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University of the State of New York
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
\? sth ANNUAL, REPORT
BOOS
VOL. 1
PART 2
TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JAN. 6, 1904, BY THE
REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY
~~
IGA AAS
ALBANY
_ UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
1905
University of the State of New York
REGENTS i908
With years of election
1892 WILLIAM CROSWELL DoANE D,D. LL.D. Chancellor, Albany
1878 WHITELAW RrEID M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor —~ New York
1877 CHauNncEY M. Depew LL.D.° - _ = — New York
1877 Cuaries E. Fitch LL.B. M.A. L-BID => =) Roenewes
1881 WiLLIAM H. Watson M.A. M.D. LL.D. ~ — Utica
1881 Henry E. Turner LL.D. - - - Lowville
1883 St CrarkR McKetway M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L. Brooklyn
1885 DaNniEL BEACH Ph.D. LL.D. - ~ ~ — Watkins
18go0 Piiny ‘IT. Sexton LL.D. - - - ~ — Palmyra
1890 T. GUILFORD SMITH M.A. CE. LL.D. ~ — Buffalo
1893 Lewis A. Stimson B.A. LL.D. M.D. - — New York
1895 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.A. Ph.D. M.D. - ~ Albany
1895 CHARLES R. SKINNER M.A. LL.D.
Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex officio
1897 Corsten S) Lorp | MA, Lic. = = = Brooklyn
1900 THomAs A. Henprick M.A EL.D. - = — Rochester
1901 BENJAMIN B. ODELL Jr LL.D Governor, ex officio
1901 RoperT C. Pruyn M.A. - - ~ = — Albany
1902 WILLIAM NotTTINGHAM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. ~ Syracuse
1903 Frank W. Hiccins Lieutenant Governor, ex officio
1903 JouN F. O’BRIEN Secretary of State, ex officio
1903 CHARLES A. GARDINER LL.B. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. New York
1903 CHARLES S. Francis B.S. - _ = ~ ~ Troy
One vacancy
SECRETARY
Elected by Regents
1900 JAMES RussELL Parsons jr M.A. LL.D.
DIRECTORS OF DEPARTMENTS |
1888 Metvir Dewey M.A. LL.D. State Library and Home Education
1890 JAMES RussELL Parsons JR M.A. LL.D. |
Administrative, College and High School Dep’ ts
1890 FREDERICK J. H. Merritt Ph.D. State Museum
; Appendix | 5
Entomology ae oe ee
a: Museum bulletins 72, 74, a GO, (9:
‘Grapevine Root Worm
Monograph of the Genus Saperda
19th Report of the State Entomologist 1908
22 Mosquitos or Culicidae of New York
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Published monthly by the
University of the State of New York
BULLETIN 3804 DECEMBER 1903
ee
New York State Museum
FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL Director
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT State Entomologist
Bulletin 72
ENTOMOLOGY 19
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM
BY
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc.
PAGE PAGE
“PPS 2G | a a eae ee Sale abickics aiLecteds, 28. ana sy. 30
pO OMCLIOM s.06. Tie). eee Da) |G RAPEDEL EY HOE Ma. Sores... st< 0 ances: 31
Aov22) (CNG) (2 rr Olan, Natit Giemtes: 4 omnia )5 ss 3 oe 32
Signs of insect’s presence....... Gi, Remedial imieasures,.. .%..0. 04 2 33
PMeiatVe Species... 0... 6... Reema Destroying the pupae. 1... - 33
AS 2S TE ee ee 8 Collecting: beetles .2.5 3 59 iar ae « 34
Present conditions in Ohio...... Ori =. AE SCHICA OISOHS..: 2. Sasa Sens cae 39
aby RMGLOLY 225. cu. snes ee Lc, Westkuetion Of ee esr. as ow. e ee oo. 44
Wiles eM EMOI TS «2s vd. PS ARs 13 Pulverizing the soiland mounding 45
‘LS 2 LVS) 8 ee 15 Carbonvbisu lids! fase sn eet Om 45
iatits of the beetle ....-....... 15 IWerescne Enauisionmls conse a. se 46
EPPS 25, 5 tena ate aera Raiser 19 Grude*pertroleniic, oseh es este... 46
Habits of the grubs or larvae.... 23 Walleruma: ‘carbides: 06 6 re wees be 46
2s 08) 5g SR eee tang Ore ea 25 WECOMMEIGAONS. oso... 65. 47
Experimental work in 1908........ ZW «|, BI TOS TA PM YER. casei cen Varsities 2 od 47
Record of cage experiments..... 27 | Explanation of plates............. 50
insees takenupy beetle catcher. 4.29). Wide .: cieaidas week. ean se. 53
TG GI0e OnE 0S a a eer aia) Plates dG. i. SE TOR face 52
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University of the State of New York
eae etre
New York State Museum
FREDERICK J. H. Merritt Director
Eruraim Porter Feit State Entomologist
Bulletin 72
-ENTOMOLOGY 19
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM
PREFACE
The grapevine root worm has proved itself such a destruc-
tive enemy of vineyards in the Chautauqua grape belt, and so
little success has attended efforts to control it, that it was deemed
advisable in 1902 to undertake an investigation of this insect.
The work of last year was embodied in Museum bulletin 59,
and the material additions to our knowledge of this pest, gained
in 1903, have rendered it advisable to issue an extended and re-
vised edition of our previous publication, because the subject is of
such vital importance that our growers should have all avail-
able information at their disposal. Many valuable facts have
been ascertained during the last two seasons; and the additional
data gained in 1903 demonstrate the value of timely cultivation
_ and prove that collecting the beetles is practical, the most re-
liable and probably the most economical method of controlling
this very serious enemy of the vine.
Through the courtesy of the Hon. C. A. Wieting, commissioner ~
of agriculture, the entomologist has been able to avail himself
of the services of nursery inspector J. Jay Barden who has co-
operated with the writer very efficiently, and most of the field
investigations were carried on with the assistance of this gentle
man. Acknowledgment is due Mr D: K. Falvay of Westfield, who
kindly placed a portion of his excellent vineyard at our disposal
and cooperated with us most efficiently, thereby not only bene-'
fitiug himself but aiding materially in demonstrating « practical
a
4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
method of controlling this pest, after it had become well estab-
lished in a vineyard. The breeding cage and other office experi-
ments have been conducted under the writer’s direction by his
first assistant, Mr C. M. Walker, aided by the second assistant,
Mr D. B. Young. The authcr is also under obligations to
Prof. Percy J. Parrott, entomologist of the Ohio Agricultural
Experiment Station, and Prof. A. F. Burgess, chief San José
scale inspector of Ohio, who kindly accompanied him in his
investigation of conditions in that state in 1902 and supplied
additional information in 1903.
EK. P. Fer
Albany N. Y. September 1903
GRAVEVINE ROOT WORM
Fidia viticida Walsh
Ord. Coleoptéra Fam. Chrysomelidae
INTRODUCTION
The control of this pest in the Chautauqua grape belt is a
serious problem which we have attempted to solve. The insect
has, in recent years, caused enormous damages in the Ohio grape
belt and now occurs in large numbers in Portland, Westfield
and Ripley and has obtained a foothold over a large area.
Messrs Walter Northrop and F. A. Morehouse estimated in the
spring of 1902 that over 80 acres of magnificent vineyards had
been destroyed or ruined by the pest in the vicinity of Ripley,
and our investigations at the present time show that the area
of severe injury and damage is constantly increasing, and is
liable to much greater extension in the next few years. We con-
sider this insect a much more serious enemy of the vineyard than
the well known grapevine leaf hopper or white fly,! the work of
which was so apparent and destructive in 1902 and the pre-
ceding two or three years. This leaf hopper undoubtedly causes
much mischief, but, as its operations are confined to the leaves, the
amount of damage is easily seen and, when necessary, steps
may be taken to control it. The root worm on the other hand
inflicts its most serious injuries under ground, where its opera-
tions can not be readily observed, and in a great many instances
a vine or an entire vineyard is entirely ruined before the grower
observes any trouble. This pest only requires two or three years
to ruin a vineyard; and this, in connection with the secrecy of
its work and the feeding of the grubs on the large roots, where
a small amount of girdling is fatal, renders it a most dangerous
enemy. Worst of all, this insect exhibits a decided preference
for the more thrifty vineyards and is found most abundantly on
or beneath the most vigorous vines. We believe that 15 or 20
grubs about a vine or as many beetles on its foliage are sufficient
to warrant the adoption of vigorous measures for the suppression
of the pest, though we are well aware that many more are fre-
'Typhlocyba comes var. vitis Harris
6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
quently seen in a vineyard still alive. The marvelous prolificacy
of the insect, as demonstrated by our studies, justifies the belief
that even a relatively sma]l number are sufficient to threaten the
welfare of a vineyard.
The season of 1902 was unusually favorable to vine growth,
and the same is true of the past summer, a condition for which
the grower should be thankful, since it has enabled the vines
to withstand insect attacks more successfully.
