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/ 

,/V5' 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT 

OF THE 

NEW YORK 
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY 

CHARTERED IN 1895 

OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY 

A PUBLIC ZOOLOGICAL PARK 

THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE ANIMALS 

THE PROMOTION OF ZOOLOGY 

190? 



NEW YORK 

OFFICE OF THE SOCIETV. n WALL STREET 

JANUARY, 1906 



Cr»i'VKu;HT, 1906, IJY 
THK NKW YORK ZOOUKMCAI. SOCIETY 



^br (Croto pctHy iFIno ISorii 



.} 



// 






Content0« 

PAGE 

Board of Managers 9 

Officers of the New York Zoological Society . . .11 

List of Members . 13 

Report of the Executive Committee 31 

Game Protection in 1905 44 

Treasurer's Reports 47 

Park Improvement Fund 47 

General Fund 48 

General Fund 49 

Income Account 50 

Animal Fund 51 

Maintenance Fund 52 

Ground Improvement Fund 53 

Aquarium Improvement Fund 55 

Aquarium Fund 56 

Report of the Director W.T. Ilornaday 59 

Ungulates in the Zoological Park . . W. T, Hornaday 88 

A Deadly Fungus on the American Chesnut 

Hermann W, Merkel 97 

Aquarium Report Charles H, Townsend 104 

Radiographs Charles H, Townsend 117 

List of Gifts to the Zoological Society 126 

Report of the Medical Department . . W. Reid Blair 138 

Our Collection of Amphibians . . Raymond L. Ditmars 145 

The Swans C. William Beebe 1 59 

The Wichita Buffalo Range . . . . /. Alden Loring 181 

The Idaho Moose Harlow Brooks^ M.D. 201 

Mountain Goat Hunting with the Camera 

Henry Fairfield Oshorn 217 

By-Laws 235 



It^it of 3IUu0tration0« 



PAGE 



American Bison in the Zoological Park (1905) 

The Lion House, Baird Court .... 

Map Showing Recent Addition to the Park 

Audubon Court from the Antelope House 

South American Tapir 

Spraying a tree infected with fungus 

A healthy specimen of the chestnut 

Chestnut tree shown on page 98 

All that remains of a once fine tree 

Blue Crab 

Coney .... 

Yellow Perch . 

Asirangia and Tubular ia 

Queen Trigger Fish 

Skate Radiograph 

Sea Horse 

Copperhead 

Mud Puppy 

Chambered Nautilus 

Butterfly Fish 

Surgeon Fish 

Brook Trout 

Salamanders 

California Newt 

Congo "Snake" 

Mud Puppy . 

Siren 

Common Newt . 

Larva of the Axolotl 

Hellbender 

Transformation of Frog and Toad 

Transformation of the Leopard Frog 

Tree Toad 

Mute Swans .... 

Black Swans .... 

Black Swans and Cygnets . 

Head of Black-Necked Swan 

Black-Necked Swans 

Heads of Whooping, Bewick's and "Whistling Swan 



Frontispiece 



30 
38-39 

58 

87 
96 

98 

99 
00 

04 
06 

07 
08 

09 

16 

17 
18 

19 
20 

21 

22 

23 
24 

44 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 
52 
54 
55 
56 

58 
66 

67 
68 

69 
74 



8 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Heads of Trumpeter, Black, and Mute Swans 

Bewick's Swan ... 

Whooping Swan 

Trumpeter Swans and Nest 

Trumpeter Swans 

Sketch Map of Proposed Buffalo Preserve 

Oak Timber, Wichita Buffalo Range 

Township Map Showing Proposed Range 

Winter Valley .... 

Highest Mountain on the Range 

v^ACHE v^REEK ..... 

Moose Mountain .... 
Gully Leading into Main Canon 
Canon of Big Robinson 

Sketch Map 

Head of Young Bull Moose 

Ascending Goat Creek . 

The Line Followed by the Herd 

Figures A and B, Goat's Foot . 

Photographs sssl 

Photograph 4 

Photograph s 

Photograph 6 

Photograph 7 

Photograph 8 

Photograph 9 

Photograph 10 . 

Photographs 11-12 

Photographs i3-i3a 



PAGE 

175 
178 

179 

182 

184 

187 

IQO 

191 

194 

203 

204 

205 

207 

213 

217 

218 

221 

222 

224 

225 

226 

226 

227 

228 

229 

230 

231 



Board of ittanageris 



Ex-Officio; 



( Hon. George B. McClellan, Mayor of New York. 
} Hon. Moses Herrman, President Dep't of Parks. 



CLASS OF 1907. 



F. Augustus Schermerhorn, 
A. Newbold Morris, 
Percy R. Pyne, 
George B. Grinnell, 
Jacob H. Schiff, 
Edward J. Berwind, 



George C. Clark, 
Cleveland H. Dodge, 
C. Ledyard Blair, 
Cornelius Vanderbilt, 
Nelson Roblnson, 
Frederick Gilbert Bourne. 



CLASS OF t90a. 



Henry Fairfield Osborn, 
Charles T. Barnt:y, 
Willlam C. Church, 
LisPENARD Stewart, 
H. Casimir de Rham, 
George Crocker, 



Hugh D. Auchincloss, 
Charles F. Dieterich, 
James J. Hill, 
George F. Baker, 
Grant B. Schley, 
Payne Whitney. 



CLASS OF t»09. 



Levi P. Morton, 
Andrew Carnegie, 
Morris K. Jesup, 
John L. Cadwalader, 
Philip Schuyler, 
John S. Barnes, 



Madison Grant, 
William White Niles, 
Samuel Thorne, 
Henry A. C. Taylor, 
Hugh J. Chisholm, 
William D. Sloane. 



OFFICERS 

OP THE 



jletD Hotk %oolosttal ^octetp 



President : 

HON. LEVI P. MORTON. 

First Vice-President: Second Vice-President: 

HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. JOHN L. CADWALADER. 



(Crecatite Commtttee. 

CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman, 
JOHN S. BARNES, MADISON GRANT. 

PHILIP SCHUYLER. WILLIAM AVHITE NILES, 

SAMUEL THORXE. HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. 

LEVI P. MORTON, Ex-ofjicio. 

Secretary : 

MADISON GRANT, 

II Wall Street. 
Treasurer : 

PERCY R. PYNE. 

52 Wall Street. 
Director of the Zoological Park : 

WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, 

183d Street and Southern Boulevard. 
Director of the Aquarium : 

CHARLES H. TOWNSEXD. 

Battery Park. 
Architects : 

HEINS & LA FAROE. 

Consulting Landscape Architect: 

JAMES L. GREENLEAF. 

Consulting Engineer : 

H. De B. PARSONS. 



^cimttfit Council. 

WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Chairman. 

J. A. ALLEN, American Museum of Natural History. 

FRANK M. CHAPMAN, American Museum of Natural History. 

WILLIAM STRATFORD, College of the City of New York. 

CHARLES L. BRISTOL, University of New York. 

GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL, Editor of Forest and Stream. 

HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, Columbia University. 

CHARLES B. DAVENPORT, Director Biological Laboratory, Cold 

Spring Harbor, N. Y. 
CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director of the New York Aquarium. 
MADISON GRANT, Secretary New York Zoological Society, Ex-officio. 
CHARLES T. BARNEY, Chairman Executive Committee, Ex-officio. 

(Bf&ttvfi of t|)e ^^ooloffical |)ar1k* 

WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, 

Director and General Curator. 

H. R. MITCHELL Chief Clerk and Disbursing Officer. 

RAYMOND L. DITMARS Curator of Reptiles. 

C. WILLIAM BEEBE Curator of Birds. 

H. W. MERKEL Chief Forester and Constructor. 

GEORGE M. BEERBOWER CivilEngineer. 

ELWIN R. SANBORN Photographer and Assistant Editor. 

Medical Staff. 

HARLOW BROOKS, M.D Pathologist. 

W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S Veterinarian. 



3lqoatitiin Committee* 

CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Chairman. 

CHARLES L. BRISTOL, University of New York. 

BASHFORD DEAN, Colimibia University. 

ALFRED G. MAYER, Tortugas Laboratory of Carnegie Institute. 

CHARLES B. DAVENPORT, Director Biological Laboratory, Cold 

Spring Harbor, N. Y. 
THOMAS H. MORGAN, Columbia University. 
EDMUND B. WILSON, Columbia University. 
WILLIAM E. DAMON. 
ROSWELL MORSE SHURTLEFF. 

®ffiter0 of t|)e SLquariam. 

CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, Director. 

LEONARD B. SPENCER Asst. in Charge of Fresh-water Collections 

WASHINGTON I. DE NYSE Asst. in Charge of Marine Collections 

EBEN R. SAMPSON Clerk and Disbursing Officer 



MEMBERS 



OF THE 



j^e\D gork %oological g>octet^. 



^onorarp iltemberfi;. 



Prof. J. A. Allen, 
Prof. Alexander Agassiz, 
The Duke of Bedford, 
Mr. Arthur Erwin Brown, 
Dr. Frank M. Chapman, 



Dr. Philip Lutley Sclater. 



Prof. Daniel Giraud Elliot, 

♦Sir William Flower, 

*Dr. F. L'Hoest, 

Dr. C. Hart Merriam, 

Hon. Lionel Walter Rothschild, 



benefactor. 

Rockefeller, William 

iPottnlierfli* 



Baker, George ¥., 
Barnes, John S., 
Barney, Charles T., 
Berwind, Edward J., 
Bourne, Frederick Gilbert, 
Cadwalader, John L., 
Carnegie, Andrew, 
Dieterich, Charles F., 
♦Dodge, William E. 
♦Goelet, Robert 
Gould, George J., 
Gould, Miss Helen Miller 
♦Huntington, C. P. 
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 
Morton, Hon. Levi P., 



♦Ottendorfer, Oswald. 
Payne, Col. Oliver H., 
Pyne, Percy Rivington, 
Rockefeller, John D.. 
Schermerhorn, F. Augustus, 
ScHiFF, Jacob H., 
Sloane, William D., 
Taylor, Henry A. C, 
Thompson, Mrs. Frederic Ferris, 
Thorne, Samuel, 
Trevor, Mrs. John B., 
♦Vanderbilt, Cornelius. 
Vanderbilt, William K., 
♦Whitney, Hon. William C. 
Wood, Mrs. Antoinette Exo. 



♦Babcock, Samuel D. 
Blair, C. Ledyard, 
♦Carter, James C. 
Chisholm, Hugh J., 
Crocker, George, 
Jesup, Morris K., 



2[00octate jFottnUettf* 

OsBORN, Prof. Henry Fairfield, 
Schuyler, Philip, 
Stewart, Lispenard, 
Stokes, Miss Caroline Phelps, 
Sturgis, Mrs. Frank K., 
Tiffany & Co., 
Vanderbilt, Cornelius. 

* Deceased. 



14 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



patrons* 



♦Arnold, Hicks. 
AucHiNCLOss, Mrs. Hugh D.. 
Bliss, Cornelius N., 
♦Bliss, George T. 
Brewster, Robert S., 
Clark, George Crawford, 
Clark, Mrs. George Crawford, 
♦Constable, Frederick A. 
♦Cook, Henry H. 
Dodge, Cleveland H., 
Ehret, George, 
♦Flower, Roswell P. 
Ford, James B., 
Ford, J. Hoavard, 
Harkness. Charles W., 
Havemeyer, Henry O.. 
Havemeyer, William F., 
♦Hewitt, Abram S. 
Hill, James J., 
♦Hoffman, Very Rev. E. A. 
♦Iselin, Adrian. 
James, D. Willis, 
James, Norman, 
Jennings, Miss A. B., 
Kennedy, John Stewart, 
Lewis, Mrs. George, 
Mayer, Dr. Alfred G., 
Morris, A. Newbold, 
Morris, Mrs. A. Newbold, 



Morris, Miss Eva Van Cortlandt^ 

Morris, Newbold. 

OsBORN, William Church. 

♦Osborn, Mrs. William H., 

Poor, Henry W., 

♦Pyne, Mrs. Percy R., 

Robinson, Nelson, 

Ryan, Thomas F., 

♦Schermerhorn, William C, 

Schley, Grant B., 

vSeligman, Isaac Newton, 

♦Stickney, Joseph, 

Stickney, Mrs. Joseph, 

Taylor, James B., Jr., 

Thorne, Edwin, 

Thorne, Francis B., 

Thorne, Henry S., 

Thorne, Joel W., 

Thorne, Landon K., 

Thorne, Miss Phebe Anna, 

Thorne, Samuel, Jr., 

Thorne, S. Brinckeriioff, 

Thorne, Victor C, 

Thorne, William, 

TjADER, Mrs. Margaret T., 

Twombly, H. McK., 

Von Post, Herman C, 

♦Webb, William H., 

♦Wolff, A. 



Life fRtmhtxti. 



Adams. Edward Dean, 
Agnew, Miss A. G., 
Andrews, Constant A., 
Andrews, J. Sherlock, 
♦Arnold, John H. V., 
AucHiNCLOss, Hugh D., 
♦Avery, Samuel P., 
Avery, Samuel P., Jr., 
Ballantine, Robert F., 
Barbour, Thomas, 
Barbour, William, 
Barhydt, Mrs. P. Hackley, 
Barnes, Miss Cora F., 
Barnes, Miss Mildred, 
Beebe, C. William, 
Belmont, August, 
Betts, Samuel Rossiter, 
♦Bishop, Heber R., 
Bishop, Heber Reginald, 
Blackford, Eugene G., 
Boldt, George C, 
Bond, Frank S., 
Booth, William H., 
Bowdoin, George S., 



Brown, George McKesson, 
Bruce, Miss Matilda W., 
Burden, Henry, 2D, 
BusHNELL, Joseph. 
Butler, William Mill, 
Cammann, George P., 
Camp, Hugh N., Jr., 
♦Canfield, a. Cass, 
Chanler, Winthrop, 
Chisholm, Hugh J., Jr., 
Church, E. Dwight, 
Church, William Conant, 
Clarkson, Banyer, 
♦Cochran, W. F., 
CoE, William R., 
Colgate, William, 
CoLLARD, Mrs. George'^^W., 
conyngham, william l., 
Cook, C. T., 
Corning, John J., 
CoxE, Davies, 
Crane, Zenas, 
Crimmins, John D., 
cuyler, c. c, 



* Deceased. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



15 



Davis, E. W., 
Davis, John W. A., 
deCoppet, Edward J., 
Delafield, Albert, 
De Rham, Charles, 
DicKERMAN, Watson B., 
Dickey, Charles D., 
Dodge, George Eqleston, 
Dodge, Marcellus Hartley 
DoELGER, Charles P., 
DoELGER, Peter, 
DoELGER, Peter, Jr., 
Draper, Mrs. Henry, 
Du Bois, Miss Ethel, 
Du Bois, Miss Katherine, 
Du Bois, William A., 
Dunscombe, George Elsworth, 
Elliott, Samuel, 
Ellis, W. Dixon, 
Eno, Amos F., 
Fairchild, Hon. Charles S., 
Ferguson, Mrs. Farquhar. 
Ferguson, Miss May, 
Field, Cortlandt de Peyster, 
Fleitmann, William Medlicott, 
Flint, Charles R., 
French, S. Barton, 
Gerry, Elbridge T., 
Goodwin, James J., 
Grant, Madison, 
♦Green, Andrew H., 
Guggenheim, S. R., 
GuNTHER, Bernard G., 
Gunther, Franklin L., 
Hagenbeck, Carl, 
Harkness, Edward S., 
Harkness, Mrs. S. V., 
Harrah, Charles J., 
Harris, Alan C. 
Haven, George G., 
♦Hayes, R. Somers, 
Hearn, George A., 
Henderson, Charles R., 
HiGGiNsoN, Col. James J., 
Hill, Hugh, 
Hopkins, George B., 
HoRNADAY, William T., 
Hubbard, Thomas H., 
Huntington, Archer M., 
Hyde, James H., 
Jennings, Oliver G., 
King, George Gordon, 
KiNGSLAND, William M., 
Kissel, Gustav E., 
♦Knower, Benjamin, 
kunhardt, w. b., 
La Faroe, C. Grant, 
Langdon, Woodbury G., 
Lanier, Charles, 



Lee, Charles Northam, 
Leeds, Mrs. Warner M., 
Lehman, S. M., 
LouNSBERY, Richard P., 
Low, C. Adolphe, 
Low, Seth, 
Lydig, David, 
Lydig, Capt. Philip M., 
McAlpin, Charles Williston, 
McCoMB, J. Scott, 
McKiM, Charles F., 
McLane, Guy Richards, 
Mackay, Clarence H., 
Mackay, Donald, 

MaCY, V. EVERIT, 

Maitland, Alexander, 
Mallory, Charles H., 
Marc, Theophilus M., 
Markoe, Dr. Francis H., 
♦Markoe, James B., 
Marshall, Louis, 
♦Mason, Thomas H., 
Miller, Dr. George N., 
Mitchell, Roland G., 
Moore, Mrs. James Amory, 
Morris, James, 
Nesbitt, a. G., 
Newbold, Thomas, 
Nichols, Mrs. William Oilman, 
NiLEs, J. Barron, 
NiLEs, William White, 
Parish, Henry, 
Parrish, James C, 
Peabody, Charles A., 
Perkins. William H., 
Phipps, Henry, 
Phoenix, Lloyd, 
Phoenix, Phillips, 
PiERREPONT, John Jay, 

PiNCHOT, J. W., 

Potter, Mrs. Henry C, 
Pratt, Dallas B., 
Proctor, A. Phimister, 
QuiNTARD, George W., 
Raymond, Charles H., 
RiKER, Samuel, Jr., 
RoBB, J. Hampden, 
RoBBiNS, Milton, 
Rogers, Archibald, 
Russ, Edward, 
Sampson, Henry, 
Sands, William R., 

SCHERMERHORN, J. EgMONT, 
SCHIEFFELIN, EUGENE, 

ScHiFF, Mortimer L., 
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 
Sheldon, Charles, 
Sherman, George, 
Sherman, William Watts 



* Deceased 



16 



XKW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Shields, George C. 
Simpson, Miss Jean Walker. 
♦Slattery, James, 
Sloan, Benson B., 
Sloan, Samuel, 
Sloan, Samuel, Jr., 
Sloan e, Iohn. 
Speyer, James, 
♦Sterne, Simon, 
Stetson, Francis Lynde, 
Sturges, Frederick, 
-Sturgis, Frank K., 
Thalman, Ernst, 
Thompson, Lewis S., 
Thompson, William P., 
TiLFORD. Frank, 
Todd, William R., 
Townsend, Charles H., 

Wood, Miss 



♦Travers. Miss Susan, 
Trevor. Henry G., 
Trevor. John B., 
Uhlmann, Frederick. 
Wadsworth, Major \V. Austin, 
Wainwright, Richard T., 
Walker, Dr. Henry Freeman, 
Warhurg, Felix M., 
Warren, Samuel D., 
Watson, Francis A., 
W^elcher, Mrs. Fanny Avery, 
Whealton, Louis N., 
♦Whitehead, Charles E., 
Whitehead, Paul, 
Whitney, Harry Payne, 
Whitney, Payne, 
WiLLETS, Howard, 
Wing, John D., 
Eleanor Denniston. 



Snnttal fRtmbtxa. 



Abeel, George, 
Abeel, John H., 
Abercrombie, David T., 
Achelis, Fritz, 
Achelis, John, 
Adams, Frank Lanson, 
Adams, Frederick T., 
Adams, Samuel, 
Adams, Thatcher M., 
Adriance, Rev. Harris Ely, 
Agens, Frederick Girard, 
Agnew, Andrew G., 
Agnew, Mrs. Cornelius R., 
Aitken, John W., 
Alden, R. Percy, 
Aldrich, Mrs. James Herman, 
Alexander, Mrs. Charles B., 
Alexander, Frank D., 
Alexander, James W., 
Alexander, Dr. Welcome T., 
Alexander, Mrs. William, 
Alexandre, J. Henry, 
Allen, Ethan, 
Allen, James Lane, 
Allgoever, a., 
Ams, Max, 

Amundson, John A., 
Anderson, A. A., 
Anderson, P. Chauncey, 
Andreini, J. M., 
Appleton, Francis R., 
Appleton, James W., 
Archbold, Mrs. J. F., 
Archbold, John D., 
Archer-Shee, Mrs. Martin, 

Arend, f. y., 



Armour, George A., 
Armour, Mrs. Herman O., 
AsTOR, John Jacob, 
AucHiNCLOss, Mrs. Edgar S., 
AucHiNCLOss, Hugh, 
AucHiNCLoss, John W., 
Austin, George C. 
Aycrigg, B. Arthur, 
Ayer, Frederick F., 
Baker, Stephen, 
Balcom, Dr. Irving S , 
Baldwin, Frederick H., 
Baldwin, Dr. Jared G., 
Baldwin, Jared G., Jr., 
Banfield, Elwood, 
Bangs, Dr. L. Bolton, 
Banks, Theodore H., 
Barbey, Henry L, 
Barclay, J. Searle, Jr., 
Barclay, Mrs. Reginald, 
Barnard, J. Augustus, 
Barnes, Mrs. Harriette S., 
Barnes, Herbert S., 
Barnes, J. Sanford, Jr., 
Barney, A. L., 
Barney, Ashbel H., 
Barney, Miss Katherine L., 
Barney, Mrs. J. Stewart, 
Barney, N. C, 
Barnum, William M., 
Barr, William, 
Barron, Dr. John C, 
Barron, George D., 
Bartels, William, 
Batterson, James G., 
Baumann, Gustav, 

Deceased 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



17 



Baxter, George S.. Jr., 
Bayard, Louis P., 
Baylies, Edmund L., 
Baylies, Mrs. Nathalie E., 
Baylis, William, 
Beach, Frederick C, 
Beach, Walter R., 
Beadleston, Alfred N., 
Beal, William R., 
Beard, Daniel Carter, 
Becker, C. E., 
Becker, Christian, 
Becker, Philip, 
Beerbower, George M., 
Beers, M. H., 
Bell, Edward, 
Belmont, Perry, 
Bement, Edward, 
Benkard, Harry H., 
Benjamin, Eugene S., 
Benson, Frank Sherman, 
Benson, Miss Mary, 
Benson, Miss Thyrza, 
Berolzheimer, E., 
Bernheimer, Charles L., 
Bernheimer, Simon E., 
Bertron, S. R., 
BicKMORE, Prof. Albert S., 
BiGELOw, Henry B., 
Billings, Frederick, 
Billings, H. B., 
Billings, Miss Mary M., 

BiRCHALL, W. H., 

Bird, Edward Dimon, 

Bird, George, 

Bishop, Miss Mary Cunningham 

♦Blagden, George, 

Blagden, Mrs. Julia G., 

Blair, D. C, 

Blair, J. Insley, 

Blake, Dr. Joseph A., 

Blakeslee, T. J., 

Bliss, Ernest C, 

Blodgett, William Tildon, 

♦Blodgett, Mrs. William T., 

Bloodgood, Robert F., 

Bloomingdale, Joseph B., 

*Bloomingdale, Lyman G., 

Bloss, James O., 

Blumenstiel, a,, 

Boas, Emil L., 

Boekelman, Prof. Bernardus, 

Boettger, H. W., 

Boettger, Theodore M., 

BoGERT, Edward C, 

Boissevain, G. L., 

Bolton, Mrs. Joseph B., 

Bolton, John W., 

Bolton, Thomas, Jr. 



Bolton, William H., 
Bond, Alfred H., 
Bond, William Edward, 
Bonner, G. T., 
Bonner, Paul R., 
Borgstede, John G., 
Borland, J. Nelson, 
Borland, William G., 
Borne, John E., 
BoTELER, Elijah S., 
BowDoiN, Temple, 
BowEN, Clarence Winthrop, 
Bowers, John'M., 
Bradford, J. H., 
Bradley, Edson, 
Bradley, J. R., 
Brady, Mrs. J. R., 
Brady, Nicholas F., 
Brainerd, Ira H., 
Brainin, Fred., 
Brand, Oscar J., 
Brandreth, Courtenay, 
Braun, Frederick, 
Breidenbach, Charles M., 
Brewer, William A., Jr., 
Brewster, Mrs. Benjamin, 
Brewster, George S., 
Brinckerhoff, Elbert A., 
Brinsmade, Charles Lyman, 
Bristol, Prof. Charles L., 
Bristol, John I. D., 
Bristow,'William B., 
Bronson, Dr. Edward Bennet, 
Brown, Hon. Addison, 
Brown, Charles F., 
, Brown, Miss Ellen W., 
Brown, John Crosby, 
Brown, Vernon Carleton, 
Brown, Waldron P., 
Browning, J. A., 
Browning, William H., 
Brownlee, Arthur A., 
Brucker, Carl, 
Brunn, Julius W., 
Bryant, Dr. Joseph D., 
Bryce, Mrs. William, 
BucKHOUT, William H., 
BucKNER, Thomas A., 
BuDD, Henry A., 
BuLKLEY, Edwin M., 
BuLKLEY, Mrs. Edwin M., 
Bull, Charles Livingston, 
Bull, Robert Maclay. 
Bull. William L., 
Bull, Dr. William T., 
Bumpus, Prof. Hermon C, 
Burden, James A., Jr., 
Burgess, Edward G., 
Burke, B. J., 

Deceased. 



18 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Burleigh, George W., 

Burleigh, Mrs. George W., 

BuRNHAM, Mrs. Douglas W., 

Burr, Winthrop, 

burras, h. k., 

BuRRiLL, Alfred C, 

Bush, John S., 

Butler, Arthur W., 

Butt, Gen. McCoskrv, 

Caesar, Henry A., 

Calef, Amos H., 

Calhoun, Henry W., 

Calman, Henry L., 

Cammann, Edward C, 

Cammann, Henry Lorillard, 

Cammann, Hermann H., 

♦Campbell, John. 

Canfield, George Folger, 

Canfield, Richard A., 

Cannon, H. W., Jr., 

Cannon, James G., 

Cardeza, T. D. M., 

Carey, Henry T., 

Carpender, William, 

Carpenter, Philip, 

Carrere, John M., 

Carroll, Royal Phelps, 

Carstensen, Mrs. John, 

♦Carter, Walter S. 

Case, E. R., 
Castree, John W., 

Caswell, John H., 
Cathcart, Miss Jennie R., 
Cerero, R. L., 
Chabot, Theodore J., 
Chambers, Frank R., 
Chambers, James, 
Chambers, John A., 
Champollion, Andre, 
Chapin, Mrs. Alfred, 
Chapman, Henry Otis, 
Chapman, John Jay, 
Chauncey, Elihu, 
Cheney, George L., 
Chesebrough, Robert A., 
Chichester, Charles Darwin, 
Childs, Eversley, 
Childs, John Lewis, 
Childs, William H., 
Chisolm, B. Ogden, 
Chittenden, Jared, 
Choate, Joseph K., 
Church, Charles T., 
Church, E. D., Jr., 
Church, Frederic E.. 
Church, F. S., 
Church, Theodore W., 
Claflin, John, 
Clark, D. Crawford, 



Clark, J. Mitchell, 
Clark, L. C, 
Clark. W. A., 
Clark, William X., 
Clarke, E. A. S., 
Clarke, Thomas Shields. 
Clausen, George C, 
Cleary, John, 
Clements, G. H., 
Cleveland, Charles D., 
(^LYDE, William P., 
Cochrane, John W., 
CocKERiLL, John F., 
Cockeroft, Miss E. V., 
CocKRAN, Hon. W. Bourkk, 
CoDMAN, Mrs. Ogpen, 
Coffin, Daniel M., 
Coffin, William Edward, 
Cohen, Samuel M., 
CoLBRON, Paul Townsend, 

COLBURN, N. A., 

Colby, Howard A., 
Cole, Edward F., 
Collier, Peter F., 
Collier, Price, 
Collier, Mrs. R. J., 
Collins, Clarence Lyman, 
Collins, Dr. Stacey Budd, 
Collins, Mrs. Ellen, 
Collins, Miss Gertrude, 
Collord, George W., 
CoMSTOCK, Mrs. H. G., 
•Condon, Thomas Gerald, 
Conger, Henry C, 
Connor, Gerald C, 
Content, Harry, 
CooMBE, T. Gorton, 
Cooper, Theodore, 
CoRBiN, Austin, 
Co.RBiN, Mrs. Austin, 
Corning, C. R., 
CoRWiNE, William R., 
CoNSTAiN, Eugene H., 
Coster, Charles, 
Coster, Edward Livingston, 
Coster, Henry A., 
♦Cotter, John, 
Cotton, W. J., 
CowDiN, Winthrop, 
Cowl, Clarkson, 
CowLEs, David S., 
Cox, Charles F., 
Cox, Jennings S., 
Cox, Mark T., 

Craigie. Archibald Walpole, 
Cram, Mrs. Kathrine G., 
Crane, Albert, 
Cravath. Mrs. Paul D., 
Crawford, Tho.mas, 



* Deceased. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



19 



Crawford, Dr. W. H., 
Crawford, William, 
Cromwell, James W.> 
Cromwell, Lincoln, 
Cronemeyer, Robert, 
Cronin, Charles H., 
Crosby, C. H., 
Cross, George D., 
Cross, Mrs. C. Vanderbilt, 
Crossley, G. Reginald, 
Cruickshank, James, 
Curtis, Edward W., 
Cutler, Charles F., 
Cutter, Ralph L., 
Cutting, R. Fulton, • 
Cutting, W. Bayard, 
Dailey, Granville F., 
Daintry, W. Mansell, 
Daly, Mrs. Marcus, 
Damon, William E., 
Dana, William B., 
Daniels, George H., 
♦Danne, Dr. Frederic, 
Dards, Charles A., 
Davenport, Prof. Charles B., 
♦Davenport, Ira, 
Davenport, Mrs. Ira, 
Davidge, William H., 
Davies, Frederick M., 
Davies, J. Clarence, 
Davies, Julien Tappan, 
Davies, William Gilbert, 
Davis, Charles H., 
Davis, Daniel A., 
Davis, Gherardi, 
Davis, Howland, 
Davis, Joseph P., 
Davis, Morgan, 
Davison, Charles Stewart, 
Davison, George Howard, 
Day, Arthur M., 
Day, Mrs. Henry Mills, 
Day, Horace Lincoln, 
Dean, Prof. Bashford, 
♦DeBocande, Eugene, 
De Coppet, Henry, 
Deeves, Richard, 
De Forest, Robert W., 
Degener, J. F., 
DeGoicouria, a. v., 
De Klyn, B. F., 
Delafield, Frederick P.. 



Derby, Dr. Richard H., 
De Rham, H. Casimir, 
Devereux, Walter B., 
De Vinne, Theodore Low, 
De Witt, Walter G., 
De Witt, William G., 
Dexter, Stanley W., 
Dey, Anthony, 
Deyo, Robert E., 

DiCKERSON, E. N., 

DiEHL, George H., 

DiENST, A. P., 
Dillingham, Frank A., 
DiMocK, George E., 
Ditmars, R. L., 
Dixon, Dr. George A., 
Dixon, Robert Nicer, 
DoDD, Robert H., 
Dodge, D. Stuart, 
Dodge, Elizabeth W., 
Dodge, Miss Grace H., 
Dodge, Norman W., 
Dodge, Mrs. William E., 
DoHSE, John, 
DoMiNiCK, H. Blanchard, 
dommerich, l. f., 
doremus, f. s., 
Doubleday, F. N., 
Douglas, James, 
Douglass, Alfred, 
Dows, Mrs. David, 
Dows, Mrs. David, Jr., 
Dows, Tracy, 
Drake, William H., 
Drakenfeld, B. Ferdinand, 
Drayton, J. Coleman, 
Draz, Francis, 
Dressel, John A. H., 
Drummond, I. Wyman, 
DuANE, Richard Bache, 
DuBois, Cornelius, 
DuBois, Dr. Matthew B., 
DuER, William A., 
Dulles, William, Jr., 
Duncan, Stuart, 
Duncan, W. Butler, 
Dundas, Ralph Wurts, 
Dunham, Dr. Carroll, 
Dunham, Edward K., 
Dunham, G. H., 
Dunn, Gano S., 
Dunne, Edward B., 



Delafield, Miss Julia Livingston, Dunne, James, 

Delano, Frederic A., Duryea, Harry H., 

Delano, Warren, Jr., Duryea, Gen. Hiram, 

Delanoy, William C, Dutcher, William, 

Delesker, Charles, Edgar, D., 

Deming, L. C, Edgar, Herman L. R., 

Denicke, J, B., Edgar, Miss Julia L., 

* Deceased. 



20 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Edgar, Newbold. 
Edgell, George S., 
Edmonds, John W., 
Egerton, M., 
Eggeling, Otto, 
Egleston, D. S., 
EiDLiTZ, Robert James, 
Elbers, Mrs. Fritz, 
Elder, Mrs. Matilda A., 
Eldridge, Frederick L., 
Eldridge, Roswell. 
Eldridge, William T., 
Ellis, William H., 
Ellsworth, Duncan S., 
Ellsworth, Iohn Magee, 
Ellsworth, Lincoln, 
Emanuel, J. H., Jr., 
Emery, John J., 
Emigh, Mott, 
Emmet, C. Temple, 
Emmet, Miss Lydia F., 
Emmet, Robert Temple, 
Emmet, Mrs. William J., 
Endicott, Robert, 
English, E. M., 
Eno, John Chester, 
Epstean, Edward, 
Erbsloh, R., 
Erdmann, Martin, 
eschmann, f. w. r., 
Ettlinger, Louis, 
EusTis, John E., 
Evans, Mrs. Cadwalader, 
Evans, Richard, 

EVARTS, A. W., 

EvARTs, Sherman, 
Faas, John, 
Fabbri, Alessandro, 
Fabbri, Ernesto G., 
Fabbri, Mrs. Ernesto G., 
Fahnestock, Harris C, 
Fahnestock, William, 
Fairbanks, Henry P., 
Fairchild, David, 
Fairchild, H. S., 
Fairchild. Nelson, 
Falk, Gustav, 
Falvey, Frank A., 
Fargo, James C, 
Farnham, Paulding, 
Farrar, Nathaniel B., 
Farrelly, T. Charles, 
Farrington, Harvey, 
Fearing, George R., 
Fearon, J. S., 
Fellowes, Cornelius, 
Ferguson, Harry L., 
Fernstrom, H., 
Field, William B. Osgood, 



Fischer, William H., 
Fisher, L. G.. 
Fisk, Harvey Edward, 
Fitch, Ezra H., 
Fitzgerald, Gen. Louis, 
Flagler, Harry Harkness, 
Flint, Austin, Jr., 
Flower, Anson R., 
FoHR, Franz, 
Foot, James D., 
FoRBACH, Charles, 
Ford, Miss Lesla, 
Forrester, George B., 
Foster, Edward W., 
Foster, Giraud, 
Foster, J. Hegeman, 
Foster, Macombe G., 
Foster, Scott, 
Fowler, Otis L. R., 
Fowler, Thomas Powell, 
Eraser, Alex V., 
Eraser, Mrs. George S., 
Eraser, Miss S. Grace, 
Eraser, William C, 
French, Dr. Cecil, 
Fried, Samson, 
Frissell, a. S., 
FuLDA, Dr. Carl, 
FuLDA, Dr. Clemens, 
Fuller, Charles D., 
Fuller, Mrs. Eugene, 
Fuller, Henry D., 
Fulton, John, Jr., 
FuNKE, Edmund A., 
Ganz, Anthony, 
Garland, James A., 
Garrett, John W., 
Gautier, Dudley G., 
Gay, Joseph E., 
Geer, Mrs. Walter, 
Gerard, Mrs. James W., 
Gerli, Emanuel, 
Gerrish, John Brown, 
Gerry, Peter G., 
Gerster, Dr. Arpad G., 
Ghee, Thomas, 
GiBNEY, Dr. Virgil P., 
Gilbert, Clinton, 
Gillette, Dr. Curtenius, 
GiLSEY, Henry, Jr., 
Glazier, Henry S., 
Gleason, Michael, 
Glyn, W. E., 
goadby, w, h., 
♦goddard, f. n. 
Godfrey, Mrs. E. D., 
Godwin, Harold, 
Goldschmidt, S. a., 
Good, Martin Q., 

* Deceased. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



Goodhue, Charles E., 


.H. O,. Jr., 


Goodhue, Mrs. S. C. 


,T.A., 


Goodman, Samuel, 


G.,jR-, 


Goodridge, Mrs- F. G., 


G., 


GoTTHBLP, Charles, 




Gotthelf, Herman. 


Hawlev, Edwin 


GoTTHOLD, Frederic, 


Havnes. William De Fori 


Gould, Charles A.. 


Heckscher, John Gerard, 


Gould, Charles W,, 


Hedges, Job E., 


Gould. Edwin, 


Heiman, Abraham. 


Gould, George H,. 


Heiman. E., 


Goulden. JOSEPII A,, 


Heiman, Mrs. Sophie, 


Granbehry, W. H., 


Heins, George L„ 


Grant, Chapman. 


Heinshbimeh, L. a., 


Grant, R, S,. 


Heintz, John C„ 


Graves, William L,, 


Heitemeyer, Cleme:js. 


Grbeff. Ernest F,. 


Held, Dr. R. Johnson. 


Greene. Gen. Francis V., 


Hencken, Hancke, 


^a^P^ .John. 
Greenwood. Isaac J„ 


Hendricks, Francis, 


Henkbl, John. 


Greer 


Henriques TId IT. A., 




He and. 


Gri "bird. 


Herrman, Mrs. Esther. 


Gri a., Jr., 


Hehter, Dr. Christian A,, 


Griswold, Chester, 


Herzoo, Lewis, 


Gross, Frank, 


Hess, Selmar, 


GuDEwiLL. Rev. Rudolph H. E., Hewitt, Mrs. Abram S., 


sa'i)^ 


Hewitt, Herbert H., 


c. 


Hill, E. B., 


GURNEE. ALTERS., 


Hill, Henry 


GwvNNB, John A., 


RED K., 


Hague, James D., 


Hinchman, Walter, 


Haight, Charles S.. 


*Hinton,Dr. John H. 


Haines, Charles D.. 


•t 



Ha 
Hals 



J.H., 



>, Ml 



5 L. P.. 



Gordon, 
Hamilton 

Hamilton, Miss Elizabeth St. 
Hamilton, William Piehson 
Hammomd, Jambs B,, 
Ha - fiN Henrv, 

Ha rry D.. 

Ha T.. 

Hard, Anson W., 
Hardenbbrgh, Mrs, John A.. 
Hardenbehgh, T. E., 
Harmon. Mrs. Clifford, 
Harper. Lathrop C, 
Hartog, Ferdinand J., Jr., 
Harvey. Eli, 

I-. 



Ho 

Hoe, m 

HoE, Mrs. Richard M., 
Hob, Mrs. Robert, 
•, Hoffman. Mrs. E. A.. 
Holbrook, Mrs. F. S., 
HoLBROOK, Miss Lilian, 
HoLDEN, Edwin B.. 
Holden, George A., 



HOLI 



., Hei 



HoLLiNS, Henry B.. 
Hollister, H, H., 
Holt, Henrv, 
HoMANS, Mrs. Edward C, 
Homer. Wallace, 
HooLEY, Edwin S., 
HopF, M. G., 
HoppiN, Hamilton L., 
HoppiN. Samuel Rowland, 
HoppiN, William W., Jr., 
Hoskier, H. C. 
HowLAND. Henrv E., 



22 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Rowland, Mrs. Henry E., 
HoYT, Colgate, 
HoYT, George S., 
HoYT, Gerald C, 
HoYT, Goold, 
HoYT, Mrs. Jesse, 
Hughes, Charles E 



Jones, H. Bolton, 
Jones, Mrs. John D. 
Jones, Lewis Q., 
Judson, H. J., 
Kahn, Louis, 
Kahn, Otto IL, 
Kallman, Charles, 



Humphreys, Mrs. Edward Walsh, Kane, John Innes, 



Huntington, Rev. W. R., 
HupPEL, J. Christopher G., 
HussEY, William H., 
HusTED, Miss M. Katharine, 
HusTED, Seymour L., Jr., 
HuTCHiNS, Augustus Schell, 
HuTTER, Karl, 
HuYLER, John C, 
Hyde, B. T. Babbitt, 
Hyde, Clarence M.. 
Hyde, Dr. Frederick E., 
Inches, George B., 

IjAMS, J. T.. 

Inness, George, Jr., 

Inslee, Mrs. Helen C., 

Iselin, Adrian, Jr., 

IsELiN, C. Oliver, 

Iselin, Columbus O'Donnell, 

Iselin, Miss Georgine, 

Iselin, John H., 

Isham, Charles H., 

IsHAM, Miss Julia, 

Isham, Samuel, 

Ivory, L. C, 

Jackson, Frederic Wendell, 

Jackson, Dr. George Thomas, 

Jackson, R. G., 
ACKSON, Samuel Macauley, 
Jackson, Theodore F., 
Jacob, Charles, 
Jacob, Lawrence, 
Jacobi, Dr. a., 
Jacobus, John S., 

JACQUELiN, Herbert T. B., 
acquelin, John H., 
James, Arthur Curtiss, 
James, Dr. Robert C, 
James, Dr. Walter B., 

Janeway, Dr. Edward G., 
EiDELL, Hugh, 
Jenkins, William B., 
[ennings, Frederick B., 

Jennings, Philander R., 

Jennings, Walter, 

Jester, Claude W., 

Jesup, Charles M., 

Jewett, C. H., Jr., 

Johnson, David S., 

Johnson, Mrs. F. Coit, 

Johnston, William J., 

JOLiNE, Adrian Hoffman, 



Kane, Miss Louisa Langdon, 

Kane, S. Nicholson, 

Karatsonyi, Martin, 

Keech, Frank B., 

Keil, Will. M., 

Kelley, Austin P., 

Kellogg, Mrs. Charles, 

Kelly, Eugene, 

Kemp, Arthur T., 

Kent, Edwin C, 

Keuffel, Wilhelm, 

Kidder, James Hathaway, 

Kimball, Alfred R., 

King, Edward, 

King, James Gore, 

King, Mrs. Leroy, 

King, N. K., 

King, Rupert Cochrane, 

King, William F., 

* King, William W. 

Kinney, Morris, 

Kip, Ira A., Jr., 

KiTCHiNG, Frank W., 

Klaw, Marc, 

Klee, Benjamin, 

Knapp, Dr. Herman, 

Knapp, John M., 

Knoedler, Roland F., 

Kohlman, Charles, 

kolb, gustave f., 

Koppel, Frederick, 

Kraus, Daniel, 

Kretz, Howard C, 

KuHN, George J., 

KUHNE, PeRCIVAL, 

KuNHARDT, Henry R., 
Kuttroff, Adolf, 
Lacombe, Hon. E. Henry, 
Ladew, Mrs. Edward R., 
La Faroe, Oliver H. P., 
Lagai, Dr. George, 
Lambert, Dr. Alexander, 
Lambert, Dr. Samuel W., 
Lamont, Mrs. Daniel S., 
Landon, Mrs. E. H., 
Landon, Francis G., 
Lane, Edward V. Z., 
Lane, James Warren, 
Lange, J. D.. 
Langeloth, J., 
Langmann, Dr. Gustav, 



* Deceased. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



23 



Lathrop, Francis, 

Latting, Charles P., 

Laudauer, I. N., 

Lawrence, Cyrus J., 

Lawrence, John Burling, 

Lawrence, Newbold T., 

Lawrence, Townsexd. 

Lawrence, Walter Bowen, 

Lawrence, W. V., 

Layng, J. D., 

Ledoux, Dr. Albert R., 

Lee, Mrs. Frederic S.. 

Lee, Prof. Frederic S., 

Lee, J. Bowers, 

Lee, William H. L., 

Lefferts, Marshall C, 

Le Gendre, William C, 

Leitner, Jacob, 

Le Roy, Alfred, 

Lesher, a. L., 

Letkemann, H. v.. 

Levy, Emanuel, 

Lewis, Frederic Elliott, 

Lewis, Miss Marguerite, 

Lewis, Percy Pyne, 

Lewis. Wadsworth Russell, 

Lewis, Dr. William J., 

Lewisohn, Adolph, 

Libbey, O. B., 

LiEBEXAU, Albert, 

Liebertz, Joseph, 

Lincoln, Lowell, 

Litchfield, Edward H., 

LiTTAUER, William, 

LivERMORE, John R., 

Livingston, William S., 

lobenstine, william christian, 

Lockwood, Williston B., 

LoEBER, Charles,- 

Logan, Walter S., 

Longfellow, Mrs. Frederick W., 

Lowell, Miss Carlotta Russell, 

* Lowell, Mrs. Charles Russell. 

LucKsiNGER, Jacques, 

Lueder, a., 

LusK, Prof. Graham, 

LUTTGEN, WaLTHER, 

Lyman, Frank, 
Lynde, Francis E. P., 
Lynde, Rollin H., 
McAlan, John, 
McAlpin, Mrs. Charles W., 
McAlpin, George L., 
*McCall, John A., 
McClure,*S. S., 
McCurdy, Richard A., 
McKim, Rev. Haslett, 
McKiM, John A., 
McKim, LeRoy, 



McKinney, Glenn Ford, 
McLean, James, 
McVicKAR, Edward, 
Mace, Arthur J., 
Maclay, Mrs. Robert, 
Macy, George A., 
Magee, John, 
Mager, F. Robert, 
Mahl, William, 
Mairs, George H., 
Mali, Pierre, 
Mann, William d'Alton, 
Mapes, Daniel, Jr., 
Mapes, Ernest S., 
Markoe, Dr. J. W.. 
Marling, Alfred E., 
Marlor, Henry S., 
Marsh, C. P., 
Marshall, Charles H., 
Marston, Edwin S., 
Martin, William R. H., 
Martinez, Migual R., 
Maslen, Richard R., 
Mathews, Thomas, 
Matthiessen, Miss Marie, 
Maxwell, Robert, 
Mehl, Henry, 
Mellen, Charles S., 
Merkel, Hermann W., 
Meyer, N. Hermann, 
Meyer, Thomas C, 
Meyrowitz, Emil B., 
middlebrook, frederick, 
MiKKELSEN, Mrs. M. A., 
deMilhau, Louis John, 
MiLBANK, Albert J., 
Miles, John, 

Miller, Mrs. Charles E., 
Miller, Edward F., 
Miller, Frank C, 
Miller, Roswell, 
Milliken, S. M., 
Mills, Abraham G., 
Mills, Andrew, 
Mills, D. O., 
Milmine, C. E., 

MiNOTT, W A., 

Mitchell, F. Kendall, 
Mitchell, H. Raymond, 
MoENCH, Hugo, 
Moffat, George Barclay, 

MONTANT. AlPHONSE, 

Montgomery, Richard M., 
Moore, Casimir de R., 
Moore, Charles Arthur, Jr. 
Moore, Miss Faith, 
Moore, Dr. John W., 
Moore, Miss K. T., 
Moore, Mrs. W. D., 



* Deceased. 



24 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Morgan, Miss Annie T., 

Morgan, Miss C. L., 

Morgan, Edwin D., 

Morgan, George E., 

Morgan, George H., 

Morgan, Mrs. J. B., 

Morgan, J. P., Jr., 

Morgan, Mrs. J. Pierpont, 

Morgan, Junius S., 

Morgan, Mrs. Junius S., 

Morgan, Dr. Thomas H., 

MoRRELL, Mrs. Robert Lee, 

Morris, Dave H., 

Morris, Fordiiam, 

Morris, John Jacob, 

Morris, Dr. Lewis Rutherfurd. 

Morse, Charles H., 

Mortimer, Richard, 

Morton, A. L., 

Morton, Mrs. Henry Samuel, 

MoTT, Henry C, 

Mott, John Bowen, 

MoTT, Jordan L., Jr., 

Mueller, Charles P., 

Munroe, Henry W., 

murgatroyd. john, 

Murray, A. S., 

Neilson, Dr. Howard S., 

Nelson, James W., 

Nesmith, James, 

Neumer, Ferdinand, 

Nichols, Acosta, 

Nichols, George L., 

Nichols, John W. T., 

Niles, Robert L., 

Noble, Alfred, 

Noble, H. G. S., 

Norrie, a. Lanfear, 

Notman, John, 

*Nott, Dr. Frederick J. 

