a
few months, added the rich coun-
try of Shensi to the kingdom of

Bb2 Kaingnan,

372

Kiangnan, by the defeat and cap-
ture of its king, Choupayuen,* a
famous warrior among the Chinese.
On this conquest Hugh Cochu as-
sumed the title of emperor, and
Choupayven put an end to his own
life in despair.

—

Explanation of the position, powers,
and motives of the pieces on the
Chinese chess-board, or Chong Ké
royal game),

As there are nine pieces instead
of eight, to occupy the rear rank,
they stand on the lines between, and
not within, the squares. The
game is consequently played on the
Jines. , /

The king, or Chong, stands in
the middle line of this row. His
moyes resemble those of our king,
but are confined to the fortress
marked out for him.

The two Princes, or Sou, stand
on each side of him, and have equal
powers andlimits.

The Mandarins, or Tchong, an-
swer to our bishops, and have the
same moves, except that they can-
not cross the water or white space
in the middle of the board to annoy
the enemy, but stand on the defen-
RIVE!

The knights, or rather horses,
called Maa, stand and move like
ours in every respect.

The War-chariots, or Tché, re-
semble our rooks or castles,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

» The Rocket-boys, or. Pao, are

‘pieces whose motions and powers
-were unknown to us.

They act
with the direction of a rocket, and
can take none of their adversary’s
men that have not a piece or pawn
intervening. To defend yourmen
from this attack it is necessary to
open the line between, either te
take off the check on the King, or
to save a man from being captured
by the Paé. Their operation is,
otherwise, like that of the rook.
Their stations are marked between
the pieces and pawns,
The five Pawns, or Ping, make
up the number of the men equal
to that of our board. Instead of
taking sideways, like ours, they
have the rook’s motion, except that
it is limited to one step, and is not
retrograde. Another important
point, in which the Ping differs
from ours, is, that they continue ia
statu quo, after reaching their ady -
versary’s head-quarters. | It will
appear, however, that the Chinese
pieces far exceed the proportion of
ours; which occasions the whole
force of the contest to fall on them,
and thereby precludes the beauty
and variety of our game, when rey
duced to a struggle between the
pawns, who are capable of the |
highest promotion,and often change
the fortune of the day. The posts
of the Ping are marked in front.

Eyxes [nwis,

* The same romantic tales are circulated of the prowess of Choupayuen as of our

celebrated Guy Earl of Warwick,

Unpublished

ANI TIOUITIES.

Unpublished letters respecting Dr.
Walton's translation of the Bible,
transcribed from the common place
book of Mr. John Dwight, secre-

- tary to bishop Wallis.

* Humbly sheweth,

-- & eer whereas sundry edi-
: tions and translations of the
Holy Bible (the divine treasury of
saving truth) have been formerly
made in divers learned languages,
which have highly tended to the
honour of God, and advancement
of religion, especially those great
and famous editisns of the Com-
plutense, the Antwerpe, and the
late Paris, Bibles: and whereas,
your petitioner haying perused the
said editions, and compared the
same with sundry others, and find-
ing that a more compleat and per-
fect edition than any of them may
be made, which niay be more use-
full, and withall afforded at a fifth
patt, or thereabouts, of the price
of those of Paris, whereby the same
will become more common and
great enconragement be given to the
study ef those tongues which con-
duce most to the understanding of
the text, hath, with the advice of
sundry learned men, drawn up a
form of an edition in the original
languages, with the most ancient
_ translations, according tobetter and
more authentic copies than those of
the former editions, with addition
of sundry. things needful, which are
wanting in them all ; and hath di-
gested the same in such order,
whereby the several languages may
‘be represented to the reader's view

373

at once, and the whole may be
printed in a few ordinary volumes,
and sold at the price aforesaid ; a
draught whereof, with a printed
proof, and the suffrage and appro-
bation of eminent learned men, is
herewith exhibited : your petition-
er, therefore, humbly prayeth, that

' your honours will pe pleased to take

the premises into your grave and
serious consideration, and (as those
former editions, though less perfect
have been furthered by public au-
thority)so you would be pleased to

‘give your approbatiow of this work,

with such .furtherance, by recom-
mendation or otherwise, as in your,
wisdoms shall be thought fit, where
by your petitioner, and those that
shall join with him herein, may be
the better enabled and encouraged
to, go on in so great a work, so
much condueive to the public good
and honour of this nation. And
your petitioner . shall ever. pray,’’
&e, &e, eye i ; j
{Not delivered.] -
“« To his excellency the lord genes
ral Cromwell, the humble peti-
» |tion of Brian Walton, ot Lon-
den, D. D.

« Humbly sheweth,

«« That, whereas your petitioner,
with the advise of divers learned
men, hath drawn up a form of an
edition of thé Bible in the original
and other learned languages, which
the late counsell of state, by their
order of July, have declared to bz
an honourable work, and deserving
encouragement, whereupon divers
persons have subscribed several sums
of money towards the printing
thereof, as a work much tending to
the honour of God and the nation ;
your petitioner humbly prayeth,

Bbs that

ST,

that, in regard the power and au-
thority of the said counsell is now
ceased, your excellency would be
pleased, for the encouragement of
the petitioner and others employed
in the said design, to declare your
approbation of the. said. work,

whereby it may go on without Jett
or disturbance, and your petitioner
shall ever pray,” &c. &e.

‘« T think fit that this work of
printing the Bible, in the original
and other languages, vo on without
any lett or interruption.

Certificate of my lord primate and
Mr. Selden about the Bible.

“ Whereas, there hath been pre-
sented'to us a draught of an edition
of the Bible in the original and
other languages, with a proof, or
printed paper, wherein the same
are, in several columns, represented
at once to the readers view;
which (as 4s suggested) are accord-
ing to better copies and editions
than are used in those famous edi-
tions of the Complutense, Ant-
werp, and Paris, Bibles, besides
sundry needful additions which are
wanting in them, whereby this edi-
tion will ‘become more perfect, and
fitter, for use, than those formerly
mentioned, and yet the price very
much Jessened ; we, whose names
are subscribed, having viewed and
well considered the said ‘design,
and -being desirous to give our
judgments and opinions thereef,
do conceive that, both in regard of
the said editions.and copies, which
are more exact than those followed
in the other Bibles, and also of the
various readings and other addi-

ANNUAL REGISTER,

. 1794.

tions, as of the method and order
wherein the several languages are
digested, this work will be more
complete and perfect, and also more
useful, than any that hath been hi-
therto published in that kind, and
that the printing thereef will much
tend to the glory of God, and the
public honour of our nation ; and,
therefore, we do heartily desire,
that it may receive all due encou-
ragement and furtherance from all
whom it may concern, ‘

** Ja. ARMACHANUS,

*« Joun SucprEn.”’

The Greek fire ; an ancient mode of
warfare; from Andrews’s History
of Great Britain, A, D. 1191.

T the celebrated siege of

Acre both parties made use of
the ‘ Greek fire ;’ a diabolical spe-
cies of flame, which burnt the
fercer for the application of water.
It is thas sung by a Leonine bard.

Pereat, O, utinam! ignis hujus yena!
Non enim extinguitur aqua | sed arena ;
Vixq vinum acidum arctat ejus freena,.
Et urina stringitur ejus vix habena.
Ignis hic confiscitur tantum. per Paganos
Ignis hic exterminat tantum Christianos
Incantatus namque est per illos Brpphanas
Ab hoc perpetuo, Christe! libera nos!

Mon: Fror: de Expunc:
ekceonanatd

Imitated.

May the fiend fy away with this odious
Greek fire! :

Not water to quench it but sand we re-
quire 5 :

Then vinegar’s acid its power must lend
Us,

And lye; in its 'turn, too, raust up to
defend us.

The Pagans alone by this pat are Pto-
tected,

’Gainst the Christians alone are its powers
directed, ey A ate

AW TTLOUr Tis.

By the pagans ’tis arm’d by most foul in-

cantation,
Oh save us, kind Saviour, from such con-
flagration !
I.P. A.
The idea which the French

knights formed of this destructive
fire seems to have been almost un-
utterable. ‘*‘ Each man,”’ said Gau-
thier de Cariel, an old and expe-
rienced warrior, ‘* should throw
himself on his elbows and knees
when that fire is thrown, and be-
seech the Lord (who alone can help
him) to avert the-dreadful danger.”
This connsel was practised, and
Philip himself, as often as he heard
the Greek fire discharged in the
night, raised his body from his bed
and with uplitted hands prayed,
“« Lord, preserve my people!” Beau
sire, &c.

Joinville (a gallant officer who
was present) thus describes the
Greek fire. ‘It was thrown from
a‘ Petrarie. It was as large as a
barrel of verjuice, hada flaming tail
like a broad sword, made a report
like thunder, and appeared like a
dragon flying through the air: giving
such a light that, in the camp at
midnight, one might see as well as
at noon-day.””

G. de Vinesauf (a braveand learn-
ed French baron) thus expresses his
horror at this destructive pest.

_ This fire has a most feetid smell
with livid flames, and consumes
even flints and iron, Water quench-
esit not; sand checks its force; but
vinegar alone can extinguish it.”

To complete the story of the
Greek fire we will forestall the or-
der of time. Philip of France,
finding a quantity of this odious.
ammunition ready preparedat Acre,
took it with him to Europe and
meanly made use of it (so says Pere

375

Daniel) against the fleet of England
at Dieppe. It was used afterwards
in France ; and one Gaubert, of
Mant, gained the secret of making
it; but with him it expired. In
1380, the warlike bishop of Nor-
wich and his army in Flanders suf-
fered ereat annoyance from a com-
position of this inflammatory kind.
And it is asserted by the most dili-
gent of antiquaries, Grose, that a
chymist still enjoysan annuity from
government, on Co: ndition of keep-
ing secret a composition of the same
destructive cast. 2

This species of fire is perhaps
very ancient. In his history of the
Goths, Procopius speaks of an in-
fernal mixture, called “ Medea’s
oil,” which had much the same pro-
perties. And the Kilan Tartars are
said to have introduced it to China
in 917, under the name of “ The
oilof the cruel fire,”

Account of the first newspapers esta-
blished in England. From lord
Mountmorres's History of the
Trish Parliament.

ULY 9, 1662, a very extraordi-

nary question arose, about pre-
venting the publication of the de-
bates of the Irish parliament in an
English newspaper called “ The
Intelligencer;” and a letter. was
written from the speaker to sir Ed-
ward Nicholas, the English secre-
tary of state, to prevent these pub-
lications in those diurnals, as they
callthem. The ‘* London Gazette”
commenced Nov. 7, 1665. It was
at first called the ‘Oxford Gazette,”
from its being printed there during
a session of parliament held there on
account of the last plague. Ante-
cedent tg this period, sir R, |'Es-

Bb 4 trange

376 ANNUAL REGISTER,

trange published the first daily news-
paper in England.

* From the following passage in
Tacitus, it appears that somewhat
like newspapers were circulated in
the Roman State - Diurna populi
Romani per provincias, per exereitus,
curatius leguntur: quam ut non nos-
catur, quid Thrasea, fecerit.”

‘Ina note of Mr. Murphy’s exeel-
lent translation of Tacitus he Ja-
ments that none of these diurnals,
or newspapers, as he calls them,
had been preserved, as they would
éast great light upon the private
life and manners of the Romans.

‘With the long parliament origi-
nated appeals to the people, by ac-
counts of their proceedings. These
appeared periodically, from the first
of them, called “‘ Diurnal Occurren-
¢és in Parliament,” Nov. 3, 1641,
to the restoration.
« These were somewhat like our
magazines, and they were generally
called ‘* Mercuries;’’ as “ Mereu-
rius Politicus,’ “ Mercurius Rusti-
eus; and one of them, in 1644,
appears under theoddtitleof Mereu-
rius Fumigosus; or the Smoking
Nocturnal.

The number of these publications
appears, from a list in an accurate,
new, and valuable, piece of bio-
graphy, from 1641 to 1660, to have
been 156.

These publications of parliamen-

tary proceeding were interdicted af-
' ter the réstoration, as appears from
adebate in Grey’sColiection, March
24, 1681, in consequence of which,
the Votes of the House of Commons
were first printed by authority of
parliament. Sank

From the first regular paper, the
above-mentioned ‘ Public Intelli-
gencer,” commencing Aug. 31,
1661, there were, to 1688, with

1794.

the ‘* Gazette,” which has conti-
nued regularly, as at present, from
Nov. 7, 1605, 70 papers, some of
a short, and others of a longer dura-
tion. -

The first daily paper, after the
revolution, was called “The Orange
Intelligencer;” and thenee to 1792
there were 26 newspapers.
~ From anadvertisement in a week-
ly paper, called *“ The Athenian
Gazette,” Feb. 8, 1696, it appears,
that the coffee-houses in London -
had then, exclusive of the Votes of
Parliament, nine newspapers every
week; but there seems not to have
been in 1696 one daily paper.

In the reign of queen Anne,
there were, in 1709, 18 weekly
papers published ; of which, how-
ever, only one was a daily paper,
** The London Courant.”

In thereign of George I. n1724,
there were published three daily,
six weekly, and tenevening papers,
three times a week. ;

In the late reign there were pub-
lished of newspapers in London,
and in al] England,

in1753 7,411,757
1760 9,464,790

and in the present
reign in 1790 =: 14,035,639
1791 14,794,153
1792 15,005,760

In 1792 there were published in
London 13 daily, 20 evening, and
nine weekly papers. In the coun-
try 70; and in Scotland 14 country
papers.

Though Venice produced the first
Gazette in 1536, it was cirenlated
in manuscript long after the inven-
tion of printing, to the close of the
16th century, as appears from a
collection of these Gazettes in the
Maygliabechian library at Florence,

according

AN.T.L QU ET LES.

according to Mr. Chalmers, in his
curious and entertaining Life of
Ruddiman, p. 114.

Mr. Chalmers observes, that it
may gratify our national pride to be
told, that we owe to the wisdom of
Elizabeth, and the prudence of
Burleich, the circulation of the first
genuin:: newspaper, “The English
Mercurie,” printed during the time
of the Spanish armada. The first
number, preserved stil] in the British
museum, is marked 50; it is dated
the 23d of July, 1588, and con-
tains the following curious artiele:

ao Yesterday the Scotch arnbassa-

dor hada private audience of her
_ majesty, and delivered a letter from
the king his master, containing bis
most cordial assurances of adhering
to her majesty’s interests, and ‘to
those of the Protestant religion ;
and the young king’ said to her ma-
jesty’s minister at his court, that alk
the favour he expected from the
Spaniards, was, the courtesy of Po-
lyphemus to Ulysses, that heshould
be devoured the last.”
” These publications were however
then, and'Jong after, publislied in
the shape of small pamphlets ; and
so they were called’ in a tract of one
Burten, in 1674: “if any one
reads now-a-days, it is a play-book
_or pamphlet of newes,” for so tire
~ word was originally spelled.

From 1588 to 1622, and during
the pacific reign of James I. few of
these publications appeared; but
the 30 years war, and the victories
of the great king Gustavus Adol-
phus, having excited the curiosity
of ‘our countrymen, a weekly pa-
per, called ‘‘ The Newes of the
present Weck,” was printed by
Nathaniel Butter, in 1022, which
was continued afterwards in 1526,
under anotlier title, by Merctrius

377

Brittannicus ; .and they, were tuc-
ceeded by “* The German Intelli-
gencer,”’ in 1630, and “ The Swe-
dish Intelligencer,” i in 1631, which
last w ascompiled by William Watts,
of €aius. college, who wasa Jearned
man, and who thus graphedine pub-
lic curiosity with theexploits of the
Swedish hero, in a-quarto pam-
phiet.

The great rebellion in 1641 was
productive of abundance of those
periodical tracts above-mentioned,
as well as of all those that ‘have
been published since the first news-
paper that appeared in the present
form, ‘* The Public Intelligencer,”
published by sir Roger L’ Estrange,
Aug. cael Wes 1661. :

Mr, Chalmers subjoins to these
curious researches the account of
the first paper printed in Scotland,
in February 1622, “The Edinburgh

Gazette,” which was accompanied
afterwards, in 1705, by “ The
Edinburgh Courant ;”” and, at the

period of the Union, Scotland had
only three newspapers.

The publication of “* The Cale«
donian Mercury,” by Ruddiman,
April 28th, 1720, led this curious
and entertaining biographer to this
minute and Jaborious investigation;
ftom which it appears, that England
had, in 1792, 35 town and 70
country Rapers, published at Edin-
burgh and in the country.

Hs essay y on fhe énvention of print~
from the Gentleman's Ma~
ithe

BDALLA’s Chinese History,
1317, mentions. ooden taba

Jets € engrayen to print entire page's.
Trigault asserts that the Chinese
practived

378

practised the art of printing five
centuries before his time. Count
Terre Rezzonieo found at Lyons
plates with words and names en-
graven by a Nuremberger, 1390.
The Chinese way of stamping a
whole page with one intire block,
Costar used at Harlem, about the
year 1480. He used single types
of wood before the year 1440; when
these characters were spirited away
to Mentz either directly or by de-
grees ; probably by the elder Gen-
fleisch; who, with his brother John
Gutenberg, cut metalline types un-
der the patronage of John Faust,
whose son-in-law, Scheffer, cast the
types. Costar’s earliest known im-
pressions were, a book of eight
pages, containing an alphabet, the
Lord’s prayer, and three other
prayers; a little Catholicon, or vo-
cabulary ; confessionals ; Donatus
printed before 1440; and, proba-
bly, the Art of Memory, and a
Treatise of Antichrist ; both with
figures ; likewise Christ's History,
and the Speculum Salutis, kept in a
silver chest at Harlem; that, in
Dutch, has (Jike the Donatus) capi-
tals; see Meerman. The Latin
Speculum (at Wilton) was partly
printed with fixed types, partly with
moveable. John Naucler and Olric
Zell, who printed at Cologne, 1467,
thebook DeSingularitateClricorum,
now at Blenheim-house; and the
Bible, 1458, in Daly's late collec-
tion ; wrote that “ printing was in-
vented at Mentz, 1440, and im-
proved till 1450, when a Latin
Bible was printed ; yet the Donatus
at Harlem Jed the way.” The
Latin Bible was printed, with cut
metalline types, at Mentz, 1450,
The Chronicon of Mat. Palmer, of
Pisa(bora 1423) asserts, that print-
ing was invented 1440, and genc-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

rally propagated 1457. Seiz tells
us, that “ John Baptist Fulgosius
Dux Ianuensium 1487 dixit, Lite-
rar’ imprimendar’ Artem 1440 in-
vertam.” That Laurence Costar,
1439, cut single letters of lead;
and, 1438, inventeda method of
casting single types; and printed
the Dutch Speculum, also Donatus.
Gutenberg printed an alphabet ;
also Alexandri Galli de Villa Dei
Doctrinale sive Grammaticam, and
Petri Hispani Logicalia, with
wooden types, 1442. Gutenberg
and Mentel, 1446, printed Biblia
Latina; An edition of the Bible by
Faust's Artists appeared 1462, price
five marks ; sce Fenn’s Letters.
Peter Scheffer, 1452, Matrices for-
mandi Artem excogitavit. The
Psalms were printed, by Faust, at
Mentz, with the date 1457; but
many of the earliest books were not
dated. He printed the Officiale
Durandi with cast types, 1459.
The i rag kA constitutions are at
Neustift, in Tyrol, 1460. At an
eminent London bookseller’s in
Fleet-street, was onsale, Dec. 1790,
the Latin Lexicon, styled Johannis
de Janua Summa, Cathelicon dicta,
impressa Moguntiz, 1460. Peter-
sheim printed at Francfort, 1459,
when Hen. Bourcher, archbishop of
Canterbury, introduced the art in-—
to England. Mariangel Accursius
saw with AldusaDonatus by Faust,
printed with coppertypes (says Fa-
bricius) in 1450; as was the Con-
fessiona). Accursius wrote thus:
Joh. Faust et Joh. Scheffer admo-
niti ex Donato Hollandiz prius im-
presso Donatum et Confessionalia,
1450; imprimebant. The Chroni-
con of Cologne, printed 1490, in-
forms us, “‘ the art of printing was
cultivated at Mentz, onthe Rhine,
from the year 1440,"" But although

4 the .

ASNIT £ OOU ETI E'S.

the present method was invented
there, yet the sample of printing
was obtained from the Dutch edi-
tions of Donatus. Polydore Virgil
wrote thus: ‘ Joh. Gutenberg Teu-
tonicus, equestri vir dignitate, ut
ab ejus civibus accepimus, primus
emniu’ in Monguntio Germania
oppido imprimendar’ Literar’ artem
excogitavit; decima sexto deinc
anno (qui fuit A. Sal. 1458). Con-
tadus, homo itidem Germanus, arte
in Italia’ attulit.” Hadrian Junius
mentions printing at Mentz, 1442;
but with Costar’s types. Caxton
(as Meerman notes) 1482, set the
invention of the art in 1455 ; about
that time, indeed, it became public
and general ; as Palmer of Pisa, Po-
lydore Vergil, and Werner's Fas-
ciculus Tempor’ evince. It ensued
on the separation of Faust’s Artists.
But John Mente) exercised the art
at Strasburg about 1444. Wint-
pheling (who died 1528) says, that
Gutenberg had animperfect know-
ledge of printing at Strasburg ;
though PeterScheffer's son Johnas-
serts, that ‘* Gutenberg invented
(rather founded) printing-at Mentz,
1450; where his fatber and John
Faust improved it. ‘* L)sewhere, he
explains this of types. John Scoit,
1531, attributes the invention to
John Mental 1444. And Spiegel,
the emperor Maximilian’s secretary,
wrote, that “‘ John Mentel, at Stras-
burg: in the year 1444, invented
the art of printing ;"" see Seiz.
About the year 1458, both Gu-
tenberg and Mentel could stamp
300sheets daily. But Ithink that
Gutenberg'’s eldest brother was a
‘workman with Costar, and fled to
his brother at Strasburg, but afier-
wards repaired to Mentz.. This
accounts for the report that the art
was broughtfrom Strasburg thither.

879

How else could°Gutenberg, who
resided at Strasburg, from 1434 to
1444, learn the art from his elder
brother ; except, indeed, he visited
him at Harlem, or both brothers
served Costar, and about 1434 re-
moved with the types first to Stras-
burg; for Seiz quotes an old manu-
script, that says, they resided there,
1444; whence the eldest brother
retired to Mentz about 1440, John
Dun, a goldsmith, attested that he
sold to Gutenberg, articles useful
in printing about 1486. Thus at
Harlem were invented wooden
types, both fixed and moveable,
about 1430; cut single letters of
lead about 1436; and cast leaden
types about 1438. Gutenberg
introduced the art at Strasburg
about 1439, His elder brother at
Mentz about 1440; he printed un-
der Faust’s auspices in 1442. Af-
terwards Gutenberg came thither ;
and metalline types were cut for
the Bible, 1450; and used for the
Pslater, 1457; when the art as
aforesaid became general. Scheffer,
Faust’s son-in-law, invented, or at
Jeast improved, cast types; with
which Durandus was printed, 1459.
Therefore, considering the early
account of printing at Strasburg,
given by Scott and Spiegel, and
that the book De Miseria Lotharii
was dated 1448, why doth Blain-
ville (who recites an epigram, dated
1454, attributing the invention of
printing to Germany) suspect, after
Misson, the date of the book on
Predestination, at Spire, which is
1446 ; the date of the Leonard des
Utino ; a book whose type greatly
resembles thespecimens of Mentel’s
press, in Mcerman ; and bears
every mark of a most ancient per-
formance in that art. The large
introductory capitals are not print-

$80

ed. Neither pages ‘nor folios are
auumbered, even though there is a
table referring to the folios. "The
sheets have no marks ;.. nor. are
there any catch-words, or custodes,
atthe bottom of the pages ;_ the
small capitals were in a very simple
style... The. letters are of unequal
size; and the lines are uneven.
The sentences have no distinguish-
ing marks, except quadrangular
points.. No labels adorn the heads
of the pages, as in the Nuremberg
Chronicle, 1493. It is probable,
a religious society, would have em-
traced the earliest opportunity to
honour a member of their own
body by committing his book to:the
newly-invented press, which must
have been much admired as soon as
understood. Therefore,, Leonard's
work appears as old as its . date,
Maugre any opinionated French-
man’s positive, 7pse dizit to the con-
trary, . The,admirable Tully af-
forded a plain hint towards the in-
vention ; where (on the nature of
the gods) he speaks of collecting
and. arranging a great number, of
separate letters; which, says he,
could never. fortuitously compose
any intelligible or coherent. trea-
tise. ;

Conference Letween bishop Gardiner
and sir James Hales, 1453 ; co-

_ pied verbatim from a scarce speci-
x-men of early printing in the pos-
session of the late Mr, Ames.
From the same.
Chauncellor. ASTER Hales,
& ye shall under-
standthat like as the quenes highnes
hath hertofore receividgood opinion
of you, especialle, for that he stonde
both faithfullie and Jawfulli in hir

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

cause of just succession, refusing tt
set your hande to the booke, among
others that were against hit grace in
that beholfe; so now, through your
owne late desertes; against certain
hir highnes . dooings,. ye stande not
well in hir graces favour... And
therefor, before you take anie othe,
it shal be necessarie for youto make
your purgation. +
Hales. | praie you, my lorde,
what is the eause ?
Chauncelior, Information is given
that ye have indicted certain pristes
in Kent, for saiing of masse...
Hales. : Mi lorde, it is not so. I
indicted’ none ; but indede, cers
taine indictments of like matter wer
brought-before meat the last assises
there holden, and I gave order
therein, as the Jawe required. For
I have professed the lawe, against
which, in. cases. of justice, will T
never (God willinge) proceed, nor
in anie wise dissemble, but with the
same shewe forth mi conscience,
and, if it were todo againe, 1 would
do no lesse thaw I did. f
Chauncellor... Yes, raaster Hales
your conscience is known. wel
inough, _ I know ye lacke. no cons
science. bevy etentrt det
Hales, Mi lorde, ye maie do wel
to serch vour-own conscience, for
mine is better knowne to mieself
than to, you; and. to be plaine, I
did as well use justice in your saide
masse case bi mi conscience as bi the
lawe; wherein I am fulli bent.to
stand in trial-to the uttermost that
can be objected; and if Ihave
therein dove anie injurie or wrong, |
Jet me be judged bi the lawe,, for
I will seek no better defence, con-
sidering chiefli that it is mi pro-
fession. ., z
Chéuncellor., Whi; master-Hales,
although »ye had the rigour, of .the

lawe

ANTIQUITIES.

lawe onyourside, yet yemight have
hadde regard to the quene’s hichnes
present dooingesin that case. “And
further, although ye seme to be
more then precise inthe lawe; yet
J thinke, ye wolde be veri loth to
yelde to the extremitie of suche ad-
vantage as might be gathered a-
gainste your proceedings in the
lawe, as ye have sometimes taken
uppon you in place of justice.
And, if it were well tried, I believe
ye shud not be well’ ‘able to stond
honestlie thereto.

» Hales. Mi lord, Tam not so
perfect but I may erre for lacke of
knowledge ; but, both in consci-
‘ence, and such knowledge of the
lawe as God hath given me, I will
do nothing but I will maintain and
abide in it. And if mi goodes,
and all that I have; be not able to
counterpoise the case, mi bodie
shal ‘be redi to serve’ the turne, for
theibe at all the quenies highnesse
pleasure.

Chauncellor. Ah¥ sir, yebe very
quicke and stoute in your answers ;
but as it shoulde'seme; that which
ye did was more of a will, favour-
ing the opinion of your religion
against the service howe used, then
for.ani occasion or zeale of justice,
seinge the quenes highnesse doeth
set ittorthe, as yet wishinge all hir
faithful subjects to imbrace it’ ac-
cordingli ; and where’ ye offer both
bodie and goods in your triall, there

381

is no such matter required at youre
handes, and yet ye shall not have
your owne will neither.

Hales. My lord, I seke not wil-
ful will, but to shew myself as kam
bound in loveto God; and’ obedi-
ence to the quenes majestie, in
whose cause willingly, for justise
sake, al other respectes set apart, I
didoflate, (as your lordshipknoeth),
adventure as much as I had. And
as for my religion, I trust it.to be
such as pleaseth God, whereinI am
redy to adventure as well my life as
my substaunce, if I be called there-
unto. And so in Jackie of mine
owne power and wil, thé Lordes
wil be fulfilled.

Chauncellor. Seeing ye be be at this
point, master Hales, I wil present-
ly make an end with youe., The
quenes highnes shal be informed of
youre opinion and declaration. And
as hir grace shal therupon deter-
mine, ye shal have knowledge; un-
tilwhich tyme ye may depart as ye
came without your. oth, for, as it
appeareth, ye are scarce worthi the
place appointed.

' Hales. 1 thanke your lordship,
and, as for my vocation, being both
a burthen and a chatge, more than
ever I’ desired to take upon me 5
whensoeverit shall please the quenes
highnes to ease me thereof, I shall
most humbli, withdue contentation
obei the same.— Aud so this upright
judge departed from the bar.

MISCEL-

{ 382 J

- MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

The Land of Nineveh, a fragment ;
addressed to the farmers of Great

_ Britain and Ireland, by a friend to
husbandry ; frem the Annals of
Agriculture.

ND there lived a king in the

. land of Nineveh, who ruled
the country in peace, and he distri-
buted his favours among his people,
giving to one-great authority, and
to others situations of emolument ;
but no man was oppressed thereby,
for he gave but his own, and what
the Jaws of the land permitted.
’ And his nobles confederated to=
gether and said, ** Why suffer we
this thing ? This man placeth over
us whom he listeth, and giveth
away whathe pleaseth to others, and
pays no proper respectto our claims :
Let us endure it no longer: Let us
displace him: Let us divide his pos-
sessions and authority amongst us,
and we shall be happy.’?. And they
didso, and the king fled, and lived
in another country, and the nobles
returned triumphing each to his
own home.

And the husbandmen of the
country heard this, and they assem-
bled together, and said, ‘* Behold
the king that reigned over us has
fled; and his nobles has seized
every thing he had, and they claim
the inheritance of the land. What
giveth them a right to do so?

What mattereth their wax or their
parchments ? he land is ours, for
we till it, and we will pay them
their heavy exactions no’ more.”
And the nebles were few in num-
ber, and no man could trust ano-
ther, and they fled, and the hus-
bandmen took each man the land he
possessed, and he kept it as his own,
and he lived in his own house | re-
joicing. i

And these husbandmen badmany
servants, who, were employed in
tilling the land ; and the servants
said unto one another, ‘* Whence
cometh this? The king that reigned
over us has fled, aiid his nobles are
driven from. their estates, and the
husbandmen possess the soil, and

they claim the whole land as their

own ; but what right have they to
do so? Where are their deeds or
parchments? Are their titles bet-
ter than ours? Surely not. Let
us then join together, let us drive
these wicked men from our bounds,
and let usdivide thelandamong us.”
And they did so, and the husoand-
men fled every where, and none of
them retained a spot of the Jand

they had formerly possessed, and —

the servants said, ‘“‘ There is none
now to contest with us, we shall
soon become rich and happy, we
formerly tilled the Jand of others,
we shall now cultivate our own.’’

And

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

And behold in the cities of that
country, there dwelt persons pro-
fessing different occupations ; and
these persons met together, and said,
«© What is this that we hear? The
king that reigned over us has fled,
and his nobles are banished from
the Jand, and the husbandmen are
driven from amongst us, and their
servants are now possessors of the
soil. Why should this be suffered ?
We live in crowded cities; we
breathe unwholesome air ; we toil
for others more than for ourselves ;
we can procure buta bare sub-
sistence. Let us join and act to-
gether. _ Our enemies are scattered
over the face of theland. We
will soon drive them before us, and
enjoy their possessions in peace.”
And they assembled together, and
took arms, and went against the
servants of the husbandmen, and
drove them out of the country, and
those who resisted they put to
death.