Area infested. Ripley appears to be the original center of
this insect’s most destructive work, though it has been found
generally present in small numbers in many vineyards where
little evidence of serious injury occurs. The pest very probably
made its way into the Chautauqua grape belt from Ohio; and
our investigations in 1903 show that it is present in greater or
less numbers from the state line as far east as Sheridan, if not
farther and from the lake shore to the top of the adjacent hills.
We have also found it in small numbers in Hudson river valley
vineyards at Highland and Milton.
Signs of the insect’s presence. The more destructive work of
this pest is somewhat difficult to detect, and is usually indicated
by a weakness in vines and a marked decrease in the amount of
new wood. The indications of the presence of the beetles are so
characteristic that there should be little trouble in locating them.
The peculiar chainlike eaten areas, represented in numbers on
plate 6, are very characteristic of the insect and differ so much
from the work of most other pests that no difficulty should be
experienced in identifying it. The beetles show a decided prefer-
ence for leafy vines, and the general appearance of some very
badly eaten ones is shown on plate 5. The feeding of the beetle
is usually the first visible indication of its presence and is not
accompanied at the outset by signs of material injury. As the
attack progresses and the work on the roots becomes more in-
jurious, the development of the fruit is severely checked and
the bunches may be less than half their normal size. The growth
of wood is also much reduced, and vines which are very badly
infested may die in midsummer. Cases were brought to the
writer’s attention where plants which had grown over 6 feet of
wood the preceding summer, wilted in June and died. Infested —
vines as a general thing become less thrifty, develop less and
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 7
less wood yearly till finaily there is not enough to tie up. A
portion of a vineyard very seriously injured and where there is
not wood enough to tie up is represented on plate 3. This con-
dition rapidly becomes worse, and soon, usually in two or three
years after the insect has been present in numbers, there is no
wood, and the vines are simply a small mass of foliage resting
on an old stump as represented on plate 4.
The depredations of this pest are much more serious and
usually first apparent on light sandy or poor soils, and in particu-
lar on gravelly knolls, though we have found the beetles much
more abundant in rich, low, though not wet hollows. The insects
seem to thrive under such conditions, and a deficient growth
should lead to immediate investigation. Vines on rich clay soils
in our experience are less injured by this pest, due probably to
their greater resistant powers; and this appears to be the case
in Ohio. It should be remembered that vineyards on heavy
clay lands are not exempt from attack and should be closely
watched and, if necessary, active measures employed to keep the
number of beetles below the danger point.
The roots also afford a clue to the identity of the depredator.
The young grubs eat away the small feeding branches, while the
larger individuals gnaw the bark, particularly from the under-
side of the larger roots. They frequenily eat away long strips,
as represented on plate 1, figure 5, though occasionally a eee
grub may work along a somewhat sinuous path.
A native species. This serious pest of the vineyards is not,
like many of the forms so injurious to agriculturists, an im-
ported insect. It has long been known to occur in this country
and its work on wild grapevines was observed before its depre-
dations attracted notice in our vineyards. This insect may
develop into a general pest of the grape and perhaps in time
come to be as well known as the very destructive Colorado
potato beetle, which is familiar to almost every farmer. It is
very probable that this grape enemy was able to exist only in
_ relatively small numbers on wild vines and hence was rarely
very injurious. It seems to have developed a great fondness
for some of our cultivated varieties, and the growing of these
in large areas has enabled it to increase to an almost unparal-
leled degree. This may perhaps be cited as one of the cases
8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
where the devotion of extensive tracts to one crop has resulted
after yearS in a species formerly harmless becoming very
destructive.
It is interesting to note in this connection that the insect is
by no means new to New York State. There are examples of.
the beetles in the private collection of the late J. A. Lintner,
which were taken in Schenectady in 1880 and on Virginia creeper
at Albany in 1882, and yet so far as known there is no record
of the species proving destructive in this section. The writer
also met with the insect at Albany in considerable numbers on
Virginia creeper in 1901, and, though he has frequently visited
vineyards in the vicinity, no signs of the insect were observed.
It is very possible that the death of vines in early years here
and there may have been caused by this beetle and attributed
by growers to other agencies, as was the case before Professor
Webster discovered the identity of the depredator in Ohio.
Allies. This species belongs to the iarge family of leaf-eating
beetles, known as the Chrysomelidae, a group which comprises
some of our most destructive insects. To it belongs the notorious
elm leaf beetle, a species which has destroyed thousands
of magnificient shade trees in the Hudson river valley, and
may in a few years become a most serious enemy to elms in other
sections of the State. The two asparagus beetles,? are well known ~
enemies to the grower of this succulent vegetable. The familiar
yellow and black striped squash bug*® is another ally of this
destructive grape pest, which is sometimes aided in its deadly
work by the steely or grapevine flea beetle,t a species which has
caused great injury in some New York vineyards during recent
years. A number of other related forms, nearly as injurious as
those named, could be easily listed. These destructive allies are
mentioned in this connection simply that the grape grower may
have some idea of what related species can do; and, while this
pest may not prove so generally injurious as any of these, it
has already demonstrated its ability to cause much mischief.
We see no reason at present for thinking that the history of this —
1Galerucella luteola Mill. é
*Crioceris asparagi Linn. and C. 12-punctata Linn.
SDiabrotica vittata Fabr.
*‘Haltica chalybea Illg..
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 9
insect in Ohio may not be duplicated in the Chautauqua grape
belt, and perhaps in other sections of the State where this fruit
is largely grown.
Present conditions in Ohio. The destructive work of this serious
pest has been known in Ohio for some years. It was. first
brought to the attention of Professor Webster in 1893. The
similarity of conditions existing between the Ohio grape belt
and the Chautauqua region led the entomologist to believe that
valuable data could be secured by personally investigating the
present status of the insect in Ohio. This interesting section
was visited about the middle of September 1902, and much valu-
able information secured through the kindly cooperation of
Prof. P. J. Parrott, entomologist of the Ohio Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Prof. A. F. Burgess, chief San José scale inspector,
and a number of prominent growers. The local knowledge of
conditions possessed by the two gentlemen named enabled us to
visit the sections of most importance with very little loss of
time. Some very precise and significant statements were
obtained in 1902 from Mr T. S. Clymonts of Cleveland O., who is
not only a grower but also a dealer and one who undoubtedly has
as good a general knowledge of local conditions as any one in
that section. He stated that in the Ohio belt, extending east
and west of Cleveland, from Painesville to Avon and reaching
back 5 miles from the lake, there had been a reduction in ship-
ments of fully two thirds during recent years. In 1894, 2000
carloads of grapes were shipped from that section. This was
reduced in 1900 to 900 and in 1901 to 600. Mr Clymonts esti-
mated the output for 1902 at not over 500 carloads.
He stated that this reduction is due to various causes, the
principal ones being the ravages of the grape root worm, the
destruction caused by rot, and the prevailing low prices. He
attributed fully one third of the entire reduction to the beetles’
work and instanced a number of cases where vineyards of con-
siderable size had been killed by the operations of this pest. He
mentioned one vineyard of 60 acres, another of 25 acres, and
stated that innumerable small pieces had been destroyed by the
work of this insect, and added that the yield of one 60 acre
vineyard had been cut from 10-12 carloads to 35-40 tons by its
10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
operations. Mr Clymonts’s observations led him to thiuk that as
a rule the younger vineyards, specially those planted in the last
10 or 12 years, suffered most, and that the old ones escaped with
comparatively little harm. The most destruclive work observed
by him had been on sandy soil, or on ridges in other pieces. He
also stated that vines set in an infested vineyard to fill vacancies
do not thrive and are usually killed by the insect. A recent com-
munication, Aug. 27, 1903, states that nothing has developed the
present year to make it advisable to modify any of the above
statements.
Mr J. W. Maxwell of Euclid stated in 1902 that 50% of the
vineyards were dead in that section, and that in his opinion a
large proportion of them died as a result of the operations of this
insect. His crop of grapes in a large vineyard was reduced
fully one fourth, the most of which he attributed to this pest.
He stated that the Wordens and Brightons were killed first,
while the Concords and Catawbas were not so badly injured.
He also adds, in a letter dated Aug. 29, 1903, that renewing a
vineyard with Niagara vines seems to be quite a success, since
800 roots set two years ago in vacancies all lived and have done
well. We hope this will continue to be the case, but in the
writer’s opinion these recently set vines have just reached a very
attractive condition, so far as the beetle is concerned, and he is
afraid that injury may result in a year or two.
Mr W. H. Slade of East Cleveland estimated in 1902 that one
fourth of the vineyards in that section had been destroyed by
this insect pest. and according to his observations the Wordens
and Catawbas suffered more than the Concords. The most seri-
ous damage in his experience was met with on the lighter soil of
knolls. .
Mr W. W. Dille of Nottingham was of the opinion in 1902 that
there has been a decrease in recent years of 40¢ in the area
devoted to grapes. He attributed this shrinkage about equally
to the rot, which had been very prevalent, to the operations of
the grape root worm, and prevailing low prices. He stated that
the insect injuries had been limited mostly to the biuff and to
vineyards in the near vicinity of the lake shore, those back and
just under the bluff escaping with comparatively little damage.