NoYEs, Mrs. Henry D., 

Oakley, H. Cruger, 

O'CoNNELL, Michael, 

Ogden, Charles W., 

Ogden, M. C, 

Olcott, Dudley, 2D, 

Olsen, Charles P., 

Olyphant, Robert, 

Olyphant, Robert M., 

Onativia, John Victor, 

O'RouRKE, John F., 

Osborn, Mrs. E[enry Fairfield, 

OSTRANDER, MiSS MaRY M., 

Otten, Mrs. Gertrude, 
Outerbridge, Dr. Paul, 
Ovens, James, 
Overton, Dr. Frank, 
Painter, Dr. H. McM., 
Palmer, Nicholas F., 



Palmer, S. S., 
Paxcoast, Richard, 
♦Parker, Francis Eyre. 
Parsons, Edwin, 
Parsons, Mrs. Edwin, 
Parsons, H. de B., 
Parsons, John E., 
Parsons, William Barclay, 
Paterson, R. W., 
Paul, John J., 
Paul, W. A. O., 
Peabody, Stephen, 
*Pell, Mrs. Alfred. 
Pell, Stephen H P., 
Pelton, Frankli.nt D., 
Pendleton, Francis Key, 
Penfold, William Hall, 
Penniman, George H., 
Perkins, Robert P., 
Perry, Charles J., 
Peters, Charles G., 
Peters, Samuel T., 
Peters, William Richmond, 
Pfizer, Charles, Jr., 
Pickhardt, Carl, 
Piel, Gottfried, 
PiEL. Michael, 
Pierce, Henry Clay, 
PiERREPONT, Miss Anna Jay, 
Pierson, Gen. J. Fred, 

PiNCHOT, GiFFORD, 

Platt, Frank H., 
Platt, Miss Marion Erskine, 
Plympton, Gilbert M., 
Poggenburg, H. F., 
Poland, Dr. Samuel, 
Pollock, George E., 
Poor, Henry V., 
Porter, Clarence, 
Porter, William L., 
Post, Abram S., 
Post, Edward C., 
Post, George B., Jr., 
Post, Mrs. H. A. V , 
Post, William H., 
PosTLEY, Clarence A., 
Potter, Miss Blanche. 
Potter, Edward Clarkson, 
Potter, Frederick, 
Potter, Miss Martha, 
Potts, William Brevoort, 
Pratt, George D., 
Prentice, John Hill, 
Prentiss, George Lewis, 
Prime, Miss Cornelia, 
Prince, Edward S., 
Prince, Prof. J. Dyneley, 
Pryer, Charles, 
Putnam, R. M. S., 



* Deceased. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



25 



Putnam, William A., 
Pyle, James Tolman, 
Pyne, M. Taylor, 
Pyne, Mrs. M. Taylor, 
QuiNTARD, Dr. Edward, 
Rand, George C, 
Randall, Frank E., 
Randolph, Edmund D., 
Randolph, William W., 
Ranft, Richard, 
Rapallo, Edward S., 
Rathborne, Richard C, 
Rauch, William, 
Rawlins, J. Armstrong, 
Read, William A., 
Redmond, Goold H., 
Redmond, Henry S , 
Reese, T. T., 
Reimer, Otto E., 
Reincke, E. a., 
Reinhardt, George N., 
Reynolds, E. B., 
Reynolds, James Bronson, 
Rheinelander, Charles E., 
Rhinelander, Frederic W., 
Rhinelander, Miss Serena, 
Rhoades, John Harsen, 
Richard, Auguste, 
Richard, Edwin A., 
Richards, E. O , 
Riker, John L., 
Riker, Samuel, 
Ripley, H. Dillon, 
Ripley, Julian A., 
Ripley, Louis A., 
Rives, George L., 
Robbins, Chandler, 
Robertson, Mrs. Fanny P., 
Robertson, R. H., 
Robins, Thomas, 
Robinson, Eli K., 
Robinson, G. H., 
Robinson, G. N., 
Robinson, Henry A., 
RoBiNONS, John G., 
Robison, William, 
Rockwood, William H., 
Roe, Frank O., 
Roe, Irving L., 
Roelker, Alfred, 
Roesler, August, 
Rogers, E. L., 
Rogers, James H., 
Rokenbaugh, Henry S., 
Roosevelt, W. Emlen, 
Root, Elihu, 
Ropes, Albert G.. 
Rose, John J., 
Ross, P. Sanford, 



Rossiter, E. V. W., 
Roth, Frederick G. R., 
RoTHWELL, James E., 
RowELL, George P., 
Rungius, Carl, 
RuNYON, Carman R., 
RuppERT, Jacob, 
Ruppert, Mrs. Jacob, 
RuPERTi, Justus, 
Russ, William V., 
Russell, Archibald D., 
Ryan, J. D., 
Ryle, Arthur, 
St. John, F. L., 
Sackett, Clarence, 
Sackett, Miss Gertrude T., 
Sackett, Mrs. S. E., 
Sage, Dean, 
Sage, John H., 
Sage, Mrs. Russell, 
Sampson, Alden, 
Sampson, Charles E., 
Sauter, Frederick, 
Schaefer, Henry, 
ScHANCK, George E., 
ScHANG, Frederick, 
SCHAUE, C. F., 
ScHEFER, Carl, 
Schieffelin, Mrs. H.^M., 

SCHIEFFELIN, WiLLIAM JaY, 

Schilling, Robert H., 
schirmer, gustav, 
Schirmer, Rudolph E., 
Schmidt, F. Leopold, 
ScHMiTT, William P., 
Schneider, G. E., 
scholle, a. h., 
ScHULTZE, John S., 
♦Schumacher, C. 
Schuyler, Miss Louisa Lee, 
♦Schwab, Mrs. Gustav. 
Schwarz, Henry F., 
Scott, Hon. Francis M., 
Scott, William, 
ScRiBNER, Arthur H., 
Scrymser, James A., 
Sears, Robert B., 
Sedgwick, Robert, 
See, a. B., 

Seligman, Alfred L., 
Seligman, Jefferson, 
Seton, Alfred, Jr., 
Sewall, Fred. W., 
Sexton, Lawrence E. 
Seybel, Daniel E., 
Shapiro, D., 

Shaw, Charles Herbert, 
Shaw, James G., 
Shaw, Walter W., 



* Deceased. 



26 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Sheffield, James R., 
Sheldon, George R., 
Sheldon, William C, 
Sherman, Gardiner, 
Shipway, John H., 
Shrady, IIenry M.. 
Shurtlepf, Roswell Morse, 
SiEGEL, Jacob, 
Silleck, Henry G., Jr., 
SiLLECK, Mrs. Henry G., Jr., 
SiLLiMAN, Harper. 
Simmons, Joseph F., 
Simpson, John W., 
Simpson. William, 
Skeel, Frank D., 
Skidmore, William L., 
Slade, Francis Lolis, 
Smiley. Daniel, 
Smillie, Charles F., 
Smillie, James D., 
Smith, Augustine J., 
Smith, F. M., 
Smith, H. Sanborn. 
Smith, J. Henry, 
Smith, Lucius H., 
Smith, Nathaniel S., 
Smith, Philip S., 
Smith, Robert W., 
Smith, Dr. Samuel, 
Smith, William Alexander, 
Smithers, Charles, 
Smithers, F. S., 
Smyth, Philip A., 
Snow, C. G., 
soltmann, e. g., 

SOMERVILLE, ChARLES StUART, 

SoRCHON, Mrs. Victor, 
SouTHACK, Frederick. 
Spear, James, Jr., 
Spedden, Frederic O., 
Speir, Mrs. Cecilia M., 
Spencer. Samuel, 
Spiegelberg, F., 
Spitzner, George W., 
Spofford, Mrs. J. L., 
Spring, Miss Anna Riker, 
Springmeyer, Albert A., 
Spurr, E. W., 
Squibb, Charles F., 
Squibb, Dr. Edward H., 
Stafford, William Frederick, 
Standish, Myles, 
Stanton, John, 
Stanton, John R., 
Starr, Louis Morris, 
Stebbins, James H., 
Steers, Henry, 
Steeves, John F., 
Steinbeck, Edward, 



Stephens, Olin J., 

Stern, Isaac, 

Stern, Vesty J., 

♦Sternbach, Charles. 

Stevens, Alexander H., 

Stevens, Frederic W.. 

Stewart, William R., 

Stillman, James A.. 

Stillman. T. E., 

Stimsox. Dr. Daniel M., 

Stokes. H. B.. 

Stokes, Miss Olivia E. Phelps. 

Stone, Mason A., 

Stone, Walter King, 

Stout, Andrew V., 

Stout, Joseph S., 

Stow, George G., 

Strange, A. B., 

Stratford, Prof. William, 

Streat, James, 

Streeter, D. D., Jr., 

Sturges, Henry C., 

Stuyvesant, Rutherfurd, 

Sullivan, Mrs. James, 

SussER, John M., 

SuTPHEN, John S., Jr.. 

Suydam, Harry L., 

SwAYNE, Francis B., 

swexson, s. j., 

Syms, Dr. Parker, 

Taber, Miss Mary, 

Taft, Henry W., 

Talcott, James, 

Tatham, Charles, 

Tatum, a. H., 

Taylor, Dwight W., 

Taylor, George, 

Taylor, Henry R.. 

Taylor, Herbert C, 

Taylor, James B., 

Taylor, Knox, 

Taylor, Lloyd, 

Taylor, Moses, 

Taylor, Stevenson, 

Tenney, C. H., 

Terry, John T., 

Terry, 1<ev. Roderick, 

Tesla, Nikola; 

Thacher, Mrs. George W., 

Thacher, Thomas, 

Thayer, Harry Bates, 

Thomas, Dr. Allen M., 

Thomas, Seth E., 

Thorxdike, Dr. Townskxd W., 

Thorne, Jonathan, 

Thorne, Newberry D., 

Thorne, W. V. S., 

Tiffany, Louis C, 

TiLFORD, Henry M., 



* Deceased. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



27 



Tilt, Bexjamin B.. 
TiLTON, Joseph W., 

TiMMERMANN, HeNRV G., 

Tod, J. Kennedy, 
Todd, H. H., 
TousEY, William, 
TowNSEND, Edwin S., 
TowNSEND, Isaac, 
TowNSEND, J. Henry, 
TowNSHEND, John, 
Tows, CoE Downing, 
Trader. A. P., 
Trask, Spencer, 
Trotter, William, 
♦Trowbridge, Edwin D. 
Trowbridge, Frederick K., 
Truax, Hon. Charles H , 
Truslow, T. Brooks, 

TUCKERMAN. AlFRED, 
TUCKERMANN, PaUL, 

TuRNURE, Arthur, 

TuRNURE, Geo. E., 

TwEDDELL, William H.. 

Underwood, William Lyman, 

Upmann, Carl, 

Valentine, Dr. William A., 

*Van Brunt, Hon. C. H. 

Van Cortlandt, Augustus, 

Vanderbilt, Alfred G., 

Vanderpoel, Mrs. John A., 

Van der Smissen, Dr. G. J., 

Van Emburgh, D. B., 

Van Nest, Mrs. Alexander T., 

Van Nest, G. Willett. 

Van Norden, Theodore Langdo 

Van Norden, Warner, 

Van Pelt, Gilbert S., 

Van Winkle, Edgar B., 

Varnum, James M., 

Verdi, Miss Mary, 

Victor, A. 

Viele, Herman K., 

Vivanti, Ferruccio Anselmo, 

Vogel, Herman, 

VORCE, A. D., 

Waddington, George. 

Wadsworth, Clarence S., 

Wadsworth, W. p., 

Wagner, Otto, 

Wagstaff, C. Du Bois, 

Wain WRIGHT, J. Howard, 

Walcott, Frederic C, 

Walker, George L., 

Walker, George W., 

Waller, Robert, Jr., 

Walsh, Samuel A., 

Wanninger, Charles, 

Warburg, Paul M., 

Ward, Artemas, 



Ward, Mrs. George Cabot, 
Ward, Henry C, 
Ward, J. Q. A., 
Wardner, Henry Steele, 
Wardwell, William T., 
Warren. John Hobart, 
Waterbury, John I., 
Watson, Charles F., 
Watson, Rev. J. Henry, 
Weatherbee, Edwin H., 
Webb, F. Egerton, 
Webb, Dr. W. Seward, 
Weber, Louis, 
Welling, R. W. G., 
Wells, Oliver J., 
Wendell, Evert Jansen, 
Wendell, Mrs. Jacob, 
Wertheim, H. p., 
Westover, M. F., 
Wheeler. Everett P., 
Wheelock, Dr. George G., 
Whitaker, H. p., 
White, Alain C, 
White, Horace, 
White, John Jay, 
White, Leonard D., 
White, Stanford, 
White, S. V., 
White, William W., 
Whiteiiouse, J. Henry, 
Whitehouse, 'William F., 
Whiting, Dr. Charles A., 
Whiting, Miss Gertrude, 
Whiting, Giles, 
N, Whitman, Clarence, 
Whitman, William. Jr.. 
Whitney, Miss E. C, 
Whitridge, F. W., 

WiCKERSHAM, GeORGE W., 

Wiener, Felix F., 

*WlLLARD, E. A. 

WiLLETS, John T., 
Williams, Mrs. G. G., 
Williams, Richard H., Jr.. 
Williams, Thomas, 
Williams, Waldron, 
Wills, Charles T., 
Wilmerding, Gustav L., 
WiLMSEN, William, 
Wilson, Dr. Edmund B., 
Wilson, George T., 
Wilson, Henry R., 
Wilson, William, 
WiLTSEE, Ernest A., 
WiNANT, Frederick, 

WiNCKELBACH, L. O., 

WiNTHROP, Egerton L., 
WiNTRHOP, Egerton L., Jr., 
Winthrop, Robert Dudley, 

Deceased. 



28 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



WiSNER, Charles, 

WiTHERBEE, FrANK S., 

WiTTHAUs, Dr. Rudolph A., 
Wolff, Emil, 
Wood, Arnold, 
Wood, Gilbert Congdon, 
Wood, J. Walter, 
Wood, William Congdon, 
Wood, William H. S., 
Woodcock. Edwin, 
Woodcock, R. C, 
woodhouse, j. s., 
Woodward, James T.. 



Wright, J Dunbar, 
Wright, Mrs. J. Hood, 
Wright, John Howard, 
Wright, Mrs. Mabel Osgood, 
Wyckoff, Rev. Charles S., 
YouMANS, Ephraim M., 
Young, A. Murray, 
Young, Frederick Stafford, 
Young, George W., 
Young, John Alvin. 
Young, John W., 
Young, Richard N., 
Zabriskie. Andrew C. 



Cortetfponlitns fPitmhtxfi. 



Barbour, Mrs. S. E., 
Brown, Herbert, 
Brown, William Harvey, 
Cornish, C. J , 



Elrod, M. J., 
Golding, Capt. Thos., 
Griffith, William A., 
Stone, Andrew J., 
Wilson, T. E. 



S^ttmmarp of Jitembetfiibtp* 

Benefactors i 

Total number of Founders 24 

" " Associate Founders 11 

, " " Patrons.... 44 

Life Members 190 

Annual Members i>374 

Total of all classes 1,644 



n 



{( 



<( 



<< 



(Snaltfi[cation0 for Heffnlar i[{lemtier£;l)ijp* 



Annual Members $ 10 

Life Members 200 

Patrons 1,000 



Associate Founders $ 2,500 

Founders 5,000 

Benefactors 25,000 



Jorm of iSequefiit 

/ do hereby give and bequeath to the "New York Zoological 



Society," of the City of New York,. 



REPORT OF 
THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

TO THE BOARD OF MANAGERS. 



THE Executive Committee of the Board of Managers of the 
New York Zoological Society takes pleasure in reporting 
on the continued development of the New York Zoological Park 
and the New York Aquarium. A large amount of construction 
work has been under way in the Park during the year 1905, and 
the efforts of your Committee have been especially directed toward 
the completion of Baird Court and its approaches, especially on the 
north, where the Concourse, when finished, will afford direct 
access for automobiles and carriages from Pelham Avenue. The 
scheme for the treatment of this most important section of the 
Park has been given the closest consideration. Work is well 
advanced on the Court itself, and plans for the Concourse are 
practically completed. 

During the past year the attendance at the Zoological Park 
showed a notable advance over 1904 and reached the enormous 
total of 1,233,527, an increase of 128,912. This does not include 
great throngs who visited that portion of the Park lying east of 
Boston Road, of which no count has been kept. 

The attendance at the Aquarium during the year 1905 was 
1,726,170, an increase of 100,400, and a daily average of 4,729. 
The attendance at the Zoological Park and the Aquarium taken 
together has steadily increased, and has reached a grand total for 
the two institutions of 2,959,698, representing an annual cost to 
the City of New York of less than seven cents for each visitor. 

The membership of the Society on January i, 1906, was as fol- 
lows : 

Founders 25 

Associate Founders 11 

Patrons 44 

Life Members 180 

Annual Members iv335 

Making a total of i'59S 



32 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



FINANCES. 

Animal Fund, — The Animal Fund during the year has been 
augmented by gifts aggregating $11,938.50 and by nearly $15,000 
from the Park privileges. There was expended for animals dur- 
irtg the year the sum of $27,492.40, and there remains on hand a 
balance of $2,940.23. 

Income Account. — The Income Account (formerly known as 
the General Fund) is barely sufficient to meet the present needs 
of the Society and can be increased only by the addition of new 
members to our list. It is hoped that every effort will be made 
by the present members to send to your Committee the names 
of new candidates, and thus enlarge the Society's field of use- 
fulness. 

General Fund. — The General Fund (formerly known as the 
Park ImpFOvement Fimd) shows a balance of $9,856, and has 
been little used during the current year. It is hoped that this 
fund will ultimately be sufficiently enlarged by bequest and other- 
wise to constitute an endowment fund, the income from which 
can be used for the general work of the Society. 

Ground Improvement Fund. — The Ground Improvement Fund 
has been heavily drawn on during the year for construction. The 
amount expended was $337,240.61, leaving a balance available of 
$219,112.00, all of which will be required to complete the work 
under way or outlined in this report. 

With the approval of the Mayor application was made to the 
Board of Estimate and Apportionment for a bond issue of $300,- 
000 to provide for the construction of the Elephant House and its 
yards in 1906 and for other improvements. 

Maintenance of the Zoological Park. — It is the privilege of 
your Committee to be able to report that no deficiency has been 
incurred this year in the maintenance of the Park. The amount 
appropriated, $134,965.00, has proved sufficient, with rigid econ- 
omy, to maintain the Park and its collections. The great in- 
crease in exhibits, however, rendered necessary an increase for 
1906, and the amount appropriated, $144,965.00, an advance of 
$10,000 over 1905, will probably enable the Society to meet the 
annual charges without a deficit. 

Maintenance of the Aquarium. — The Society voluntarily asked 
for only $45,000.00 for the maintenance of the Aquarium, instead 
of the $46,500.00 originally supplied by the City. With the strict- 
est economy this amount has proved sufficient for that institution. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 33 

and your Committee expects to be able to maintain the Aquarium 
during 1906 with that amount. 

Aquarium Improvement Fund. — During the past year $16,- 
632.88 was expended from the Aquarium Improvement Fund 
and a balance of $8,694.64 remained at the beginning of the year, 
all of which is either under contract or is required to complete 
improvements under way. 

In the Treasurer's report detailed statements of all the above 
funds are to be found. 



IMPORTANT GIFTS TO THE PARK. 

The most noteworthy gift of the year was the collection of 
pheasants and other birds for the complete stocking of the Pheas- 
ants' Aviary, which was presented by Mr. Jacob H. Schiff. Mr. 
Nelson Robinson has contributed to the Animal Fund the sum of 
$2,500 for the purchase of a young African rhinoceros, when- 
ever one can be procured; Mr. C. Ledyard Blair presented a 
fine young female eland, and Mr. Charles T. Barney presented 
the young West African elephant " Congo," an animal of great 
rarity and interest. Miss Jean W. Simpson has authorized the 
purchase of a gorilla, which when secured will be presented by 
her. Mr. William Rockefeller added to the herd of deer already 
presented by him three fine specimens, a buck and two does, of 
the rare and interesting Burmese thameng or brow-antlered deer. 

The Duke of Bedford presented a full-grown Tashkent 
wapiti, an animal very similar to the Altai wapiti, but larger 
than our male specimen of the latter. 

The Society is also indebted for substantial gifts of money to 
the following gentlemen : 

Mr. Grant B. Schley, Mr. Morris K. Jesup, 

Hon. Levi P. Morton, Mr. John S. Barnes, 

Mr. John L. Cadwalader, Mr. Philip Schuyler, 

Mr. James J. Hill, Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge. 



PUBLICATIONS. 

During the year the usual Annual Report and quarterly Bul- 
letins have been published, together with several books of views 
of the Park. 

The most important publication was " Sea Shore Life," the 



34 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

manuscript of which was presented to the Society by Dr. Alfred 
Goldsborough Mayer, now the Director of the Carnegie Labora- 
tory at Dry Tortugas, Florida. It is a profusely illustrated de- 
scription of the invertebrates living along our coast. The book 
has been sent to all the members of the Society upon written re- 
quest and has been placed on sale at the Aquarium. 

It is not the policy of your Committee at this time to undertake 
the publication of expensive and elaborate books, as during the 
continuance of the work of construction and the installation of 
new exhibits at the Park, and as long as the membership remains 
small, much scientific work of great value, and especially costly 
publications, must be deferred to such time as the financial condi- 
tion of the Society justifies expenditures of this character. 

NEW BUILDINGS AND INSTALLATIONS. 

The most important building completed during the year was 
the large Bird House at the northwest corner of Baird Court, 
which was thrown open to the public on July 4, 1905. It con- 
tains a large and representative collection of perching birds, 
together with members of various other orders. The provisions 
for ventilation and abundant light in this building have resulted in 
the maintenance of the collections in excellent health. A large 
addition to this building, to be especially devoted to parrots and 
to be known as the Glass Court, is in process of construction and 
will be opened to the public during the summer of 1906. 

The boundary walls, with coping, along the western and north- 
ern sides of Baird Court are in process of construction. The 
flights of granite steps on the north end of the Court, leading 
down to the Concourse, and the formal garden between them, are 
also under contract, and will be completed early in the coming 
summer. Carefully selected shade trees have been planted and 
the Sea Lion Pool, in the center of Baird Court, has been com- 
pleted, and a shelter provided for the inmates. With these im- 
provements Baird Court will be nearly in final shape. 

The Pheasants' Aviary was also finished and stocked in Sep- 
tember, 1905. It contains at present 22 distinct species, repre- 
sented by about 50 specimens. As soon as the weather permits the 
open-air runways will be equipped with plants and vines, and 
doves and pigeons will be liberated in the upper portions. 

The Camel House, located near the Southwest Entrance, was 
completed during the year and will be occupied shortly by the 
camels. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 35 

Two Public Comfort buildings on the east side of Bronx River 
have been completed and accepted, and are now ready for use. 

The Tortoise and Lizard Yards at the east end of the Reptile 
House have been built, and were utilized during the past summer. 

During the year a large portion of the boundary and interior 
fences have been renewed in a very thorough and substantial 
manner, and it was also found necessary to reconstruct several 
miles of walks and roads which were built by the City when the 
Park was first opened. These old paths and roads were in every 
case replaced by permanent and thoroughly drained roadbeds of 
Telford macadam. A number of important new roads and walks 
have been constructed, notably from the new Boston Road En- 
trance, which has been designed to meet the requirements of vis- 
itors using the Subway. This new entrance will be located at 
Boston Road and i82d Street, and will admit visitors directly 
into the Park through two broad walks in the old Buffalo Range ; 
one westward along the boundary plantations to the Antelope 
House and the other northward along high ground to the Buffalo 
Barn and the Beaver Valley Walk will supply a short route from 
West Farms to Baird Court, and from there to Osborn's Walk 
and the Northwest Entrance. This new system will serve to dis- 
tribute the crowds and will take visitors at once to the exhibits. 

The path between the Bear Dens and the Rocking Stone Res- 
taurant has been lowered some four feet by the cutting away 
of the summit rock, and handsome steps of granite have been 
substituted for the former steep steps of undressed bluestone. 

A new walk from the Beaver Pond northward to the waterfall 
and the new entrance at Boston Road Bridge have been con- 
structed, taking visitors through a practically untouched forest, 
which your Committee propose to leave in an absolutely natural 
condition as a wild plant and flower preserve. In order to protect 
the roots of the trees and to leave undisturbed the forest under- 
growth this walk has been built largely of planks, and it is in- 
tended that this portion of the Park shall not be utilized for 
animal exhibits. 

Following out these improvements the bed of Lake Agassiz 
has been cleaned out and deepened some four feet, and a large 
amount of work has been done on the northern portion of the 
Park beyond the Lake. This section had not been treated and 
required much planting, grading, and fencing. 



36 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



WORK IN PROGRh:SS. 

Contracts have been awarded for the construction of the En- 
trance Pavilion at West Farms, and for a building for Small 
Deer and Antelopes, located in the old Antelope Range west of 
the present Antelope House. On both these structures work will 
begin in the spring. The Small Deer House will afford accom- 
modation for small deer and some of the lesser antelopes now 
quartered in the Antelope House and other buildings, and will 
enable us to place on exhibition at least twenty-five new species. 

A contract has been awarded, and work is under way, for the 
construction of a Barn and Service Yards northwest of the 
Service Building. This is greatly needed in the administration of 
the Park, and will result in substantial economies. 

Plans and specifications for the Boat House and Riverside Res- 
taurant, to be located at the south end of Bronx Lake, are in the 
hands of the printer, and the building will be constructed during 
the coming season. 

PLANS FOR 1906. 

An Aviary for Grouse will be erected during the spring, imme- 
diately north of the Pheasants' Aviary. 

Plans have been approved for a Biological Laboratory, to 
adjoin the Service Building. 

Plans for the Concourse and for its entrance on Pelham Ave- 
nue are practically completed, and contracts therefor will be 
awarded shortly. 

It is hoped that all these items, together with a large amount 
of miscellaneous construction, will be completed during the com- 
ing year, and will bring the Park up to a far higher level of devel- 
opment than at present. 

The most important installation remaining is the Elephant 
House, which will be located immediately south of Baird Court. 
Plans for this building are at present receiving careful study from 
the Committee, and a contract for its construction will be 
awarded during the coming spring. 

The Administration Building still remains unprovided for, and 
the Committee is most desirous to have the necessary funds 
donated by some friend of the Society. It is believed that when 
built it will be a most effective means of attracting members to 
the Park and that it will afford special facilities for their families 
and friends. In this way your Committee believes that the mem- 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 37 

bership of the Society can be greatly enlarged and strengthened. 
The site selected is the northeast corner of Baird Court, opposite 
the Bird House. This building will be of fireproof construction, 
and will contain the archives and records of the Society, which 
are rapidly accumulating, and which already are of great value. 
The library of the Society will also be placed here, within easy 
access of members and students. The exhibition hall will con- 
tain a very valuable collection of heads, horns, antlers, skins, and 
a complete series of photographs of all the animals in the Park. 
In addition to this, ample provision will be made for a collection 
of animal sculptures and paintings. 

The Executive Committee and the Director of the Park will 
have their offices in this building, and every facility will be pro- 
vided for the comfort and entertainment of members and their 
families and friends. 

West Farms Block, — On November 28, 1905, the Commission- 
ers of the Sinking Fund formally transferred to the Society the 
block bounded by i8oth and 181 st streets, Boston Road and 
Bronx Street ; and plans for the development of this plot, in con- 
nection with that portion of the Zoological Park adjoining it, 
have been prepared, and its development will be undertaken dur- 
ing the coming year. The acquisition of this land provides an 
adequate and dignified approach from the south to the Zoological 
Park and to the Boat House and Riverside Restaurant, as well 
as easy access to that portion of the Park lying to the east of 
Bronx River. 

The termination of the Subway system of Rapid Transit at 
i8oth Street and Boston Road, immediately opposite the Zoolog- 
ical Park, has made the Boston Road Entrance, for the time being, 
our most important approach. 

East Side Extension. — Perhaps the most notable event in the 
history of the Society since the acquisition of the land now com- 
prising the Zoological Park has been the extension of Bronx Park 
to the east. For some three years the Society has used every 
effort to induce the City to acquire the area lying immediately to 
the east of the Zoological Park and preserve the magnificent for- 
est for park purposes. The trees have been, from time to time, 
to some extent injured by cutting and fire. In the last days of 
1905 the Society's efforts culminated, and the City acquired 
title to this forest land. Special arrangements were at once made 
to protect the trees. 

This addition involves the obliteration of the unsightly collec- 
tion of houses known as Bronxdale, and will enable the City to 



38 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

construct a connecting Boulevard between Pelham Parkway 
and West Farms, thus lessening the traffic on Boston Road, 
so that the latter may be reserved for park use only. This 
extension of Bronx Park comprises ninety-nine acres, and the 
map on page 30 shows clearly the former outlines of Bronx 
Park and the recent additions. 

It is the intention of your Committee, as far as possible, to care- 
fully preserve that portion of the old Boston Post Road lying 
within the present boundaries of the Zoological Park. This inter- 
esting bit of old road formed part of the highway which, begin- 
ning at the City Hall traversed the Bowery, formed what is now 
Third Avenue, and crossed the Bronx River in the territory of the 
Zoological Park, running thence northeast to Boston. Its histor- 
ical interest is great, and it has remained essentially unchanged. 
It can be widened some ten feet without injury to its present 
irregular course or the destruction of a single tree. 

At the urgent request of the Society the Park Department suc- 
ceeded, after several years' effort, in having the unsightly tele- 
graph poles removed from Boston Road, much to the improve- 
ment of its appearance. 

ANIMAL COLLECTIONS. 

The animal collections at the Park have been greatly increased 
in numbers and in the value of their component parts, especially 
in the Department of Birds. This has been made possible by the 
completion of the Bird House and the Pheasants' Aviary. The 
last report of your Committee showed 643 birds, representing 14 
orders and 165 species. To-day there are 1,560 birds, represent- 
ing 26 orders and 354 species. The completion of a few more 
small installations will equip the Park with probably the most ex- 
tensive bird collection in the world. 

Owing to the fact that the existing buildings are full to reple- 
tion the collections of Mammals and Reptiles have not increased 
in like proportion. A number of small mammals and also of the 
smaller carnivora have been added, and the reptile collections 
have been enlarged by some new rarities. At present there are 
in the Park 624 Mammals, 687 Reptiles, 1,560 Birds, making a 
total of 2,871 specimens, representing 656 species. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT 39 



MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 

The report of the Medical Department, which appears in this 
volume, shows that continued success has followed the efforts 
of our Veterinarian and Pathologist in their efforts to keep down 
the death-rate. During 1905 there have been fewer cases of sick- 
ness in every department of the Park than in any previous. year, 
and a corresponding reduction in the number of deaths. 

Among the mammals, in spite of an increase of the number of 
animals on exhibition, there were only 92 deaths in 1905, as com- 
pared with 106 for 1904. It would appear, therefore, that the 
death-rate had been reduced to a minimum. Of course, it is not 
possible to reduce the rate much below the present, as many of 
the animals on exhibition are naturally short-lived. 

Among the primates tuberculosis has been almost stamped out, 
as we have only lost one monkey from this cause during the past 
year, and cage paralysis has also been much less troublesome 
than formerly. Among the ungulates, particularly among those 
from the Old World, the standard of health has been high, and 
an increased birth-rate has resulted. 

BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY. 

The projection of a biological laboratory is in the line of the 
development of the medical and pathological department, which 
was established in 190 1 and has rendered such conspicuous service 
in ascertaining the causes of animal diseases, proper methods of 
prevention and treatment, and rapid diminution of the death-rate. 
The laboratory will make better accommodation than the present 
quarters in the Park afford, not only for the services of the veter- 
inarian, Dr. Blair, and of the pathologist. Dr. Harlow Brooks, 
but for the physiologist. Prof. William Gies, who has kindly vol- 
unteered his services and those of the department of physiological 
chemistry of Columbia University. In the dissecting and oper- 
ating room facilities will be aflforded for the autopsies and ana- 
tomical preparations for the American Museum of Natural His- 
tory and other institutions. The adjoining hospital with its open 
connecting yards will offer the best facilities for the observation 
and care of injured or diseased animals. 

The Society has been a pioneer in the development of expert 
researches in comparative medicine and pathology, and the labora- 
tory marks the continued determination to take the utmost advan- 
tage of the scientific opportunities which the large collection of 



40 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

animals affords for discoveries which will be of importance not 
only to the animals but to man. 

FORESTRY DEPARTMENT. 

Under the head of construction work no reference was made 
to planting, although this department had its most active season 
since the beginning of the Park. 

Early in the year Mr, James L. Greenleaf was appointed Con- 
sulting Landscape Architect, and under his supervision Mr. 
Merkel, the chief forester, prepared and carried out an elaborate 
system of plantations for the south and west boundaries of the 
Park. These sides of the Park have been exposed through the 
grading of East 1826. Street and the Southern Boulevard, which 
resulted in the destruction of the trees formerly standing on those 
streets. 

Other plantations of shrubs and flowering plants, notably along 
Beaver Valley Road, have been made, and nurseries containing 
many thousands of trees and shrubs have been established. 

The total number of trees set out was 5,351, and 13,450 shrubs 
have been planted during the year. It is the intention of your 
Committee to devote as much money as possible hereafter from 
our Maintenance Fund to the protection and improvement of the 
large trees, as they are among the most valuable features of the 
Park, which, if injured or destroyed, can never be replaced. 
Nearly $1,500.00 was spent during the year to preserve the chest- 
nut trees from the attack of a fungoid growth, known as cyto- 
spora, which made its appearance during the smmer. 

Your Committee fear that the efforts of the Society will be 
vain unless the cooperation of those controlling the adjoining 
park area is secured, as the plague, even if entirely exterminated 
in our grounds, can reenter from the rest of Bronx Park. 

NEW YORK AQUARIUM. 

During the year 1905, $16,632.88 was spent out of the construc- 
tion fund provided for improvement of the Aquarium. The most 
important work done with this money was the construction of 
conduits under the main floor of the Aquarium to contain new 
water and steam pipes, the original piping system having entirely 
broken down. 

Large filters were also installed in connection with the new 
tank for the storage of fresh sea-water. This will provide a uni- 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 41 

form and closed circulation of water and will be put in operation 
as soon as certain small details have been completed. 

These details have proved very troublesome, as it has been 
necessary to have all the pipes lined with lead in order to prevent 
the gradual accumulation of rust and the discoloration of the 
water in the tanks. 

When this system is completed and has been put in operation 
your Committee expect to be able to exhibit a large series of in- 
veretebrates, which cannot be maintained owing to the diluted 
character of the salt water now in use. 

A new iron and plate-glass vestibule has been constructed at 
the entrance and a new system of transparent card labels for the 
collections has been installed. 

The Fish Hatchery has been kept in operation during the year 
and the hundred or more tanks of the Aquarium have been kept 
filled to their utmost capacity. 

Contracts have been awarded for a complete heating and ven- 
tilating system, and when this is installed the offensive odors 
which are noticeable on crowded days will be eliminated. 

There are on exhibition nearly 2,500 specimens of fishes and 
other invertebrates, representing about 150 species. This does 
not include young fish in the hatchery and invertebrates. 

GAME PROTECTION. 

Among the original objects of the New York Zoological Soci- 
ety at the time of its organization was game protection. The 
necessity, however, for the concentration of the Society's energy 
and funds on the development of the Zoological Park forced this 
matter into the background. During the last year the activity of 
game destroyers, especially Italians, became so great that the 
Society felt obliged to give serious attention to this subject. 

A special Department for Game Protection was established, and 
Mr. George O. Shields was appointed Special Agent of Game 
Protection. An active campaign was organized against the kill- 
ing of song birds in the outlying districts of the City of New 
York, which was going on without interference from the police. 
So bold had these bird killers become that they actually invaded 
the lands of the Zoological Park and shot birds and squirrels. 

As a result of this campaign about 15 persons were arrested 
and are now awaiting trial. Nearly 3,000 notices, calling the 
attention to the law prohibiting the carrying of fire-arms by unnat- 
uralized aliens, were distributed and posted throughout the State. 



42 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

The efforts of this Department will be directed, during the com- 
ing season, to securing the enactment of laws prohibiting the use 
of the automatic shot-gun, a new and most dangerous weapon of 
extermination which has recently been placed upon the market. 

In 1905 the Society took an active part in the defeat of the bill 
to remove the restriction on spring duck-shooting, and urged the 
passage of a bill to prohibit the cold storage of game during the 
closed season. This latter bill, however, failed of passage. 

The Society's bill for the protection of land turtles became a 
law. This legislation was made necessary owing to the fact that 
Chinamen were developing a taste for box turtles which bid fair 
to result in their extermination, especially on Long Island. 

In connection with this work of game preservation the Society 
has inaugurated a movement by private societies and individuals 
to establish herds of bison on government lands in such locations 
that the bison can live as close to nature as a large range will 
permit. 

The Wichita Forest Reserve in southwestern Oklahoma seemed 
to afford the best opportunity for locating such a herd. The 
Society decided to donate to the National Government a herd of 
15 or 20 bison on the condition that the Government provide the 
necessary fences and protection. A definite offer of 18 bison was 
made on the above basis, and accepted by the Secretary of Agri- 
culture. The Bureau of Forestry and the Biological Survey have 
both cooperated with the Society and selected a site in the Wich- 
ita Forest Reserve containing twelve square miles. 

It is the purpose of the Society to take about eight head of 
bison from its present herd and purchase about ten others. The 
herd thus composed will contain at least three distinct strains of 
blood, and it is hoped that on such a large range as the animals 
will have they will increase rapidly, and that the danger of in- 
breeding will be reduced to a minimum. Congress will be asked 
to appropriate $15,000 for the construction of the boundary 
fences, and if this amount is obtained the reserve can be organ- 
ized, fenced, and the bison turned loose in the autumn of 1906. 

LEGISLATION. 

During the session of 1905 a bill was introduced in the Legis- 
lature at Albany authorizing the appointment of a Committee to 
inquire into the feasibility of the acquisition of sufficient land 
along the entire length of the Bronx River for a public Parkway, 
and for protection of the stream from pollution and for the pres- 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 43 

ervation of the supply of water. During the rush of business at 
the close of the session this bill was lost, but it will be introduced 
again this year. 

OBITUARY. 

The Executive Committee regret to record the death, during 
1905* of an Associate Founder — Mr. James C. Carter — and of 
three Patrons — Messrs. Frederick A. Constable, Henry H. Cook, 
and Adrian Iselin. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

The Committee desires to renew its expression of appreciation 
of the energy and skill of the Director of the Park and the 
Director of the Aquarium and their respective staffs. 

It also desires to acknowledge the courtesy shown by the 
Mayor, Hon. George B. McClellan, and by the Comptroller, Hon. 
Edward M. Grout. The former has repeatedly manifested his 
sympathy and interest in the completion of the Park. Mr. Grout 
was especially helpful in acquiring the area to the east of the 
Park, and also in his support of the Zoological Park as a whole. 

During the various changes in the Commissionership of the 
Park Department for the Borough of the Bronx, the members of 
that Department have been uniformly helpful and friendly toward 
the work at the Park, and special acknowledgment is here made 
to Mr. Martin Schenck, Chief Engineer, Mr. William P. Hen- 
nessy. Assistant Engineer, and Mr. G. K. Ackerman, Chief Clerk, 
all of the Park Department of the Borough of the Bronx, 

Respectfully submitted, 

Charles T. Barney, Chairman. 

Henry Fairfield Osborn, Philip Schuyler, 

Madison Grant, William White Niles, 

John S. Barnes, Samuel Thorne, 

Levi P. Morton, ex-oMcio. 

January i, 1906. 



GAME PROTECTION IN 190^. 

By MADISON GRANT. 



IN 1905 the Executive Committee of the New York Zoological 
Society took up the matter of game protection in the vicinity 
of New York, and, as a means to this end, established a special 
department. 

This was one of the original objects of the Society when incor- 
porated, but owing to the press of other work, especially the con- 
struction work in the New York Zoological Park, it had to be 
postponed. 

A systematic campaign against the automatic shot-gun was 
inaugurated, and the Society has met with almost universal sup- 
port in its effort to have prohibited by law the use of this new 
instrument of destruction to wild life. Bills are being introduced 
in the different State legislatures and in Congress for the Federal 
Territories to prevent the use of this gun, and some, at least, of 
these bills will become law. 

Many complaints have reached the Society from residents of 
the suburban districts of New York and the outlying towns and 
villages of the constant killing of birds and squirrels, and in fact 
anything alive, by foreigners, especially Italian laborers. When 
these depredations extended into the grounds of the Zoological 
Park on the east of the Bronx River, the Committee instructed 
its agent in charge of the game department, Mr. George O. 
Shields, to commence a vigorous campaign, and if possible obtain 
the conviction of some of these law-breakers as an example. 

As a first step, the Society's special officer, Henry Van Ben- 
schoten, was instructed to pay special attention to violators of the 
bird and game laws. Through his activity the following persons 
were arrested in the Zoological Park, and punished as shown : 

Anddino Chiozo. — Arrested January i8, 1905, for shooting 
Birds on the Boston Road. Fined $5.00 by Magistrate Breen. 

Louis Dorfinga. — Arrested May nth, for shooting Robins. 
Fined $1.00 by Magistrate McAvoy. 

Antonion Balenticer. — Arrested June 7th, for disorderly 
conduct. Fined $5.00 by Magistrate Baker. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 45 

Harry Stein. — Arrested June 25th, for stealing young birds 
from their nests. Fined $5.00 by Magistrate Olmstead. 

Thomas Ryan. — Arrested December 19, 1905, for cutting 
branches from a hemlock tree. Reprimanded by Magistrate 
Steinhart. 

During the summer it was brought to the attention of the 
Zoological Society that a most murderous onslaught of song- 
birds was being made by Italians in the vicinity of Wakefield, 
N. Y. Accordingly, two raids on the depredators were organized 
by Mr. H. W. Merkel, assisted by Mr. Shields and the State 
Game Protector, John Ferguson, from Long Island, and Messrs. 
Rudolph Bell and John J. Rose, of the Zoological Park force. 
Two police officers were procured from the Wakefield Precinct to 
take charge of the prisoners, and the following were arrested: 
John Eitney, James Ferrilla, Giovanni Contomessa, Frank Pacello, 
Hubert Amodeo, Joseph Comonico, Gaetano Amodeo. 

In the possession of these men forty-three song-birds were 
found, and permanently preserved as evidence against them. 
They were held under bonds for trial at Special Sesssions, and 
the cases, when reached in January, 1906, were handled in behalf 
of the Society with great energy and judgment by Mr. William 
White Niles, who was assisted by Assistant District-Attorney 
Krotel. 

Pacello, Comonico, and Gaetano were fined $50.00 each and 
sentenced to ten days in prison. Contomessa was fined $25.00; 
Amodeo, on account of his youth, was discharged, and Ferilla 
was remanded for sentence at a later date. 

In order to break up the Italian habit of slaughtering song- 
birds for food, the Society caused 3,000 copies of the recently 
enacted State law prohibiting the carrying of firearms by aliens 
to be printed and distributed by Mr. Shields throughout the State. 
Information regarding this law was published in every Italian 
newspaper of New York City. 

In the month of October Mr. Hornaday attended the annual 
convention of the New York State League for the Protection of 
Forests, Fish, and Game, in order to interest that body in the 
passage of a law against the use of the automatic gun. A resolu- 
tion condemning the use of the automatic gun and calling upon 
the Legislature to enact a law preventing its use in the State of 
New York was, after prolonged discussion, adopted with but one 
dissenting vote. 

By special request, the Director attended the annual meeting of 
the Lewis and Clark Club, of Pittsburg, for the purpose of 



46 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

addressing that organization on " immediate needs in the protec- 
tion of wild life." 

Two members of the Zoological Park force, who have shown 
special aptitude for the work, have been appointed deputy game 
wardens by the State Forest, Fish, and Game Commission. They 
are Rudolph Bell and John J. Rose, and both rendered conspicu- 
ous services in the arrest and conviction of the seven Italians 
named above, and in other lines of game protection. 



For the Year Ending December 31, 1905. 

The annual expenditures of the various funds are shewn in appended statements. 



Parfc ^mprotiement JFttnti. 

{Changed to " General Fund:') 

For Period Ending May 3, 1905. 

Cash in Treasury, January i, 1905 $13,866 88 

receipts. 
Nothing. 



expenditures 

Maintenance Shortage for 1904 $1,894 37 

Cash balance closed into new "General Fund" account 11,972 51 

$13,866 88 

H. R. Mitchell, Percy R. Pyne, 

Chief Clerk. Treasurer. 

January i, 1906. 



48 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



(Smeral JttnU. 

(Formerly "Park Improvement Fund.*') 

For Period Ending December 30, 1905. 

Cash in Treasury, May 3, 1905, transferred from "Park Im- 
provement Fund" , . $11,972 51 

RECEIPTS. 

Nothing. 



EXPENDITURES. 

Lion House roof $144 00 

Transferred to "Income Accotmt" 1.972 51 $2,116 5 i 

Cash balance, December 31, 1905 9.856 00 

$11,972 51 

H. R. Mitchell, Percy R. Pyne, 

Chief Clerk, Treasurer. 

January i, 1906, 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 49 



<0enrtal jFunH* 

{Changed to "Income Account") 



For Period Ending May 3, 1905. 
Cash in Treasury, January i, 1905 $3,166 la 



RECEIPTS. 

Annual dues $5,240 00 

Life membership fees 800 00 

Miscellaneous receipts 20 43 6,060 43 

$9,226 55 

EXPENDITURES. 

Stationery and office supplies $381 45 

Annual report 180 67 

General office expenses 730 32 

Library 280 78 

Treasiirer's office expenses 240 22 

Secretary's salary i ,333 32 

Bulletin 

Publications for members 

Miscellaneous expenses 

Mailing circulars 

Photographs and slides 

Aquarium 

Museum supplies 

Employers' insurance 

Aquarium publications 

Interest 

Cash balance closed into Income Account, May 3, 1905 



H. R. Mitchell, 
Chief Clerk 

January i, 1906. 



238 98 






57 


53 






488 


77 






557 


00 






428 


59 






10 


00 






25 


57 






325 


00 






131 


8s 






311 


72 


$5,721 


77 


1905.. 


• • • 


3.504 


78 




$9,226 


55 


Percy 


R. 


Pyne, 






Treasurer. 





50 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Sffttme 2lerotiiit 

{Fomurly ^'Central Futtd.") 



For Period Ending December 30, 1905. 
Cash in Treasury, May 3d, transferred from ** General Ftind" $3,504 78 

receipts. 

Annual dues $7,200 00 

Life memberships 400 00 

Stokes's bird ftmd 67 50 

Employers' insurance i 56 

Miscellaneous receipts 325 00 

Transferred from "General Fund" (formerly 

** Park Improvement Fimd ") it972 51 9,966 57 

♦13.471 35 



expenditures. 

Stationery and office supplies $406 85 

General office expenses i ,201 41 

Library 137 32 

Interest 375 25 

Treasurer's office expenses 270 68 

Secretary's salary 2,666 68 

Bulletin 909 70 

Publications for members 649 53 

Miscellaneous expenses 247 39 

Audit of accotmt 150 00 

Mailing circulars 200 00 

Aquarium publications 1,710 64 

Photographs and slides 74© 05 

Musetmi supplies 51 10 

Game protection 755 89 

Annual report 2,807 49 

Aquariiun 20 00 

Wichita buffalo herd 170 25 $13,470 23 

Cash balance, December 30, 1905 x za 

S13.471 35 

H. R. Mitchell, Percy R. Pyne, 

Chief Clerk, Treasurer. 

January i, 1906. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 5V 



flmtnal Junti* 



Cash in Treasury, January i, 1905 $3,677 77 

RECEIPTS. 

Receipts at Park: 

Admissions $6,849 00 

Checking , . 46 40 

Rents 754 21 

Boating 500 00 

Sale of animals 568 55 

Miscellaneous 98 20 

Privilege account (season of 

1905) 5»ooo 00 

Rocking Stone Restaurant. .. . 1,000 00 $14,816 36 

Special Subscriptions: 

Morris K. Jesup 250 00 

John L. Cadwalader 500 00 

Jacob H. Schiff 3,000 00 

Cleveland H. Dodge 250 00 

John S. Barnes 250 00 

Grant B. Schley 1,000 00 

James J. Hill 500 00 

Phillip Schuyler 250 00 

Levi P. Morton 1,000 00 

George C. Clarke 250 00 

William Rockefeller 562 50 

Nelson Robinson 2,500 00 

C. Ledyard Blair 1,500 00 

Miscellaneous 126 00 11,938 50 26,754 86 

$30,432 63 

EXPENDITURES. 

Purchase of Animals: 

Mammals $15,414 20 

Birds 7,737 34 

Reptiles 854 35 $24,005 89 

Travelling and other expenses 983 10 

Express and other charges 2,503 41 $27,492 40 

9^h balance, December 30, 1905 2,940 'i$ 

$30,432 63 
H. R. Mitchell, Percy R. Pyne, 

Chief Clerk, Treasurer. 

January i, 1906. 



52 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



iKatAtenaiue Jnnli. 



RECEIPTS. 



Received from the city on account of main- 
tenance appropriation of $134,965 for 
the year $112,020 20 

Balance due from the city on accoimt of 

maintenance 22,944 80 



EXPENDITURES. 

General administration 

Maintenance of buildings and care of animals . 

Maintenance and care of grounds 

Tools and hardware 

Paints and oils 

Office supplies and printing 

Repairs 

Telephone service and tolls 

Postage and telegraph, and express 

Food for animals 

Fuel 

Drugs and medicines 

Lumber 

Miscellaneous supplies 

Plumbing supplies 

Electric lighting 

Nursery stock and seeds 

Medical attendance (animals) 

Office furniture and fixtures 

Fencing and netting 

Signs and labels 

Engineering supplies 

Cement 

Janitor's supplies 

Glass and glaziers' supplies 

Mats and floor coverings 

Sanitation 

Horses and vehicles 

Niirsery supplies 

Uniforms and badges 

Telephone and electrical supplies 

Rubber hose 

Surgical instruments and appliances 

Alterations in office 

Ice 

Medical attendance (employees) 

Sand 



$12,617 


60 


36,041 


72 


34,905 


31 


3.381 


70 


2,045 


04 


752 


79 


388 65 


1.040 


07 


1,016 


63 


24,051 


53 


7.615 


02 


305 


69 


1,851 


II 


734 


38 


823 


71 


297 


04 


lOI 


51 


360 


00 


441 


73 


331 


39 


190 


45 


61 


62 


89 


90 


401 


82 


143 


12 


316 


55 


235 


87 


1. 193 


85 


IIS 


55 


1,615 


75 


12 


17 


271 


20 


14 


49 


296 


50 


302 


50 


138 


00 


463 


04 



$134,965 00 



H. R. Mitchell, 

Chief Clerk. 