And the men of occupation now
possessed the whole land, and they
said, ** Let us divide it equally
amongst us, that none may have
more than his neighbour, and that
all may share alike.” And they
quarrelled about the division, and
no man was satisfied with what he
got, and they had no means of cul-
tivating the soil, and they had no
skill to doit, and famine spread
over the land, and they wept bit-
terly, and said, ‘© When we had no
land, we got what it produced in
abundance, and now we have land,
it yieldeth us nothing,” and they
cried, “ Give us some bread to
eat.”

And the Lord saw what the
people suffered, and how much they
repented of their transgressions, and
he had compassion upon them, and

383

he sent a prophet to announce it
them the way in which they should
walk, and the prophet said unto
them, ‘‘ Let the men of occupation
return to their professions by the
exercise of which they obtain their
share of the produce of the soil. Let
the servants labour for their masters,
that the earth may be duly culti-
vated. Let the husbandmen hire
their land, from those who lawfully
inherit it, for no man must possess
the territory of another without his
consent. Let the nobles be restored
to their property, and they will
watch over the interests of the state.
Let the king be re-established on
his throne, that he may protect his
people from injury. And let pro-
perty be held sacred, the sure basis
of the prosperity of a state, AND
ALL SHALL BE WELL.” And
it was so; and the people blessed
the Lord, and said, «*‘ Now we see
what 1s good for us, and how alone
a multitude of people can dwell to-
gether.” And they lived happily,
and increased in numbers, and all
the neighbouring nations rejoiced
with them.

On planting, ly Arthur Young, esq.
Jrom the same,

"Th ne can hardly be a more
interesting question in political
agriculture, than that of the national
benefit resulting from plantations of
the many sorts of trees which are
made to occupy various soils and
situations,—some good, some bad.
Great merit is assigned, by many
writers, to such works ; and socie-
ties have confirmed the opinion, by
offering pumberless premiums for
the encouragement of similar under-

takings,

384

takings. Upon questions’ of such
importance to the national inter-
ésts, it is much to be wished, that
thesvery best intelligence’ may be’
procured, and that the most deep
and careful: attention be given, to
ascertain the comparative utility to
the public, of the different modés
of applying the soil.

It seems, at first'sight, alittle
singular, that the conversion of the
soil to'a state of nature, shotld be
esteemed so great an improvement,
as to: call for prereivms to reward
those who aré the readiest to take
these rétrogade steps towards’ chan-
ging the corn, Cattle, and‘sheep of
Britain, into the savage robe of an
American wilderness.. Every acre
we have’ in-England, if securely
éniclosed, would, in’ the process of
no’ long Japse of time, become a
forest; it is' the residence,of peo-
ple, with their flocks and‘ herds,
and’ prosperity in their train, that
proves the'destructidn’ of all forests.
What ‘an odd policy, to be solici-
tous to drive back the natural pro-
gress of all that creates’ wealth,
and cover our lands with those
woods, which the creation of
wealth has extirpated: One great
reproach of, the Venetian govern-
ment'in Istria, is, that the state is
more anxious to preserve the woods
than the people ;, that they have,,
by severities, driven away. the in-
habitants, as animals. very. noxi-
ous to. woods, with such success,
that ‘their aim is answered ;_ the.
people are gone, and the forests
flourish. We are anxious for, the
same effect, but by different means:
we would not drive away the peo-
ple, but we would occupy those
lands with timber, which at pre-
sent produce some. mutton, and
with the expence of planting,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

would produce 4 great deal’: this

is pretty much the same thing, as
the way to have people, is to be.
able to feed them ;' and what food
is yielded by a well-preserved wood
I am yet to learn. — at
This fact is so cléar, that we
may safely accept it for a maxim,
that the more wood there is in the
kingdom, the fewer people there’
must necessarily be fed on the pro-
duct of out own soil. ‘THis is de-,
monstration. Jt is a poor réply to
say, that some soils may be planted,
which will not yield food for man ;
there are, T confess, that yield lit-
tle, but all yield some; -I know
no waste lands that do’ not’ feed’
either sheep or rabbits, or cattle ;
and the black moors and mountains,
where the soil'is peat, feed great
numbers, are well adapted to shéep,
and, with very obvious ibiprovey
ments, would feed an infinitely’
greater number. “Thus, in every
case of planting,. the food of ‘man”
is excluded in favour of something.
else. To be sure—food for man is’
excluded for fuel for man; the one is
as necessary as the other. This ré-
ply is more obvious than true.—
Coals are so inexhaustible in’ this”
island, that every. man in’ Britain’
may be warmed by them’ for ten’
centuries to come. Such plenty
points out the palpable policy, that’
the bowels of the earth should’
warm, and its sutface feed us. To"
plant with a view to firing, is'to’
reject the beneficence of nature,
and to encumber those fields with a”
commodity which can be spared, to*
the exclusion of others which can-
not. "The same observation is ex=
actly applicable to timber for naval
and building uses: it is infinitely’
cheaper to buy, than to raise such:
so many colintfies yet remain in a-
waste

—

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

Waste and desert. state, being fally
sented that we need not have the

ast apprehension of a supply.—
That the royal navy is safe in this
respect, we have the highest autho=
rity to,assert ; for we learn, by the
report of the commissioners of the
crown-lands, that the price of oak,
Bethe -king’s yards, has risen no-
thing in the last thirty years. This

is, of ail others, the most decisive

proof, either that the quantity has
not declined, or that the foreign
supply isfully adequate. He, who
has viewed:as much of France as I
haye done,’ will know, that a coun-
try May support a great navigation
and an .immense. navy without
growing oak, which is scarcely seen
in that kingdom of a capital size.

. It is sometimes contended, that
timber is such a necessary of life,
that it ought to be raised at home.
I grant that. it is necessary, but
that does not prove, that we ought to
produce it at home; facts speak a
directly contrary language ; for let
it be remembered, that, from one
end of the kingdom»to the other,
all buildings, of any consequence,
are erected of fir, imported from
the Baltic, the scantlings of which
are cut toso little loss,as to be much
cheaper than any products of our
own. . The kingdom has been, for
more than fifty years, and, in a
gerd, measure, for a hundred, using

oreign wood; or, to adopt the
commgn language, dependant on
foreigners for this undoubted neces-
sary ; and who has yet found any
inconvenience in so, doing? Why
_ then affect such fears and alarms at
a situation which we have actually
been in a, constant habit of for so
long a time, without the smallest in-
sonvenieuce }

Vou. XXXVI;

185
No doubt can be entertained of
the superiority of well-inclosed and
well-managed, plantations, when
compared with wastes fed, in coma
mony by a wretched breed of starved
sheep. But this is ever.a most idle
comparison : the. parallel ought to
be drawn between such wastes en-
closed, improved to the amount of
the expence of. planting, and fed
with the best breed of sheep the
land) then would carry ; in which
case, I believe the superiority would
be found on the other side of the
question.

All these réasonings, therefore,
of a supposed want of timber, or
fuel, are founded upon very insuffi-
cient data, even for the purpose of
a fair argument; but when they
are made the basis of propositions,
that must affect. the greatest and’
most important interests of the na«
tion, they surely ought to be: re-
ceived with abundant caution ; they,
Gught to be sifted with the most in+
quisitive solicitude, and examined
with the most close attention to
every collateral circumstance,

Forest countries consider wood
as a nuisance,.and their idea of a
well-improved- country is one well
cleared ; perfectly denuded of trees,
as Dr. Johns@fi.expressed, rural na-
kedness: when’they are. told, that
we, on the contrary; look at woods’
and plantations as capital improve
ments, they have reason to think
that we act on principles which to
them appear marvellous. :

. At first sight, the contrast of the
application of the soil to feed peos
ple, or to raise wood, is so strong—=
the one apparently so. important
the other seemingly so inconsidera-
ble, —that the difference should de-
cide the question: But this con-

Ce trast

386

more forcible when it is considered,
that in this kingdom apprehensions
of a want of bread are almost pe-
riodical, and that government, on
every occasion, manifest an alarm,
lest those apprehensions should be
founded. That in the same king-
dom, there is a constant and im-
mense importation of corn; of wheat
to some amount, of oats to a very
great one. That in the same king-
dom the price of every sort of but-
cher’s meat marks no superfluity ;
that the products of the dairy have
risen in price remarkably; that,
within a year, wool had risen, in
no long term, 50 per cent. and
consequently marked an active de-
mand. Jn acountry thus circum-
stanced, abounding with the great-
est commerce and manufactures in
the world, and a population in-
creasing rapidly in every quarter,—
in such a country to adopt the forest
policy,—to tread back the steps
of national improvement,—to bid
forests once more breathe their
browner horror over seenes appli-
cable to the food of mankind.—and
take the same clothing which co-
vered them when Boadicea drew
forth her barbarians from their bo-
soms, Must seem a strange exertion
ef modern politics.

However, if private interest calls
for such exertions, by their great
profit, itis then in vain to reason
against them on public principles.
Luet us examine shortly the ideas
of imaginary profits that are, by
some, annexed to woods and plan-
tations.

The expences of planting are all
threwn away, if fences are not
made most effectively, which is a
heavy charge, unless the under-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

trast becomes infinitely greater and

taking is upon an enormous scale ¢
it has been calculated, that a thous
sand acres, in one enclosure, may
be enclosed and planted so cheaply
as for 20s. an acre, provided only
five hundred larches are assigned to
each acre. ‘This supposes, that the
price would not rise with the de
mand, which possibly might be the
case ; but it also supposes it right
to plant only five hundred on an
acre, yet many planters of great
experience recommend nearer ten
times as many. Many calculations
whith demand attention, from the
great ability of their authors, sup-
pose the land, previous to plant-
ing, to be worth an ae
small rent, even down to a few
pence per acre; but I may ob-
serve, that all ideas of the present
value of land, derived from the
application, unenclosed, and in a
state of commonage, must be liable
to a good deal of error. In a coun-
try where the right of turning ten
sheep on acommion may be hired
for 6d. probably an enclosed moor
could not be hired for ten times
such arent. And as a power of
enclosure is supposed, before the
land can be planted, so ought the
same power to be supposed for as-
cértaining the value of the land
previous to plating.

The highest parts of the moors
in Knaresborough forest, which are
chiefly peat moors covered with
ling, support a Scotch sheep per
acre through the year, and conse-
quently cannot be estimated worth
aless rent than 2s. an acre, being
enclosed with walls and tithe free ;
if the gross produce (and this is
always to be reckoned in a na-
tional view) amount only to three
rents, it rises to 6s. an acre, but

call

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS,

call it 5s. If you plant such moors,
you must calculate the progressive
increase of 5s. per annum, at com-
pound interest during the term
your trees are to stand; sucha cal-
culation will not turn out any in-
ducement to change sheep for tim-
ber. And here some considera-
tions deserve attention, relative to
the quality and value of planted
woods.

Mr. Farquharson, of Invercauld,
has, in a very able memoir, print-
ed in Mr. Pennant’s Tour in Scot-
land, observed upon the great dif-
ference in value between the firs
and pines of natural woods, and
those planted artificially, We are
apt, in calculations, to estimate a
larch or a fir to be worth, fifty or
sixty years hence, the price or va-
lue of a good larch or fir; but they
turn out sometimes almost good for
nothing, except for the most infe-
rior uses. Larch growing in a state
of nature, on the Alps, is found to
be the most durable of all timber.
The late earl of Orford tried va-
rious species of wood in a lift of
posts and rails, in an exposed situs
ation,—and planted larch was the
first that rotted. This tree, which
is justly a favourite for its rapid
growth, has not yet attained to a
maturity in England, sufficient to
ascertain its merit. As to firs, they
have been found, when felled or
offered to sale in large quantities,
absolutely unsaleable. ‘Thus the
production of inferior sorts of wood,
in large quantities, becomes a spe-
cannon of very questionable pro-

t. '

Ag to oak, if felled at early
periods of its growth, the value
per foot is small, for no timber is
worse than sap oak; and if kept to
such am age, as to become an ob-

387

ject of national defence, all our au-
thorities agree, that the profit les.
sens.

I do not offer these considera-
tions as decisive of the question—
I only presume to call so much at-
tention to them, that they may be in
no danger of being overlooked. The
quality of productions that are to
occupy the soil for so many years,
to the exclusion of man and his
food, is a subject of consequence to
the tagivitgal who plants, and te
the nation whose population re-
ceives a prohibition.

Convert all our wastes, to the
amount perhaps of twelve or fif-
teen millions of acres, into crops
of corn, or mutton, or beef, or
hides, or wool; and let the plen-
ty be as great as a sanguine fancy
can paint it, the progressive pro-
sperity of the kingdom promises to
advance with a celerity, that shall
find consumption for the whole.—
Turn them to savage forests, pros
ducing bad wood, and possibly no
timber, or the best if you will, and -
what comparison can there be be=
tween the two applications of the
soil? [t is commonly said, that any
sort of planting would be prefera-
ble to the present waste state,
while under the torture of com-
mon rights ; but the comparison is
vague: when enclosed and divided,
they will be ready for any applica-
tion, and it surely then becomes a
question, what that application |

‘should be?

Landlords are apt to consider the
benefit of woods and plantations,
in a light that tends a little too
much to self-love. They receive
almost the whole of the gross pro-
duce of such—the nation has very
little more interest in them than
the amount of the landlord’s re-

Cc 2 ceipt ;

388

ceipt ; but this is abundantly ‘differ-
ert with every other production ; a
plantation of fir or larch, that, at
fifty years growth, shall be worth
40], and consequently shall have
paid 20s. per cent. per annum,
may,be felled for 20s. or 30s. and
the tops faggotted pethaps for

twice as'much more. - Hf fenced ’

in large divisions, a mere trafi¢ in
repairs for ten or a dozen years ;
the labouring poor might, there-
fore, in 20s. come in for Is. or
is. 6d.; and there ends the statis-
tical account: no farmer—almost
no labourer—no artizan—the land~
lord reigns the solitary lord, of the
silent desert, 23 uncolinected as the
roaming savage, and as free from
the support of human industry, as
the Siberian or the Tartar. ‘Fo
raise his produce, demands little
assistance ; to, work ‘up and con-
sume it, affords still less employ
ment. Such is the state of the soil”
to which so many would, by abay of
improvement, reduce us! Such the’
amelioration for which honorary
premiums are offered ! eH

But, however right I may think
it to,condemn planting, with the
views, of a crop, much. isto” be .
said in its favour, when intended
merely for sheltering cattle 5 I say
nothing of ornament; however,
plantations with this view, are hot
usually very extensive, nor, do all
situations want them ; they are €n-
tirely removed from the Sus&¢x sys-
tem of surrounding small enclosures
with wood, to a degree that almost
excludes the sun and, witid from
all power.of drying wet soils, and
renders critical seasons at harvests
doubly pernicious. Such a system

* See the encomiums collected by Prtiscas,
: J ohh ;

saat
“ew Ye Sh

" emperors,

ANNUAL- REGISTER, 1794.

is destructive to’ the tenant; a cire
cumstance of some consequence to
a landlord when‘he lets a farm.

The comparative authenticity of Eaci-
_tus, and Suetonius, illustrated by
_theiquestion, “ whether Nero was
the, author of the memorable, cong ,
flagration at Rome,” by, Arthur
Browne, LL. D.S. FT. G ED,
and M. R.I. A. From the Irish

Transactions. :

O much: has been said of the

candour of Suetonius, and. of
his work being the most ‘accurate
narration extant of the lives of the
that it is worth’ the
pains to enquire, how’ far ‘their.
praises are due, Others are. said
to have been actuated by hatred,
ot slaves to adulation ; he is repre-
sented alone as fair and’ uninflu!
enced. *. For my own part, I so
much differ from this opinion, that
Ivhave ever considered the rank
allétted to Suetonius, in the scale

’ of historical merit; as elevated much

beyond his deserts. I am not in-
clinéd to trust either his eandour or
hi§ aceuracy,y particularly when op-
posed ‘to, ‘or compared’ with, his ri-
val historian. “We are accustomed;

know not how, at an early age,

from contemporary studies, to’ unite
the’ nares of contemporary histori-°
ans, and from thence perhaps in-

' sensibly to infér a similarity of ex~

céllence, ~The authors ‘perused

- treat’ of the same facts, they are

read at the same time, and the
mindis-yet too young for acturate
discrimination. May not such as-
sociations have had some effect with —
respect to’ Suetonius and ‘Taeitus ?/

int the preface to his edition of Suetonius,

But

‘MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS: »

But the exercise of maturer judge-

ment readily separates such unions,
-and detects the apparent. parallel-
ism) of ,objects, which, sufficiently
pursued, will,be found in time: in-
finitely to diverge, This judge-
ment, however, is. in many cases
neyer exercised at all,

A premature perusal of the clas-
sics often prevents a. subsequent
cool revisal of their beauties and
their merits, impels the man to
consider the subjects of the studies
of the boy as trifling and disgust-
ing, and indolently ,to acquiesce in
first impressions, rather than retrace
steps which appeared unpleasant,
because involuntary. But-he who,
at maturer years, is led, by taste or
"inclination, to examine and com-
pare the lights of antiquity, will be
astonished at their numerous detee-
tions of his errors first imbibed,
and corrections of the implicit faith
which he has put in some of its
oracles; and perhaps no where
will he find less reason for confi-
dence than in the secretary of A-
‘drian (for such was Suctonius),
however high his post, or good his
means of information.

The title of this essay, indicates
my intention to confine my obser-

389

vations to the. comparative fidelity
in narration, of the celebrated wri-
‘ ters ,therein-mentioned, withont
touching». on their other relative
perfections.or imperfections. The
instance: which I haye selected to
illustrate this: point (for abundance
of them might be found®), may to
some appear trifling ; and it. may
be asked, who, im ‘the eighteenth
century, can be interested in the
question, whether at Rome, in the
first, was burnt by the hand of her
natural protector, or of what uti-
lity as the discussion which tends to
wash away one spot from the bloody
garb of Nero? The objection should
not come from the theoretic lover
of. truth, never despising enquiry
aud discrimination; nor will the
expulsion of falsehood from history
exer appear trifling to its practical
admirers, The question too, is not
totally unconnected with the well-
known controyersy in morals, on
_the existence of gratuitous malevo-
lence, as any alleged motives for
this supposed conduct of the tyrant,
are utterly ;unsatisfactory to, the ra-

"tional. mind: + But its chief im-

portance rests on the grounds I have
premised, If we detect an histo-
rian in any one instance, in a pe-

* Such as Suetonius’s assertion, that Tiberius abolished the privilege of sanctuary,

when the contrary, which is asserted by Tacitus, is proved beyond a doubt, by coin
‘subsequent to his reign ; his making Germanicus conquer a king of Armenia, when
Arménia had no king, and was not at war with Rome; his representation of the cha-
racter of Nero, in many respects differing from the traits given by Tacitus and ethers ;
his mentioning the loss of an army in Asia, when from Tacitus it appears, it was only
the rumour of sucha loss, Surely, these yariances would not have appeared trifling
to Lipsius, who took such pains to reconcile these authors, when differing in the
point, whether Agrippa Posthumus was killed by a centurion or a tribune of the sol-
diers. Josephus observes, that no man’s character has been more misrepresented,
from adulation on the one side, and. prejudice on the other, than Nero’s.
+ The desire of seeing the resemblance of T'roy in flames, is too childish to be im-
ed even to the fantastical mind of Nero, and the design of burning a great city, in
Order to improve and rebuild it, if indeed necessary, in the plenitude of his power,
for such object (while under our moderate government similar improvement is with-
out difficulty attained on valuing the houses pulled down) does not scem to be con-
firmed by his su bsequent actions,
Ces remptory

890

remnptory and dogmatical assertion
of a disputed, nay, improbable,
charge, have we not cause to view
his writings with general suspicion,
and scrutinize with jealous eye his
accuracy or his candour? And we
cannot select a better example than
that of a direct and unqualified al-
legation of a plain and simple fact,
into which, if false, the writer could
not from any circumstances be sup-
posed to be innocently or unwit-
tingly betrayed,
uetonius, then, directly and cir-

cumstantially ascribes the conflagra-
tion at Rome, in the time of Nero,
to that detested emperor, while Ta-
citus only says, forte an dolo impera-
toris incertum. The authority of
the former seems to have prevailed,
and few traditions have been more
strongly believed, or sayings more
frequently applied, than ‘that Ne-
ro fiddled while Rome was burn-
ing.” Tapprehend, therefore, that
the following arguments to the con~
trary will have at least the recom-
mendation of novelty, as the oppo-
site opinion has'never been hinted
by any writer whom J have met,
except the Abbé Millot, who ane
nexes no reasons for his doubts.

The reader, who recollects the
idle calumnies, which, upon a simi-
lar occasion, were thrown out a-
gainst a prince of our own, Charles
the Second, and the numberless in-
sinuations of opposite parties at that
period, branding each other with
the name of incendiaries, will not
incautiously assent to the rumour
bred by inflamed imaginations, a-
scribing to malice the offspring of
accident.

Whoever has implicitly believed,

that Rome was burnt by Nero, will

find, to his surprise, on the first
peep into Tacitus, this passage, Hoc

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

tempore, Nero Antii agens, the para-
graph which first indeed, by ex-
citing my wonder, drew my at+
tention to this subject. ‘The man,
who is depicted as sitting on a lofty
tower of his palace, attuning to his
harp the poet’s numbers on the de+
struction of Troy, in the midst of
the imperial city, with whose fires
his eyes were feasted, was not, at
their commencement, at least, in
Rome at all, This should seem al-
most to terminate the question :
but, no! the critic will say, An-
tium was only ten miles from Rome,
and the emperor had ample time to
arrive there long before the ex-
tinction of the flames; in fact he
did so, when he found that the
most vigorous orders which he had
issued from Antium had no effect.—
Such orders he had issued, and it
shews his alacrity in trying to have
the fire extinguished before his ar-
rival, Let us see then how he act-
ed after his arrival. During the
very confusion and terror of the
conflagration, it may have been
difficult to ascertain the conduct of
the prince ; and it is during that
period, that Suetonius charges him
with encouraging the flames, and
cherishing the incendiaries. “Voices
of men,” says he, * were heard,
exclaiming, that they acted by or-
ders from the emperor, -and emisr
saries from his very household might
have been -apprehended in the act
of spreading the flames.” That the
emperor should haye been absurd
enough to furnish incendiaries with
the authority of his name is incre-
dible; but let us remember, that
within three years past, the destroy-
ers of the castles of the nobility in
France, pleaded authority from that
king, whose throne they were on
the point of overturning. To re

idle

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

idle tales, I oppose the acknow-
ledged behaviour of Nero, after the
extinction of the fire, when it stands
unveiled by that cloud of confusion
and rumour, which always attends
present calamity. He opened his
gardens for the sufferers, he pitched
tents for them, he laboured to pro-
vide them with necessaries, he
cheapened the price of corn; such
are the testimonies of Tacitus. On
his previous absence, on his subse-
quent conduct, I might perhaps,
then rest his innocence ; but it is
confirmed by some other strong ar-
guments, to which I now proceed.

The emperor is charged with set-
ting fire to the city, that he might
enjoy the beauty of the sight. It
appears, from Tacitus, that so far
from coveting the spectacle, his
fault was, indolent reluctance to
move from Antium. He issued
from thence the most rigorous or-
ders for extinguishing the flames,
but he refused to stir till his own
palace was on fire. It was in this
situation, that he must be supposed
to have run up with his harp, ime
mediately on his arrival, to the top
of the tower of Mezcenas; a sta
tion where he stood a very reason-
able chance of being broiled for
his pains, The supposition is too
ludicrous to admit a doubt of its
falsehood ; and this being as confi-
dently asserted as any circumstance,
must make us doubt of the truth of
all the rest, Let us combine, then,
the absence of the emperor from the
capital when the fire began, his
active orders before he left Anti-
um, his unwillingness to leave it,
the sityation of the city on his arri-
val, and his behaviqur after the
conflagration, and see where we
can find the least probable trace of
the tale of Suetonius,

391

The spot, where the fire broke
out, affords another very strong ar-
gument of want of design: Jn pre-
diis Tigellini /Emilianis proruperat,
says ‘Lacitus. He observes, indeed,
that plus infamie incendium habuit,
for that reason, that is, because it
was on the estate of Tigellinus; but
where were these Predia? m the
district called the Awmiliana. Now
this district was quite without the
city, as any one will find upon con-
sulting the plan of ancient Rome.
Eorum edificia qui hadbitant extra
Portam Frumentariam, aut in £Emi-
lianis, says Varro, lib. ni. De re
Rustica, What could have induced
the emperor, whose ability does
not seem to have been contempti-
ble, to have adopted such an extra-
ordinary method of firing the city,
by kindling the flame in its remoe
test suburbs? ** He was accused,”
says Tacitus, ‘of having been ac-
*‘tuated with a desire of founding
“anew city, and calling it by his
“ name.” Bia he do so? And what
prevented him? The consequence
did not follow, and the imputed
means were absurdly disproportion-
ate to the motive,

That the fire in the AEmiliana
was accidental, will become more
than probable, when we find, that
it was a quarter where dangerous
and extensive conflagrations had hap-
pened before. It appears from Sue-
tonius, in his account of the reign
of Claudjus, chap, 18. that one had
obstinately raged in this region du-
ring the life of that prince: Ubi A:-
miliana pertinacius arderent. And
it appears, that it was of conse-
quence enough to call for the pre-
sence and incessant labour of the
emperor himself and his whole -
court; we may reasonably conjec-
ture, therefore, that it was a part

Cc 4 "30k

3922 ANNUAL. REGISTER, 1794.

of the suburbs, for some reason or
other, perhaps by being the site of
hazardous manufactures, particular-
ly ‘exposed and obnoxious to these
calamities.

It is true that Tacitus, in another
place, says, with a seeming contra-
diction, Initium in ea parte Circi
ortum, que Palatino Calioque Mon-
tibus contigua est; and Fleury, in
his Ecclesiastical History, founding
the assertion on this passage, says it
broke out in some shops about the
Circus, without taking notice of the
other alleged site of its commence-
ment. ;

The commentators on Tacitus
have endeavoured to reconcile the
difference, and insist that it broke
out in two places, the Circus and
the AEmiliana. Now, as to the
Circus, Tacitus himself accounts for
its rise and progress there, Udi per
tabernas, quibus id Mercimonium ine-
vat quo flamma alitur coeptus ignis.
The fire began in certain shops
filled with inflammable materials,
and naturally calculated to originate
and diffuse the flames. Where they
could so easily be accounted for,
who would have seen, reflected by
their light, the deadly visage of the
tyrant, but those whose horrors of
his crimes and terror of his wicked-
ness raised on every occasion the
imperial phantom before their
alarmed imaginations. Let us not
fear that by deducting this little
burthen of guilt we shall leave too
small a portion of infamy to satiate
resentment and deter imitation.
The bloody roll of Nero’s crimes
will scarcely appear diminished by
expunging this inferior title to ab-
horrence. .

It is an inferior circumstance, yet
not entirely unworthy of note, that
the rumours which had reached the

ears of the two historians, as.to Nee
ro’s conduct, essentially varied. To

‘the one he had been represented as

‘going openly and publicly to the

summit of Mzcenas’s tower to sing

‘the fate of Troy, while to the other

he was depicted as retiring into his
private apartments (in Spiuestisame
scenam ), there secretly to enjoy the
devastation of his groaning country.
Uncertainty and contradiction are
the sisters of unfounded report.
~ From the account given us of this
event by Tacitus, we find that the
emperor's object, in at length leav,
ing Antium to go to Rome, was to
Save his palace. Now in this he
did not succeed. ‘The palace was
destroyed, and yet he is afterwards
accused of constructing a new pas
lace of wonderful magnificence, out
of the ruins of his country ( Usus est
patrie ruinis, says Tacitus), not
without insinuation that such might
have been partly the object of the
antecedent devastation. There is
nothing in his previous conduct to
support the suspicion, for he was
anxious to save his former residence,
and to prevent the necessity of
erecting a new one. -
"The anxiety of Nero to avoid the
charge is utterly incompatible with
the narration of Suetonius. Jucendit
urbem tam palam, says that historian,
Ut plerique Confulares, Cubicularios
ejus, cum stupa teadaque, in prediis
suis deprebensos non attigerint, Is it
credible that he, who so much
dreaded the imputation, should have
committed the fact without disguise.
That he used every exertion to avert
the charge appears from ‘Tacitus—
by anxious and active care to bay
dite the rebuilding of the city— vy
princely largesses to the sufferers—
by supplications'and atoning sacri-
fices to the gods, he laboured to
extricate

»-- MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

extricate himself from the infamy.
It is true he was not successful.
Such was the odium. against hin.
Non ope humana, non, largitionibus
principis, aut deum placamentis. de-
gedebat infamia. He then endea-
voured to throw the suspicion on the
Christians, since he found the world
too prejudiced to ascribe the event
to accident—with equal.want..of
success indeed, But all which I
wish to infer is, that this extreme

Suetonius, p. 258.

The extent of the power of pre-
judice against this miserable prince
at this period cannot be more
strongly exemplified than in the
murmurs which Tacitus mentions,
occasioned by his opening the city
and widening the streets, because,
as as was alleged, the old narrow
streets and lofty houses contributed
exceedingly to the salubrity of
Rome, by protecting the passenyer
from the heat of the sun. I will
even draw an argument from the vi-
rulence of Suetonius. He would
« not suffer,” says thewriter, “ the
“« bodies of the dead, who perished
‘ in the fire, to be burnt by their
* friends, nor the ruins of the edi;
“* fices to be removed. by the own-
ers, but took the charge upon
“ himself, for the sake of plunder.”’
bether those who were. burnt al-
required to be burnt again 1
know not; but does not the ill-na-
ture of the remark proclaim the in-
clination of the author? Is it not
more natural to suppose, that the

59S

fear of pestilence, from the exposi-
tion of. bodies left to the random
care of individuals, in atime of ge-
neral distraction, required the in-
terposition of goyernment and the
adoption of public: regulations, to
prevent, the , possibility of private
negligence? And was it not night
in, the governing power of the state
to refuse, to trust’ to the weakness or
indolence of the subject, the office
of removing rubbish and ruins,
whose immense heaps. forbad im-
provement and postponed renova
tion?

The truth is, when Suetonius
wrote, invective against the race of
Cesar opened the way to honour
and preferment. Abuse of the Au-
gustan family was the fashion of
succeeding times, and the instru-
ment of flattery with succeeding
emperors, With infinite caution,
therefore, are we to admit the adu-
latory invectiye of the writers of
the age of Trajan. -T'he fidelity of
history was made to bow to the eti-~
guette of courts and the interests of
historians. 4

This propensity..to blacken the
Czsars, received in the particular
instance of Nero, additional height
in later times, from the enmity of
the Chrisiians. His cruel persecu-
tion of Christianity, and his inordi-
nate wickedness, in averting upon
its votaries the calumny thrown
upon himself, with the signal mar-
tyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul,
under his dominion, have stamped
him with the most sanguinary dye
in the annalsof religion. It was na-
tural to surmise that the man who
so unjustly accused others, had not
been unjustly accused himself, His
innocence was supposed to include
their crimination; and as the em-
pire became Christian, it became

o04 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

in a manner impious to doubt his
guilt,

On whom does the authority of
this legend rest? As appears to
me, on the authority of Suetonius
alone. The careful peruser of Ta-
citus will, 1 think, agree with me,
that he did not believe the tale; he
wrote before Suetonius, and pos-
sessed earlier and better channels of
enquiry, Suetonius was secretary
to Adrian, whose reign was pre-
‘ceded by the death of Tacitus. *
‘The next author who mentions the
charge with confidence is Dio Cas-
sius, who lived in the reign of
Alexander Severus, two. hundred
years after the event ; no testimony
can go beyond its first original; the
tribe of servile copyers add not a
jot of weight to the evidence.