He considers the Concord as one of the most resistant varieties.
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 11
A number of other growers were interviewed in 1902, and some
disparity of opinion naturally prevailed. It will be seen, how-
ever, that there are a number of well informed men in that sec-
tion who attribute very serious injuries to this insect; and,
while the estimates of seme may be excessive, there can be no
doubt that the pest has caused very serious losses. The season
of 1902 was unfavorable for observing the work of this pest
because the repeated rains enabled the vines to sustain much
greater injury than they would in times when there was less
moisture. These conditions prevented the making of personal
observations on the destructiveness of the insect, and most of
our data relating to this had to be obtained from the evidence
of others.
Considerable attention was also given to the various remedial
measures employed by different growers, and some diversity of
opinion existed. A number had sprayed their vines with arsenate
of lead and also with bordeaux mixture. A few were of the
opinion that spraying with arsenate of lead is a very efficient
check on the increase of the insect, while others believed that it
was of comparatively little value. Mr T. 8S. Clymonts stated that
spraying with the bordeaux mixture alone affords some pro-
tection, as the beetles migrate to untreated vines. This subject
will be discussed more at length under “‘ Remedial measures.”
Most of the growers agree that thorough cultivation assists the
vines greatly in resisting the depredations of the grubs. Those
on whose premises carbon bisulfid was used were not favorably
impressed with the substance. They state that in any event the
cost of application is excessive considering the prevailing low
prices for grapes. Considerable injury was caused in certain
vineyards by carbon bisulfid, and it is very doubtful if this meas-
ure can be used to advantage.
Early history. This insect was first brought to notice in 1866
when specimens were sent from Kentucky to Mr B. D. Walsh,
afterward state entomologist of Illinois. This gentleman stated
at the time that he had taken the beetle in small numbers in
both north and south Illinois, and later in the same year described
the species. He also received the insect the following year from
St Louis and Bluffton Mo., where the adults were said to be
eating both foliage and fruit. Prof. C. V. Riley, in his first
12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
report on the Injurious and Beneficial Insects of Missouri, char-
acterizes this species as one of the worst foes to the grapevine in
Missouri. This condemnation was based solely on the operations
of the beetle on the leaves, an injury which is now regarded as
of little importance compared with the work on the roots. Pro-
fessor Riley received specimens from Bunker Hill Ill. in 1870,
and in 1878 Mr G. R. Crotch described the insect' and gave its
recorded distribution as the Middle and Southern states. The
identity of the species described by Mr Crotch and this insect
was pointed out by Dr Horn in 1892, when he recorded its dis-
tribution as the “ Middle states to Dakota, Florida and Texas.”
He also states that the insect described by Lefevre? belongs to
this species. This pest was received from the vicinity of lowa
City Ia. by Prof. H. F. Wickham in 1888, and Professor Riley
has recorded this form and an allied one® as injuring grape leaves
at Vineland Ark.
Nothing further was known regarding this species till 1893,
when specimens were sent to Prof. F. M. Webster, then of the
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, who made an exhaustive
study of the insect and published a detailed account of his inves-
tigations in 1895. |
Injuries by this insect in the state of Arkansas were recorded
by Prof. J. T. Stinson in 1896, and in the same year Professor
Webster notes a decrease in the numbers of the pest in Ohio
vineyards and attributes it as possibly due to the efficient work
of two egg parasites and a small mite The following year
Messrs Webster and Mally reported, as a result of a series of
experiments, that tobacco dust and kainit were practically in-
effective against this insect, and two years later these gentlemen
record the unusual abundance of the pest in Ohio vineyards, and
state that serious injuries occurred at Bloomington Ill. The
presence of this beetie in destructive numbers in the Chautauqua
grape belt was recorded by Prof. M. V. Slingerland in 1900,
who at that time published a general compiled account of the
insect. Dr J. B. Smith, in his Catalog of the Insects of New
*Fidia murina Crotch
*"Fidia lurida Lefevre
3Fidia longipes Melsh
*‘Heteropus ventricosus Newport
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM @
Jersey states that this species occurs throughout New Jersey
on the grape and Virginia creeper or Ampelopsis, and he also
records it from Staten Island. A brief note published by Dr
L. O. Howard in 1901 states that the depredations of this insect
at Bloomington Ill. continue unabated and severe damage to
vineyards is recorded. The writer, in the early spring of 1902,
published a brief notice of the extent of the injuries in the Chau-
_tauqua grape belt with a summary of the life history of the pest
and outlined a series of experiments for that year, which are
reported on in detail in this bulletin together with the results
obtained in 1903. .
DESCRIPTION
The perfect insect is a small, brown, rather robust beetle
about + inch in length and rather densely covered with short
grayish white hairs. It may be recognized by aid of plate 1,
figure 1. :
The egg is about 5 inch in length with a transverse diameter
about one fourth as great. Form, nearly cylindric, tapering
a trifle at each end. The shell is flexible, and, when a number
of eggs are crowded in a small space, they may become somewhat
distorted. The eggs are white when first deposited, but soon
assume a. yellowish cast. On the fourth day a narrow semitrans-
parent band appears near each end. The eggs of the clusters
normally have a somewhat concentric arrangement, and range
in number from 1 to 125. Several clusters are represented on
plate 1, figure 3. |
The young larva is creamy white, about ;4, inch in length and
tapers somewhat posteriorly. The head is a pale, yellowish
color with the mouth parts ranging from light to dark brown,
_ the sutures and tips of the mandibles having the most color.
The head is somewhat flattened, bilobed and with the posterior
angles rounded. The mandibles are distinctly toothed. The
body is slightly smaller than the head, convoluted and distinctly
segmented. Each segment bears a transverse row of small
tubercles, from each of which a long hair arises. The spiracles,
or breathing pores, are darker than the body and usually light
yellow.
The nearly full grown grub resembles the newly hatched
individuals very much in general form and color. It is then
14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
about 2 inch in length, with a yellowish brown head and the
mouth parts and adjacent sutures dark brown or nearly black.
The body has a greater transverse diameter than the head, is
distinctly segmented and bears numerous irregular transverse
rows of small setae, which are relatively much shorter than in
recently hatched individuals. The spiracles are well marked and
range in color from yellowish brown to light brown. The gen-
eral appearance of the grub is shown on plate 1, figure 4. Its
white color and curled ferm suggest the common white grub, in
spite of its much smaller size.
The pupa ranges in length from about + to 4 inch and its
general features are represented on plate 1, figure 6. It may be
recognized by iis white color with a pinkish tint about the head,
thorax and posterior extremity. The head is adorned with a semi-
circular row of four spines, the middle two being iarger and
nearly erect, the others smaller and more divergent. There is
a Similar row near the anterior margin of the thorax, though
the curve is not so pronounced as on the head. Just behind this
latter row there is a cluster of four smaller, nearly erect spines
placed in pairs, the posterior being more widely separated. The
anterior femora is armed at its tip with a stout hook, while above
and at one side is a single straight, hair-tipped spine with some-
times a second one below. The posterior femora is likewise
armed with a stout hook and with two hair-tipped spines. At
the posterior extremity, there are two flattened, stout spines pro-
Z jecting dorsally. The penultimate seg-
- - ment is armed with a pair of small,
median spines with a smaller pair of
closely placed ones on each side, and on
the antepenultimate there is a median
cluster of four closely placed, hair-
iipped spines, the inner two being
smaller. There is also a lateral spine
on each side [fig. 1]. The other seg-
Fic. 1 Posterior segments oi x be
pupa (original) ments are each provided with a single
transverse row of minute, short bristles, and on the scutellum
there is a median pair of larger ones.
This pupa may be known by its general form and coloration,
and by the peculiar arrangement of the spines at its posterior
extremity, as shown in the figure.
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 15
LIFE HISTORY
The life history of this insect may be summarized as follows:
The winter is passed by the nearly full grown grubs in oval
cells in the soil, and so far as our observations go the great
majority of them occur from 10 to 12 inches below the surface
and mostly near or in the subsoil. On the approach of warm
weather, the grubs work upward, probably early in May in most
years, and are then mostly within a few inches of the surface
and usually within 15 to 24 inches of the stem of the grapevine,
though some, and occasionally large numbers, may be found near
the middle of the row. Usually very little feeding is done
in the spring. The transformation to the pupa occurs in normal
seasons from about June 1 to 20, the adults issuing approxi- -
mately two weeks later or from about June 20 onward. The.
great majority of the beetles appear the last of June or early in
July, though some do noi emerge till the last of the month and
in rare instances much later. A pupa was met with Aug. 15,
1902, and the adults have been found in New York vineyards as
late as September and even in October. The latter are probably
from belated larvae. The eggs are mostly laid in July and August
under the loose bark of last year’s wood and require a period of
about two weeks to hatch. The young grubs make no attempt to
crawl down but drop, and working under the loose soil make their
way to the small feeding roots, where under favorable conditions
they grow rapidly and after increasing considerably in size attack
the larger roots, eating away long strips of the bark [pl. 1, fig. 5].