January i, 1906. 



$134,965 oa 



Percy R. Pyne, 

Treasurer. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 63 



(SrounH ^mptotiement jFttnU. 



Appropriation No. 4. 

RECEIPTS. 

Unexpended balance of Appropriation No. 3, brought for- 
ward $4»io6 42 

Appropriation by Board of Estimate and Apportionment : 

Available July 8, 1904 $275,000 00 

Available May, 1905 275,000 00 

Premium on bonds 2,246 19 552,246 19 

^556,35* 6x 

EXPENDITURES. 

Through Park Department: 

Contract, Conrad Hewett, Pheasants* 

Aviary $19,546 00 

Contract, George L. Walker Co., Glass 

Court, Bird House 24,199 00 

Contract, John V. Schafer, Jr., Co., Baird 

Court 67 ,000 00 

Contract, Guidone & Galardi, two Toilet 

Buildings 8.385 00 

Contract, Peter Tieman, Camel House. 2,800 00 

Contract, Wright & Son, Feed Bam. . . 15,316 00 
Contract, J. J. Buckley, Public Comfort 

Building 19,200 00 

Contract, Guidone & Galardi, Small Deer 

House 41 ,543 00 

Contract, William Home & Co., West 

Farms Entrance Pavilion 5,008 00 

Contract, Granite Steps near Bear Dens. 1,569 00 

Contract, John P. Kane & Co., Cement. . 993 75 
Contract, Brown & Fleming, Broken 

Stone 7,437 50 

Contract, August Bans, Sewer Pipe 333 72 

Miscellaneous Expenditures by Park 

Department 2,491 46 

$215,822 43 

By the Zoological Society: 

Pheasants' aviary $i»47S 35 

Reconstruction of walks 14,197 46 

Forestry and planting 25,086 54 

Guardrails 2,931 91 

Ostrich and Mammal House walks and 

yards 1,757 30 

Miscellaneous ground improvement items 10,687 10 

Baird Court boimdary and concourse. . . 1,300 00 

North End of Baird Court 4.835 96 

Electric Conduit 204 04 

Small Deer House Walks and Yards. ... 1,415 58 

Improvement North of Lake Agassiz. . . . 6,267 99 

New Walks 12,034 47 

Southern Boxmdary Fence 5, 060 12 



54 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Lion House roof $i ,400 00 

Public Comfort Station east of Bronx 

^ River 1,852 90 

Bird House 3*287 75 

Sea Lion pool 2,655 64 

Buffalo range grading and seeding 1,946 48 

Improvements east of Bronx River 55 12 

Excavating Lake Agassiz 2,615 ^o 

Grading elk range and filling pond 2,57393 

Tortoise yards i ,349 98 

Beaver Pond pipe line i ,042 75 

Maral Deer Shelter 294 23 

Moving Btiifalo House and corrals 1,403 85 

New shops 91544 

Western range fences 4,5 70 01 

Subway Entrance Plaza 3,922 29 

• Restaurant steps i ,288 11 

Landscape architecture 1,664 79 

Boston Road Public Comfort Station 628 50 

Feed bam 60 00 

Camel House yards and fences 627 09 121,408 28 

Balance available for expenditure 219,121 90 



$556,352 61 



H. R. Mitchell, 

Chief Clerk, 
January i, 1906. 



Percy R. Pyne, 

Treasurer. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT 55 



dlqnarittm S^mprobement iFunH* 



RECEIPTS. 



Balance of $40,000 Appropriation as per Report of 1904. ... $25,327 52 
Premium accotmt sale of bonds 241 26 



$25,568 78 

EXPENDITURES. 

Through Park Department: 

Jacob Marks, account Reservoir Cover $390 00 

Barney & Chapman, Architects' Commissions 19 5© 
Ralph F. Gerstle Co., account Steam Heat- 
ing Apparatus I5i448 00 

Barney & Chapman, Architects' Commis- 
sions 772 40 

Barney & Chapman, Architects' Commis- 
sions on W. F. Howe & Co.'s bid of 

$9,222. Contract not awarded 230 55 

Pay-roll, Chief Engineer, June 15th 13 69 $16,874 14 

Balance available for expendittu"e 8,694 64 

$25,568 78 

E. R. Sampson, Percy R. Pyne, 

Disbursing Clerk. Treasurer, 

January i, 1906. 



56 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Slqnarittm Sunt. 



RECEIPTS. 



Received from New York City on account of Aquarium ap- 
propriation for 1Q05 $45,000 00 

EXPENDITCRES. 

Pay-rolls $29,308 22 

Alterations and repairs 3.344 48 

Coal 5,245 02 

Live specimens i ,487 90 

Fish food 1,694 27 

Gas 784 80 

Electric light 177 96 

Telephone service and tolls 198 80 

Ice 62 27 

Incidental expenses 500 00 

Uniforms 7 00 

Books for Library 41 05 

Furniture 212 88 

Supplies (general) i ,436 17 

Stationery and printing 198 68 

Cartage (fish and cans) 269 00 $44,968 50 

Balance unexpended 31 50 

$45,000 GO 

E. R. Sampson, Percy R. Pyne, 

Disbursing Clerk. Treasurer, 

January i, 1906. 



THE AUDIT COMPANY 

OF NEW YORK 

43 Cedar Street 

New York, March 8, 1906. 

We certify that the foregoing statements, showing the condition of the 
various funds of the New York Zoological Society on December 30, 1905 
are true exhibits of the various accounts. 

The items of $215,822.45, expenditures on the Ground Improvement 
Fund, No. 4, and the Aquarium Improvement Fund, were disbursed by 
the Park Department. As this money has not passed through the books 
of the Society, the items have not been verified by us. 

The Audit Company of New York. 



REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 

OF THE 

ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 



IN several respects the year 1905 has been the most satisfactory 
of any in the Zoological Park's history. The number of 
living animals rose well beyond the 2,500 mark, the attendance was 
the greatest yet recorded, the death-rate among the animals was 
the lowest, the net income from privileges was the largest thus far 
realized, and the salaries of the Park employees were increased 
to a fair, living basis. In addition to all this, the weather through- 
out the year, from early spring until the end of December, was 
auspicious for our planting operations, and for the very exten- 
sive construction works that were carried on throughout the 
Park. The only gravely annoying feature of the year was the 
dog nuisance, which broke out like an epidemic during a short 
period of the reconstruction of fences on our southern boundary. 
The close of the year finds the year's work well rounded up, 
our programme for 1905 practically complete, and the animal col- 
lections generally in good shape for the winter. 

ATTENDANCE. 

The number of persons visiting the Park steadily increases, 
due, in part, to the new means of access furnished by the Subway 
line to West Farms. During the first three months following the 
completion of that line, the public did not seem to be aware of the 
existence of the new approach. For the last three months of the 
year, however, the attendance doubled. The entrance figures at 
the Buffalo Entrance considerably exceeded those of the North- 
west Entrance, which previously had taken the lead. 

The monthly attendance record for the year is as follows : 

Month. 1904. 1905- 

January 19.798 23,788 

February I9,547 20,969 

March 55,303 48,508 



60 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Month. 1904. iQOS' 

April 88,148 126,611 

May 227,484 179*590 

June 128,067 139,361 

July 147,015 147,596 

August 156,460 152,691 

September 129,259 133,146 

October 71,694 144,542 

November 48,105 7^,994 

December 13'736 43*722 



Yearly totals 1,104,616 1,233,528 

Average daily attendance 3,027 3,380 

Increase for 1905 128,912 



COLLECTIONS. 

As usual, the greatest difficulty of the Zoological Park staff 
has been in finding room for the animals that the Society desires 
to exhibit, and accumulates. No sooner is a new installation 
ready than it is promptly filled. The new Asiatic Deer House 
became so overcrowded — by the arrival of rare new species and 
by births — that the accommodations for this group of deer re- 
quired to be permanently extended. The Red Deer bam was 
appropriated, extended on the western side for the Maral deer, 
and remodelled inside, as permanent quarters for four more 
species. For the Red Deer herd, a very comfortable shed was 
erected on the south side of the barn. 

The Small Mammal House was filled with unusual delibera- 
tion, in order to choose the most interesting types of animals. 
To-day it is quite full, with a collection that contains such rarities 
as the wolverine, fisher, echidna, anteater, hyena dog, serval, 
clouded leopard, white-whiskered paradoxure, a fine array of 
viverrines generally, Canada lynx, Arctic fox, capybara, and 
many other rodents of special interest. Beyond question, visitors 
find this collection quite as interesting as any other in the Park. 

A new centre of popular interest, and it may justly be added 
of delight, is the new Bird House, opened on July 4th. It is so 
light and airy, so well adorned with plants, and so full of happy 
bird life, its charm is irresistible. Every bird is so abundantly 
provided with cage-room and companions that the prison sugges- 
tion is quite absent. There are no small cages and no unhappy 



9 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 61 

birds. All the smaller passerine birds are so installed that each 
cage is a flying cage. The central flying cage contains a happy 
family of about 150 birds, representing 5 Orders — ^perchers, 
waders, swimmers, upland game birds, and others. In the new 
Bird House the only jarring note is the mixture of song-birds with 
screaming macaws, parrots, and cockatoos in the south hall. But 
the completion of the Glass Court addition to the building will 
change all that, for the present south hall will then be devoted 
wholly to the song-birds of the temperate zone. 

It has been a great pleasure to increase the collections, during 
the past year, to a noteworthy extent. At the close of 1903 the 
total number of specimens exhibited was 1,802, representing 436 
species; whereas at present we have 2,867 specimens, represent- 
ing 657 species, a gain of 221 species and 1,065 specimens. 

The Pheasant Aviary is the only installation in the Park which 
is not yet completely stocked. Already it contains 24 species of 
pheasants, but the pigeons, doves, and small upland game birds 
will not be added until next year. 

DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALS. 
William T. Hornaday, Curator; Raymond L. Ditmars, Assistant Curator. 

The most notable accessions of the past year were the West 
African Elephant, "Congo," gift of Mr. Charles T. Barney; a 
female Eland, gift of Mr. C. Ledyard Blair ; a Tashkent Wapiti, 
gift of the Duke of Bedford; 3 Burmese Thameng Deer, gift 
of Mr. William Rockefeller ; 5 White Mountain Goats ; a Persian 
Wild Ass, from the Philadelphia Zoological Gardens; a pair of 
Chapman Zebras, and a Tapir from the National Zoological Park. 

Among the smaller animals, the most valuable accessions were 
a Great Anteater ; 2 Capybaras ; 2 Clouded Leopards ; a Wolver- 
ine; and a Grizzly Bear from White Horse, Yukon Territory, 
secured through Mr. Charles Sheldon. 

The birth-rate for the year was very satisfactory, and included 
the following animals : 

BIRTHS DURING I905. 

3 Lemurs. 4 Lions. 

I Green Monkey. i Tiger. 

I Long-armed Baboon. i Raccoon. 

15 Gray Wolves. 3 Coypu Rats. 

18 Coyotes. i Leucoryx Antelope. 

I Russian Brown Bear. i Nilgai. 



62 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

6 American Bison. i Red Deer. 

3 Axis Deer. 4 Indian Sambar Deer. 

2 Sika Deer. 2 Barasinga Deer. 

2 Fallow Deer. i Tahr. 

I Elk. I Grant Zebra. 

I Altai Wapiti. 

In the Small Mammal House the collection of viverrines is par- 
ticularly full. That building now contains representatives of six 
of the Mammalian Orders, as follows: Ferae, or Carnivora; 
Glives, or Rodentia ; Ungulata ; Edentata ; Marsupialia and Mono- 
tremata. Already that building is a favorite resort for classes of 
pupils from the various schools of the city. 

The collection of Ungulates (hoofed animals) will be noted 
elsewhere in this volume in a special article. 

In addition to the acquisition of many valuable new specimens 
during the past year, there is also cause for satisfaction in the 
low death-rate, and the absence of serious accidents other than 
those caused by the outbreak of sheep-killing dogs. Since all na- 
tive hoofed animals have been deprived of their previous grazing 
privileges and quartered on the bare ground of their corrals 
gastro-enteritis has rarely occurred. The bison and elk herds 
now are in the best condition they ever were in, and the birth in 
the former of six healthy calves may well stand as evidence of 
the vigor of the herd as a whole. 

During the rebuilding of certain boundary fences, the sudden 
onslaughts by night of cunning and murderous dogs resulted in 
the death of seven axis and fallow deer before our fences could 
be rebuilt. This experience was described in the Bulletin No. 19. 
The most valuable animal lost during the year was a buffalo 
cow, whose heart was pierced by a small piece of hay-bale wire 
which was taken into the stomach with food. Keeper John Quinn 
succeeded in carrying his entire collection of deer, wapiti, and 
wild horses through the year with only two deaths. In view of 
the fighting proclivities of many of his animals, this fact is well 
worthy of permanent record. 

The very valuable collection in the Antelope House has also 
been maintained in fine condition. The losses to it during the 
year consisted of a blesbok and a male nilgai, both of them ani- 
mals of fourth-rate financial value. 

From the collection of apes and monkeys tuberculosis has been 
so nearly eliminated that only one case occurred during the year. 
The three Anthropoid apes have been kept in fine, vigorous 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 63 

health, and their growth has been rapid. In fact, the orang-utan, 
who has learned the use of the lever, has been with considerable 
difficulty prevented from wrecking the interior of his room with 
the aid of his trapeze bar. It may yet be necessary to remove his 
trapeze, in order to save the walls of his domicile from being torn 
to splinters. 

MAMMALS ON HAND, DECEMBER 3I, I90S. 

Primates 30 species. 86 specimens. 

Carnivora 52 " 151 " 

Pinnipedia i " 7 " 

Rodentia 23 *' 140 " 

Ungulata 62 " 225 " 

Marsupialia . . . 5 " 10 " 

Edentata 2 " 4 

Insectivora .. . . i ** i " 



a z:^- a 



Total 177 " 625 

DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS. 
C. William Beebe, Curator. 

In this department the most important events of the year were 
the opening of the large Bird House and of the Pheasant Aviary, 
with collections of appropriate species. This relieved the over- 
crowded Aquatic Bird House and the Ostrich House, and fur- 
nished exhibition room for many important Orders of birds hith- 
erto unrepresented in the collection. Every specimen which now 
arrives at the Park — whether arboreal, swimmer, or wader; 
whether feeding on fish, seed, or insects — is sure of a range per- 
fectly adapted to its habits. The large Bird House, in furnishing 
roomy cages, good light and air, and the Pheasant Aviary, in 
being absolutely rat and mink proof, have both of them fulfilled 
the expectations of the designers. 

Perching birds, which in the Aquatic Bird House had remained 
for five years in their immature plumage, have in one moult, in the 
new glass-roofed building, assumed perfect plumage. 

With hundreds of new birds arriving during the last few 
months, the problem of bird food was given more careful atten- 
tion than ever before. No prepared food is now purchased, but 
each day a fresh supply is mixed in the Bird House, the propor- 
tion of the half-dozen or more ingredients being a matter of con- 
stant variation, based on the dailv condition of the birds. As a 



64 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

consequence, most gratifying success has been attained in carry- 
ing new arrivals through their first moult — ^the most critical 
period in the life of a captive bird. Both in the care of difficult 
birds and in the preparation of foods Keeper Stacey has dis- 
played most commendable intelligence and industry. 

The development of a hospital in one of the upper rooms of the 
Bird House has proved to be of great utility in caring for sick 
or injured individuals. 

Since January i, 1905, the collection of birds has increased 
over 150 per cent in individuals and over 100 per cent in species. 
Of the 36 Orders of the living birds of the world, 26 are repre- 
sented, almost all of the remaining 10 being small, isolated groups, 
such as the sand-grouse, hemipods, hoatzin, etc. 

It is the aim of the Curator to make the collection as fully 
representative as possible of the birds of North and South Amer- 
ica; and this has been so far successful that 22 out of the 26 
Orders, and 203 out of the 355 species, here shown are found in 
the New World. Only 2 Orders of North American birds are 
unrepresented. 

A very successful innovation has been the grouping in one cage, 
or in several adjoining cages, of the birds of some particular re- 
gion or country. Thus, the common birds of Europe occupy a 
large cage by themselves ; while the weavers of Africa, the tou- 
cans, hornbills, etc., are similarly segregated. 

The birds of the Bahamas and of Cuba are represented by 27 
of the species peculiar to those islands. The rearing of two 
broods of Canada Geese, of eight each, and the hatching of a 
young White Ibis is worthy of note. By means of much experi- 
menting in the line of new food, a diet perfectly adapted for 
flamingoes has been formulated. As a result, several very young 
birds have been successfully brought to maturity. 

Among many interesting and unusual birds may be mentioned 
the black Bennet Cassowary, Elegant Tinamou, Black Cock and 
Capercaille, Bleeding Heart and Victoria Crowned Pigeon, Ivory 
Gull, Avocet, five species of Gallinules, seven species of Swans, 
five species of Tree-ducks, Eider Duck, Solitaires, Mocking 
Thrushes, Cuckoos, Nuthatches, Swallows, Warblers, and every 
species, save one, of the Thrush Family inhabiting the eastern 
part of our country. 

Special attention is called to the excellent work that is being 
done by the Curator in the matter of descriptive labelling, and 
also in providing picture labels for purposes of identification. 
Despite the great number of small birds in the new Bird House, 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 65 

nearly every species is rendered recognizable by the extensive 
series of bird-portrait labels that have been provided. 

Judging from the nest-building operations that already are 
under way in the new building, many of the birds feel thoroughly 
at home and contented. The collection of pigeons and doves is 
quite large and interesting. The "happy family" of miscellaneous 
Orders and species in the central flying cage is a very pleasing 
spectacle, and the general good health and happiness of all the 
birds in the new building furnish convincing testimony of the 
intelligent and painstaking care which they receive from Curator 
Beebe and Keepers Stacey and Van Zandt. 

The list of pheasants now in the new Pheasant Aviary is well 
worthy of permanent record here. 

LIST OF PHEASANTS PRESENTED BY MR. JACOB H. SCHIFF. 

Males. Females. Total. 

Impeyan 2 2 4 

Satyra Tragopan i i 2* 

Temminck Tragopan i i 2 

Cabot Tragopan 3 i 4 

Siamese Fire-Back 3 2 5 

Manchurian Eared i . i 

Black-Crested Nepal i i 2 

Black-Backed Pheasant i i 2 

Anderson i i 2 

Lineated i i 

Silver 3 6 9 

Swinhoe i i 2 

English 2 3 5 

Ring-Necked 3 3 6 

Versicolor 3 3 6 

Soemmering 2 i 3 

Reeves 5 4 9 

Elliot I I 2 

Golden 5 4 9 

Amherst 3 4 7 

Red Jungle Fowl 5 3 8 

Peacock Pheasant 2 i 3 

Vulturine Guinea Fowl i i 2 

Capercaille i . i 

Black Cock 2 i 3 

Ruffed Grouse i . i 

European Partridge . 7 



66 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



In view of the large number of foreign birds now in our 
collection, and the practical impossibility of longer adhering^ to 
the classification of the American Ornithologists' Union, which 
ignores all birds outside of North America, a radical change in 
our avian nomenclature is imperatively necessary. 

To meet the demands of the situation, we are forced to adopt a 
scheme of classification which comprehends the birds of the 
world. As being the most modern and rational classification, we 
have decided to adopt that of the British Museum, as it appears 
in the ** Handlist of Birds " by R. Bowdler Sharpe. This expla- 
nation is necessary to account for the differences in the arrange- 
ment and nomenclature of our list of the Orders of birds in our 
collection, from those of previous years. 

A full statement of the birds on hand shows a gratifying array 
of Orders, and marks a long step in advance. 



LIST OF BIRDS ON HAND ON DECEMBER 3I, I905. 
Orders. Species. 

Rheiformes, Rheas I 

Struthioniformes, CJstriches 2 

Casuari formes, Emeus and Cassowaries. 4 

Tinamiformes, Tinamou i 

Galliformes, Quail and Pheasants ... 46 

Columbi formes. Pigeons and Doves 22 

Ralliformes, Coots and Gallinules. . . 6 

Podicipedidi formes. Grebes i 

Lariformes, Gulls and Terns 7 

Charadrii formes, Plovers and Sandpipers. 8 

Gruiformes, Cranes, Scriema 5 

Ardeiformes, Ibises, Storks, and Her- 
ons 15 

Palamedeiformes, Screamers I 

Phoenicopteri formes, Flamingoes 2 

Anseriformes, Swans, Geese, and Ducks 38 
Pelecaniformes, Cormorants and Peli- 
cans 8 

Cathartidiformes, New-World Vultures... 5 

Accipitriformes, Hawks and Eagles ; Old- 

World Vultures 12 

Strigiformes, Owls 10 

Psittaciformes, Parrots, Macaws, and 

Cockatoos 34 



Specimens. 

I 

3 

7 

I 

96 
18 

I 
40 
18 
10 

55 
2 

7 
326 

34 

12 

35 
28 

88 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 67 

Orders. Species. Specimens. 

Coraciiformes, Kingfishers and Horn- 
bills 2 3 

Trogones, Trogons 7 4 

Coccyges, Cuckoos i i 

Scansores, Toucans 3 3 

Piciformes, Woodpeckers 2 9 

Passeri formes, Thrushes, Sparrows, and 

all Perching Birds... 117 576 

26 Orders of Birds 355 1,555 

DEPARTMENT OF REPTILES. 
Raymond L. Ditmars, Curator. 

The close of 1905 finds the collection in the Reptile House re- 
markably full, and well stocked with important representative 
species. The collection of poisonous snakes has strengthened 
beyond our expectations. The series of rattlesnakes contains 
about sixty specimens, and to the collection of cobras,* eight 
specimens, representing two additional species, have been added. 
Through the Curator's efforts to procure specimens of the desert 
tortoises, from the Southwest, to exhibit in the Tortoise House, a 
number of desert lizards were received. During the summer 
these were shown in a special cage outside the Reptile House, 
and later were transferred to the high temperature of the Tor- 
toise Room, in the eastern end of the building. 

The series of local reptiles has been much elaborated. Large 
descriptive labels have been printed, framed, and placed over 
the cages. These labels give a condensed history of each species 
represented, and the exhibit is thus made more useful and in- 
structive. Across the hall from the local reptiles are the batra- 
chians found in this vicinity, arranged in the same fashion. 

A new and important feature is the grouping of the strictly 
aquatic amphibians under a large general label. Four com- 
modious aquaria hold a representative lot of these creatures. 
Two of the tanks are supplied with running water, which is an 
absolute requirement for some of the species. In connection with 
the exhibit of amphibians there is shown a fine preparation illus- 
trating the transformation of the frog. Brought together in this 
fashion, from different parts of the building, the batrachian col- 
lection is at once rendered more noteworthy and atractive. 

* Described in the Ninth Annual Report, for 1904. 



68 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Owing to the rai)i(l growth of the aIHgators that hatched here 
from the eggs collected by the Curator and Keeper Snyder in 
South Carolina four years ago, a section of the big tank has been 
partitioned off for them. From a length of eight inches and a 
weight of one and three-eighths ounces these reptiles have g^own 
to a length of five feet, and an average weight of fifty pounds. 
This series of alligators is very important in affording an oppor- 
tunity for accurate observations of the growth of the North 
American Alligator. From a small aquarium the specimens were 
first transferred to the large turtle tank, and, outgrowing this, 
they have at last been accorded the privilege of joining the big 
saurians in the alligator pool. 

A small feature in the Reptile House, yet attracting consider- 
able interest, are several cases of poisonous " insects," such as 
spiders, centipedes, and scorpions. Descriptive labels explain 
away certain superstitious ideas, and cite the actual habits, besides 
giving remedies for bites and stings. 

In addition to the maps and charts, a number of photographs, 
illustrating structural characteristics of the specimens, are now 
exhibited. 

The most important improvement of the year in the reptile 
department was the construction of the outdoor yards at the 
eastern end of the Reptile House. The enclosures communicate 
directly with the interior runways of the Tortoise House. Each 
yard has been floored with sand and provided with a concrete 
pool. These enclosures have been specially designed for the large 
tortoises — several species of which are now on hand — and for 
iguanas, monitors, mastigures, and other large lizards. The tem- 
perature of the Tortoise Room is maintained at 80° F., and the 
floor space that it affords, covered with warm sand and abundantly 
lighted, has proven of great benefit to all its reptilian habitants. 
Iguanas that have fared poorly in the smaller cages of the main 
exhibition hall have recovered their health and vigor to a remark- 
able degree when transferred to the desert temperature of the 
Tortoise Room. The principal difficulty experienced in keeping 
the large lizards in the new quarters lies in preventing them from 
leaping or climbing out of their enclosures. 

Until a rather elaborate new arrangement of doors has been 
provided, it is not possible to admit the. public to the Tortoise 
Room in w^inter, but this object will be attained very shortly. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 69 



REPTILES ON HAND ON DECEMBER 3I, I905. 

Species. Specimens. 

Chelonia 31 127 

Crocodilia 3 46 

Lacertilia 20 118 

Ophidia 56 278 

Amphibia 15 118 

Total 125 687 

The total census of the Zoological Park collections at the end 
of 1905 is as follows: 

SUMMARY OF COLLECTIONS. 

Species. Specimens. 

Mammals 177 625 

Birds 355 1,555 

Reptiles 110 569 

Amphibians 15 118 

Total 657 2,867 

Increase over 1904 221 1,065 

GROUND IMPROVEMENTS UNDER THE DIRECTION OF ZOOLOGICAL 

PARK OFFICERS. 

Hermann W. Merkel, Chief Forester and Chief Constructor. 

Planting. — In this branch of our work the year 1905 will be 
memorable for two reasons — the great amount of planting done 
and a good growing season for newly planted stock. That our 
maximum effort should have been made in the year most aus- 
picious in weather conditions is indeed cause for congratulation. 

Previous to 1905 many causes had operated to postpone the 
extensivf planting operations that had been planned for the south- 
ern front of the Zoological Park. The western boundary had 
previously been planted with deciduous trees, but even there the 
masses of conifers necessary to a perfect border plantation and 
wind-break were lacking. At last, however, funds for planting 
became available in the autumn of 1904. 

During the winter the Chief Forester was sent to nearly all 



70 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

the leading nurseries east of Chicago to personally inspect their 
stocks, make selections, and place orders for everything desired. 
By this method the stock secured was particularly fine, and it was 
also specially adapted to our purpose. In the item of rhododen- 
drons, for example, about 1,500 fine, large bushes were procured at 
the unusually low average rate of 70 cents each, delivered in New 
York. Five carloads of laurel were obtained at the rate of 20 
cents per plant, which represents about one-half the usual market 
price for such stock. 

The wellnigh complete exposure of the Park grounds along 
their southern front called for energetic measures. The poverty 
of the soil on the site of the proposed border plantation required 
the purchase of about 2,000 cubic yards of good top soil and about 
700 loads of manure. In addition to this, a great amount of 
underdraining was necessary. 

By the time the first carloads of evergreens arrived the ground 
was in perfect readiness, and the planting forthwith began. All 
these operations were directed by expert foremen gardeners, and 
the laborers employed were all carefully selected for that work. 
By working extra hours the stock was planted almost as rapidly 
as it arrived, the majority of it going into the ground on the 
day of its receipt. 

In these border plantations about 5,000 large conifers were 
used, of which about 750 were white pine, with about the same 
number of hemlocks. The remainder were white balsam, blue 
Norway spruce, Nordmann's silver fir, Colorado fir, red and 
white cedar, Austrian pine, Scotch pine, and pitch pine. In 
smaller quantities there were numerous other varieties. All these 
were planted thickly for immediate eflfect, and about one-half of 
them will be available for transplanting in the near future. 

In places this mass of evergreens was fronted by groups of 
deciduous shrubs. Of the latter there were planted such species 
as arrow-wood, hobble bush, high-bush huckleberry, snow berry, 
June berry, witch-hazel, several varieties of sumach, leather wood, 
bush honeysuckle, red-twigged dogwood, the cornels, chokeberry, 
and pepper bush, to the total number of about 12,000. 

On the western boundary, fronting the Southern Boulevard, 
the fences were moved in from 20 to 50 feet, to afford additional 
room for boundary planting. The 30-foot strip originally fenced 
off was found to be too narrow. 

In accordance with the plans of the architects, Baird Court was 
planted with the best specimens procurable of the large-leaved 
European linden. The north bank of Cope Lake received a quan- 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 71 

tity of top soil, and was planted with about a thousand shrubs of 
native species. 

The whole centre and southern half of Audubon Court — 
bounded by the Reptile House, Mountain Sheep Hill, the Antelope 
House, and Ostrich House — was carefully worked over, graded, 
seeded, and sodded as necessary. The existing group of trees 
and bushes occupying the centre of the Court was considerably 
enlarged, and the new area was planted with rhododendrons, 
azaleas, kalmias, and a few fancy evergreens. 

The existing grove in front of the Reptile House was extended 
southward and westward by the addition of dogwood, hornbeam, 
hop tree, and other species. 

Along Beaver Valley Walk the planting done was particularly 
successful. Owing to the excellent shelter, and also shade, it 
was possible to introduce several large masses of broad-leaved 
evergreen shrubs. The stock secured for this area proved to be ex- 
cellent, and consisted chiefly of 1,700 rhododendrons, representing 
three native species, and about 2,000 kalmias. These large masses 
were bordered with leucothe, yellow root, galyx, etc., liberally 
interspersed with Liliutn canadensis, philadelphica, and superbum. 
The hillside east of the Restaurant was covered with mountain 
laurel, while the low grounds were partly filled with magnolias. 
In addition to this several thousand of such attractive perennials 
as wake-robin, blood-root, and lobelias, and about five hundred 
ferns were used there. We expect to carry this scheme along 
the sides of the Jungle Walk, and to have this whole section 
teeming with flowers from early spring to late fall. 

The condition of all our plantings is entirely satisfactory, but 
it was only by a great amount of mulching and watering that 
the newly planted stock was carried through one extremely threat- 
ening period. During two weeks in May and the entire month of 
June we had hardly any rainfall, and to save the new plantings 
three gangs of men were continuously kept at watering, often in 
relays, and working all night. Through this and through care- 
ful mulching, for which purpose we fortunately had on hand 
an ample supply of manure, the loss in the entire planting for 
the year amounted to only one and one-tenth per cent. In view 
of the fact that in large plantings of conifers the most conserva- 
tive nurserymen warned us to expect a loss of ten per cent, the 
record named above speaks highly for the Chief Forester and 
his force. 

Excavating and Filling. — A tree-trench 4 feet deep and 16 feet 
wide, extending from the north end of the Lion House to the 



72 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

south end of the new Bird House, was excavated and filled with 
good soil from the bed of Lake Agassiz, as also was the space for 
the northern grass plat. 

In order to remove from the Buffalo Range the poisonous 
grasses and infected earth which in previous years had so seri- 
ously affected the buffalo herd, the top soil was removed from 
the whole of that area, and utiHzed in making new ground for 
plantings at the New Boston Road Entrance. In the spring of 
1906 that range will be seeded with red-top grass, which it is 
believed will not affect the buffaloes adversely. 

At the eastern end of the new bridge across the Bronx River, 
on Pelham Avenue, the southern sidewalk space was left by the 
bridge contractor as a chasm, about 12 feet wide, 14 feet deep, and 
100 feet long. This space was filled with earth from Lake Agas- 
siz, shaped into a proper embankment, and finally the side of the 
embankment was covered with top soil and seeded. 

Owing to the presence of filaria in the bottom of the Elk Pond, 
the water from the bottom of which could not be drained off, 
about 1,700 yards of earth, stones, etc., were hauled and depos- 
ited there to raise the level of the bottom high enough to drain the 
pond and disinfect it. 

The site of the yards to surround the new house for Small 
Deer, and the surrounding walk, was carefully graded, and a 
great quantity of earth filling was hauled in to fill the hollow on 
the western side of the slope. This was not completed during 

1905. 
The entrance plaza for the new Boston Road Entrance was 

unavoidably located on a spot which was about ten feet below the 

level of the adjacent streets. Part of this hollow was filled with 

about 3,000 yards of top soil, as a basis for planting operations. 

The remaining space was filled with other materials, and graded 

up as near as practicable to the lines of the north retaining wall, 

and the macadam surface that remains to be added. One hundred 

cubic yards of specially selected stone, for the north retaining 

wall of this plaza, were purchased on the site of the city's Grand 

Concourse, near Jerome Avenue, and hauled to the site of the 

proposed improvement. 

Lake Agassiz. — Very important work was done in Lake 

Agassiz and vicinity. First, the solid masonry core of the earth 

island between the two waterfalls, once overflowed by a heavy 

flood with great damage to the island, was raised three feet, 

effectually preventing similar occurrences in the future. The 

whole surface of the island was raised about four feet by de- 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 73 

positing thereon earth which was excavated near by, in Lake 
Agassiz. 

The work of deepening the lake, begun last year, was com- 
pleted in a satisfactory manner. A channel was dug to conduct 
a portion of the main current of the stream around the south- 
ern side of the island near the Concourse, and correct the stag- 
nant condition of a large water area that long had needed this 
remedy. A small wing dam was built to make this improvement 
effective and permanent. The banks of Lake Agassiz were care- 
fully graded, with a view to restoring as far as possible the 
appearance of natural conditions. In a few places sandy shores 
were made; but the amount of sand available for this purpose 
was much too limited for a perfect effect. 

Henceforth, the mass of aquatic vegetation which previously 
grew up every summer and choked the water area of Lake 
Agassiz will be seen no more. It is hoped that in 1906 funds 
will be available for the proper planting of this region, which 
when done will complete the restoration of what is unquestion- 
ably the most beautiful landscape in the Park. 

Fence North of Lake Agassiz, — The outbreak of sheep-killing 
dogs, which occurred in the month of July, forced upon the 
Society the necessity of immediately fencing the northern shore 
of Lake Agassiz, to prevent dogs from swimming the lake and 
river, and thereby entering the Park. To meet this imperative 
necessity for protection about 2,500 feet of Page wire fence was 
erected on steel posts, and the usual run of dry rubble pave- 
ment was laid inside, close along the fence, to prevent dogs 
from digging under. Two floodgates and barriers, of iron wire 
and wood, are, with the approval of the Park Department, now 
being erected, to swing underneath the two bridges to prevent 
the ingress of dogs over the ice in winter. As soon as these 
gates are in place a collection of water fowl will be placed on 
Lake Agassiz, in accordance with the Society's original plan. 

Water Supply to Beaver Pond, — In dry seasons the supply of 
water to the Beaver Pond always has been inadequate; and the 
brook which occasionally flows through the beech woods into 
Lake Agassiz has nearly always been dry. In order to thor- 
oughly and permanently improve both those conditions, it was 
decided to establish below the waterfall an automatic pump, with 
water power from the lake, to pump lake water into the head 
of the Beaver Pond. Accordingly, a 12-inch hydraulic pump- 
ing engine was purchased, and will be put in operation early in 
the spring of 1906. Meanwhile, a pipe line consisting of 1,900 



74 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

feet of 3-inch galvanized iron pipe was laid from the waterfall 
to the Beaver Pond under one edge of the new walk. This 
should greatly improve the condition of the Beaver Pond, and 
the constant overflow of water will render the dry brook a pleas- 
ing feature in the tract of thick forest, which for convenience 
has been named " The Jungle." 

Additional Electric Conduit. — In order to carry wires for elec- 
tric-lighting and telephones from Baird Court to the Aquatic 
Birds' House, it was necessary to construct about 600 feet of 
conduit, with two manholes. This completes the system of con- 
duits connecting all the large central buildings of the Park, but 
does not equip the Antelope House and Small-Deer House. 

New Sewers. — To provide for the use of the two new toilet 
houses erected in the southeastern portion of the Zoological 
Park, our force constructed about 1,000 feet of 6-inch sewer, 
and laid an equal length of 2-inch water pipe. Another line of 
sewer, about 600 feet in length, was laid from the new Feed Barn 
to the main line in Beaver Valley. 

Concrete Work. — In the Sea Lion Pool, in the centre of Baird 
Court, an elaborate shelter structure, made to imitate the forma- 
tion of granite rock, was finished in September. In addition 
to this, two islands of rock and concrete were built in the pool. 
At the two toilet buildings referred to above, concrete retaining 
walls were built to protect the structure from the wash of storm 
water down the steep hill which rises toward the east. The 
service yard at the Rocking-Stone Restaurant was paved with 
concrete, and a concrete floor was laid in the " Menagerie," or 
winter store-house for outdoor animals that require heat in win- 
ter. A concrete gutter was laid around the Raccoon's Tree 
and in front of the new Bear Dens. New floors of concrete 
were laid in the Elk Barn, Red Deer Barn, and Moose Barn. 

Nezv Fences. — The piast year has witnessed an extensive re- 
modelling of boundaries on the south and west, not only along 
the streets, but in the ruminant ranges also. Primarily this 
work was rendered necessary by the " grading and regulating " 
of i82d Street, our southern boundary, and the Southern Boule- 
vard, along the west. In some places the grades of these streets 
were raised from four to eight feet, and through this work our 
old boundary fences, already badly rusted, were practically de- 
stroyed. The building of the two new walks leading to the new 
Boston Road Entrance involved a complete remodelling of the 
Buffalo Range ; and the inward extension of the western border 
plantation involved the rebuilding of those fences also. It 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 75 

should also be stated that owing to the extreme saline quality 
of the atmosphere of Bronx Park, the light wire fences erected 
in 1899 were so badly rusted that the erection of new fences, of 
much heavier wire, and more heavily galvanized, was really 
imperative. 

Accordingly our force completely reconstructed, on very sub- 
stantial posts of T-shaped steel — far stronger and more durable 
than the original posts — 13,650 feet of the following fences, all 
88 inches high, of 25 bars of No. 9 hard steel wire. No. 7 wires 
at top and bottom, and with tie wires of No. 12 wire, one foot 
apart: 

Southern boundary fence 2,200 feet. 

Upper Buffalo Range 850 " 

New Fallow Deer Range 2,300 

Camel Range 500 

Elk Range "| 

White-Tailed Deer Range > 4,100 

Red-Deer Range j 

New Maral Deer Range 400 

Along West Farms Road 800 

North of Lake Agassiz 2,500 



it 

n 



13,650 



n 

u 
it 



The importance of this work can hardly be overestimated. 
These fences will last twice as long as those erected in 1899, 
and will be absolutely effective in keeping dogs out of the Park. 
Along the inside of each fence, close up to the wire, has been 
laid a permanent strip of rough paving, three feet wide, to serve 
two important purposes. It will prevent dogs of all sizes from 
digging under, and it affords a solid, never-muddy promenade 
for deer and other hoofed animals that love to walk to and fro 
close beside their fences. 

The southern boundary fence, along i82d Street, was set on 
the top of the dry-rubble retaining wall which was built in im- 
proving the street — a work of much difficulty. This plan will 
be pursued along our western boundary. 

During the coming year it is our intention to rebuild the 
western boundary fence, the fence along the Boston Road, the 
fence of the Axis Deer Range, and also that along Pelham 
Avenue. 

New Walks, — In addition to the very extensive fence-build- 



76 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

ing programme carried out in 1905, work of equal magnitude 
and importance was performed in the building of new walks 
and the thorough reconstruction of old walks. The most impor- 
tant items of this work must be mentioned. 

From the new entrance at West Farms two new walks were 
constructed. One leads westward between the southern border 
plantation and the new Fallow Deer Range to the south door of 
the Antelope House. The other runs northward along the ridge 
forming the eastern edge of the buffaloes' plateau to the foot 
of the steps below the Lydig Memorial Arch. A third new line 
— known as the " Jungle Walk " — leads from a point near the 
lower end of the Beaver Pond, northward through the beautiful 
wooded valley, to the shore of Lake Agassiz. From thence it 
follows the south bank of the lake and river, past the falls, to 
the Bronxdale Entrance. This opens up a new section, and will 
soon render available for use the entrance on the Boston Road, 
near the bridge. 

Owing to the density of the forest traversed by the greater 
portion of this walk, and the great damage to the trees that would 
have resulted from any attempt to lay Telford macadam, that 
portion of the walk was built of planks that had been soaked in 
creosote, and set on red-cedar posts. This work was accom- 
plished without once driving a team into the thick forest, and 
without jeopardizing the life of a single tree. This improvement 
consumed 36,000 feet of spruce lumber and 5,000 feet of red- 
cedar posts. 

The portion of this walk which lies alongside the lake and 
river was constructed of macadam, for which it was necessary to 
build on the river side a massive retaining wall, and erect upon 
it an iron guard rail. On account of the failure of the Brown 
& Fleming Contracting Company to fulfil their contract for 
furnishing stone and screenings, the macadamized portion of this 
walk, and the surfaces of other walks also, could not be finished 
during the year. 

The total area of new walks built during the year 1905 was 
66,050 square feet, or an average of 4,128 lineal feet of walk, 16 
feet wide. The lines were as follows : 

Jungle Walk, — Beaver Pond to Northeast Entrance. 
Buffalo Ridge Walk, — West Farms Entrance to Lydig Arch 
Steps. 
Grant's Walk, — West Farms Entrance to Antelope House. 
Asiatic Deer Walk, — Aquatic Bird House, westward. 




TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 77 

Axis of Audubon Court to Antelope House. 

From Wolf and Fox Dens through Shelter Pavilion. 

To the above should be added the Telford macadam paving, 
with tar surface, constructed on Baird Court, from the cross 
axis northward to the line of the contract work on the northern 
wall. 

Reconstruction of Walks, — The rebuilding of the cheaply 
made walks that were constructed by a contractor in 1899 was 
very nearly brought to a finish. All these old walks have been 
torn up, regraded, provided with side drainage, gutters, and 
catch-basins, and rebuilt in the most substantial and permanent 
manner. The total area of the walks thus rebuilt amounts to 
55,400 square feet, the drainage of which required 3,100 feet of 
vitrified sewer pipe. 

Tar Surface. — The new process worked out in 1904 by Mr. 
Merkel for coating the surface of Telford macadam with tar 
proved so satisfactory that it was employed to the utmost extent 
on the walks made last year. The total area of walks made in 
1905 was so great that it was impossible to treat all of it with 
tar, but, nevertheless, two tarring outfits were kept constantly at 
work, and a considerable area was covered. It is our intention to 
continue this process until nearly all our macadam walks have 
by it been rendered permanently dry, smooth, and free from 
quantities of dust. 

Already our process is being studied by the officers of other 
parks, with a view to adopting it. 

Guard Rails and Wires, — The work of erecting permanent 
guard wires along all walks was continued. During the year 
15,650 lineal feet (three miles) were erected. In addition to 
this nearly a mile of wooden railing, chiefly rustic red cedar, was 
erected along the Boston Road, the eastern side of Baird Court, 
and along the walk east of the Bronx. 

Drinking Fountain. — To meet the wants of the crowds of vis- 
itors that now frequent that portion of the Zoological Park 
which is situated east of Bronx Lake, a bronze drinking fountain 
was erected near De Lancey's Pine. This work was completed 
in time to be of use during the summer months ; and in this con- 
nection it serves as a reminder that other drinking fountains 
must soon be erected in other portions of our grounds. 

Tortoise Yards. — The eastern room of the Reptile House has 
at last been given up to the dry-land tortoises, iguanas, monitors, 
€tc., as originally planned. At last the ground outside the build- 



78 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

ing has been converted into open-air yards, covered with sand, 
and provided with bathing pools. In the latter part of the sum- 
mer these yards were occupied by their reptilian inhabitants, and 
proved of great benefit to them. A small amount of additional 
work will render the Tortoise Room accessible to winter visitors 
from the main hall, for in winter the end doors must remain per- 
manently closed. To save the roots of several large and valu- 
able oaks, the walk along the eastern front of the Tortoise Yards 
was made of wood. 

Miscellaneous Ground Improvements. — Under this head a great 
number of small items of work were performed. The most note- 
worthy was for the purpose of promoting both economy and 
speed in certain lines of our work, and had for its direct object 
the substitution of power and machinery for hand work. 

In the Service Yard, in close proximity to the original plant of 
shops, a cheap wooden shed was erected to afford working space 
for machinery of various kinds driven by electric power. The floor 
space afforded amounts to i,6oo square feet, upon which have been 
installed about ten different machines, such as are in almost daily 
use in our work. It is the opinion of Mr. Merkel that the total 
cost of this installation will be saved in a single year. In addition 
to iron-working, and wood- and wire-working machinery, all our 
hay is cut by power in a separate room of this shed. To this 
shed the carpenter shop has been transferred. 

CONTRACT WORK IN GROUND IMPROVEMENTS. 

Conducted binder the direction of the Park Department for the Borough of the 
Bronx. Martin Schenck, Chief Engineer; W. P. Hennessy, Ass't Engineer. 

Two important contracts of 1904 were completed in 1905. 

The Large Bird House. — This important structure, erected by 
the George L. Walker Company at a total cost of $118,931.75 
(without the Glass Court), was completed and accepted in June, 
and opened to the public on July 4th. It was fully described in 
Zoological Society Bulletin No. 18. 

The Pheasant Aviary. — This very attractive installation was 
completed by Conrad Hewitt at a total cost of $21,021.35 in 
September, 1905. Without delay it was partially filled with a 
good collection of pheasants, but it was too late in the year to 
introduce the pigeons and doves, and the shrubbery and vines 
that will abundantly adorn the interiors of the runways. This 
Aviary is 240 feet long, and contains 54 compartments for 
birds. The two end pavilions are provided with stoves, and their 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 79 

cages are intended for birds that require moderate heat in cold 
weather. 

Contracts Let in 1905, — The following is a list of the contracts 
let in 1905 and the amount of each, exclusive of architects' com- 
missions and extras : 

Baird Court (western wall, north wall, steps, and 

balustrades), John V. Schaefer Company... $67,000.00 

Camel House, Peter Kiernan 2,800.00 

Feed Barn, William H. Wright & Son 15,316.00 

Glass Court (Bird House), George L. Walker 

Company 24,199.00 

Small-Deer House, Guidone & Galardi 41,543.00 

2 Toilet Buildings, east of Bronx, Guidone & 

Galardi 8,385.00 

Public Comfort Building near West Farms, J. J. 

Buckley 19,200.00 

Entrance Pavillion at West Farms, William 

Home & Company 5,008.00 

Steps at Bear Dens, John Fury 1,569.00 

Furnishing Broken Stone and Screenings, Brown 

& Fleming Company 7,437.50 

Cement, John P. Kane & Company 933-75 

Sewer Pipe, August Bans 333-72 

Of the above contracts, three were completed in 1905. These 
were the Camel House, the granite steps, and the two toilet 
buildings east of the Bronx River. The contract for the walls 
and steps of Baird Court is being pushed as rapidly as the 
weather will permit, and in all probability will be completed by 
June I,. 1906. The contract for the Small-Deer House was let 
so late in the year it was deemed inadvisable for work «ipon it 
to begin until the spring of 1906. 

New Entrance, — In order to meet the demand of the greatly 
increased attendance to be expected from the new Subway ter- 
minus at West Farms, the Zoological Society decided to estab- 
lish a new entrance at the intersection of the Boston Road and 
i82d Street. This undertaking — which is of great importance 
to the visiting public — came to the Society as a new necessity, 
and involved an important departure in the expenditure of funds. 
The purpose of this entrance is to afford the public a more direct 
approach into the centre of the Park from the new Subway ter- 
minus, and it rendered necessary the construction of two impor- 
tant lines of walk — as already described. 



80 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



MAINTENANCE. 

Hermann W. Merkel, Chief P'orester; E. H. Costain, Assistant Forester 

and Captain-of-the-Watch. 

Henceforth we may expect an increase in the cost of maintain- 
ing our many buildings in a proper condition. While all of them 
are yet comparatively new, it must be remembered that very few 
public buildings are subject to a strain of daily use as severe as 
that which falls upon the animal buildings in our Park. The 
high temperature necessary for the comfort of some of the living 
creatures, the wear and tear caused by the great multitude of 
visitors, the constant disinfecting and scrubbing of cages and 
floors, and the great humidity of the interiors generally, all tend 
to disintegrate even buildings of the highest class. 

The " hurry " calls on the construction force, because of the 
fact that some beast is trying to get itself or others into trouble 
by destroying its " environment," or by attacking its nearest 
neighbors, have become more frequent than ever. 

Last year the entire floor of the Reptile House became so 
deeply worn by the feet of visitors that it required a new surface 
of concrete. The replastering of the interior walls of the larger 
serpent cages was carried to completion, and the hot-water sup- 
ply system was given a thorough overhauling. The entire hard- 
wood finish in this building received several coats of varnish. 
The slate and also the glass roofs received a much-needed over- 
hauling; and a new copper gutter, with leaders, was installed 
along the north side of the building. 

At the Aquatic Bird House the hot-water heating boiler was 
taken apart, and four old sections replaced with new ones. The 
copper roof, which had become very leaky, was repaired, and new 
leaders were supplied. The outside cages of this building re- 
ceived a thorough overhauling. The landscape background of 
the inside cage was very successfully repainted by Mr. E. A. Cos- 
tain, and the entire interior and exterior of this building was over- 
hauled and repainted. 

At the Lion House the cage gutters were relined with sheet 
lead sunk into the cage flooring, and steel plates were put in 
place at the feeding doors. Some repairs were also made to the 
cage floors. The entire cage- work, inside and out, was scraped 
free from rust and given two coats of paint. The studio, feed- 
room, women's rest room, and the artists' room were all painted 
and varnished. Extra heating pipes were supplied in the toilet 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 81 

rooms in the basement, and the plumbing in these rooms was over- 
hauled. 