Aurelius Victor, Eutropius, Mar-
cus Aurelius Cassiodorus, and Jor-
nandes, the only subsequent Latin
writers who repeat the clamour,
merely echo the assertions of Sue-
tonius and Dio. They could not
be much better judges of the mat-
ter than weat this day, had they
even taken the trouble to weigh the
evidence. Aurelius Victor and
Eutropius lived at a period three
hundred years distant from the time
of the conflagration, in the reigns
of Julian and Valentinian ; Cassio-
dorus was consul under Theodoric,
and born in 476; and Jornandes,
in Justinian’s age, was secretary to
_aking of the Goths. As to the
principal modern writers whio assert
and insist on the fact, and parti-
cularly the ecclesiastical historians,
Xiphilinus, Vitranius, aad Sulpi-
clus, though they lived earlier than
Fleury, who in the present century

supports their opinion, their assers
tions can have no more weight than
his, nor their knowledge of the
facts be greater than ours, Xiphi-
linus was the professed abridger of
Dio Cassius. Dio repeated from
Suetonius, and upon the foundation
of Suetonius’s authority the whole
fabric must ultimately depend. — If
any thing has been added, it has
probably been the work of exube-
rant imagination, like that of Kar-
holtus, of Hamburgh, a modern ec-
clesiastical writer, who represents
the emperor at a banquet sending
forth troops of incendiaries, and
sitting to hear at intervals the trie
umphant tale of their horrid ex-
ploits, a picture of which he could
not have found the least trait inany
ancient historian. 1t remains only
to observe, that Suetonius, the fa-
ther ofthis tale, could not have
been unwittingly deceived into this
assertion.

Thus have Iendeavoured to scrue
tinize, in this instance, the accu-
racy and authenticity of Suetonius,
which may be a clue to his general
character 4s a writer, the only ob-
ject perhaps which could have justi-
fied my calling the attention of this
revered assembly to a question so
remote, and seemingly so uninte-
resting. Always, as I have said,
has that historian appeared to me
to be over-rated; the indecency of
his descriptions has been often con-
demned, and it was well observed,
that Suetonius wrote the lives of the
emperors with the same licentious-
ness with which they lived. Were
I to compare Suetonius with any
writer of our own time, in point of
credit due tohis narration, I would

* As is generally supposed.

scarcely

~ | MISCELLANEOUS FSSAYS.

scarcely assign him a place superior
to Smollet’s; [ mean not with re-
spect to composition, but as to au-
thentivity and materials. Both of
them seem to have compiled from
the actus diurni, or newspapers of
the day, and to merit equal autho-
rity with those crude and hasty
chronicles. If the one has lived
for eighteen centuries, while the
other possibly may not for one, it
has perhaps been owing to the
charms of his composition, not to
the dignity of his history.

lf these remarks shall in any de-
gree tend to ascertain the rank of
this famed historian in the scale of
history, or rather by calling the at-
tention of more accurate observers
to the general complexion of his
works, to induce them to ascertain
it, they will have an importance
which at this remote time they
could not borrow from the subject
itself. They may, perhaps, also
derive some additional claim to at-
tention, from the circumstance of a
celebrated attack having been lately
made by Mr. Whitaker, of Man-
chester, on the authenticity of his
rival historian, in a comparison be-
tween Tacitus and Gibbon.

Account of a singular club from the
Looker-on, a periodical paper, by
the rev. Simon Olive Branch,
4. M.

Regard it as the most fortunate

| occurrence of my life, that 1 am
surrounded by a worthy set of pa-
rishioners who all study to make my
residence among them the most
agreeable in the world. It is true,
indeed, I had the advantage of suc-
ceeding to a rector who was not of
the same contented turn, and was
more frequently at issue with his

395

brethren on a point of law, thana
point of doctrine. My placid tem-
per was no sooner discovered, than
it gained me the hearts of most of
my flock ; and I observe that this
friendly disposition towards me is
hourly improving in them, as they
find they can reckon upon a conti-
nuance of this content and tranqui-
lity on my part.

Thave often thought that a small
augmentation of tithes is dearly
purchased bythe sacrifice of this
mutual cordiality and confidence.
There is something in the consci-
ousness that others share our joysand
enter into our feelings, and that
our health add happiness are a real
concern to our neighbours, which
cherishes the soul, and seems to di-
late its capacities: I glow with
satisfaction, when, after some days
confinement, I see sincere congra-
tulations in the looks of every
one I meet: methinks at that mo-
ment I love myself the more for
their sakes ; and the delight of my
honest parishioners is multiplied
into my own.

Since J have been settled here,
we have been gradually forming
ourselves into a society that has .
something novel in its principle and
constitution. Our number is six-
teen, and includes many of the
principal gentlemen in the neigh-
bourkood. We have a discipline
among us, the object of which is,
to promote the ends of company
and conversation, by maintaining
the most perfect order, sobriety,
and peace. My quiet behaviour,
and known habits of complacency,
have raised me, though with some
reluctance on my part, to the place
of perpetual president.

‘The fundamental article of our
constitution, is the prohibition of

' every

every species of noise; for, as long
as this is inadmissible, we think
ourselves out of all danger‘of quar-
relling, \ from which a degree of
noise is inseparable: and though
nonsense is not statutable among us,
yet we are not afraid of its going to
any great lengths under the evi-
dent disadvantages of order and
tranquillity. There isa certain sé~
verity in silence, which will often
-check the course of an idle argu-
ment, when opposition and ridicule
are employed in vain, 1 remember
hearing a plethoric young man run
en with surprising volubility, for an
hour and a half, by the help only
of two ideas, during the violence
of a debate; till a sudden pause in
the rest of the company. proved
clearly that he was talking about a
matter which bore no relation to
the point in dispute. he attention
of the company being now wholly
surned towards him, he began to
totter under the mass of ceénfusion
he had so long been accumulating ;
whenwith one spring he cleared the
present difficulty, and leaped from
Seringapatam into the minister’s
budget: here, however, being nearly
smothered, he made a violent effort ;
and before we could turn about to
assist him, he was up. to his neck
in tarewater. He was, twice af-
ter this, in danger of being lost in
the southern ocean; but an Affi-
can slave-vessel took him.up each
time, and landed him, some how or
other, at Nootka Sound. If I re-
member richt, he held out till the
siege of Otchakof, where he was
put out of his misery by asummons
from Tartarytothe'tea-table. Thus
a great deal of precious time is
husbanded by this:rule’ of silent
attention among the members of
our society; and many an ‘idle

ANNUAL (REGISTER; 1794.

speech falls to the ground ere it
can get three sentences |forwarns,
and is strangled like a Lurkish cri-
minal'by dumb executioners,

. Any elevation ofwvoice, above 2
certain pitch, is highly illegal, and
punishable accordingly ; and to as-
certain this proportion as duly as
possible, we have taken a room for
our purpose, in which there is a
very distinct echo, which must not
be roused from its dormant state,
under very heayy penalties, Any
mau proyoking it to repeat his last
word, is judged to be defeated in
the argument he is maintaining,
and the dispute must be abandoned
altogether; the echo pronounces
his sentence, from which there is
no appeal. The abuse of superla-
tives 1s also cognizable among us ;
and no mans allowed to say; that
his house is the pleasantest in the
neighbourhood, that his dogs run
the best, or that his crops are the
most plentiful. Whatever carries
the notion of a challenge with it, or
can lead toa wager, we are’ pledged
to discountenance. We admit nei-
ther toasting nor smging upon any
pretext; and it would be as great
an offence to raisea horselaugh in
a Quaker’s meeting, as to encous
rage any rude expression of joy
among us. An ancient gentleman,
lately admitted, was bound over last
Saturday, for an eulogy upon old
Mr. Shapely’s fresh countenance,

-and a-hint at his maid Kitty’s cor-

pulency, accompanied with a wink
to Mr. Barnaby, the churchwarder.

We admit no betts upon any
question whatever ;"and gaming 1s
proscribed by the most solemn imhi-
bitions. The merits of our neigh-

ibours is a topic -we are forbid to

descant upon’; and it was a question
at our last meeting but one, whe-
ther

“MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

ther the mention of Mr. Courtly’s
earbuncle was not unconstitutional.

pretty well lived over the petulance
and heyday of passion, these re+
straints bear less hard upon us, and
forfeits become every day less fre-
quent, among us; insomuch that we
are likely soon to be forced upon
some regular contributions, in place
of the fines from which we have hi-
‘therto, drawn our. support. I am
in hopes: we shall at last bring our
plan to that state of perfection, that
a breach of any statute’ will stand
upon our records as a remarkable
-eccurrence. — .

“The first visit of a new member
is a spectacle diverting enough, and
it is generally a full half-year before
we can shape him and clip him to
our standard. Itisnow about three
years since squire Blunt bought a

large estate in our neighbourhood ; —

and, during the first twelve months,
we heard of nothing but this gen-
tleman’s quarrels and litigations,

groves to meditate upon matter for
the, entertainment, of my worthy
readers, I have been twice indicted’
for a trespass, and for breaking
down his pailings in pursuit of
me ; and, happening one day to
take a telescope out with me, I was
threatened with a prosecution for
carrying a gun on his manor.

_ As it is looked upon as some ho-
nour to be of our society, this rough
gentleman was suddenly seized with
an unaccountable inclination to be-
come a member; and it was asto-
nishing to every body, that after
pe ak apprised of the inconveni-
ence ard rigour of our institution,
and his own inability to perform the
engagement of it, his ambition
seemed ‘ho wise discourdged, and

397

he still persisted in his design of
proposing himself, As we havea
certain term of probation, we rarely
refuse to any body above the age
of fifty. (which is, the age of admis-
sion), the favour of a trial. The
following is a list of Mr. Blunot’s
forfeits in the black books

Ist day—-Endured his own silence
so long, that he fell asleep.
On being awakened at the
hour of separation, swore a
great oath, and paid a guinea.

Zdday—Had threeshillings worth
of superlatives, anda sixpenny
whistle; besides “paying. a
crown to the echos > | ,

3a day—Offered to lay a bottle
that he would edt two hundred
oysters, and paid five shillings :
—wwent' to sleep for the rest of
the evening.

Sth day—Called for a song, and
paid a shilling instead ; nine
shillings and sixpence. for dis-

',turbing the eche ; paid thirty
shillings and six-pence for con-
tumacy;. and swore himself to

. Coventry.

€«

‘Here-there was an interval of
some months, during which our no-
vice absented himself. We were
surprized, however, one day, with
his company, after we had given
him .up as irreclaimable. He ap-
peared indeed to bring with him a
disposition greatly corrected, and
actually incurred only two forfeits
the whole evening; namely, for
bursting into a horse-laugh on Mr.
Sidebottom’s missing his chair, and
giving Mr. Barnaby a slap on the
back that raised the echo, and 2
violent fit of coughing. ’ Sinee this
time he has been twice off and on,

but

398

but has at last so far accommodated
himself to the conditions of the
society, as to be counted a valuable
member. Having made a great
progress in the science of self=cor-
rection, his understanding has ob-
tained its proper poise } his reason
has had room to exert itself, and
has given life and energy to a mass
of much good meaning, that lay
buried at the bottom of his mind.
‘The fame of this mighty cure hath
brought usa great accumulation of
credit and power ; and it hath ac-
tually been in speculation among
tha freeholders and other voters in
the county, to elect their represen=
tatives in future from our society :
a rule that would ensure to them
men of ripe understandings, and re-
gular habits. We are subject (as
every good institution is) to ridi-
cule from without: the young gea-
tlemen are very pleasant upon us;
and we pass under a variety of names
among them, as, the “A .toma-
tons, the Quictists, the Meeting,
the Dummies, the Whig Club,
the Rough Riders’ Company, the
Bearded Magdalens, the Grey Fri-
ars, the Court of Death, and the
House of Correction. Such as have
not quite turned the corner of fifty,
and want a few months of being ele-
gible, are very severe upon our age,
call us the Antediluvians, and talk
much of an opposition clubof young
fellows. Whilewe have daily proofs,
however, of the good effects of our
institutions, we are indifferent to at-
tacks of every kind. We have the
sensible pleasure of finding that the
operation of our system is spread-
ing; ourimarried men return with
sober spirits to their homes and
hearths ; and adopt, iff part, our
peaceful regulations inte: the bosom
of their families ; and it ig not un-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

common to sée one of our old ba-
chelors preferred by the ladies te
beaux of five and twenty.

Bat the advantages resulting from
these our institutions are not merely
of a moral Kind ; topics of litera-
tire and criticisrn come frequently
under our consideration, which will
necessarily flourish under circum-
stances of peace and good order.

On points of religion and politics
it is but rare that we allow ours
selves to expatiate: Religion being
throughout a connected and analo-
gous system, is never faitly viewed
but whten we take in the hdl and
therefore can never properly become
the object of broken and desultory
conversation: Politics being 4 ques-
tion that produces much heat, and
little satisfaction, where obliquity
of views and attractions of interest
are sure to falsify the balance of
our minds, we have almost entirely
proscribed it; and, if it be Py acci-
dent introduced, it is presently con-
demned by the spiritual censures of
the infallible echo.

' But although we place great de-
pendance on the efficacy of this re-
gimen ef tranquillity and order, for
the cure of a great many com-
plaints in our social system, yet
there are some which we are obliged
to abandon to severer modes of
chastisement.

An avowed party-man is utterly
inadmissible, whatever may be his
other pretensions: —we set a higher |
value upon truth and temper, than
upon the finest philippic in the
world.

We have no room for atheists, or
idiots, or any such enemies to rule, ~
especially as we hear that they have |
a club of their own, which meets
sometimes in one place, sometimes
in another, as chance directs, but

very

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS,

very often in a street called Pall-
Mall, or Pell-Mell, from some ana-
logy in the name, which association,
if strict conformity to their princi-
ples and confusion, is composed of
all sorts except the good, and in-
cludes princes, and lords, and
jockies, who are jumbled together
like their world oe atoms.

We admit no man who keeps:a
woman, while he is kept by his
wife.

We admit no notorious parasites
or hangers-on. Mr, Sykes, the cu-
rate of the next parish, Bias been
refused for having the run of the
"squire’s kitchen, and the combing
of my lady’s lap-dog. Mr. Barna-
by, the church-warden, has com-),
plained. of fleas, and the smell of
parsnips, ever since he came to pro-
pose himself. When this gentle-
man is disposed to be facetious, he
suggests the idea of a Parasitical
club, on the plan of one that was
formerly established among the turn-
spit-dogs, when this fraterrity was
in its full glory and consequence,
who were observed to meet every
morning in the Grove, at Bath, for
the sake of business, friendship, or

_gallantry, and then distribute them-
selves about the town according to
their different destinations.

We have a rooted abhorrence of
all gamesters, liars, and debauchees :
we are therefore particularly on our
guard against all such as have aspir-
ed to the infamy of certain great
connections. Bad husbands and
sons, and all those who sin against
the sacred duties and charities of
life, we include under one solemn
sentence of proscriptione

We are very shy of a man who,
after the age of fifty, continues to
be called Dick or Jack such-a-one:
such men have probably sacrificed

399,

too much to notoriety to deserve
respect. :

We have also a prejudice against
a description of persons, who are
called ingenious gentlemen, whe
have in general no other claim to
this title than what is derived from
the solution ‘of an enigma in the
Lady’s Magazine, or a contribution
to the poet’s corner. A rage for
riddles and impromptues, were it
to get footing among us, would be
a mighty hindrance to the flow of
conversation. It creates a kind of
scramble in the mind of one that
has a turn for these pleasantries, and
scatters abroad his ideas like a ruin-
ed ant’s nest; while those who are
used to reason right forward, and
to keep a steady point in view, are
forced to sit in vacant silence, with
their faculties bound up in a stupid
thraldom. y :

I shall conclude my paper of to-
day with informing my readers that
the gentleman who had the princi-
pal share in drawing up our code of
laws, is a Mr. Anthony Allworth, a
most valuable member of this our
society, of whom [ shall have fre-
quent occasion tospeak in the course
of my speculations, when I wish te
hold up a more animated picture
than ordinary of sublime virtue and
practical religion. This gentleman
is now in his seventieth year, and
keeps himself in health by the di-
version of his mind, and the exercise
of his body, in his unwearied search
after objects for his beneficence,
He was one of our earliest members,
and still suffers no weather to pre~
vent his constant attendance. As
he passes through many scenes in
the course of every day, he never
fails to introduce same agreeable or
pathetic story, that sends us away
more chearful or more resigned,

His

66 CO ANNUAL KEGISTER, 1494.

His example and admonitions are
principally instrumental in concili-
ating new members, and rendering
them more docile and tractable ; he
has completely won Mr. Blunt’s es-
teem, and has never been known to
raise the echo himself, but. in the
cause of unprotected innocence, or
forsaken truth.

Extracts from, Mrs. Pioxsi's British
~ happy » Synonymy.
Nartation, account, recital.

_ give 4 good account of
the fact (say we) it’ is necessary
to hear aclea? recital of the circum-
stances ;’ bit if we mean’to make a
pleasing rarration, those circum-
stances should’ not be dwelt on too
minutely, but rather one ‘selected
from thé rest, to set in a full light.
Whoever tiieah's to please!in con-
versation, s¢eing no person more at-
tendéd-to than he who tells ‘an agtee-
able story, concludes too hastily that
hisown Pind will be’firmly establish-
ed bya like means ; and So gives his
time up to the collection ahd recital
of anecdotes. Here, however, 1s our
adventurer likely enough to fail ; for
either his fact is too notorious, and he
sees his audience turn even involun-
tatily dway from’ a’ tale told them
_ yesterday perhaps by a more pleasing

narrator ; or it is: too obscute, and
incapable of interesting” his hearers.

Were we to investigate the reason

why nafratives' please better in a

mixed‘company, than sentiment; we
_might discover that he who draws

from his'own mind to entertain his

circle will soon be tempted to‘dog-

miatize, and assume the air, with the
» powers of a teacher; while the man,
who is everready to tell one some
what unknown before, adds an idea

to the listener’s stock, without fores
ing on us that of our owninferiority=3-
he isin possession of a fact more than
we are—that’s all} and he communi-
cates that fact for our amusement. —
uty «= eos

Party, division in thé state, faction.

These cannot be supposed natu-
rally and necessarily Synonymous;
whilst each parfyin its turn calls the
opposite onea faction, with intent to
disgrace it in the eye of such as la=
ment those divisions In a state which
force théin into the lists on either.
side. When England was rent with
commotions in the latter end of king,
Charles I. the’ first appellative ‘of
scorn was thrown by those who
flocked round the royal standard, at
their republican’ opponents, whom’
the cavaliers now first called round
heads, from theif manher of wearing
their haircut short, or at most curled |
in one row about the neck behind ;°
and itis observable, the rigid Pros,
testants of Germany still hope some
merit may be claimed by being seen
ott of powder, with sléek roun
heads, and for the most part a bright
brass comb stuck behind; while gen
tlemen in Italy and Spain are yet
going by the name of cavalieri since”
the holy war, to which they went on
horseback, while plebeians walked
on foot. Buta new distinction soon
broke out in Btitain, were the last=>
mentioned called themselves petiti-
oners, and the loyalists; abhorrers,
from their repeated expressions of
the abhorrence they felt against
men who disturbed their sovereigh’s -
and the public’s tranquillity, Into”
the abusive names whig and tory,
however, all others soon dropped,
and by these names the arietocrates
and democratés of our country have”
till now been known, Of these,

Rapin

_ MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

Rapin says, “the moderate tories
are the true Englishmen—have fre-
quently saved the state, and will save
it again (prophetic may his words
prove!) whenever it shall be in
danger either of despotism from the
efforts of the very violent tories,
or of republicanism from the very
violent whigs; for,’? continues he,
“the moderate state-whigs wish
little more than to maintain with
unremitted attention the privileges
of parliament, and only lean in
every dispute to the popular side;
while the tories watch with equal
care oyer the royal prerogative, re-
gardful of its rights, and jealous of
its infringements. Episcopalians
and puritans in like manner softened
down their distinctions, and were
best known in the succeeding reigns
by name of high and low church-
men; the first being most strenuous
tosupport the hierarchy ; the second,
vigilant to prevent any stretch of
ecclesiastical power.’ “Till these
unhappy times, however, anarchists,
‘professedly so called were never
heard of in any church or state.
Lord Bolingbroke, who will not be
- suspected easily, I imagine, of a hypo-
critical regard fer our holy religion,
says in this manner: ‘ Some men
there are, the pests of society I think
them, who take every opportunity
of declaiming against that church
establishment which is received in
Britain ; and just so the other men,
of whom I have been speaking,
affect a kindness for liberty in gene-
ral, but dislike so much the system
of liberty established here, that they
are incessant in their endeayours to
puzzle the plainest thing in the
world, and to refine and distinguish
away the life and strength of our
constitution in favour of the little
presentmomentary turns which they

Vor. XXXVI,

401.

are retained to serve. And what
would be the consequence, I would
know, if their endeavours should
succeed? Jam persuaded,”’ continues
he, “that the great politicians,
divines, philosophers, and lawyers,
who exert them, have not yet pre-.
pared and agreed upon the plans of
a new religion, and of a new consti-
tution in church and state. We
should find ourselves therefore with-
out any form of religion, or any
civil government. The first set of
these missioners would hasten to re-
move all restraints of religion from
the governed, and the latter set
would remove or render ineffectual
all the limitations and controls
which liberty has prescribed to
those that govern, and thus disjoint
the whole frame of our constitution.
Intire dissolution of manners, con-
fusion, anarchy, or, at best, absolute
monarchy, must follow; for it is pro-
bable that in a state like this, amidst
such a rout of lawless savages, men
would chuse that government, rather
than no'government at all.”?_ Thus
far the elegant and spirited disserta=.
tion upon Parties bears testimony to
a necessity for religious and civil _
subordination, in these days openly
denied and combated, to the terror
of every sect, to the astonishment of
every party. Against the present
Faction, then, let all modifications
of Christianity andciyilization hasten
to unite; when even this last quoted
infidel would, were he now alive,
lend his assistance to crush these pro-
fessors of atheism and violence, these
traitors to human kind, who under a
shew of regard rob them of their
dearest right, and render the royal,
the parental, the martial, authority
—for each is connected with the
other—a jest for fools, a shadow of

a shade.
Dd Rural

402 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Rural and rustic

Must necessarily seem synonymous
to foreigners, who see them used
perpetually for each other in our
best authors—or think they do—
because the words are commonly
appropriated with a selection exact
enéugh. England, say we, affords
more situations than one may justly
term rural, than any nation or coun-
try in Europe; for in France, Italy,
and Germany, 2t least, you are al-
ways too near (to), or too far from,
a great city; so that the prominent
features of every landscape exhibit
either wildness approaching to bar-
barity, or else cultivation resembling
a garden more than fields ;—where-
as in Great Britain, where opulence
is more diffused, and knowledge less
concentrated, nature accepts the
character of individuals, and every
place possesses some agreeable or-
naments, which tend to its embel-
lishment—though no spot is by the
accumulation of such ornaments
made more splendid than beautiful.
Rural elegance is the pride and plea-
sure of our happy island, whence
rustic grossness and rough scenery
are so nearly expelled, that you seek
for them in vain at a great distance
from the capital, among the lakes of
Westmoreland, or along the sea-
coasts of Devonshire. Whence our
fastidious travellers, perhaps,

Tir'd of the tedious and disrelish'd good,
Seek for their solace in acknowledg’d ill,
Danger, and toil, and pain.

GraHam’s TELEMACHUS.

we climb the Alps of Switzerland
and Savoy, or journey round the
Hebrides, in search of contrast and
variety, delighting to penetrate the
hidden recesses of nature, and

» Call her where she sits alone,
Majestic on her craggy throne.

Such views produce magnificent
ideas in the mind, but they are ideas
of God, not man. Healways seems
debased on such a theatre, and, to
say true, generally acts his part upon
them with rusticity enough: while
foreigners are often heard to admire
our peasantry both in the north and
west of England, each with his
watch, his little shelf of books,
trimmed hedge, clean shirt, and
planted garden ; enjoying that rural
simplicity, and elegant competence
—glory of Britons !—great and en-
viable result of equal laws and mild
administration !

Let them remember then those laws,
those rights,
That generous plan of pow’r deliver’d
down /
From ageto age by their renown’d fore-
fathers, i
So dearly bought, the price of so much
blood.
Apptson’s Cato.

<> ee f : -
Taste, intellectual relish, nice perception
of excellence, fine discernment.

The first is the true word, which,
in a breath, expresses what all the
rest, although synonymous, describe
by circumlocution,—The first is the
word profanedby so many coxcombs,
who, repeating opinions from men
wiser than themselves, profess a taste
for what they do not even under
stand—poetry, painting, or thebeau-
ties of nature, which it is the pecus
liar province of poets and painters
to describe, Italians have, how-
ever, little need of counsel here:
they never, I think, pretendto have
a taste for any thing they do not
sincerely delight in, and have no
notion of valuing themselves on
their nice perceptions of Ratfaelle’s

excellence,

ee ee ee ee

a lr I a et

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

excellence, or Petrarch’s sonnets;
and they wonder, rationally enough,
how Englishmen become endowed
with such fine discernment of matters
which depend exceedingly upon
habits of life, on customs peculiar to
every country: they do not think it
necessary to admire Pope or Shake-
speare as a proof of their taste, and
they are in the right. Pope gives
them no real pleasure as a poet ;
and they think, truly enough that,
as a moralist, Seneca gives better
precepts. Shakespeare is intelligi-
ble to them only in the parts they
like least. A man with bad eyes
looking at a picture of Rembrandt,
is on the footing of a foreigner read-
ing our historical plays—W hatever
is brightly illuminated, says he,
seems coarse, and the rest I cannot
discern. A British reader, were he
equally honest, would confess that
Dante he does not understand, and
that Petrarch gives back to his mind
no image of his own, but one as ro-
mantic and grotesque as that of
Amadis de Gaul; where the love is
no more unnatural (as he would call
it), and the adventures more dis
verting. A Tuscan mean time is en-
tertained by the one, and enchant-
ed by the other, only because he
understands and feels both, as we
understand the Dunciad and feel the
inyocation—Oh for a muse of fire!

&c. even into our very bones.

Consult the genius of the place in all.

It is folly to fix any other criterion
of true taste; for although many
people from many places may agree
in praise of one poet, one painter,
one style in music, dress, or garden-
ing—it is still some accident directs
the congress, because, on a strict
scrutiny, you will find al! their opi-

403

nions instinctively different. Nas
tional character admits modification
doubtless, yet’ is it never altered
fundamentally ; you see the indelible
impression made by the hand of na-
ture at the beginning scarce ever
totally effaced. Laws may unite
kingdoms in one common interest,

But minds will still look back to their
own choice ;

nor can adventitious circumstances
destroy the germ of difference.
This germ is most visible in ¢asée, I
think. A Scot or Frenchman will
no more think like the Englishman,
within thirty miles of whom he was
born and bred, than will the salt of
one plant be mistaken for that of
another growing close to it, even
after they have both been tortured
into various forms and shapes by
the operations of chymistry.

Even from the tomb the voicé of nature
cries,
Even in our ashes live their wonted fires,

The native of a warm climate de-
lights to loiter in a vast but trim
garden, where a full but gentle
river glides slowly down a broad
green slope, into a dark oblivious
lake at the bottom, almost without
appearing to disturb it; while such
a tranquil scene soothes the suspend-
ed faculties of reason, and induces a
disposition towards calming all rest-
less thoughts from the consideration
of Time’s eternal flux—and the
sweet verse

Labitur et labeturin omnevolubilis evum

is the only poetry capable of deep-
ening the impression of such a land-
scape.
Meantime Mr. Gilpin would soon
tell us, and truly too, that the cha-
Dd2 racteristic

404

racteristic beauty of a waterfall is
notits glossy smoothness ; —‘‘ no; a
rapid stream broken by rocks.” says

he, “ and forcing its way through .

them with impetuous and ill-re-
strained fury, is the interesting
feature in a scene removed from
mortal tread. A cascade like that
described but now, has no merit at
all; the lake would be better with-
outit, and every painter would be
of my opinion.” He would no
doubt, Mr. Gilpin; but the inha-
bitant of that wam climate I was
mentioning, did not retire there
with an intent to paint the view, but
to enjoy it. Descriptions vary ac-
cording tothe describer’sturnofmind;
whilst each arraigns the taste of him
who spoke last upon the subject,
though perhaps all are not right.

V ‘ariely, diversity, fluctuation, change,
mutabilily, vicissitude.

Among these words, though ana-
logy may be found, synonymy can
hardly be sought: The propriety de-
pends upon the place in which they
stand : we may therefore, in order
to bring them close together, ob-
serve,’ how through the ‘numberless
vicissitudes in nature andin life, there
isyet less real change than fluctuation
of events, less true diversity 'y perhaps
than unremarked revolution. Even
in the tossings of that sea, whence
the third substantive upon our list is
derived, I have thought there was
not so much mutability as a light
observer would imagine. The same
waves probably for many years wash
the same coasts—'The shells they
leave behind them exhibit no vari-
ety. Fish of the seme kind haunt
the same shores, and no flight of

ANNUAL REGISTER,

_ ticipate this spirit of rotation.

1794.

time brings turtle to the bay of Dub-
lin, or salmon to Genoa:—I mean,
not in sufficient quantity to disprove
this observation; for now and then
an extraordinary thing will happen,
and flying fishes from the’ Pacific
Ocean are at this hour digging out
of a mountain near Verona. Pen-
nant will tell us, that thesame swal~
Jow occupies the same nest every
year; and doctor Johnson said, that
no poet could invent a series or com-
bination of incidents the praecognita
of which might not be found in
Homer : and should we claim an ex-
ception or two in favour of Shakes-
peare and Ariosto, those exceptions
would only prove the rule.

Herschel informs us, that all na-
ture’s works are rotatory: if then
each star, however firmly fixed, has
in itself a motion round its own
axis, the solid contents of every
such globe may be supposed to par-
In
our own we see truth and error,
land and sea shifting their stations,
with more vicissitude than actual
change ; ; and while the natural sun
rises to one half of us mortals,
while it sets to the others, we de
cern in Jike manner whole regions
immersed in darkness at beginning,
now brightly illuminated with Re- .
velation’s beam; and the tracts of
country first irradiated, sank into
sad opacity.

This seems indeed the eyening of
our earth’s natural day—

Night succeeds impervious night. Py

‘What those dreadful slooms conceal,

Fancy’s glass can ne’er reveal :

When shall light.the scene improve ?

When shall time the veil remove ?

When shall truth my doubts dispel ?
_Awfal period ! who can tell ?

HAWKESWORT IH

World.

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

World, earth, globe, universe,

Are sc far from being philosophi-
cally synonymous, that conversation,
language admitting of incredible
hyperbole, would say the very earth
was filled with books ‘written to
prove their difference. Popularly
speaking, however, we say that a
man’s knowledge of the world,

means his acquaintance with the
common forms and ceremonies.cf
life, not ill called by Frenchmen,
the savoir vivre, since he who is
ignorant of the world even in this
limited sense, will soon be in a figu-
rative sense warned to go out of it;
so indispensably necessary is that
knowledge, to every day’s observa-
tion and practice; nor have | often
read a more humourous picture of
manners, than in some play of Mr.
Cumberland’s—I forget its name—
where two brothers disputing upon
a point of propricty, oue says, truly
enough as I remember, ‘‘ Dear
brother.!. you know nothing of the
world,’ —‘* Will you tell me that?”
replies his incensed antagonist,
*¢ when-I have traversed the globe
so often! crossed the line twice,
and felt the frosts within the arctic
circle: a man bred in London, and
living always in its environs, has an
admirable assurance when he uses
that expression to me, who have
been wrecked on the coasts of Bar-
bary, and stuck fast in the quick-
sands of Terra del Fuego,” &c. &c.
My quotation is from memory, and
twenty-five years at least have
elapsed since I looked into the co-
medy by mere chance in a book-
seller’sshopat Brighthelmstone. But
the pleasantry of two men taking
the word world ina different way,
with some degree of right on both
sides, struck me. as comical. and

405

pretty, becanse within the bounds
of credibility. That grace alone is
waating toa dialogue once shewn
to mein manuscript, written by the
learned James Harris, of Salisbury,
who makes one of two friends,
walking in St. James’s Park, say of
a third that passes by,—‘ There
goes a man eminent for his know-
ledge of the world.’ To which the
other replies, ‘* Ay, that indeed is
a desirable companion, .a person
whose acquaintance I should parti-
cularly value, as he no doubt could,
settle the point between Tycho and
Riccioli, concerning the sun’s hori-
zontal parallax, in which those two
so great astronomers contrive to dif-
fer, at least two minutes anda half.
He too could perhaps help us to de-
cide upon the controversy, whether
this universe is bounded by the grand
concameration or firmament form-
ing a visible arch, or whether it is
stretched into an immensurable
space, occupied however at due dis-
tances: by a variety of revolving
globes, differing in magnitude : some
brilliant, as suns, rich in inherent
fire ; some opaque, and habitable, ,
as earths, attended by. satellites of
inferior lustre and dignity.”” When
his companion stopping him, pro-
tests that the man in question knows
nothing of these matters. ‘ Oh
then,” replies the other, “he con
fines his knowledge perhaps merely
to our own planet, where doubtless
much matter is afforded for reflec-
tion.—There, however, master of
the historical, geographical, and po-
litical world, he can give account of
all the discoveries, revolutions, and
productions, contained in those four
continents at least, which compose
this terraqueous globe; and leaving
out marine enquiries—it is. from
him we must hope to obtain the
Dd3 cleares.