The latter, when a large number of grubs are present, may rest
simply on a bed of borings. Many of the grubs attain nearly full
size the latter part of August or early in September. Late in the
fall the larvae descend to considerable depths, as previously noted,
construct their oval cells and pass the winter within them.
Habits of the beetle. The habits of the beetle are of special
interest because it is practicable to collect these insects and thus.
in a large measure prevent egg-laying and consequent damage
from the grubs. Professor Webster states that the beetles
normally begin to appear in northern Ohio about June 20. This
agrees closely with our observations. The season of 1902 was
remarkably late, and very few beetles were observed previous to
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
July 2, while in 1903 a few were taken June 19. Their first
appearance was on light soil, and the insects did not begin to
emerge in numbers on heavy land till nearly a week later. Our
cage experiments [see table on p. 27] show that over 92¢ of the
beetles appeared within two weeks after the first were taken,
and practically none after July 21. In other words, out
of 506 bred from under two vines, 477 emerged by July 21.
The issuing of the insects is undoubtedly considerably modi-
fied by temperature, as demonstrated by the beetles appearing in
unusually large numbers on the 26th, which was a bright, warm
day. The time of appearance and the fact that a large propor-
tion of the insects issue from the ground within two weeks are
. of much importance, if anything is to be done by collecting the
insects. The beetles appear to emerge and remain on the foliage,
particularly around buds, several days before they feed to any
extent. Breeding cage experiments have fixed this period at from
one to four days. Two beetles which actually emerged under
observation refused food till the fourth day, and it is very prob-
able that this period is nearly the normal time between the
- emergence of the beetles and feeding. A considerable number
may be found before any feeding has taken place, as is evidenced
by Mr Barden taking 12 from a vine which bore practically no
marks of their eating. The insects may be found in a field over
an extended period, which is not surprising in view of the fact
that a beetle may live over nine weeks, as demonstrated by us
this year. Some were observed by Mr T. T. Neill Sep. 4, 1902,
in a vineyard at Fredonia, and Mr F. A. Morehouse states that
he met with individuals in October 1902.
Oviposition does not occur till some days after the appear-
ance of the perfect insects, and according to breeding cage obser-
vations this period may range fromn 10 to 17 days. Our breeding
cage experiments also indicate that the insect may feed from
6 to 13 days before eggs are deposited. This period was carefully
ascertained by isolating a series of males and females and pro-
viding them with as nearly natural conditions as possible. Both
of these periods are much longer than normal, since eggs were
found by Mr Barden. in the Northrop vineyard July 9, 1902,
where beetles were present in very small numbers on the 2d.
This allows a maximum of only seven days between the appear-
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM a7
ance of the earliest insects and the laying of eggs; and, if, as
can hardly be questioned, the insects remain without taking food
for two or three days, then the time of feeding before the deposi-
tion of eggs can hardly exceed an equal period. The first beetles
were observed in 1903 on June 19, and a few contained nearly
developed eggs July 2, at which time it was very warm and there
were many pairing, and eggs were deposited a day or two later,
making about two weeks between the appearance of the first
beetles and the deposition of eggs. This period is a little longer |
than was the case in 1902, but even then does not equal our breed-
ing cage records. ‘This matter is of considerable importance
because it shows how quickly collecting must be done or poisons
must act in order to prevent the deposition of many eggs.
The feeding of the beetles occurs almost entirely on the upper
surface of the leaves and, as described by Professor Webster,
“is done by gathering a quantity of the substance of the leaf in
the mandibles and jerking the head upwards, after which the
body is moved a step forward and another mouthful of food
secured as before. After securing a few mouthfuls in this way,
they move to another place and begin again, thus eating out
numerous chainlike rows of silk net” as shown on plates 5 and
6. ‘The insects usually eat only to the lower epidermis on
- foliage having a velvety undersurface, but on others they eat
entirely through the leaf.” The beetles are shy and retiring by
nature and feed largely in sheltered places or among the grow-
ing tips, both difficult places to hit with a spray. A favorite
retreat of the insects is among the tendrils clinging to the top
wire. Many of those feeding on the leaves are easily frightened,
and when alarmed usually fold up their legs and fall .to
the ground, where they remain quiet till all danger appears to
have passed. They can spring readily either with the legs or
when inverted by suddenly opening the wing covers and pro-
jecting themselves from the hand or other support. The beetles
on the canes, however, are not so easily disturbed. They can
frequently be picked from the vine, and it requires repeated
jarring to dislodge all. This is of considerable importance when
collecting beetles with any machine, and the persistence with
which some hang to the wood is an objection to this method of
18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
controlling the insect. They are, however, much more easily
jarred from the vines on warm days.
The tendency of this species to remain in a locality for a time,
at least, is well shown in a certain vineyard at Ripley. It had
suffered very severely in earlier years from the depredations of
this pest and a portion of it was uprooted in the spring of 1902.
A small area was allowed to remain in the hope that it could be
brought back to a normal condition. A few rows next to the
- uprooted area were fed on to a very great extent by the beetles,
which had evidently emerged from the adjacent soil and made
their way to the nearest vines, where they were content to remain
and feed. The extensive injury inflicted on these vines is well
illustrated on plate 5, which shows how badly many of the leaves
were riddled. A curious fact in connection with the abundance
of the beetles on these small vines is that few or no eggs
could be found, probably due to the small amount of wood.
Observations have shown that while there is undoubtedly a con-
nection between the amount of feeding and the number of eggs
laid, such is not necessarily true of the feeding and the number
of eggs or grubs on particular vines. This is a matter of some im-
portance because many growers are inclined to estimate the num-
ber of grubs at the roots by the amount of feeding on the foliage,
whereas it frequently occurs that more grubs are found under °
vines with foliage but little eaten than under those which bear
evidence of excessive feeding. This tendency of the insects to
remain in a locality for a time is favorable to local control, since
it gives an opportunity to destroy them by collecting before there
is much dispersion. Such opportunities should be embraced
promptly, because it is well known that at times the beetles
fly to a considerable extent. Mr Schonfeldt has called the
writer’s attention to an instance where numbers of the insects
suddenly appeared on some vines close to his house. They were
so numerous that the rattling as they struck the foliage attracted
the notice of Mrs Schonfeldt, who called her husband’s attention
to the sound. The day was warm, and consequently the beetles
flew rapidly. As a rule, we believe, dispersion occurs more by a
wandering individual flight than by movements in swarms. There
is a marked tendency among the beetles to desert unthrifty vines,
probably because of the poor shelter they offer, and to attack the.
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 19
more vigorous, thrifty vineyards. It may be that a slight over-
crowding, as in the case of some other insects, impels the beetles
to flight. This means that poor vines are relatively safe, while
the better ones are liable to injury and are consequently the
places where it is most important to control the insect. These
inflying beetles will lay eggs if conditions are favorable, and the
- earlier they appear the more eggs will be deposited.
Eggs. The eggs of this insect are deposited almost entirely
under the loose bark of last year’s wood, many being found
as high as the top wire. Professor Webster states that over
700 have been taken from a single vine, and from a section 16
inches in length and an inch in diameter he took 225 eggs.