At the Primates' House extensive repairs were made to the 
cage gutters ; and the entire cage-work was repaired and painted. 
The plastered ceiling, which had become very unsightly, and all 
woodwork in this building, were painted or varnished. One of 
the large ape cages was supplied with a new barred front, re- 
placing the wire-netting front which had become too weak for 
the strength and intelligence of the chimpanzee within. 

The repairs necessary at the Antelope House were fewer and 
of less importance than at any other of the large buildings; but 
the entire yard fences received two coats of paint. 

At the Restaurant the usual number of repairs were necessary 
to the plumbing. The kitchen, both pavilions, three rooms in the 
upper story, and the toilets were painted and varnished. A room 
for the manufacture of ice-cream and syrups was fitted up in the 
cellar of the Service Building, and a great many minor changes 
and repairs were made. All the entrance pavilions received their 
annual cleaning and varnishing. 

Of the outside dens and aviaries, the Bear Dens received the 
most attention. The lower portions of all the partitions of the 
four older dens were removed, and replaced with strong, close, 
bar panels, and one great source of anxiety was thereby elimi- 
nated. All the Bear Dens, new and old, were scraped free from 
rust, and given three coats of paint. A new and stronger parti- 
tion was erected in the Puma cages. The partition fences of the 
Ducks' Aviary were strengthened and repaired. Other installa- 
tion fences which received a thorough scraping and painting 
were as follows: 

Mammal Pond Fence. Crocodile Pool. 

Prairie-Dog Village. Soda Pavilions, 

Ducks' Aviary. Otter Pools, 

Beaver Pond Fence. Sea Lion Pools. 

Raccoon Tree, And nearly all the guard 

rails and wires. 

The usual amounts of vegetables and live-stock were raised 
at the Nursery. The quantities raised at the Farm were rather 
in excess of those of any previous year. The totals were as fol- 
lows : 



82 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



GROWN AT THE FARM. 



25 Tons Carrots. 1 1 1 Bushels of Field Corn. 

34 Tons Other Root Crops. 1,600 Ears of Sweet Corn. 

35 Tons Hay. And a great quantity of 
50 Barrels Potatoes. millet. 

5,000 Heads of Cabbage. 



PRODUCED AT THE NURSERY. 

781 Guinea-pigs. 3, 100 Chickens. 

439 Rabbits. 910 dozen Eggs. 

475 Rats and Mice. 10,000 Mealworms. 

150 Pigeons. 450 pounds Honey. 

5 Colonies of Bees. In addition to this about 30 

colonies of bees were presented by the Park 

Department. 

The chief items of vegetables raised at the Nursery were 23 
tons of carrots, mangels, beets, and other root crops ; about 8,000 
heads of lettuce, 15,000 roots of celery, 63 bushels of tomatoes, 
and a great variety of other vegetables. 

Besides storing and recuperating numerous large plants, the 
greenhouses produced about 11,500 bedding plants, ferns, and 
various flowering or ornamental greenhouse plants. Besides this, 
2,500 trees and shrubs and great quantities of perennials were 
raised. 

Tettt Caterpillars. — In 1905 the tent caterpillars became very 
troublesome. They multiplied to an alarming extent, and without 
delay a force was equipped for removing their nests, or " tents," 
and destroying them. The total number of nests destroyed was 
40,300. 

Large Forest Trees. — Our efforts to prolong the lives of the 
large forest trees of the Park have steadily progressed. All trees 
that are important, either on account of their size or their kind, 
have been inspected, and as many as possible have received the 
attention that their condition demanded. But the number in 
need of attention has constantly been so great that it has been 
impossible to provide the very considerable sum that needs to be 
expended each year upon the work of tree preservation. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 83 



DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION. 
H. Raymond Mitchell, Chief Clerk; William I. Mitchell, Assistant. 

During the year 1905 the work of the Chief Clerk increased in 
direct proportion to the general development of the Park. The 
volume of business done by the privileges, and the profits realized 
therefrom, was the greatest of any year thus far, and the amount 
turned into the Animal Fund was highly gratifying. With the 
increased facilities which the Society proposes to furnish this 
department, its operations will be further increased. 

During the year 1905, several much needed improvements were 
made in the office of the Chief Clerk, which materially lessen 
the labor of handling the ever-increasing volume of clerical work. 

Our single-wire telephone connection with the City became so 
overtaxed as to render it impossible to secure reasonably prompt 
service. Early in the year, therefore, a contract was made with 
the New York Telephone Company for two trunk wires, a switch- 
board, and five extensions. A telephone operator was engaged to 
handle this switch-board, and also that of the 22 stations on our 
own Park system, all of which has resulted in placing our tele- 
phone service on a more satisfactory basis. 

Rocking Stone Restaurant, — The season just closed has been the 
most successful in the history of the restaurant. Increased busi- 
ness made it possible to inaugurate the complete checking system 
which had long been contemplated. The net profits for the season 
amounted to $1,616.09. 

Soda Water. — Heretofore the ice-cream used in connection with 
this privilege, and also the supply to the restaurant, had been pur- 
chased from outside parties, but early in 1905 a complete plant 
for the manufacture of ice-cream was installed in the basement of 
the Service Building, at a total cost of about $1,000. This ex- 
periment has proven highly satisfactory, and a saving was made 
for the season sufficient to cover the entire cost of the plant. The 
total net profits for the year amounted to nearly $3,000. 

Riding Animals, — Such additions were made in the riding ani- 
mal equipment as their popularity demanded. In 1904 the profits 
of this privilege for the season were $766.52, while for the past 
season they amounted to $1,433.12. 

Souvenir Postal Cards, — The method of handling souvenir 
postal cards was completely revised. Instead of selling them 
singly as heretofore, they were sold only in sets, costing 10 cents 
and 25 cents. This caused a large increase in sales. The net 



84 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

revenue for the year was $760.77, as against $439.13 for the 
previous year. 

Guide Book. — The " Guide to the Park " continues to maintain 
its uniformly large sale. The Giraffe Edition of 15,000, which 
was placed on sale in July, 1904, is now practically exhausted. 
The net profits for 1905 amounted to $1,119.47. 

Souvenir Books. — A new edition of 3,000 copies of the small 
Book of Views was published in May, as well as a small edition 
of a larger book to sell at 50 cents and $1.00. The profits real- 
ized on the above for the year amounted to $260.46. 

Gate Receipts. — The following statement of gate receipts by 
years since the opening of the Park is submitted as an interest- 
ing exhibit of increasing attendance on closed days : 

Year. Gate Receipts. 

1900 $1,869.35 

I901 2,998.80 

1902 4*256.50 

1903. ••' 5,912.95 

1904 542L90 

1905 6,849.00 

Boat House. — It had been hoped that the contract for the erec- 
tion of the Boat House would be let sufficiently early in 1905 to 
have the building for use this season ; but, unfortunately, numer- 
ous delays have been encountered. It is now confidently expected 
that work on the building will begin early in 1906, and be com- 
pleted some time during the summer of 1906. When properly 
developed the boating privilege will, we feel certain, prove to 
be one of our greatest revenue-producers for the Animal Fund, 
as well as an important source of pleasure and recreation for 
visitors. 

Feed Barn. — From the very beginning one of the urgent needs 
of this department has been a barn in which large quantities of 
hoofed-animal food could be stored without loss. With the facili- 
ties which will be afforded by the new Feed Barn now under 
construction, it will often be possible to take advantage of market 
conditions in the purchase of food supplies with considerable sav- 
ing to our Maintenance Account. 

CIVIL ENGINEERING. 
George M. Beerbower, Civil Engineer. 

As may readily be inferred from the great amount of construc- 
tion work performed in the Park during the past year, the Soci- 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT 85 

ety's Civil Engineer has been unusually active. In addition to his 
routine duties of surveying and platting building sites, new walks, 
fence lines, and other improvements, Mr. Beerbower designed 
and prepared complete plans and specifications for three items of 
contract work. These were the Feed Barn, situated near the 
Service Building, two Public Comfort Buildings on the eastern 
side of Bronx Lake, and the granite steps, with bronze guard 
rails, near the Bear Dens. The Public Comfort Buildings and 
the granite steps were completed in December, and accepted for 
use. The brick walls of the Feed Barn are now up to the third 
story, and it is possible that the building will be completed by 
June I, 1906. 

The entrance turnstiles of the Zoological Park always have 
been seriously lacking in mechanical perfection, and always have 
been unsatisfactory. To remedy this condition, at least for the 
new Boston Road Entrance, Mr. Beerbower invented a turnstile 
which it is believed will give satisfactory results, and eliminate 
all the objectionable features of the machines now in use. 

PHOTOGRAPHY AND PUBLICATIONS. 
Elwin R. Sanborn, Photographer and Assistant Editor. 

The work of photographing and preserving permanent records 
of the important mammals, birds, and reptiles of the Zoological 
Park has been diligently pursued. The Society's collection of 
negatives of wild-animal subjects is probably unsurpassed, and 
the value of this material is now recognized by many pub- 
lishers. The Society permits the use of its photographs in books 
and periodicals upon payment of a nominal price for the right 
of reproduction, and the number called for is rapidly increasing. 
The system under which animal photographs now go out from 
the Park generally insures the publication of pictures which are 
a credit to the Society, and to the animals depicted. 

In addition to his regular duties in the Park Mr. Sanborn has 
spent some time in photographing at the Aquarium, and has 
secured there some excellent results in the photographing of fishes. 

In order to improve the old method of procuring photographic 
prints, and eliminate the risk involved in sending valuable nega- 
tives down iown, Mr. Paul Hedrick was permanently engaged 
by the Society to assist Mr. Sanborn with the numerous details 
of his department. It should be noted that the entire cost of 
the department of photography and publications is borne by the 
Zoological Society from its income account. 



86 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



A C K N O \V LEDG M E N TS. 

It is both a duty and a pleasure to acknowledge once more the 
cordial and helpful cooperation of the chief officers of the Park 
Department for Bronx Borough in all the affairs of the Zoological 
Park in which it was possible for them to render assistance. The 
many important matters to be acted upon by the Park Commis- 
sioner, by Chief-Engineer Schenck, Assistant-Engineer Hennessy, 
and Chief Clerk Ackerman always received the most prompt and 
careful attention, and by those officers the interests of the Zoolog- 
ical Park were promoted to the utmost extent. 

To each of the Zoological Park officers, and to the more than 
one hundred other members of the Zoological Park force, the 
director feels deeply indebted for the interest which they have 
taken in their individual work, and in promoting the interest of 
the Park as a whole. Any success which thus far has been 
attained in meeting the expectations of the Zoological Society, 
the Officers of the City of Xew York, and the general public has 
been due to the interest which each officer has manifested in his 
work, and the spirit of right-doing which he has inspired in those 
under him. Although the discipline of the force as a whole 
must necessarily be strict in order to attain a high degree of 
general excellence, everything that it is possible to give in return 
for faithful services is freely offered. 

The merit system is rigidly maintained, and, as it stands to-day, 
the Zoological Park force is the result of the two great natural 
laws of special selection and the survival of the fittest. 

Respectfully submitted, 

William T. Hornaday, 

Director. 
January i, 1906. 



UNGULATES IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 

By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY. 



THE forming of a collection which shall fairly represent the 
hoofed animals of the world is, necessarily, a work of 
years. It is now seven years since the Zoological Society entered 
upon this task, and during that period the work of providing in- 
stallations and procuring living specimens has been pursued with 
unflagging industry. The story of our successes and failures is 
too long for recital here, and may well occupy a special volume, 
which might be helpful as well as entertaining. 

It should be stated, however, that almost without exception 
thus far our only failures with hoofed animals have been caused 
by our own native species. Regarding their successful trans- 
plantation, much remains to be discovered. Although for a time 
we have confessed ourselves beaten by the moose, caribou, and 
black-tailed deer, we shall presently renew our experiments, with 
less of construction work to occupy our time and thoughts, and 
with more conditions in our favor. 

In no feature of development has the Zoological Society been 
more liberal than in the purchase of hoofed animals for our 
Ungulate collections. The majority of our smaller specimens 
have been purchased from the general Animal Fund of the Soci- 
ety, but nearly all the largest and rarest specimens have been 
specially presented by individual members of the Society. In the 
accompanying lists the most important gifts are credited to their 
sources. 

It is only under exceptional circumstances that we consider it 
either justifiable or interesting to publish lists of species. Now, 
however, the Society's Ungulate collections have reached a degree 
of such zoological importance and interest that it seems desirable 
to enumerate the species composing it various groups. If we are 
found to be somewhat lacking in certain Families, notably the 
wild cattle, the true buffaloes and bison, and in wild equines, it is 
only because we have as yet no special installations for those ani- 
mals. 

The wild equines and bovines which we do not at present pos- 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



89 



sess are, nearly all of them, species which cannot live through our 
severe northern winters without good shelter buildings, and some 
heat. 

In enumerating our species by groups they will be taken up 
without strict reference to their zoological sequence, and with 
no burden of technical names. 



DEER. 



GIFT OF 



1 

Wapiti ; American Elk. ^ 


1 Wyoming. 
t Idaho. 


W. C. Whitney 

Knox Taylor 


10 

I 


Tashkent Wapiti, 


Asia. 


The Duke of Bedford 


I 


Altai Wapiti, 


Asia. 


Mrs. F. F. Thompson 


2 


Maral Deer, 


Europe. 




2 


Red Deer, 


Europe. 


William Rockefeller . 


II 


Fallow Deer, 


Europe. 


William Rockefeller . 


28 


Axis Deer, 


India. 




12 


Sika Deer, 


Japan. 




lO 


Sanibar, 


India. 




7 


Equine Deer, 


Malay Penin. 




5 


Molucca Deer, 


Molucca Is. 


The Duke of Bedford 


2 


Barasinga Deer, 


India. 


William Rockefeller . 


6 


Burmese Thameng, 


Burma. 


William Rockefeller. 


3 


Muntjac, 


India. 




I 


Virginia Deer, 


United States. 


Austin Corbin, Pres. 


7 


Florida Deer, 


Florida. 




2 


Nelson's Mexican Deer 


, Mexico. 


Mrs. C. W. Beebe . . 


2 


Mule Deer, 


Colorado. 




2 


American Moose, 


Maine. 




I 



While our collection of deer already contains good representa- 
tives of nearly all of the most important cervine groups many 
additions must be made, and with as little delay as possible. Al- 
though we have for years exhibited caribou, and last year were 
in possession of two species of South American deer — one being 
the very curious Cervns pahidosus — it is our misfortune to have 
none of those at this date. To our present stock of deer we expect 
to add about 20 foreign species. But it is not our purpose to mul- 
tiply forms that closely resemble each other. Of the foreign spe- 
cies to be added, several are known to be anything but hardy in 
captivity. All the South American deer, the brockets, and all the 
members of the Genus Rangifer (reindeer and caribou) are diffi- 
cult to acclimatize anywhere outside of their natural ranges. 



90 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



It was a great pleasure to receive during the past year three 
fine specimens of the Burmese Thameng, or Eld's Deer {Cervus 
eldi), captured in Burma especially for us on an order from Mr. 
William Rockefeller. The male of this species bears the largest 
antlers in proportion to the size of the animal of any deer we 
know. Our two pairs of Barasinga Deer bred in 1905 and have 
reared two fine, vigorous fawns. A fawn was born to the pair 
of Altai Wapiti, but died almost immediately. 

In the autumn of 1905 the Duke of Bedford presented to the 
Society a splendid, large-sized, full-grown male Tashkent Wapiti 
from his matchless collection at Woburn Park, and it arrived in 
fine condition. It is shown beside its . near relative, the Altai 
Wapiti. We greatly desire representatives of the deer found on 
the Philippine Islands, but the long-existing embargo on the im- 
portation of any Philippine mammals has prevented the impor- 
tation of even one specimen. 

During the fall and winter months our deer are a source of 
constant anxiety and no little vexation. As a rule, the does 
harass the stags so long as the antlers of the latter are in velvet ; 
but as soon as the new antlers are ready for use the tables are 
quickly turned. Then the females must be protected from the 
males, and males that are particularly aggressive require to be 
isolated. 



ANTELOPE, 



GIFT OF 



Eland, male, Africa. 

female, Africa. 

Baker's Roan Antelope, Africa. 



Leucoryx Antelope, Africa. 



Addax Antelope, Africa. 

Kudu, Africa. 

Beatrix Antelope, Arabia. 

Sing-Sing Antelope, 

White-Bearded Gnu, Africa. 

White-Tailed Gnu, Africa. 

Reedbuck, Africa. 



} 



George F. Baker. . . 
C. Ledyard Blair. . . , 

George C. Qark ") 

Mrs. Frederic Ferris [- 2 

Thompson J 

Mrs. Frederic Ferris ^ 

Thompson, > 3 

Charles T. Barney, ) 
Mrs. Frederic Ferris 

Thompson 

C. Ledyard Blair. . . . 
Mrs. Frederic Ferris 

Thompson 

Mrs. F. F. Thompson 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 91 

Indian Antelope, India. 3 

Nilgai, India. 2 

F*our-Homed Antelope, India. i 

Dorcas Gazelle, Arabia. 2 

Indian Gazelle, India. i 

Prong-Homed Antelope, Colorado. 2 

As a representative collection, standing for the antelopes of the 
world, the series enumerated above is one which requires neither 
apology nor explanation. While it is our intention to add, as soon 
as practicable, specimens of the Sable Antelope and some of the 
Hartebeests, the crowded condition of the Antelope House will not 
permit of this until the completion of the Small-Deer House en- 
ables us to remove all the gazelles and very small antelopes. As 
our collection stands to-day, it is believed to be equal to the best 
of such collections that are to be found elsewhere on exhibition. 

In this series a notable accession has recently arrived, a gift 
from a member of the l)Oard of Managers, Mr. C. Ledyard 
Blair. A fine female Eland, about two years old, arrived in De- 
cember from South Africa. 

Among the African antelopes generally the death-rate has been 
very low. To the pair of Leucoryx antelopes a fine fawn was 
born on December 29, 1905, and it has thriven most satisfactorily. 
Other births in the Antelopv* House are expected very shortly. 
The spacious yards attached to the Antelope House are of great 
benefit to the animals, and in mild weather are in constant use. 



WILD SHKF.P AND COATS, AM) TIIKIR AIJJKS. 

(IIFT OF 

White Mountain Goat, l>ritish Columbia, John M. Phillips, 5 

Chamois, Juirope. i 

Suleiman Markhor, India. 2 

Persian Wild Goat, S. luirc)j)e. 3 

Himalayan Tahr, India. 3 

Rocky Mountain Sheep, British Columbia. i 

Mouflon, Sardinia. Maurice Egerton 3 

Punjab Wild Sheep, India. 3 

Aoudad ; Barbary Sheep, Africa. 2 

This very interesting collection is maintained alive and in health 

solely by reason of the fact that we constantly hold ourselves in 



92 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



readiness to make promptly any change in " environment " which 
the condition of any animal may seem to demand. A hard-and- 
fast rule to maintain this collection fixedly in any one place, either 
outdoors or indoors, would result in numerous fatalities. The indi- 
vidual whims of the animals are met with unlimited patience and 
effort on the part of all who are concerned in their care. Some 
of these animals can live throughout the winter on Mountain 
Sheep Hill, but others require housing indoors during the period 
of cold weather. The only fixed rule is to leave each animal out 
until it is plainly evident that it needs to be taken indoors. For 
example, in December one Markhor suffered so constantly from 
the cold it required to be taken in for the winter, but the other 
is living out in perfect comfort. Some of the Punjab Mountain 
sheep can live out ; others cannot. Our Mountain Goats did not 
do well on Mountain Sheep Hill, so we have quartered them in the 
old Prong-Horned Antelope corral, near the Southwest Entrance. 
Attention is specially called to the lusty little flock of White 
Mountain Goats. We believe that our present number (five) is 
the largest ever assembled anywhere for exhibition. 



MISCELLANEOUS UNGULATES. 







GIFr OF 




Giraffe, 


North Africa. 


Samuel Thorne. . 


2 


American Bison, 


United States. 


Wm. C. 


Whitney. 32 






•Norman 


James, >| 








Charles Shel- 




European Bison, 


S.-E. Germany. - 


don, i 


and Dr. 


2 






Leonard San- 








. ford. 


rf 




Anoa: Pygmy Buffalo, 


Celebes Islands. 






2 


Bactrian Camel, 


Asia. 


Capt. 


John ! 


:5. 






Barnes 


. 2 


Llama, 


South America. 


Robert 
ster . 


S. Brev 


. 4 


Vicunia, 


South America. 


Robert 
ster , 


S. Brev 

• ••••••• 


. 3 


Guanaco, 


South America. 


Robert 
ster . 


S. Brev 


V- 

. I 


Alpaca, 


South America. 


Robert 
ster . 


S. Brev 

• ••••••• 


. 2 


Grant's Zebra, 


Africa. 






2 


Chapman's Zebra, 


Africa. 






2 


Persian Wild Ass, 


Persia. 






I 



TENTH AXXUAL REPORT. 



93 



Prjevalsk}' Wild Horse, Mongolia. 

Red River-Hog, Africa. 

Collared Peccarw Texas. 

Indian Elephant, India. 

West African Elephant, Africa. 

American Tapir, South America. 



GIFT OF 



Colonel Oliver H, 

Payne 

Chas. T. Barnov. 



2 

I 
I 

I 
I 
I 



SUMMARY BY GROUPS. 



Deer 19 spec 

Antelopes 16 

Wild Sheep, Goats, etc.. 9 

Giraffes i 

Bison, etc 3 

Camels and Cameloids. . . 5 

Wild Eqiiines 4 

Elephants and Tapirs . . 3 

Wild Swine 2 



(')2 



les. 



1 10 specimens. 
20 



^3 



3'-^ 
12 

3 



-2-27 



Among the additions to the Ungulate collection during 1905 
the West African Elephant (ElcpJias cyclotis) unquestionably 
should stand first. Never before has a specimen of that species 
been seen in America, either alive or dead, and, strange to say. 
it is only a trifle less rare in Europe. The life history of this 
sharply defined species remains to be discovered. It is not yet 
definitely known what maximum size it attains, and its geo- 
graphic range is partly a matter of speculation. 

This interesting and valuable animal came to the Society (as 
the gift of ^Ir. Charles T. Barney, Chairman of the Executive 
Committee) solely through the policy of always keeping our net 
spread for zoological prizes, and closing bargains on a moment's 
notice. 

Our giraffes continue in perfect health and arc growing rap- 
idly. Since their arrival in November, 1903, neither has l)een ill 
for even one day. Unquestionably they enjoy life, and take a 
keen interest in everything that transpires in their small world. 
Since their arrival the male has grown 2 feet 11 inches, and the 
female i foot 11 inches. On November 4, 1905, the male was 13 
feet 6 inches high, and the female 12 feet. It may fairly be ex- 
pected that the pair will breed shortly. 



94 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Our herds of bison and elk are in the best condition they ever 
were ; and this is due solely to the fact that for the past i8 months 
they have been entirely prohibited from grazing on the grass 
of their large ranges. It is now settled beyond doubt that to all 
our American hoofed animals the old grasses growing in the 
ranges are of as deadly effect as if they were really poisonous. 

At last the whole of the Llama House is occupied by the col- 
lection of cameloids presented by Mr. Robert S. Brewster, and 
that collection is now at its best. Two llamas and a vicunia were 
born in 1905, and have developed well. 

Our fine three-year-old Moose is quartered in the corral adjoin- 
ing the Llama House on the north. 

An installation for wild horses, asses, and zebras is greatly 
needed, and no doubt will be provided at an early date. Another 
is needed for the tropical buffaloes, bison, and wild cattle which 
should be added to our collection ; and this, also, will in all prob- 
ability be provided in 1907. 



A DEADLY FUNGUS ON THE AMERICAN 

CHESTNUT. 

By HERMANN W. MERKEL, 

CHIEF FORESTER AND CONSTRUCTOR. 



DURING the past year an epidemic of a fungus disease has 
occurred throughout the parks of this Borough, which, but 
for the fact that it was confined to a single species of tree, might 
have overshadowed in deadHness and rapid spread all the other 
enemies of tree life. 

This disease was first noticed in the New York Zoological 
Park, in a few scattered cases which occurred during the summer 
of 1904. Since that time, however, it has spread to such an ex- 
tent that to-day it is no exaggeration to say that 98 per cent of 
all the chestnut trees in the parks of this l>orough are infected. 
The spread of this disease is so sudden that unless some radical 
measures are taken, or a natural enemy of this fungus develops, 
it is safe to predict that not a live specimen of the American 
Chestnut (Castanea dcntata) will be found two years hence in 
the neighborhood of the Zoological Park. 

This fungus attacks the live and apparently sound bark of 
twigs, branches, and limbs. Hie age and thickness of the bark 
present no obstacle, nor does the fungus seem to have any prefer- 
ence for susceptible points, such as crotches and eyes. 

To the casual observer the first visible sign that the disease has 
fastened itself upon the tree is the wilting of a portion of foliage 
for no apparent reason. This may occur at any time during the 
growing season. Upon closer examination there will be found a 
ring of dry bark completely encircling the base of the wilted 
member, and in a short time the spore bearers of the fungus will 
be scattered thickly over the entire surface of the dry bark. 
These spore bearers are about the size of a pinhead, and at first 
are of the color of raw sienna, turning a dark umber with age. 
The width of this wilted ring on the bark may be anywhere from 
I inch on a small branch to 3 or 4 feet on a larger limb. 

As far as mav be inferred from the many cases under obser- 



98 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

vation, the field of the disease fails to enlarge appreciably after 
the flow of sap ceases in the portion above the point of attack. 



The spore bearers do not appear upon any bark except that which 
was affected at the time of the death of the member. 

In one case which was under close observation from the time 
that the firsi dry speck appeared until the ringing and killing 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 99 

off of the branch, it took 21 days for the fungus to do its deadly 
work. This case was on a branch about 4 inches in circumference. 



Apparently the physical condition of the tree has no bearing 
upon the ability of the fungus to attack it. The disease was 
noticed with equal frequency upon young specimens in the nurs- 
ery, upon sprouts that had sprung from stumps of trees cut 



100 NEW VORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

down the previous year, upon youiift and vigorous trees 30 to 40 
feet hifjli, standing in deep rich soil, and also upon the few sur- 
vivors of the primeval forest with trnnks 10 to 12 feet in circnm- 



\ ONCE FIXE TREE 



ference. A vigorous tree upon which branches and limbs have 
been attacked and killed early in the season will often throw out 
new branches from adventitious buds immediately below the dead 
portion, which, in spite of their great vigor, will be soon attacked 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 101 

and killed. This, and the fact that all stages of the disease may 
be observed at any given time during the growing season, and 
also some experiments made by Dr. Murrill, of the New York 
Botanical Gardens, with cultures made from material furnished 
by us, would show that no period of rest is necessary, but that 
the spores are able to begin a new cycle of growth immediately 
upon ripening. This of course tends to increase the virulence 
of the disease. 

Early last June this disease was noticed on so many widely 
scattered trees of all sizes that specimen branches and an appeal 
for information were sent to the United States Department of 
Agriculture at Washington. The mycologist of the Bureau of 
Plant Industry — Mrs. Flora W. Patterson — identified this speci- 
men as being a fungus of the Genus Cytospora, and stated that 
no species of this genus had been reported as being injurious to 
chestnuts, and apparently the fungus was a true parasite. From 
the specimen received it would seem that no mechanical injury 
to the bark was necessary to enable the fungus to gain admittance 
to the live plant cells of the branch. The cutting out and imme- 
diate burning of all affected branches and limbs, and the spray- 
ing of all the trees with Bordeaux Mixture, were recommended. 

The sum of $2,000 was therefore asked for with which to begin 
operations, and upon its appropriation a force of experienced tree 
pruners was immediately set to work. From the start it was real- 
ized that work of some magnitude was at hand, and operations 
were therefore pushed with the utmost energy. The number of 
trees out of which all diseased material was cut was 438. Of 
a number of these trees only the bare trunk remains, it being 
necessary to cut away everything else. 

In the meantime steps were taken to procure a power-spraying 
machine, and after much consideration the Niagara Gas Spraying 
Company's outfit was decided upon as being the lightest, most 
effective, and most simple machine on the market. Its cost is 

$175. 

This machine consists of a 150-gallon tank and an 8- foot 

tower, both of steel, mounted on a platform truck which is pro- 
vided with wide wheels. The power for spraying is derived from 
a series of steel tubes containing commercial carbonic-acid gas 
under a pressure of about 1,200 pounds to the square inch. 
Through suitable fittings these tubes are connected with the tank 
containing the spraying liquid, and the supply is governed by a 
valve wherewith to regulate the pressure upon the liquid. Usu- 
ally the pressure is about 125 pounds to the square inch. Before 



102 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

entering the leads of hose, of which any reasonable number may 
be attached, the spraying mixture runs through a fine brass sieve, 
which removes all insoluble matter which might clog the nozzles. 
By the turn of a valve stem this sieve may instantly be cleaned 
of all matter deposited thereon. 

From the fact that there is no heavy engine to be transported 
from place to place, and from the absolute simplicity of this outfit, 
which has but few working parts, and practically nothing to get 
out of order, many trees in a dense forest, otherwise inaccessible, 
can be reached. 

By some simple experiments it was found that a very strong 
solution of copper sulphate could be used without injury to the 
foliage. It was therefore determined to use what is commonly 
called " potato strength," or 4 pounds of copper sulphate to 10 
gallons of water. The acidity or non-acidity of the mixture was 
always determined by the simple ferrocyanide of potash test. A 
stock solution of this was always kept on hand, so that no time 
would be lost in recharging the tank on the spraying machine. 

It was found that on an average a 150-gallon tank would 
spray three large trees. Later on, however, as the men became 
more proficient in handling the nozzles, this number was in- 
creased. On account of the size of the trees only two leads of 
hose were used. It was found necessary to have but two men 
to do the spraying, one to go to the highest portion of the tree 
and one to work upon the lower portion, either from the tower of 
the outfit or from short ladders. The driver helped in moving 
the ladders, agitated the mixture, and regulated the gas pressure 
in the tank. With this number of men it was possible to spray 
an average of four trees per day. 

The spraying of very large forest trees is of course vastly more 
expensive and is a slower and more dangerous task than spray- 
ing ordinary orchard trees, which in nearly all cases could be 
reached from the ground or from the tower platform. One great 
advantage of the Bordeaux Mixture over the copper sulphate so- 
lution is that in spraying large trees whereon a limb may be easily 
overlooked, its pale blue color shows exactly what part has been 
sprayed. 

It was impossible to go over our trees more than once during 
the past season. Just how far we have checked the progress of 
the disease is a matter of conjecture until the growing season 
reveals the facts. Considering, however, the ease with which 
the spores may be transferred by the action of the wind or by 
squirrels, birds, and insects from an affected tree to another 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 103 

which may have been sprayed only a few weeks previously, it is 
much to be feared that no permanent results will be achieved ex- 
cept by concerted action on the part of all of the Park authorities 
in this Borough. 

Dr. Murrill, the mycologist of the New York Botanical Gar- 
dens, will no doubt publish the results of his investigations into 
the life history of this fungus when they are complete. Infor- 
mation may also be expected from the mycologist of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture at Washington. Upon the findings of these 
authorities further action mav be based. 



BLt'E CRAB 



REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE 
AQUARIUM TO THE BOARD OF MANAGERS 

THE improvement and modernization of the Aquarium build- 
ing and its equipment has been continued along the lines 
announced when the Society assumed control of the institution. 
During the year the work of constructing pipe galleries and in- 
stalling new piping under the building was completed. Large 
filters for use in connection with the new system of stored sea- 
water were installed and a handsome iron vestibule was erected 
at the main entrance. 

The installation of a new heating and ventilating plant has 
been commenced by the contractor. 

The improvements which have been made to date from the 
special Improvement Fund have been carried on as steadily as 
could be done without inconvenience to visitors and without put- 
ting any of the lines of exhibition tanks out of use. 

The actual operation of the new system of stored sea-water, 
toward which most of the improvements and alterations have 
been directed, has been reluctantly postponed owing to the neces- 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 105 

sity of installing new boilers in the winter season and unavoidable 
delays connected with the lead-lining of iron pipes, which discolor 
the water. 

It is expected, however, that the work of bringing the Aquarium 
up to date in equipment will soon be completed and the new water 
system be put in operation. Until this is done it will be impossi- 
ble to exhibit the ocean forms of life, which the present obsolete 
brackish-water system renders impossible. 

IMPROVEMENTS FROM THE MAINTENANCE FUND. 

This fund has proved sufficient for the operating expenses of 
the Aquarium and has permitted of some minor improvements, 
among which may be mentioned alterations for the purpose of 
increasing light, the addition of numerous seats for the greater 
comfort of visitors, and the introduction of a bronze water heater 
to prevent the discoloration of water by iron rust. A moderate 
amount of painting and carpentry work and the introduction of 
large plants have increased the general attractiveness of the inte- 
rior, which has been favorably commented upon by many visitors. 
No unfavorable comment has come to the notice of the Director. 

A new supply of rock has been secured for the purpose of plac- 
ing additional rock-work backgrounds in the larger exhibition 
tanks. 

The work of labelling the collections will soon be completed. 
The information presented on the labels has been pronounced by 
many visitors to be very full and satisfactory. 

COLLECTIONS. 

The exhibits in the Aquarium have not changed materially 
since last year. They have been varied to some extent, but as 
all tank space is constantly occupied, it is not possible to greatly 
increase the number and variety of specimens without rejecting 
good material. When fishes and other water animals are doing 
well in the limited space afforded by aquaria tanks, it is inad- 
visable to disturb the balance of conditions already giving good 
results. 

The capture and transportation of fishes necessarily involve 
expense and loss of specimens. In the report for 1904 there was 
published a list of 213 diflferent species of fishes and other aquatic 
vertebrates on exhibition during the year. About 150 of these 
are to be seen in the Aquarium at any time. The total number 



> 



■• • . 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



of specimens on exhibition on December 31, 1905, exclusive of 
invertebrates and young fishes in the hatchery troughs, was 2,435, 
No other aquarium maintains so large and varied a collection. 

Exchanges of specimens were made during the year with the 
Aquarium in Detroit and the New England Fish and Game Asso- 
ciation in Boston. Additions were made to the collection of trop- 
ical fishes from Bermuda. 

The New York Forest, Fish, and Game Commission presented 
15 albino lake trout. These were young specimens, all with the 
pink eyes peculiar to albinos. 

Among the specimens received from Boston were 7 of the 
beautiful golden trout (Salvelinus aureolus) of Sunapee Lake, 
New Hampshire. 

A green turtle, weighing 313 pounds, and a Florida crocodile 
9 feet long were purchased and are doing well. The harp seals, 
harbor seals, and manatee were lost from pneumonia. 

A porpoise — unfortunately injured in capture — was placed in 
the large central pool on August 4th, where it attracted a great 
deal of attention during the four days it lived in captivity. On 
June 26th a large green moray (Lycodoniis fiinebris) from the 
Bermudas died after living in the Aquarium nearly six years. 
The specimen was 6 feet long and weighed 40 pounds. On No- 
vember nth a striped bass (Roccns Hnealtts) died after living in 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



YELLOW PERCH. 

the Aquarium iij^ years. During this time it had grown from 
a length of lo inches and a weight of '/z pound to 29^^ inches 
and a weight of 9% pounds. This fish was one of the very oldest 
residents of the Aquarium. On May 14, 1894, this specimen with 
54 others of the same species was placed in one of the large floor 
pools, where 24 of the same lot still remain in good condition. 
It is hoped that these fine specimens will live to grow still larger. 
Another old resident, the large Mississippi catfish (Leptops oU- 
varis), weighing 64 pounds, died April 25th, after living in the 
Aquarium five years. Its weight had increased about one-third in 
this time. These records are interesting as showing the growth 
and length of life of aquatic animals in captivity. 

The Aquarium now has many species which have lived in the 
building from five to eleven years. 

Specimens of aquatic animals lost during the year have been 
distributed to the American Museum of Natural History, the 
Museum of the Brooklyn Institute, the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, and to the Laboratory of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Excellent photographs have been made of most of the species 
living in the Aquarium. These are being published in the reports 
and bulletins of the Society, while many will be used to illustrate 
the Aquarium guide-book now in course of preparation. 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



anh tuuularia. 



IKK OK THE COLLECTOR. 



The Collector has brought in during the year over lOO different 
species of local fresh- and salt-water fishes and marine inverte- 
brates, amounting to many thousands of specimens. Some of 
these were exchanged with other aquariums and great quantities 
of the smaller forms were used as food for the larger species on 
exhibition. 

THE FISH H.STCHEBY. 

The fish hatchery, which was added to the equipment of the 
Aquarium three years ago, was installed chiefly as an exhibit of 
the modern methods of fish-culture. It has proved not only in- 
teresting and instructive to visitors, but profitable to the Aqnar- 
ium. 

The eggs of fishes used in operating it have been supplied from 
the beginning by Government fish-cultural stations in different 
parts of the country, and the young fry turned out have been 
liberated in State waters through the cooperation of the New 
York Fish Commission. 

A small proportion of each lot of young fishes has been reared 
in the Aquarium for exhibition, and the tanks now contain food 
and game fishes, varying in age from one to three years, which 
were hatched in the building from artificially fertilized eggs. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 109 

The hatchery is now kept in operation during the greater 
part of the year, being supplied in the summer season with the 
eggs of the Rocky Mountain trout, a species which spawns early 
in the summer. 

The various species hatched to the present time are; Atlantic, 
landlocked, humpback, and qniitnat salmon; brook, stcelhead, 
brown, rainbow, lake, and black-spotted trout; whitefish, shad, 
pike-perch, and yellow perch. 

In the January number of the \ew York Zoological Society 
Bulletin attention was called to the successful rearing in captivity 






at the Aquarium of the whitefish, an important food fish, usually 
liberated from fish-cultural stations soon after hatching on account 
of the difficulty of supplying the young fry with live food. This 
trouble was overcome at the Afjuarium by feeding with the larvK 
of mosquitoes which were gathered with gauze nets from stag- 
nant ponds in the vicinity of Xew ^'ork. There are now ()n exhi- 
bition numerous fine specimens of this species which have passed 



110 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

the delicate stage and feed freely on the artificial foods usually 
supplied to young fishes. 

The total output of the hatchery deposited in State waters dur- 
ing the year is approximately two millions. 

THE AQUARIUM LABORATORY AND THE DIRECTOR'S OFFICE. 

The facilities of the Aquarium laboratory and collections have 
been placed at the disposal of investigators from the city uni- 
versities and elsewhere. Among those who availed themselves 
of opportunities for original work were Prof. T. H. Morgan, 
Prof. F. B. Summer, Prof. R. C. Osburn, Dr. T. H. Bean, Dr. 
G. Eisen, Mr. C. Moreira, Mr. L. F. Ayson, and several stu- 
dents. Mr. Ayson, Inspector of Fisheries of New Zealand, has 
been most successful in acclimatizing American food and game 
fishes in the waters of New Zealand, and has been charged with 
the establishment of a small aquarium in connection with an 
exposition to be held in Auckland. Dr. Eisen, of San Francisco, 
made a detailed study of the methods of the Aquarium, to be used 
in connection with his plans for the aquarium to be built in that 
city. Mr. Moreira was in search of similar information for the 
use of the aquarium in Rio de Janeiro. 

The Director has given his personal attention to the rather ex- 
tensive correspondence of the Aquarium, endeavoring to reply 
as satisfactorily as possible to the inquiries of the public in general. 
He has also made constant examination of the work of the con- 
tractors engaged in the improvement of the building. 

AID TO SCHOOL TEACHERS. 

Since the Aquarium came under the control of the Zoological 
Society its collections and facilities for natural history study have 
been placed very freely at the disposal of the teachers of biology 
in the city schools. 

Acting upon the offer of living sea-shore animals from the 
abundant stock in the reserve tanks of the Aquarium many teach- 
ers called for specimens for class work. These have generally 
been kept alive in small aquaria in the school-houses. The interest 
aroused by such object lessons in natural history has extended 
until over loo teachers have provided aquaria in which to keep 
the specimens procured. The Aquarium collector has no diffi- 
culty in supplying an abundance of small marine creatures for 
this purpose in connection with his regular collecting for the 
exhibition tanks. Mr. Spencer, of the Aquarium staff, has given 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



Ill 



personal instruction to teachers in caring for small marine col- 
lections. 

The total number of teachers and students visiting the Labora- 
tory of the Aquarium during the year was over 4,000. 



ATTENDANCE. 



During the year 1905 the attendance at the Aquarium was 
1,726,170 persons, an increase over that of 1904 amounting to 
100,400. The daily average of visitors for the year was 4,729. 
The following table shows the attendance at the Aquarium in 1905 
by months : 



January . . . Total number visitors 
February .. 



it 



March . . . 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August ... 
September 
October . . 
November 
December 



n 



it 



il 



n 



ii 



ii 



a 



(( 



(( 



n 



n 



it 



it 



it 



ii 



it 



ti 



ft 



it 



il 



79,849 Daily 


average 


2,580 


70,048 






2,501 


122,594 






3.955 


157,161 






5.238 


183,784 




• 


5.929 


161,336 




. 


5.374 


197,139 






6,361 


218,621 






7,052 


181,846 






6,030 


159,561 






5,147 


100,193 






3,339 


93,938 






3,030 



Total 1,726,170 



4,729 



The total number of visitors to the Aquarium during the nine 
years that it has been open to the public is 14,996,759. 



DENSITY RECORDS. 

The daily records which have been kept at the Aquarium show- 
ing the density of the water with which the marine collections are 
supplied now extend over a period of three years. 

Attention has previously been called to the disadvantage of 
maintaining ocean forms of life in highly brackish water. This 
drawback will disappear at an early date with the installation of 
stored sea-water, toward which end much of the improvement 
work going on in the Aquarium has been steadily directed. 

The density records themselves have both practical and scien- 
tific values in showing what may be expected from month to 



112 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



month in the character of the water-supply and in showing the 
endurance of different species of marine fishes and invertebrates 
under conditions of changing density. 

The densities vary greatly, being affected by the floods of the 
Hudson River, southerly gales which increase the amount of sea- 
water in the Bay, and the ebb and flow of the tides, especially the 
very high and low tides of spring and fall. 

RECORD OF MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURES AND SPECIFIC GRAV- 
ITIES AT THE NEW YORK AQUARIUM DURING THE YEARS I903, 
1904, AND 1905. 

(From daily observations made by Mr. W. I. DeNyse.) * 







1903. 

Specific 




1904. 

Specific 




1905. 


MontHs 


r 

Temp. 


Temp. 


Temp. 


Specific 


Av^\y& A bXAw* 


water. 


gravity. 


water. 


gravity. 


water. 


gravity. 


January . . 


• • 




34 


I.OI4 


35 


I.OI3 


February . 


37 


I.OIO 


33 


I.OI4 


33 


I.O16 


March . . . 


40 


1.008 


36 


I.OI3 


36 


I.OI4 


April 


46 


1.009 


40 


1.009 


43 


I.OII 


May 


56 


I.OI4 


52 


I.OIO 


52 


I.OI4 


June 


61 


I.OI3 


61 


I.OIO 


62 


I.OI5 


July 


66 


I.OI3 


70 


I.OI3 


68 


I.OI5 


August. . . 


68 


I.OI3 


71 


I.OI4 


71 


I.O16 


September 


68 


I.OI3 


68 


I.OI4 


68 


I.OI4 


October . . 


62 


I.OII 


59 


I.OI3 


62 


I.OI4 


November 


52 


I.OI4 


51 


I.OI3 


51 


I.OI5 


December 


40 


I.0I4 


39 


I.OI5 


44 


I.OI4 



DR. MAYER S BOOK. 

This work, entitled " Sea-Shore Life," forms the first volume of 
what has been named " The New York Aquarium Nature Series." 
The manuscript and illustrations were presented to the Zoological 
Society by the author, with the suggestion that it be published as 
emanating from the New York Aquarium, and that the proceeds 
from its sale be applied to the improvement of that institution. 

As this was in accord with the Society's plan to increase the 
usefulness of the Aquarium by developing its educational and 
scientific possibilities to some extent, the work was printed and 



♦ Density observations were made with samples of water brought to a tempera- 
ture of 60° Fahr. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 113 

placed on sale in the building. Its success as a popular work on 
the invertebrate animals of the New York coast and the adjacent 
coast region seems assured. After two months' experience, it 
may be safely stated that the sale of the book will not only return 
the cost of publication, but will eventually yield a profit for the 
purpose intended. 

" Sea-Shore Life " is a work by a zoologist of the highest 
standing. Dr. Mayer is the Director of the ^Marine Biological 
Station of the Carnegie Institution at the Dry Tortugas, Florida. 
His familiarity with the marine life of our coast and his reputa- 
tion among naturalists are well known. 

It is a matter of congratulation that the Society is able to issue 
in connection with its scientific and educational work a volume of 
the excellent character of this one. 

The publication of this book has been noted in scientific jour- 
nals, and the comment upon it has been highly commendatory. 
It is not only so thoroughly trustworthy from the scientific point 
of view that it will serve the teacher and student, but is so pleas- 
antly written that it will be an agreeable introduction to the ani- 
mal life of the sea-shore for the use of the general reader. 

Believing that the facilities of the Zoological Society for prop- 
erly advertising a work of this description were too limited, a por- 
tion of the edition has been placed in the hands of Messrs. A. S. 
Barnes & Co., Publishers, in order that it might be introduced 
to the book trade generally. 

It should be clearly stated that this work, notwithstanding its 
general character as a natural history of our sea-shore inverte- 
brates, is none the less a guide book to the animals of that class 
which may be found in the Aquarium from time to time. With 
two similar volumes on our native aquatic vertebrates (the fishes 
and reptiles) the Aquarium would have not only complete guide 
books of the highest class, but a series of scientific books of gen- 
eral and permanent value. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

The most substantial gift each year is that of the United States 
Fisheries Bureau, consisting of eggs of fishes for the operation 
of the Aquarium hatchery. The number received in 1905 was 
2,092,000, representing 7 kinds of food and game fishes. 

The Clyde Steamship Company, through Mr. Theo. G. Eger, 
General Manager, and the Florida East Coast Railway, through 
Mr. Beckwith, General Traffic Manager, very kindly furnished 



114 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

free transportation for a large crocodile from Palm Beach to 
New York. 

The Tuxedo Club furnished from the hatchery at Tuxedo Lake 
I, GOO eggs of the landlocked salmon — the only eggs of this spe- 
cies received during the year. 

Messrs. A. Hoen & Co., of Baltimore, Md., presented lo col- 
ored plates of fishes of the Bahama Islands. Messrs. Henry 
Holt & Co., of New York, G. E. Jennings, of New York, The 
J. B. Lyon Company, of Albany, and the Smithsonian Institution 
at Washington furnished electrotypes of fishes used in illustrating 
the new labels. 

Dr. Henry G. Piffard presented a fine series of radiographs of 
fishes and other aquatic animals. 

The valuable annual reports and bulletins of the United States 
Fisheries Bureau and the Smithsonian Institution were presented 
to the library. 

Other donations of specimens are referred to in the appended 
list of gifts and purchases. 

Charles H. Townsend, 

Director of the Aquarium, 



REMARKS ON THE VALUE OF RADIOGRAPHS 
AS ZOOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS. 

By C. H. TOWNSEND. 

WITH RADIOGRAPHS BY DR. HENRY G. PIFFARD. 



A' 



I-'EW months ago tlic 
writer was presented 
with stmic X-ra\' photographs 
of sea-sliells, made by Dr. 
Henry G. Fiffartl, of Xew 
York. The pictures revealed 
some points in the structure 
of shells so clearly that it 
seemed desirable to secure 
similar photographs of other 
animal forms. These Dr. Pif- 
fard ver_\' kindly offered to 
make, and a number of fishes, 
salamanders, and other aquatic 
vertebrates were supplied from 
the Xew York Aquarium. 

Tlie resulting radiographs 
were so admirably made and 
satisfactory from the natural 
liistory point of view that a 
few of them are presented 
herewith as suggestive of the 
value of a series of radiographs 
for purposes of zoological 
illustration. 

The series at hand is not 
sufficiently large to afford 
much data for comparison, 
but many of the radiographs are of considerable value. Those 
of the fishes, for instance, would be useful in a general work 



Ni:\V YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



COPPERHEAD. A\-C1STXODON COyTORTKIX 

on ichthyology. It is often important to ascertain the num- 
ber of vertebne in fishes for purposes of classification, and 
these can usually be counted without difficulty in a radiograph. 
The natural curve of the backbone — seldom seen correctly in 
prepared skeletons of fishes — is well shown. The character of 
the caudal vertebrae showing the heterocercal or homocercal type 
of tail is seen very clearly. The radiograph is really a shadow 
picture made with the object laid flat upon the dry plate, the oste- 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



CHAMBERED XALTILUS. NAUTILUS POMPtUVS 

ology of the parts which lie closest to the plate showing the most 
clearly. It will be noticed in radiographs of fishes that the skull 
is not well defined, the numerous bones of the head making con- 
fused impressions. It is probable that by splitting off half of the 
head a clear impression could be secured. 

In salamanders the skull bones appear more distinctly, as well 
as the position of the atlas bone. 

There are many characters, however, to be observed satisfac- 
torily in the body aside from the skull, such as the relations of 
the shoulder and pelvic bones to the vertebra;, and the relations 
of the carpal and tarsal bones to each other, with their wide 
separations by cartilages. The phalanges are easily counted. 