406

clearest reasoning upon the distinc-
tions made by nature and education
betwixt man and man ; the cause of
their different colours, and their so
sudden, or sometimes silent, lapses
from perfection to decay. His in-
formation now would be above all
times desirable, as we are yet much
perplexed concerning some customs
of the old inhabitants of China;
and it would be well for him, at his
leisure hours, to collate some ob-
scure passages of the Veidam with
the Edda, &c.”” When this topic
is exhausted, and others examined
in turn, and the friend finds out
that the gentleman passing by knew
the world only as a fruiterer in St.
James's Street is capable of know-
ing it—from repeatedly hearing the
debts, intrigues, connections, and
situations, of a few fashionable gen-
tlemen and ladies, he ends the dia-
logue in disgust, that a creature su-
perior, as he observes, in no mental
qualification to the chairman who
carries him home from his club of
an evening, should thus be cele-
brated for so sublime a science as
knowledge of the world.

* Let me not closethis article with-
out protesting that I never read the
dialogue in my life but once, above
thirty years ago, and that I only
quote the turn of it, and must not
he expected to remember words, or
even periods. My imitation would
he then too great a disgrace to his
name whom [| was early instructed
to hold in the highest veneration :
the design was too striking to be
ever forgotten, and for the design
alone do I mean to be answerable ;
—it was done by me merely to gra-
tify my recollection of past times
and studies, whilst it served well

* On wrangling,

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

enough besides to bring in our sy-
nonymy.
Mr. Harris delighted much in
writing dialogues. Those at the end
of David Simple are his, and ex-
quisite are they in their kind. There
are some in the world of his and
Floyer Sydenham’s, both, I believe
which have never been printed cer-
tainly—perhaps neyer destroyed.

To wrest, to distort, to pervert.

If meant of language naturally
enough follow the last article*, yet
will ignorance often shew powers of
this kind as plainly as science her-
self, Newspapers, magazines, and
other periodical publications, are
surprizingly skilful in the art of dis-
torting metaphor, and perverting in
its turn every figure of grammar
and rhetoric; nor would it be diffi-
cult to wrest all their common places
into a short passage by less violence
than they are daily doing to their
mother tongue, were we to say in
imitation att a herd of novel-writers,
Ricardo was a young fellow of fine
hopes, and made it his point to cut
a figure in the treasury line. His
uncle being a man who saw things
in aright light, undertook to put
his boy upon as respectable a foot as
any of his young companions of the
same stamp ;—on this head there-
fore, little more needs be understood,
than that Ricardo, under such cir-
cumstances, was very happy, and
soon drew aside the bright eyes of

fiss Julia, daughter to his uncle’s
friend, a man of the same descrip~
tion—a rough diamond, but who,
&e. Of such twisted, such dis-
torted, such dislocated language,
every morning’s literary hasa pres

sents

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS,

sents us an example: nor is it ne-
cessary to look in print for these
stored-up allusions ; every counting-
house exhibits choice of metaphor,
beyond all that Sancho’s proverbs
can pretend to; and I once was
witness to a conversation of that
kind, where a string of disjointed
metonymy sent me out of the room
to laugh, when [ had heard what
follows.

*€ Milo is expected to become a
bankrupt soon,—have you endea-
voured to get that money from him
which is owing to our house ?”’

Ans. “ Why, sir, that fellow
did run upon a rope to be sure, till
‘at length he came to a stand-still ;
and they say, will now very soon
stick in the mud: when I heard
that, being determined to strike a
great stroke, you may be sure I
thought it proper to purge him
pretty briskly ; but finding that the
grey mare was the better horse, I
resolved to wait till this morning,
and then begin to plough with the
heifer ; which I shall most certainly
set about directly tooth and nail.”

This jargon, which I defy a so-
litary scholar to constrie, meant
only, that Milo had been expensive,
and was in consequence of his ex-
travagance expected to stop pay-
ment ; that the clerk had tormented
him for the money, but that Milo
leaving his pecuniary affairs in the
hand of his wife, the clerk resolved
to call on her next morning, and
either fright or persuade her to dis-
charge the debt, by every method
‘in his power.

An account of the state of the body
and mind in old age, with observa-
tions on its diseases, and their re-

medies ; from Medical Inquiries

407

and Olservations, by Dr. Rush,
of Philadelphia.

OST of the facts, which I shall
deliver upon this subject,
are the result of observations made
during the last five years, upon per-
sons of both sexes, who have passed
the 80th year of their lives. I in-
tended to have given a detail of
their names, manner of life, occu-
pations, and other circumstances of
each of them: but, upon a review
of my notes, I found so great a
sameness in the history of most of
them, that I despaired, by detail-
ing them, of answering the inten-
tion which I have proposed in the
following essay. I shall, therefore,
only deliver the facts and principles,
which are the result of enquiries and
observations I have made upon this
subject.

I, I shall mention the circum-
stances which favour the attainment
of longevity :

’ If. I shall mention the pheno-
mena of body and mind which at-
tend it: and,

I1I. I shall enumerate its pecu-
liar diseases, and the remedies which
are most proper to remove, or mo-~
derate them. I

I. The circumstances which fa-
vour longevity, are,

1, Descent from long-lived ances-
tors.

I have not found a simgle instance
of a person who has lived to be
eighty years old, in whom this was
not the case. In some instances, [
found the descent was only from
one, but in general it was from
both parents. The knowledge of
this fact may serve, not only to assist
in calculating what are called the
chances of lives, but it may be made

Dd4 useful

408.

useful to a physician. He. may
learn from it, to cherish hopes of
his patients in chronic, and in
some diseases, in proportion to the
capacity of life they have derived
from their ancestors.

2. Temperance in eating and drink-
ing.

To this remark, I found several
exceptions. I met with one man
of eighty-four years. of age, who
had, been intemperate in eating;
and four or five persons who had
been intemperate in drinking ar-
dent spirits. . They had all been
day-labourers, or had deferred drink-
ing until they began to feel the
Janguor of old age. I did not meet
with a single person who had not,
for the last forty or fifty years of
their lives, used tea, coffee, and
bread and butter, twice a-day, as
part of their diet, I am disposed
to believe, that those articles of diet
do not materially affect the dura-
tion of human life, although they
evidently impair the strength of the
system. ‘The duration of life does
not appear to depend so much upon
the strength of the body, or upon
the quantity of its excitability, as
upon exact accommodation of sti-
muli to each of them. A watch-
spring will Jast as long as an an-~
chor, provided the forces, which are
capable of destroying both, are in
an exact ratio to their strength,—
The use of tea and coffee in diet
seems to be happily suited to the
change which has taken place in
the human body, by sedentary ocs
cupations, by which means, less
nourishment and stimulus are re-
quired than formerly’to support
animal life.

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

3. The moderate use of the under-
standing.

It has long been an established
truth, that literary men (other cir-
cumstances being equal) are longer-
lived than other people. But it is
not necessary that the understand
ing should be employed upon phi-
losophical subjects, to produce this
influence upon human life. Busi-
ness, politics, and religion, which
are the objects of attention of men
of all classes, impart a vigour to the
understanding, which, by being con-
veyed to every part of the body,
tenes to produce health and long
ife. ;

4. Equanimity of temper.

The violent and irregular actions
of the passions tend to bear away.
the springs of life.

Persons who live upon annuities,
in Europe, have been observed to
be longer-lived, in equal circum-
stances, than other. people. This
is probably occasioned by their be-
ing exempted, by the certainty of
their subsistence, from those fears
of want which so frequently dis-
tract the minds, and thereby weak-
en the bodies of all people. Life.
rents have been supposed to have
the same influence in prolonging
life. Perhaps the desire of life, in
order to enjoy, as long as possible, -
that property which cannot be en- |
joyed a second time by a ehild or |
relation, may be another cause of
the longevity of persons who live
upon certain incomes. It‘is a fact,
that the desire of life is a very pow-
erful stimulus in prolonging it, espe-
cially when that desire is supported
by hope. ‘This is obvious to physi-

cians

MISCELLANEOUS ° ESSAYS.

cians every day. Despair of reco=
very is the beginning of death in all
diseases.

But obvious and reasonable as
the effects of equanimity of temper
are upon human life, there are some
exceptions in favour of passionate

- men and women having attained to
a Sia age. The morbid stimulus
of anger in these cases was proba-
bly obviated by less degrees, or less
active exercises of the understand-
‘ing, or by the defect or weakness
of some of the other stimuli, which
kept up the motions of life.

q 5. Matrimony.

In the course of my enquiries, I
met with only one person beyond
80 years who had never been mar-
ried. JF met with several women
who had bore from ten to twenty
children, and suckled them all. [
met with one woman, a native of
Herefordshire, in England, who is
now in the 100th year of her age,
who bore a child at 60, menstrua-
ted till 80, and frequently suckled
two of her children, (though born
in succession to each other) at the
same time. She had passed the
greatest part of her life over a wash-
ing-tub.

6. I have not found sedentary
employments to prevent long life,
where they are not accompanied by

409

intemperance in eating or drinking,
This observation is not confined to
literary men, nor to women only,
in whom longevity without much
exercise of body has been frequently
observed. I met with one instance
of a weaver, a second of a silver-
smith, and a third of a shoe-maker,
among the number of old people,
whose histeries have suggested these
observations.

7. I have not found that acute,
nor that all chronic, diseases shorten
life. Dr, Franklin had two succes.
sive vomicas in-his lungs, before he
was forty years of age. *. met
with one man beyond eighty, who
had survived a most violent. attack

of the yellow fever; a second, who

had several of his bones fractured
by falls, and in frays; and many
who had frequently been affected
by intermittents. I met with one
man of 86, who had all his life been
subject to syncope ; another who
had been for fifty years occasionally
affected by a cough+; and two in-
stances of men who had been af-
fected for forty years, with obsti-
nae head-achs. { 1 met with only
one person beyond eighty, who had
ever been affected by a disorder in
the stomach; and in him it arose
from an occasional rupture. Mir.
John Strangeways Hutton, of Phi-
ladelphia, who died last year in the
100th year of his age, informed me,

* Dr. Franklin, who died in his sath year, was descended from long-lived parents.

His father died at 89, and his mother at 87.

two wives.
sons and daughters at his father’s table.

His father had seventeen children’ by

The doctor informed me, that he once sat down as one ef eleven adult
In an excursion he once made to that part

of England from which his family migrated to America, he discovered ina grave-yard
the tomb-stones of several persons of his name who had lived to be very old. These
persons he supposed to have been his ancestors.

+ This man’s only remedy for his cough was the fine powder of dry Indian turnip

and honey.

t Dr. Thiery says, he did not find the itch, or slight degrees of the leprosy, to pre-

vent longevity.
de \’Espagne,” vol. ii. p. 174.

that

“410

that he never had puked in his life. —
This circumstance is the more re-
markable, as he passed several years
at sea when a young man.* These
facts may serve to extend our ideas
of the importance of a healthful
state of the stomach in the animal
economy, and thereby to add to
our knowledge in the progress of
diseases, and in the chances of hu-
man life.

8. I have not found the loss of
teeth to affect the duration of hu-
man life, so much as might be ex~
pected. Edward Drinker, who
lived to be one hundred and three
years old, lost his teeth thirty years

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

become acrid by age, and thereby
supply, by a more dissolving power,
the defect of mastication Bon the
loss of teeth ? Analogies might easi-
ly be adduced from several opera-
tion of nature that go forward in
the animal economy, which render
this supposition highly probable.

g, I have not observed baldness,
or grey hairs, occurring in early or
middle lif, to prevent old age.

In one of the histories, furnished
me by Dr. Sayre, I find an account
of a man of 80, whose hair began
to assume a silver colour when he
was only eleven years of age. |

I shall conclude this head by the

before he died, from drawing the» following remark,

hot smoke of tobacco into his mouth
through a short pipe.

Dr. Sayre, of New Jersey, to
whom I am indebted for several
very valuable histories of old per-
sous, mentions one man aged 81,
whose teeth began to decay at 16,
and another of 90, who lost his
teeth thirty years before he saw
him. The gums, by becoming hard,
perform in part the office of teeth.
But may not the gastric juice of the
stomach, like tke tears and urine,

Notwithstanding, there appears
in the human body a certain capa-
city of long life, which seems to
dispose it to preserve its existence in
every situation; yet this capacity
does not always protect it from pre-
mature destruction ; for among the
old people whom I examined, I
scarcely met with one who had not
lost brothers or sisters in early and
middle life, and who were born
under circumstances equally favour-
able to longevity with themselves.

* The venerable old man, whose history first suggested this remark, was born in

New York in the year 1684, His grandfather lived to be 101, but was unable to walk
for thirty years before he died, from an excessive quantity of fat. His mother died
at 91. His constant drink was water, beer, and cyder. We hada fixed dislike to
spirits of all kinds. His appetite was good, and he ate plentifully during the last
years of his life. He seldom drank any thing between his meals. He was intoxi-
cated but twice in his life, and that was when a boy, and at sea, where he remem=
bers perfectly to have celebrated, by a feu de-joie, the birth-day of Queen Anné,
He was formerly afflicted with the head-ach and giddiness, but never had a fever,
except from the small-pox, in the course of his hfe. His pulse was slow but regular.
He had been twice married. By his first wife he had eight, and by bs second seven-
teen children. One of them lived to eighty-three years of age. He was about five
feet nine inches in height, of a slender make, and carried an erect head to the last
year of his life. E

POETRY

[41 J ae
POETRY.

ODE for the New Year, 1794. By Henry James Pye, esq.
Poet Laureat.

1.
URTUR‘D in storms the infant year,
Comes in terrific glory forth ;

Earth meets him wrapp’d in mantle drear,

And the loud tempest sings his birth.
Yet ’mid the elemental strife
Brood the rich germs of vernal life,
Frore January’s iron reign,
And the dark months succeeding train,
The renovated glebe prepare
For genial May’s ambrosial air,
For Ais that glowing Summer yields,

For laughing Autumn’s golden fields ;

And the stout swain whose frame defies

The driving storm, the hostile skies,
While his keen plowshare turns the stubborn soil,
Knows plenty only springs the just reward of toil.

; i.
Then if fell War’s tempestuous sound
Swell far and wide with louder roar,
If stern th’ avenging nations round
Threaten yon fate-devoted shore,
Hope points to gentler hours again
When Peace shall re-assume her reign—
Yet never o’er his timid head
Her lasting olive shall be spread,
Whose breast inglorious woos her charms
When Fame, when Justice, calls to arms.
While Anarchy’s infuriate brood
Their garments dy'd with guiltless blood,
With Titan rage blaspheming try
Their impious battle ’gainst the sky,

Say

412 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

Say, shall Britannia’s generous sons embrace

In folds of amity the harpy race,

Or aid the sword that coward Fury rearsy

Red with the widow’s blood, wet with the orphan’s tears?

cy ad }
But*tho’ her martial thunders fall
Vindictive o’er Oppression’s haughty crest,
Awake to Pity’s suasive call,
She spreads her buckler o’er the suffering breast.—>
From seas that roll by Gallia’s southmost steep,
. _ From the rich isles that crown th’ Atlantic deep,
The plaittive sigh, the heart-felt groan, ~~
Are wafted to her Monarch’s throne ;
Open to mercy, prompt to save, -
His ready navies plow the yielding wave,
The ruthless arm of savage licénse awe,
And guard the sacred reign of freedom and of law.

ODE for his Mayzsty’s Birtu-Dar, by H. J. Pye, eg.

OUS’D from the gloom of transient death,
Reviving Nature’s charms appear 5
Mild zephyr wakes with balmy breath
The beauties of the youthful year,
The fleecy storm that froze the plain,
The winds that swept the billowy main,
The chilling blast, the icy show’r,
That oft obscur’d the vernal hour,
And half deform’d th’ etherial grace
That bloom’d on Maia’s lovely face,
Are gone—and o’er the fertile glade,
In manhood’s riper form array’d,
Bright Juno appears, and from his bosom throws,
Blushing with hue divine, his own ambrosial rose.

Il.
Yet there are climes where Winter hoar
Despotic still usurps the plains,
Where the loud surges lash the shore,
Aad dreary desolation reigns !—
While, as the shivering swain descries
The drifted mountains round him rise,
Through the dark mist and howling blast,
Full many a longing look is cast

To northern realms, whose happier skies detam _
The lingering car of day, and check his golden rein.

III. x
Chide not his stay ;—the roseate spring
Not always flies on Halcyon wing ;
Not always strains of joy and love
Steal sweetly through the trembling grove—=
_ Reflecting Sol’s refulgent beams,
The falchion oft terrific gleams ;
And, iouder than the wint’ry tempest’s roar,
The battle’s thunder shakes th’ affrighted shore—
- Chide not his’ stay—for, in the scenes,
Where nature boasts her genial pride,
Where forests spread their leafy skreens,
And lucid streams the painted valeés divide ;
Beneath Europa’s mildest clime,
In glowing Summer’s yerdant prime,
The frantic sons of Rapine tear
The golden wreath from Ceres’ hair,
And trembling Industry, afraid .
To turn the war-devoted glade,
Exposes wild to Famine’s haggard eyes
Wastes where no hopes of future harvests rise,
While floating corses choke th’ unpurpled flood,
And ev’ry dewy sod is stain'’d with civic blood.

IV.

Vanish the horrid scene, and turn the eyes
To where Britannia’s chalky cliffs arise.—
What though beneath her rougher her air
A less luxuriant soil we share ; . -
Though often o’er her brightest day k
Sails the thick storm, and shrouds the solar ray,
No purple vintage though she boast,
_No olive shade her ruder coast ;
Yet here immortal Freedom reigns,»
And law protects what labour gains ;
And as her manly sons behold
The cultur’d farm, the teeming fold,
See Commerce spread to ev’ry gale,
From every shore, her swelling sail ;
Jocund, they raise the chorallay -
To celebrate th’ auspicious day,
By heaven selected from the laughing year,
Sacred to patriot worth, to patriot bosoms dear.

Ke
GAFFER

414 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Garren Gray. By Mr. Horcrorr.

H° ! why dost thou shiver and shake,
Gaffer Gray ?
And why doth thy nose look so blue ?
*¢ Tis the weather that’s cold ;
’Tis I’m grown very old,
And my doublet is not very new,

Well-a-day !”

Then, line thy worn doublet with ale,
Gaffer Gray ;
~ And warm thy old heart with a glass. ad
** Nay, but credit I’ve none,
And my money’s all gone ;
Then say how may that come to pass? —
Well-a-day |’?

Hie away to the house on the brow,
Gaffer Gray;
And knock at the jolly priest’s door.
“« The priest often preaches
Against worldly riches ;
But ne’er gives a mite to the poor,
Well-aeday !”

The lawyer lives under the hill,
Gaffer Gray ;

Warmly fenc’d both in back and in front.
“* He will fasten his locks,
And will threaten the stocks,

Should he ever more find me in want,
Well-a-day !’

The squire has fat beeves and brown ale, “)
*
Gaffer Gray ; we:
And the season will welcome you there.
*€ The fat beeves and the beer,
And his merry new year,
And all for the flush and the fair,
Well-a-day |”

My keg is but low, I confess,
Gaffer Gray ;
. What, then, while it lasts,"man, we'll live.
The poor man alone,
When he hears the poor moan,
Of his morse! a morsel wall give,
fell-a-day ! ™™

IMPROMPTU.

FO" B-gEr Ry vy, 415

IMPROMPTU.

N systems as much out of sense as of season
Pea Pain names this age as the true age of reason ;
But if right I can judge, or if right I can see,
It is treason he means, and he’s right toa T.

Upon the promotion of Mr. Ginzon to the Board of Trade, in 1779.
By C. J. Fox, esq.

Kees George in a fright,
s Lest Gibbon should write
The story of Britain’s disgrace,
Thought no means more sure,
His pen to secure,
Than to give the historian a place.

But his caution is vain;
Tis the curse of his reign
That his projects should never succeed, -
Tho’ he write not a line,
Yet a cause of Decline, ».
In the author’s example we read,

His book well describes ‘
How corruption and bribes 4
Overthrew the great Empire of Rome ;

And his writings declare
A degen’racy there,
Which his conduct exhibits at home.

Occastona, Prorocuk, wrilten by the right hon. major-general Fitz-
patrick, and spoken by Mr. Kemble, on opening of the Theatre-Royal,
Drury-lane, with Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Monday, April 21, 1794.

; A® tender plants, which dread the boist’rous gale,
Bloom in the shelter of a tranquil vale,
Beneath fair Freedom’s all-protecting wing
The liberal arts, secure from danger, spring ;
Thro’ ravag’d Europe now while discord reigns,
And War's dire conflicts desolate her plain,
O, lest they perish in this boasted age,
Once more the victims of barbarian rage,
Her shield to guard them let Britannia rear,
And fix, in safety, their asylum here !
Here

416 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Here, where mild reason holds her temp’rate sway,

Where willing subjects equal laws obey,

Firm to that well-pois’d system, which unites

With Order’s blessings Freedom’s sacred rights.

>Mid wrecks of empires, England, be it thine,

A bright example to the world to shine,

Where Law on Liberty’s just basis rear’d,

_ Of all the safeguard, is by all rever’d,
And stems alike, when clouds of discord low’r,
The storms of faction, and the strides of pow’r.
Hence have the muses on the lists of Fame,
With pride, recorded many a British name 5
And on their votaries, in this lov’d dbode,
Bright wreaths of never-fading bays bestow’d ;
True to the cause of ev'ry English bard,
*Tis yours the just inheritance to guard.
What, though his Vaulting Pegasus disdain
The servile check of too severe a rein,
Like untaught coursers of the Arab race,
’ He moves with freedom, energy, and grace;
. With caution, then, the generous ardour tame,
‘Lest, while you chasten, you repress the flame ;
a licence temper’d judgement will permit
To Congreve’s, Wycherly’s, or Vanburgh’s wit ;
Nor, for an ill-tim’d ribald jest, refuse
A tear to Otway’s, or a Southern’s, muse;
But chief, with reverence watch his hallow’d bays,
To whom this night a monunient we'raise ;
Beyond what sculptur’d marble can bestow—
The silent tribute of surviving woe—

- Beyond the pow’rs of undecaying brass, mx
Or the proud pyramid’s unmeaning mass ;
‘A shrine more worthy of his fame we give,
Where, unimpair’d, his genius still may live;
Where, though his fire, the critic’s rule transgress,
The glowing bosom shall his cause confess ; KI
Where Britain’s sons, through each succeeding age,
Shall hail the founder of our English stage, ©
And, from the cavils of pedantic spleen,
Defend the glories of their Shakespeare’s scene.

EPILOGUE, written on the same occasion, by George Colman, jun. esq.
and spoken by Miss Farren. ;

\ K J HAT part can speak—O, tell me, while I greet you—
: What character express my joy to meet you! rs
a : ut

BD 7Op ota. 7 Ss 417
But feeling says, no character assume 5
Let impulse dictate, and the soul have room.
Tame glides the smoothest poem ever sung,
To the heart's language, gushing o'er the tongue:
Cold the addtess the ablest scholar drew,
To the warm glow of crying—welcome you !
Welcome ! thrice welcome to our new rear'd stage !
To this ew sera of our drama’sage !
Genius of Shakespeare, as in air you roam,
Spread your broad wings exulting o’er our dome !
Shade of our Roscius, view us with delight,
And hover smiling round your favourite site !
But to my purpose here—for I am sent
On deeds.of import, and of deep intent ;
Passion has had its scope, the burst is past;
And I may sink to character at last.

When some rich noble, vain of his virtd,
Permits the curious crowd his house to view ;
When pictures, busts, and bronzes to display,
He treats the public with a public day, ’ ;
That all the world may in their minds retain them; —
He bids his dawdling housekeeper explain them 7
Herself, when each original’s expected,
The greatest that his lordship has collected.
A house now opens, which, we trust, insures
The approbation of the amateurs ;
Each part, each quality,;— tis fit you know it—
And i’m the housekeeper employ’d to show it:
Our pileis rock, more durable than :brass;
Our decorations, gossamer, and gas.
Weighty, yet airy in effect, our plan,
Solid, theugh light,—like athid alderman,
«* Blow wind, come wreck,” in ages yet unborn;
«* Ourcastle’s strength shall laugha siege to scorn.”
The very ravages of fire we scout,
For we have wherewithal to put it out.
In ample reservoirs our firm reliance, -
Whose streams set conflagration at defiance,
Panic alone avoid—let none begin it— ;
Should the flame spread, sit still, there’s nothing init ;
We'll undertake to drown you all in half a minute !
Behold, obedient to the prompter’s bell, ;
Our tide shaji flow, and real waters swell.
No river of meandering pasteboard made,

- No gentle tinkling of atin cascade,

No brook of broad-cloth’sball be set in motion,

No ships be wreck’d upon a wooden ocean,

418

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

But the pure element its course shall hold,

Rush on the scene, and o’er our stage he roll’d, *
How like you our aquatics }—Need we fear

Some critic with a hydrophobia here, ,
Whose timid caution Caution’s self migh tire, :
And doubts, if water can extinguish fire?

if such there be, still let him rest secure;

For we have made ‘ assurance double sure.”
Consume the scenes, your safety yetis certain,
Presto! for proof, let down the iron curtain, +
Ah ye who live in this our brazen age,

Think on the comforts ot an iron stage;

Fenc’d by that mass, no perils do environ

The man who calmly sits before cold iron—

For those who in the Green-room sit behind it,
They e’en must quench the danger as they find it
A little fire would do us harm, we know it,

‘To modern actor, nor to modem poet.

{But beaux, and ye plum’d belles, all pereh’d in front,
You're safe at all events, depend upon't:

So never rise like flutter’d birds together,

The hottest fire sha’n’t singe a single feather;
No, I assure our gegerans benefactors,

“[would only burn the scenery and the actors !]

Here ends, as housekeeper, my explanation,
And may the house receive your approbation!
For you, in air, the vaulted roof we raise—
Tho’ firm its base—its best support, your praise.
Stamp then your mighty seal upon our cause !
Give us, ye Gods, a thunder of applause !

The high decree is past—may future age,
When pondering o’er the annals of our stage, -
Reston this time, when labour rear’d the pile,
Tn tribute to the genius of our isle;

This school of art, with British sanction grac’d, |
And worthy of a manly nation’s taste!

And now the image of our Shakespeare view,
And give the drama’s god the honour due. ft

* Here the scene rises, and discovers the water, &c. die.
‘++ Here the iron curtain is let down.
+ Here the iron curtain is taken up, and discovers the statue of Shakespeare under @

mulberry tree, &c. &c.

*,* These six lines in erotchets were given by a friend.

P oetical.

PTOI. EIT # AY. 419

Poetical remonstrance to a young heir just coming of age, by Dr. Johnson;
from Mrs, Pioxzt’s British Synonomy.

L ONG expected one-and-twenty,

Ling’ ring year at length is own,
Pride and pleasure, pomp and plenty,

Great ******* are now your own,

Loosen’d from the minor’s tether,

Free to mortage, or to sell ;
Wild as wind and light as feather, £

Bid the sons of thrift farewell.

Call the Betseys, Kates and Jenneys,
All the names that banish care ;

Lavish of your grandsire’s guineas,
Shew the spirit of an heir.

All that prey on vice and folly,

Joy to see their quarry fly ; .
There the gamester light and jolly,

There the lender grave and sly.

Wealth, my lad, was made to wander,
Let it wander as it will;
* Call the jockey, call the pander,
Bid them come and take their fill.

Pockets full and spirits high;
What are acres ? what are houses?
Only dirt, or wet, or dry.

4 When the bonny blade carouses,

Should the guardian, friend, or mother,
Tell the woes of wilful waste;

Scorn their counsel, scorn t pother,
You can hang, or drown at last.

On reading Mr. Howard’@geccount of Laxarettos, from Poems by the Rev.
_L. Bowles, A. M.
E the sad scene disclosed ;—fearless unfold *
The grating door—the inmost cell behold !
‘Thought shrinks from the dread sight ; the paly lamp
Burns faint amid theginfectious vapour’s damp ;
Ee2 Beneath

420 ANNUAL REGISTER, 179%

_ Beneath jts light, fall many a livid mien, ®
And haggard eye-bali through the dusk are seene
Tn thought I see thee, at each hollow sound,
With humid lips oft anxious gaze around.

But, oh! for him who, to yon vault confin'd,
Has bid a Jong farewell to human kind ; }
His wasted forna his cold and bloodless cheek,
A tale of sadder sorrow seems to speak,
_ Of friends, perhaps, now mingled with the dead :
~ Of hope, that like a faithless flatterer, fled
In th’ utmost hour of need ; or of a son
Cast to the bleak world’s mercy ; or of one
' Whose heart‘was broken, when the stern behest
Tore him from pale affection’s bleeding breast.
Despairing, from his cold and flinty bed,
With fearful muttering he hath rais’d his head :
«© What pitying spirit, what unwonted guest,
‘* Strays to this last retreat, these shades unblest ?
« From life and light shut out, beneath this cell
«© Long have I bid Hope’s chearful sun farewell.
«« T heard for ever clos’d the jealous door,
* T mark’d my bed on the forsaken floor;
** T had no bope on earth, no human friend;
«© Let me unpitied to the dust descend !”
Cold is his frozen heart—his eye is rear'd
To Heaven no more—and on his sable beard
The tear has ceas’d to fall, Thow canst not bring
Back to his mournful heart the morn of spring.
Thou canst not bid the rose of health renew,
Upon his wasted cheek her crimson hue.
But at thy look (ere yet to hate resign’d!
He murmurs his last curses on'mankitid),
Atthy kind look one tender thought shall rise,

And his full sou! shall thank thee ere it dies. a}

Antony and Cleopatra, from oman Portraits, a Poem in heroic verse, ly
Robert Jephson, esq. 4

UT not content with half the world’s domain,
- AF Cesarand Antony alone woajd reign;
» ~The first, a ‘steady. sceptre born to wicld,
O’er all his acts extends the public shield ;
@ The last, abhorrent trom the toils of state,
Rots on the’ Nile, a hoary, profligate ;
While subtle Cesar sapp’d his eastern throne,
He clasp'd his’ world in Cleopatra’s zone.
/; ? Not

‘

[ TR 108 TED TA RI a.