Once he found a few eggs pushed down between the earth and
the base of the vine, but we have failed to find eggs in any such
position. Beetles in confinement deposited eggs in crevices and
cavities of the wood and even on leaves. Eggs were found in the
field in 1902 as early as July 9, and oviposition was still in prog-
ress Aug. 15, and, though beeties were less abundant than three
weeks before, it was still easy to find individuals which con-
tained fully developed eggs. The first deposited in 1903 were
found about*July 3, and in our indoor breeding cages oviposition
continued till into September. Experiments were planned, both
this year and last, to determine the duration of the period of
oviposition, the time when the eggs were laid and the total num-
ber deposited by females. A number of pairs of beetles were
isolated and provided daily with fresh food. The work in 1902
demonstrated that a number of beetles might continue to deposit
eggs for a period of over 40 days, and certain individuals from
seven to 13 days. These records gave totals of 187, 141 and 106
eges for individuals. This was interesting, but it was felt that
the limit had not been reached, and consequently the studies were
conducted on a more extended scale this year, and the results
more than justified the labor, as will be seen by the appended
table. |
20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Oviposition experiments with Fidia 1903
Beetles taken at Wesijield July 2
SS ee
plant
July ~ ie i ee ce (40°) (179) (42)
5 ke Seat EY B32 je 2 Tees ~. | SSS
6 =O (aR, Bae 25 1 Sos... |e
7 eS ME OSE ere 225 |e... . | See
8 <, | OS eager pee ota 30 15 | See
9 ys Ia ap ah 30 450 150 145
10 Soe Fiber 300 175 40
11 7 Per nee, Oe Pence 400 150) cae oe
12 =) (a Rae 10 650 106 |e
13 ye eae 10 200 250 50
|. Sat RR it Ree et ee foe Free ae 150 40 25
15 SIF USAF, PRR 175 454 2 0a
it Sees 140 hee a 5 eee ne 150
ci die Maan ae oy Ra R ea ol weirs ie | 100°)... ee)
18 33 25h, etait. < 175 125 25
19-4 | oo. se et ee Le. | eee 8 25
20 SSS ea ee 20 7° 2: See 50
21 2 Aa ee ae We ee 62 175 70
eh MAIS 2 Se aaah es tp 75 25 10 40
23 44d mvGeriy Breil ee 30 oo't zo. Sine
24 = | al ee 26 200 50 75
Re ee eT: ee ee 264 50 85
26 ce eg ae ey, Emer eae 185 300 160
27 2) SCS Ee arene 70 25 25
294 eo haqesected? pile 62) . (soc eee
29 v1) ae ag ne Mie eprrmc’ 4 eee 50
SO] Se Cee nee chee ee ee 130 = a0 50
31 10 Lo ie ee 185 115 128
August 1 42 Lg Rips heey ) 25 105 54
2) 2: RO a ee ee 50 70
=e eee oe F(a LPS eye es 75
~ is aad a Sy Alldead.} ....... 16" |) ee
5. ie euagehe de, eee Aee Si \ud- fess= 130
SG oS a i eee eee 75 |. 2+: 2250) =
10 BG MA Ser! Aree: 58 18° | Sees
12 al6 ee ee eee ENE eae 95
13 2 ern novel gene ee = 123 eee 83
14 et Dea Pla eee 25 | ts. bee
Bd che eR oe $6 | « -2n-cs | eee
17 a eee 90 23 36
bi epee, it Pee neers tS eee 60. | .« ++ 22 )se0) eae
20 se ees aio) hee ar be 15 | «:..--4) ==
PMNS. CLUS Pua Saget Tarik) ste 35
22 SO Dn ga <a ee ree eeeweres 166
24 2 4 Aldea.) oo. fee. 40 15 28
2B bh .esk. woeg ph Aesth ieee eee 29): ...::.2¢ 0a
September} 2 i einen sereeme ee aan RR
~ 14 | eee] on eR Se ee ee
6 1 Te ee Mmmeesee en es eet ee
10") °O dead.) 9). 2.2 cl) te eee Pe Co
OE SS SSS Se ee —<—<$<$<—<—<_<__—__————
Totals... .. 902 342 | 156 5 664 | 2 199 1 955
Average per fe- )
BEC... es Lt inv. Sa aes eee eee 141 192 488
r a 4.307p. m.) =
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM . 21
An examination of the above record shows that one female
taken July 2 began laying eggs July 4 and from then to the 13th
deposited from 20 to 30 daily, and from the latter day onward
the eggs were laid usually at intervals of one to several days,
the periods of deposition being interspersed by intervals of feed-
ing. There seems to be a very direct connection between the
amount eaten and the number of eggs laid, which would be ex-
pected when it is remembered that a single female lived upward
of two months and during that time deposited the enormous
number of 902 eggs. This record is a striking testimory to the
care bestowed on the insects by Mr Walker, who had charge of
the breeding cage work. Analysis shows that 257, or over one
fourth of the total number, were laid during the first 10 days,
and 416, or nearly one half of the total number, in the first three
weeks. This record is undoubtedly exceptional and probably
approaches the maximum capacity of the insect, particularly in
the field. It will be seen, however, that one other female de-
posited 342 and another 156 eggs, while averages of beetles kept
in certain stock jars ranged from 141 to 192 and 488 to each
female, and an average based on the entire record gives nearly 175
for each female. This indicates that our highest record, 902, may
not be so very exceptional. A study ‘of the entire number of
eggs is not without interest, as it shows when the greatest num-
ber are deposited and consequently the time when the beetles
should be destroyed in order to obtain the maximum benefit.
A summarized table is given below.
Summary of oviposition record 1903
DATE Pair 1| Pair 5 | Pair 19 ene Pee ae eter nonce
July 4-18 321 165 55: |), 2° 987 |. L E10 435 | 5 073 45
July 19-31 179 7S nl i gies al 1 403 810 758 | 3.175 728
July 4—31 500 190 55 | 4 390 | 1 920 | 1 193 | 8 248 +73
Totals, July-
CD arerac iin.) 902 342 56s 664-2 OOP 955 (EL IS |o.. ..
Average per fe-
MUA. <a. a 274 151 GOZ, 342 156 141 192 BS Perit ao, ale toes. «mye
It will be seen from an examination of this that 5073 eggs were
deposited by all of the different beetles in the various jars be-
tween July 4 and 18 (or the first two weeks) making a total of
22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
45¢ of the entire number, and that only 3175 were deposited be-
tween July 19 and 31 (or the following 12 days). It will also
be observed that 8248 eggs were deposited by all the beetles during
the month of July, and this amounts to over 73¢ of the entire
number produced by the beetles under observation. In other
words, a very large per cent of the eggs are deposited under
normal conditions during the first two weeks after the beeties
begin to lay, or during the first three or three and one half weeks
of their existence. There is then a decided drop during the next
10 or 12 days, and a much greater falling off in the following
weeks. This record probably represents very closely indeed what
actually occurs in the field and emphasizes the necessity of de-
stroying the insects early in their career, though it will be ob-
served that considerable protection results even if the pests are
not killed till three or four weeks after they appear above ground.
The beetles which made the records both this year and last
were confined in jelly tumblers or fruit jars and were daily sup-
plied with small pieces of cane and fresh leaves. Careful records
were kept of all insects taken from the individual tumblers as
well as the large breeding jars, and, while the conditions were by
no means normal, it is manifest that valuable results were ob-
tained. In nature, it is probable that natural causes would
result in the death of many individuals early in their career, and
the same is true in the breeding jars, though deaths in the latter
are usually the result of confinement and unnatural conditions.
One to a certain extent offsets the other, and the above records
may be considered as giving a fair idea of what actually occurs
in the field. .
Our observations on eggs laid in breeding jars showed that
they are deposited in masses of from 1 to 125, the latter being
the largest number observed in one cluster. A normal egg mass
measures about 4 inch in length and less than one half that
in breadth. The somewhat concentric arrangement cf the eggs
is shown on plate 1, figure 3. The rows of eggs often over-
lap each other like shingles, and in the center of the mass there
is frequently an appearance cf two or three layers. The egg
clusters are sometimes deposited so that two thirds of the
branch is encircled, and in each case the whole mass is covered
with a sticky substance, which glues each egg to the other in
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 23
such a manner that the whole may be easily detached from the
vine, as is often the case when a strong wind is blowing. -
The duration of the egg stage was determined by repeated
observations both last year and this as from 9 to 12 days, about
one day being required for an entire mass of eggs to develop after
hatching commenced. We were also able to verify Professor
Webster’s observation on the appearance of a narrow semitrans-
parent band or line near each end of the egg four days after
oviposition. Small numbers of empty egg shells, indicating that
hatching had begun, were found in Mr G. L. Hough’s vineyard
duly 24, 1902; and it is very probable that in Mr Clyde Dean’s
vineyard at Portland, where conditions are about a week earlier,
young grubs had appeared some time béfore.
Habits of the grubs or larvae. The young larvae, after they
hatch from the eggs, drop to the ground, as observed by Professor
Webster and corroborated in our own experience. There seems
to be very little or no attempt on the part of these tiny creatures
to crawl down the stalk. A recently hatched grub is such a small
creature that it rapidly makes its way into any crevice or crack,
and when it drops on loose earth soon disappears from sight.
Karlier writers have recommended the covering of the roots of
grapevines as deeply as practicable at the time the young hatch,
so as to present more obstacles to the grubs when making their
way to the roots. This suggested to the writer some experi-
ments to determine the burrowing and traveling powers of these
little creatures. One small grub was placed on a piece of paper
at 9.27 in the morning and its wanderings carefully traced. with
a pencil till 4.43 in the afternoon. The little creature traveled
almost continuously during that entire period and showed a de-
cided tendency to turn to the left. It covered the relatively enor-
mous distance of over 47 feet in seven hours, or an average of
about 2 yards an hour. The grub was placed in a dry. vial, and
under such unfavorable conditions lived about three days. This
would seem to indicate that the little creatures can make their
way over many obstacles if not confronted by very unfavorable
conditions.
Some tests were also planned to ascertain the burrowing
_ powers of these little grubs. A glass tube 17 inches long and
4 inch in diameter was bent so that 4 inches were vertical.
It was then filled with loosely packed earth, and on July 29, 40
24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM —
recently hatched grubs were placed on the surface of the soil -
in the 4 inch vertical portion. One grub had made its way
through the entire mass of soil by July 81, another by Aug. 1,
and 11 others by the 3d, making a total of 13 which had traveled
the whole length of this tube in a period of four days.