In the radiograph of Salamandra and Diemyctyhis a more 
terrestrial habit seems to be indicated in the latter by the closer 
articulation and greater development of the bones, especially those 
of the limbs. 

The radiograph of the butterfly fish (Chaetodon ocellatus) 
brings out the osteology remarkably well. The demarcation be- 
tween the dorsal and anal spines and the soft rays is clear, and the 
interhaemal bones are distinct. 

That of the trout {Salvelinus fontmalis) shows a very straight 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



BUTTERFLY FISH. CHAETODON OCELLATVS. 

backbone, the fish being laid in a natural position. The slightly 
heterocercal character of the tail is well defined. The connective- 
tissue bones, usually injured in prepared skeletons, are shown in 
their normal relations. 

The radiograph of the skate (Raia erinacea) displays the car- 
tilaginous skeleton to good advantage for examination. The 
attachment of the exterior spines to the pectoral rays and the 
shoulder and pelvic girdles, with the claspers attached to the lat- 
ter, are easily observed. 

The radiograph of the sea-horse (Hippocaiiipns hiidsonius) is 
a good presentation of the exoskeleton of fishes of its type, al- 
though made from a dried specimen. Had a fresh specimen been 
used the definition would have been sharper. This is the largest 
example of this species ever brought to the Aquarium, and it is 
shown natural size. 

In the Nautilus the radiograph shows the septa which divide 
the air chambers and the connecting siphuncle. As an aid to 
conchologists it would often be valuable, as, for instance, in re- 
vealing the plates on the pillar in many of the FusidtF. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



BROOK TROt'T, S.iLVEUS'US FOXTIK.ILIS. 

In the radiograpli of Ncctiinis macitlatiis the very slight ossi- 
fication of the shoulder girdle and the attachment of the pelvic 
girdle to the vertebra arc apparent. A series of radiographs was 
used to excellent aih'antage by Dr. H. C. Bumpus in a study of 
skeletal variation in this species, the attachment of the pelvis to 
the nineteenth or twentieth vertebra, either obliquely or abnor- 
mally, being readily distinguishable. 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 




In the radiograph of the copperhead (Ancistrodon coutortrix) 
tile vertebra;, corresponding in number approximately to the gas- 
trostcges, are easily counted. 

In general the importance of the radiograph for natural history 
purposes seems to have been neglected. 

It shows at once, for instance, the relations of the skeletal 
framework to the exterior outline and to some of the soft parts, 
especially the swim-bladder, the natural positions of the bones 
of the skeleton, undistorted by the drying of the ligamentary 
attachments, which takes place in the mounted skeleton, and dif- 
ferences between closely related forms, where superficial charac- 
ters are not well marked. The advantage of seeing bones in their 
natural relations and without art effect is apparent. The delicate 
parts are preserved, especially the connective-tissue bones. 

Radiographs of reptiles, mammals, birds, etc., would undoubt- 
edly be suggestive to the paleontologist in attempting to define the 
exterior outlines of extinct forms. 

Many parts of the skeleton are seen clearly enough in the radio- 
graph for purposes of study and drawing. In fact, the drawing of 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 125 

the skeleton would be facilitated by more or less tracing from the 
radiograph and give greater exactness. 

A fresh specimen makes a more distinct radiograph than one 
which has been preserved in alcohol, the tissues being less dense 
and not shrunken by the preservative. 

In the radiographs of reptiles and batrachians sharper defini- 
tion could have been secured by laying the specimens on the plates 
dorsal surface down, thus bringing the vertebrae closer to the 
dry plates. 

The stages of regeneration of lost parts could doubtless be 
observed satisfactorily. 

The radiograph has also the advantage of being life size and 
permitting of exact measurement. It may be reproduced by the 
ordinary methods of illustration applicable to a photograph. The 
labor and cost involved in the making of such a picture is of 
course less than by the usual methods of skeletonizing and draw- 
ing. The time saved is also important. It is not yet practicable 
to use living specimens in taking the pictures. 



Hijeet of 4Bih^ 

TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

(Complete from January i, 1905, to January i, 1906.) 

Adams, Samuel, Topeka, Kan.: 

6 specimens of Snakes from Argentina, South America. 
Albertson, Wilbur Nicholas, East Orange, N. J.: 

Copperhead Snake. 
Andina, Mrs. B., Bedford Park, New York City: 

Yellow-Fronted Amazon Parrot. 
Anonymous: 

White-Fronted Amazon Parrot. 
Anonymous, New York City: 

Yellow- Headed Amazon Parrot. 
Archbold, Miss Anne M., Tarrytown, N. Y.: 

Angora Giiinea Pig (7 specimens). 
Atybergen, Frank, New York City: 

Great Homed Owl. 
Baldwin, F. H., Brooklyn: 

Flying Sqtiirrel. 
Baldwin, Truman H., New York City: 

Alligator (2 specimens). 
Ballou, Donald, Brooklyn: 

Gray Sqmrrel (2 specimens). 
Barbour, Mrs. S. E., Eau Gallic, Indian River, Fla.: 

Diamond Rattlesnake (2 specimens). 
Barbour, Thomas, Cambridge, Mass.: 

Bahaman Amazon Parrot (5 specimens), Spotted Tortoises (100 
specimens) . 
Barnes, Capt. John S., New York City: 

Siberian Camel (2 specimens). 
Barney, Charles T., New York City: 

African Round-Eared Elephant. 
Becker, C. Bathgate, Stamford, N. Y.: 

Box Tortoises (7 specimens). 
Beebe, Mrs. C. William, New York City: 

Mexican Deer, Laughing Gull (4 specimens), Dowitcher Snipe, 
Black Skimmer (10 young specimens). Tern (9 young specimens), 
Clapper Rail (2 specimens), Sanderling (2 specimens), Knot, 
Semipalmated Sandpiper, American Coot, Short-Eared Owl. 
Benson, Miss Maude E., New York City: 

Florida Chameleon (6 specimens). 
Bermpohl, Fred., Brooklyn: 

Florida Gallinule. 
Blair, C. Led yard. New York City: 

Female Eland (2 years old). Squirrel Monkey. 
Blue Mountain Forest Association (through Mr. Austin Corbin), New 
York City: 

Herd of 8 White-Tailed Deer. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 127 

Boas, Emil L., New York City: 

Blue Fox (2 specimens). 
BouNNiNG, Henry, New York City: 

Alligator (2 young specimens). 
BowDisH, B. S., Demorest, N. J.: 

Hog-Nosed Snake. 
Boyd, James, Fordham, New York City: 

European Tortoise (2 specimens). 
Brandner, H. a., Phoenix, Ariz.: 

Gila Monster. 
Brechtel, Ernest C, New York City: 

American Crow (2 specimens). 
Brehmer, p. H., Rutland, Vt.: 

Crow. 
Brown, Herbert, Yuma, Ariz.: 

Homed Rattlesnake or "Side- Winder," Mud Turtle (2 specimens), 
Bull Snake. 
Byrnes, Mrs. P., New York City: 

Yellow-Throated Parrakeet. 
Caesar, Miss Emelie, New York City: 

White-Fronted Amazon Parrot. 
Captain of the Steamer "El Paso," New York City: 

Osprey. 
Carpenter, Warwick S., New York City: 

Homed Grebe (young specimen). 
Chalmers, Mrs. John, New York City: 

Woodcock. 
Clark, James, New York City: 

Labrador Homed Owl. 
CoNNELL, Maurice J., New York City: 

Salamander (5 specimens). 
Crane, William H., New York City: 

Blainville's Homed Toad (5 specimens). 
Crawford, Mrs. W. W., New York City: 

Canary (male). 
Crockett, Mrs. M. M., New York City: 

Troupial. 
Curry, Arthur, New York City: 

Wilson Snipe. 
Cutler, Mrs. (jolman Ward, Yonkers, N. Y.: 

Bullfinch. 
Dale, George L., Wallingford, Vt.: 

Red-Tailed Hawk (2 yotmg specimens). 
Davis, William T., New Brighton, S. I., N. Y.: 

Cope's Frog. 
Decker, George M., Clyde S. S. Co. (through Mr. William Esling), New 
York City : 

Iguana (7 specimens), American Flamingo. 
De Voy, J., Jersey City, N. J.: 

Monkey. 
DiMOCK, A. W., Miami, Fla.: 

Brown Pelican (12 young specimens). 
Dove, Adam, New York City: 

The following specimens were collected by Mr. Dove and Mr. Pear- 
sail in the vicinity of Forestine, Sullivan County, N. Y.: 3 Tim- 
ber Rattlesnakes, 36 Storer's Snakes, 56 Garter Snakes, 10 
Water Snakes, 3 Black Snakes, 35 Milk Snakes, 13 Ring-Necked 
Snakes; 8 Ribbon Snakes, 9 Green Snakes, i Hog-Nosed Snake. 
Total, 174 specimens. 



128 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Duke of Bedford, Wobum, England: 

Tashkent Wapiti. 
DuRBiN, Thomas, New York City: 

2 Rose-Breasted Grosbeaks, 2 Baltimore Orioles, 2 Orchard Orioles, 
2 Scarlet Tanagers, i Chipping Sparrow, i Water Thrush, 5 
Catbirds, 4 Grosbeaks, 2 Maryland Yellow-Throats, 3 Song Spai- 
rows; I White-Throated Sparrow, i Northern Shrike. 
DuTCHER, William, New York City: 

Weaver Bird. 
Edwards, J. S., New York City: 

Barn Owl. 
Eliason, Carl, HoUandale, Fla.: 

Green Snake (2 specimens). Young Water Moccasin. 
Ellgatii, H., New York City: 

Horned Lizard (2 specimens). 
EsTWiCK. Mrs. Susan E., Bayonne, N. J.: 

Levaillant's Amazon Parrot. 
Farnham, Mrs. Sally James, New York City: 

Eagle. 
Flick, A. A., New York City: 

Alligator (young specimen) . 
Floyd, Webb, New York City: 

Screech Owl (5 young specimens). 
Foldvary, Paul D., New York City: 

Wood Turtle, Snapping Turtle. 
Foot, Miss Irene, New Rochelle, N. Y.: 

Cavy (6 specimens). 
Ford, H. W.,NewYork City: 

Florida Fox Squirrel. 
Fricke, Louis, Hoboken, N. J. 

Red Fox (2 specimens). 
Gardiner, Prescott, Ridgewood, N. J.: 

Yellow-Faced Parrakeet (2 specimens). 
GiRARDiN, Miss Emilie, Ncw York City: 

Alligator. 
GoLDMANN Brothers, New York City: 

European Squirrel. 
Harrison, John J., New York City: 

Red-Tailed Hawk. 
Haylett, Miss, New York City: 

American Robin. 
Heflich, H., New York City: 

Marmoset. 
Hoffman, Emel, Vera, and Rudolph, New York City 

Alligator (3 specimens). 
Hunter, Leander, Chappaqua, N. Y. : 

American Bittern. 
Hunter, Wallace, Bedford Park, New York City: 

Skylark. 
Hurtin, Jesse, East Patchogue, L. I., N. Y.: 

Red-Shouldered Hawk. 
Iden, Mrs. I. B., Mount Vernon, N. Y.: 

Yellow-Headed Amazon Parrot. 
Irwin, Miss May, New York City: 

Marmoset. 
Jennings, E. R., New York City: 

Painted Turtle. 
Job, Herbert K., Kent, Conn.: 

Ruffed Grouse. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 129 

Kahn, a., New York City: 

Alligator. 
Keller, Ernest F., New York City: 

Painted Turtle (2 yoirng specimens), Snappinc^ Turtle. 
King, Mr., Department of Zoology, Columbia XJniversitv, New York 
City: 

Gila Monster. 
Kubler, Gustav a., New York City: 

Water Snake, Hog-Nosed Snake. 
Landerdale, Dr. J. v., Brooklyn: 

Gray Squirrel. 
Lehmkuhl, Charles, New York City: 

Snapping Turtle. 
LiNEWEAVBR, I. S., Westchcstef, New York City: 

Red-Shouldered Hawk (3 specimens). 
LoNERGAN, Mary J., New York City: 

American Robin. 
LoRiNG, J. Alden, Port Washington, N. Y.: 

Night Heron (3 specimens). 
McDowell, Theodore, Whitehouse, X. J.: 

Bam Owl. 
Madison, Robert, Newark, N. J.: 

Roseate Cockatoo. 
Mahr, M. D., George J., Brooklyn: 

Swift. 
Marca, Rafpaello de la, New York City: 

Gannet. 
Metcalf, Francis, New York City: 

I Timber Rattlesnake (black phase), 2 Timber Rattlesnakes, 8 
Banded Rattlesnakes. 
Miller, C. F., East Orange, N. J.: 

10 Muhlenberg's Turtles, 4 Wood Turtles, i Spotted Turtle, 15 Water 
Snakes, 10 Garter Snakes, 45 Painted Turtles, 18 Musk Turtles, 
5 Snapping Turtles, 9 Box Turtles, 2 Pine Snakes, i Black 
Snake, 24 Tree Toads, 3 Salamanders, i Newt, i Bull Frog, 
18 Water Snakes. 
MiLLiKEN, C. H., Brooklyn: 

Sicilian Tortoise. 
Miner, Chester C, Englewood, N. J.: 

Red-Tailed Hawk. 
Mitchell, Miss, Larchmont, N. Y.: 

Homed Toad. 
Mole, R. R., Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, B. W. I.: 

Rainbow Boa, Boddaert's Coluber, Tree Boa 2 specimens). Coral 
Snake. 
Norton, George F., New York City: 

White-Faced Sapajou. 
Nummenkamp, William, New York City: 

Woodcock. 
Nussbickel, Frederick C, New York City: 

Water Snake. 
Olheit, Jr., Charles, New York City: 

Alligator (2 specimens). 
Olmstead, J., New York City: 

White-Headed Amazon Parrot. 
O'Reilly, G. R., Fulton, Duval County, Fla.: 

Rainbow Snake. 
Osborne, Miss Edith, Crawford, N. J.: 

Cotton-Headed Marmoset. 



130 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Page-Brown, Miss Agnes and Miss Lucy, New York City: 

American Robin. 
Paton, Capt., Steamer "Turkistan," New York City: 

Short- Eared Owl. 
Pearce, Miss Maud, Yonkers, N. Y.: 

Alligator. 
Pearsall, Morris, New York City: 

The following specimens were collected by Mr. Pearsall and Mr. 
Dove in the vicinity of Forestine, Sullivan Count3^ N. Y.r 
3 Timber Rattlesnakes, 36 Storer's Snakes, 56 Garter Snakes, 
10 Water Snakes, 3 Black Snakes, 35 Milk Snakes, 13 Ring- 
Necked Snakes, 8 Ribbon Snakes, 9 Green Snakes, i Hog- 
Nosed Snake. Total, 174 specimens. 
Peary, Mrs. Josephine D., Eagle Island, South Harpswell, Me.: 

Eskimo Dog and 5 Pups. 
Perkins, Russell, Golden Hill Farm, Pomfret Center, Conn.: 

Ring-Tailed Monkey. 
Perret, Mrs. U. F., New York Citv: 

Macaque Monkey. 
Petersein, Walter, New York City: 

Box Tortoise. 
Phelan, James, Department of Parks, Bronx Borough, New York City: 

Spotted Salamander. 
Phelps, Le Roy M., Glens Falls, N. Y.- 

Hog- Nosed Snake. 
Phillips, John M., Pittsburg, Pa.: 

Male Mountain Goat. 
Prime, David J., Ellicottville, N. Y.: 

Red-Tailed Hawk. 
Ragot, Charles, New York City: 

Green Snake, Ribbon Snake, Newt (2 specimens). Black Salamander. 
Ressler, a. J., New York City: 

Red Newt (3 specimens). Salamander (2 specimens). 
Rockefeller, William, New York City: 

Thameng, or Burmese Deer (i male and 2 females). 
Roos, Herman, Yonkers, N. Y.: 

Frog (2 specimens). » 
Rossell, Spencer, New York City: 

Chipmunk. 
RoucLERE, Harry, Ridgewood, N. J.: 

Capuchin Monkey. 
RowE, Julius, Owego, Tioga Co., N. Y.: 

Wood Turtle (albino). 
RucH, Mrs. C. B., New York City: 

Cuban Parrot. 
Ruthling, Henry Hugo, New York City: 

I Green Snake, i Ring-Necked Snake, i Storer's Snake. 
Schaeffer, F., New York City: 

Tree Boa. 
Schieffelin, Miss Margaret Louisa, New York City: 

1 Pair of Angora Guinea-pigs and 3 young. 

ScHiOTT, Julius, Director, Zoologisk Have, Copenhagen, Denmark 
{through Dr. Axel Hellrung) : 

2 Eider Ducks, 3 Redshank, 2 Chaffinch, 2 European Avocets, 2 

European Goldfinches, i Linnet, i Twite, i Greenfinch. 
Schleininger, Frank, New York City: 

Alligator (young specimen). 
Sease, George R., Westchester, New York City: 

South American Wild Dog. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 131 

Selesky, E., Brooklyn: 

Alligator (young specimen) . 
Seton, Ernest Thompson, Cos Cob, Conn.: 

Canada Goose. 
Shearer, Mrs. Kate, New York City: 

Cut-Throat Finch (2 specimens). 
Sheffield, John, New York City: 

Alligator. 
Sheldon, Mrs. P. T., Brooklyn: 

Japanese Robin. 
Sieghortner, H. a., Yonkers, N. Y.: 

Monkey. 
Smith, M. D., Fred. Sumner, Chester, Conn.: 

Gray-Spotted Salamander (3 specimens). 
Stance, H., Hamburg- American Line, New York City: 

Rhinoceros Iguanas (4 specimens). 
Starke, A. G., New York City: 

Alligator. 
Steed, Mrs. Jessie, New York City: 

Alligator, Turtle. 
Steffens, O., East Creek, N. J. 

Holboell Grebe. 
Streeter, D. D., Medicine Bow, Wyo.: 

Male Green-Winged Teal, Golden Eagle (2 specimens), Horned 
Toad (4 specimens), Rattlesnake, Garter Snake. 
Streeter, D. D., Jr., Brooklyn: 

A collection of reptiles from Wyoming, comprising the following: 
Several dozen Horned Toads, Swifts, Striped Snakes, Rattle- 
snake, and a number of Batrachians 
Stuart, Inglis, The Hill, Fort Myers, Fla.: 

Coral Snake. 
Swift, Mrs. Helen D., Brooklyn: 

Red-Crested Cardinal. 
Taylor, Miss Augusta de F., New York City: 

Florida Chameleon (2 specimens). 
Taylor, C. F., Jr., Taylors'-on-Schroon, N. Y. : 

Alligator. 
Tesiny, Nicholas, Bridgeport, Conn.: 

Female Gray Fox. 
Thurber, Mrs., New York City: 

Red-and-Blue Macaw. 
TiMMERMANN, H. B., Brooklyn: 

White-Crowned Polish Fowl (2 specimens). 
Todd, J. H., New York City: 

White-Crowned Pigeon (11 specimens) 
Uncer, Mrs. D., New York City: 

Tovi Parrakeet (2 specimens). 
Valentine, Edith, New York City: 

Fire Salamander, Spotted Salamander, Red-Backed Salamander 
(4 specimens). Sand Lizard, Chameleon. 
Valentine, Myra, New York City: 

Troupial. 
Van Inwegen, Jacob, Huguenot, N. Y. : 

Rattlesnake. 
Wehmeyer, Henry, New York City: 

Pin-Tailed Whydah Bird. 
Welch, J. L., Sebrie Park, Westchester, New York City 

Spotted Salamander. 



132 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Whaites, Orrin C, Hanover, N. J.: 

Red-Tailed Hawk (2 specimens). 
Whealton, Louis N., New York City: 

Bobolink (4 male specimens). 
Whitman, Esmond, Katonah, N. Y.: 

Green Monkey. 
Wiley, W. Murdock, Salisbury, N. C. : 

Hooded Sapajou. 
Williamson, Thomas M., Erie, Pa.: 

Banded Rattlesnake (2 specimens). 
Wood, Gilbert C, New York City: 

Texas Hog-Nosed Snake, Pacific Rattlesnake. Rattlesnake, King 
Snake. 
Wood, W. H. S., New York City: 

Sharp-Shinned Hawk. 
Wyat, Mrs. Tresa C, New York City: 

Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrot. 
Wylie, Mrs. Donald, New York City: 

Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker. 
Young, Mrs. Peter, New York City: 

Yellow-Fronted Amazon Parrot. 
ZiEGLER, Estate of William, New York City: 

(Ziegler Polar Relief Expedition.) 3 Eskimo Dogs, i Arctic Fox, 
2 Polar Bears, 8 Ivory Gulls. 



fRmtllmtonn Linu 

Beebe, Mrs. C. William, New York City: 

70 Eggs of Clapper Rail, from the marshes of Virginia. 
Browning, William H., New York City: 

12 Cocoanut Husks, prepared for use as nests. 
Conklin, J. H., New York City: 

6 Cocoanut Husks. 
Florence, E. D., Brooklyn: 

I Skull of a large Alhgator, from Harris Lake, Lake County, Fla. 
Whealton, Louis N., New York City: 

3 Eggs of Greater Snow Goose. 
Wiegmann, Dr. W. H., New York City: 

The following birds' eggs: 5 Kingbird, 2 Phoebe, i Song Sparrow, 
2 Whip-poor-will, 3 Field Sparrow, 4 Bam Swallow, i Robin, 
6 Flicker. 
Collected by Messrs. Charles Snyder and De Los Hicok, in the Taconic 
Mountains, New York, May 16, 1905: 

15 Banded Rattlesnakes. 



(Sifto of |)Iant£i. 

Balcom, Dr. Irving S., Fordham, New York: 

Two large Rubber Plants. 
Schnaufer, H., West Farms, N. Y. : 

Two 6-foot Cactus. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 133 



(0i!t0 to tf)e Ltbtarp. 

American Museum op Natural History, New York City: 
Albiim of Philippine Types. Folkmar. 

Bulletin of the American Musetun of Natural History, Vol. XX. 
The Andrew J. Stone Explorations in Arctic and Subarctic America. 
The Huntington California Expedition, Vol. XVII, Part 3, pp. 

119—346. Dixon. 
The Huntington California Expedition, Vol. XVII, Part 4, November 
.1905 — Anthropometry of Central California. Boas. 
Bolton, Joseph B., West Farms, New York City: 

The Pictorial Museum of Animated Nature, Vol. I, Mammals-Birds. 
The Pictorial Museum of Animated Nature, Vol. II, Birds, Rep- 
tiles, etc. 
Breslau Zoological Society: 

Literatur der Landes- und Volkskunde der Provinz Schlesien tmi- 

fassend die Jahre 1 900-1 903. Nentwig. 
Zweiundachtzigster Jahres — Bericht der schlesischen Gesellschaft 
fur vaterlandische Cultiu", Breslau, 1904. 
British Museum (The Trustees op the), London: 
A General Guide to the British Musetmi. 
A Guide to the Fossil Mammals and Birds. 

A Guide to the Fossil Mammals and Birds in the Department of 
Geology and Paleontology in the British Museum (Natural 
Histor}^^). 
Blood-Sucking Flies, Ticks, etc., and How to Collect Them. Austen. 
First Report on Economic Zoology. Theobald. 
Guide to the Coral Gallery. 
Guide to the Gallery of Birds. Ogilvie-Grant. 
Handbook of Instructions for Collectors. 
Second Report on Economic Zoology. Theobald. 
Brooklyn Institute op Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn: 

Orthoptera from Southwestern Texas, Vol. I, No. 4. Caudell. 
Grant, Madison, New York City: 

La Faime Momifiee de I'Ancienne Egypte. Lortet and Gaillard. 
Kehoe, Miss Florence W., New York City: 

The Greater New York Charter, with Appendix, Second Edition. 
LiNNAEAN Society, New York City: 

Abstract of the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society, Nos. 15-16, 
1902-1904. 
Oneida Community, Limited, Oneida, N. Y. : 

The North American Trapper, Vol. I, Nos. 8, 10, 11, and 12. 
The North American Trapper, Vol. II, Nos. 1,2, and 3. 
Philadelphia Academy op Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.: 

Proceedings of the Academy of Natiu*al Sciences, Vol. LVI, Part 3. 
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. LVI I, Parts 
I and 2. 
Shooting and Fishing Publishing Co., New York City: 

Shooting and Fishing, for 1905. 
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C: 

A Monograph on the Isopods of North America. Richardson. 

United States National Museum Bulletin No. 54. 
Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1903. 
Catalogue of the Type and Figured Specimens of Fossils, Minerals, 
Rocks, and Ores in the Department of Geology, United States 
National Museiun, prepared under the direction of George P. 
Merrill, Head Curator of Geology, United States National 
Museum Bulletin No. 53, Part i. 



134 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XXVTI. 
Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. XXVIII. 
State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa: 

Bulletin from the State University of Iowa, Vol. V., No. 4. 
United States Department of Agriculture (Bureau of Soils), 
Washington, D. C: 
Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1903, Fifth Report, United 

States Department of Agriculture. Whitney. 
Maps for above. 

(Sifttf to tf)e 3lqttarittm. 

Allabock, Miss Lulu F., Lock Haven, Pa.: 

Hellbender, Newts (5 specimens). 
AscHER, S., New York City: 

Green Turtle. 
Beeman, H. W., New Preston, Conn. 

Black Bass (100 young specimens). 
Bishop, Henry, Baltimore, Md.: 

12 Japanese Fancy Goldfishes. 
Bradley, Thomas H., Brooklyn: 

Goldfish (7 small specimens). 
Caccia, H., New York City: 

2 Crabs from Cuba. 
Carroll, Arthur, New York City: 

Painted Turtle, Spotted Turtle. 
Chapman, Franklin A., New York City: 

Blind Salamander from Texas. 
Clay, Clifford, East Orange, N. J.: 

Musk Turtle. 
Clark, Master Billy, New York City: 

Diamond Back Terrapin, Small fiox Turtle, Young Painted Turtle. 
Clyde Steamship Co. (through Gen. Mgr. Eger) and Florida East Coast 
Railway {through Gen. Traffic M^r. Beckwith): 

Free Transportation for large Crocodile from Florida to New York. 
Coles, H. D., Brooklyn: 

Small Alligator. 
Cohen, Mrs. S., Brooklyn: 

Spotted Turtle, Wood Turtle. 
Cook, Mrs. D., Borough Park, West Brooklyn, N. Y.: 

Box Tortoise. 
CuGLEY, John, Philadelphia, Pa.: 

Fancy Japanese Goldfish (4 specimens). 
Dickerson, Miss Mary C, Providence, R. I.: 

3 Yellow- Spotted Salamanders, 2 Red Salamanders, i Blotched 

Salamander, 18 Newts. 
Dyer, Capt. Frank E., Steamship "Berwind": 

Tortoise from Curacoa. 
Gleck, Miss Annie, South Norwalk, Conn.: 

Small Alligator. 
GucK, Osmond, Brooklyn: 

Alligators (3 small specimens). 
Hartley, Howard N., Syracuse, N. Y.: 

Alligator. 
Hibberd, Mrs. G. H., Bayonnc, N. J.: 

3 Painted Ttu-tles, 2 Spotted Turtles. 
KooiSTRA, Mr., Brooklyn: 

Land Tortoise. 



^ 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 135 

La Grange, A., New York City: 

Small Alligator. 
Lock WOOD, Mr., New York City: 

1 Musk Turtle, i Newt. 

Lynch, Messrs, & Co., New York City: 

Painted Turtles (12 specimens). 
Markowitz, David, New York City: 

Snapping Turtle. 
MiscHO, H. J., New York Citv: 

Hermit Crabs from the Alediterranean (2 specimens). 
New York Forest, Fish, and Game Commission (through Mr. G. E. 
Winchester), Saranac Inn, N. Y.: 

15 Albino Lake Trout (15 specimens) 
O'CoNNELL, Mrs., New York City: 

Alligator. 
Ormsby, Kenneth Fiske, New York City: 

Small Alligator. 
Phohlman, Mrs. G. Blanche, New York City: 

Large Bullfrog. 
Poland, Dr. S. C: 

2 Wood Turtles, 3 Spotted Turtles. 
Redfield, Edward, Closter, N. J.: 

25 specimens of amphibians (i species of Frog and 4 of Salamander), 
2 Muhlenberg Turtles, 2 Spotted Turtles, i Wood Turtle. 
RiERDAN, Mrs. Jas. E., New York City: 

Alligator. 
Rhode, Amanda E., New York City: 

Box Tortoise. 
Salley, Thomas Pickens, Newport News, Va.: 

Alligator. 
Salvador, S., Femandina, Fla.: 

Terrapin (3 small specimens). 
Sanwald, Louis, New York City: 

Snapping Turtle. 
Searing, George E., Towanda, Pa.: 

Collection of Newts and Tadpoles. 
Selby, Mrs. John C, Newark, N. J.: 

Alligator. 
Simpson, Chas., New York City: 

Alligators (2 small specimens). 
Smith, D. G., Fishery Commissioner for New Brunswick, N. S.: 

33 Spotted Trout, i Atlantic Salmon. 
Smith, R. H., New York City: 

Wood Turtle. 
Smith, Walter T., New York City: 

Yoimg Green Turtle. 
Stachelrodt, Hugo, Brooklyn: 

Alligators (2 specimens). 
Stewart, Fred, Sparkill, N. Y. : 

Small Alligator. 
Thorne, Samuel, New York City: 

Large Cycas Plant. 
Townsend, C. H., New York City: 

II Painted Turtles, i Spotted Turtle. 
Tucker, E. S., U. S. S. *' Hancock": 

Alligators (2 specimens). 
Turner, Nathan A., Brooklyn: 

Blue Lobster. 



136 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Tuxedo Club (through Edwin C. Kent), Tuxedo, N. Y.: 

i,ooo eggs of Steelhead Trout. 
United States Bureau op Fisheries (through George M. Bowers, Com- 
missioner), Washington, D. C. : 
2,092,000 eggs of fishes, as follows: Lake Trout, 10,000; Rainbow 
Trout, 10,000: Brook Trout, 10,000; Blackspotted Trout, 50,000; 
Landlocked Salmon, 2,000; Whitefish, 10,000; Pike-perch, 
2,000,000. 
Winters, Eugene, New York City: 

Young Green Turtle. 
WoLKENMUTH, JoHN, New York City: 
2 Alligators (2 specimens). 

Detroit Aquarium, Detroit, Mich.: 

14 Pike, 2 Lake Sturgeon, 7 Channel Catfish, 16 Rock Bass, 17 Pike- 
perch, 4 Sauger, 7 Burbot, 5 Brook Sucker, 11 Mud Puppy ^ 
2 Muskallunge, 28 Simfish (2 species). 
New England Forest, Fish, and Game Association, Boston, Mass.: 
10 Brook Trout, 7 Golden Trout, 10 Brown Trout, 2 Rainbow Trout, 
26 Pickerel, 3 Rock Bass, 6 Sucker, 5 Lake Trout, 5 Pike- 
perch. 

Steamer "Angler" — Collections from the fishing banks off the New 
Jersey Coast: 
78 Dogfish, 23 Angler, 77 Muttonfish, 9 Puffer, 3 Hake, 105 Sea 
Raven, 31 Codfish, 4 Flounders, 50 Sea Robins, 138 Skate, 
5 Sea Bass, 59 Prickly Skate, i Menhaden, i Sand Shark, 5 
Anemones, i Sea Clam, 9 Homed Dogfish, 46 Sculpin, i Cimner, 

1 Pilot Fish, I Eel, 3 Porgies, 2 Spider Crabs, 60 Jellyfish, 137 
Blackfish, 2 Trigger Fish, 16 Bergall, 2 Sea Mussels, 4 Star 
Fish, 3 Conger Eels, i Sertularia, and numerous pieces of coral 
and sponge. 

Jacob Schnoor — Collections from the pound nets at Port Monmouth, 
N. J.: 
9 Drumiish, 14 Weakfish, 20 Menhaden, i Remora, 31 Winkles, i 
Fluke, 2 Blue Crabs, 3 Eels, 3 Anglers, 5 Dog Fish, i Skate, 2 
Spiny Toadfish, 2 Small Angler, 6 Sculpin, 6 Blackfish. 
Tropical Fishes — From Bermuda: 

209 Angel Fish, 11 Blue Tang, 138 Common Surgeon, 20 Hog Fish, 

2 Lady Fish, 85 Coneys, 3 Queen Trigger Fish, 6 Common Trig- 
ger Fish, 78 Squirrel Fish, 13 Spotted Moray, 2 Black Grunt, 
2 Tiger Rockfish, 11 Salmon Rockfish, 61 Mud Parrotfish, 
19 Green Parrotfish, 8 Red Finned Parrotfish, 2 Blue Parrotfish, 
24 Four-eyes, 24 Yellow Tail, i Amber Fish, 99 Hinds, 37 Yellow 
Gnmt, 4 Blue Gnmt, 2 Cowfish, 2 Sea-horses, i Brown Moray, 
16 Spot Snappers, 11 Spotted Moray, 39 Nassau Grouper, 15 
Blue-striped Grunt, 39 Gray Snapper, 2 Margate, 9 Rockfish, 
5 Butterfly Fish, 10 Sergeant Major, 5 Bream, 2 Red Grouper, 
I Naked MoUtisk, 17 Striped Gnmt, i Pigfish, i Octopus, 5 
Tnmk Fish, 10 Spiny Lobsters, 2 Brown Parrotfish, i Parrot- 
fish. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 137 



I Green Turtle, 2 Harp Seals, 4 Spotted Salamanders, i Box Tor- 
toise, 6 Turtles, 4 Harbor Seals, i Porpoise, 2 Mexican Axoltls^ 
I Bullfrog, 32 Sea-horses, i American Crocodile. 

(Situ to tit Slqttarittm Ltbrarp* 

BiEN, Julius & Co., New York City: 

27 uncolored plates of deep-sea fishes. 

48 imcolored plates of Hawaiian fishes. 
California Fish Commission {through A. T. Vogelsang): 

Report of California Fish Commission, 1 903-1 904. 
Edwards, Dr. C. L., Hartford, Conn.: 

Pamphlets on Zoology. 
Ehrenbaum, Dr. E., Heligoland, Germany: 

"Die Fischerei auf der Weltausstellung in St. Loiiis 1904." 
Felt, Dr. E. Porter, Albany, N. Y. : 

Aquatic Insects of New York. 

May Flies and Midges. 
HoEN, A., & Co., Baltimore, Md.: 

10 colored plates of fishes of the Bahama Islands. 
Job, Messrs., Brothers & Co., New York City: 

Photographs and reports on Newfoundland Seal Fishery. 
Meehan, W. E., HarrisDurg, Pa.: 

Annual Reports for 1898, 1900, 1902, and 1903 of Department of 
Fisheries. 
Museum op the Brooklyn Institute, Brooklyn: 

Memoirs and Bulletins. 
New Jersey Agricultural Station (through Dr. J. B. Smith), New 
Bnmswick, N. J.: 

Report on Mosquitoes. 
PiFFARD, Dr. H. G., New York City: 

Series of X-ray Photographs of fishes and other aquatic animals. 
Smithsonian Institution {through Professor S. P. Langley, Secretary) ^ 
Washington, D. C: 

Reports and Bulletins for 1905. 
TowNSEND, C. H., New York City: 

Fisheries of the United States. Townsend. 
United States Bureau of Fisheries {through Hon. Geo. M. Bowers^ 
Commissioner), Washington, D. C: 

Reports and Bulletins for 1905. 



REPORT OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT. 

THE Medical Department of the New York Zoological Soci- 
ety consists of Dr. Harlow Brooks, Pathologist, and Dr. W. 
Reid Blair, Veterinarian. The next Annual Report of this Society 
will contain a history of the Department, and tabulated statements 
of results achieved during the five years of its existence, by the 
Pathologist. 

The results achieved by the work of this department during the 
past year have been more gratifying than ever before, and we 
have every reason to believe that with our constantly increasing 
knowledge of the diseases of wild animals still greater benefits 
will accrue from our efforts in the future. 

NUMBER OF SICK ANIMALS. 

Compared with former years sick animals have been fewer in 
number, and generally the diseases met with were of a less seri- 
ous nature. While no complete records are kept relative to the 
treatment of many of the trivial ailments, in the more important 
cases the sick reports are carefully recorded and filed, so that we 
have already collected considerable data concerning the diseases 
of wild animals in captivity, which is of much value both prac- 
tically and scientifically. 

Operative Diseases. — To those humanely interested in the care 
of animals it will be of special interest to learn that our surgical 
work has been carried on under anaesthesia wherever it was pos- 
sible to do so ; for in addition to the humane sentiments involved, 
the perfect control of the animals is an essential in aseptic or 
antiseptic surgery in securing the safety of the operator and his 
assistants. 

Chloroform and Squibbs ether are the general anaesthetics used, 
but when the operation is a minor one, and the animal can be 
easily controlled, local anaesthesia is induced by cocaine injections. 

Operative diseases have been comparatively few in number and 
unimportant. Of injuries caused by cage or corral mates we 
have had a considerable number. The most serious ones during 
the year were those affecting the Altai wapiti, serval, Eskimo 
dog, " Bridge " ; Florida deer, and the Russian brown bear. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 139 

The Altai wapiti doe was so badly gored by her mate that 14 
interrupted stitches, over an inch apart, were necessary to close 
the wounds in the abdominal muscles alone. That this animal's 
life was saved is due in a large measure to the excellent care taken 
of her by the keeper in charge. 

The serval's injuries, consisting of a fractured foreleg and 
badly lacerated muscles and ligaments, were inflicted by the big 
male ocelot, occupying an adjoining cage, which in some unac- 
countable manner succeeded in drawing the slender leg of the 
serval into its own cage and viciously attacking it. Only the for- 
tunate arrival of a keeper prevented the leg from being destroyed 
beyond repair. After the animal was moved to the hospital the 
muscles were sutured together, the wounds dressed, and the limb 
placed in plaster bandages. Within five weeks, recovery was com- 
plete, and the animal was returned to its cage. 

The Florida deer was badly prodded in the neck and about the 
head by one of the young bucks in the same corral. These in- 
juries responded to treatment, making a slow but complete re- 
covery. 

A most peculiar injury was that to the Russian brown bear, 
which was received in a tussle with one of the big hairy-eared 
bears. In some manner one of the Russian bear's upper canine 
teeth was driven completely through its own lip. The frantic 
efforts of the bear to release the lip were not successful, but 
only served more firmly to fix the tooth in the muscle and skin. 

The injured bear was quickly driven into a shifting cage and 
transferred to one of the hospital cages, when he was securely 
bound to the bars. After considerable manipulation of the lip 
and cheek by means of long and strong forceps the lip was 
disengaged from the tooth, to the manifest relief of the animal. 

The injuries to the Eskimo dog, " Bridge," were especially 
severe and painful, and were produced by " Bridge's " enemy, 
the black coyote, which occupies the adjoining den. The injury 
consisted of a badly crushed left forefoot and leg, which kept him 
in the hospital for several weeks. 

Traumatic Pericarditis. — The most valuable animal lost during 
the year was a buffalo cow, which was killed by the penetration 
of the heart by a piece of hay baling-wire 5 inches in length, 
producing the fatal disease of traumatic pericarditis. 

The anatomical arrangement of the pericardium and its rela- 
tion to neighboring organs renders the bovine of all animals the 
most susceptible to pericarditis due to the introduction of foreign 
bodies. As a result of this anatomical arrangement any sharply 



140 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

pointed object capable of passing through the reticulum or sec- 
ond stomach and the diaphragm in the median planes would be 
directed toward and would enter the pericardial cavity. 

The causes leading to foreign-body pericarditis are strikingly 
connected with the manner in which bovines feed. They swallow 
their food quite rapidly, submitting it later on to a second mastica- 
tion in the course of rumination. This method of feeding results 
in the animal bolting its food almost without mastication; hence 
the possibility of swallowing foreign bodies. 

These indigestible bodies pass with the food into the rumen or 
first stomach, and accumulate in the deepest portions of this re- 
ceptacle. Owing to physiological contractions the lower wall of 
the rumen rises to the level of the orifice of its communication 
with the reticulum, and thus passes much of the material accu- 
mulated within to this organ. 

On account of the peculiar arrangement of the mucous mem- 
brane of the reticulum, which is divided into polyhedral cells by 
folds studded with papillae and serrated at their edges, it offers 
a fine field for the lodgment of pointed substances, particularly 
pins, nails, and pieces of wire. The sharpness of one extremity 
of the foreign body insures its passing readily through the tissues, 
and as the point is the part that offers least resistance it continues 
gradually to penetrate. 

Sometimes the foreign body becomes implanted in the lower 
wall of the reticulum, and may be expelled directly through the 
medium of an abscess, thus resulting in a permanent gastric 
fistula. More often, however, the foreign substance penetrates the 
anterior wall of the reticulum and gradually works its way toward 
the diaphragm, impelled by the movements of the reticulum and 
other digestive compartments. It perforates the muscle and passes 
into the thoracic cavity, entering either the pericardium or the 
pleural sacs. Death is the inevitable termination, and occurs as a 
consequence of cardiac and respiratory syncope. 

Tuberculosis. — When a generally received opinion is made the 
subject of a careful investigation it not infrequently proves to be 
erroneous. This is particularly true of tuberculosis among mon- 
keys. The general public holds the belief — and, strange to say, 
it is sometimes indorsed by ill-informed members of the medical 
profession — ^that the majority of all monkeys in zoological collec- 
tions die from tuberculosis. After careful investigation of the 
diseases of wild animals in captivity, we fail to find any reason- 
able excuse for so widely spread an error. There has been too 
much theory and too little observation and record of facts in 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 141 

treating wild animals, and it is mere speculation to say from 
what diseases they might or might not die. 

The value of our quarantine system has been especially evident 
during the past year in the Primates collection. Of the 3 cases 
of tuberculosis occurring in our collection during this period, 
2 of them died while under quarantine control, thus well sup- 
porting our contention that the average case of tuberculosis is 
contracted before the animal reaches the Park, either under the 
unfavorable conditions often found in quarters of animal dealers 
or under the still more unhygienic surroundings prevailing in 
transit. 

Since 1902 tubercular diseases among our animals have played 
a very unimportant part in the death-rate. This is due to (i) 
the careful selection of the animals purchased; (2) the hygienic 
buildings in which they are quartered; (3) the rigorous exclu- 
sion of all animals known or suspected to be tubercular from 
the cages of the uninfected; and (4) at the first signs of the dis- 
ease in any of the animals separating them from the healthy, the 
cages washed and thoroughly disinfected after the removal of 
such animals, and before healthy ones are placed in these com- 
partments. 

When we consider the high percentage of tubercular diseases 
prevalent among domestic ruminants throughout the country, we 
have good reason to feel proud of our record of so few cases of 
tuberculosis among the hoofed animals generally. The only case 
of this disease occurring in our animals, other than the Primates, 
during the past two years was that of a sambar deer, which was 
found to be infected while still in quarantine, and was conse- 
quently destroyed. 

Broncho-pneumonia in Sea Lions. — Of all the conditions met 
with among the Park animals this one, at the present time, seems 
the most difficult of solution. Considering the number of sea 
lions lost each year, especially during the winter and early spring 
months, it would seem advisable to provide a heated structure for 
them during these months. 

That case after case of broncho-pneumonia can exist without 
the individual showing any evidences whatever of illness up to 
within a few hours of death is truly remarkable. In fact, in most 
cases the animal feeds as usual up to the day of its death, and 
otherwise shows no indications of ill health. 

While we have found embryonic Ularia in the circulating blood 
of many of the cases, still we do not feel sure that there are not 
other infective agents in the causation of this disease. 



142 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Parasitic Diseases; Intestinal Parasites, — Owing to our fre- 
quent and systematic employment of parasiticides and vermifuges, 
it has been possible to reduce to a minimum the deaths formerly 
induced by intestinal parasites. With the exception of two Cali- 
fornia sea lions that died from parasitic gastritis soon after their 
arrival at the Park, the deaths from parasites were among such 
small mammals as foxes, porcupines, and marsupials. 

Verminous Broncho-pneumonia in Elk. — Broncho-pneumonia, 
caused by bronchial Ularia, has always been a most serious factor 
in the deaths occurring in the elk herd. That there have been no 
deaths among these animals during the past year can be attrib- 
uted : ( I ) To the fact that they have been taken from the infected 
range and kept upon macadamized corrals, where their food sup- 
ply has been under the absolute control of the keeper; (2) also to 
the important fact of the cutting off of one cycle of the parasite\^ 
existence; for, since parasites like bronchial filaria must pass a 
certain stage (embryonic) of their existence in water or wet 
ground, these conditions must be changed before we can hope to 
get rid of such parasitic invasions. 

Gastro-enteritis. — While gastro-enteritis still continues to oc- 
cupy much of our attention, we feel that, especially during the 
past year, we have made much progress with this disease. Among 
the mountain sheep, where it has been most troublesome, the etio- 
logical factors are well understood, and without improved facili- 
ties for the treatment of the disorder we have been able to greatly 
reduce the loss from this disease, and with the improvements 
planned in the near future will eventually reduce the deaths from 
this affection still more. 

We have found that the percentage of mortality for this disease 
is about the same as in domestic animals. Some of the milder 
cases, when discovered early and treated, recover within four or 
five days, but in violent cases death occurs at an early date. 
More commonly, however, the disease continues for ten to fifteen 
days before terminating in recovery or death. Several cases were 
lost which had merged into a chronic form lasting for several 
months, finally ending in a condition of anaemia and marasmus. 

Of the many intestinal antiseptics and astringents used in the 
treatment of this disorder among these particular animals, it has 
been our experience that a much greater amount of success has 
been gained by the use of liquid agents rather than powdered 
ones. In the case of powders mixed with the food, if rumination 
is suspended — which is usually the case with animals suffering 
from this disorder — the medicine lies in the multiplex stomach 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 143 

and rarely reaches the seat of the disease ; but when the agent is 
in liquid form, it more quickly passes through the stomach and 
exerts the influence of its full medicinal action. 

Gastric and intestinal disorders, traceable to errors in diet, have 
been practically eliminated from the Primates collection. Treat- 
ment of these affections has also become more certain and bene- 
ficial. 

Cage Paralysis. — This troublesome disease among the Primates, 
which we described quite fully in our last year's report, still occu- 
pies our attention. While no definite etiological factor can at 
this time be attributed to the causation of this disease, still we 
take pleasure in recording the fact that we are unquestionably 
meeting with good results in the treatment of the disorder. Fewer 
cases have been met with during the past year than formerly, 
and our treatment as outlined in last year's report has been closely 
followed. 

Injuries. — The deaths caused by injuries during 1905 were few 
in number, and may all be classified as unavoidable. During 
July and August two particularly vicious attacks were made by 
dogs upon our deer. These dogs, which succeeded in entering 
some of our deer enclosures, killed or otherwise seriously injured 
seven of the smaller deer. 

Quarantine. — Our quarantine system, whereby new arrivals are 
isolated for a short period, and carefully observed before being 
placed on exhibition, continues to give excellent results. No 
cases of distemper, tuberculosis, actinomycosis, or other con- 
tagious or infectious diseases have been introduced into our col- 
lections since the effective quarantine was established. 

Respectfully submitted, 

W. Reid Blair, 
Veterinarian. 

January i, 1906. 



OUR COLLECTION OF AMPHIBIANS. 

By RAYMOND L. DITMARS, 

CURATOR OF REPTILES. 

IN preparing this article the writer has had two objects in 
view: (i) to present a resume of the more important Am- 
phibians or Batrachians exhibited in the Reptile House and (2) 
to introduce a new and entirely successful line of animal pho- 
tography developed by Mr. Elwin R. Sanborn, the Zoological 
Society's official photographer. The photographing of Batra- 
chians through the polished glass side of an aquarium tank is 
certainly the most efficient method of reproducing the color values 
and external anatomical details of these creatures. In justice 
to Mr. Sanborn, the writer wishes to state that he considers this 
review of the collection as but attendant to the illustrations. 

It is unfortunate that so many of the Batrachians constitute such 
poor objects for purposes of exhibition. The terrestrial forms 
require constant and abundant moisture. They must be pro- 
vided with moss or damp sand; but when their cages are thus 
furnished the greater number of them utilize the soil as a burrow- 
ing ground, venture forth only at night, and are never seen by the 
visitor. Cage after cage in the lobby of the Reptile House con- 
tains strikingly colored burrowing creatures that are occasionally 
exhumed by the keepers for examination by specially interested 
students. In these cages are many species of salamanders, bur- 
rowing toads, and tree-frogs that cling to the under sides of 
leaves in dense masses of foliage. 

The most satisfactory forms for exhibition are the truly aquatic 
species and the frogs. The former may be displayed in aquaria 
and the latter in shallow tanks. The larvae, or tadpoles, of all the 
species are lively and attractive. Our aquaria are now occupied 
by the American Congo " Snake " (Amphiuma means), the Siren 
(Siren lacertina), the Mud Puppy (Necturus maculatus), the 
Hellbender (Cryptobranchus allegheniensis) , and the Japanese 
Salamander (C. maximus). The showy, larval form of the Tiger 
Salamander (Amblystoma tigrinum), often called the Axolotl, is 
also an aquarium exhibit. These aquatic forms are now grouped 
at the north end of the turtle crawl, and provided with large 
labels. The frogs are arranged in a separate series, and above 



146 



NEW YORK ZOOLOCilCAL SOCIETY. 



the tank of each species is a hirj^e printed label behind glass. In 
combination with each tank of fr(.>j^s is a jar containing the tad- 
poles of the respective species. Thus exhibited, the Batrachians 
form an important feature in the collection of cold-blooded ani- 
mals. 