‘Not she for whom Dardahian’ Troy was lost,

‘The pride of nature, and her country’s boast ;
Nor she, who bade the Macedonian’s hand /
Hurl at Persepolis the blazing brand, "’

Nor Phedra, nor Ariadne, still more fair,
Couid with the Sorceress of Nile compare ;
In her, not face and shape alone could please, »

{Though with unrivai’d grace she charm’d by these},
But the whole store of Cytherea’s wiles, ©
Sighs, gentlest blandishments, and ambush’d smiles ;
The ready tear, the blush of well-feign’d truth,
And the ripe woman, fresh as new-sprung youth.
Beneath her roseat palms the’lute, compress’d,
Chas’d thought and trouble from the anxious breast
Jn dulcet bonds the imprison’d soul she ‘held,
While the sweet chords her warbling voice excell’d.
A thousand forms the Syren could put on,

And seem as many mistresses in one 5
Serious or sportive, asthe mood requir’d,
No whim grew irksome, and no frolic tir’d ;
Enough of coyness to provoke desire,
Of warmth enough to share the amorous fire,
All, her delighted lovers could receive,
Seem’d but fond earnests she had more to give ;
Nor with possession was the premiseo’er, = >
Love’s fruit and slower at once her bosom. bore; /
No languid pause of bliss near her was known,
But with new joys new hours came laughing on,
By arts like these was wiser Julius won,
And Antony, more fond, was more undone,
His soul, enamour’d, to the wanton clung,
Glow’d at her eyes, or melted from her tongue ;

_ Lull’d in the dear Elysium of her arms,

' Nor interest moves him, nor ambition warms: _
Sometimes, with short remorse, he look’d within,
But kept at once the conscience and the sin:

In vain he saw the yawning ruin nigh ;

Content with her, he bade the ea go by;

He sought no covert of the friendly shade,.

*T was half the zest to have his shame display’d,
He deem’dit still his best exchange through life,
A melting mistress for a railing wife.

Perpetual orgies unabash’d they keep, _ :
Wine fires their veins, and revels banish sleep :,.

‘Timbrels and songs, and feasts of deaf’ning joy,
By arts till then unknown, forbore to cloy,

See for one banquet a whole kingdom sink, —
And gems dissolv’d, a her luscious drink.
bes

42%

Pleasure

422

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

Pleasure was hunted through each impious mode;
An Isis she, and he the vine-crown’d god.

Old Nile, astonish’d, on his bosom bore _

Monsiers more strange than e’er deform’d his shore ;
For what so monstrous sight beneath the skies

As self-created human deities ?—

But heaven, for vengeful retribution, means

The sword and asp should close these frantic scenes,
Spectators mute the sorrowing captains stand,
While empire shoulders from his palsied hand :

But rous’d at length, unwilling, to the fight,

His star at Actium sunk in endless night.

With equal pomp, as when down Cydnus’ stream
Her burnish’d prow struck back the sun's bright beam,
The enchantress bade her bloated train prepare

To meet the horrors af the naval war ;

But the first shouts her trembling spirits quail ;

She flies, and he pursues her shameful sail :

His heart -strings to the harlot’s rudder tied,

What lust began, his dotage ratified :

In Alexandria’s towers he veil’d his head,

Where, self-expell'd, the vital spirit fled.

He tried all vices, and surpass’d in all,

Luxurious, cruel, wild, and prodigal ;

Lavish of hours, of character, and gold,

But warlike, hardy, and in dangers bold ;

His mind was suited to the boist’rous times,

AA soldier's virtues, and a tyrant’s crimes,

A Protestant Uncle to his Protestant Nieces, on their visiting Wardour-
Castle, in Wilts, the seat of Lord Arundel, on St. Peter's day, 1794.
By Mr. Seward.

od Bs not the splendid house of pray’r,
The burnish’d gold’s well-order’d glare,
The altar’s beautcous form emboss’d, e
With marbles from each distant coast,

The clouds of incense that arise

And waft their fragrance to the skies :

’Tis not the flood of burning day

The taper’s dazzling lights display :

’Tis not the lengthen’d notes and flow

Tie organ’s diapasons blow, —

The sounds the pious virgins breathe

To the enraptur’d crowd beneath,

As they their tuneful voices raise

To accents soft of prayer and praise ;

*T'is

PY OLEC BYR +e:

"Tis not the priest’s, in glittering shew,
That at the sanctuary bow,

Whilst, offspring of their magic hands,
A present deity acknowledg’d stands :
Tis not-the young and beauteous band,
Before the holy place who stand,

Like Samuel’s sons of early grace,

Th’ * Acolothists’ well-nurtur’d race,
Who, taught from life’s first blushing morn
These sacred functions to adorn,

With steady step and decent miea

Add lustre to the solemn scene ;

Tis not each effort to express

The charms and grace of holiness,
That, to its destination true,

This lovely spot can bring to view 3

Fis not Ribera’s + wonderous art

Such power to canvas to impart,

As grand in form, and bright in hue,
To bring to our astonished view

The Lord of Life, torn, pale, and dead,
Who for vile man’s transgressions bled,
Whilst weeping angels hovering o’er,
The mystery of love explore :

’Tis not, my girls, such things as these
That for your faith destroy my ease ;—
Your minds, I know, from earliest youth,
So trained to wisdom and to truth,
From your externals can command

The proper notice they demand.

Yet one thing frightens me, I own,
Secure of all, but that alone—

The noble tenants of the place

My fears alarm, my quiet chase ;

Their piety without pretence,

‘Their goodness, their benevolence 5
Their minds unspoil’d by wealth or state
(Those common tempters of the great) 5
Their charity, that knows no bound,
Where man and misery are found,
Andcherishes, in these sad times,

‘The unfortunate of other climes ;
Priests, from their native altars torn,
"Their ruffian country’s jest and scorn.

“The attendants on the priests at the altar,
4 Spagnolet, so called.
Ee4

so called.

423

“4

Your

424 ANNUAL REGISTER, 179%

* Your hearts, dear girls, so well I know
To sympathize at others woe, ty
Of worth so fund, so good, so true,
So charm’d with Virtue’s every view, °
That I am sure you will enquire
What principles such acts inspire 3
What faith so fervent and so bright
Keeps lives so fully in the right ?
Nay, more, my tortur’d soul to vex, —
The more to harrass and perplex,
Of manners kind, demeanour meek,
Sce * Forrester the pulpit seek,
(And on St. Peter’s very day),
Of Rome's fam’d head the prop and stay,
So candidly his subject treats
(How fitted for religious heats), ?
That, with attention’s well-pleas'd air,
Sarum’s good prelate’s self might hear,
At Werdour then no longer stay,
There all we meet will fears convey.
Then fly, ye coursers, fleet as air,
To + Bemerton we must repair,
Fam'd long for pastors of good learning,
Of great acuteness and discerning,
Who in polemics deep and strong,
. Rome’s faith have labour’d to prove wrong ;

Where Herbert, Norris, Homes, and Coke,
Have giv’n the Catholics some knocks.
*Tis this will save ye from the lurch,

% And keep ye true to mother-church,

> Verses, translated from the Persian, by sir William Jones.

EAR, how yon reed, in sadly-pleasing tales,

‘ Departed bliss and present woe bewails—
** With me, from native banks untimely torn,
Love-warbling youths and soft-eyed virgins muorn!
Oh! let the heart, by fatal absence rent,
Feel what I sing, and bleed when I lament ; —
Who roamsin exile from his parent bow’r,
Pants to return, ane chides each ling’ring hour!

se
.
* Domestic chaplain to lord Arundel. ;

+ Bemerton, near Salisbury. Its incumbents have been’ occasionally very distin-
guished persons, as Mr. Herbert the poet, the ideal Norris, the learned Mr. Homes,
’ and the celebrated traveller Mr. Coxe. M

POC BT UR VY, 423

My notes, in circles of the great and gay,

Have hail’d the rising, cheer’d the closing, day:
Each in my fond affections claim’d a part, ’
But none discern’d the secret of my heart ;—
What though my strains and sorrows slow combin'd,
Yet ears are slow, and carnal eyes are blind.

Free through each mortal form the spirits roll,

But sight avails not ; can we see the soul ?”

Such notes breath’d'gently from yon vocal frame :
Breath’d, said [ ?—no: ’twas all-enliv ning fame,
*Tis love that fills the reed with warmth divine!
*Tis love that sparkies in the racy wine.

Me, plaintive wand'rer from my peerless maid,
‘The reed has fir’d, and all my soul betray’d.

He gives the bane, and he with balsam cures,
Afflicts, yet soothes; ingpassions, yet allures,
Delightful pangs his am’rous tales prolong,

And Laili’s frantic lover liyes insong.

Not he whoreasons best this wisdom knows ;

Ears only drink what rapt’rous tongues disclose ;
Nor fruitless deem the reed’s heart-piercing pain;
See sweetness dropping from the parted cane.
Alternate hope-and fear my days divide,

I courted grief, and anguish was my bride.

Flow on, sad stream of life, I smile secure ;

Thou livest—thou the purest of the pure.

Rise, vig’rous youth, be free, be nobly bold ;

Shall chains confine you, though they blaze with gold ?
Go, to your vase the gather’d main convey.

What were your stores ? the pittance of a day;
New plans for wealth your fancies would invent,
Yet shells, to nourish pearls, must be content.
The man whose robe love’s purple arrows rend,
Bids av’rice rest, and toils tumultuous end,

Hail, heavenly Love! true source of endless gains,
Thy balm restores me, and thy skill sustains,

Oh, more than Galen leard’d, than Plato wise,

My guide, my law, my joy supreme, arise;

~ Love warms this frigid clay with mystic fire,

And dancing mountains leap with young desire,
Blest is the soul that swims in seas of love,

And long thelife sustain’d by food above.

With forms imperfect cai erfection dwell? ~

Here pause my song ;— and thou, vain world, farewell !

Sonnet

426 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

Sonnet on the death of Robert Riddell, esq. of Glenriddell,

O more, ye warblers of the wood, no more ; “/*
Nor pour your descant grating on my soul :
Thou, young-ey'd Spring, gay in thy verdant stole,
More welcome were to me grim Winter's wildest roar.

How can ye charm, ye flowers, with all your dyes ?
Ye blow upon the soil that wraps my friend !
How can [ to the tuneful strain attend ?
That strain flows round th’ untimely tomb where Riddell lies,

Yes, pour, ye warblers, pour the notes of woe,
And soothe the virtues weeping o’er his bier :
The man of worth, who hath not left his peer,
Is in his narrow house for ever darkly low.

Thee, Spring, again with joy shall others greet;
Me, mem'ry of my loss will only meet.

F Roserr Burns.
dy
”
€
ve
Wha
&. ea :

¥ : + Account

rae O

C 47 J

Account of Books for 1794.

Zoonomia ; or the Laws of Organic
Life. Vol. 1. By Erasmus Dar-
win, M. D. F. 2. S. author of the

- Botanic Garden. 4to. 1794.

7 BRE it our purpose rather to
amuse cursory readers than

to give a connected and scientific
view of the whole of this perform-
ance, we should have found it an
easy task to fill our pages with
much curious matter relative to
- natura), moral, and medical history,
interspersed through many of its
sections. All who have read the
miscellaneous notes of our anthor’s
“Botanic Garden, willbe sufficiently
acquainted with his happy art of
enlivening philosophical reasonings
and speculations with entertaining
and sprightly narratives. The style
of writing, in many parts of this
work, is perfectly similar, ‘and can-
not fail of giving pleasure to those

we are acquainted that the work
has Jain by the writer during twenty
years, he commences with

Secr. 1. Of Motion. The
motions of matter are arranged un-
der three classes: those belonging’
to gravitation, to chymistry, and to
life. The latter, comprehending
all animal nnd vegetable motions,
are the subject of this work.

5.2. Expranations and Dz-
FINITIONs. ‘Lhis section begins
with a general view of the animal
economy ; of which the most re-
markable opinion is, that the imme-
diate orgaus of sense probably con-
sist of moving fibrils, having a power
of contraction like that of muscles.
Sensorium is used to signify not only
all sentient parts, but the living
principle residing throughout the
body. By idea is meant those no-
tions of external things with which
the organs of sense bring us ac-

who have been delighted with geared, and it is defined to be a

perusal of the former.
We conceive we shall but per-

form our duty to the ingenious au-.

thor and the public, by proceeding
immediately to an analytical view
of the whole performance, leaving
our readers afterwards to judge how
far its facts and reasonings in. the
detail may be worthy of their at-
tention.

A\fterashort preface, inwhich we

» ao

ontraction, or motion, or configu-
ration, of the fibres of those organs.

otionis used as synonymous
Percept on includes both
the action of the organ, and our
attention to it. Sensation is used to
express pleasure or pain in its active
state alone. Ideas of recollection are
those voluntarily recalled—those of
Suggestioncome fromhabit. Associa-
tion is a society of things in some
respect

428

respect similar, and does not include
the connection of cause and effect.
All the definitions of this section
are afterward more particularly ex-
plained.

The business of the 3d sectzon is

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

S.6.describes four classes of fibrous
motions, which are contractions of
the fibrous parts, correspondent with
and caused by the four sensorial mo-
tions above-mentioned. They are
‘in.consequence denominated irrita-

to shew, by experiment, that the tive, sensitive, voluntary, and gssoci-

organs of sense possess a power of
motion, and that these motions con-
stitute our ideas ; also that ideas of
the imagination consist in a renewal
of these motions. The first experi-
ments adduced to this purpose re-
late to optical spectra. | One of the
assertions most worthy of accurate
inyestigation in this section is, that
when an ergan of sense is totally
destroyed, the ideas which were
received by that organ perish with
‘it. This, indeed, ought to follow
from the writer’s hypotbesis, and he
gives some instances of the. fact :
but we are scarcely prepared to re-
ceive it as a general truth.

__§. 4. Jays down the /aw's of anj-
mal causation, afterward to be ex-
emplified.

S. 5. enumerates the four facul-
ties or motions of the sensorium, ir-
yitation, sensation, volition, and
association, They are thus defined:
Irritation is an exertion or change
of some extreme part of the senso-
rium residing in the muscles or or-

_gans of sense, in consequence of the
appulses of external bodies, Sensa-
tion is an exertion or change of ihe
central parts of the sensorium, or
the whole of it, Leginning

of the extreme parts. on, is
an exertion or change of the central

parts, terminating in the extreme
parts. Association is ali exertion or
change of some extreme part of the
sensorium, in consequence of some
antecedent or attendant fibrous con-
tractions. ‘The above faculties are
also called sensorial-motions. ~~

" sociations.

ate, fibrous motions.

S. 7. treats of irritative motions, ~
noticing the different modes in
which they are excited, the modifi-
cations that they undergo, and the
association of other motions with
those brought on by the primary ir-
ritation. It is also observed that ir-
ritative ideas often exist without
our attention to them; as when,
though lost in thonght, we avoid a
tree or bench that stands in the way
of our walls, :

S. 8. concerning sensitive motions,
observes that they were originally
excited by irritation, are occasional
obedient to volition, and have other
motions associated with them,

S. 9. on voluntary motions, states
them to haye been onginall excited
by irritations. Ideas of recollection
are a class of these voluntary mo-
tions on which ay Se the act of

. . .
comparing different ideas, dere,
Voluntary motions are occasionally
causable by sensations, made obe-
dient to irritations, and associated
ith other motions. shia
10. is on associate motions,

“Mascular, sensitive, and voluntary

motions and ideas, excited in traihs
or tribes, become associated, and
have ever after a tendency to arise
simultaneously, or in succession.

_ Some ddditional observations onthe.

_sensorial powers, in sect. 11. relate

to the various kinds of stimulation,

_as adapted to different parts; to

sensation and’ volition, desire and
aversion, voluntary actions and as-
Tt is asserted that the

wel aetivity

USEFUL PROJECTS.

activity ef the power of volition
produces the great difference be-
tween men and brutes.

S12, treats of stimulus; sensorial
exertion, and jfilrous contraction.
The latter is first considered. In
order to bring the particles of a
muscular fibre to that nearer ap-
proximation in which itseontraction
consists, some other agent is neces-
sary, which is the spirit of anima-
tion or sensorial power. After ani-
mal fibres have for some time been
excited into contraction, a relaxa-
tion succeeds, even though the ex-
citing cause continues toact. This
appears to be owing to an expendi-
‘ture or diminution of the spirit of
‘animation previously resident in the
fibres. It is succeeded, after a
certain interval, by a new contrac~
tion, and this interval is less in weak
than in strong subjects; which ac-
counts for the quick pulse in fevers
with debility; yet the contraction
itself is performed with more velo-
city in strong than in weak subjects.
After. a fibre has been excited to
contraction, and the sensorial power
ceases to act, the last situation or
configuration of it continues, unless
disturbed by some extraneous cause,
A contraction somewhat greater
than usual produces pleasure ; one
still greater produces pain. As, in
every contraction of a fibre, there
is an expenditure of the spirit of
animation, increased action dimi-
nishes the propensity to activity ; on
thecontrary, less fibrous contraction
than usual causes an accumulation
of the spirit of animation, and in-
creased propensity to activity,
Hence. the capability of being
excited to action is perpetually
fluctuating. When much and per-
manently above or below the nay
tural standard, it becomes a disease.

w
429

In sensorial exertion, three things

are to, be observed; the stimulus,
the. sensorial power, and the con-
tractile fibre. An external stimulus
first brings into action the faculty
called irritation, which causes con-
traction of the fabres, and this, if
perceived, produces pleasure ox
pain; this is another stimulus, ca-
pable of causing contraction by the
sensorial faculty, termed sensation ;
or it introduces desire or aversion,
which excites another faculty term-
ed yolition, which may act as ano-
ther stimulus ; and, in conjunction
with all these, the other sensorial
faculty, termed association, may be
called into action. , The word ste-
mulus may therefore be. properly
applied to any of the above four
causes exciting the four sensorial
powers into exertion; andthe
quantity of motion produced in any
part of the system will be as the
quantity of stimulus and the quan-
tity of sensorial power residing inthe
fibres. Where these are great,
strength is produced; where defi-
cient, weakness. If, the quantity
of sensorial power remaining the
same, that of stimulus be les-
sened, a weakness of contractions
ensues, which may be termed dedi-
lity from defect of stimulus; if, the
quantity of stimulus remaining the
same, that of sensorial. power be
lessened, debility from defect of senso-
rial power is the consequence. The
former is the direct debility of Dr.

Brown; the latter, the indzrect.

Qn these principles, with that of
the exhaustion of the spirit of ani-
mation by fibrous contractions, and
its renoyation and accumulaticn on
quiescence, the phenomena of fe-
vers, and various other corporeal
affections, are developed. Some
remarks relative to medical practice

bar J

wu
430

close this section, which are either
derived from the above theory, or,
at least, are mace-happily to coin-
cide with it. From these, we shall
copy what the writer terms two
golden rules respecting the applica-
tion of stimuli. In fevers with de-
bility, when wine or beer are ex-
hibited, if the pulse becomes slower,
the stimulus is of a proper quantity,
and should be repeated every two
or three hours, or when the pulse
has again become quicker. In chro-
nical debility, brought on by hard
drinking, the patient should be di-
rected toomit a fourth part of his
accustomed quantity of vinous spirit.
If, in a fortnight’s time, bis appe-
tite increases, he should omit ano-
ther fourth part: but, if this farther
diminution i impairs the appetite, he
should remain where he is. At the
same time, flesh-meat is recom-
mended, with Peruvian bark and
steel in smal] quantities between
meals, and opium with rhubarb at
night.

S. 13. relates to vegetable anima-
tion. Some of the well-known facts
respecting the irritability of plants
are here mentioned, Their secre-
tions are compared to those of ani-
mals. and the individuality of every
bud on a tree is asserted. Next,
the marks of sensibility shewn by the
sexual parts of plants are recited,
and the writer does not scruple to
ascribe the passion of dove to pistils
and anthers: thus seriously main-
taining, as a philosopher, opinions
va we conceived to be the sport

poetic imagination in his beau-

tifal work, entitled The Loves of the

Plants. He touches on the curious
enquiry, whether vegetables have
ideas of external things ; which,
from arguments that seem to prove
them possessed of a common senso-

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794,

rium, he is inclined to answer ift
the affirmative.

S. 14. on the production ay ideas,
goes over the several organs of the
senses. and the mannerin which ob-
jects affect them: but, in so very
concise a discussion, we cannot ex-.
pect much new elucidation of
points» which, singly, have cost
much labour to many philosophers.
Besides the usual enumeration of
senses, he adds the senses or appe=
tites of hunger, thirst, heat, ex-
tension, the want of fresh air, ani-
mal love, and the suckling of chil-
dren.

The 15th section, on the classes of
ideas, is purely metaphysical, and
offcrs nothing new to the informed
reader.

S. 16. on instinct, is very curious
and entertaining, but will probably
by many be thought fanciful and
inconclusive. Its general purpose
is to shew that the blind impulse in
animals, to actions and reason and
cousequences of which are not seen
(which we usually call instinct),
does not in reality exist,—but that

early unmarked associations or pre*
vious experience have been the true:
causes of those actions. He traces
these associations and acquirements
in the early motions, sensations and
tastes, of animals. Thus, our sense
of beauty he derives from the va-
rious pleasurable sensations original-
ly experienced by the infant from
the mother’s breast, whence all
forms analogous to it become. af=
terward sources of a kind of recol-
lected delight. Even the natural
expressions of the passions, accord-
ing to him, spring from original as-
sociations. Thus, a disagreeable .
irritation of the Jachrymal ducts in
the nose from cold dry air being one
of the first pains in infants, and oc-
casioning

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

casioning a discharge of tears and
distortion of countenance, emotions
of grief are ever after accompanied
by those bodily changes. On the
other hand, the first lively pleasure
of the infant arising from the fra-
grant odour of the mother’s milk,
which titillates the same ducts and
produces a flux of tears, this: sensa-
tion being likewise accompanied by
affection to the mother, tender plea-
gure is afterward expressed by a
profusion of tears. These examples
with others of a like nature, will
probably appear fanciful enough to
many who admit the force of associ-
ation in more decisive instances,
As to those actions of brute animals,
coniected with their preservation
and multiplication, which are ge-
nerally called instinctive, Dr. D, ad-
duces numerous facts to prove that
design and experience mingle with
many of them, and that brutes are
capable of processes like reasoning :
but we think that he has by no
means shewn either that al/, or
the most necessary of them, have
such an origin. Some of the most
decisive examples of instinct, which
seem totally inexplicable on other
principles, he passes over in a very
slight and unsatisfactory manner.
Thus that extraordinary and exten»

sive fact of the webs spun by many

kinds of caterpillars before their
change into the aurelia state, which
could not possibly be owing to ex-
perience or instruction, since they
are creatures of a season which ne-
ver knew a parent, is very lamely
dismissed, by saying, that ‘ our ig-
norance of their manner of life, and
even of the number of their senses,
totally precludes us from under-
standing the means by which they
aequire this knowledge.’ We pre-
sume that the manner of life of no

age

animal is better known than that
of a silk worm. «

The catenation of motions is the
subject of sect. 17th. These are
produced by irritations, sensations,
or volitions, Their cause, probably,
ist he property ofanimal motions to
proceed some time after they are
excited, though the exciting object
be removed. The laws’ of these
catenations are laid down and ex-
emplified in this section with much
ingenuity. One of the principal
exemplifications is drawn from the
process of learning music.

S. 18. describes sleep and all its
phenomena ; and much acuteness
is displayed by the author, in shew-
ing how the suspension of the power
ot volition, and the increase of
energy in the other sensorial powers,
owing to the consequent accumula-
tion of the spirit of animation, ope-
rate in producing all the varied
and wonderful cireumstances which
occur during that state of the
body

Reverie is the subject of sect. 19.
Itis made to include somnambulism,
and to partake of epilepsy or cata-
lepsy. Complete reverie is charac-
terized by the continuance of all the
motions but those which are ex-
cited by the stimuli of external ob-
jects,

S. 20. treats of vertigo. It is
first observed that, as we determine
our perpendicularity of position by
the apparent motions of objects,
whatever prevents or disorders our
judgment in this respect makes us
liable to fall, or induces vertigo.
Also, when irritative motions or’
sounds, which usually are unnoticed
bythemind, become, fromany cause,
the objeets of sefsation or attention,
the confusion thus made in the or-
dinary catenations or circles of ideas

excites

432

excites vertiginous affections. In
vertigo, the sensitive and voluntary
motions continue undisturbed.

Drunkenness is the subject of
sect. 21. It incteases the irritative
motions by internal stimulation, and
thus gives a great/additional quan
tity of pleasurable, sensatiori, pro-
ducing many sensitive motions. By
these effects, the associated trains
are disturbed and confused, volition
‘is gradually impaired, and is. at
length totally suspended, with tem-
porary apoplexy. .

S. 22. treats of propensity to mos
tion, repetition, and imitation. Pro:
pensity to action is produced by ac+
cumulation of sensorial power in
cases in which its expenditure is
less than usual. Repetition of mo-
tions gives pleasure on account of
the superior ease with which they
are performed by combining habit
with stiaslus, The propensity to
imitation is derived from the greater
ease with which we perform that
action which is already imitated by
the fibres of the retina, than a new
one. Imitation is therefore a repe-
tition by or > set of fibres of motions
already begun by. another set.. The
doctor extends this. principle to ac-
count for certain morbid phenome=
na, in which, disease is. propagated
from one part of the body to apo-
ther, apparently without any direct
communication of morbid matter.
This section seems to us to aboend
beyond most with fine-spun specu-
lation.

8. 23...OF the circulatory system.
‘The author now proceeds to illus-
trate some of the phenonema of
diseases, and to trace out their me-
thods of cure. In, his account of
the circulatory system, he affirms
that heat is given out by all glandu-
lar secretions in consequence of the

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

_that kind. He supposes the red

chymical changes which the fuidé
undergo ; and the instances thie heat
felt in the cheeks on blushing, 4s of

veins to be absorbing vesseéls,jikethe
lymphatics, aid to receive the blood
from thé arteries in that mode. He
conceives that the imotions of the
fluids are carried on by means of two
stimuli; one a pleasurable sensation
exciting the mouth of the vessel to
seize what is presented, which he
calls glandular appetency ; the other
a kind oftaversion; urging the heart
and arteries to push forward: the
blood which they have received;
and he thinks that both these sensa-
tions were originally felt in the em-
bryo, though by habit they have
been lost, and the irritation alone
remains.

S. 24, Of the secretions of saliva;

and.of tears, andof thelachrymal sac.
The s€secretions are well known to
afford examples of the influence of
sensation over corporeal actions, and
therefore are ready exemplifications
of our author’s theories.. We cans
not, however, agree with him in
his assertion, that the lachrymal sac,
with its puncta and nasal duct, is'a
complete gland; since, though the
tears be absorbed at one end and
discharged at the other, they under-
go no change in the passage.
tears are separated from the blood

by a real gland, the lachrymal; and
the other organs are only acontri> _

vance for their conveyance.

5.25. on the stomach and intes+
tines, gives a general account of the
principles of their ordinary mo-
tions, and also of their inverted
motions, occasioned by stronger
stimuli than. usual, by disgustful
ideas, or by volition. Various other
cases Of inverted motion are men=
tioned, as likewise the sympathy of

motions

The ©

——

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

motions between the stomach and
eart. .
S. 26. of the capillary glands and
membranes, supports che opinion
_ that thecapillary vessels dre in effect
glands, and that the minuter mem-
branes are inorganic.

_ §. 27. on hemorrhages, begins by
proving the veins to be properly
absorbent vessels, which take up
blood from the glands and capilla-
ries, after it has undergone the pro-
i secretions. On this foundation,

zmorrhages are divided into two
kinds; one, in which the glandular
or capillary action is too powerfully
exerted ; the other, in which the
absorbent power of the veins is di-
minished, as.a branch of them is

_become paralytic.

_ 8. 28. Ofthe paralysis of the alsor-
Lent system. A paralysis of the ab-
sorbents of the stomach and intes-
tines is supposed to be the cause of

the atrophy of hard drinkers; and,

this, not enly from the defect of nu-
~4riment taken into the system, but
. from the increased action of the re-
mainder of thépabsorbent system,
consequent on le es expenditure,
of sensorial p: on the lacteal
part. The immediate cause of the
dropsy is a paralysis of some other
ranches of the absorbent system.
As alymphaticvesselusually consists
of along neck anda glandular belly,
“the author conceives that cal
“these parts may be separately pal-
sied ; and to the paralysis of the
glandular part, while the mouth
continues .to absorb, he imputes
_ scrofula. Surely, hypothesis can
_teareely proceed to a more fanciful
_ Cronclusion thanthis !

5. 29. concerning the retrograde

~ motions of the alsorlent system, is a

‘ trrnslation of part of a Latin thesis,
written by the late Mr; Charles
Vou. XXXVI.

“3

438
Darwin, and published in 1780.
Its purpose is to account for various
phenomena of disease, on the sup-
position that, in a vitiated state of
the system, some irritations, ‘either
direct or sympathetic, produce a
regurgitation of the fluids in the
lymphatics, and an effusion of them
in certain cavities. On this hypo- -
thesis, he accounts for diabetes,
dropsies, diarrhoeas, and other dis-
eases ; and various causes are ad-
duced, supposed to illustrate the
point. However ingenious this
theory may be, we are t6 observe,
that the retrograde motion in the
lymphaties is no more than a mere
hypothesis, no experiment having
yet proved that such a thing at all
takes place, and it surely is difficult
to conceive howa greater stimulus
applied tothe lacteals, for instance,
and inciting them to stronger direct
action, should by sympathy occasion
an inverted action of the lymphatics
of the bladder. ;
S. 30. relates to paralysis of the
liver and kidneys. Too great sti-
mulation of the bile-ducts, from the
use of spirituous. liquors, is a cause
of their succeeding diminished irri-
tability ; whence the bile ceases to
be found in the intestines, and by
its tegurgitation causes a species of
jaundice. A caseis given, in which
an indolent jaundice, possibly of
this species, was removed by smart
shocks of electricity passed through
the region of the liver. This affec-
tion of the bile-ducts also occasions
those accumulations of the bile
which produce gail-stones. Another
disease of the liver proceeds from a
paralysis of its secretory vessels, in
which little or no bile is secreted ;
and a simplicity of the organ is
an operation of the same cause,
Similar diseases to all these os
EEE t

434 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.
ist in the kidneys, from similar sation. When to the febrile motions
causes. from irritation are added others from
S. 31. treats of temperaments ; by sensation, what the author calls sen-
which term the author means a per- sitive fever is produced; which is
manent predisposition to certain likewise of two classes, according to
classes of diseases, They are di- the arterial strength of debility ac-
vided into, 1. The temperament companying them; those with a
ef decreased irritability; 2. The strong pulse give the synocha or
temperament of sensibility; 3. That inflammatory fever; those with a
of Heveased voluntarity ; 4, That of weak pulse, the typhus gravior, or
increased association. It is evident putrid fever. A variety of curious
‘that the notion of these tempera~ hypotheses relative to the nature of
ments is déduced from the prece- inflammation, the generation of
ding theory of the source of our matter, and the nature of conta-
ideas ; and it would be very diffi- gion, are given in this section;
cult to exemplify them in indivi- which, as connected with the ge-

duals with any precision.

S. 32. on diseases of irritation,
being fundamental in the pathology
of fevers, and designed to set en-
tirely aside the doctrine of spasm,
ought to be well understood by an
enquirer into the systems of our
anthor ; yet such is its intricacy and
subtilty, that we despair of giving
our readers clear ideas of it in an
abstract.

The points chiefly laboured are,
to shew how temporary quiescence
from the want of accustomed stimuli
may cause the accumulation of sen-
sorial power; and to deduce, from
the changes of action and sensation
in the arterial and glandular systems,
the phenomena attending the hot
and cold fits of feyer. . The fevers
mentioned in this section are called
the irritative, and are divided into
those with a strong, and those with
a weak, pulse, answering to the
synocha and the typhus mitior of
nosologists. The practical conclu-
sion from the whole is, that severe
fits are not an effort of nature to
relieve herself, and therefore should
always be prevented or diminished
as much as possible.
~ S. 33, relates to the diseases of sen-

neral theory, cannot be stated to
any advantage apart. We shall
only mention, as a specimen, that
itis maintained that the variolous
matter in natural contagion does
not enter the blood, but acts by
means of sensitive association be-
tween the stomach and the skin,
which excites particular motions of
the cuticular capillaries, producing
the eryption.