Another 4 inch tube, 10 inches long with 34 inches vertical and
64 inches of its length horizontal was similarly packed and 13
grubs placed on the surface of the soil July 29: Four of these
had made their way throughout the entire length of the tube by
Aug. 3. Another tube 12 inches long, 4 inch in diameter, with
24 inches of its length vertical and the remainder horizontal was
filled with tightly packed soil and a number of grubs placed in
it Aug. 1. On the 7th one grub had made its way through 74
inches of this tightly packed material. It would seem from the
above experiments that, while a great many grubs undoubtedly
perish in making their way from the vine to the succulent roots
on which they feed, they are capable of overcoming great
obstacles, and the facts ascertained above at least raise a ques-
tion as to the advisability of attempting to interpose barriers
between the grub ana the roots on which it feeds.
The young larvae or grubs are undoubtedly able to exist for
some time without food. They soon make their way when pos-
sible to the young feeding roots, where they may sometimes be
found in considerable numbers. The writer, in the middle of
August 1902, succeeded in finding eight of these little creatures
under a small bunch of feeding roots. They were less than one
quarter grown, and under larger roots near them several others
were found which were about half grown. Aug. 18, 1905, quarter
and nearly full grown grubs were found in some Westfield vine-
yards. The occurrence of few half grown larvae and of con-
siderable numbers of nearly full grown individuals the middle of
September 1902 indicates that these creatures develop very
rapidly after they have found suitable roots on which to feed.
The finding of a small grub scarcely 4, inch long July 2 shows
that some do not attain their full growth in the fall, since this
individual could not have hatched from an egg laid in 1902, as
the beetles had hardly begun to appear, and that such individuals
must feed to some extent in the spring. It seems probable that
these yery small grubs produce the later emerging beetles and are
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 25
therefore responsible to a limited degree for the very extended
period during which adults are found abroad. Most of the grubs
complete or nearly complete their growth in the early fall, and on
the approach of cold weather descend deeper in the earth. Pro-
fessor Webster records finding the grubs a foot below the surface
in the spring, and our own observations indicate that they descend
nearly to that depth, where they pass the winter in small oval
cells. Their ascent in the spring occurs after the appearance of
warm weather and probably some time in early May. Experi-
ments in 1903 with grubs collected the latter part of April
demonstrated the ability of full grown and apparently half grown
larvae to complete their transformations with no more nourish-
ment than is found in ordinary garden soil in which there are no
grape roots. Those about quarter grown were not able to sur-
vive the test. On the other hand, some nearly full grown individ-
uals were observed last spring feeding on the roots to a slight
extent in our breeding cage. :
_ Pupa. Professor Webster records the finding of a very few
pupae as early as the first week in June, and Mr Barden states
that in 1902 he observed the first pupae at Ripley June 7, though
Mr Hough is of the opinion that the larvae began to transform
as early as June 4. The great majority of the insects had trans-
formed to this stage by June 23. The present season was con-
siderably more advanced than that of last year, and 90% of the
insects were in the pupal stage May 29, 1903, on light sandy loam.
_ The cells are almost entirely within 2 or 3 inches of the surface
and usually within 2 or 3 feet of the base of the vine.
The duration of the pupa stage has been stated by earlier
writers as about a fortnight and actual observations with breed-
ing cage material have enabled. us to determine this period as
from 13 to 14 days. These observations were made in the office,
where temperature conditions were uniform and rather high,
and it would not be surprising if this period was materially
extended out of doors in unusually cool weather.
The oval cells occupied by the larvae can be broken repeatedly,
and the grubs will make others, but such is not true of the pupae.
The insects are so delicate in the latter stage that the writer has
experienced great difficulty in transmitting them through the
mails, even with most careful packing. This is shown by the fact
that out of 58 mailed to Albany only 15 arrived alive; a number
26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
were carefully packed in their cells or laid on moist cotton,
otherwise the fatalities would have been much higher. Cage
experiments in the field show that from »50¢ to 75¢ or even a
larger proportion may be destroyed by timely cultivation [see
Dp. 27). These facts have a very important bearing on remedial
measures, aS will be pointed out under that head.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK IN 19038
This is a very convenient heading under which to group a num-
ber of records of work carried on under similar conditions,
yielding data which can be readily tabulated and which should
be discussed under various headings. This work was conducted
in the vineyard of Mr D. K. Falvay of Westfield, who contributed
not a little to its success.
Kight large, thrifty Concord vines of as nearly uniform size
and conditions as could be determined by examination were care-
fully covered by wire cages [pl. 7, 8] so arranged that no insects
such as Fidia could escape, ner could any enter from outside.
The cages were numbered respectively from one to five, running
from east to west. Numbers 1, 2 and 5 contained two vines each
and numbers 3 and 4 but a single vine. Number 1 was a check
cage, which was watched carefully for the purpose of comparing
with conditions obtaining in other cages. Number 2 included
two Concord vines around which the soil had been carefully hoed
at the time the majority of the insects were in the pupal stage.
The work was not more thorough than could have been done by a
horse and cultivator. The vine in number 3 was sprayed with
arsenate of lead, 1 peund to 50 gallons of water. The first appli-
cation was made June 19 and the second June 27. The work was
done by Mr Barden, who used a small hand atomizer and took
special pains in each instance to cover every portion of the foliage
so far as was possible. The vine in number 4 was sprayed with
a poisoned bordeaux mixture, 6 pounds of copper sulfate, 6
pounds of lime and 4+ pound of paris green being used to 40
gallons of water. The spraying was done by the same person and
in the same manner as in the case of cage 3. The vines in number
5 were reserved for the purpose of determining exactly when the
beetles appear above ground, and it was visited at intervals of
a few days to a week or thereabout and the beetles removed till
practically all had emerged. The tabulated record is as follows:
27
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM
"sopqe0q ON
SaT}00q Z
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28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
It will be seen, on comparison between the cage in which
cultivation occurred and the number of beetles observed in cages
1, 3, 4 and 5, that a large proportion of the insects must have
been destroyed by this means. In all probability over 50% and
possibly 75% or even more, were killed by cultivation, because we
find that on July 1 there were 141 beetles in cage 1, and in cages
3 and 4, which should be added together as each contains but
a vine, there were 162, while in cage 5 we had obtained at that
time nearly 400 insects. In cages 3 and 4, it will be observed
that there were 72 and 90 beetles respectively living July 1, 12
days after the first application of poison. One dead insect was
found in cage 3 and five wing cases, representing three individ-
uals, and another hanging in cage 4. The conditions, however,
in these two cages, as compared with the others at the same time,
were so similar that we could not be certain that the relatively
few insects found dead had been killed by poison, and the same
was true on July 6, 14 and subsequent dates. A study of the
record of captures in cage 5 showed that a very large proportion,
924, of the beetles appeared above ground within two weeks after
the first insects were observed abroad. In other words, we bred
from the soil about two vines 511 beetles, 477 appearing in the
first two weeks.
The experimental vineyard,| which was selected only after
extensive examinations in different vineyards in the Chautauqua
grape belt, appeared to be a place where the insects were rather
abundant and yet had not caused very serious injury unless it
was in the immediate vicinity of the cages. The plot selected
The cultivation of this vineyard is of interest, and data relating thereto,
kindly placed at my disposal by Mr Falvay, is’as follows: Ap. 28 the vineyard
was gang-plowed, and was horse-hoed the 30th; May 4 it was hoed by hand;
May 7 harrowed with a spring-tooth harrow; May 11, 350 pounds of kainit to
an acre applied; May 14,* one furrow on each side of the row was turned toward
the vines; May 22, the space between the furrows was cultivated; June 5,* horse-
hoed for Fidia, following with the cultivator; June 16, cultivated for Fidia.
Each process required about a day, and the cost for 5 acres. was placed at $27.
The additional cultivation (*) for Fidia amounted to $8.50. The vineyard
since Aug. 1, in addition to that given above, has been gang-plowed, harrowed
with a spring-tooth harrow and cultivated, each operation twice in a row and
one after the other and followed by cultivation with an acme harrow, The
vineyard is showing the effects of good treatment and has developed avery satis-
factory amount of wood in spite of previous root worm injury.
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 29
was the portion just south of Mr Falvay’s packing house, extend-
ing over a gravelly knoll into a loamy hollow. The region next
to the packing house contained comparatively few insects, which
was probably due in considerable measure to a neighbor’s chickens ©
working in that section. The first 24 rows south of the packing
house were reserved largely for demonstrating the effectiveness of
collecting, and no cultivation for the destruction of pupae was
allowed on its six southern rows and also on the next six rows of
the adjacent plot. The next plot of 18 rows was sprayed with
arsenate of lead, 5 pounds to 50 gallons of water. The applica-
tion was made July 26 and special pains were taken to cover the
vines as thoroughly as possible. The 11 rows south of the
arsenate of lead plot were sprayed the same day and in the same
_mmanner with poisoned bordeaux mixture, 6 pounds of copper sul-
fate, 6 pounds of lime and +} pound of paris green being used to 40
gallons of water. The next two rows were not sprayed, but were
left as checks, and the following 11, namely those just north of
the cage except one, were sprayed with an arsenate of lead mix-
ture as described above. The spraying with poisoned bordeaux
was thorough, though not quite so carefully done as in the case
of the arsenate of lead. At the time the application was made
there was a considerable evidence of feeding in the section next
the cages and also in that sprayed with the poisoned bordeaux
mixture. The row just north of the cage and that on which the
cages stood received no poison.