As our collection of Batrachians has stood during 1905, we find 
the following instructive series: 



Familv SahimanJridcc 



• ( 

• t 



DRDI^k rRODIiLA—TuE Tailkd Batrachians. 

r Sahimandra maculosa. . . Fire Salamander. 
Amblystoma opaciim. . . .Marbled 
" tigriniim . . .Tijj^er 

" punciaiitfu. .S])()iicd 

Spclcrpcs ruber Red 

" hiliucatiis Two-lined 

-' Plcthodon glittiuosns . . . .Slimy 

" ciucrcits (iray 

Dcsmognathus jusca Dusky 

Uicmyctylus iorosiis Paeifie Xi-wt. 

viridcsccns. . X\n\\n\<n\ " 
D icmyc iylus 1 • ir idcscc ; t s 

var. miniatits Red ** 

[ Cry ptobranchus allcghcn- 

I icnsis Hellbender. 

Amphiumidcc -[ Cry ptobranchus maxi- 

I mits (iiant Salamander. 

\ Amphiuma means Congo " Snake." 

Proicid(C Xccturus fnacidaiiis Mud Puppy. 

Sircnidcc Siren laccrtina Siren. 



ORDER ECAUDATA— The Frocs and To.\ds. 



Family Ranidcc. 



I < 



11 



i« 



Hylidcc , 



BujonJdcc. 



\ 



I 
i 



Rana vircscens Salt-Marsh Frog. 

paliisiris Leopard " 

" temporaria It^uropean " 

'* draytoni Drayton's 

" virgatipes Brown 

** sylvatica Wood 

" clamata Common 

" catcsbiana Bull 

Acris gryllus Cricket Frog. 

Hyla pickeringii "Peeper." 

versicolor Orav Tree Toad. 

" regilla Pacific " 

" pulchrilineata Banded " " 

Bufo lentiginosus ameri- 

canns Common Toad. 

valliceps Crowned 

campactilis Texas 

alvarius Green 



II 



II 
II 



Pi'lobaiidce Scaphiopus holbrooki . . . Spade-foot Toad. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 147 




CONGO "SXAKE," AMPHIUMA MEANS. 
THE UKODELA, OR TAILED AMPHIBIANS. 

Specimens of the Congo '' Snake " (AnipJiiunia) and the Giant 
Salamander (Cryptobranchus) have thrived for the past six years 
in the Reptile House in aquaria of stationary water. The Mud 
Puppy (NecturHs)y the Hellbender {Crytobranchus), and the 
Siren (Siren) do best in running water. Of these, the Mud 
Puppy imperatively requires clear, running water to aerate its 
feathery gills. The development of the larvae of the salamanders 
and newts is indefinitely retarded by a steady flow of cold water, 
and hence under such conditions they make lasting and satisfac- 
tory exhibits of the phases they represent. 

Our specimens of Amphiuma have displayed interesting habits. 
When collected they were dug out of the mud in a Florida swamp, 
and shipped north in pails of damp moss. Inasmuch as specimens 
that have for some time been burrowing in the mud above water- 
line show considerable distress if abruptly confined in the deep 
water of an aquarium, these examples were placed in a tank 
holding but an inch of water. Day by day the height of the 
water w^as slowly increased, and gradually they became accus- 
tomed to its pressure, and introduced it into the aerating pas- 
sages. One of the specimens was persistently restless, keeping 
its snout above the surface. It explored all corners of the mesh 
covering with the strength and activity of a snake, and was re- 
warded in finding a weak spot. During a long drought in July 
this animal escaped. The writer instituted a thorough search, ex- 
pecting to find a shrivelled carcass not far away ; but nothing was 
discovered. Late in August, after a heavy thunderstorm, our 
lost specimen was found crawling across the service road. It 
was headed from the tool house, under which building it had prob- 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



ably been living. Though plump, and apparently well nourished, 
it had met with a peculiar accident. Its four diminutive limbs 
were missing, possibly worn off in a strenuous endeavor to burrow 
into stony soil. 

That specimen was gradually introduced to an aquatic life, and 
finally placed in a large aquarium with several others of its kind. 
There it began to feed voraciously, and within four months' time 
had replaced the two pairs of limbs. The members of the second 
set were fully as long and perfect as the original appendages. 

While greedy and carnivorous, these Congo " Snakes " seldom 
attack each other. They consume fair-sized frogs and fishes 
entire. The swallowing process is largely performed by suction. 
As the animal approaches the prey and opens its jaws to seize it 
the ill-fated creature appears to dart, of its own accord, into the 
batrachian's mouth. In six years the Congo " Snakes " have in- 
creased to about twice their length upon arrival at the Park. 
They are now of an unusual size for this species. 

The Siren is another snake-like batrachian that has been in- 
duced to abandon its burrowing habits and live in an aquarium. 
Three 14-inch specimens, dug out of a swamp in Florida, were 
received at the Reptile House some months ago. They were read- 
ily introduced to deep water. Here, within a period of three weeks, 



!,')() N'EU" YORK ZOOLOCiCAL SOCIETY. 




cu.\n[i»N NEW!', iiiE.uvirvLi:': viri!iescf..\.s. 

the. curious transformation of tlic gills took place. When first 
placed in the water their gill stalks were much aborted, appear- 
ing as mere stumps, with little or no traces of filaments. During 
the first week in water the animals often came to the surface for 
air. At the end of this time the gill stalks had becoi'ne longer, 
and were well studded with short crimson filaments. The devel- 
opment of the gills increased until the filaments were as long and 
feathery as those of Nectunis — the Mud Puppy. 

The Siren is fond of small frogs, and consumes its prey in a 
manner that seems quite voracious for such a soft-bodied crea- 
ture. When two individuals seize the same frog they spin in oppo- 
site directions, soon dismembering the animal. 

Another observation relating to a transformation of the branchiee 
of aquatic batrichians concerns the Mud Puppy {Nectunis macti- 
latiis). Specimens received from cold lakes had very short gill 
stalks, and these were provided with a very rudimentary fringe — 
quite unlike the feathery branchiae of the majority of specimens. 
In the comparatively \\-arm water of an indoor aquarium, neces- 
sitating more elaborate processes for aerating the blood, a change 



TEXTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



LAR\A OF THE AXOLOTL, AUBLYSTO.\fA TICRlNUil 

in the branchite of such individuals rapidly took place. A fluffy 
growth of bright crimson filaments appeared on the gill stalks, 
and the nsual rich-hued, feathery tufts were present on each side 
of the head within a month. The writer has not only noted that 
specimens of Necturiis soon die unless provided with steadily 
flowing water, but that an abrupt transfer of the animals from 
very cold water to that of a higher temperature, or vice versa, is 
often fatal. He would suggest that care be taken with examples 
received in the winter months. Instead of taking them directly 
from the shipping tank and placing them in an indoor aquarium 
it is advisable to take the temperature of the water of both recep- 
tacles, and. before the transfer is made, effect a slow change in 
the medium in which the specimens have arrived until it corre- 
sponds in temjKrature with that of the exhibition tank. 

Among Mr. Sanborn's photographs are several of the showy 
California Newt (Diemyctyhis torosus). A number of represen- 
tatives of this species are on exhibition. As they are cannibalistic 
—greedily devouring examples of the Common Newt (D. virides- 
£-eiis) of the Eastern States — they are kept in a tank by them- 



152 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

selves. Tlie Common Newt is also exhibited. This animal is 
alleged to secrete a poisonous fluid in the pores of the skin. The- 
oretically, its bright colors have been described as " warning 
hues," to protect it against the ravages of water-snakes and fishes. 
The theory does not altogether hold good. Many of the snakes 
exhibited in the Reptile House have been fed upon newts when 
frogs were scarce. However, the European newts {Triton) come 
more witliin the line of argument. They have a rougher skin. 



studded with minute, wart-like points. When handled their skin 
exudes a peculiar odor. Few snakes will eat them, and the larger 
frogs, that swallow every small moving object in their vicinity, 
usually die after making a meal of one of these creatures. 

THE ECAUDATA, OR TAILLESS AMPHIBIANS. 

It does not appear to be generally known that the males of most 
of the true frogs (Rana) may be at once distinguished from the 
females by the much larger ear-drum (tympanum), which appears 
as a round, exposed disc on each side of the head. 

Between the North American frogs (Ranidte) and the toads 
(Bufonida:) there exists a wide degree of difference in the time 
of transformation from the tadpole to the perfect animal. The 
seniiaquatic frogs, like the Bull Frog (R. catesbiaira) and the 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 153 

Pond Frog (R. clamata) live about two years in a larval state. 
The Wood Frog {R. sylvatica), a terrestrial species, undergoes 
its metamorphosis within the course of a single warm season. 
Though the latter species transforms from tadpole to perfect ani- 
mal in a much shorter time than the semiaquatic frogs, it is quite 
tardy as compared with the Toad (Bufo), Strictly terrestrial, 
except during the breeding season, the latter creature completes 
its transformation, from the appearance of the egg to the fully 
developed land animal, within two months. The tadpoles of the 
toads never reach any but a diminutive size, and the young ani- 
mal is very small. With the semiaquatic frogs the tadpole may 
grow to a length of six inches. The difference in size between 
these land and amphibious species is clearly shown in the photo- 
graphs. 

It appears that Nature has hastened the transformation of the 
terrestrial species as a matter of necessity. They lay their eggs 
in temporary bodies of water, left by the spring freshets and rains. 
Such pools evaporate during the summer. The aquatic species, 
deposit their eggs in the permanent bodies of water about which 
they lurk. Moreover, the ponds and streams fed by permanent 
sources are colder than the ditch or lowland pool selected by the 
toad, and temperature plays an important part in the growth of 
the batrachian larva. 

The greater number of frogs and toads have an intense fear of 
snakes. A brown snake (Storeria), barely larger than an earth- 
worm, will cause a bulky pond frog or a big toad to cringe, point 
its snout downward, then puff up prodigiously. Most of the 
bull frogs in the Reptile House exhibit quite different habits. 
If a snake of moderate size (about one and a half feet long) be^ 
placed in their cage it is seized at once. Despite its struggles 
it is drawn into the capacious interior of the frog, partly by 
the muscular action of the throat and partly by repeated grasp- 
ings of the forefeet. When placed in a cage containing several 
striped snakes one of these voracious frogs exhibited abso- 
lutely no fear, but gorged himself to the limit of his very 
elastic capacity. 

During the summer months the collection of frogs and toads, 
is supplied with an abundance and variety of food that as far as 
possible corresponds to what such creatures obtain in a wild 
state. Each day a keeper is assigned to "sweep" the meadows 
bordering the aquatic mammals pond for an hour or more. This 
man is provided with several glass jars and a large sweeping net, 
consisting of a stout iron ring, on a short handle, provided with 



154 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 






TRANSF0RM.AT10X OF THE POND FROG AND THE COMMON TOAD 
they leave the waler. The Itog 



a heavy sail-clotli bag. Swinging the net heavily through the 
long grass a miscellaneous lot of insects is gathered. Among 
these are grasshoppers, small beetles, spiders, and the larvfe of 
various butterflies and moths. For very delicate species of toads, 
frogs, and salamanders many soft-bodied caterpillars are obtained 
by taking an umbrella, holding it under the bushes and the low 
branches of trees, then beating the latter vigorously with a heavy 
stick. In winter our toads and frogs subsist largely upon meal- 
worms. 

Among the five species of frogs found locally, one — the Leopard 
Frog (Rana pa/iistris) — exudes such an irritating secretion from 
the pores of the skin that few snakes will eat it. To the more 
greedy reptiles, which will devour them, the penalty is a much- 
inflamed mouth and throat. The Leopard Frog abounds in areas 
infested with frog-eating snakes, wliile the other species of Rana 
are decidedly thinned out. The poisonous secretion is intensely 



TEN'THvANXUAL : REPOKT. 



■IRANSFORMAIION OK THE LEOPARD FROG. . 



bitter. It has a strong odor which might be compared to very 
rank butter. 

It is peculiar that this strikingly colored frog cannot be kept in 
captivity unless provided with cold, running water. If during 
the summer months it is placed in a tank containing stationary 
water death usually results within forty-eight hours. Fortu- 
nately this is not the case with the closely allied Salt-Marsh Frog 
(if, virescens), another local species. To a slight extent an exu- 
dation from the skin may be noted with this species, but snakes 
eat it readily. Salt-Marsh Frogs abound in the Newark Mead- 
ows, and during the winter months several thousand of them are 
received at the Reptile House to make up the deficiency in other 
food. They are raked out of the mud after the ice has been 
broken over shallow water. 

During 1905 eight species of frogs were exhibited in the Rep- 
tile House. Of these, the most striking was Drayton's Frog 
{R. draytoni) from the Pacific Coast region. This specimen 
often changed color, and during some of its phases displayed a 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



TREE TOM}. HYLA ARBOREA. 



delicate shade of coral pink. Another interesting frug was pre- 
sented to the Society by Mr, William T, Davis. It represents a 
species found only in a small area in southern New Jersey, and 
is technically known as Rana virgati'pes, Cope, 

The Tree-Frogs or T^ee-Toads (Hylidw) are well represented in 
the collection, and range in size from the tiny "Peeper" (Hyla 
pickeringii) — the forecaster of spring — to a big West Indian spe- 
cies that preys upon tree lizards. 

Among the toads the most interesting specimens represent a 
giant species {Bufo agua), inhabiting Mexico, Central America, 
the West Indies, and northern South America, These big, flat- 
bodied creatures have an enormously developed gland behind each 
eye and numerous warty points scattered over the back. When the 
larger head glands are compressed fine jets of a sticky white fluid 
are ejected some six or eight inches. Quite by accident the writer 
discovered that this secretion is intensely bitter to the taste. 
Until a comparatively recent date nothing definite was known 
about the secretion of such glands, but it has now been demon- 
strated that if this fluid is injected into the blood of such small 
animals as guinea-pigs and rabbits the symptoms of poisoning 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 157 

are at once apparent, and death speedily follows. The symptoms 
are similar to those described as due to the use of digitalis, and 
appear to affect both the heart and the nerve centres. 

All of the true toads are supplied with these venom-secreting 
glands. Our Common Toad (Bufo lentiginosus americanus) is a 
good example. A dog rash enough to seize a toad courts imme- 
diate trouble. It soon foams at the mouth, and from the champ- 
ing of its jaws it is very liable to excite suspicions of that dread 
disease, hydrophobia. The writer once saved the life of an 
alleged " mad dog " that was pursued through a village street. 
His opinion, in judging the animal to be the victim of a toad, was 
based upon an accidental observation of the same dog but a few 
minutes before, when it was quietly nosing about a stone pile. 
The dog was confined, and for fully an hour seemed to be in much 
distress. Its jaws seemed paralyzed. Later on it fully recovered 
its normal condition, and was no longer a " mad dog," fit only for 
speedy destruction. 

In the Park collection are several Spade-Foot Toads (Scaphi- 
opus holbrooki) from southern New Jersey. In external structure 
they differ from the common toad by their smoother skin and 
less prominent glands behind the eye. The pupil is vertical (cat- 
hke) instead of horizontal, as in the common batrachian. These 
animals are persistent burrowers, and embed themselves to the 
full depth of the gravel in their cage. They receive their popu- 
lar name from a spade-like process on each hind foot; but the 
writer has noted a similar process, and considerably more devel- 
oped, on many examples of the common toad, which are quite as 
expert in burrowing as the " Spade-Foot," though less inclined to 
do so. 



THE SWANS. 

By C. WILLIAM BEEBE, 

CURATOR OF BIRDS. 



GENERAL ACCOUNT. 

FROM the time of Homer down to the present day swans 
have been surpassed by no other wild birds except eagles 
in the extent to which they have entered into the folk-lore, lit- 
erature, and history of mankind. Until we have made a careful 
study of the annals of the past, w^e have no idea how many stories, 
myths, and legends have grown up about the swan. One of the 
largest and most graceful of all winged creatures, of so conspicu- 
ous a hue, and coming annually from the mysterious north, to 
which it later returned, we realize that there w as abundant reason 
for the notice which was accorded it. 

Like all other conspicuous objects in nature the swan, in olden 
time, played a prominent part in religious ceremonies, being con- 
sidered either as an actual god, or feared and propitiated as a 
bird of prophecy. The shamen of the East, the wizard men of 
Lapland, and the medicine men of our Indians all prized a feather 
or other portion of this bird as a worthy talisman and an accom- 
paniment of their magic paraphernalia. 

It is said that in the year 1304 King Edward I of England took 
a solemn oath on two beautiful swans. Doubtless the idea was 
handed down to his time from some ancient pagan worship, and 
even to our own day we may. hear among New England farmers 
'^ I swan ! '' as an exclamation of surprise. This is one version 
of the origin of the expression ; while other authorities give a 
more prosaic explanation, stating that it is merely a euphemistic 
variation of swear. 

Going back millions of years, before the first human being 
beheld and wondered at one of these beautiful white creatures, 
we have but little clew to the ancestral evolution of the group of 
swans. Although as to size swans are a well-marked assemblage, 
they differ on the whole so slightly from ducks and geese that 



160 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

they have been accorded the value only of a subfamily, Cygnince, 
in the great Order Anseres. 

To-day only seven species of swans inhabit the earth,* and of 
the tens of thousands of swans which must have lived and died in 
the past, fragmentary bones of but four or five have been discov- 
ered embedded in the rocks of the Pliocene and Pleistocene peri- 
ods. These fossils have been found in caves in Belgium and in 
Malta, and remains have also been discovered in Oregon and in 
New Zealand. The Falconer Swan of Malta was a giant among 
swans, being said to exceed by one-third any of the living species. 
South America seems to have been well suited to the maintenance 
of generalized types of birds, such as the seriema and screamer ; 
and in this matter of swan relationship we find some help in a 
bird from that continent called the coscoroba duck, goose, or 
swan, as we prefer. Although perhaps closer to the geese, yet this 
bird possesses a number of interesting swan-like characteristics, 
which place it in an intermediate position. It feeds on land, how- 
ever, has its lores feathered, the tips of its primaries black, and 
frequently utters a loud, rather musical call — something like 
chuck-cha-caw ! 

Although swans are so preeminently aquatic in their habits, 
yet one of the birds closely related to them on the side of the 
geese is the semipalmated goose of Australia, perhaps the most 
terrestrial of all its family, and which in consequence has all 
but lost the webs between its toes. So much for the relationship 
of the swans. 

The seven living species of swans are most conveniently treated 
in three groups : First, the Black Swan of Australia ; second, the 
Black-Necked Swan of southern South America; and third, the 
remaining five species of pure white birds — the Whooping, Be- 
wick, Whistling, Trumpeter, and Mute Swans — inhabiting the 
arctic regions of both hemispheres. It is interesting to note that 
none of the species inhabits the tropics. The Black Swan is ac- 
corded a genus of its own — Chenopsis; but the other six are all 
grouped together as Cygnus. 

With our present slight knowledge it is idle to speculate upon 
the origin and former distribution of the swans, especially of the 
southern species. The contiguous boreal distribution of the five 
arctic birds, with occasional crossing into each other's territory, 
accounts for the slight differences existing between the three spe- 
•cies of the Eastern and the two of the Western Hemispheres. 



* The collection of swans in the New York Zoological Park is now 
complete, all seven species being on exhibition. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 161 

Consideration of the evolution of color in this group reveals 
several perplexing problems. Like other arctic birds, such as the 
gyrfalcon, snowy owl, ivory gull, and ptarmigan, all the northern 
swans are white in their adult plumage ; but if this be a protective 
character it requires a special definition. Feeding on organic mat- 
ter, which they glean from shallow water, any question of aggres- 
sive coloration is, of course, absurd. Unlike the ptarmigan, 
swans are birds of strong migratory habits, and although breed- 
ing in the far north, yet their nests are not among ice and snow, 
but in the grass and reeds near water. So the white color would 
seem to be, instead of a protection, an actual adventisement of 
the bird's whereabouts. These great birds are well capable of 
defending themselves against any foe of moderate size, striking 
with the hard bend of the wings, blows of remarkable force and 
precision. When we consider, too, the usual open character of the 
country in which these birds spend their lives — open arctic tun- 
dras in the north, larger bays along the sea-shore when in more 
southern latitudes — and the unusually keen senses of sight and 
hearing with which these birds are endowed, we realize that the 
white color of the plumage may have come about by the birds' 
very immunity from danger. 

Of course in this connection we must ignore man. Such long 
established and slowly evolved features as the colors of wild birds 
have for their causes, conditions which long antedate the com- 
paratively recent and abrupt dominion of man. When a great 
swan, swinging across the sky in all his glory of wild strength, is 
smitten by a shower of lead from a hidden blind ; or when, ren- 
dered helpless by the simultaneous moult of all their flight feath- 
ers, a whole flock is surrounded by nets, and old and young to- 
gether slaughtered by the barbarous Eskimo, it is because these 
birds are unable to cope with such sources of danger, introduced 
into their environment within, comparatively speaking, but a few 
years. 

Although the swans themselves are so conspicuous when on the 
nest, yet, when the sitting bird has left, the nest itself is very 
difficult to discover. It is a mere pile of rubbish, thrown care- 
lessly together, and before leaving, the parent bird always care- 
fully draws the lining of the nest completely over the eggs, so 
that they are well hidden from prying eyes. Under these con- 
ditions the conspicuous color of the birds and the great com- 
motion which they necessarily make in getting under headway 
would all tend to distract attention from the exact position of the 
nest if the parents should retreat on the approach of an enemy. 



162 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

But this is seldom the case, and a pair of breeding swans would 
launch themselves as fearlessly (and perhaps as successfully) at 
an attacking fox as at some inoffensive intruding duck. When, 
in addition to this fearlessness and great concern for the young, 
we realize that swans invariably mate for life, these beautiful 
birds take a high place in our regard. They are as admirable 
in their home life as they are pleasing to the eye. 

The cygnets, as the young swans are called, are covered with 
a plumage of grayish brown, in all probability protective in char- 
acter, as this color harmonizes well with the various subdued hues 
of the dead grass and mosses. 

It is interesting to note that four of the seven species of swans 
have received names relating either to the quality of the voice or to 
a comparative lack of vocal expression. These are the Whistler, 
Trumpeter, Whooper, and Mute. Even the word swan, traceable 
to szvon, is in some way correlated with the Latin verb sonare — 
to sound. To one who is familiar with swans in a wild state, or 
even with those kept in captivity, the cause of this important 
notice taken of the voice will be readily understood. The voice 
of each species differs, and even the notes of the sexes are unlike ; 
but all are pleasant and melodious, while in the case of two species 
the tones are truly trumpet-like, and have as beautiful a resonant 
quality as have the tones from a French horn. This quality of 
the voice may be partly accounted for by the remarkable loop 
which the trachea describes within the breastbone, in some cases 
exactly paralleling the characteristic shape of a French horn. 
The Whooper, Whistler, Bewick, and Trumpeter possess this 
peculiarity, and the Black Swan in a lesser degree. In the Mute 
and the Black-Necked the windpipe is straight. 

From time immemorial the '* swan-song " has been famed in 
legend and in song; but until lately it has had no scientific con- 
firmation. Writing of the Whistling Swan, Prof. D. G. Elliot 
says: 

" The song of the dying swan has been the theme of poets for 
centuries, and is generally considered one of those pleasing myths 
that are handed down through the ages. I had killed many a 
swan, and never heard aught from them save the familiar notes 
that reach every one in their vicinity. But once, when shooting 
in Currituck Sound over water belonging to a club of which I 
am a member, in company with a friend, Mr. F. W. Legget, of 
New York, a number of swans passed over us at a considerable 
height. We fired at them, and one splendid bird was mortally 
hurt. On receiving his wound the wings became fixed and he 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 163 

commenced at once his song, which was continued until the 
water was reached, nearly half a mile away. I am perfectly 
familiar with every note a swan is accustomed to utter, but never 
before nor since have I heard any like those sung by this stricken 
bird. Most plaintive in character and musical in tone, it sounded 
at times like the soft running of the notes in an octave. 

'And now 'twas like all instruments, 
Now like a lonely flute; 
And now it is an angel's song 
Which makes the heavens be mute.' 

And as the sound was borne to us, mellowed by the distance, we 
stood astonished, and could only exclaim, ' We have heard the 
song of the dying swan.' 

** I made inquiries among the gunners as to whether any of 
them had ever heard notes different from those usually uttered 
by the swan, when one was mortally wounded, and some said 
they had, and on my asking them what kind they were they de- 
scribed something similar to those we had heard and of which 
I have endeavored to give an idea." 

The beak of a swan is horny and slightly hooked at the tip, 
enabling the bird to tear off mouthfuls of tough grass and reeds ; 
while the posterior part of the beak is specialized for bottom 
feeding. Along the proximal portion of the inner sides are rows 
of horny tooth-like lamellae, or plates, through which the mud is 
sifted, the water trickling out, and the organic particles being 
retained and swallowed. The tongue is another important factor 
in this method of feeding, its complicated structure and numerous 
recurved fleshy teeth aiding the beak in the function of sifting the 
food. 

One peculiarity which swans share in common is, that with a 
large, heavy body they possess short legs and long necks. This 
is consequent on their feeding habits. They feed chiefly on the 
organic matter in the silt at the bottom of shallow ponds, and 
the roots of aquatic plants, but not being divers, as are some of the 
ducks, and lacking the long legs of wading birds, such as the 
flamingoes, they trust to their long necks, resting upon the sur- 
face and reaching down to the mud below. The length of neck 
of the swans, as long or longer than the body, is characteristic 
of this group ; and in this connection mention should be made of 
the neck bones, twenty-two to twenty-six in number — more than 
are found in any other living birds. 

The wings of a swan are of the broad, rounded type, made for 



164 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

rapid wing beats, although strong enough to carry the great body 
of their owner hundreds of miles to the south and back again to 
the north every year. It has been estimated that with a slight 
wind in their favor a flock of swans can travel over loo miles an 
hour. 

The scalation of the leg and foot is reticulate, that is, in the 
form of very small scales rather than large, overlapping scutes. 
The three anterior toes are fully webbed, but the hind toe has only 
the faintest trace of a lobe. Its weak character and elevated 
position show that the swans must early have acquired their nata- 
tory and terrestrial habits, having long since lost all need for 
grasping a perch. 

The chief defence of the swan lies in its wings, although it can 
pinch severely with the horny tip of the beak. But it can knock a 
dog senseless, and fell a man to the earth with one or two strokes 
of the hard wrist portion of its pinions. 

In their relation to mankind the aesthetic has always predomi- 
nated over the economical, although the flesh of the younger 
swans is very delicate, and swan's down is a valuable product of 
the plumage of these birds. Swans seem never to become wholly 
domesticated, like the pigeon, fowl, and duck, and unless their 
wings are clipped or pinioned are ever ready to be lured away 
by the clanging chorus of their wild kindred flying past over- 
head. 

The care of swans in captivity is a very simple matter, the best 
regular food being a mixture of grains, such as whole and 
cracked corn, buckwheat, wheat, and barley. Pieces of bread 
thrown upon the water three times a week, and plenty of short 
grass or lettuce and young cabbage will keep the birds in perfect 
condition. They should also have Spratt's Patent Food soaked 
in hot water, occasionally, and of course an abundance of ground 
oyster shells and grit. If the birds are allowed the freedom of 
a wide range of water and grass they will forage successfully for 
themselves. The cygnets should be fed on Spratt's Patent, barley 
meal, chopped hard-boiled eggs, and green food. 

THE BLACK SWAN. 

Chenopsis atrata {Latham). 

This unique swan is a native of Australia and Tasmania, and 
was formerly abundant in almost all parts of that region. It is of 
a very dark brownish-black color, except the primaries and sec- 
ondaries, which are pure white. The bill is scarlet, crossed with 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 165 

a band and tipped with white ; the iris of the eye is brilliant scar- 
let, and the feet are black. 

Early in the year 1697 the Dutch navigator Vlaming sailed 
into a great estuary on the coast of western Australia and up a 
river which was covered with multitudes of Black Swans. Pre- 
vious to this the term " black swan " had come into current use 
as signifying something inconceivable, something contrary to all 
the laws of nature ; " Rara avis in terris, nigroque simillima 
cygnof' So we can easily understand how the finding of this 
bird, succeeded by subsequent remarkable discoveries of other 
strange creatures in Australia, led to a widespread belief that 
in that land everything was topsy-turvy. 

The Black Swan gathers together a large pile of sticks, leaves, 
and reeds, with a few feathers for a lining, and upon it lays from 
four to eight large greenish-white eggs. This rough nest is 
placed in a dense growth of reeds, or at the base of a tree far out 
near the centre of some shallow lagoon. In such a place, before 
the advent of man, the bird had little to fear, save from an occa- 
sional eagle, which might snatch up a cygnet, or from the several 
species of water-rats (Hydromys), whose depredations among 
both eggs and newly hatched young were doubtless far more to 
be dreaded. Both parents take turns in incubating, and woe to 
the nest which is left unguarded for a moment. The regular 
breeding season lasts from September to January. It is said that 
when the nesting lagoon dries up, the parents will lead the young 
overland to the nearest water, and always by night, in order to 
avoid the attacks of raptorial birds. 

The dark color of the adult birds must assimilate well with 
the shadowy waters of the shallow lagoons, and whether of 
advantage as an active protective character or not, it is certainly 
a fact that the white spot formed by the flight feathers, when 
the wing is folded, is a perfect representation of a hole through 
the bird. When seen from a distance this white spot neutralizes 
to a remarkable degree the symmetrical bird-like appearance 
of the outline of the swan. On one or two occasions pure white 
individuals have been observed. The cygnets resemble young 
swans of other species in being brownish-gray in color. 

Black Swans seem to have no regular routes of migration, but 
they are by no means wholly resident, for they make long jour- 
neys to the coast and irregularly across the country. They are 
fond of feeding in the brackish and salt-water swamps and lagoons 
along the sea-shore. 

When flocks of several hundred of these swans are gathered 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



BLACK SWANS, 

in a single estuary, and become suddenly frightened by the dis- 
charge of a gun, the sight is described as magnificent. The 
myriad particolored birds flap frantically along the surface until 
they attain momentum enough to rise; then they swing round, 
dividing into lesser flocks, or perhaps families. The scarlet bills 
of the birds fairly glow with their rich color, while against the 
dark vegetation the white wing feathers shimmer like flashes of 
lightning ; but when the swift-flying birds are silhouetted against 
the sky their dark bodies spring into view, the long necks stretched 
far out, as they wing their way high overhead. 

As is usually the case, the coming of white men marked the 
beginning of scenes of slaughter and extermination, and to-day 
the Black Swan, although protected by law, has been driven to 
the wildest portions of its haunts, and in Australia is doubtless 
doomed to speed}- extinction. Indeed it is said that there are 
probably more of these birds in captivity in different parts of 
the world than are now living wild in their native country. We 
read reports of whalers sending many boats ashore and bringing 
back load after load of Black Swans, whose condition during the 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



"i 



V 



HLACK SWAXS AND CVGNETS. 



period of moult is practically helpless, it being then an easy matter 
to row tliem down and to break their necks with an oar. 

Another phase of man's dominion in the reahn of the Black 
Swan is his introduction of this bird into New Zealand, that long 
suffering country, whose indigenous fauna and flora seems well 
on the road to extinction before the overwhelming advance of 
foreign importations. Separated as completely, geographically 
speaking, from Australia as that region is from the rest of the 
world, restricted competition has evolved in New Zealand no 
natural check to these creatures — mammalian and avian — which 
have spread like a ravaging iire, ousting the rightful inhabitants 
from forest and plain. The first Black Swans introduced were 
carefully protected by law, and, after the early difficulties in the 
way of adaptation to new conditions were overcome, they in- 
creased without check or hindrance. 

Mr. E. F. Stead, who has personally witnessed present condi- 
tions in New Zealand, reports that swans may now be seen there 
in great flocks, sometimes of five and six thousand individuals. 
They are driving away all ducks and geese, not by actual aggres- 



168 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

siveness, but more surely by preempting all feeding grounds and 
nesting places. 

To mention a specific location, on Lake Ellesniere there are 
hundreds of swans nesting throttglwut the year. Every week 
many dozen eggs arc brought into Christchurch, where they are 
supplanting the use of hens' eggs in bakeries and in private fam- 
ilies. The birds are comparatively tame, notwithstanding the fact 
that all protection has been removed from them, and numbers 
are constantly shot wantonly, even while sitting upon their eggs. 

As is the case with all other swans, these birds have been intro- 
duced in a semi domesticated condition into all civilized portions 
of the world, and they very often breed in capitivity, even when 
confined in a compar.it ively small enclosure. One pair is on rec- 



HE.^D OF BLACK-NECKED SWA.V. 

ord as having nested sixteen times in seven years, laying in all 
no less than one hundred and eleven eggs. 

On account of the length and slenderness of the neck, and the 
majestic and easy grace with which the Black Swan comports 
itself, it may be accounted one of the most graceful birds in the 
world, and one well worthy of the utmost protection in its native 
home. 

THE BL.\CK-NECKED SWAN. 

Cygnits melanocoryphiis (Mo!.). 
This bird is another aberrant form of swan — aberrant, how- 
ever, only in the matter of color, for structurally it differs but 
httle from the typical white arctic species. It is pure white. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



BLACK-NECKED SWANS. 

except for the head and the major part of the neck, which are 
velvety blackish brown. This is reheved by a Hne of white feath- 
ers about the eye, extending backward as a well-defined stripe 
across the entire head. While in the northern white species the 
bill is often decorated with bright yellow, in the Black-Necked, 
as in the Black Swan, the presence of a darker color in the feath- 
ers seems correlated with a change in the bill pigment from yel- 
low to red. A full-grown bird of the present species has the cere 
or fleshy base of the bill swollen and enlarged above into a knob 
or an irregular bunch of caruncles stained a vivid scarlet. This 
bird is somewhat larger than the Black Swan, with a stouter, 
shorter neck, and, though more striking in appearance, is less 
graceful when swimming. 

From the young birds we may, perhaps, get a hint of the devel- 
opment of color in this species. The white feathers of the body 
are tipped with rusty brown, and, still more significant, the tips 
of the primaries are chocolate brown. This may be a vanishing 
hint of a former closer relationship between this swan and the 
black wing-tipped coscoroba. Whether the presence of black in 
the plumage of the adults of this species and the Australian spe- 



170 NEW VORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

cies is merely a parallelism, or whether the former isolation of 
South America and its early connection with Australia are signifi- 
cant facts in the case, we can at present only conjecture. 

Naturalists who have seen Black-Necked Swans in their native 
haunts have given no clew to the reason for their strange color- 
ing ; but if we look at one of these birds at some distance away 
across a stretch of water, as it swims along the shore, the magic 
with which, first the white body, then the black head and neck, 
blend with the changing environment is most interesting and sig- 
nificant. Our eyes show us alternately a headless body and a 
bodiless head ; but when the bird comes out into clear open water 
the curving neck is constantly the conspicuous feature. It seems 
as if this alternative protective coloring cannot fail to be of 
vital assistance to the bird at some of the critical moments of 
its life. It is said that these birds prefer to keep close to the 
margins of ponds and lakes, where they find good feeding 
grounds. 

The Black-Necked Swan is found on the lakes and lagoons of 
southern South America — Argentina, Chili, and Patagonia — 
where they sometimes congregate in flocks of several hundred. 
Indeed the late J. B. Hatcher reports seeing over a thousand 
swans upon one lake of moderate size. Excepting what Hudson 
relates we know but little of the habits of these birds. He says 
that owing to their heavy bodied, short-winged condition the 
noise which their wings make is remarkable — a loud rushing 
which can be heard a great distance away. 

These swans experience such difficulty in taking flight, espe- 
cially when suddenly frightened and away from the water, that 
the savage horsemen of the southern pampas occasionally ride 
them down and catch them by hand. 

Black-Necked Swans begin to nest in July, and they seem to 
take great care in choosing a safe location. This is probably very 
necessary, as these pampas are the home of many predatory ani- 
mals. Three to six cream-colored eggs are laid upon a firm pile 
of leaves and sticks, the foundation of which is the bottom of a 
swamp, sometimes in four feet or more of water, and among a 
thick clump of reeds. By swimming to and from the nest many 
dangers are avoided. One observer reports having seen a Black- 
Necked Swan swimming away from her nest with her young 
perched upon her back. 

Strange to say, more than a quarter of a century before the 
discovery of the Black Swan, this South American species was 
first observed by a European, Narbrough having reported seeing 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 171 

Black-Necked Swans on August 2, 1670, while sailing through 
the Straits of Magellan. 

The bird is not uncommon in captivity, and occasionally breeds, 
but unless gradually acclimated it is apt to succumb to severe cold 
weather. It requires more careful feeding than does any other 
species of swan. 

THE MUTE SWAN. 

Cygnus olor (GnieL). 

This is the most common swan of European history and legend. 
Its common name is given because of its inability to give utter- 
ance to tones as loud or as musical as those which characterize its 
congeners ; while its scientific name is from two Latin words, each 
meaning a swan. The bird is, however, far from being actually 
mute, and has a soft, not unmusical note. This beautiful swan, 
the commonest of all seen in captivity, ranges in a feral state 
over almost the whole of Europe, and as far east as central Asia. 
In winter it is found on the waters of northern India and Egypt. 

The Mute Swan is pure white, with dull black feet and legs, ' 
and its most distinguishing characteristic, which at once sets it 
off from the four remaining species of white swans, is a large 
black knob, or tubercle, at the base of the bill. The lores, the 
knob, the base of the upper and the entire under mandible are 
black; the remaining part of the upper mandible being reddish 
orange. The female is similar to the male, although rather 
smaller, with a more slender neck and with the frontal knob less 
developed. This species reaches an extreme length of five feet. 

The Mute Swan was introduced into England during the reign 
of Richard Coeur de Lion, and, although not indigenous, it has 
become so naturalized that full-winged birds show no inclination 
to leave. 

Both sexes unite in gathering a large pile of reeds and other 
aquatic plants, two or three feet high and five or six across, in a 
hollow in the top of which the female lays from five to nine eggs, 
grayish olive in color. After five or six weeks of incubation the 
young are hatched; coming into the world clad in a thick down 
of sooty gray, which gives place to the first plumage of dark 
grayish brown. In the course of a year, or even a longer period, 
this, in turn, is gradually replaced by the white feathers of the 
adult. 

The young, as is the case with all swans, seem to feed and 
swim instinctively. The parents are very solicitous about their 



172 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

brood, and have been known to take the young birds upon their 
backs, after the manner of some species of grebes. 

When several pairs of swans nest in close proximity to one 
another, each pair keeps carefully to the limits of some well- 
understood range. The parents associate with the young through- 
out the winter, but drive them away in the spring. These swans, 
like all others, feed chiefly upon water-plants, roots, leaves and 
seeds, insects, and the organic material which collects at the bot- 
tom of ponds. They also occasionally catch and devour small 
fish and crabs, as well as mollusks, when feeding along the coast. 

Of the ^lute Swan, Bewick quaintly but veraciously writes : 
" At the setting in of frosty weather the Wild Swans are said to 
associate in large flocks, and thus united, to use every effort to 
prevent the water from freezing ; this they accomplish by the con- 
tinual stir kept up among them ; and by constantly dashing it wath 
their extended wings they are enabled to remain as long as it suits 
their convenience in some favorite part of a lake or river which 
abounds with their food. The swan is very properly entitled the 
peaceful Monarch of the Lake ; conscious of his superior strength 
he fears no enemy, nor suffers any bird, however powerful, to 
molest him ; neither does he prey upon any one. His vigorous 
wing is as a shield against the attacks even of the Eagle, and the 
blows from it are said to be so powerful as to stun or kill the 
fiercest of his foes. The wolf or the fox may surprise him in 
the dark, but their efforts are vain in the day.'' There is no 
exaggeration in the account of the strength of a blow from a 
swan's wing. They have been known with one stroke to fracture 
a man's arm. 

The inner flight feathers are large, and capable of performing 
a peculiar function. One may often see a Mute Swan progress- 
ing through the water without ever a stroke of the large webbed 
feet, the inner wing feathers being elevated to such a degree that 
they catch the breeze, sail-like, and carry the bird along with 
considerable rapidity. 

It is interesting to observe the special conditions under which 
swans were formerly allowed to be kept. For not then, as now, 
could any one go to a dealer in birds and purchase at will one 
of these birds for $15.00 or $20.00. In the time of Edward I. 
no one but the king's son could keep a swan unless possessed of 
five marks rental. Stealing their eggs was punished with impris- 
onment of a year and a day. 

Newton tells us that formerly in England the Mute Swan was 
much more abundant than at present, the cygnets being then 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 173 

highly esteemed as a table delicacy. " It was under special enact- 
ments for its preservation, and regarded as a * Bird Royal ' that 
no subject could possess without license from the crown, the 
granting of which license was accompanied by the condition that 
every bird in a ' game ' (to use the old legal term) of swans 
should bear a distinguishing mark of ownership (cygninota) on 
the bill. Originally this privilege was conferred on the larger 
freeholders only, but it was gradually extended, so that in the 
reign of Elizabeth upward of 900 distinct swan-marks, being 
those of private persons or corporations, were recognized by the 
royal Swanherd, whose jurisdiction extended over the whole 
kingdom." The largest swanery at present in England is the one 
belonging to Lord Olchester, where from 600 to 1,200 swans are 
kept. 

Mute Swans are very easily bred in captivity, and in our own 
country often begin to build their nests as soon as the snow has 
gone and the water is free of ice. 

THE WHOOPING SWAN. 

Cygnus cygnus (Linn.), 

This is the species which ever since the days of the Iliad has 
been lauded for the beautiful musical clanging of its notes. No 
words or syllables can express the character of these tones, but 
the succession may be indicated by hoop-hooper-hoop — clang! 
The breeding range of this swan covers much of arctic Europe 
and Asia, including Iceland. In winter it ranges south over Eu- 
rope, central Asia, China, and Japan, occasionally reaching 
Egypt. It also justly claims a place in the avifauna of our own 
hemisphere, as a number of specimens have been taken in south- 
ern Greenland, doubtless storm-blown, or perhaps individuals 
with unusual wandering instincts which have made their way 
from Iceland. It is said that these birds formerly bred in Green- 
land, but that they were exterminated by the Eskimo during the 
period of helplessness at the moulting season. 

Pure white, like the Mute Swan, this species lacks the frontal 
knob, and differs in a number of other respects. Its neck is 
shorter, and its general carriage is so unlike that of the Mute 
that the two species are easily distinguished. The trachea, as 
mentioned before, enters the breastbone, where it describes a 
loop. In this, as in the three species to follow, the most reliable 
character for specific identification is the arrangement of color 
on the bill (see illustration between pages 174 and 175). In the 




NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



HE WICK'S SWAN 

Whooping Swan the lores and two-thirds of the upper mandible 
(to below the nostrils along the sides) are brilliant yellow in 
color. The remainder of the bill is black. 

Although in color and size the Mute and the Whooping Swans 
are quite similar, there is a very pronounced difTerence between 
the texture of the shell of the eggs of the two birds; that of the 
Mute being very coarsely granular. Under the microscope the 
specific differences are very apparent. 

In general the nesting habits of the Whooping Swan resemble 
those of the Mute, the favorite sites being the half-frozen marshes 
or tundras of the far north. Four to seven eggs are laid, gen- 
erally in May, and the cygnets are on the wing in August or Sep- 
tember. 

When on their winter feeding-grounds these swans are very 
shy and travel in small wedge-shaped flocks or families. Large 
individuals weigh from fifteen to twenty pounds. Mating for life, 
as do all the swans, they are very jealous of intrusion and are 
ever watchful and on the lookout for danger. As an instance of 
this, these swans for a number of seasons bred in the Zoological 



WHOOPING SWAN. 
UEWICK'S SWAN. 
WHISTLING SWAN. 



TRUMPETER SWAN. 
BLACK SWAN. 
MUTE SWAN. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



Gardens of London, and one year when the cygnets, only a few 
days old, were sunning themselves on the margin of an island 
a hungry carrion crow made a sudden descent and struck at one 
of the young birds. In an instant the old male Whooping Swan 
rushed up, seized the crow in its beak, and pulling it under water 
held the bird there until it was drowned. 

THE BEWICK SWAN. 

Cygnits beziicki {Yarr.). 

Closely related to the Whooping Swan and for a long time 
confused with it is the Bewick Swan. Its habitat is much the 
same as that of the former bird, except that it has never been 
found in Greenland. Its breeding grounds are more to the east- 
ward in Siberia, and it is found in England only during severe 
winters. In appearance it is considerably smaller than the 
Whooping Swan, and the yellow on the bill covers only the lores 
and the basal third of the upper mandible, not extending as far 
down as the nostrils. 

The call note is a loud, deep whistle, very unlike the notes of 



176 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

the Whooping Swan — another diagnostic character of this per- 
fectly distinct species. 

Bewick Swans migrate from the north in October and return 
to their breeding grounds in March. The nesting habits, time of 
incubation, and coloration of the cygnets are much the same 
as in the preceding species. 

THE WHISTLING SWAN. 

Cygnus columbianns (Orci.). 

This and the following species of swans are both inhabitants 
of our own continent, and the present species is the New World 
representative of the Bewick Swan. It is larger in all dimen- 
sions, however, and it may be at once distinguished by the small 
amount of yellow on the beak, this being, in extreme cases (see 
illustration between pages 174 and 175), an oblong patch on the 
lores, extending from the eye to the junction of the mandibles. 
Usually it is much smaller, a mere spot of orange or yellow, 
smaller in circumference than a cent, in front of the eye. This 
often becomes much fainter in winter than later at the breeding 
season. 

These swans breed in the boreal regions of North America. 
In winter they are scattered southward, more especially along 
the coasts, as far as California on the Pacific and North Carolina 
on the Atlantic seaboard. The birds range down the Mississippi 
Valley to the Gulf of Mexico. 

Currituck Sound, North Carolina, is a famous winter resort for 
these birds, feeding grounds being abundant. It is there that 
hunters usually go for swan shooting. The dead birds for sale 
in our Eastrn markets are almost invariably of this species. The 
old birds are tough and hardly fit for the table, but the cygnets 
of the first or second year are tender and delicious, the meat 
being very dark, with but little " gamey " flavor. 

On the coast of Alaska Whistling Swans begin to arrive from 
the south about May ist, generally small flocks beating north 
through the late storms, stopping at spring holes, and biding their 
time until the snow and ice begin to disappear. They then scatter 
to their inland breeding places. A favorite nesting site is on 
some small island in an isolated mountain lake, where from three 
to six eggs are laid upon a pile of leaves and moss. It is very 
difficult to find the eggs when once the bird has left them, as 
she invariably covers them carefully with a loose layer of rub- 
bish, differing in no way from the surrounding vegetation. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 177 

In July the young swans are led to some good-sized stream or 
body of water, where the critical period of moult is gone through, 
every flight feather being shed simultaneously, leaving the birds 
stump-winged and helpless for several weeks. The natives of 
Alaska, besides using swans for food, utilize the skin of the leg 
and foot for small pouches, and by cutting off the wings and 
legs and skinning the bird entire a complete garment for a small 
child is obtained, warmer than any made to order. 

If the birds escape the myriad dangers, or rather if they evade 
their most deadly foeman — man — they gather into flocks in mid- 
September, restless with the spirit of migration. Of a lake in 
Alaska, to which the gathering clans of the swans invariably 
resorted in the fall of the year, Mr. E. W. Nelson writes : " About 
twenty miles from Saint Michael, toward the Yukon mouth, is a 
small shallow lake, about one-fourth of a mile in diameter, which 
is grown up with * horse-tails ' (Equisetum). This lakelet forms 
a general rendezvous for all the swans of that vicinity during the 
summer and fall. During the breeding season they gather there 
to feed, and the males make it their home. In autumn, as the 
old birds regain their wing feathers and the young are able to 
fly, all congregate here, so that I have rarely passed this place 
without seeing from lOO to 500 swans gathered in this small area. 
Their combined cries can be heard for three miles or more, and 
make a grand and melodious concert. 

" I have frequently sat and listened with the keenest pleasure 
to the organ-like swell and fall of their notes, as they were wafted 
on in rich, full harmony, then sank to a faint murmur, not unlike 
that of running water. A series of low hillocks afforded a cover 
by which the lake could be approached, and it was a majestic 
sight to lie here on a mossy knoll and gaze on the unsuspecting 
groups of these graceful birds as they swam back and forth, 
within rifle-shot, not suspecting our presence. Their snowy bod- 
ies and beautiful forms, as I last saw them in this far-away spot, 
will linger long in my mind as one of the most unique and inter- 
esting sights of my experience in the north. The report of a 
rifle is sufficient to change the scene into wild confusion. A 
chorus of confused cries and the heavy beating of hundreds of 
mighty wings is heard. A cloud of white rises, breaks into numer- 
ous fragments, and the birds scatter over the wide flats on every 
side." 

About October ist the birds begin to leave for the south, 
" gangs " of ten to thirty passing over continually, all keeping up 
a continuous high, mellow clanging. 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



TRUMPETER SWANS AND .NEST. 