Diseases of volition are the subject
of sect. 34. The author uses the
term volition in a sense different
from the common _acception.
When desire or aversion produces
any action of the muscular fibre
or of the organs of sense, they ae
termed volition, and the consequent —

tions voluntary, though they may

such as it is out of our power to
prevent, and therefore such as in
common Janguage are called invo-

luntary. Various examiples are ad»

ced in this section to prove how
yoluntary motions are at first em-
ployed for the purpose of relieving
pain; how, by association, they
afterward becdae independent of
the will; and how, in some cases,
they arise to epilepsy and convul~
sion. In certain constitutions, vio-

: lent

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

lent exertions of the ideas of the
mind are employed for the same
purpose, which constitutes madness.
The principle, on which relief in all
these cases is obtained, is by ex-
pending a portion of the sensorial
power on such motions and exer-
tions.

S. 35. relates to diseases of associ-
ation. In explaining sympathy, or
consent of parts, the doctor censi-
ders a tribe or train of actions as
divided into two parts, one of which
consists of the primary or original
motions, the other of the secondary
or sympathetic. The different and
even opposite modes, in which one

_ of these trains may affect the other,
are considered in this section; and
supposed exemplifications of each
are adduced. It may be easily ima-
gined that the speculations, in which
‘the author indulges on this subject,
_ are not among the least abstruse
_and subtile. -

S. 36. the periods of diseases.
Intermission and recurrence in mus-
cular actions naturally proceed from
the exhaustion and accumulation of
sensorial power. ‘These changes,

Pree ily the periods of our
_ diurnal habits, or of heat and cold,
ith the solar and lunar periods,
the causes of the periods of
-fits. A variety of instances
iven of the solar and lunar pe-
riods of diseases; and the doctrine
of critical days is, by hypothesis,
connected with this influence.

._ of aceretion and increase seem to
our author inapplicable to animal
bodies, whence he looks for them
in the laws of mag The
lacteals abrorb the chyle, and the
glands and pores the nutritious par-

ticles beloxging to them, by auimal

435

selection or appetency, put into
action by stimulus. The whole
animal solids, having been originally
formed of the extremities of nerves,
require an apposition of particles of
a similar kind for their nutrition,
which are probably applied during
the clongation of the filaments.
Old age and decay proceed from
the want of irritability.

S. 38. treats of the oxygenation of
the blood in the lungs, nd in the
placenta. ‘The author adopts the
opinion of those who suppose that
the blood in the lungs receives oxy-
gene from the air; and also that
the placenta is a sort of respiratory
organ, furnishing oxygene to the
blood of the foetus. The arguments
for this latter opinion are derived
from the thesis of Dr. James Jeffray
and Dr. Forester French.

Generation is the subject of sect.
39. So many ingenious men have
already lost themselves and bewil- -
dered their readers in their conjec-
tures respecting this mysterious
function, that it would be extraor=
dinary if a new guess should solve
its difficulties. A very slight sketch
of Dr. D.’s notions on the subject
will probably satisfy most of our
readers. He imagines that the em-
bryo is the produce Of the male
alone, and that the female only gives
its lodgment and nutrition. He
does not, however, suppose its first
rudiments to be a miniature of the
future anima], but merely a simple

S. 37. treats of digestion, secretion, living filament, which receives all
and nutrition. The chymical laws arts by accretion. This fibril;

ropping among the nutritive par=
ticles prepared by the female, i
stimulated to action; and, bending
into the form of a ting, embraces
one of these particles, and coalesces
with it. This new organization
acquires new irritabilities, chooses

Fre or

486. ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

or rejects other particles -offered to
it; has sensation superadded to it,
and, in process of time, the powers
of association and volition. The
living filament, being a part of the
father, has certain propensities be-
longing to him, which give the basis
ofa similarity of structure ; and this
is altered or modified by the nutri-
tive particles derived from the mo-
ther. Other alterations proceed
from the iMpination of the’ father,
at the instant of generation,—the
extremities of the seminal glands
imitating the motions of the organs
of sense ; and thus the sex of the
embryo is.produced, which is male
or female, according as the image
of the one or the other of these or-
gans predominated in the father’s
imagination at the critical period.
All augmentations are in conse-=
quence of an irritation or sensation
ofa, peculiar kind, which, may be
termed. animal appetency, which
seeks the particles that it wants ;
and this operates even after birth,
and, in the innumerable series of
ages, has produced all the diversi-
ties of forms in anithals, accommo-
dated to their different modes of
life:—for the author supposesa
perpetual progress toward perfec-
tion in all animated beings, and
imagines that, none, of them are at

present as they originally existed, but,

have gradually arrived at the state
in which we now sce them, from
that of a simple and uniform living
filament. —

thesis. What an acquisition would |
sucha system have been to: Mr.
Shandy!

5.40. contains an essay on the
ocular spectra of light and colours,
by Dr. R. W. Darwin, of Shrews-
bury, reprinted from the Philosophi-

cal Transactions, vol. \xxvi. p. 313.

The history of the origin, progress,
and termination of the: American
war. By Charles Stedman, esq.
who served under sir William -
Howe, sir Henry Clinton, and
the marquis Cornwallis. In two
vols, quarto, 1794.

7 E have had not a few histo-

ries relating to the American

war ; but not one that is in any de-
gree comparable with that before
us, in respect either of candour,
comprehension, or justness and ele~
gant simplicity of composition.
‘The grand design, outline, or plan,
of the work is a accord-
ing to the laws of sound criticism
and legitimate historv, in the out-
set or introduction ; andy to the
same point our historiaggbringe
his narrative, after a vast Variety
of events, incidents, circumstanc

anggpotes, and some. few episod
in the conchasiostilt this well-
ranged composition. Even
the dedication, to the éarl of Moira,

the general spirit, scope, and re-
sult of the book dedicated may be

inferred, or rather anticipated. This +
Weshall make no remarks on eis, written with a delicacy of

system ; referring to the work itse

sych. of our readers as are disposed
to take pleasure in viewing the pro-
gress of an ingenious fancy in work-
ing up a little fact with abundance
of conjecture, into that product of
mental generation ecalled an Aypo-

a
-

sentiment equally nice and ingeni-
ous, is asfollows: .

“ My lord, the pain of recording
that apinaiaion » that weakness,
indecision, in@Uience, luxury, and
corruption, which disgrace our pub-
lic conduct during the course of the

nag ~ American

ACCOUNT

_ ,American war, is relieved by the

_ contemplation of those talents and
Virtues that were eminently dis+
played on the side of Great Bri-
tain in various important though
subordinate stations.

“ Although the issue of that war
was unfortunate, our national cha-
racter was not impaired, nor the
contest, while 1t was maintained,
on the whole inglorious. Neither
martial ardour was wanting among
our countrymen, nor military enter-
prize, nor patriotic zeal. . In that
rank, and those circumstances of life
which are at once a temptation and
an apology for dissipation and a love
of pleasure, the military spiritof Bri-

tain shone with undiminished lustre:
- and the noblest families exhibited
bright examples of true courage, ex-
alted genius, and consummate wis-
dom. Whilst 1 indulge, with ex-
_ultation, this general reflection, per-
mit me to acknowledge that my at-
tention is irresistibly drawn towards
the earl of Moira. Accept then,
my lord, this humble effort to trans-
mit to posterity the glorious actions
_of our countrymen, asa mark of per-
~ - sonal respect for your lordship ; for
that happy union of enthusiasm in
the cause of virtue, of invention, in-
trepidity, decision of character,
with cool reflection, and patient per-
verance, which directs the public
eye to yonr lordship as the hope and
_thepride of yourcountry. That your
lordship may long live still to sus-

tain, in a frivolous age, the dignit

of true nobility, the virtue of

valry without its spirit of romance,
. 8 theardent wish and hope of,” &c.
- ~ Butthe general scope or result of
* the historical q™position before us
is more clearly

y ment, extensive knowledge, and a ca-

. forésight and calculation.
‘ple, not exceediag two millions of

. : ‘
olded in the.intro-
duction, which discovers soundjudg- —

* . ~¢ ~~
OF -BOOKS. 437
pacity for political and philosophical
reflection. — So natural is the love
of liberty, and such the aversion of
mankind to restraint, that it seems to
be in the very nature of colonies,
and all subordinate governments, to
seize every favourable opportunity
of asserting their independence ; and
the exterual aspect of nature, vari-~

‘egated and broken by mountains,

sdvannahs, rivers, lakes, and seas,
conspires with that noble passion to
check the progress of empire, and to
maintain an iiteresting diversity
among tribes and nations.

« But when the British colonies,
now the Thirteen United States of
North America, took up arms, and
declared themselves free and‘ inde-
pendent, they were not encouraged
by any conjuncturethat could justify
that measure in poiut of policy, ar
by any circumstances that could
yield any reasonable hope of ‘success
in the arduous struggle that was to
ensue. On the contrary, if we take
a view of thestrength and resources
of Great Britain at the commence-
ment of hostilities, andcontrast these
with the weakness, andalmost total
inability of the revolting colonies,
we shall have reason to conclude,
that the termination of the war in
favour of the latter, with their final
separation from the British empire,

‘was one of those-extraordinary ‘and

unexpected evexts which, in’ the
course of human affairs, rarely occur,
and which bid defiance to’al} haman
A peo-

souls, widely scattered over halé the
hemisphere ; in the peaceable oceu-
pations of fishing. agriculture ‘and
commerce ; divided into maty dis-
tinct governments, differing * from
each other in manners, religion, and
interests, not entirely united in po-

Ets litical

x.
‘'-

488 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

litical sentiments ; this people, with
very little money, proverbially called
the sinews of war, was yet enabled
to effect a final separation from Great
Britain, proud from successful and
glorious war, flourishing in arts and
arms beyond the example of any
former period, capable of raising an
annual revenue of sixteen millions of
prune and, on the whole, the most
formidable nation in the world;
and all this, although the continent
of North America, deeply indented
and penctrated by navigable rivers
and lakes, presented a fit theatre for
the display of naval power, in which
chiefly the strength of Great-Britain
consisted. It is the object of the
present work to describe with fide-
lity the war that involved this great
event—a wonder to the present, an
example to all future ages. But
I shall first run over the train of
circumstances by which that war
was produced.

Mr. Stedman having given a
clear, full, and satisfactory, account
of the origin of the American war,
onwhich part of hissubject he gives
a very curious and pleasing account
of the different characters of the
inhabitants of the different pro-
vinces, procceds to relate the war-
like operations on both sides, from
the destruction of the British mili-
tary stores at Concordand the bat-
tle of Bunker’s Hill, to the surren-
der of our army under Burgoyne, at
Saratoga ; a memorable era, as cap.
Stedman justly observes, inthe Ame-

nate expedition from Canada under
general Burgoyne, the advantages ~

‘that had been gained were onthe side

of Great-Britain. Souncommon an
event as the capture of a whole ar-
my of their enemie8, animated the
Americans with fresh ardour, invi-
gorated the exertions of the con-
gress, lessened ia the mind of the
American soldier the high opinion
which he had entertained of British
valour and discipline, and inspired
him with a juster confidence in him-
self. The consequences, however,
which this event produced in Eu-
rope were of still greater moment.
Bills were brought into Parliament
for reconciliation and peace with
America. In order to defeat the
effect of these conciliatory mea-
sures, two treaties were entered into
between the thirteen revolted colo-
nies and the French king—one of
commerce, ar.d another of defensive
alliance. Sir William Howe _re-
signed his command of the army,
and returned to England.

“ The friends of sir William
Howe, the members of parliament
in oppositionto administration, with
his concurrence, insisted on a public
eriquiry into the conduct of the
American war, that our national
disgraces and misfortunes might be
traced to their real Source. Lord
Howe, in a speech in the house
ccmmons, Aprilthe 29th, 1779, d
manded an enquiry into his own and
brother’s conduct, for the following
reasons :—they had been arraigned

xican war; for although the fag eam Ma and in news-papers,

of the British arms had not been so

itten by persons in high credit

brilliant, nor the progress made in and confidence with ministers, by
repressing the spiritofrevolt socon- several members of that house in
siderable, as the magnitude of the that house, in the face of the nation,
force employed under sir William by some of great Gedit and respect
Howe gave reason to expect ; still, in their public characters, known to
ppon the whole, until the unfortue be countenanced by administration;

and @

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

and that one of them in particular,
‘governor Johnstone, had made the
“most direct and specific charges.
~ 'Theincharacters, therefore, so pub-
iklpaitackes, and in such a place,
were fo be vindicated in the great
councils of the state, and no where
else. «
«In vain did the ministers of the
erown, who hademployed him, de-
clare, that, they had no accusations
against either the general or ad-
miral. They with their friends in-
sisted on a public examination,
which was obtained, and in which
they, for some time, took the lead.
But at length it plainly appeared
that, under pretence of vindicating
the general, their real design was to
condemn theconduct of administra-
tion. The parliamentary enquiry
that had been instituted, the ministry
and their adherents considered as a
factious intrigue. It was perhaps
imagined that his majesty, alarmed
at the danger that began by this
time tothreaten Great Britain, not
only in America but in other quar-
ters, would change his confidential
servants, and commit the conduct of
government to those very hands that
had hitherto been employed in va-
rious attempts to bafile its designs,
and frustrate all the measures that
had been taken for carrying them
a execution. Butthe king, amidst
nultiplying distresses, with proper
firmness, withstood their machina-
tions, determined to continue his
nienance to those who wished

t to frustrate nor procrastinate the
war,* but to bring it, as soon as
possible, to a safe and honourable
conclusion. The opposition, there-

439

fore disappointed in their expecta-
tions, fromthe highest quarter inthe
state, seriously intended, what they
loudly threatened, to impeach the
servants of the crown, and by that
means to drive them from their
places by a kind of violence.

«* Administration easily penetrae
ting this design, resolyed no longer
to permit their opponents torun in
the race of examination alone, but
to vindicate the measures they had
taken. Many gentlemen, of un-
doubted reputation, perfectly ac-
quainted with the conduct of the
war, and the state of America, were
summoned to give evidence respect-
ing those subjects. Of this the
movers of theenquiry were apprised,
and they soon began to lose courage,
Only two witnesses were examined
on, what may be called in the lan-
guage of judicial trials, the side of
administration ; —major-general Ro-
bertson, who hadservedtwenty-four
years in America, as quarter-master-
general, brigadier, and major-gene-
ral; and Mr. Galloway,a gentleman,
of Pennsylvania, of fortune and conse~
quence, as wellas good abilities, who
was bred to the law, and had been a
member of congress, but who had
come over to the royal army in
December, 1776. Butsueh was the ”
circumstantiality, credibility, and
weight of their evidence, that the
movers or managers shrunk from
the enquiry ; as the more it was
carriedon, the more parliament, as
well as the nation at large, seemed
to be convinced that the conduct
of administration in respect to the
American war was on the whole
justified, The friends of the general

* Tt ishelieved that the king, on sonleasons, went so far as to suggest his ideas
of the proper plan for carrying on she war Which were very judicious, and which, had

they been adopted bythe general, might probably haye been productive of good effects.”
; Rt 4

and

449 ANNUAL RE
and admiral, therefore, moved to
dissolve the committee which they
had been so studious to obtain, and
it was dissolyed accordingly.
-Butalthough sir William Howe,
as well as his friends, was disap-

_tionable, still be palliated, and ever}

’

GISTER; 1794.

applauded, to advance the views of -
faction and. ambition; while. the
great body of the people, distraéted
and confounded by the eppesiteop!-
nions and declarations of their su-

pointed in his hopes of something periors, who are uP Rpsee to have

“even morethan exculpation, from an __ the best meansof infor:

indulgent house of commons, he nei-
ther wanted a sufficient number of
partisans to keep him in counte-
nance amidst all that censure that
was poured on his conduct, nor
political friends of sufficient conse-
quence to compensate for that cen-
sure by an honourable and lucrative

government: nor is this the only in-
stance in the history of Britain, at
this period, of great inequality in
the public retribution of rewards
aad punishments. When we reflect
on the different and even opposite

ation; know
not where to place their hopes, their
confidence, or their fears. It is the
province of the historian to. correct
these, apd to animate the patriot,
the sage, and the hero, under tem~-
porary neglect or detraction, by car=
rying an appeal in their behalf to a
tribunal more candid than their mis-
guided contemporaries, andtbat raised
on a theatre more extended than
their native country.”—Here our
historian, by a very natural division,
concludes his Po and enters on his.
second, volume.
The surrender of Saratoga w

‘ recep’ on given to successful genius followed by the most important

actuated by the purest patriotism on
the one hand, and to. monotonous
mediocrity not only unsuccessful, if
success aso be measured by effects
conducive to the public good, but
eyen of ambiguous intentions, what
are we to think of the spirit which
influences and directs the public
eguncils ?

(In the decline of free govern-
ments weé ever observe the jnfluence
of faction to predominate aver ideas
of patriotism, justice, and duty, on
which alone liberty, is founded, and
a. propensity in the citizens to range
théemselyes under the banners of a
Marius or a Sylla, a Pompey or a
Cesar FElence the servants of the
state are apt to become less and less
sensiile tv honour and the voice of
tame, the great incentives to glorious
actions, well knowing that their con-
duct, however meriigrious, may stil]
be condemned, or however excep-

events. Commissioners of peace
were sent out io America from the
mother country; and first France,
then Spain, and afterwards the Se-
ven United Provinces, joined the
Americans in one great confederacy
against Great Eritain.. The theatre
of war is enlarged; aid navies are
brought intoaction at sea, and more
numerous armies oppose each other
by land. . A vast variety of scenes
‘goon at the same time in different”
quarters of the world: .numberless
events, actions and transactions, are
recorded ; anecdotes related, cir=
cumstances marked, and characters”
described. Our autbortrayerses the
whole, on ground that commands
extensive views, with a dignity and
ease that shew how well acquainted
is with general knowledge, and
w wuch he is master of his sub-
ject... He who attempts, to describe
every thing, describes nothing
but

;

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

but is lost in the mazes of end-
Jess minutiz.. _ The. intelligent
and learned author of the history
before is attached only to what is
interesting and great ;.and while he
keeps his subject steadily in view,
the origin, progress, and t2rmination
of the American war, he occasion-
ally mstructs,and amuses his readers
by curious anecdotes, though not
necessarily, yet naturally, connected
with his design, and reflections, not
formally-dictated, but beautifully in-
terwoven with his narrative. For
example, having mentioned the dis-
appointment of lord Cornwallis in
not being joined by the inhabitants
of. North Carolina, he relates the
following anecdote, connected with
this subject, and in itself not a little
curious: ‘ The commissary, who
considered it as his duty not only to
furnish provisions for the army but
also to leara the dispositions of the
inhabitants, fell in about this time
with a very sensible man, a Quaker,
who being interrogated as to the
state of the country, replied, that
it was the general wish of the people
to be routed to Britain; but that
they had been so often deceived in
promises of support, and the British
had so frequently relinquished posts,
that the people were now afraid to
jointhe British army lest they should
five the province, in. which case
the resentment of the revolutioners
would be excercised with more
cruelty : that although the men
might escape, or go with the army,
yet such was Espagiaholical conduct
of those people, that they would in-
flict the severest punishment. upon
their families. ‘ Perhaps,’ said the
Quaker, ‘thou art acquainted
with the conduct thy enemies
towards those who wish well to the
cause os" engaged in. There

441

are some who have lived for two,
and even three years in the woods,
without daring to go to their houses,
but have been secretly supported
by their families. Others having
walked out of their houses, under
a promise of being safe, have pro
ceeded but a few yards before they
have been shot. Others have been
tied to a tree and severely whipped.
I will tell thee of one instance of
cruelty: a party surrounded the
house of a loyalist ; a few entered :
the man and his wife were in bed ;
the husband was shot dead by the
side of his wife.’ The wniter of
this replied,that those circumstances
were horrid ; but under, what go-
vernment, could they be so happy
as when enjoying the privileges of
Englishmen ? ¢ True,’ said the Qua-
ker, ‘ but the people have expe-
rienced such distress, that I believe
they would submit to any. govern-
ment in the world to obtain peace.”
The commissary, finding the gen-
tleman to be a very sensible and
intelligent man, took great pains to
find out his character. Upon en-
quiry, he proved to bea man of the
most irreproachable manners, and
well known to some gentlemen, of
North Carolina, then in our ‘army,
and whose veracity was undoubt. .
ed. But a few days after this, the
army had a strong proof of the
truth of what Mr. ——, who still
resides in North Carolina, and for
that reason must not be mentioned
by name, had said. The day before
the British army reached Cross
Creek, a man bent with age joined
it: he had scarcely the appearance
of being human ; he wore the-skin
of aracoon fora hat, his beard was
ome inches Jong, and he was so
thin, that he looked as if he had
made his escape from Surgeons

Hall,

442

Hall. He wore no shirt, his whole
dress being skins of different ani-
mals. On the morning after, when
this distressed man came to draw
his provisions, Mr. Brice, the de-
puty-muster-master-general of the
provincial forces, and the commis-
sary, asked him several questions.
He said that he had lived for three
years in the woods, under ground ;
that he had been frequently sought
after by the Americans, and was
certain of instant death whenever
he should be taken; that he sup-
ported himself by what he got in
the woods; that acorns served him
as bread ; that they had, from long
use, become agreeable to him ; that
he had a family, some of whom,
once or twice a year, came to
him in the woods; that his only

crime was being a loyalist, and

having given offence to one of the
republican leaders in that part of
the country where he used to live.”’

Again, having observed in his
conclusion, which we have been in-
formed is generally, and we think
justly, admired, that the American
revolution is the grandest effect of
combination that has been yet ex-
hibited to the world, he quotes in
a note what follows: Captain
Newte, in his philosophical and
very interesting tour in England and
Scotland,* having delineated Scot-
land and the North of England as
shaped by the hand of nature, is led,
from the names of places, to speak
of the geographical knowledge, and
the natural quickness, in general, of
mankind in a savage state. On this
subject he says, “In the country of
the Illionois, a chief of the Casca-
skias conceived the sublime idea of

ANNUAL. REGISTER,

1794,

uniting all Indian nations and tribes
into one grand alliance, offensive
and defensive. If this had been
realized, Dr. Franklin’s confedera-
tion of the Thirteen States would
have cut but a poor figure on the
American continent, and the natu-
ral man would have outdone the
philosopher.”

It is not consistent vith the cons
cise form of our Review, to enter
more minutely into the character of
captain Stedman'sexcellent History,
(which is undoubtedly the most sa-
tisfactory and comprehensivé,as well
as the most candid, and the best
arranged and composed, that has
yet been published of the American
war) than just to take notice of some
important particulars in which he
differs (we doubt not on good
grounds), oris otherwise distinguish-
ed, from otherhistorians, The Ame-
ricans are not represented by this
writer as enthusiastic and ardent in
the cause of liberty, but: rather as
steady, phlegmatic, and patient of
hardships. They were excellent
instruments in the hands of a few
able men, whose genius.and perse-
verance moved the mass ind finally
effected the revolution. On the
other hand, captain Stedman as-
cribes to the Americans a greater
portion ef genius and invention
than is commonly allowed to them.
‘To the contrivance of necessity and
inventive genius, which he exem-
plifies on a variety of occasions in”
the course of his history; he attri-
butes, in a great measure, the suc-
cess of their struggle for indepen-
dence. General Washington has
commonly been considered as a
Fabius ; but ce Stedman repre-

* This English gentlefan’s observations en Scotland ‘have drawn great attention
m that country. He has lately been made a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,

and doctor of laws, by two universities.

» sents

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

sents him as still more distinguished
by courage than by prudence; and,
on certain occasions, as daring even
to temerity. He vindicates general
Lee, who was disgraced by the pique
of Washington, after the attack on
the British near Monmouth; al-
though it was the prompt decision
of general Lee, on that occasion,
that saved the American army from
destruction. Mr, Stedman speaks
with greater freedom than any other
author on the same subject, of the
bluaders of B itish commanders-in-
chief, both at sea and land; and of
the faults and follies of politicians
both in and out of administration.
Finally, our learned and accomplish-
ed historian, whose mind, it is evi-
dent, has been formed on the purest
models of composition, both ancient
and modern, is the only historian of
the American war who has writen
on a regular plan, been directed by
general views worthy the attention
of all ages and countries, and ob-
served the most perfect unity of de-
sign. To the point from which he
starts, he winds back his narrative,
after a course the most various and
pleasing ; as will be seen by com-
paring the introduction with the
conclusion; and the great outlines
or highways, if we may be allowed
the expression, of hisdescription and
narration with both.

The excellence of this learned and
elegant writer's composition is some-
what tarnished by the disgusting ego-
tism with which he speaks of him-
self, as of a very important agent,
and even a kind of counsellor, on
some occasions, though only in the
humble station of g commissary.

is work is beautifully illistrated
and eng? with fifteen engravings
on a very large scale.

443

4 view of the evidences of Christian-
ity, inthreeparts.—Part I of thedi~
ret historical evid.nceof Christiani-
ty. and wherein it is distin suished
JSrom the evidence alleged jor other
miracles,— Part IT.0; the auxilia-
ry evidences of Christianity.
Part Hf. a brief consideration of
some popular obj-cti ns, by William
Paley, M. A. archde con of Car-
liste, 3 vol. 12mo. 1794.

oa ae uncommonly rapid sale of
this work proves at once the
Opinion entertained by the public
of the author, and the interest still
happily felt by them on sacred sub-
jects. We have remarked before,
aod we shall always remark with
peculiar satisfaction this strong diag-
nostic of the sound state of our
country, that well-written books on
religious topics, if not too abstruse
for popular comprehension, infallibly
obtain an extensive and a perma-
nent sale. While this continues to
be the case, we will not be per-
suaded by those who wish to have
it so, that religion is on the decline
among us. Our private belief is
that truth continues to gain ground,
and certain we are, that such a
book as we are now to describe
cannot fail to be a powerful instru-
ment towards producing so desira-
ble an effect. If the public expec-
tation has been raised by the pro-
mise of a work on this subject trom
the pen of Mr, Paley, it will by no
means be disappointed by the exe-
cution of it. The tables of contents,
as they will serve as a clue to the
plan of the work, we shall transcribe.
Vol. L. Pr. paratory consideration.—
Of the antecedent credibility of mi-
racles, p. [.—Part I. Of the direct
historica] Evidence of Christianity ;

and

444

and wherein it is distinguished from
the evidence alleged for other mi-
racles. Propositions stated, p. 18,19.
“Prop. I." That there is satisfactory
evidence that many, professing: to
- be original witnesses of the Christian
miracles, passed their Jiyes in Ja-
bours, dangers, and sufferings, vo-
luntarily undergone in attestation of
the accounts which they delivered,
and solely in consequencé of their
, belief of those accounts ; and that
“they also submitted, from the same
Motives, to new rules of conduct,
p- 18. Chap. I. Evidence of the
sufferings of the first propagators of
Christianity, from the nature of the
case, p. 20. Chap. II. Evidence
of the sufferings of the first propaga-
‘tors of christianity, from profane
testimony, p. 47. Chap. 111. In-
direct evidence of the sufferings of
the first propagators of Christianity,
from the Scriptures, and other an-
cient Christian writings, p. 62.

Chap. IV. Diiect evidence of the’

same, p.75. Chap. V. Observa-
tions upon the preceding evidence,
p- 110. Chap. VI. That the story
for which the first propagators of
Christianity suffered was miraculous,
p- 123. Chap. VII. That it was
in the main the story which we
have now proved by indirect con-
siderations, p. 133. Chap. VIII.
The same proved from the authority
_of our historical Scriptures, p 167.
Chap. IX. Of the authenticity of.
the historical Scriptures, in eleven*
_sections, p.198.—§I. Quotations
of the historical Scriptures, by an-
cient Christian writers, p. 216.
°§2. Of the peculiar respect with
which they were quoted, p. 273.
§ 3. The Scriptures were in very
early times collected into a distinct

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794

volume, p. 283. § 4 And distin-
guished by. appropriate pames, and
titles of respect, p. 293. § 5. They
were publicly read and expounded
in the religious assemblies of the
early Christians, p. 299: § 6. Com-
mentaries, &c. were anciently writ-
ten upon ‘hem, p. 306. § 7 They
were received by ancient Christians,
of different sects and persuasions,
p. 319. § 8. The four Gospels, the

Acts of the Apostles, thirteen Epis-

tles of St. Paul, the First kpistle of
John, and the First of Peter, were
received without doubt by those
who doubted concerning the other
‘books of our present canon, p. 336.
§ 9. Our present Gospels were con-
sidered, by the early adversaries of
Christianity, as containing the ac-
counts upon which the religion was
coundéd, . p. 347, § 10. Formal
catalogues of authentic Scriptures
were published, in all which our
present sacred histories were inclu-
ded, p. 362. §11. These proposi-
tions cannot be predicated of any of
those books which are commonly
called Apocrypbal Books of the
New Testament.—Chap. KX. Re-
capitulation, p. 380.

’ Here concludes the first volume,
but not the first part, which, as we
shall see, is pursued through some
pages of the second. Inv order to
keep»the argument together, we
chal proceed ‘te give the contents

here ime end of part T. :e

*Vél! We Prop. 2:" That ‘there

is not satisfactory evidence that pet-

Sons pretetiding to be original wit-
“nesses of any other similar-miracles,
“have acted in the same n.atner, in
attestation of the accounts whiéh
they felicerea and solely hee
quence of their belicf of the trath

cis ‘*

* Erroncously printed zine. *

|
|
]
|
|
]
|
|

ACCOUNT-OF BOOKS.) 445

of those accounts, p. 1... Chap. II.
Consideration of some. specific in-
stances, p.49.

The reader who casts an attentive
eye over these. contents, will easily
see how much matter for conclusive
argument they comprehend, and in
how lucid an order the arguments
are digested. They are all treated
with that clearness and acuteness of
distinction for which Mr.. Paley is
so eminent. In treating these sub-
jects we find much that.if not alto-
gether new, is made so by the ad-
vantage of a new situation; and
some arguments of an original na-
ture, of which kind the following
seems to afford a favourable speci-
men,

“ Tn treating of the written evi-
dence of Christianity, next to their
separate, weare to consider their
aggregate authority. Now there is
in the evangelic history a cumula-
tion of testimony which belongs
hardly to any other, but which our

habitual mode of reading the Scrip-
tures sometimes causes us to over-
look, When a passage, in any; wise
relating to the history of Christ, is
read to us out of the epistle of Cle-
mens Romauus, the epistles ole
. natins, of Polycarp, or from “any
other writing of that age, we are
immediately sensible Gece a=
tion which it affords tothe Scripture
account. “Here is a new witness.
Now if we had been accustomed to
read the gospel of Matthew alone,
and had known that of Luke only
as the generality of Christians know
the writings of the apostolical fa-
thers, that is, had known that such
A writing, was extant and acknow-
ledged ; when we came, for the
first time, to look into what it con-
tained, and found many of the facts
which Matthew recorded, recorded

also there, many other facts of a
similar nature added, and through-
out the whole work, the same ge-
neral series of transactions stateds ,
and the same general character of
the person who was the subject of
the history preserved, I apprehend
that we should feel our minds strong-
ly impressed by this discovery of
fresh evidence. We should feel a
renewal of the same: sentiment in
first reading the gospel of St. John.