Insects taken by the beetle catcher. The operation of the beetle
catcher over 5 acres resulted not only in capturing a large num-
ber of Fidias but also in taking a number of other species. The
list is of interest because it indicates in a measure the excellent
cultivation and care which this vineyard has received. It will be
observed that no species appeared in any numbers compared with
those of Fidia, which fact alone is of considerable value in in-
dicating the care and clean culture given the vineyard. A few
caterpillars and other soft bodied larvae were taken but in
relatively no larger numbers, and no attempt was made to count
them. The list follows, and it will be seen that the number taken
of any species is so small that practically all may be neglected,
as regards either beneficial or injurious powers.
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
NUMBER OF VARIOUS INSECTS TAKEN IN BEETLE CATCHER
COLEOPTERA | _6 Haltica chalybea Jil., steely flea
1 Calathus gregarius Say, July 7,14,26 , beetle, June 26, July 14
1 Bradycellus rupestris Say, June 26 | 1 Crepidodera helxines Linn., June 26
2 Megilla maculata DeG., spotted lady | 1 Doryphora clivicollis Kirby, June 26
bug, July 7 4 Systena taeniata Say, pale striped
1 Coccinella 9-notata Hbst., nine spotted flea beetle, June 26
lady bug, June 26, July 7 1 Notoxus monodon Fab., June 26
1 Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls., twice | 20 Otiorhynchus ovatus Linn., ovate
stabbed lady bug, June 26 snout beetle, June 26
10 Brachyacantha ursina Fabr., June | 1 Phytonomus punctatus Fab., punc-
26, July 7 _ tured clover leaf weevil, July 1
1 Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst., plum
2 Tenebrioides corticalis Melsh., June
26 | curculio, June 26
1 Melanotus communis Gyll., June 26 1 Hylobius pales Hbst., Pales weevil,
2 Asa hes baridius Say, June 26 July 7
2 Pyropyga nigricans Say, June 26, HEMIPTERA
July 7 1 Canthophorus cinctus Beauv., July
1 Telephorus carolinus Fab.,June26 | 14
1 Hydnocera sp., June 26 _ 1 Euschistus tristigmus Say, July 1
1 Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab., rose | 1 Nezara hilaris Say, July 1, 7
beetle, June 26 | 8 lLygus pratensis Linn., tarnished
1 Pelidnota punctata Linn., spotted | plant bug, July 14
grapevine beetle, July 1, 14 | 1 Thamnotettix clitellaria Say, June 26
1 Xylotrechus colonus Fab., July 1 | Observations showed that the red-
1 Euderces picipes Fab., July 14 headed flea beetle, Systena fron-
1 Eupogonius tomentosus Hald., June | talis Fab., was somewhat abundant
26 in Sheridan vineyards July 21 and
1 Doryphora 10-lineata Say, July 14 __ relatively much more so than in and
1 Disonycha xanthomelaena Dalm., . about Westfield, where most of our
June 26 experimental work was done.
Food plants. This beetle has a comparatively restricted food
habit. It was early observed by Mr Walsh on grapevines, and
the late Professor Riley recorded its feeding on the American
redbud, Cercis canadensis. It is also known to feed
on the native Virginia creeper, Ampelopsis quinque-
folia. :
Varieties affected. The Concord, as is well known, is almost
universally grown in the Chautauqua region, and consequently is
one that has suffered to the greatest extent from injuries by this
pest, though our observations convince us that the Niagara is
even more liable to injury, and in the cases we have seen the
difference was quite marked. Referring to Ohio reports, it will
be seen that Mr Maxwell states that Wordens and Brightons were
killed first, while Concords and Catawbas were not so badly in-
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM ay
jured, and in a later report he states that renewing a vineyard
with Niagara vines seems to be quite a success. This latter point,
we think, needs further demonstration. On the other hand it
will be observed that Mr Slade considers that the Wordens and
Catawbas suffer more than the Concords. The relative liability
of different varieties to injury is probably influenced to a con-
siderable extent by location and character of the soil, specially
_ the latter, and it is therefore not surprising to meet with some
discrepancies as to the relative amount of injury they suffer.
Extended observations and probably careful experiments are
necessary before authoritative conclusions can be reached.
GRAPEBERRY MOTH
(Polychrosis botrana Schiff.)
This species is present in more or less numbers in most vine-
yards, and as it was met with in the course of our experimen-
tal work on Fidia, and since this latter gave some valuable
results on methods of controlling this fruit pest, a brief notice
of it is included. This species is specially destructive in the
vicinity of forests or in vineyards near which bushes of various
kinds, particularly sumac, are allowed to grow. It is believed to
have two generations in this country, the larvae of the first feed-
ing on the blossoms and those of the second in the fruit. There is
possibly a third brood. It is gratifying to state that we have
obtained excellent results in controlling this pest with arsenate
of lead and also the poisoned Bordeaux mixture. The spraying,
done shortly after blossoming and while the fruit was not larger
than a small pea, was primarily for the purpose of killing Fidias;
but investigation this fall shows that it was much more effective
in destroying young of the grapeberry moth, since there is cer-
tainly 50¢ less damage to fruit on sprayed than on unsprayed
rows, even when the two are side by side. The difference was so
marked that it was easily observed, and in walking between the
treated and untreated areas, it was not hard to find infested
-clusters on the one side while on the other they were much less
abundant. It was also observed that not only was this insect
checked by spraying but the foliage was benefited by the treat-
ment, having a better color and remaining on the vines a longer
time.
Our experiments were in Mr D. K. Falvay’s vineyard, and he
informs us that last year a section of six or seven rows in his
32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
vineyard next tc a lot of sumac and other bushes, was so badly
infested by this worm, that no attempt was made to pick it. The
wild growth was cut away last winter and burned, and the fruit
on these rows was no more infested this year than that of any
other section of the vineyard.
_ We therefore advise clean culture, specially the destruction of
bordering hedges and adjacent miscellaneous forest growths and
the burning of debris in a vineyard, in order to lessen shelters
where the insect may pass the winter. It is advisable to locate
vineyards when possible at some distance from woods, and where-
ever they are infested to any extent by this pest, spray with an
arsenical at least once after blossoming.
NATURAL ENEMIES
This serious grapevine pest is subject to attack by several
natural enemies. Two interesting species of egg parasites, bear-
ing the scientific names Fidiobia flavipes Ashm. and
Brachysticha fidiae Ashm., were bred from eggs of
this insect by Professor Webster in 1894, and in 1896 he ex-
pressed the belief that a marked decrease in numbers of the
Fidia was possibly due to the work of these parasites. Pro-
fessor Webster also observed a small brown aunt, Lasius
brunneus var. alienus, feeding on the eggs, and a
small mite, provisionally identified for Professor Webster by Dr
George Marx, as Tyroglyphus phylloxerae P. &BR,,
extracting the contents of several eggs in succession, and also
a smalier mite resembling Hoplophora arctata Riley.
Another mite, Heteropus ventricosus Newport, was
met with by Professor Websier in 1896 who credits it with being
quite destructive to the eggs of this pest. One of these small
mites, probably a species of Tyroglyphus, was observed in our
breeding cages feeding ot the pupae, one being almost entirely
destroyed. |
Several predaceous insects were found by us during field
work, specially when digging for larvae in the early spring. The
grubs of some carabid beetle were observed to be about two
thirds aS numerous as those of Fidia during the last of April,
and it is very probable that they prey on this species. We
were unable to bring any of the carabids to maturity. A small
beetle, Staphylinus vuJpinus Nordm., was associated
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 25,
with Fidia grubs and possibly preys on them. The ljarva of an
aphis lion, Chrysopa species, was observed by the writer investi-
gating under loose bark where eggs were present, and it is not
at all improbable that these insects destroy many.
REMEDIAL MEASURES
It was felt when this study was undertaken that there was a
lack of definite knowledge regarding methods of controlling this
insect and it was accordingly planned to make a thorough test
of those advised as well as to experiment in other directions.
Some of these investigations gave results which appear to have a
positive value, while others only proved certain measures com-
paratively useless.