It is said that hunters usually see an average of two birds of 
the year with their parents, this perhaps indicating the usual 
number brought to maturity. Sportsmen along the shores of the 
Chesapeake see the first Whistling Swans, about the firsfweek in 
November, coming in small flocks, passing high in the air over 
the beach and the w'aters of the ocean. The long necks are 
stretched straight out, the great wings beat steadily, and the 
beautifully clear notes come down through the air, answered by 
the leaders of other flocks. Such an arrival is well described by 
Prof. D. G. Elliot : " Beautiful indeed the splendid birds appear, 
sailing onward in the blue sky, the bright rays of a midday sun 
glancing from their immaculate plumage, causing it to glisten 
with the sheen of burnished silver, or, if the birds are passing 
directly overhead, the light streaming through the feathers of the 
wings reflects on the under side and also on the body a glow like 
the faint blush on the petals of a rose. With redoubled cries the 
glad birds welcome the well-known waters of their winter home, 
and gradually lowering themselves from their lofty altitudes turn 
head to wind, and checking their momentum by a few rapid wing 
beats launch themselves into the waters of the sound. Should 
there be any swan in the vicinity, and the newcomers are the 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



TKUMFETER SWANS, 

fewest in number, they swim to them, otherwise little attention is 
paid to other flocks. 

" Their journey having provided them with sharpened appe- 
tites, they soon commence to feed hy immersing their heads and 
dragging up the grass from the bottom. If the water is deeper 
than the length of the neck, the hinder part of the body is tilted 
up and held in position by paddling with the feet until a quan- 
tity of tender grass is torn from the bottom. While feeding, usu- 
ally one or more birds keep a lookout for approaching danger, and 
should any be descried a warning note is sounded and the flock 
begins to swim away, heading to windward if possible." 

It is probable that four or five years pass before the perfectly 
immaculate adult plumage is assumed, the dull gray coat of the 
first year changing, moult by moult, to a lighter hue. 

THE TRUMPETER SWAN. 

Cygnits buccinator (Rich.), 

This is the largest swan in the world, sometimes measuring over 

five and a half feet from head to tail, and with a spread of wings 

of eight feet. It occasionally reaches a weight of thirty pounds. 



180 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

The trachea is even more convoluted than in the WhistHng Swan, 
and it well deserves the Latin appellation buccinator — the trump- 
eter — its rick, mellow notes possessing a peculiar sonorous quality 
characteristic of the species. The lores and beak are black, un- 
relieved by any bright color whatever, and this, together with 
the great size of the bird, makes this swan easy to identify. 

Unlike the Whistling Swan, the Trumpeter haunts by prefer- 
ence the interior of North America, breeding from the northern 
United States northward, and occurring rarely, and only as a 
straggler, on the Atlantic Coast. It migrates southward along the 
Pacific Coast and down the Mississippi Valley. 

The nesting habits are similar to those of the Whistling Swan, 
the five to seven chalky white eggs being of unusually large size 
measuring about four and a half by three inches. The Trump- 
eter, like the Whistler, feeds on aquatic grasses, shrimp, mollusks, 
and what organic substances it can gleam from the bottom of 
shallow marshes and bays. 

This species migrates northward somewhat earlier than does the 
Whistling Swan, and occasionally the late blizzards almost freeze 
the birds, compelling them to crowd into the narrow open water 
at the foot of falls or rapids, where they fall easy victims to the 
Indian trappers. 

This species breeds readily in confinement, but care must be 
taken to give the swans plenty of room, as they are liable to kill 
other birds which approach their nesting site. 

DOUBTFUL SPECIES. 

The so-called Polish Swan (Cygnus immutabilis) is merely a 
quasi-albino race of cygnets of the Mute Swan. 

Cygnus unwini is, doubtless, the immature of the same species. 

David's Swan (Cygnus davidi), founded on a single specimen 
now in the museum of the Lazarist Mission in Pekin, is probably 
only a variant of the Bewick Swan. 



THE WICHITA BUFFALO RANGE. 

A REPORT TO THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AN IN- 
SPECTION OF THE WICHITA FOREST AND GAME RESERVE, IN 
OKLAHOMA, TO SELECT A SUITABLE LOCATION FOR A BUFFALO 
RANGE. 

By J. ALDEN LORING. 



ON November 21, 1905, I left New York, with instructions 
from the New York Zoological Society to proceed at once 
to the Wichita Forest and Game Reserve, in Oklahoma, and, if 
possible, select a tract of land suitable for a range on which to 
confine and propagate American bison. 

Arriving at Cache, Oklahoma, on November 24th, I spent the 
three following days riding over the reserve. These three trips, 
together with two others that were made to ride over the boundary 
line and explore the territory that was finally chosen, covered 
about 150 miles. I think I am safe in saying that all of the 
country within the reserve that is suitable for a buffalo range was 
either ridden over, or observed carefully from the tops of moun- 
tains. Whenever a location met with approval, it was afterward 
inspected closely. 

Although I was charged with locating a buflfalo range only, 
the pasturage and character of the country were so admirably 
adapted for other big game mammals that it was possible to locate 
a site suitable for elk, deer, and antelope as well, and that without 
in the least interfering with the rights of the buffalo. In a cer- 
tain large area, wherein prairies, hills, gullies, ravines, and moun- 
tains occur, there is ample opportunity for animals to escape from 
the attacks of each other. 

The Buffalo Range, as it is now mapped, embraces about 12 
square miles. It is situated in the western centre of the Wichita 
Reserve. Although there is enough grazing land outside the 
range to supply the cattle now feeding there, the preserve includes 
the choicest grazing sections within the reserve. If at any time 
it is deemed necessary to enlarge the range, it may be done by 
including the land north of the northern boundary. 



182 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

The range is 12 miles northwest of Cache and 24 miles west of 
Fort Sill. Unfortunately there are no buildings on it that can 
be utilized by caretakers or as storehouses.* 

With the exception of a valley three-fourths of a mile wide, 
which leads out of the southeast corner of the range, and a few 
narrow valleys of little consequence, the range is practically sur- 
rounded by mountains, hills, and ridges, which afford protection 
from storms. These mountains are from 100 to 600 feet high, 
and while the boundary line does not always run at the foot of 
them, the peaks are so close that as a whole they shelter the range. 

Although there are several high, round-topped, or rock-capped 
hills on the west side of the range, the remainder of the mountains, 
both inside and outside, are very rocky, being covered with huge 
loose bowlders, and cliffs and ridges of red granite rock. Heavy 
growths of black-jack oak usually cover the slopes, and in the 
bottom (sometimes extending out into the level country for a 
quarter mile) post-oak timber is mixed with the black-jack. In 
several places it forms a small forest of trees 60 feet high. It is 
doubtful if more than 25 cedar trees exist on the preserve. A 
few are situated in a canyon on the west side, and on the summit 
of a high mountain near the northeast line. 

Occupying about the centre of the range is a cluster of moun- 
tains, hills, and ridges that completely surround a beautiful valley 
about a mile long by three-quarters of a mile wide. The highest 
peaks are fully 600 feet, and they shut out the storms from the 
north and west — the directions from which the worst storms 
blow. The top of one of these mountains is flat, well grassed 
with blue-stem and mesquite grass, and during all but the dry 
season water can be found upon it. This plateau would make an 
excellent retreat for antelope, elk, or buffalo during the hot 
weather, as it is^ easily accessible through the draws and passes 
that lead up to it from the valley. A story is told of a cattleman 
who searched six wrecks for a bunch of 30 cattle, and finally found 
them on this mountain in excellent condition. 

The valley surrounded by these mountains I have named " Win- 
ter Valley," because it makes such an excellent winter range. In 
it we found many buffalo wallows, and mesquite grass in suffi- 
cient quantities to winter such a herd of buffalo as it is proposed 
to place on the range. 

Passes lead from this valley in all directions, some into the open 

* For the fencing of the range as proposed, about fourteen miles of fence will be 
required. Of this about nine and one-half miles of fence could be fastened to trees, 
and four and a half miles would require posts, j 



i IN THE W 



\ FOREST AND GAME RESERVE, OKLAHOMA 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 183 

prairie country to the northwest and southeast, others into smaller 
valleys, and still others to rough-timbered draws or gulleys, where 
the shelter of the high hills and timber gives fine protection from 
sun and storms, and where there is plenty of fine grazing. The 
most notable of these draws leads to a fine sheltered gully through 
which Cache Creek flows, and where water of the finest quality 
can be had at all times of the year. Properly speaking, it is a 
timbered " coulee '' cut into the prairie. 

Standing on the prairie a few hundred yards from the brink of 
this coulee one looks over it to the rocky, timber-covered hills 
beyond without being aware of its existence. Descending to the 
creek, however, he finds himself 150 feet below the prairie level 
in a grove of post-oak and jack-oak timber of large size. Con- 
tinuing south the coulee broadens. Beautiful, open, grass-covered 
parks, containing fine grazing grounds, occur here and there, 
or wind in and out of the timber. This coulee is about a mile 
long by three-quarters of a mile wide, and it extends through a 
thickly timbered pass to " Winter Basin." 

A hard climb for about fifteen minutes brings one to the sum- 
mit of a high, rocky mountain a quarter of a mile to the east of 
the coulee, from which one can survey with the naked eye all but 
a small section of the range to the north. Here the view is ob- 
structed by mountains. It would be an excellent spot on which to 
establish a lookout station, which a keeper could visit daily to 
locate the buffalo. 

A mile and a half west of the grand coulee is another coulee of 
similar character, but smaller. Both of these coulees broaden at 
the mouth and empty into the prairie. Leading into the smaller 
coulee, and close to the western line of the preserve, there is a 
deep, narrow canyon that contains permanent water. This canyon 
is three-quarters of a mile long, 100 feet deep, and very rocky, 
having in places perpendicular sides. There is another small 
ravine on the east side of the proposed buffalo range. 

The bulk of the grazing country on the proposed range is 
gently rolling prairie, three-fourths of a mile wide, that extends 
over the southern part (4 miles) of the range, and a flat of 
about two and a half square miles in the northwest corner of the 
preserve. While there is no section on which mesquite grass grew 
in such abundance as I found it on Mr. Charles Goodnight's 
ranch, the grazing on that ranch seemed to be confined to one 
area, outside of which little of the choice mesquite and buffalo 
grass were found. On the Wichita buffalo range, however, the 
mesquite grass is mixed with the blue-stem. Sometimes a patch 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



TYPICAL OAK TIMBER ON BUFFALO RANGE. 

of an acre or more will be found. Even on the mountains and 
hill-sides this favorite grass is found in abundance, and on the 

prairie, where at a glance there seems to be blue-stem only, care- 
ful examination will reveal small bunches of mesquite grass mixed 
with the former. In fact, on the greater portion of the range an 
animal can, without moving from its tracks, crop several mouth- 
fuls of mesquite grass. Even in the fall and winter, when the 
mesquite grass appears too dry and brittle for food value, it 
has fattening properties that are truly wonderful, and it is the 
grass that is most esteemed by cattle-raisers as well as propa- 
gators of buffalo. 

After one or two fall rains or snow-storms green blades begin 
to appear about the roots of the mesquite grass, and naturally the 
buffalo begin at once to feed on it. A grass known locally as 
" blue-stem " grows in rank profusion all over the range. This 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 185 

grass is a kind of bunch-grass, and makes excellent hay. Mr. 
Goodnight says that buffalo will eat it, and do well upon it, w^hen 
better grass is not to be had. A kind of salt grass grows on the 
moist flats, both in the foothills and on the sides and tops of the 
mountains. This grass is eaten in the spring, when green, and 
before the other grass begins to grow ; but as soon as it has 
dried the cattle do not touch it. 

There is no impure water on the range. The most important 
announcement regarding water is that all springs and streams 
that supply the range head on it and flow out of it. Therefore 
there is no danger of contaminated water reaching the animals. 
The chief water-supply is Cache Creek, which heads in the centre 
of the range, about a quarter mile from the northern boundary. 
The spring that forms its source, though small, can easily be 
dug out and covered, so that the animals cannot get into it. The 
water could then be run into troughs, and the overflow allowed 
to continue down the stream bed. I drank from this spring, and 
found it clear, cold, and delightful. 

From this spring Cache Creek winds southward through the 
centre of the range for about three miles. At the time of my 
visit there was plenty of w^ater throughout its entire length, and 
during the rainy season this is always the case. There are times, 
however, during July, August, and September, when the creek 
goes dry in places, the water sinking and reappearing. But dur- 
ing the dryest seasons water in abundance can always be found 
in pools and rivulets not farther than a quarter mile apart. 

In the extreme southwest corner of the range perpetual water 
is found in Sugar Creek, which also has a spring for its source. 
Again, in the canyon on the west side of the range there is per- 
manent water; and on section 7, in the centre of the range, and 
a mile east of Cache Creek, permanent water exists. In fact, 
during the dry season an animal cannot get more than one and 
a half miles from water. In late November, 1905 (there had 
been several rains of late), there was plenty of water all over the 
range. 

Water is always found close to the surface, and wells can easily 
be driven if they become necessary. 

The boundary line of the proposed Buffalo Range runs as fol- 
lows: 

Beginning at the southeast corner of the reserve, the line passes 
through prairie country one and a half miles in a northwesterly 
direction ; thence west one and a half miles to the base of a high, 
rocky mountain. Thence it skirts along the foot of this mountain, 



186 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

winding in and out among the post-oak and black-jack trees in 
a northwesterly direction for another mile. There it turns due 
north through an open flat and enters the timber at the foot of 
another mountain. The timber for the next mile, while scrubby, 
affords shelter from the summer sun. After crossing the gully 
marked on the map on section 2 there is another open flat of 
about a quarter mile, and again the fence will run through 
scrub black-jack oak trees, some of which can carry a wire fence. 
This stretch is about half a mile long, and the remainder of the 
distance (about a mile), to the northwest corner of the range, is 
over open rolling and broken country. 

The northern boundary runs two miles east through sections 
26 and 25, inclosing a strip of jack-oak timber about 150 feet 
wide. This lies at the foot of a high, rocky, timbered ridge that 
extends northward as far as the eye can reach. At the east end 
there is a narrow valley of probably 200 yards. From the south- 
ern turning point to the southeast corner of section 25 the line 
runs half the distance through a prairie and the rest of the way 
through timber. Here it turns southeast through timber and a 
narrow-timbered pass, cutting across the southwest corner of 
section 32. Thence it runs east a quarter mile and southeast 
for a mile to the southeast corner of section 5. This stretch 
also leads most of the way through timber. It is thickly strewn 
with large bowlders, to avoid which, and still take advantage of 
the trees for posts, it will be somewhat difficult to run the fence. 
The country just outside of the range, from the turn at the 
southeast corner of section 25 to the southeast corner of section 5, 
is hilly and mountainous and timber-covered. Here the line turns 
due south, and runs over the prairie one and a quarter miles to the 
starting-point — the middle of the dividing line of sections 16 
and 17. 

The object in running the line through the timber is to 
minimize the expense of supplying posts, and at the same time 
give the animals shade and shelter. About half of the west, 
north, and southeast line runs through timber that can be used as 
fence timber by supplying a few posts here and there; and there 
are many places where even the black-jack oak can be worked in 
to good advantage. 

Posts can be cut outside of the range, very near the locations 
where they are needed, with the exception of the southern line, 
where it may be necessary to haul them two or three miles. 

As the proposed range is now laid out it does not interfere 
with what the ranchmen and miners who have ranches and claims 



188 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

on or near it naturally suppose are their rights — namely, the 
water-supply and public highways. As far as the roads are con- 
cerned, there is no chance for a legal fight. Excepting a small 
piece of roadway in the southeastern part of the Forest Reserve 
(not included in the Buffalo Range), all roads were made since 
the Wichita Forest Reserve became a reserve. 

The boundary of the Buffalo Range leaves plenty of water out- 
side for cattle. Part of Cache Creek and a spring near the centre 
of the eastern line were left outside the reserve for that purpose. 

On the proposed range there are about 20 prospect holes 
which will have to be filled or surrounded with fences. While 
these prospects have not been worked according to law, it would 
be difficult to prove that the required amount of labor has not 
been done, provided the owners wish to take the matter to court. 
Again, these people may, if they learn that their prospects are 
on the range, stake out new claims with the idea of being bought 
out by the Government. If they do, and are forced to leave with- 
out remuneration, it is apt to cause ill-feeling, and the amount 
of damage that a man can do on a windy night in October by 
dropping a match in the dry grass can easily be imagined. 

In all probability the Wichita Mountains never will prove to be 
a paying mineral district. Nine-tenths of the miners who came 
in with the rush have left disgusted, and the only ones now re- 
maining are a few who cling to their claims, hoping to sell out 
to some one. If at the time that the range is established there 
are any miners working there, it seems to me the wisest plan, 
and at the same time one that will not cause discontent, is to let 
the owners understand that their property is not to be disturbed, 
and that they can mine as long as they choose. 

ANIMALS THAT WILL THRIVE ON THE PRESERVE 

Buffalo. — From all accounts buffalo in large numbers travelled 
over the proposed Buffalo Range during their northward and 
southward migrations, and doubtless many of them wintered in 
the foothills of the Wichita Mountains. From information 
gained from the old settlers, both white and Indian, it seems that 
the buffaloes were hunted so persistently that they were not 
allowed to winter in peace in this locality. Buffalo wallows were 
found all over the prairie and level country on the range, and 
buffalo bones and horns were found on the range by Mr. Mor- 
rissey when he first came there. 

Prong-Horned Antelope. — Next to buffalo the range is natu- 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 189 

rally adapted to the wants of the prong-horned antelope. It is 
only within the last few years that antelope were exterminated 
from this section of the Wichita Mountains. The wide prairie 
in the southern part of the range, the flat in the northwest corner, 
and the flat-topped mountain in the middle, make excellent feed- 
ing grounds for antelope. 

Elk, — Elk in great numbers once roamed over the rocky hills 
and mountains on the range, and doubtless they fed on the flats 
and prairies. The wooded margins of the range, the gulleys, the 
coulees, the timbered valleys and mountains all make excellent 
places for these animals, although this country cannot be com- 
pared with the heavily timbered elk country of Colorado, Idaho, 
Wyoming, Washington, and Oregon. 

Deer, — While there are now a few white-tailed deer on the 
range, Mr. Morrissey is of the opinion that by making a drive in 
the timbered mountains west of the range, just before erecting 
the fence on that side, a dozen or more deer may be forced into 
the enclosure. 

As soon as it is definitely settled that the range is to become a 
game preserve it would be wise to establish salt licks somewhere 
within the limits of the enclosure, thus enticing the deer to use 
them before work commences. The deer would soon find the 
licks, and would naturally make their home within the area of 
their own will. 

It would also be wise to keep permanent licks in suitable places 
just outside of the range. Wild deer frequenting them could, after 
they become accustomed to them, be enticed into the range 
through a gate placed for that purpose. There are a few deer 
outside of the range, and for many reasons it seems desirable to 
capture all of them before they are killed. 

The rocky hills and mountains with their scant growth of oak 
timber are better adapted to Columbian black-tailed deer and 
mule deer than to white-tailed deer, both of which should do 
well there. 

Unless the deer in this country feed on the acorns and mesquite 
grass to a large extent, there does not seem to be enough of their 
favorite food, or at least of the woody food that constitutes the 
greater part of their living in the Adirondacks, to support a herd 
of any great size. 

Wild Turkeys, — Turkeys were once common both in and out- 
side of the range. A few, not more than one or two flocks at the 
most, are still on or just outside of the Wichita Forest Preserve. 
If introduced they would doubtless thrive. 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Prairie Chickens. — Prairie chickens (either the sharp-tailed 
grouse or the pinnated grouse) are found on the range, but none 
were seen by us while riding over it. 

Bob-White. — Occasionally bob-whites were flushed, but they 
were not as common on the range as they were in the cultivated 
districts just outside, where hunters often bag from 50 to 75 birds 
a day. 

English and Mongolian Pheasants. — If introduced, pheasants 
should do well. There are several places along Cache and other 
streams that afford just the kind of cover these birds hke. 

The only drawback to raising prairie chickens, bob-whites, and 
pheasants is the lack of food. Should the task be undertaken, it 
would be necessary to plant " kaffir corn " and other food for 
them. As soon as a person leaves the confines of the Wichita 
Reserve he at once finds quail in large numbers, but on the Re- 
serve, where there is no farming, comparatively few quail were 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



HIGHEST MOUNT.UN ON THE RANGE 

seen. Of course if food crops for birds were raised it would be 
necessary to fence off the crops from the large game. 

At Fort Sill Mr. W. H. Quinette and Mr. A. C. Cooper ex- 
pressed their willingness to start a subscription among the sports- 
men in that section for the purpose of purchasing pheasants to 
be liberated on the range. Such a step should not be taken until 
some provision for feeding the birds has been made, otherwise 
they would wander beyond the bounds of protection. Kaffir 
corn is easily raised, and requires little attention. It does not 
need so much moisture as common corn, and a good crop can be 
grown in a season when maize would do poorly, 

disejVSes and injurious animals. 

Texas Fever. — During my stay in Oklahoma I interviewed 
many old-time plainsmen and Indians. Among them were 
Charles Goodnight; Ben Clark, the old Government scout who 



192 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

hunted buffalo during the days of Custer's campaign on the Ca- 
nadian River ; Quannah Parker, Chief of the Comanches ; Kiawa 
Dutch Pennah, a man 80 years old, who had been captured by 
the Indians when a child, and had lived with them almost con- 
tinually since then. All of these men had hunted buffalo in the 
early days — some of them on the very land now being considered 
for a buffalo range. 

Although I questioned all of them closely, with but one excep- 
tion I was unable to learn that buffalo in those days had died of 
any contagious disease. Mr. Goodnight said that when cattle 
came into Texas the buffalo died of Texas fever. Aside from 
this report, all agreed that there were few deaths among the 
herds outside of the regular mortality among the old bulls and 
cows, or the very young calves that occasionally died during 
severe winters. 

Texas fever is the only questionable point worthy of consid- 
eration in connection with propagating buffalo in Oklahoma. 
Just how serious it will prove to be can be told only after the 
buffalo have been put on the range. There may be ways of treat- 
ing the buffalo so that they will be immune to the disease. 

From the time that I arrived at Cache I heard of Texas fever 
among cattle. Naturally the question arose, " Are buffalo sus- 
ceptible to Texas fever ? " The only way to settle the question 
was to talk with men who had raised buffalo in or near the fever 
district. Accordingly, I decided to visit Mr. Charles Goodnight, 
of Goodnight, Texas, the 10 1 Ranch at Bliss, Oklahoma, and 
Major Gordon W. Lillie at Pawnee, Oklahoma. The informa- 
tion gained from these gentlemen was as follows : 

While Mr. Goodnight had never lost buffalo from Texas fever, 
he feels convinced that they are susceptible to it, basing his be- 
lief on the experience of others. Mr. C. J. Jones (" Buffalo 
Jones ") took two of Mr. Goodnight's buffalo to Sherman, Texas 
(in the fever district), and they were there just long enough to 
get the fever, which killed them. On the other hand, Mr. Good- 
night sent 4 buffaloes to San Antonio, which is also in the fever 
district, and he thinks they are still living. 

Mr. Joseph Miller, President of the 10 1 Ranch at Bliss, bought 
a herd of buffalo in the fall of 1904. He has never taken buffalo 
into the fever district. The fever quarantine line is about a mile 
west of his buffalo pasture, yet Texas fever has not affected his. 
herd. The buffalo that he got in the spring of 1905 he brought 
from the Allard ranch in Montana, and soon after arriving they 
began to die, and he had lost 15. They would first refuse to eat, 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 193 

stood alone with heads down, and seldom lasted more than two 
or three days. 

All of those that died were examined by a Dr. Johnson, of the 
United States Department of Agriculture, who failed to discover 
any ticks. He pronounced their death due to " change of alti- 
tude, excitement of being transferred, and climatic fever." 

From Major Gordon W. Lillie ("Pawnee Bill'') I learned 
more of Texas fever affecting buffalo than from any other person. 
Major Lillie says that in 1895 he had with his Wild West Show 
7 head of buffalo. He took them on a trip through Texas, en- 
tered at Dennison, and travelled through Dallas, Temple, and 
Wahatche, coming out at Shreveport, La. The trip consumed 6 
weeks, and all 7 of the buffalo died. They came originally from 
the Jones herd at Garden City, Kan. The State Veterinarian pro- 
nounced the cases Texas fever. 

In 1905 Major Lillie showed within five miles of the Texas line. 
He had with him five buffaloes. All were taken sick, and two 
died. His show was about to go into winter quarters, so he hur- 
ried the three sick ones to Ohio, where, he thinks, the cold weather 
killed the ticks and saved them. The Ohio State Veterinarian 
pronounced the disease Texas fever. A taxidermist that exam- 
ined the skins of the two that died said they were literally covered 
with ticks. 

Major Lillie says that cattle die of Texas fever all about 
Pawnee, some but a few yards from the range in which his buffalo 
are kept; but his buffaloes in a fenced range at Pawnee have 
seemed to be immune. Thus far Texas fever has not affected his 
herd. To his knowledge Colonel Cody lost eight or ten buffaloes 
during one of his trips through Texas, and Major Lillie is sure 
that it was Texas fever. The second time that Colonel Cody went 
to Texas with his show he left all of his buffalo at Guthrie, Okla. 
From this it will be seen that buffaloes are susceptible to the 
Texas fever tick. Buffalo have never been kept in the Wichita 
section of Oklahoma since fever-stricken cattle have been brought 
there. Cattle die of the fever in this section by the hundreds. 
It now remains for some of the Government experts on this dis- 
ease to tell us whether there is any way out of the difficulty. I 
have stated the facts as I found them and as they were told to 
me by men of truth and experience. 

If buffalo are brought to this range Mr. W. H. Quinette, of 
Fort Sill, an experienced cattle dealer, says that he thinks it advis- 
able to unload them at Fort Sill and haul them in from there. 
The danger of the animals becoming infested with the fever ticks 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



would be less than if they were unloaded elsewhere, for the Gov- 
ernment is careful not to bring infected cattle on the military 
reserve through which the buffalo would pass. 

Wolves. — Next to Texas fever, the wolf question is of greatest 
importance. Up to the time that Mr. E. F. Morrissey was ap- 
pointed Supervisor of the Wichita Forest and Game Reserve 
wolves had been held in check by the ranchmen and hunters — 
therefore there were few complaints of cattle being killed. Since 
then all hunting has been stopped and the wolves have increased, 
until now they are one of the worst enemies to the cattlemen. On 
the Reserve alone 72 head of stock had been killed by wolves 
within the last six months. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 195 

Mr. Morrissey estimates that there are probably ten or fifteen 
wolves on the Reserve. They spend the day among the boulders 
on the oak-timbered hills and mountains. Sometimes one can be 
seen sunning himself on a rocky prominence, and as the hunter 
approaches he " loafs " away to the opposite side of the hill, and 
is soon lost to view in the timber. 

As evening draws near the wolves leave the rocks and hills 
and seek the open countries to hunt for stock. They seem more 
active after rain-storms. As many as four or five have been seen 
in a bunch, but they usually hunt in pairs. Cattle at once attack 
a wolf, and while one wolf leads the cattle away the other follows 
in the rear and picks up any calf or " two-year-old " that has 
been left behind. After " hamstringing '' the animal, the wolf 
then drags it to the earth by the throat. 

During one of our trips over the range I saw a wolf as it 
sneaked out of sight over the mountain. On another occasion we 
came upon the body of a two-year-old steer that had lately been 
killed by wolves. Scarcely more than the skin and skeleton re- 
mained. That wolves will kill game animals, even buffalo calves 
several months old, there is no question. The wolf in the Okla- 
homa buffalo range, unless he is exterminated, will take the place 
of the cougar in the Yellowstone Park. As it now stands, the 
Wichita Forest Reserve is a breeding ground for wolves and 
coyotes — consequently it is a breeding ground for discontent 
among the ranchmen and cattlemen who suffer by their depre- 
dations. 

The Government accepts from its private citizens a fee of 
fifty cents per head for grazing cattle on its lands, yet prohibits 
the killing of animals that not only feed on the cattle, but depletes 
its own treasury at the rate of fifty cents a year for each grazing 
animal killed. There is no more reason for protecting the wolves 
on the Reserve than there would be in allowing a band of outlaws 
to live there in peace while they were plundering and murdering 
the neighboring settlers. 

Coyotes. — Coyotes, too, are said to be abundant, but I saw many 
more wolf tracks than coyote tracks. Coyotes not only kill small 
game, but they will kill young deer as well. Some arrangement 
should at once be made which would allow coyote and wolf hunts 
under the leadership of Mr. Morrissey, or of some one appointed 
by him. Otherwise these animals will become so thick that the dis- 
contentment of the ranchmen and cattlemen on and outside of the 
Reserve is apt to cause them to commit acts anything but friendly 
to the interests of the animals that it is proposed to place there. 



196 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

The ranchmen are now appeahng to Mr. Morrissey for the privi- 
lege of organizing wolf hunts. He is powerless to grant the 
permission, yet nothing but good could result from such a hunt, 
and it should be done now, before the range becomes a game pre- 
serve. After that, other ways of killing the predatory animals 
must be adopted. 

Foxes, Coons, and Skunks. — All of these animals are common. 
I saw several golden eagles, bald eagles, duck hawks, red-tailed 
hawks, and marsh hawks. The foxes, raccoons, skunks and duck 
hawks will destroy large numbers of game birds if they are not 
held in check. While I am not in favor of attempting to extermi- 
nate these animals by poisoning them, some protective steps 
should be taken if the range is to be made a reserve for feathered 
game. Many trappers would be glad of the opportunity to trap 
the smaller fur-bearing animals on the range. 

Rattlesnakes. — Rattlesnakes were common before the miners 
came into the Reserve, but they have performed the valuable serv- 
ice of almost exterminating them. It is safe to say, therefore, 
that there will be few deaths among the animals from snake-bites. 

Insect Pests. — Black flies, " deer-flies," and " heel-flies " con- 
stitute the insect pests that are apt to affect the game. The black 
flies and deer-flies are not abundant enough to annoy the game 
much, but the heel-flies attack the hoofs of the animals and make 
them restless, thus preventing them from feeding and resting 
quietly. During the fly season the cattle seek the high country. 

Poisonous Plants. — Poison ivy and poison sumach are abundant 
all over the timbered portion of the range. There is no " loco- 
weed," but if there was it would not affect the buffalo, as they do 
not eat it. 

Soap-Holes, etc. — There are no " soap-holes," " quicksands," 
or dangerous spots of similar character on the range. A deep 
ravine on the west line is the only place where animals could 
injure themselves, but the chance of such occurrences is small 
indeed. 

Prospect Holes. — Mr. Morrissey says there is a law in Okla- 
homa that prohibits filling in prospect holes. There are about 
twenty bad prospect holes that would have to filled or fenced. 
Cattle have tumbled into them and been killed, and Mr. Morrissey 
lost three or four cattle in that way only last summer. 

Prairie Fires. — The possibility of prairie fires is another danger 
that needs serious consideration. From the last of October until 
the 1st of April the grass is so luxuriant and dry that it burns like 
tinder. Prairie fires are of common occurrence. Mr. Morrissey 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 197 

has seen fires that would carry brands and set fire to the grass a 
mile in advance of the main fire. On one occasion he was forced 
to call upon the troops at Fort Sill for aid, and with their help 
and the help of the persons living in the vicinity the fire was 
finally subdued. Unless extreme precautions are taken a fire 
could — under conditions — sweep the range from one end to the 
other. 

Wherever it is possible to work a plough a wide fire guard 
should be thrown up all around the range, both inside and out. 
In places too rough or rocky to work a plough the grass must 
be burnt off frequently. On the outside of the range, also, a 
wide stretch of land should frequently be burned. It might be 
advisable to plough fire guards at intervals through the centre of 
the range. Under the head of " Labor, etc.," will be found some 
suggestions on requiring the inhabitants and homesteaders living 
on or just outside of the range to fight fire. 

Mr. Morrissey's method of successfully fighting prairie fires 
has been by means of " back fires " and the use of wet gunny sacks. 
Large quantities of these sacks should be kept on hand. The care- 
takers who watch for fires should live at opposite ends of the 
range, and they should have some means of communication. By 
far the best system is the telephone, the wire of which could 
easily run over the fence posts and through the timber. 

CLIMATE. 

Inquiries among the old settlers of the region established the 
fact that, with the exception of last winter, the winters nowa- 
days are milder than they were during the days when buffalo 
roamed over the range. Last winter was the severest winter the 
country has experienced in twenty years. It was particularly hard 
on cattle. A thick sleet over a fall of snow prevented stock from 
grazing, and many animals died in consequence. In anticipation 
of a winter of this kind it seems advisable to lay in a stock of 
wild hay, which can be cut inside the range, or just beyond its 
bounds. Grass cut in July will spring up again, and by September 
is good winter grazing. For the first winter at least the buffalo 
should be fed on harvested hay in addition to the food they can 
secure by grazing. 

Mr. W. H. Quinette, of Fort Sill, can remember when ice 
fourteen inches thick was harvested in the vicinity. During re- 
cent years it has seldom frozen more than from four to six inches. 
Mr. Morrissey reports ice on Cache Creek, close to his house, eight 



198 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

inches thick last winter; but during the three previous winters 
that he has been on the Reserve it did not average over three inches 
in thickness. 

The snowfall in a season is light, and it usually melts as fast 
as it falls. Two or three inches is about the limit, and that which 
falls seldom remains more than two or three days. It seldom 
snows before January, and the severest storms come from the 
northwest. New grass appears about the ist of April, and by 
the 1st of May grazing is good, and continues so until August, 
w^hen it becomes dry. 

With July comes the first hot weather, and it continues for 
eight weeks. The mercury at times reaches ii8°, with a very 
slight degree of humidity. During this period the cattle feed on 
the slopes and tops of the mountains, where there is usually a 
breeze. 

There is no excessive rainy season in this region. 

Labor, etc. — The work of enclosing the range could be carried 
on at any time of the year. There would be only a few days in 
winter wherein laborers could not work. During spring and sum- 
mer it will be difficult to get teams from the immediate vicinity. 
In the fall and winter all the teams necessary can be hired, with 
drivers, at $3.00 per day. Daily labor costs $2.00 per day without 
board, or $1.50 per day with board. 

In establishing this range everything possible should be done to 
foster good feeling between the Government and the public. To 
a large extent this may be done by giving employment to persons 
living on or near the range. These people should be made to feel 
that it is to their interest to watch over the animals in the range, 
and report everything that should be brought to the attention of 
the forester. 

Contracts for post-cutting and hauling, post-hole digging, haul- 
ing the wire, etc., should be given to responsible white men and 
Indians living near the range. At the time these men are hired 
there should be an understanding with the employees to the effect 
that as long as they live within reach should their services be 
required at any time to fight fire or help in any other emergency 
they are to do so without pay. They should be assured that their 
employment in the future will depend largely upon the manner in 
which they observe this agreement. Mr. Morrissey has an agree- 
ment similar to this with the people living near him, and has sev- 
eral times used it to good advantage. While it might seem advis- 
able to pay for services of this character, a second thought will 
at once convince one that it might also be unwise. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 199 



CARETAKERS. 

It is quite essential that there should be one man living on the 
range besides the Forester, if for no other reason than the moral 
effect it will have on the community. The caretakers would also 
be required to watch for and fight prairie fires, keep up the fence, 
cut hay for winter use, cut water-holes through the ice in winter, 
keep the drinking troughs clean, dig out springs, and, in fact, do 
the hundred and one little things that are constantly arising when 
least expected. 

It is not absolutely necessary that the men in charge of the 
range should be experienced in raising buffalo. After the buffalo 
have been put on the range and are permanently settled the less 
they are herded and driven about the better it will be for the 
breeding cows. Outside of salting them occasionally and feed- 
ing with hay in severe winters they will need no more care than 
their ancestors, who would now be roaming the plains in thou- 
sands had they simply been left alone. 

If the Texas-fever difficulty can be overcome and no unforeseen 
calamity appears, judging from the breeding experiences of buf- 
falo raisers both east and west, there is reason to believe that the 
buffaloes placed on the proposed buffalo range in Oklahoma will 
in a reasonable time become one of the largest herds in existence. 

PUBLIC SENTIMENT. 

Every one that I talked with, both white men and Indians, took 
great interest in the prospect of a portion of the Wichita Forest 
Reserve becoming a buffalo range. Several old Indians could 
not suppress their delight at the thought of again seeing buffalo 
roaming over the plains of Oklahoma. 

Quannah Parker, Chief of the Comanches, has a fine ranch just 
off the Reserve. When I questioned him regarding the buffaloes 
in the early days, and told him that President Roosevelt was deeply 
interested in buffalo preservation, he replied : " Tell the President 
that the buffalo is my old friend, and it would make my heart 
glad to see a herd once more roaming about Mount Scott." 

With an eye to business another old Indian, " Sankadody," 
followed me out of the agency where, through an interpreter, I 
had been carrying on a conversation with him, and said confi- 
dentially, in broken English, " Mabeso me, my son, cut post ; haul 
post, my horse ; you, my post-office write, Mr. Scott.'* 

Charles Goodnight, Joseph Miller, President of the loi Ranch, 



200 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

and Major Gorden W. Lillie (" Pawnee Bill), of Pawnee, Okla- 
homa, all expressed their willingness to assist the movement in 
any way possible, and during my visits with them did everything 
in their power to assist me. 

Courtesies. — The Supervisor of the Wichita Forest and Game 
Reserve, Mr. E. F. Morrissey, and his wife made my stay at their 
house a most enjoyable one. They would not consent to my stay- 
ing at Cache, which would have meant to me a ride of twelve 
miles every morning and evening. 

From the start Mr. Morrissey entered into the inquiry with an 
interest and will that was indeed most helpful. He knew every 
foot of the ground and every stone that marked the corners of the 
sections. As soon as he understood what sort of a range was 
wanted he was able to put me on the ground without delay. He 
spent four days with me in the saddle. On the fifth day, when he 
was obliged to go to Lawton in discharge of his duties, and I rode 
over the range alone to map out certain mountains and streams, 
I then realized the full extent of Mr. Morrissey's knowledge and 
cooperation. 

My thanks are also due Mr. Charles Goodnight, Mr. Joseph 
Miller, and Major Gordon C. Lillie, all of whom did everything 
they could to further investigations. 

To Mr. A. C. Cooper, of Fort Sill, I am indebted for kind 
attentions. He went with me to the Indian Agent at Anadarko, 
and through him I met many experienced cattlemen, old-time buf- 
falo hunters, and scouts, gathering from them much valuable in- 
formation, all of which has been embodied in this report. 

NOTE. 

The map that Mr. George M. Beerbower, the Zoological So- 
ciety's engineer, has made of the Reserve, is accurate as far as the 
boundary lines and the character of the country about them is 
concerned. Mr. Morrissey went with me over that ground and 
noted on the map many of the features that are shown. The 
mountains, h 'Is, valleys, and coulees of the interior, however, 
were mapped by me when it was not possible for him to be there. 
It is of course to be understood that we had no time to make sur- 
veys with instruments of precision, and in mapping details were 
guided by the section monuments. 

Respectfully submitted, 

J. Alden Loring. 

Ovvego. N. Y., Feb. i, 1906. 



THE IDAHO MOOSE. 

By HARLOW BROOKS, M.D. 



MADISON GRANT, in his article concerning the range of 
the moose,* mentions the appearance of this animal in 
southeastern Idaho. Except for this widely quoted, though brief 
description, I have been unable to find any account of the Idaho 
moose based on actual observation of the animal, which as Mr. 
Grant states, differs very materially from the ordinary moose of 
Canada and the northeastern portion of the United States. 

Since it has been my privilege to have spent some nine weeks 
in the country frequented by this moose I have, at the suggestion 
of Prof. H. F. Osborn and Mr. Grant, undertaken to record my 
observations, though in a very amateurish way, in the hope that 
I may add some small portion to the sum total of our knowledge 
concerning the most magnificent member of our native deer. 

Throughout this report I shall constantly compare the Idaho 
moose with the animal as it is found in eastern Canada and Maine. 
As my previous experience has been gained chiefly in Ontario 
and Quebec my standard of comparison doubtless adheres most 
closely to the moose found in these localities. 

The Idaho moose are found in southeastern Idaho and in the 
southwestern part of the Yellowstone Park, in the territory com- 
prised between the eleventh auxiliary meridian on the west and 
the Fall or Cascade Creek on the east. Their present range does 
not extend beyond the southern branch of the Warm River on the 
north and the Big Robinson on the south, though formerly they 
were found as far south as the Jackson^s Hole Country and east 
of the North Fork of the Snake River in Idaho, Wyoming, and 
Montana. 

For the past ten years their range has become more and more 
restricted until they are now seen in large numbers only on a table- 
land locally known as the Big Black Mountain or Moose Moun- 
tain. Though occasionally stray moose are found several miles 
from this tract, the fact that this is but rarely the case indicates 



* Seventh Report, New York State Forest, Fish, and Game Commission. 



202 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

that the habits of this moose, which is ordinarily notorious for the 
size of its range, differ very materially from those of the ordinary 
moose. The area in which these animals are now found barely 
measures ten miles in diameter, though the surrounding territory 
is equally uninhabited, and in many places apparently offers good 
food and cover closely approximating that selected from choice 
by the eastern moose. 

Moose Mountain is a table-land rising from 800 to 1,500 feet 
above the bottom of the surrounding canons. The longest diam- 
eter Kes north and south and is about two miles in length, while 
the breadth is one mile. The mountain is half in the Yellowstone 
Park and half in the Idaho Forest Reserve. On the western side 
thHLittle Robinson Creek rises and from the southern and eastern 
faces small canon streams flow into the Big Robinson. The sur- 
rounding country in general closely resembles the foothills of the 
Rocky Mountains throughout Idaho and Wyoming. The coun- 
try is drained by the Warm River and by the Big and Little Rob- 
inson Creeks, all of which empty into the North Fork of the Snake 
River. The altitude of the canon beds is about 6,000 feet and the 
highest of the hills rise to 7,000 or 8,000 feet. The topography 
is much broken, and there are no flats or prairies of any consider- 
able size. Except in the spring the country is very dry, and water 
is found only in the widely separated streams and in the Big and 
Little Robinsons. These watercourses are confined to canons, 
mostly narrow and rocky, often with very precipitous sides. The 
larger of these gulches measure from 100 to 300 yards in width, 
but the sides are always broken, steep, and usually almost devoid 
of vegetation, except for scattering bunches of sage brush or a 
few scrubby pines. 

The floors of most of the wider canons show a sparse growth 
of " buffalo grass," but where the streams have broadened out, so 
as to irrigate considerable patches of ground, grass grows lux- 
uriantly from early spring until the snow falls. Natural marsh- 
land is very scarce, but owing to beaver dams, for beaver are quite 
plentiful, there are considerable areas of artificial marsh backing 
into the side caiions ; in these, rushes and an abundance of succu- 
lent grass and water-lilies are to be found. Between the North 
Fork and the Warm River there are considerable tracts of natural 
slough in which lilies and rushes grow abundantly, as in Cal's 
Lake and Duck Pond. Notwithstanding the fact that moose oc- 
casionally wander into this country, otherwise entirely uninhabited, 
I have never seen evidence of their using these ponds for feeding 
purposes, though they sometimes go to them for water. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



Except in some of the canon beds, where dirt has been washed 
down by the action of rain and snow to the depth of from a few 
inches to a foot or so, there is little soil in the district. The rock 



XF.W VOkK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



GLLLV LE.\D1.\G INTO M.\1X CASux. 

is practically all igneous, a good deal of obsidian is present, and in 
places, particularly along the caiion sides, the rock is arranged in 
typical basaltic columns. Very little granite is found except for 
occasional bowlders which lie in the river beds. 

The country apparently used by the moose is along the tops, 
and sides of the foothills. The lower hills are covered by a 
growth of inferior pine, mostly scrubby and low, or where this 
has been burned off by old forest fires it is replaced by a thick 
tangle of bull-pine. 

The tops of the higher mountains are for the greater part 
naked, except for a few scattering weather-beaten pines. The 
sides of the less precipitous mountains, and in places the tops as 
well, show patches of bayberry bush and a good deal of quaking 
asp, interspersed with thickets of bull-pine. Lower down, where 
the sides of the mountain are not too precipitous, a growth of 
larger pine is found extending into the canons. The bayberry 
and quaking asp are seen only well up on the sides or on the tops 
of the mountains. 

The declivities are marked by rocky gullies, which become of 
considerable size before they break into the main caiion. The 
lower levels often show a considerable growth of the low blue- 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



CANON OF BIG ROBINSON 

berry bush. The spring holes are commonly found well up on 
the sides of the mountains and are surrounded by quaking asp 
and usually a few willows. Willow, as a rule, is not seen in the 
cafion beds about the watercourses, except where old beaver 
workings are found. 



206 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

The favorite range of the moose, in so far as I can determine 
from the statements of sportsmen, ranchers, and prospectors who 
have frequented this country, is apparently the southeastern 
slope of Moose Mountain, which lies within the Park. Though 
their range is now less extensive than formerly, the numbers of 
moose are increasing, doubtless due largely to the protection 
afforded by the National Park and by the complete close season 
which the laws of Idaho have recently established. One has no 
difficulty in seeing specimens if ordinary caution is practised, 
for the nature of the country makes the detection of the animal 
considerably easier than in the moose ranges of Canada. 

The animals are small, the three living specimens which I 
saw have not averaged over 500 to 650 pounds in weight, and 
judging from the heads of the five other animals taken from this 
district which I have seen this is not far below the average weight 
of the adult animal. 

The color differs very materially from that of the eastern 
moose. The Idaho moose are dark, almost black over the back, 
sides, and neck, while the belly, the inside surface of the legs, 
and the entire leg below the knee are dark gray, sometimes with 
a brownish cast. During the spring and summer the color gen- 
erally becomes lighter, but never as much so or as brown as the 
Canadian moose. 

The animals, as a rule, have a well-formed " bell," either in 
the shape of a long cylindrical appendage or as a heavy and 
pendulous " dew-lap " ; the latter being apparently more charac- 
teristic of the older animals. 

The head does not differ materially from that of the eastern 
moose except in matters of color and size. As a rule, however, 
the nose seems less heavy, and the size of the head, as com- 
pared to the body, less massive ; this may, however, be due to the 
very deficient antler development which all these animals show. 
Of the nine heads which I have either seen or regarding which 
I have secured accurate information only two show any attempt 
at palmation. Of these nine heads, three were those of young 
animals, but the others were adult or old specimens. The two 
heads which presented palmation showed it only in very slight 
degree, the blade of the largest not exceeding the breadth or 
size of a man's hand. From the statements of reliable pioneers 
and prospectors who have been familiar with these animals for 
the last thirty years, I feel justified in stating that palmation is 
rarely present, and never reaches a size which in any way ap- 
proximates that seen in the eastern moose. As a rule the antlers, 



•JOS NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

even of adult animals, consist only of the anterior spikes, usually 
two. three, or four in ninnher. The spread of the widest specimen 
seen l)y nie did nut exceed 75 cm. J have received an account of 
an adult bull, killed near the North Fork fifteen years ag^o during 
the month of September, which showed no antler development. 
I am somewhat sceptical, however, in regard to the accuracy of 
this (jhservation. 

The antlers are apparently dropped during January. The new 
growth begins during March or April, and the recent antlers 
remain covered with the skin until September or early October, 
when they begin to peel. 

The body presents few variatii^ns from that seen in the eastern 
animal except that it is i)erhaps relatively somewhat shorter. No 
gross variations in myology or osteology are apparent. 

The feet differ (juitc materially from those of the eastern 
moose, so much so that the tracks might easily be mistaken for 
those of some other animal by one familiar with the ordinary 
moose only. The hoofs are relatively longer, more lanceolate, 
and as a rule the points arc more acute. In walking even on 
soft ground the hoofs do not spread widely, as do those of the 
Canadian animal, and the imprint of the ** dew-claw-s " is less fre- 
quently seen. The size of the hoof in proportion to the animal 
bulk also seems to be less. Tracks of 10 to 12 cm. in breadth 
by 13 to 14 cm. in length are considered to be of large size among 
these animals. In general, the tracks of an unusually large animal 
in Idaho would about equal that of a small or medium-sized moose 
in Ontario or Quebec. The hoofs are jet black in color as a rule. 
As in the Canadian animal some of the specimens have a tuft 
of slightly greenish hair in the cleft of the hoof. The spongy 
portion of the foot is more firm and highly keratinized than 
usual, and even the softer heel pads are sharply corrugated and 
very hard. Taken as a whole one cannot but be impressed with 
the idea that this hoof is particularly w^ell adapted for the rock 
climbing which characterizes this variety of moose. 

Though I have dissected but five eastern moose, and do not 
therefore feel very well qualified to judge as to anatomical facts 
in regard to this Idaho moose, it appears to me that the viscera 
in the two specimens which I have dissected show no more than 
a normal amount of variation in form and arrangement. 

The Idaho moose differs chiefly in its altered habitat and mode 
of life. Though, as has been shown in the description of the 
country in which these animals are seen, range and food mate- 
rials closely resembling those familiar to the eastern moose are 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 209 

found in this country, the animal frequents, evidently by choice, 
high and rocky land. This cannot be on account of disturbance 
by man or wolves, since neither is present in any considerable 
numbers in the low marshy country adjacent to the home of these 
moose. 

The animals range along the sides and tops of the mountains, 
far above the level frequented by the elk; and their tracks are 
found mingled with those of the mule deer, which are fairly 
numerous in this country. The moose descend by necessity to 
the cafion beds for water unless there are springs on the moun- 
tain sides, in which case they appear to be the watering places 
of choice. I have often traced the tracks to the rivers, sometimes 
in marshy places, and have found that after drinking they re- 
turned directly to the mountains, only very rarely feeding along 
the banks of the streams, even though willow bushes may be 
fairly abundant in these spots. They seem to come down for 
drink for the most part early in the morning or late in the after- 
noon after sundown. Apparently they can go for a long time 
without water, a fact very easily demonstrated in a country so 
scantily supplied with water as is this section of the Rocky 
Mountains. 