That of St. Mark perhaps would

strike us as an abridgement of the
history with which we were already
acquainted, but we should naturally
reflect, that, if that history was a-
bridged by such a person as Mark,
or by any person of so early an age, _
it afforded one of the highest possible,
attestations to the value of the work.
This -successive disclosure of proof
would leave us assured, that there.
-must have been at least some reality
in a story which, not one, but many,
had taken in hand to commit to. |
writing. The very existence of four
separate histories would satisfy us.
that the subject had a foundation;
and when, amidst the variety which,
the different information of the dif-
ferent writers had supplied to their
accounts, or which their different
choice and judgement in, selecting
their materials had ‘produced, we
observed many facts to.stand the
same in all; of these facts, at least,
we should conclude, that they were
fixed in their credit and publicity.
If, after this, we should come to the’
knowledge of a distinct history, and
that also of the same age with the
rest, taking up the subject where the
others had lett it, and carrying ona
narrative of the effects preduced in
the world by the’ extraordinary
causes of which we had already been
informed, and which effects vubsist
at

446

at this day, we should think the re-
ality of the original story in no little
degree established by this supple-
ment. [fsubsequent enquiries should
bring us to our knowledge, one after
another, letters written by some of
the principal agents in the business,
upon the business, and during the
time of their activity and concern
in it, assuming all along and recog
nizing the original story, agitating
the questions that arose out of it,
pressing the obligations which re=
sulted fromit, giving advice and di-
rections to those who acted upon it,
I conceive that we should find, in
every one of these, a still farther
support to the conclusion we had
formed. At present the weight of
this successive confirmation is, in a

reat measure, unperceived by ns,

he evidence does not appear to us
what it is; for, being from our in-
’ fancy accustomed to regard the
New Testament as one book, we see
in it only one testimony. The whole

occurs to us as a single evidence ;°

and its different parts, not as distinct
_attestations, but as different por-

tions only of the same. Yet in this
conception of the subject we are
certainly mistaken ; for the very dis-
/crepancies amongst the several do-
cuments which form our volume
prove, if all other proof was want~
ing, that in their original composi-
tion they were separate, and most
of them independent productions.”
p- 183.

This way of stating the nature of
the evangelical testimony is certain-
ly fair, and to us at least appears
novel. The first section of Chap.
IX. ps 216. contains professedly an
abstract of the most striking matter
in D+, Lardner’s admirable volumes
on the ercdibility of the Gospel.
“To pursue the detail of proofs

ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

throughout,” says the author,
“would be to transcribe a great
part of Dr. Lardner’s eleven octavo
volumes; to leave the argument
without proofs, is to leave it with-
out effect, for the persuasion pro
duced by this species of evidence de-
pends upon a view and induction of
the particulars which compose it.”
This Mr. Paley has performed with
judgement and ability, and we shall
_say without scruple, that in so do-

ing, he has performed'a very essen- °

tial service to Christianity; by giving
to the indolent those proofs within
a small compass, which, in their
whole extent, they would never take
the trouble to examine. The nature
of this species of evidence is explain-
ed with great clearness in the open-
ing of this section.

“ The medium of proof stated in
this proposition is, of all others, the
most unquestionable, the least liable
to any practices of fraud,and is not
diminished by the lapse of ages.
Bishop Burnet, in the history of his
own times, inserts various extracts
from lord Clarendon’s history. Onze
such ingertion is a proof that lord
Clarendon’s history was extant at
th e when bishop Burnet wrote,
that it had been read by bishop
Burnet, that_it was received by
bishop Bu as a work of lord
Clarendon’s, and also regarded by
him as an authentic account of the
transactions which it relates; and it
will be a proof of these points a
thousand years hence, or as long as
the books exist. Juvenal having
quoted, as Cicero's, that memora-
ble line,

O fortunatam natam me consule Romam!

the quotation would be strong evi-
dente; were there ay doubt, that

the »

eeEeEEeeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEesreee

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

the oration, in which that line is
found, actually came from Cicero’s
pen. These instances, however
simple, may serve to point out to a
reader, who is little accustomed to
such,researches,the nature and value
of the argument.”

We shall now proceed to give the
contents of the second part.

Part IT. Of the auxiliary evidences
of Christianity.—Chap.I Prophecy,

p. 67. Chap.dI. Vhe morality of

the Gospel, p Chap. III. The
candour of the writers of the New
Testament, p. 166. Chap. IV.
Identity of Christ's character, p.189.
Chap. V. Originality of Christ's
character, p. 217. Chap. VI.
Conformity of the facts occasionally
mentioned or referred to in Scrip-
ture, with the state of things in those
times, as represented by foreign and
independent accounts, p. 221.
Chap. VII. Undesigned coinci-
dences, p. 295. Chap. VIII. Of
thehistory of the resurrection, p.302.
Vol. III. Chap. IX. The propa-
gation of Christianity, p.1. § 2.
Reflections upon the preceding ac-
count, p. 45... § 3. Of the success
of Mahometanism, p, 63.
treating of the morality of the
Gospel in chap. 4 of this part, Mr.
“Paley skilfully abstracts a very ma-
terial part of S. Jenyn’s internal evi-

- dences of Christianity, (see p. 100.)

—where that author remarks the
difference between the morality of
Christ and that of mankind in ge-
neral. In doing this he has wisely
shunned the exaggerations which
render some passages of his author
exceptionable. On the apparently
accidental qpincidences between
the account of St. John and the
other Evangelists, and concerning
the identity of our Saviour’s cha-
racter, Mz. P. has made some very

‘a

44/7

acute remarks, very much in the
style of his Hore Pauline ; among
which the following is very stri-
king.

“ The three first evangelists re«
cord, what is called our Saviour’s
agony, 7. e. his devotion in the gar-
den, immediately before he was ap-
prehended ; in which narrative they
al] make him pray, ‘that the cup
might pass from him.’ This is the

particular metaphor which they all

ascribe tohim. St. Matthew adds,
©O my Father, if this cup may not
pass away from me, except I drink
it, thy will be done.” Now St.
John does not give the scene in the
garden ; but when Jesus was seized,
and some resistance was attempted
to be made by Peter, Jesus, accord-
ing to his account, checked the at-
ter with this reply: ‘ Put up
thy sword into the sheath ; the cup,
which my Father hath given me,
shall I not drink it ?’ This is some
thing more than bare consistency :
it is coincidence : because it is ex-
tremely natural, that Jesus, who,
before he was apprehended, had
been praying his Father, that ‘ that
cup might pass away from him,’.yet
with such a pious retraction of hig
request, as to have added, *£ if this
cup may not pass from me, thy
will be done;’ it was natural. I say,
for the same person, whenheactual-
ly was apprehended, to express the
resignation to which he had already
made up his thoughts, and to ex«
press it in the form of speech which
he had before used, ‘the cup
which my Father hath given me,
shall I not drink it?” This is aco-
incidence between writers, in whose
narratives there is no imitation, but
great diversity.” Vol II. p. 242.
This is the observation of a mas-
ter. His sixth chapter, of this part,
is

448 ANNUAL REGISTER, 1794.

is taken fromthe first volume of the
first part of Lardner’s credibility, in
the same manner as a former ehap-
ter was taken from another part;
with an equal openness and equal
success He states in it forty-one
instances, in which the sacred his-
torians display a minute knowledge
of the manners andcustoms of their
times, in such a way as seems _ ut-
terly impossible to be displayed by
any forger. In the topic ofundesigned
coincidences, chap. 7. he very pro-
perly refers to his own Hore Pau-
line; some of the general argu-
ments of which he had occasionally
touched before. In chap. IX. § 2.
the subject of missions is most judi-
Ciously introduced; and from~the
very smal] success of modern mis-
sions, 10 comparison with those of
the apostles, under which m d-
vantageous circumstances, the’fol-
lowing sound conclusion is deduced :
that the apostles ‘‘ possessed means
of conviction which we have not;
that they had proofs to appeal to,
which we want.”

Part II, A brief consideration
of some popular objections. Chap.I,
The discrepancies between the se-
veral Gospels, vol. 3. p.g8. Chap.
IL. Erroneous opinions imputed to
the apostles, p. 200. The connec-
tion of Christianity with the Jewish
history, p. 117. Chap. IV. Rejec-
tion of Christianity, p. 124. Chap.
V*. That the Christian miracles are

ot recited, ,or appealed to by
Christian writers themselves, so
fully or so frequently as might have
been expected, p. 160. Chap. V
Want of universality in the know-
ledge and reception of Christianity,
and of greater clearness in the evi-

“al dissoluteness, if it beget a general

dence, p..182.., Chap, VIL. The
supposed effects of Christianity,
p 201. Chap, VIN. Conclusion,
p. 220, rg

Among these. topics, which are
all handled with skill and luminous
distinctness, it is difficult to select a
passage for an example. The fol-
lowing, on the effects of Christiani-
ty, is perhaps as original as any.

“ The influence of religion is not
to be sought for, in the councils of
princes; in the de or resolutions
of popular assembliés. in the conduct
of governments towards their sub-
jects, or of states and sovereigns to-
wards one another, of couquerors -
at the head of their armies, or of :
parties intriguing for power at home,

the attention, and fill the pag
history, ) but must be perceiv
perceived at all, in the silent cot
of private and domestic life.
more, even there its influence ma
not be very obvious to observation,
If it check, in some degree, person-

probity in the transaction of business,
if it produce soft umane man-=
ners in the mass of “the community,
and occasional exertionsof ieee
or expensive benevolence ina few
individuals, it is all the effect which
can offer itself to external notice.
The kingdom of Heaven is within
us. That whichis the substance of
the religion, its hopes and consola-
tions, its imtermixture with the
thoughts by day and by night, the
devotion of the heart, the control
of appetite, the steady direction of
the will to the commands of God,
is neéessarily invisible. Yet upon
these depends, the virtue and-the

* This and the remaining chapters are erroneously numbered in the first edition,

chap. 4 being put twice.

happiness
$+

ACCOUNT

pe abe of millions. This cause
» renders the representations of his-
. tory, with respéct to religion, de-
fective and fallacious, in a greater
degree than they are upon any other
subject. Religion operates most
upon those of whom history knows
the least : upon fathers and mothers
in their families, upon men servants
and maid servants, upon the order-'
ly tradesmen, the quiet villager, the
manufacturer at his logm, the hus-
bandman in his fields. Amongst
such, its influence collectively may
be of ‘inestimable value, vet its ef-
fects in the mean timé of little upon
those who figure upon the stage of
the world. They may know no-
thing ef it: they may believe no-
thing of it; they may be actuated
by motives more impetuous than
those which religion is able to ex-
cite. It cannot, therefore, be
1ought strange, that this influence
_ Should clude the grasp and touch
of public history ; for what is public
history, but a register of the succes-
ses and disappointments, the vices,
the follies, and the quarrels, of
those who engage in contentions
for power?”

The gonclusion contains, as it
ought, aclear and able summary of
the preceding arguments. We
should be glad, for the sake of public
utility, to extract the whole, but
On account of its extent must con-
tent ourselves with selecting the
most material part :

“ The truth of Christianity de-
pends upon its leading facts, and
upon them alone. Now of these
we have evidence which ought to
satisfy us, at least until it appear
that mankind have ever been de-
ceived by the same. We have some
uncontested and incontestable points,
to which the history of the human

Vor. XXXVE

OF BOOKS. 449

species hath nothing similar to offer.
A Jewish peasant changedthe relia
gion of the world, and that, with-
out force, without power, without
support; without one natural source
or circumstance of attraction, influ-
ence, or success. Such athing hath
not happened in any other instance.
The companions of this person, af-
ter he himself had been put to death
for his attempt, asserted his super-
natural character, founded upon his
supernatural operations; and, in tes-
timony of the truth of their asser-
tions, z.-e. in consequence of their
own belief of that truth, and, in
order to communicate the know-
ledge of it to others, voluntarily en-
tered upon lives of toil and hard-
ship, and, with a full experience of
their danger, committed themselves
tothe last extremities of persecution,
This hath not a parallel. More
particularly, a very few days after
this person had been publicly exe-
cuted, and in the very city in which
he was buried, these his companions
declared with one voice that his
body was restored to life ; that they
had seen him, handled him, eat with
him, conversed with him: and, in
pursuance of their persuasion of the
truth of what they told, preached
his religion, with this strange fact
as the foundation of it, in the face of
those who had killed him, who were
armed with the power of the coun-
try, andnecessarily and naturally dis-
posed to treat his followers as they
had treated himself; and havingdone
this upon the spot where the evegt
took place, carried theintelligence of
it abroad, in spite of difficulties and
opposition, and where the nature
of their errand gave them nothing
to expect but derision, insult, and
outrage. This is without example.
These three facts, I think, are cer-

Gg taip,

450

tain, and would have been nearly
so, if the Gospels had never been
written. The Christian story, as
to these points, hath never varied.
No other hath been set up against
it. Every letter, every discourse,
every controversy, amongst the fol-
lowers of the religion; every book
written by them, from the age of
its commencement to the present
time, in every part of the world in
which it hath been professed, and
with every sect into which it hath
been divided, (and we have letters
and discourses written by contem-
poraries, by witnesses of the tran-
saction, by persons themselves bear-
ing a share in it, and other writings
following that age in regular suc
cession ) concur in representing these
factsin this manner. A religion,
which now possesses the greatest
part of the civilized world, unques-
tionably sprang up at Jerusalem at
this time. Some account must be
given of its origin, some cause as-
signed for its rise. All the accounts
of this origin, all the explications
of this cause, whether taken from
the writings of the early followers
of the religion, in which, and in
which perhaps alone, it could be
expected that they .should be dis-
tinctly unfolded, or from occasional
notices in other writing of that or
the adjoining age, either expressly
allege the facts above stated as the
means by which the religion was
set up, or advert to its commence-
ment in a manner which agrees with
the supposition of these facts being
true, which renders them probable
according to the then state of the
word, and which testifies their ope
ration and effects.

«« These propositions alone lay a
foundation for our faith, for they
preve the existence of a transaction,

ANNUAL REGISTER,

which cannet even in its most geme~
ral parts be accounted for upon any
reasonable supposition, except that
of the truth of the mission. But
the particulars, the detail of the mi-
racles or miraculous pretences (for
such there necessarily must have
been} upon which this unexampled
transaction rested, and for which
these men acted and suffered as they
did act and suffer, it is undoubtedly
of great importance to us to know,
We have this detail from the foun-
tain head, from the persons them-
selves ; in accounts written by eye-
witnesses of the scene, by contem-
poraries, and companions of those
who were so; not in one book, but
four, each containing enough for
the verification of the religion, all
agreeing in the fundamental parts of
the history. We have the authen-
ticity of these books established by
more and stronger proofs than be-
long to almost any other ancient
book whatever, and by proofs which
widely distinguish them from any
others, claiming a similar authority
to theirs. If there were any good
reason for doubt concerning the
names to which these books are as-
cribed, (which there is not, for they
were never ascribed to any other,
and we have evidence not long aftet
their publication of their bearing
the rames which they now bear),
their antiquity, of which there is no
question, their reputation and au-
thority amongst the: early disciples
of the religion, of which there is
as little, form a valid proof that they
must, in the main at least, have
agreed with what the first, teachers

of the religion delivered.
<< When we open these ancient
volumes, we discover inthem marks
of truth, whether we consider each
“in itself, er collate them with one
another.

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS.

another. The writers certainly
knew something of what they were
writing about, for they manifest an
_ acquaintance with local circum-
stances, with the history and usages
of the times, which could only be-
long to an inhabitant of that coun-
try, living in that age. In every
Narrative we perceive simplicity and
undesignedness; the air and the
language of reality. When we
compare the different narratives to-
gether, we find them so varying as
to repel all suspicion of confederacy ;
so agreeing under this variety,. as
to shew that the accounts had one
real transaction for their common
foundation; often attributing diffe-
rent actions and discourses to the
person whose history, or rather me-
moirs of whose history, they profess
to relate; yet actions and discourses
so similar, as very much to bespeak
the same character ; which is aco-
incidence, that, in such writers as
they were, could only be the con-
sequence of their writing from fact,
and not from imagination.”

After the account we have given,
it is hardly necessary to say, that we

451

strongly recommend this work to ge=
neral perusal, We think the author
has very happily executed what he
professes to have been his design.
‘To preserve the separation be-
tween evidences and doctrines as in-
violable as he could: to remove
from the primary question all consi~
derations which have been unne—
cessarily joined with it; and to offer
a defence of Christianity, which
every Christian might read, without
seeing the tenets in which he had
been brought up attacked or de-
cried :”’ he adds, “ It always afford-
ed a satisfaction to my mind, to ob-
serve that this was practicable; that
few or none of out many controver-
sies with one another affect or relate
to the proofs of our religion ; that
the rent never descends to the foun-
dation.” To this book then let the
doubter or the deist have recourse ;
and when he has satisfied himself, as
here abundantly he may, of the ir-
refragable evidence of the whole,
let him carefully consider the sacred
books themseives, and adopt. as
doctrines whatever he finds there.
delivered.

THE

poeta ‘a
her ape Mle cas <a
oa eo ce pie oe

Vince’ i * pe:

¥ Cea tensiceres shiter aba
“sgnaly «abit soma one ure rma
> agian ded by prac sett oe
Salona Sigs ot aid sony tyes ahterea dt ee mip
+. hash qatrobgitoa Nw hacahara ppisa, ier wd
nee olb exgbnas aged oa baht
; nak Ht ns
Aegean tele “acon
ee vik Vee ell td ide Bage » <sk 4a, seed
Sim get: apart gabon, sed | eae
* aa pit do Sang pbey aldiynntal, ©
beset, cat ae dah syd nel es
la ied

THE | a

CONTENTS. 1794.

HISTORY OF EUROPE.

CITAP. ods

Ideas entertained of the Power and Situatien of France by the Coalesced Porwers
at the Commencement of the War. Their mutual Suspicion. Their Presuinption
on their jirst Successes. Close of the Campaignin 1793 unfavourable totem in
the Netherlands and on th: Rhine. Activity of the Frenchin preparing for ihe
next Campaign. Numbers and Resolution of their Armics. Abilities of their
ruling Men.. Prodigious Preparations of the French for the Campaigno} 1794.
Willingness with which they submit to Burthens in support of -their Cauce.
Their military List double to thatof the Coalesced Powers. The Promotion and
Military Talents of Jourdain, Hoche, and Pichegru. Aptitud: and Patience
of the common People in France in enduring of Hardships. Violence and Ln-
petuosity of the French in Action. Bravery and Discipline of the dustrianAi>
mies. Enthusiasm and Perseverance of the French Soldiers in attacking their
Enemies. Colonel Mack sent ty the ImperialCouri to concert Measures for the
ensuing Campetgn with the British Ministry. Project of ihe French relating
to the Netherlands discovered and frustrated. Hopes of the Republican Ad-
ministration in consequence. of the Rivalship subsisting between the Houses of
Ausiria and Brandenburgh. Ti: Duke of Brunswick discontentedat the Man-
ner of conducting the War. His Resignation of the Command of the Prussian
Armies, Pernicious Effects resulting ta the Confederacy from the mutual Jea-
Iousies of Austria and Brandenburgh. Advantages arising to the French frim
that Cause. French and Prussian Commissioners. meet ai Frankfort, on ihe
Pretence of settling an Exchange of Prisoners. Suspicions of the Public on. this
Occasion. Policy of the Prussian Ministry in its Conduct with ihe Members
of the Confederacy. Ideas of the P-iple of England respecting the Views cf
Prussia. The King of Prussia dec:ares: his Kesolution to recede from the
Confederacy against France, and assigns his Reasons for taking this Step,
He withdraws his Troops from the Confederates. Endeavours of the Em-
peror to procure the Accession of the Empire to the Designs of the Coalition
against France, and to obtain Supplies from the Diet. He proposes raising the
People in a Mass; but is opposed by ihe Prussian Deputy. Prejudice to the
Cause of the Confederacy from those D sagreements. Subsidiary Treaty con-
eluded between Great Britain and Prussia, Discontents produ.ed thereby
amor.s great Numbers of the People in England. Their Suspicion of the
good Luith both of the Austrian and Prussian Ministers, Movements of the

ith French

CONTEN TS.

French Armies in the Netherlands. Condition of the Austrian Forces, and
those of the other Confederates. 4 Councl of War held ly the Allies.
Plan of the ensuing Campaign proposed by the ctustrian Ministry. Pro-
duces an Altercation, which ends in a Determination of the Eméeror to
command the Confederate Army in Person. He repairs to Brussels, and is -
inaugurated as Sovereign of the Austrian Netherlands He assumes the
Command of the Allied A-my. The Frenchattacke: anddefeated near Lan-
drecy. Siege of that Town undertaken. The Bench attack the Troops of
the Hereditary Prince of Ovange, and ave repulsed. They obtain some
Advantages over General Alvinzy, but are fo-ced to retire. They are at-
tached by the Duke of Yor, and oblized to -etreat to Cax,tray. The Duke
attacked by the French, but compels them to retire with Loss. They are
repulsed at the same Time by Prince Cobourg. General Picheg:u attacks
General Cloirfait, defiats him»and-takes Menin and Cow trai. Landrecy
surenders to the Alhes. Gene: al Jourdain :nvades the Du: hy of Luxem-
bourg, and defeats the Austrian General Beaulteu. The Duke of York ct-
tacked by the French near Tournat. The French repulsed. They force Gem
neral Clairfait to abandon Courtrai with great Loss. They ave defeated ly
General Kaunits near Mons. tie Allies attack the French un the Neighbour-
hood of Lisle, and gain some Advantages. The french attack the Alites, and
obtain acomplete Victory. Principal Canses of their Successes. Great De-
Seat of the French, who are driven back as far as Lisle. Ag.in defeated
with great Less by General Kaunitz. Bouillon taken by the Austrians,
‘under General Beaulieu, who defeats a lerge Body of French. Heis com-
pelled by General Jourdain to retire towards Namur. The Fre:ch defeated
with great Siaughter by the\Hereditary Prince of Oranze; and forced to
withdraw from Charleroy. Lhe Sige of Chu-le:oy resumed, Battle of
| Fleurus, wherein th: Allies are entirely defeated, ond Use g-vat Numlers.
Devititated State of their Army. Charleroy surrenders tothe French, Ypres
Pesicged by General Moreau, who gains a great Vi-tory over Clairfait,
and takes that Town. Consequences of those two Events. Bruges submits
to the Frenc®. ‘Lhe Duke of York moves towards Oudenard. Tournai sur-
renders to the French. Cudenard taken. A : F sala

CHAP. IT. A

Arrival of Lord Moira at Ostend. Beacnalion of this Tozer, and March ef Lord
Moira to the Assistance ofthe Dukeaf York. Ostend surrendered tothe Krenchs

» Lenlt-iion of the French ab their Suevesses, Dilticence and Activitu tf che
French Apmnes ia improving them. Prince € ‘obotre defeaier, and Mons tiken,
Brussels surrenders to the French, who estublish theim Porm of Government
an that und other Places. Reunion at Brussels of the Frenedé: Armics of the
North and of the Sumbreand Meuse. Tinmense Capinres by the Franck of
Provisions, Aninunition, Military Stores, and Magazines of every Kind.
Ghent taken ly the French. Engagements belevcen the Foench “and the
Lroops under Lord Moira. He fects a Junction wtih the Dike of York.
Dheir jotut “perations against the French. Viey quit Meehlin. Movements
of the Dule of York. Prince Cobours proposes to aituck ihe French, but
the Dutch decline his Proposal. Reasons assivned for their Conduct: The
Freredéiary Prince of Orange endeavours to oppose ike French, bubis com-
pelled to relive. General Cliirfait di feated near Luuvein, with xveat Slaneh-
ter. What City taken by the French. Project of the Allics to forma Line
of Defence between dutwerp and Nanur, — Erustraled by the expeditivus
Movemcnts of the Breuch, Capture of both these Cities. The Austrians
routed

CONTENTS.»

-youted at Liege Ly General Jourdain, to whom that Place surrenders. The
French invade Dutch Flanders. The Dutch evacuate Lisle. Cadsand sur
genders to General Moreau. Siege of Sluys by the French. Its brave De-

\ fence. Surrenders to the French. Successes of the French upon the Rhine.
“Kayserslauern and other Piaces taken The French surprised and defeated
hy Marshal Mollendorf at Kayserslauern. _ They gain a camplete Victory
_overthe Prussians at Edikhofjan. Another Loth over the Prussians and.
Austrians at Tripstadt. Consequences of these Victories. The City of Tre-
pes surrenders tothe Frenci. The Frencliretake Landrecy, Quesnoy, Va-
lenciennes, and Condé, with immense Quantities of Stores add Artillery.
Their inexorable Treatment of the Emigrants. Their Capture of the Towns

in Flanders. Brave Defence of Nieuport. Situation of the Dutch at this
Period. Endeavours of the Stadtholder to excite them to unite in Defence of
their Country. Discontents and. Complaints of the People of Holland,
Preparations of the Dutch to oppose the French. Breda and Bois le Duc
put in a Posture of Defence. The Duke of York stations his. Forces near
these Towns for their Protection. Preparations of the French to attack the
Duke of York Their immense Superiority of Numters obliges himto remove

to Grave, after sustaining their Attack of his Posts on the River Dommel
with great Resolution Consternation in Holland at the Approach of the
French Proctamations of the Stadtholderand the States, evhorting the People

to Figour andUnanimity in their Defeace. Address of Prince Cobourg to the
fihatitants of Germany bordering upon France. Address of the Emperor to

« thesame. Sentiments of the Princes dnd States of the Empire at this Time.
Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor, who engages to
prosecute the War on receiving a large Subsidy for that Purpose. _ Prince
Colours resigns the Command of the Confederate Armies. Reasons alleged
Jor his Disimission, 2 os tees Ty (6)

‘ . CHAP. HL

General Jourdain defeats, near Liege, the Austrians, commanded Ly General
Latour, Use made ofan Air Balloon upon this Occasion. The Austrians
again defeated with great Slaughter, and compelled to atandon Aix la Cha-
‘pelle, which is taken by the French The French meet with a Check from
General Clairfait. They attack the Chain of Posts he had formed from Ju-
hers to Ruremond, and after a Buttle that lasted four Days, completely
defeat him with great Slaughter, and force him to retreat to Cologne and”
cross the Rhine. Juliers, Cologne, and other Places, surrender to the French,
wio endeavour to conciliate the Inhatitants Ly their Regularity and Mode-
ration. kteductton of Coblents by General Moreau. Worms and other
Lowns on the Rhine submit to the French. General Pichegru appointed to
| dhe Command of the Army destined for the invasion of Holland. The Bri-
dish aud Dutch Forces obliged,on account of hiswast Superiority of Strength,
to remain entirely on the Defensive. The French reduce the Fort of Creve-
caur, and shortly after Bois le Duc. The Duke of York retires to Nime-
gun. The French attack the British Posts with Success and force them to
retreat across the Waal they advance io Nimeguen, aud obtain fur-
ther Advantages. They besiege that Town, and meet with a reso-
lute Defence. It falls into their Haads through an unfortunate
Accident. Surprise excited bry its sudden Capture. Considerations on the
Disposition and Conduct of the People of the United Provinces at this Cri-
sis, and on the Political Ideas current in the Netherlands and Germany.
Advanteye taken of them by the French. Maestricht besieged and taken

CONTENTS.

by them, after a long and olstinate Defence. Pichegru prepares to invade
Holland. Inferiority of the Forces opposed to him. Distracted Situation
of the Dutch. ‘ . . e . 4] .

CHAP it.

Military Operations of the Frenchin Spain. Difference between the present
and former State of Spain. Its Decline dnd want of Population insufficient
to encounter the French. Their Preparations for the Campaign of 1794.
They first attack the Western Borders of Spain, and rout the Spaniards
near St. Jean Delux, and at other Places, and take a Number of Prisoners,
with an vnmense Quantity of Artillery and Warlike Stores. General Du=:
gommier forces a Spanish Army to lay down their Arms. Count De
L’ Union defeated ly the French, inattempting toraise the Siege of Belgrade,
which surrenders to them with a large Garrison, General Dugommier ot-
tains a signal Victory over the Spaniards, Lut is slain. Honours decreed to
his Memory. Battle of St. Fernando Defigueres, wherein a large Army of
Spaniards is forced into its Entrenchments, and Count De L? Union killed.
St. Fernando Defigueres taken by the French, together with a numerous
Garrison, and an immense Booty of all Kinds. The Spaniards again de-
Seated, and unable to keep the Field on their Eastern Frontiers. Successes
of the French on the Western Borders of Spain. General Delaforde forces
the Spanish Camp at St. Jean Delux, and takes a large Number of Priso-
ners and a great Quantity of Military Stores and Provisions. A remarkable
Victory gained by the Frenchover a Spanish Army of superior Force. Losscs
and Consternation of the Spaniards ; Rapidity of the Motions and Suc-
cesses of the French. Fontaralia and St. Selastian submit to them with their
Garrison. Immense Magaxines of all Kinds fall into their Hands. Conduct
of the French towards the Spaniards, diminishes their Aversion to the Po-
litics of France, Alteration in the Spanish. Character since the French Re-
volution. A large Body of Spaniards defeated by a small one of French.
Desertion of some Spanish Troops to the French, The Spanish Lines, ex-
tending near forty Leagues, are forced ly the French, and the Spaniards
vouted with great Loss of Men killed and taken. Discouragement of the
Spanish Court and Ministry. Their fruitless Attempt to raise the People
ina Mass. Distress of the Spanish Government. The Methods it employed
ta raise Money. Military Operations of the French in Italy. Political
View of the Effects produced by the Revolution on their National Capacity
and Strength of Exertion. Former Disappointments and Disasters attend~
ing the French in the Invasion of Italy. They open the Campaignin that
Country Ly the Siege of Oneglia. Their cautious Conduct towards the Re-
public of Genoa. Oneglia besieged and taken ly them, — Consequences of
this Capture. They defeat the Sardimans and Austrians, penetrate inte
Piedmont, and seize large Quantities of Provision and Warlike Stores. Ex-
ploits of Dumerlion their chief Commander. He forces a strong Encamp-
ment of the Sardinians. Numbers of them are killed and taken, with all _
their Cannon and Magazines. He attacks and carrics the Sardinian En.
irenchments at Colde Sanda, and compels them to abandon that Pass with
great Loss. Consternation of the Court of Turin. It forms a Project of
raising the Inhabitants of Piedmont in a Mass. They assemble in targe
Numbers, buat are quickly dispersed Ly the French. Successes of the French
inthe Alps. Their General (Dumas) attacks the Fortifications of og

bh CRIS,

CONTENTS.

Cenis, and drive the Sardinians from them, with great Loss The Sardinians
again defeated. The Austrians and Sardinians. form a Project against the
French, which is completely counteracted by these who compel them to aban-
don all their Posts, and takeshelter in Alexandria. The French remain Mas-
ters of the open Country, and the Austrians and Sardinians are reduced to act
onthe Defensive. The strong Situationof the French in Italy alarms the Pow-
ers of that Country. Steictures onthe Political State of that Country. Con-
Jectures on the Effects of the French Revolutionin Italy. Situation of Europe
at the Close‘uf 1794. Review of the Primitive Causes of the Revolution
in France, and of the Effects originating from those Causes. _ Their
Strength and powerful Operation. The People of France transformed
by t hem into a Nation wholly different from what it was. The Face
of Europe so altered by the Events of the Campaign of 1794, that tt is
no longer the same. The Consequences of that Campuign not termina-
ted. RB flections on the Enthusiasm of the French in favour of their
present Government. . .

CHAR
Causes of the rapid Changes of Men‘and Measures, and of the Vicissitudes
in Government during the Progress of the French Revolution. Discontents
excited Ly the Barlarities exercised by various Parties. Motives for the ge-
_ neral Submission of the French to the Ruling Party at the Commencement
of the War with the Coalesced Powers. Determination of the Royalists to
unite against the Repullicans. Insurrection in La Vendée. Its Causes, Be-
ginning and Progress. Joined by Numbers of the Noblesse and the Clergy-
Military Plans and Dispositions made ly the Vendéans. Alarm of the
Convention. Policy of the Insurgents in concealing the Names of their
Chiefs. Charette the First Promoter of the Insurrection. He erects the
Royal Standard. Risings headed ty Stoflet and Catineau, Fears and
Preparations of the French Government against the Vendéans — Distribu-
tion of the Vendéan Army into three Divisions. Appointment of Delbée to
~ the chief Command. The Insurgents supply themselves with Arms, by sei-
zing those of the Conventional Troops. Advantages resulting from the St-
tuation of their Country. They adopt Defensive Measures Their Victa-
ries. They meet with a Repulse at Nantes. Numerous Forces march against
them. They defeat these Forces. New Method to reduce them adopted ly
the French Government, They are overpowered and forced to abandon their
Country. They retreat across the Loire. They lose their principal Chiefs,
who die of their Wounds, They march into Brittany. They attack St. Malo
and Granville without Success. They defeat the Armies sent against
them. They quit the Sea Coast and make an Irruption into Maine and
Anjou, against the Advice of their Chiefs — immense Force ordered against
them. They receive Intelligence of the intended Assistance fram England,
and march towards the Sea-Coast. They are overtaken Ly the Conventio-
nal Troops, and entirely defeated with a prodigious Slaughter. The Isle
Noirmoutier is taken ty Charette. .He is left ty most of his People, and
Noirmoutier is retaken by the Conventional Troops. is remaining Fal-
lowers olliged to disperse. Barlarities exergised by the French Government
upon the Kuyalists. A : . : 79

CHAP, ,.VI.