I have carefully searched the bottoms of the canons for evi- 
dence of feeding or beds, but rarely with success. Nearly all 
the tracks seen were clearly those of travelling animals which 
came to the stream with the definite purpose of securing water 
and immediately returning to higher ground. The favorite 
drinking places about Moose Mountain are Moose Spring, a 
shallow bog hole, and the Hidden Spring, both of which are 
situated high up on the mountainside. 

From an examination of the stomach the food appears to con- 
sist entirely of twigs, chiefly quaking asp and bayberry ; but occa- 
sionally willow and segments and berries of a species of sumach 
are found. I did not find grass, rushes, or lily pads in the stomach, 
nor have I ever seen evidence of cropping of these plants where 
they exist in close proximity to the moose haunts. The favorite 
feeding time seems to be between sunrise and about ii a.m., 
though I have run across them eating in the early after- 
noon. 

In feeding, the animals seem to favor the open parks or spaces 
where the bayberry and quaking asp grow, and where an unin- 
terrupted view of the surrounding country can be obtained, 
though there are patches of this growth mingled with pine and 
heavy timber. 



210 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

In going to and from the feeding grounds and into the canons 
for water these moose strangely select rocky passes and gullies 
rather than the wooded and gentler declines. One often finds them 
choosing for their trails routes which seem impassable for an 
animal of the size and build of this moose. Perhaps it suffices 
to say that they go by preference where a well-shod and trained 
western horse cannot be driven. In one case I watched a young 
moose come down to water and return, deliberately selecting 
the steep dry bed of a narrow and rocky gully, though on either 
side there was a gentle slope covered by open timber. Their 
agility in climbing over bowlders and in going down steep de- 
clines and through narrow passages is almost incredible. They 
are rapid travellers, usually walking, increasing to a fast, awk- 
ward lope when alarmed. I do not think that they travel either 
so frequently or so far during the night as do the Canadian 
moose. 

The beds are usually found either in the low brush where the 
moose have been feeding, generally in some open place, or in 
small dense thickets of pine near the summit or high up on the 
mountainside. 

In general intelligence the animals appear to equal the Ca- 
nadian moose, with which I have had experience. By still hunt- 
ing one has the greatest difficulty in approaching them, but they 
seem to be frightened more by the scent than by the sight of 
man, and they occasionally exhibit the most amusing curiosity. 
We followed a band of three, a cow, bull, and yearling calf, for 
nearly a week, and though we did our best we were unable to 
get a fair sight of them. We took special care that they should 
not get our scent, and they stayed in the locality throughout the 
entire week. Several times I was convinced that they saw us, 
and from the location and character of their tracks I am certain 
that they purposely watched us through the greater part of one 
day while we were tracking them. Judging from the trail, when 
they finally got our " wind " they made off for the Yellowstone 
Park in great haste and did not return to their regular haunts 
while we remained in the country. On the contrary, a single 
bull stayed for over five days within a mile of our camp of four 
people and seven horses. One night, evidently attracted by curi- 
osity, he came within a few yards of camp. This animal was 
subsequently found to be a well-developed adult which had been 
summering in this locality. One day at 10.30 in the morning a 
young bull came down from the mountain directly into our canon, 
evidently making for the horses, of which he appeared to have no 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 211 

fear; but when he discovered us he slowly walked away, occa- 
sionally stopping to look back at us ; he expressed no signs of haste 
or fear. The old hunters, however, speak of them as ordinarily 
very wary and difficult to stalk. They are evidently unfamiliar 
with man, though accustomed to horses, and will often follow 
horse trails to water holes. 

These moose often travel in small groups, and several times 
we have seen their trails with those of bands of elk, though they 
are rarely found in the country generally preferred by elk 
(wapiti). 

The period of " rut " appears to be somewhat earlier than 
among the Canadian animals, and takes place between the ist of 
September and the ist of October. In so far as I have been able 
to learn the animals seldom or never " call." Though I have 
spent upward of nine weeks in their country from the last of 
August into October I have never heard either the cow or bull give 
" tongue," while old hunters familiar with the country and these 
animals tell me that they have never heard a moose " call," and 
most of them are very sceptical in regard to a call being given by 
any moose. Apparently at least, they do not answer to the arti- 
ficial " call " as do certain of the Canadian animals, though I am 
not positive in regard to this, since I cannot profess to be at all 
expert in calling moose. 

I am told that the young are dropped in May, but my knowl- 
edge on this point is entirely hearsay. The calves stay with the 
cow for a full season, and not infrequently one finds a cow 
attended in the fall by two calves, one a yearling and the other 
born that spring. 

During the winter they remain about Moose Mountain, where 
the snowfall is not particularly heavy and where the tops of the 
mountains are often swept clear enough of the snow to permit 
them to secure sufficient food. They apparently do not yard-up 
during the winter. 

A great deal of my information regarding these animals has 
been corroborated or secured in conversations with the sports- 
men, ranchers, and prospectors of this country, and especially 
from Dr. Sharp and Mr. Caleson, two well-known sportsmen of 
Salt Lake, and from Bishop A. C. Wilson, of Marysville, Idaho, 
who has lived in Fremont County for the past sixteen years, and 
has frequently hunted and prospected in the mountains inhabited 
by these moose. 

It seems to me most probable that these animals are closely re- 
lated to those living farther north in the Canadian Rockies. Mr. 



212 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Grant describes the moose of the Canadian Rockies as having 
smaller antlers and being much darker in color than the moose 
of eastern Canada. In point of habitat those animals also appear 
more closely to approximate the Idaho animal, but reports as to 
their size class them as distinctly larger than the mountain 
moose of the United States. Certainly these two types approach 
each other more closely than either one does the moose of the 
east. 

It seems to me that the moose which I have given an account 
of here differs quite materially from the animal of the Bitter 
Root Mountains (as described by Roosevelt in "The Wilderness 
Hunter"), particularly in antler development, size, and food 
selection, though not in its mountainous characteristics. 

I have no doubt but that the Idaho moose is in reality specifically 
identical in origin with the eastern moose, but that this small 
group of animals, now widely separated from others of their 
kind, have inbred extensively, thus tending to accentuate any 
peculiarities which may have existed in the immediate progenitors. 
This fact and the manifestly unfavorable habitat have resulted in 
a moose of smaller size and less perfect development in every re- 
spect, and particularly in regard to the largely ornamental ant- 
lers. I look upon the variation in the shape of the hoof as highly 
characteristic of these animals, due doubtless to the altered 
demands resulting from the widely different character of the 
country over which they travel. That this modification is not 
entirely the result of the hoof being worn down by contact with 
the rock is apparently indicated by the fact that even on soft or 
marshy turf the foot does not spread as do those of the eastern 
moose, but is held much more compact. 

I do not think that this animal is entitled to sub-specific rank, 
an opinion indorsed also by Mr. Grant, but it does seem to me 
that it illustrates very well the alterations in even primary at- 
tributes which the moose may undergo when forced to live for 
a considerable time in isolated groups under more or less un- 
favorable surroundings. 

DESCRIPTION OF YOUNG BULL MOOSE. 

Apparent age three years, September 2gth, 

The animal is a small, short, well-developed moose, evidently 
about three years of age. It differs from the Canadian moose 
in certain particulars, especially as regards size and coloration. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



^v;,:^*?^'/: ■ ^M 



HEAit OF VUUNO UI;LL MOOSE 

The sides and the superior aspect of tlie head and nose are dark 
gray, almost black in color, and the back is marked by a central 
band, 3 to 8 cm. in breadth, of slightly lighter, dark grizzly hair. 
The external surfaces of the thighs and legs are dark, but the 
internal surfaces of the extremities and the entire lower shanks 
are grayish white, in sharp contrast to the dark sides. In general 
the coloration is nmch darker than that of the Canadian moose 
taken at any time of the year. 

The hair is coarse, but thick and well set over the sides ; it 
averages from 4 to 6 cm. in length, while that over the hump meas- 
ures 15.5 cm. 

The animal is characterized by its short barrel, pronounced 
hump, and its generally less ponderous appearance as compared 
with the eastern moose. Estimated weight, 400 to 500 pounds. 

The " bell " is long, cylindrical, and very dark in color. The 
tail is short and the bone extends to its very end. The head is 
proportionately less heavy than in the ordinary moose, and the 
nose is distinctly less flat. 

The antlers are small and rudimentary. The right presents 
only a two-pronged anterior extension, the anterior branch meas- 
uring from tip to its insertion in the skull 34 cm., and the posterior. 
similarly measured, 33.5 cm. Both antlers present at their base 



214 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

the usual nodular projections, but without the slightest indica- 
tion of palmation. 

The left antler presents three prongs ; the two outer branches 
correspond with those on the right, while the other is centrally 
situated. The tip of the forward prong is slightly broken and 
measures 31 cm. in length. The middle branch measures 23 cm. 
and the last or posterior spike 33 cm. Greatest spread of antlers 
from tip to the most extreme tip, 62 cm. There is absolutely no 
palmation indicated on either side. The skin is mostly eroded 
from the horns, though they are still somewhat soft, particularly 
at the tips, for a few shreds are still attached to either horn, 
principally near the bases. Distance between antlers at their 
insertion, 18 cm. Circumference of left antler at insertion, 18 cm. ; 
of right antler, 19 cm. 



GENERAL MEASUREMENTS. 

Total length from tip of tail over back, hump, 
base of skull, and nose to mucous membrane of 

upper lip. 210 cm. 

From tip of tail to crest of hump 118 

From crest of hump to antler line 32 

From antler line to mucous membrane of superior 

lip 60 

Circumference, body at juncture with hind 

quarter 175 

Circumference at juncture with fore quarter. . . 190 

Circumference of neck at juncture with body. . 105 

Circumference of neck just back of ears 77.5 

Total length of tail 14 

Circumference of head just anterior to eyes. ... 74 

Length of ears (right and left) 29 

Greatest breadth of ears (right and left) 12 

Length of nose, measured over top from antler 

line 60 

Length of nose, measured alongside of head 

from antlers 49 

Length of bell from insertion to tip of hair .... 22 

From crest of hump to tip of anterior hoof. ... 181 

From glenoid cavity to tip of hoof 143 

From top of sacrum to tip of rear hoof 160 

From head of femur to tip of hoof 142 



a 

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TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 215 

Circumference of foreleg at humero-ulnar artic- 
ulation 30.5 " 

Circumference of fore shoulder at juncture with 
body 58 

Circumference of rear extremity at femoro-tibial 

articulation 42.5 

Circumference rear shoulder at juncture with 
body 94.5 



t( 



it 



<< 



The hoofs are jet black in color and are notably more pointed 
than in the ordinary moose. 



MEASUREMENTS OF HOOFS. 

Anterior Hoof. 

Greatest width 9.7 cm 

Greatest length 12 

Dew claw to base of hoof 9 



it 



Posterior Hoof. 

Greatest width 9 cm. 

Greatest length 11 

Dew claw to base of hoof 9 



t( 



The skeletal myology shows no obvious alteration. 

The omentum is long, extending over the entire abdominal con- 
tents and deep into the pelvis. It is moderately rich in fat. Both 
omentum and intestinal mesentery show numerous haemolymph 
glands in addition to the usual lymph nodes. 

The stomach and intestinal coils present no anatomical pecul- 
iarities. 

The rumen is found to be completely filled with lacerated leaves 
and twigs of bayberry, quaking asp, and willow, the latter only in 
small amount; a few berries and leaves of a species of sumach 
are also present. Some of the twigs are of considerable size, 
measuring as much as 6 cm. in length and 5 to 6 mm. in diameter. 

The reticulum is similarly filled with the same food particles, 
but more finely comminuted and mixed with considerable water. 

The omasum similarly contains a more divided food material 
of the same character. 




216 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

The material contained in the abomasum is very finely com- 
minuted, mixed with mucus, and shows well-marked digestive 
changes. 

The entire material present in the stomach was carefully exam- 
ined without finding any materials aside from those mentioned. 

The kidneys are large, perfectly normal in appearance, each 
weighing approximately twelve ounces. Eight pyramids are pres- 
ent in each organ. 

The internal genitals present nothing notable. 

The spleen is large ; it is attached by its internal surface to the 
wall of the rumen. Approximate weight fourteen ounces. 

The liver has an approximate weight of five pounds. 

The lungs present no anatomical deviations ; the right presents 
three lobes and the left two. 

The heart has an approximate weight of three pounds. It pre- 
sents no anatomical peculiarities. 

The anatomical findings in this animal are practically identical 
with those of a previous specimen which I dissected some time 
ago. In this instance the animal was evidently a young adult, 
probably four or five years old. The antlers showed absolutely 
no indication of palmation, and presented four prongs on one side 
and five on the other. The spread was not measured, but approxi- 
mated about 70 cm. In coloration and general form this animal 
closely resembled the one described above. 



— ASCENDIXG GOAT CREEK 



MOUNTAIN GOAT HUNTING WITH THE 
CAMERA. 



By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. 



IN August, 1905, I visited the Crow's Nest Pass region of 
southern British Columbia on the Elk River, which drains 
the western slopes of the Canadian Rockies, Lat. 50" north. Long, 
115° west. The exact locality is in East Kootenay, 74 miles 
north of the international boundary and 88 miles east of the 
Kootenay Lake. 

One of my chief objects was to observe and if possible photo- 
graph the animal which is popularly known as the Mountain 
Goat because of its purely superficial resemblance to the domes- 
ticated goat. For this purpose I took a Graflex Tourist camera. 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Pninoc«*pH I— THE LTNE FOLLOWED BY THE HERD. 

I. Sii goals browaog al ii.jo P.M. >. Coal slandins piaid 1.3a F.u. 3, Four goals appearing 

al top of cliff- 4- Ed^e of cM where first and second series of pbolograpbs were taken. 

5. NJclieiadiff Ahetelhird seriesof pholcflzaphs were laken. 6. Snov-baokon 

ascendins IroiL, 7. Summit of tmi] where goats disappeared. 

4X5 plate, with a Goerz Series III, No. 2 lens, provided with a 
shutter capable of 1,000-second exposure, and film packs. I owed 
the selection of the country to the advice of Mr, Hornaday and 
the cooperation of his friend Mr. John M, Phillips, who has 
hunted and photographed in this region for several years, and 
through whom I secured the expert guidance of Mr. Charles L. 
Smith and Mr. R. M. Norboe, both trappers and hunters of many 
years' experience. 

On August 29th, during the first five minutes' survey after 
reaching the summit north of Goat Creek — a small western tribu- 
tary of the Elk — Mr. Smith directed my attention to a herd of 
six goats. This was the introduction to one of those rare pieces 
of good fortune which occasionally delight the naturalist. It 
occurred at 11.30 a.m., and between that hour and 5.30 p.m. I was 
able through continued good. fortune to photograph these animals 
eighteen times. The photographs I consider only fairly success- 
ful, but they serve to illustrate a series of observations of the 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 219 

behavior of these animals when protecting themselves and travel- 
ling out of the country. 

This experience forms the chief subject of this article, and it 
may be introduced by a few words on the environment of these 
animals, geographical and zoological, and then upon their struc- 
ture. 

The elevations are from 4,000 to 10,000 feet above sea-level. 
The summers are short, moderately warm, and dry. The winters 
are long, moderately cold, with a heavy snowfall. The originally 
heavy forests of spruce and jack-pine have been largely destroyed 
by forest fires, undoubtedly disturbing the natural faunal condi- 
tions considerably. The active Carnivora, such as the puma and 
wolves, are rare. The goats mainly keep in the region at and 
above the timber line, where they are comparatively safe; but 
they also stray down to the lower streams, and we observed a 
mother and kid on the cliffs above Fording River, but little above 
the level of Elk River. 

Zoologically, this parallel and district is extremely interesting 
as a neutral zone inhabited by both northern, boreal, and south- 
ern animals. Among these, the goat and the caribou are near their 
southerly limits; while the puma or cougar is near its northerly 
limits. 

REPRESENTATIVE MAMMALS OF THIS REGION. 

As this entire country is underlaid with valuable coal mines, 
and is rapidly being settled, the wild animals will inevitably be 
driven out, although it must be said that the game laws are 
admirable and that they are respected and enforced. Notes on 
the existing animals will in time be valuable. I owe the following 
chiefly to my guide Charles L. Smith, who is endowed with excep- 
tional keenness as an observer, and has all the finer instincts of 
the naturalist. The list has been studied and a number of points 
added by my friend Director W. T. Hornaday, who followed me 
into this country. I am also indebted to Prof. J. A. Allen, and 
Mr. W. K. Gregory for revising the list. 

RODENTIA. 

Among the Rodentia the beavers (Castor canadensis), which 
are now being protected, are again increasing in numbers. The 
yellow-haired porcupine (Erethizon epixanthum) is fairly abun- 
dant. The gray- and yellow-legged marmots (Marmota prui- 
nosa) are numerous. Rats and mice are present in endless vari- 



220 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

ety, among them the mountain rat (Xeoioma [Teonoma] cinerea 
drunimotidi), attaining the size of the wharf rat, with a bushy 
and well-furred tail. The squirrels include the pine or chick- 
aree squirrel (Sciurus hudsonicus richardso7ii) and the ground 
squirrel (Tamias quadriznttatus affinis). Among the chipmunks 
is an extremely small variety known as the buff-bellied chipmunk 
{Eutamias Intcivcntris, Allen), which is found on the tributaries 
of the Elk and Bull rivers up to the timber line. The Columbia 
River ground-squirrel (Citclliis coliiinbianus, Ord) is very com- 
mon throughout southeastern British Columbia, and is dug out 
of its burrows at timber line and consumed by the grizzly bear as 
a very welcome food item. It is known locally as the " gopher." 
There are also the varying hares (Lepus americaniis bairdi), the 
gophers {Thomomys sp.), and the especially interesting "chief 
hare '' (Lagomys [OcJwtona] prince ps). Smith called my atten- 
tion to the little piles of plants which these animals w^ere curing 
before taking into their burrows for their winter supply. 

IN SECT IVOR A. 

Among the Insectivora the water shrews (Neosorex navigator) 
are abundant. The most notable form is the dry-land shrew 
(Sorex obscurus), an extremely small animal about 2^ inches 
in head and body length, or 43^ in total length; a meat eater, 
and an enemy of the trapper because it destroys the bait in traps. 

CARNIVORA. 

The enemies of these smaller animals are chiefly among the 
Mustelidae, which have been largely eliminated for their fur. The 
vertical distribution from the stream levels to the high goat and 
sheep country is the point of chief interest. Of these, beginning 
with the smallest, we find the ermine and the weasel. 

The ermine (Pntoriiis [Arctogale'] longicaudus) , assuming a 
pure white coat in winter with a black tip on the tail, is noteworthy 
from the fact that the males are much larger than the females, 
appearing almost like a different species in point of size. The 
weasel (P. cicognanii [Bonaparte's weasel]) is distributed from 
the level of the streams to far above the timber line, living chiefly 
on mice. Just over the summit of the Rockies is the larger, 
true mink (Putorms [Ltitreola] vison), with longer and more 
bushy tail. These mink feed partly on crawfish, their habitat being 
along the streams only. The mink {Putorms [Ltitreola^ vison). 



222 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

next to the marten in size, is quite common. It is locally known 
as the '■ cotton mink " or " cotton-tail mink," with a tail of me- 
dium length, hair short instead of bushy, with short and very thick 
fur in winter. Its hunt- 

: ■ " "^ ing ground is in thick 

green timber and along 
the streams, and it is 
almost as much of a 
water animal as the 
beaver, being a great 
fish catcher. 

The otter (Lutra can- 
adensis) is now quite 
rare on the Elk River, 
and is exclusively a fish 
eater, 
hirsi Eeri«. phoiograph 3. The pine martcns 

(Muslcla amcricana abi- 
cliiioidcs) vary in color from a hght buff to a dark chocolate 
brown with gray hair scattered along the back and tail or with 
a white tail tip. The brown and pale forms predominate ; the 
dark ones, of highest commercial value, constituting not over 
five per cent of the whole number. Feeding on birds and small 
mammals from the grouse to the mouse, their range is mostly 
in the dark spruces just below the timber line. 

The fisher (Miistela penuantii) is very rare. Smith has ob- 
served only one on the 

Elk River, and in a " , ' ■^^~.^- ■'; ^-^^ 

few cases the tracks of .■ - 

others. Strictly contra- 
ry to its popular name, 
it is a dry land, moun- 
tain-living animal, never 
approaching the water, 
never burrowing in 
banks and near streams, 
but living in hollow trees 
or old stumps. It is a 
great tree climber, its 

very sharp claws being First ScriK, Phcuograph ja. 

quite as useful in climb- 
ing as in catching prey. In size it is halfway between the wolver- 
ine and marten, with dark brown back and sides. Its food con- 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 223 

sists principally of rabbits, grouse, and squirrels. As compared 
with the wolverine it shows little cunning in avoiding traps, being 
very curious and having a voracious appetite. It was, therefore, 
probably exterminated very early by the trappers, but there is no 
evidence that it ever has been really plentiful. On the Pacific 
Coast in 1873 this animal was fairly abundant; even then seven 
or eight skins secured with marten traps would constitute a good 
winter's catch. 

The wolverine (Gulo luscus) is the greatest enemy of the 
trapper. It is extremely cautious about traps, skilfully approach- 
ing and removing both the bait and the animal captured by the 
trap. It will remove a trapped marten, take it off some distance, 
bury it in the snow and foul the surface. It is a great traveller, 
following a line of traps, backward and forward, out of reach and 
out of sight of the trapper. It can be caught only by a very 
skilful combination of traps, one of which is used as a decoy. 

The puma {Felis concolor) is rare here, and is not found farther 
north. A few have been taken on White River. The maximum 
length is seven and a half to eight feet over all. Smith secured 
one in 1904 near the Sulphur Pool in Elk River Valley. Another 
was killed on Pass Creek near Smith's cabin. Tracks are occasion- 
ally observed on Pass Creek and on the White River. The Ca- 
nadian lynx {Lynx canadensis) is more abundant, ranging as far 
to the south as Colville River in Washington. It is also found 
to the south, especially in the White River country and in the foot- 
hills of the east side of the neighboring Rockies. 

Among the larger Carnivora the Canidae are represented by 
scattered coyotes (Canis latrans), the very rare gray or timber 
wolves (Canis occidcntalis). The Ursidae are represented by 
the black and grizzly bears. 

PECORA. 

The buffalo (Bison bison) were formerly in this country, and 
at one time even in this valley, as proved by a skull found near 
Smith's ranch in the valley of the Elk River. The last of the 
herd in this region were, however, exterminated in 1886 on the 
plains of Alberta. 

The deer family were originally represented by the moose, 
the wapiti, the caribou, the mule deer, the white-tail deer, the 
mountain sheep, and the mountain goats. 

The moose (Alces americamis) are practically gone from this 
country. The last one seen by Smith was in 1901. Caribou of 



NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



the mountain type {Rangifer montaniis) are found on the head 
of the St, Mary's River, a tributary of the Kootenay, ranging west 
to the Okanaga Valley and then north. St. Mary's River is prob- 
ably their southern range. 

The wapiti or eik (Cervus canadensis), formerly abundant, are 
now comparatively rare. About a hundred scattered individuals 
are still ranging on the Elk, Bull, and White tributaries of the 
Kootenay River, wintering in the lower valleys of the Bull and 
Elk and on the Steel Fork of the White River. The mule deer 
(Odocoiletis heinioitus) are about three times as numerous as the 
wapiti and cover about the same range. They are fairly abun- 
dant. The white-tailed deer {Odocoileits virginianus macrourus) 
are confined to the lower valleys of the White and Elk rivers in 
summer. They winter on the Kootenay River from Fort Steele 
to the Montana boundary. The mountain sheep {Ovis cennna) 
are distributed from the extreme head-waters of the Elk River 
through the Kanaskis Pass south to the head of the Flathead 
River. Their chief ranges are fi) on the Fording River, four 
miles west of the continental divide ; (2) also on Sheep Mountain 
bordering Pass Creek, about fifteen miles farther south; (3) also 
south of Crow's Nest Pass, overlooking the railroad and about 
twenty miles north of Foft Steele. There are probably about 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 



200 head of mountain sheep in this country altogether. The 
largest pair of horns known to Mr. Smith was secured by Mr. 
John M. Philhps, the circumference being i8J4 inches at the base 
when first killed. Unlike the deer, these sheep have their winter 
and summer ranges within two or three miles of the same local- 
ities. 

MOUNTAIN GOAT. 

With the possible exception of the mountain sheep none of 
these animals compete with the mountain goat (Oreamnos mon- 
tanus). Sheep and goats do not generally occupy the same moun- 
tain tops. Certain mountains are celebrated for sheep, others for 
goats. From the Elk Valley Smith notes that the goats range 
a short distance south of the Montana line, west to the Selkirks, 
southward into northern Idaho and northern Washington. They 
are very abundant in the mountains surrounding the headwaters 
of the Kootenay, White, Bull, Elk rivers. Among the young, 
Smith observes two kinds; one snow-white with very fine wool, 
the other kind with dark brown or sandy colored tail and scat- 
tering light brown hairs ranging up the back to the base of 
the skull. Both are represented in the specimens which have 
been sent to the New York Zoological Park, the male belonging 
to the first variety, the two females to the second variety. 



l*2(i SEW YORK ZO(')L<)(;iCAL SCJCIETV. 

Tliotibscrvaliims collected fmni various smircesbv Mr. ^[adison 

(iraiit ill liis article nn tlie immniain fjoat. ]niblished in the Xintli 
Annual Re[)ort of the 
New York Zoological 
Siiciety for 1904. in- 
cliule many of the main 
IKjiiits in regard to the 
habits of these animals. 
and Smith considers 
Mr. (Grant's paper ab- 
solutely correct except 
as regards the gland at 
the l)ack of the horn. 
This gland in the rut- 
ting season becomes en- 
siT.ind Srrii5, r'h..i.iBr,ii.h ft. laTgcd, and freely ex- 

udes an oil which soft- 
ens the back nf the horn, often causing a crease as if the result 
of wear. It is less developed in females. 

I believe it worth considering whether naturalists should not 
try to banish the misleading word goat for these animals, and 
substitute the tenn " mountain antelope," just as they are trying 
to banish the misleading word " elk " and introduce " wapiti." 
The animal is allied to the noble animals the Chamois, Goral, 
Takin. and Serow of Eurasia, which take their subfamily name 
Ru ['ricapriiuc from the genus Rupkapra or chamois. The sub- 
family is an early, 
mountain-living offshoot 
of the Bovidas. 

Unlike these Old- 
World forms, which 
present little external 
reseuiblance to the do- 
mestic goats, our moun- 
tain antelope certainly 
has the proportions, the 
shortness of limb, the 
beard, the long white 
hair, the slow move- 
ments, and the dignified second series. Photograph 7. 

air of the domestic 

"billy," as shown by my observations. It is an extraordi- 
narily isolated animal, well protected by certain instincts which 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 227 

are quite different from those of the mountain sheep; but some 
of these points will best be summarized after a narrative of my 
experience. 

FOOT STRUCTURE OF THE GOAT, 

The accompanying ilkistrations show the remarkably adaptive 
structure of the foot of the goat. Mr. Hornaday kindly secured 
this specimen for me by placing the foot of a freshly killed animal 
in dilute alcohol. The drawings are executed with fidelity by 
Mr, E. C. Oiristman. 

The horny part of the foot surrounds only the extreme front. 
Behind this crescentic horn is a shallow concavity which gives the 



horny hoof a chance to get its hold. Both the main digits and the 
dew claws terminate in black, rubber-like, rounded and expanded 
soles, which are of great service in securing a firm footing on the 
shelving rock and narrow ledges on which the animal travels with 
such ease. This sole, Smith states, softens in the snow and water- 
soaked earth and wears away in the spring of the year, when the 
snow is leaving the ground, a fresh layer of the integument tak- 
ing its place. The rubber-like balls with which the dew claws 
are provided are by no means useless; they project back below 



228 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

the horny part of the hoof, and Mr. Smith has actually observed 
the young captive goats supporting themselves solely on these 
dew claws on the edge of a roof.* It is probable that they are 
similarly used on the rocks and precipices, since on a very nar- 
row ledge they would serve favorably to alter the centre of grav- 
ity by enabling the limb to be extended somewhat farther forward. 

ASCENT TO TIIK GOAT COUNTRY. 

The ascent to the goat country up Goat Creek is very pictur- 
esque (Photograph i), the forests being occasionally broken by 
talus and rock slides from the cliffs above. Soon after reaching 
the summit at the head of Goat Creek six goats were observed 
(Photograph 2) browsing along the bluff at the point marked i. 
Probably disturbed by our scent, they moved slowly to the point 
marked 2 and disap- 
]>eared from sight. This 
was at 12.30. Return- 
ing to the same point 
at 2.30, a single goat 
was seen sitting on its 
hannches like a dog, ap- 
parently keeping watch, 
although this may have 
been merely a resting 
pose following a feed- 
ing period. Norboe 
moved rapidly forward 

Second SeriH.FhoKigTai* 9. while I foUoWcd mOrC 

slowly with the camera, 
and in a few moments four goats appeared descending the cliff 
at point 3 (Photograph 2) ; they saw me and scrambled up the 
cliff, passing out of sight. 

FIRST SERIES OF PHOTOGRAPHS. 

Arriving at the top of the cliff I approached gradually and 
secured the first series of photographs. The sun was shining from 
the west (left in the picture) over the top of the cliff, so that the 
bodies of the animals in this series all appear in shadow, with 
sunlit outlines. The goat and kid are first seen (Photograph 3) 
at the edge of the precipice on the point of descending, while the 

• Another observer, Mr. Owen Wistar, tells mc that pads on these dew 
claws become worn off at the back as the sca?on advances. 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 229 

dog is hurrying forward to their heels. This was my first obser- 
vation of a movement which was repeated several times ; on each 
occasion that the mother sought the cHff the dog would rush 
forward, threatening her heels ; the goat and kid would then wheel 
around, face the dog, charge from twenty to forty feet, and 
retreat to the edge of the cliff, seeking to descend ; but in 
each case, by threatening either the 
mother or the kid, the dog stopped 
this movement. Approaching near- 
er, through a slight hollow, the 
goat (Photograph 3a) is seen readj' 
for a charge, the head of the kid 
appearing under her throat. Ap- 
proaching still nearer, an excellent 
view is obtained (Photograph 4), 
just after another attempted descent. 
The mother is standing at bay. while 
the kid is at her heels looking back 
over the edge of the precipice ; tiic 
sun is shining on the front limbs 
of the goat and on the side of the 
kid, throwing the bodies partly into 
shadow. The proportions are clearly 
brought out, the bodies seem to be 
quite long: there is a decided hump 
over the shoulders, and the head ex- 
tends outward from the ewed neck. 

Approaching still nearer, the distant [hini sm**. rii<»ogropu 10. 

mountains coine into view (I 'holo- 
graph 5) ; the mother is just preparing for a third charge, and, 
turning, again offers a fine profile with the kid in the rear. 

SECOND SERIES OF PIIOTOGHAl'HS. 

It appears every moment as if the pair would succeed in turn- 
ing over the edge of the precipice, but after making a wide cir- 
cuit in order to reach the sunny side of the animals they are still 
seen held up by the dog. Both animals are decidedly warm, less 
from their leisurely movements no doubt than from excitement, 
which is not in the least expressed by activity. The mother and 
the kid occasionally stamp with the forefeet and give a slight 
toss of the head and horns. The ears of both are continually 
moving to keep off the flies. The changed position brings the 



230 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 

typical goat-feeding grounds of the distant mountain into view 
(Photograph 6). The next photograph fails. The following one 
finds the mother in another attempt to escape over the edge of 
the precipice, and for the first time the kid is between the mother 
and the dog, which is hurrying forward to attack the rear again 
and prevent the descent. In Photograph 7 the kid is trying 
to descend the precipice and the mother is turning around for 
another charge ; the actual charge is apparently too quick for 
the shutter, as the camera fails to get the details of the limbs. 
In the next view {Photograph 8), however, the beginning of 



the charge is fairly well shown. The head is well lowered and 
threatening, bringing the sharp horns more nearly horizontal, 
but the kid appears exceptionally indiiierent and tranquil. 

The nearest approach (Photograph 9) which can be made 
yields an opportunitj- for observation at a moment when the dog 
is well tired out and the mother can be seen breathing rapidly 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 231 

from suppressed excitement, since tliey now observe the man 
with the camera as possibly a new enemy. 

A moment later I call off the dog and the pair immediately turn 
to the precipice and descend out of sight. 

THIRD SERIILS OF I'lIOTOGRAl'HS. 

Making a complete dctoiir of the base of the cliff I find that 
quite a long descent had been made by the mother and kid in 
search of a niclie in the cliff. 

The pair arc half concealed in this niche at a point which 



is entirely inaccessible to either man or dog. perhaps 150 feet 
below the top of the cliff and 40 feet above the base. Pushing 
along the base of the cliff, slightly below the level of the pair, the 
camera first finds the head of the mother coming into view (Pho- 
tograph 10). Then a means of nearer approach is found (Photo- 
graph Ti) in which the nature of the cliff is well brought out; 



232 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

this is the sort of surface on which the mountain goat travels 
deHberately, but with perfect ease and in any direction. 

After looking serenely down on the dog the mother begins to 
show a little curiosity about the approach of the man with the 
camera, and finally the kid's head is tempted out a bit (Photo- 
graph 12) at the side of the mother; and then (Photographs 13 
and 13a) the forward half of the body of the kid appears in 
shadow looking down beneath the head of the mother. One 
cannot avoid the impression that both animals are amused at 
the ineffective efforts of the dog below. 

After all the films are exhausted we leave the pair of animals 
in their safe niche and ascend the top of Ptarmigan Mountain. 
Another series of facts now come out; it proves that as soon as 
the pair consider that all danger was over they leave the cliff 
and seek the trail, and our knowledge of this fact came about in 
the following way: Passing over to the westerly side we come 
in view of the distant cliff, and Norboe's ear catches the sound 
of some falling rocks. Using our glasses we finally discover 
the four goats which had first escaped moving slowly up one of 
the goat trails. They stop at the edge of the snow bank (Photo- 
graph 2, point 6) to quench their thirst, then move leisurely along 
to the mountain top, where they turn, and, showing their profile 
against the sky along the crest of the ridge, descend into the valley 
beyond. This is at 4.30 p.m. ; two hours before we had seen these 
same animals on the top of the precipice. 

An hour later, namely, at 5.30, we happen to return to the 
same point. On examining the, distant mountain with a spy-glass 
we are so fortunate as to observe the remaining pair, mother and 
kid, pursuing exactly the same trail. They had left the niche in the 
precipice and sought the nearest trail along the talus at the foot 
of the mountain. We see them at precisely the same point. They 
stop at the same snow bank to quench their thirst, and proceed 
along the same trail to the sky line, slowly moving up along the 
ridge, and then disappearing over to the other side. 

Throughout these movements one fact stood out prominently — 
that is, that the precipice is sought by the mountain goat exactly 
as the burrow is sought by the rabbit. The fact that this is a 
deep-seated instinct is shown by the behavior of a kid which on 
another occasion we saw separated from its mother. The move- 
ments are always leisurely; even while charging the motions are 
not rapid, the dog easily backing off to a safe distance. The kid 
appeared quite indifferent to the attacks of the dog : both animals, 
in fact, exhibited perfect confidence in their ability to protect 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 233 

themselves, and perfect sang-froid. The stamping of the fore- 
feet and the tossing of the head by the mother were amusingly 
imitated by the hornless and defenceless kid. At the top of the 
cliff in the second series, when the nearest approach was gained, 
the hard breathing of the mother betrayed considerable excite- 
ment and anxiety about the kid, so that the appearance of indif- 
ference may not have been real, but rather due to the slowness 
of movement and to absence of anv external evidence of excite- 
ment. 

The whole story proves that the first instinct of these slow- 
moving animals is to find security in a precipice near by, and that 
the second is to seek one of their old-established trails and go 
off into a distant feeding ground. 



BY-LAWS 



OF THE 



^et» gorfi Zoological] ^ocitti^ 

Amended to February i, 1905. 



ARTICLE I. 

MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 

Section i. The ofiice and place of business of the New York Zoologi- 
cal Society shall be in the City of New York, unless otherwise ordered. 

Sec. 2. The Society shall hold its annual meeting for the election of 
Managers, and other business, on the second Tuesday of January, or such 
day thereafter during the month of January to which said annual meeting 
shall adjourn. 

Sec 3. Special meetings of the Society shall be called by the Secre- 
tary, upon the recjuest of the President or the Chairman of the Executive 
Committee, or at the written re([uest of ten members. 

Sec. 4. Notices of all meetings shall be mailed to each member of the 
Society at least three days before such meeting. 

Sec. 5. At meetings of the Society twenty members shall constitute 
a quorum. 

Sec. 6. The order of business shall be as follows: 

1 . Roll call. 

2. Reading of minutes not previously read. 

3. Report of Executive Committee. 

4. Report of Secretary. 

5. Report of Treasurer. 

6. Report of the Director of the Zoological Park. 

7. Report of Director of the Aquarium. 

8. Election of Managers. 

9. Communications. 

10. Miscellaneous business. 

11. Reports and resolutions. 

ARTICLE n. 

BOARD OF MANAGERS. 

Sec. I. The Board of Managers shall consist of thirty-six members, 
together with the Mayor of New York and President of the Park Board, 
or Commissioner for the Bronx, who shall be members ex -officio of the 
Board. 

Sec. 2. Nineteen Managers shall constitute a quorum, but ten man- 
agers may transact current business, and adjourn, subject to the subse- 
quent approval of a meeting at which a quorum shall be present. 

Sec. 3. The Board of Managers shall hold an annual meeting on the 
third Tuesday of January, or on such day thereafter to which said annual 
meeting shall adjourn. Regular meetings of the Board may also be called 



236 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

by the Secretary on the third Tuesdays of October and April, upon 
the request of the President or Chairman of the Executive Committee. 
Special meetings of the Board shall be called at any time bv the Secretary, 
upon the request of the President or Chairman of the Executive Com- 
mittee, or at the written request of five Managers 

Sec. 4. Notices of meetings of the Board shall be mailed to each 
Manager at least three days before such meetings. 

Sec. 5. The successors to the outgoing class of Managers shall be 
elected by the Society at its annual meeting, but vacancies in the Board 
may be filled for the unexpired term by the Board of Managers, or by the 
Executive Committee. 

Sec. 6. A Nominating Committee shall be annually appointed by the 
Executive Committee, and shall consist of three members of the Society 
at large, who shall nominate and post ten days before the annual election 
the names of twelve persons to succeed the outgoing class of Managers in 
a conspicuous place in the office of the Society. 

Sec. 7. No person shall be eligible for election to the Board of Man- 
agers, except to fill vacancies, unless his name shall have been posted as a 
candidate by such Committee, or by not less than ten members, in writing, 
in a conspicuous place in the office of the Society ten days before the 
annual election. All candidates for election as Managers must be Life 
Members, Patrons, Associate Founders, or Founders of the Society. 

Sec. 8. Any Manager who shall fail to attend three consecutive meet- 
ings of the Board, unless excused by vote of the Board, shall ceai-e to be 
a Manager. 

Sec. 9. The Board of Managers shall at its annual meeting elect a 
President, two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, who shall 
hold office for one year, or until their successors are elected. The Presi- 
dent, Vice-Presidents, and Treasurer shall be members of the Board. 

Sec. 10. The Director of the Zoological Park, the Director of the 
Aquarium, and all other persons employed by the Society, shall be ap- 
pointed by the Board or by the Executive Committee, and shall hold office 
during the pleasure of the Board. 

Sec. II. The Board shall, at its annual meeting, elect an Executive 
Committee and Auditing Committee, which shall hold office for one year, 
or until their successors are elected. The Board of Managers and the 
Executive Committee shall also have authority to appoint such other Com- 
mittees or Officers as they may at any time deem desirable, and to delegate 
to them such powers as may be necessary. 

Sec. 12. The order of business of the meetings of the Board shall be 
as follows : 

1. Roll call. 

2. Reading of minutes not previously read. 
Report of Executive Committee. 
Report of Secretary. 
Report of Treasurer. 
Report of Auditing Committee. 
Report of Director of the Zoological Park. 
Report of Director of the Aquarium. 
Election of Officers. 
Election of Committees. 
Election of new members. 
Communications. 
Miscellaneous business. 

All reports and resolutions shall be in writing, and the ayes 
and nays may be called on any resolution at the request of one Manager 
Sec. 14. Whenever the funds of the Society shall permit, the Board 
of Managers or the Executive Committee may award medals or other 
prizes for meritorious work connected with the objects of the Society. 





3- 




4. 




5- 
6. 




7- 
8. 




9- 




10. 




II. 




12. 


Sec 


13- 
• 13 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 237 

ARTICLE in. 

OFFICERS. 

Sec. I. The officers of the Society shall consist of a President, two 
Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, and a Director of the Zoological 
Park. These officers, with the exception of the Director, shall be elected 
at the annual meeting of the Board of Managers, but any vacancy may be 
filled for an unexpired term by the Board of Managers, or by the fixecutiye 
Committee, until the next annual election. 

Sec. 2. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Board and of 
the Society, and shall be ex-officio a member of the Executive and Auditing 
Committees. 

Sec 3. The Vice-Presidents shall, in the absence of the President, 
perform his duties and possess his powers, acting in the order of their 
election. 

Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall receive, collect and hold, subject to the 
order of the Board of Managers, or the Executive Committee, all dues, 
subscriptions, warrants from the City, fees and securities. He shall pay 
all bills as ordered by the Board of Managers or the Executive Committee, 
and shall re])ort to the Society at its annual meeting, and to the Board of 
Managers at all regular meetings, and to the Executive Committee at each 
meeting. He shall keep all moneys and securities in some bank or trust 
company to be aj^proved by the Board of Managers or Executive Com- 
mittee. The books of the Society shall at all times be o])en to the inspec- 
tion of the Managers. 

Sec 5. The Secretary shall be a salaried officer of the Society. He 
shall be present, unless otherwise relieved by the Board or Executive 
Committee, at all meetings of the Society, of the Board, and of the Stand- 
ing Committees. He shall keep a careful record of all proceedings, shall 
have the custody of the seal, archives and books, other than books of 
account, and shall conduct the correspondence of the Society. He shall 
issue all notices and tickets, and shall perform such other duties as the 
Board may direct. He shall be a member ex-officio of the Executive, 
Aquarium, and Auditing Committees, and of the Scientific Council. 

Sec. 6. The Director of the Zoological Park shall be elected annually 
by the Executive Committee at a salary to be determined by said Com- 
mittee, and paid monthly from funds of the Society. He shall be the 
responsible administrative officer of the Park, and shall recommend to the 
Executive Cf)mmittee candidates for the various positions in the Park. 
He shall also ])erform all such other duties in connection with the business, 
scientific, and literary administration of the Society as may be assigned to 
him by the Executive Committee. 

Sec 7. The Director of the Aciuarium shall be elected annually by 
the Executive Committee, and shall hold office until removed or his suc- 
cessor is chosen by said Committee. He shall be the responsible admin- 
istrative officer of the Aquarium, and shall recommend to the Executive 
Committee all candidates for positions in the Aquarium. The Director 
of the Aquarium shall be cx-officio a member and Chairman of the Aqua- 
rium Committee. He shall perform such other duties in connection with 
the Aquarium as may be assigned to him by the Executive Cominittee. 

ARTICLE IV. 

COMMITTEES. 

Sec I. There shall be two standing committees, the Executive Com- 
mittee and the Auditing Committee, which shall hold office for one year 
or until their successors are elected. 



238 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Sec. 2. The Executive Committee shall consist of seven Managers, 
together with the President and Secretary of the Society cx-ofjlcio. Four 
members shall constitute a ciuorum, and all meetings shall be called by the 
Chairman. The Executive Committee shall fill all vacancies in its own 
number and shall have the full powers of the Board of Managers, except 
so far as such delegation of power may be contrary to law. 

Sec. 3. The Executive Committee shall have the control and regula- 
tion of the collections, library, and all other property of the Society, and 
shall have power to purchase, sell, and exchange specimens and books, to 
employ and control all officials and employees of the Society, Park, and 
Aquarium, and generally to carry out in detail the directions of the Board 
of Managers and the terms of any contract between the City, or Park 
Board, and the Society. 

Sec. 4. All the rules and regulations for the examination of applicants 
for the various positions in the Park and Aquarium shall be made or ap- 
proved by the Executive Committee. 

Sec. 5 . The Executive Committee may regulate the auditing and pay- 
ment for all current accounts. 

Sec. 6. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint an Aqua- 
rium Committee, whose duties and powers are set forth in Section 11 of 
Article IV of these By-Laws. 

Sec. 7. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint a Nominat- 
ing Committee, whose duties and powers are set forth in Sections 6 and 7, 
Article II, of these By-Laws. 

Sec. 8. It shall also appoint a Scientific Council, whose powers and 
duties are set forth in Section 2 of Article V of these By-Laws. 

Sec 9. The Committee shall make a written report at each regular 
meeting of the Board of Managers. 

Sec 10. The Auditing Committee shall consist of three regular mem- 
bers of the Society, in addition to the President and Secretary, members 
ex-officiOy and vacancies shall be filled by the Executive Committee. It 
shall be the duty of the Auditing Committee to audit, annually, the 
accounts of the Treasurer, of the Director of the Zoological Park, and of 
the Director of the Aquarium, and any other accounts of the Society, and 
shall report to the Board of Managers at its annual meeting. 

Sec II. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint an Aqua- 
rium Committee, not to exceed eight members of this Society, who shall 
hold office until their successors are chosen. All vacancies shall be filled 
by the Executive Committee. The Director of the Aquarium shall be 
ex-officio a member and the Chairman of the Aquarium Committee, and 
such Committee may vest in him any or all of its powers. The Chairman of 
the Executive Committee and the Secretary of the Society shall also be 
ex-officio members of the Aquarium Committee. Three members shall 
constitute a quorum. The Executive Committee may delegate to the 
Aquarium Committee such powers as it may deem proper. 

ARTICLE V. 

SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL. 

Sec I. The Executive Committee shall annually appoint a Scientific 
Council of not more than ten members, and shall fill all vacancies. Mem- 
bers of the Council shall hold office until their successors are appointed. 

Sec. 2. The duties of the Council shall be to act as an advisory board 
in all matters pertaining to the scientific administration of the Society, 
and especially as to the scientific features of the Park, the promotion of 
zoology by publications and otherwise, and the preservation of the native 
fauna of America. 

Sec 3. Four members, including the Chairman, shall constitute a 



TENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 239 

quorum. The Chairman shall be elected annually by the Council. The 
Chairman of the Executive Committee and the Secretary of the Society 
shall be members ex-officio of the Council. 

ARTICLE VL 

MEMBERS. 

Sec. I. The present members and such others as shall become asso- 
ciated with them, under the conditions prescribed by the By-Laws, shall 
be members of this Society as long as they shall comply with the By-Laws. 

Sec. 2. Members failing to comply with those By-Laws, or for other 
good and suflicient cause, may be exi)eiled from the Society by the Execu- 
tive Committee, 

Sec. 3. Candidates for membershij^ shall bo proposed and seconded by 
members of the Society. The name. t)coui)ation. and place of residence of 
every member so proposed shall be submitted f()r election to the Board of 
Managers or the Executive Committee, and such i)crson, when elected, 
shall become a member upon payment of the annual dues, or of the fees 
as prescribed below. 

Sec. 4. The annual dues shall be ten dollars, payable in advance, on 
the first day of May of each year, but the Executive Committee may remit 
the dues for the current voar in the case of members elected between Tan- 
uary ist and May ist of each year. The classes of membership shall be as 
follows : 

Sec. 5. The payment of $200 at one time shall constitute any member 
a Life Member. 

Sec. 6. The payment of $1,000 at one time, or in the case of a Life 
Member, of $800, shall constitute any member a Patron. 

Sec. 7. The payment of $2,500 at one time, or in the case of a Patron 
of $i,joo, or of a Life Member of $2,300, shall constitute any member an 
Associate Founder. 

Sec. 8. Any member who shall donate to the Society $5,000, or prop- 
erty of equal value, or any Associate Founder who shall donate $2,500, or 
any Patron who shall donate $4,000, may be elected b}' the Board of Man- 
agers or Executive Committee a Founder. 

Sec. 9. Any member who shall have donated to the Society ten thou- 
sand dollars ($10,000), or its equivalent, may be elected by the Board of 
Managers or the ICxociitivo Committee a Founder in Perpetuity. Such 
Founder in Perpetuity shall havo the power to designate by a last will and 
testament his sucoossor, who sliall thereupon be entitled to all the rights 
and privileges of the original Founder in Perpetuity, including the right of 
designating in turn his successor. 

J^Sec. 10. Any member who shall donate to the Society $25,000, or any 
Founder who shall donate $20,000, may be elected by the Board of Mana- 
gers or Executive Committee a Benefactor. A Benefactor shall have all 
the rights and privileges of a Founder in Perpetuity. 

Sec. II. Persons who have rendered marked service in the science of 
zoology or natural history may be elected Honorary Members, but not 
more than three such Honorary Members shall be elected in any one 
calendar year. 

Sec. 12. A resident member who shall have rendered marked scien- 
tific or professional services to the Society in any branch of its work may 
be elected by the Executive Committee a Life Member, Patron, Associate 
Founder, or Founder. A resident of New York who shall have rendered 
marked services in zoology or natural history may be elected by the Ex- 
ecutive Committee a Permanent Fellow. 

Sec. 13. Non-residents who communicate valuable information to the 
Society, or who have rendered marked service in the science of zoology or 
natural history, may be elected Corresponding Members.