Second Insurrection in La Vendée. Junction ef Charette, Stoflet, and
Vou. XXXVI. li La

CONTENTS.

La Roche Jacquelin. They expel the Conventional Troops from La Vendée.
First Appearance of the Chouansin Brittany. Their Prozress and Reso'u-
tion in contending with Hardships and Difficulties. Joimed by Numbers,
and lLecome formidable. The Vendéans begin to recover Strength. Man-
ner of fighting practised by the Insurgents of La Vendée, Their desperate
Falour in Battle. Prodigious Slaughter made in the Vendéan Insurrection.
Quickness in the Military Movements and Operations of the Vendéans,
Their Neglect of Artillery. Their Mann:r of seixing that of the Conven-
tional Troops. Their Want of Cavalry. Their military Accoutrements,
and Method of proceeding to Battle. Dishonourable Conduct of the Pri-
soners. Patience and Fortitude of the Vendéans in their second Insur-
rection. Strength of the Motives and Principles that actuated the Ven-
déans. Zeil and Courage of the Clergy that joined: them. The En-
thusiasm of the Vendéans compared with that of the Conventionaé
Troops. Influence of the Women of Distinction who took refuge
among them, Attachinent of the Insurgents to their Chiefs. Honours
paid to their Remains. Death of La Roche Jacquelin. Base and
cruel Treatment of ‘the Insurgents ly the Conventional Troops. The Vir-
tue, Piety, Honour, and Fidelity of the Country People m Frances
during the Revolution. Principal Cause of this liudable Conduct. Con-
wention decrees that Generals condemned to Death for Treason shail be exe-
cuted at the Head of the Army. Abolishes the Practice of Flogging in the
Navy, and substitutes other Punishments. Admits Two Mulattoes and
One Negro as Deputies to the Convention from St. Domingo. Abolishes
Slavery. Establishment of the Maximum, and Speech of Barrere on this
Occasion. New Powers granted to the Committee of Pulle Safety. De-
cree against reputed Enemies to the Revolution. Answer to the Declaration
of the British Ministry. Conduct of Rolespierre, Danton, and Barrere
Emnity Letween Robespierre and Danton. Machinations of Robespierre.
against the Cordelier Club and its chief Leader Hebert. Character of
Hebert and the Cordelier Club. Designs and Conduct of Hebert. He
is arrested andlrought before the Revolutionary Trilunal. Charges againse
him. He is condemned and executed, together with Anacharsis Clootx, and
eighicen others. Danton and Camiile Desmoulins unite in a Project for a
milder System of Government. Rolespierre'suspects their Designs. _Inters
view Letween him and Danton. Fated’ Eglantine and other Members of
the Convention arrested. Danton’s Conducton this Occasion, He and Ca-
mille Desmoulins arrested. Legarde defends him in the Convention against
the Attacks of Rolespierre. Accomplices in the Conspiracy attriluted to
Fabre d Eglantine. Trial of Danton, Camille Desmoulins, and of the
other Prisoners ly the Revolutionary Trilunal, Invectives of St. Just m the.
Convention against Fabre d’Eglantine. Bold Behaviour of Danton on his
Trial. He is condemned to Death and executed. His Character, ., 96

CHAP, VIL...

»\
Confederacy for: ed in the Convention against Robespierre. General Dillon
arrested, tried, and condemned, together with the Wife of Desmoulins.
They are both executed, withGobat, Chaumett:, and others. The Conven-
tion ordexs every Member, on Pain of Death, to give an Account of his
Revenue before and since the Revolution. Robespierre’s Conduct in pecu-
niary Matters. Conventional Decrees agatust Ex-Nolles and Aliens. -De-
; 5 crees——

CONTENTS.

erecs relating to Law Suits. Decrees against Anti- Revolutionary Dis
courses. Decrees against Aged and Nonjuring Clergymen. Decree pro-
hiliting the Marriage of the Wives of Emigrants with Foreigners. At-
tempt to defame the Memory of Louis XVI. farmers General tried L f
the Revolutionary Tribunal, and several of them condemned and executed.
Trial and Execution of the Princess Elizabeth, Sister to Louis XFI,
Terror occasioned by the cruel Administration of Robespierre Its En-
deavours to retain and increase his Popularity. His affected, Zeal for
Helizion. Decrees of the Convention relating to Religious aral Moral
Suljects. Various Festivals decreed. Festivals in Honour of the Sw-
preme Being. Attempts to assassinate Robespierre and Collot D' Herbeis.
General Discontent at the Cruelties of Rolespierre. He remains tnflex-
alle in his Conduct. Robespierre arrives at the Plenitude of his Power.
Prepossession of the lower Classes in his Favour. Dreaded by his Ad=.
herents. His numerous and severe Decrees. Dangerous State of Society
occasioned Ly them. Encouragement of Informers. Revolutionary Tri-
bunal and Committee of Public Safety entirely under kis Orders. His
Organization of Juries. His Method of directing their Verdict. Exten-
sive Powers granted through him to the Revolutionary Tribunal. Pow-
ers of the Cimmittee of Public Safety enlarged through his Means, in
orde¥ to serve his Purposes. That Committee made permanent. Through
the Sulserviency of that Committee, his Power Lecomesuncontrouled. Sul-
missiveness of the Convention to his Authority. He procures a Revolu=
tionary Army, and encourages a sanguinary Spirit. His Persecution of
the Royalists. Through his Instigation, the Jacobins petition and obtain
that Terror should te declared the Order of the Day. He procures a
Repeal of the Decree by which the Members of the Convention were en-
titled to Le heard in their Defence, before the passing of an Accusation
against them. His Severity encreases. Situation of Paris at that Period,
Exaltation of the lower Classes. Depression of the letter Sort. Abject-
ness and Degradation of the French under Rolespierre. Wretched Con-
dition of the People. Adulation,and Homage puid to Robespierre. His
Speech to the Convention on the 27th cf Alay. That of Barrere on the
13th, Decree against giving Quarter tathe English, or to the Towns ta-
hen from France on refusing ts surrender in Twenty-four Hours. Power,
Popularity, arid Influence of Rolespierre in Paris. Means by which he
retains it. Reflections on his Conduct at this Time, Execution of La-
moignon Maleshertes. Conspiracies imputed to Persons imprisoned ly
Robespierre. Execution f Baron Trenck and Colonel Newton. Im-
prisonment of Thomas Payne. Barbarous Treatment of Prisoners.
Number of Persons imprisoned at Paris, ; ; 124

HAP) VI,

Motives of Sulmission to Robespierre. These Motives begin to cease, and
Discontents to arise. Party formed against han, Robespierre increases
the Power of the Committee of Public Safety, and of General Security,
he Decree to this Intent opposed ly Bourbon de L/Vise and others. Op-

‘position to Robespicrre gathers Strength, His Conduct, in order to coun-
teract it, and preserve his Credit with rhe People. FHe procures the Pass-
ing of three Popular Decrees ; one for the speedy Payment of Prive
Money to Seamen,—the Second, to prevent the {mportation of forged

Fig.’ Assignats,

| CONTENTS.

Assignats,— the Third, to encourage Military Merit,—and the Fourth,
Sor the Relief of the Poor, and People in Distress. Progress of the Party
forming against Rotespierre. His Conduct at this Crisis. Speech of the
‘Jacotin Club. Designs of which. he is suspected. Proscriptions imtended by
him. Conduct of the Party formed against him. Obliged io temporize.
Denunciation presented Ly the, Jacolins to the Convention, at the Insti
gation of Robespierre. He im@hes a Speech in the Convention against his
‘Enemics dnd Opposers.’ He is-resolutely opposéd by ihe Majority of the
Convention: His Cause violently espoused by the Jacoltins. Presumptuous
Address of St. Just to the Convention. Speeches and Behaviour of Tallien,

of Billaud Varennes, and of Barrere. — : | 148
CHAR, ;, Ly.

Aen Weee!

Robespierre’s Party rises in his Support. He is outlawed Ly the Convention.

gents.’ Members of the Convention, imprisoned during Robespierre's Ad-
ministration, liberated and restored to their Seats. Repeal cf the Edict
Sor giving no Quarter to the English." °° I tt

CiAr, 3,

Difficult and alarming Situation of the Confederates at the Close of 1793.
4 S:ntiments entertained of the French Principles of Polity in the different
States and Kingdom of Europe; and more particularly in Great Britain.
Aristocratical and Democratical Parties in'this Country. State of tie
Public Mind at the Meeting of the British Parhament. January 1794.
Speech from the Throne. Debates thereon in loth Houses of Parlla:
7 a SS air a aa ‘ SS a <2 aa aah

CHAP. XI.

Military I'reparations and Strength of France and Great Britain in th®
* Course of 1793. A Bady of Hessian Troops arrive in the Isle of Wight:
This Measure censuredly Opposition wn the House of Commons. Defended
by the Ministerial Party. Motion for increasing the Number of Seamen
Sor the Service of the Navy ; for referring to the Committee of Supply
& Treaty with the King of Sardinia. That the Land Forces for the Ser-

os i * ~ . , } aha of ; v : vice
tate

——

CONTENTS.
hice of the current Year should consist of 60,000 Men. Conversations
and Disputations that arise, in consequence of these Motions. | Supplies
for the Prosecution of the War. New Taxes. Act for restraining the
Payment of Money to, Persons residing in France during the War. An-
nual Motion ty Mr. Wilberforce, for Leave to bring ina Bill for the
_ Abolition of the Slave Trade, in the House of Commons. Carried. Pe-
titions against the Abclition of the Slave Trade. Motton ly Mr.

Maitland, respecting French Officers in British Pay. Lom LOT

CHAP. XIi.

General Anxiety concerning the Issue of the War in both France and Eng-
land. Moticn in the House of Peers for Péace with France. Arguments
for and against it. Charge against ‘Ministers in the House of Commons,
of Neglect of Novia Scotia. Answer to this Charge. Motion ty Mr. Pitt
in the House of Commons, for an Augmentation of the Militia, and for
levying a Volunteer Force of Horse and Foot in every County. Debates on
these Motions. The Motions carried, Spirited. Protest of the County of
Surry against Ministerial Attempts to procure Subscriptions for Supples
without Application to Parliament. A Message to Parliament fiom the
King, requiring the Succours necessary for repelling menaced Sivasion.
Address in Answer. Motion by Mr. Sheridan against Louns of Money.
to the Crown to be used for Public Purposes, without the Consent of °
Parliament. Debates thereon in both Houses. In both carried. Motion
in the Hotise of Commons, for enabling the Suljects of France to enter
into his Majesty's Service on the Continent. Debates thereon in both
Houses. Carrted. ee . : : 21

. CHAP. XIII.

Treaties concludéd between the British Minister andthe several Memters of
the Coalition. Motion againstit in the House of Commons. Debates there-
on. Motion ty Lord Stanhope in the House of Peers, for abstaining

from farther Interference in the Domestic-Concerns of France. iat by,
Lord Hawkesbury, for the Employment of British Seamen disc arged
from the Navi in Time of Peace. Motion ly Mr. Grey, relative to the
Failure of ihe British Arms at Dunkirk and Toulon. Delates thereon.
Finatices of India. A Message, from the Kirig to Parliament, concerning
a Pecuniary Subsidy to Prussia. Debates thereon. Discozitents and Jea-
lotisics. entertained ty the Nerth- American Provinces of Great Britain.
Moderate urid wise Councits of the Americans. Differences Letween those
Powers settled. Motions and Delates respecttng these im loth Houses @
Parliament. Motion in the House of Peers, ly the Ditke of Bedfor ,
for terminating the War with France, Motion to the same Effects

by Mr. Fox, in the House of Commons. Detates thercon in both
Houses. bop ; : ‘ YAS

149 CHAP.

CONTENTS.

CHAP. XIV. At ciyghel

Mations i in loth Houses of Parliament for revising the Trials of Messrs
_ Muir and Palmer. Arrests and Trials for “Sedition and Treason.
Constitutional and Corresponding Societies. The Putlications of Mr,
Burke and Mr. Paine,, the grand Signa/s for Political Controversy.
Committee of Secrecy for the enquiring into treasonalle and. seditious
Practices Suspension of the Hateas Corpus Act. Popular Societies in
all the three Kingdoms. Their leading Principles and Practices. _Mo-
tions in Loth Houses of Parliament Jor Addresses of Thanks to his Ma-
jesly for his Communications respecting Seditious Practices 263

CHAP. XV.

Motion for an Account of the Mone ‘y advanced to the King of Prussia and
the Troops employed Ly. him in the Service of the Coalition. Prorogation

Births for the Year 1794 4 . 42
Marriages ey f ‘ cS
Promotions P ° ib.
Peaths : AT
Snerif’s appotnte ul ry his Mojesty i in Council . ° 55

APPENDIX TO THE CHRONICLE. :

London Gazette Extraordinary, Jan. 17, 1794 ° ST.
Ditto, April 22 ‘ 68 —
Ditto, Aprit 30 , ee ; 7*
Ditto : GTS . 75
Ditto, May 31 : : 7
London Gaxelfe, June 10 B s0
kondon Gucellé Katiuordinary, Tine LP ine. % ° 86
Ditto, June 2) 90

Amount of the different Salaries and Emolwments of diffrent Officers aps.
pointed during the present War ; and also the Amount of the Pay granted
ta the several A) ny Cammissaries appointed in 1793 3

Papers relating to the Union of Corsica with the Crown of England, ine

cludi ing the Constitution, ‘Addresses letters, €Fc. - - 9g—111
General Bill of Christenings ond Burials for une Year 112
Account of the total Net Produce paid into the Exchequer of the Duties and
Customs in England and Seoflanit Jor One Year . Pian 8
Accu:nt of the tatal. Produce of’ the Duties of Customs, Excise, Stamps,
and Incidents for oue Year, ending Ovt/10, 1794 5 ee
Supplies granted by Parliament for the Year 1794” os ib
Trial for Aduliery. Howard against Bingham = See 121
Average Prices of Corn during the Year 794 : 130

di count of the Quantit 'y of age iene into ee Britain from ne
reig

CONTENTS.

teign Countries, with the Amount of the Duties collected thereon inthe

Year 1794 131
The likeof Corn impor “ted into Creat Britain from Ireland, ie sey, and the —
~ . Isle of Man * 132

The like of British Corn ex ported from Great Britain to Forel, on arse
with the Amount of the Bounties paid thereon, in the Year 17 94 .
The like of British Corn exported from Great Britain to Ireland, the ‘Bes

‘of Guernsey, Jersey; and Man : 134
The like of Foreign Corn exported from rat Britain to Foreign
Parts ib.

The like of Foreign Corn exported to Ireland, Guernsey, Jersey, and the
Isle of Man
Principal Pullic Acts passed in the Fourth Session of the Seventeenth

Parliament of Great Britain . ‘ 135
Prices of Stock for the Year 1794 136.
State of the Barometer; Thermometer, and Hygrometer, for 1 “94 137
: STATE PAPERS.

The King’s Speech to both Houses of Parliament on opening the Session,

21st January, 1794 138

Message from the King to the House of Commons, Jan. on i 140
Protest of Earl Stanhope respecting the introducing of Foreign Troops into

this Country without the previous Consent of Parliament ib.
Protest of the Earl of Radnor on the same Subject 3 141
Message from his Majesty to the House of Commons, March25 . 142
Ditto, April 28 3 ; ° ib;
-Ditto, May \2 : ib.
Protest of the Earl. of Stanhope against the. fast Reading of the Bill for

suspending the Haleas Corpus Act, May 22 ° . 142
Protestagainst the passing of the above Bill é “4 ib.
The King’ s Speech to loth Houses of oe on elésing the Session,

July rl 145
Protest of Earl Stanhope, on the Rejec tion of his Motion to delay the

Transportation of Mr. Muir A 146
Protest against the Declaration of the OL ject of the War : 147
Protest against the Vote of Thanks to Lord Hood A ee 151

The Speech of the Speaker of the House of Commons onhis giving the Thanks
of the House to the Managers of the Impeachment against Warren Has

tings, Esq. : 152)-
The King’s Speech to Loth Houses of Parliament on opening the Session,
December 30 3 ib.

Speech of his Excellency John BE carl of Westmoreland, Lord Licutendint of
Ireland, to loth Houses of Parliament, on opening the Session, Jan.

21 . . : 154
‘Ditto, on closing the Session, March 25 156
Treaty between his Britannic Majesty, the King of Prussia, and the States

General of the United Proyinces, April 19 157
Convention Letween his Britannic Majesty and the States General of the

- United Provinces, Aprill9 : 160
Treaty 'y between his Britannic Majesty” and the Duke of Brunsivick,

Nov. 8 : 161

Manifisto and Supplement pultished at Martinique, Jan: 1 . 163
Proclamation

CONTENTS.
Proclamation by i States of the Island of Jersey March Laie ees } 2

General Orders issued at St. Helena, May 2 F -o 168
General Orders issued by the Duke of York, Juné7 5 ib.
Proclamation of General IVha, yte at St. Domingo 170

Instructions to Commanders of Ships of War and Privateers, August 18 ib.
General Orders pullished ly the Duke of York, Sept.23° — . my WA
Proclamation of Robert Prescott, Esq. Lieutenant-General in Martiniquey
10th May 217
Proclamation ly Order of Sir Charles Grey, and Sir Jolin Jervis, Com-
manders in Chief of his Britannic Majesty’s Fleets and Armies in the

West Indies ; - ibs
Letter from Major Grant to General Lavaux at St. Domingo ay Fae
Letter from Colonel Wi yte to the same ; hg 174
Answer of Lavaux i 73
Memorial from Lord St. Helen to their High Mightinesses the States Ge«

neral of the United Provinces, July 29 176
Address to the Freemen of La Petite Riviere, in St. Domingo, to the Com-

mander of the English Forces 177
Answer of Lord St. Helen's toan Application made to Lord Grenville by.

the English Consul at Amsterdam, Oct. 10 178
Proclamation of the French General Massena to the People of Piedmont ib.
French Proclamation in Flanders, 22d June ‘ , 179
Decree of the Convention, July 5, 4 s . 180
Proclamation circulated at Br ussels, ain sine : ibs
Ditto, 11th July 182
Address to the Reput: ficans of the Seaand Land F orces of the Republic now!

at Guadaloupe, from the Conventional Commissioner ib.
French Proclamation to the Army of the Western Pyrenees, and the Spa-

niards of the Frontier 182

Address from the General Verifier of Assignals ad Bruges, Aug. 2] 183
Address fram the National Convention to the French People, Oct. 9 184,
Proclamation and Decree of the National Convention to all who had taken

part in the Revolt in the Departments of the West, the Coasts of Brest

and Cherlourg 187
Proclamation to the French People to accompan y the Decree of the Repeal
of the Law of the Maximum . 188
Decree of the Convention, and Address to ‘the Armies ‘ 189
Proclamation of the Canton of Berne in Swisserland , 190
Proclamation published by the Revolutionary Committee of Geneva, July
2 IGk
Preamble of the Decree by which the Rev olutionary Committee was esti,
blished . M 192;
Proclamation published at Geneva in August 195
Patent for opening @ Loan ina Coin of inferior Money to the Tr easury of
the King of Prussia 197°
Letter from the Duke of Brunsw ick tothe King of Prussia, Jan. 6 198
Ditto, from the Prince Royal of Prussia, Jan. Jz : 109
Ditto, from the King of Prussia to the Elector of Mentz . 2005
Declaration of the King of Prussia to the Diet of Ratisbon 5 ib.
Memorial of M. Daum, the Prussian Minister, to the Circles of the Lower:
Rhine, Westphalia, 12th February 201
Declaration of the King of Prussia against a general Armament of the In-
habitants of the Empire wie oe ams once

Declaration

6 ON T.E NARS.
Declaration of the King of Prussia delivered to the States of the Germanic

‘Circles, assembled at Frankfort 204
Letter from the King of Prussia to the Prince of Saxe Goloung. 205
Declaration of the King of Prussia to the German Empire, on his Secession

"from the Continental Confederacy . ib.
. Declaration of Count Golx, the Prussian Ambassador at the Diet of the

Empire 208
Declaration of the Prussian Minister to the Circles of the Upper Phine,

respecting the Prussian Contingent : ie ; 209
Imperial Proclamation at Brussels, April 17 210
Address of the Emperor to the fi vhabitants of the Netherlands ib.
Imperial Proclamation, exhorting the People of the Austrian Netherlands

to rise in a Mass, June 23 ° , P 212
Evhortation of the Prince of Saxe C olour g . a, ib.
Imperial Note delivered to the Diet at Raitisbon 214
Imperial Decree of Ratification, dated Vienna, 14th June, : 215
Imperial Decree, 13th August 216
Memorial from the Imperiat Minister Count Se ewe to. the ‘Assembly of

the Circle of the Upper Rhine, August 16 4 ib.
Imperial Edict, 28th October 220
Note presented ty the lrussian Minister to the Circles of Suabia and Fran-
* conia, August 10 : 222
Conelusum of the Circle of Feancdnia) c dressed to their Majesties the Em-

‘peror and King of Prussia, Novem ib.
Answer of the ae of Prussia to the Representation of the Circle of the
~ Upper Rhine : 223
Requisition of Count Hardent UuTg, the Prussian Minister . 224:
Royal Document published at Naples ; 225
Letter from the Committee of Public Safety of: the National Convention, to
’ the Republic of Venice ib.
Answer of the Senate of Venice to the above Address, Nov. a1 226 .
Address of the Stadthglder to the States General ib.
Extract Jrom the Register of the States General, July a, : 229
Proclamation ly y the States of Holland and West Friesland 230

Declaratory Answer of the Statesof Overysselto the exhortatory Address of
their High Mightinesses of Holland; respecting the present alarming
Crisis, August 3 . 231

Proclamation of the Magistrates of Amsterdam, October 13 232

Address of the Princé of Orange, distrib uted in the l’rovinces of Holland

* and Guelderland in the snide of October ib.

Petition of the Gitizens of Amsterdam, of the Anti- Stadholderian Party,
‘to the Magistr, rates of that City; for deliveri: "ing which the Subscribers were

imprisoned 4 232
Extracts from the Madrid Gazette, Sept. "9 ° 234
Address to the Spaniards, published in October Bi Mian! . 235
Decree of the Diet of the German Empire, passed 14th October ~ 237

Convention for the common Defence of the Liberty and Safety of the Danish
* and Swedish Commerce aud Navigation, between the Kings of Denmark and

Sweden, concluded at Copenhagen, March 27 x 238
Phe We of Denmark's Fa ad the si rade of Denmark and Nor: way during
the Wor * ‘ F ~ 240

Note

CONTENTS. |

Note delivered by the Russian Chargé d’ Affairs, tothe Chancelloe of Sweden,
August 6th ty Bad

Reply: of the Russian Aadasiador ts We Po ‘le, to a Ripken of the a
van

Propositions m ate “by the Rugslan Mindein a the Parte, to the Reis Effendi ib,

Note presented hy the British Ambassador to the Die of Constantinople 242

Messase from General Washington to Congress, with a Reda annexed etn

Ditto, “April 16 é 246

Memorial from Mr, Jay, the American Waar Pleni ipotentiary at the Bri. de
tish Court, to Lord Grenville : : PAT

Aiiswer to the above Memorial 248

«1 Talk from the White Licutenant of Ohbrust ‘ee, the Mad Dog of Tuckabatchie,
and Alexander Cornell, authorized ‘by the Creck Nation to send the same to
William Panton, Merchant in Pensgcola | Q5€
Reply made by Lord Dorchester to a Deputation from Sener Tiber of Indians
at a Council held at the Castle of St. Lewis, in the ‘City of Quebec, es

10 ; 951
Message from Gbichal Washington to Congress, ” May 21 959
Proclamation published by Authority, at New York, by the P; ident of the

United States of America, Sept. 29 ' 253 |

CHARACTERS,

Anecdotes of Dr. Paul Hi iffernan. Feom the European Magazine 953.
“ecouni of the Fown of Zurich, and of the Dress and Mannets of the Inhatit-

ants. From Gray s Tour through Germany 70
Account of the Resignation of Philip V. King of Spain: ‘Front the History of
Spain, hy the Author of the History of France 272
Account of the Baschkirs. From Pallas's Travels among the Kalmucks and
Tartars > ‘274
Character of William Rifas: From Andy ews’s History of Great Britain 276
Character of King John. From the same 273
Aecount of the famous Giraldus Camlbrensis. Fram the same - 280
Account of James Bruce, Esq. the late celetrated Abyssinian Traveller 281
Accoun: of Henry Jones. From the European Magexine S284
Account of Nell Gwyn. From the Notes to the new Translation of Gram-
mont’s Memoirs : 207

Account of the late George Colman, Esq. From the eet hie Mega-.
wine . . 209
NATURAL HISTORY.

Description of Corsica 303
Ol servations .on Middlesex Agriculture, ty abraham Wilkinson, M. Dy

- From the Annals of “Agriculture f . ~~ 804
TRild Catélein Nobthsnberlantk: From the same 3)2

Account of some remarkable Caves in the Principality of Bayreuth, and of
the Fossil Bones found therein. From the Philosophical Transactions 313 -
Olservations on’ the Fossil Bones presented’ to -the Royal Society ty the:

Margrave of Anspach, From the same 316.
Account of a spontaneous Inflammation, ly Isaac Humfries; Esq.from the
same . . : ~ 321

Description

Se ltCS

CONTEN TS.

Dubtinsion of a new Species of Wart ler; called the Wopdibren, From Vol. 2
of the Transactions of the Linnean Society 3092
Oljections against the Perceptivity of Plants, so far as is ewinced by their ex-
ternal Motions, in Answer to Dr. Percival’s Memoir in the Manchester
Transactions, by Rotert Townson, Esq. From the same 892,
Olservations and Enquiries made upon and concerning the Coal. 1¥o rks at
Whitehaven From the Transactions of the Royal Irish Ac ademy 326
On the Similarity between the Physiology of Plants and Animals. From
Sullivan's View of Nature ! 5 am: 833

USEFUL PROJECTS.

Account of a Method of Curing Burns and Scalds, ty Mr. David Cleghorn, of
Edinburgh, From Medical Facts 3 $56
Account of a curious Chivurgical Operation, long practised i im India, of affix-
ing anew Nose ona Man 5 Face 34
An Account of some Experiments upon coloured Shadows, by Count Rumford.
From the Philosophical Transactions 342
Specification of a Patent for a Method of Warming Booiniaeil Buildings with
hot Air of a more pure Quality than has hitherto been used. .From the
Repertory of Arts 348
Method of making Instruments of E hike Gum, with Me Bottles that are
trought from Br -azil; by M. Grossart. From the Annales de Chimie 349
On a Method af’ ascertaining an universal and invariable Standard of Mea-

sure. From the Repertor 'y of Arts 354
A Method of preparing a Sulphureous Medicinal Water, Ly the Ren, Edward
Kenney. From the I- ish Transactions 355
On the [Improvement of Coppices, by the Bishop of Ee taant ate oes Pringle’s
General View of the Agriculture of the County of Westinoreland "358
On the Manufacture of “Indigo at Ambore, ty Licutenant-Colonel Claude
Martin. From the Tr anscttions of the Asiatic Soc ciety . 301
Extract fiom a Treatise on the Manufacture of Iadigo, b y Mr. de Cossigny.
From the same ‘ , i 302

ANTIQUITIES.
Copy of a scarce printed Paper, being the Resolutions of the Loyal Gentry of

‘Lincolnshire, 1642 ‘ : 363
Pensions g oranted ly King Charles TT tn the Year 1673 864
Account o of the Remains ¢ of Fompeiit and Herculaneum. From G iray’s Tour

through Germany, &c. 365

Letter. from Rolert Vaughan, the Welsh Antiquary, io Archtishop Usher 367
An Account of the Bevre: of Chess, as played by the Chinese, by leyles Trwin,
Esq From the [risk Transactions 368
Unputlished Letters, &c respecting Dr. Walton's Translation of the Bible.
Transcriled from the Common-place Book of Mr, John Dwight, Secretary

to Bishop Wallis 373
The Greek Fire, an'ancient Mode of IVarfure. From Andrews's Histor. u of

Great Britain Th
Account of the first antennee estal lished in England. From Lord Mount:

morres § History of the Irish Parliament S875

An Essay on the Invention of Printing. From the Gentlemant s Maga-
ine A - 377

CONTENTS.

Conference Letween Bishop Gardiner and Sir James Hales, 1583, Copied
verlatim from a scarce Specimenof early Printing, in the possession of the
late Mr, Ames ° : ‘ 380

MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS.

The Land of Nineveh, a Fragment, addressed to the Farmers of Great Britain
and Ircland, ly a Friendto Husbandry ‘y. Fromthe Annals of Agriculture 382
‘On Planting, by A. Young, Esq. From the same 383
The Comparative Authenticity of Tacitus and Suetonius, illustrated by y the Ques-
tion, ** Whether Nero was the Author of the memorable Conflagration at
Rome ?” by Arthur Brown, LL.D. From the Irish Transactions 388
Extract from the Looker-on, a Periodical Paper ; P 395
Extracts from Mrs. Pioxzi’s British Synonymy 400
dn Account of the State of the Body and Mind in Old “Age, with Olserva-
tions on its Diseases and their Remedies, bu Dr. Rush, of Philadelphia wai

POETRY.

Ode for the New Year, 1794, by H. J. Pye, Esq. Poet can perniite |B
Ode for his Majesty's Birth-day, by the same : 412
Gaffer Gray, by Mr. Holcroft : : . 414
Impromptu Al5

Upon the Promotion of Mr. Gitto ‘on to the Board of Trade, in\7 “79, by Charles
James For, Esq. ib.
Occasional Prologus, written % Major-G eneral Fi itzpatr ich, and ‘spoken ty Mr..-

ea on opening the Fheatre Royal Drury, y- -lane with Macteth, April

ib.
Epilogue, written on tl € same Occasion, ly Geo; ge Colman, Esq. and spok-n
ly Miss Farren 416

Poetical Remonstrance to a Young Heir tust come of dae, ly ie Johnson A1Q
Qn Reading Mr. Howard's Acc unt of emia Jrom FReR Yy the Rev.

WL Bowles ! ib.
Anthony and Cleopatra, from Roman Per traits, a Poem i in Heroic Ver Se, ly
Rolert Jephson, Esq. : 420

A Protestant Uncle to his Protestant Nieces, on nthe vis siting Wardour Castle,
in Wr its, the Seat of Lord Ar Sout on St. Peter's Day, byt W. Seward,
Esq. 422

Ferses tr anslate ed from the Persian, ly Sir William Jones : 424

Sonnet on the Death of Robert Riddell, Esq. of GlenriddeHl ‘ 426,

ACCOUNT OF BOOKS FOR 1794.

Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life; vol.1. ty Eresmus Darwin, M.D.
F.R.S. Autho- of the Bot inic Garden, Ato. 1794 427.
The History of ‘the Origin, Progress, and Termination of the Ameri-an War,
by Charts Stedman. Esq. w ho sePeed under Sir Wallin Haw e, Sir Henry

Clinton, and the Marquis Cornw allis, 2 vel. Ato 1704. ‘ 436
A Fiew of the Evidence of Christianity, in three Parts Ly William Paley,
ALA, Archdeacon of Carlisle, 1794 , 443

Printgd by R. Wilks, 89, Chancery Lane.

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Full text of "The annual register, or, a view of the history, politics and literature for the year .."

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