Destroying the pupae. There is no doubt as to the benefits of
cultivating vineyards for the purpose of destroying the pupae,
if the operations are properly carried out. In the first place,
plan to have a moderately high ridge of firm earth about the base
of the vines the latter part of May, so that the grubs will come
well above the roots before transforming to the pupal or “ turtle ”
stage. Then adjust operations so that horse-hoeing away from
the vines will come early in June, thus avoiding special cultiva-
tion for the purpose of destroying the insects. It may be found,
however, that some adjustment of the cultivator, so that it will
work a little deeper, or a little extra care in keeping the im-
plement close to the vine, will materially increase the efficiency
of this operation. In 1902 our attention was called in the early
part of June to a vineyard where there were from 50 to 60 grubs
about many of the vines, while repeated search the latter part of
the same month failed to discover more than three or four pupae
under a vine and in many cases not a specimen. In the interval
this vineyard had been carefully cultivated for the purpose of
destroying the pupae, and we are of the opinion that this prac-
tice was largely responsible for the scarcity of the insects. This is
further substantiated by our cage experiments in 1903 [see p. 27]
_ which show that from 504 to 75¢ or more of the pupae can be killed
by cultivation no more thorough than that given by horse im-
plements. These data lead us to believe that much can be ac-
complished by planning cultural operations so that the vineyard
will be horse-hoed at the time when the majority of the insects
34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
are in the pupal or “turtle” stage. This operation may well be
deferred till some of the more advanced insects begin to brown a
little or even till a very few have changed to beetles, and its
efficiency can be further enhanced by repeating the cultivation,
with a spring-toothed harrow, about a week or 10 days after in
order to catch some of the later transforming individuals. There
may be a difference of a week or more in the development of the
insects in a vineyard, and this means that each grower should
know the pupa and watch for its appearance. This variation is
due largely to the character of the soils, as some warm up much
more rapidly than others, and the final changes to beetles occur
correspondingly quick.
Coilecting beetles. This method of controlling the grapevine
root worm did not promise much when it was first attempted.
Professor Webster had either not considered it worth trying
or had found it of comparatively little value, and Dr Marlatt did
not even mention it in his recommendations. Professor Slinger-
land made the guarded statement in 1902 that it may be prac-
ticable in some cases to jar the beetles into a collecting apparatus,
but he apparently had little faith in the plan, except when the
insects could be jarred to the ground where they wouid be eaten
by chickens.
Mr J. J. Barden, working under the writer’s directions in 1902,
found that, even with a plain cloth-covered frame several feet
sguare and with a small slit in one side, so that it could be slipped
uuder a vine, large numbers of the insects could be collected.
With this crude apparatus he was able to capture a quart of
beetles in about two hours. This indicated that much better
results could be secured with a more elaburate apparatus; and
with the aid of Mr G. L. Hough he constructed a modified form
of the Curculio catcher, which is represented on plate 9. The
.machine is 6 feet long and 3 feet wide at the top, with vertical
ends and the sides sloping to a trough about 38x8x72 inches.
A central slit about 3 inches wide was cut in the side opposite
the handles and the whole mounted on a two wheeled frame. —
The long trough is subdivided by a few transverse partitions,
and these spaces are partly filled with kerosene and water.
The sides, ends and trough are constructed of galvanized iron —
and strengthened with iron straps as shown in the figure. The
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 35
wheels are from a toy cart and the handles and frame are home-
made. The method of operation is simply to wheel the machine
between the rows, and then, elevating the handles, to slip the
farther side under the wire, and the trunk of the vine entering
the slit permits the placing of the machine directly under the
vine. It then remains for the operator to jar the insects off. Mr
Barden found that it required several shakings to dislodge all
the beetles. In one case he succeeded in catching 64 by jarring
a vine once. It was found advantageous to have three machines
operating together and placed simultaneously under adjacent
vines. This arrangement facilitated the work very greatly and
reduced to a minimum the beetles jarred from vines before a ma-
chine could be placed under them.
This method appealed so strongly to Mr Hough, who by the
way is a very practical business man, that he used it daily for
a time on certain badly infested vines, and found that, in the
case of the third jarring, he did not get over three or four
beetles to a vine, whereas at the first operation 40 to 50 were
secured and 15 or 20 at the second jarring. An examination
in this vineyard July 24 showed that the beetles were not nearly
so abundant as two weeks before, largely due to four collectings
in two weeks. The Hough beetle catcher was further tested in
19038, with the result that 1343 beetles were taken June 26 from
approximately 110 vines, or an average of over 12 toa vine. The
principal difficulty with this device is the relatively large amount
of time consumed in placing it under a vine and making the
necessary jarrings.
Collecting beetles, if rapidly done, appeared to be a feasible
method of checking this pest and our plans contemplated a rigid
test of its possibilities in 1903. Mr F. A. Morehouse of Ripley
designed an improved form of catcher, the essential idea of which
is continual motion and jarring. We arranged to have one built
and thoroughly tested, believing the situation justified the experi-
ment, and the results have been most gratifying. This
machine, illustrated on plates 10, 11, 12, is essentially a
pair of troughs on wheels and is drawn through the vine-
yard astride the row. The troughs are connected over the vine
by bracing arms and wires (placed high enough to clear all
_posts) and are hung by 4 inch iron rods, which permit the side
36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Springs to push the troughs under the vines so that their inner
edges are close to the stems or posts as the case may be. The
outer slope of each trough is a 3 foot strip of oilcloth stretched
over a frame, while the inner is a 10 inch rubber belt 11 feet long.
These sloping sides guide the insects so that they fall into the
eaves trough, which is divided into small sections by a number of
water-tight compartments each of which contains a quantity of
water with a small amount of kerosene floating on its surface.
The whole machine, as will be seen by the illustrations, is a home-
made affair, and was built simply to test the practicability of the
idea. The dimensions are as follows: length 12 feet, width 5 feet,
hight 7$ feet, length of trough 11 feet, of runners for same 12
feet, diameter of wheels 24 feet. It can undoubtedly be made
considerably more efficient; the troughs, for example, should be
broader in order to accommodate more insects and debris. The
common wooden springs could be replaced by steel ones and the
rough wooden wheels by well made wooden or iron ones, and,
instead of being on a fixed axle, it would be a decided advantage
if they were on a swivel axle. All these improvements can be
easily made later in case the machine commends itself to
growers. This device was drawn over two rows of approximately
120 vines and took therefrom 1583 beetles, or an average of about
18 to a vine. This was at a time when not over 17 could be
counted on a vine, though there were probably more. The entire
operation consumed less than 20 minutes, and, somewhat to our
surprise, the efficiency of the machine appears to be a little higher
than that of the Hough beetle catcher. It was also operated over
nine other rows and 3300 beetles secured, an average of about
six to a vine. These rows were not quite so badly infested as the
two mentioned above. The record of collecting with this machine,
in addition to that above, is of interest and is given herewith.
July 2, 2650 beetles were taken from two check rows, which
were in reality but one and one half rows, owing to many of the
vines being very small and some missing. June 30 and July 1,
72,000 beetles were captured with this machine from all the ex-
perimental plots. July 7, 34,550 and July 14, 8380. Comparing
the last three catchings, which were all from the entire area,
it will be seen that there is a decrease of over 50% between the
eatch of July 1 and 7 and that the catch of the 14th was less
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 37
than 25¢ of the catch on the 7th. About 154,900 beetles were
taken from this area of approximately 5 acres, 3 of which were
much less infested than the 2 next the experimental cages. This
means that an average of 59 beetles was secured from each vine
in spite of the fact that a considerable proportion of the area had
been previously cultivated for the special purpose of destroying
the pupae. These figures give some idea of the immense number
of insects which must have been in the vineyard when work was
begun last spring. |
As further evidence of the value of collecting for this insect,
it may be interesting to state that last spring, sample diggings
under different vines in the experimental area, gave from 8 to
50 or more grubs or as calculated from 60 to 400 or more to a vine,
in one case it was estimated that there were fully 1000 under a
single yine. Sample diggings in October resulted in obtaining
no grubs from three vines, one only from each of three, and two
only from two others, indicating that there were very few which
had more than 12 or 15 grubs, and that, in all probability, the
number to each vine would hardly exceed eight or nine. In other
words, cultivating and collecting in one season reduced the num-
ber of grubs about 987. These figures are sufficiently striking,
so that no further comment is necessary on the efficiency of
collecting and destroying the beetles; in fact, this vineyard after
one season’s work may be considered more free from the pest
than almost any other in that section, and it will compare very
favorably with those in places where Fidia has caused practically
no injury. .
Our experience with collectors has demonstrated the practica-
bility of catching the beetles, and we recommend this operation
for all badly infested sections, and that the collecting be begun
as soon as the beetles appear on the vines in any number, say,
when there are 12 or 15 on one. The operation should then be
repeated at intervals of five to seven days till the vines have
been gone over two, three and possibly four times, dependent
somewhat on the number of insects which are captured. It will
be found that it is much easier to catch the beetles on warm
days, when it should be done, than in cool weather.
38 | NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
It may be added that the efficacy of a machine of this char-
acter could be materially increased by the adoption of various
devices which would tend to lessen the open spaces under the
vines and to increase the length of the catching surface. It is
interesting in this connection to note that vineyardists in Mis-
souri have been resorting to various catching devices for the
protection of their vines from this pest. Many of them employ
simple sheets and jar the beetles on them, while others are using
a wheelbarrow arrangement on the suggestion of Professor
Stedman.
Mr R. S. Blowers, of Portland, after examining the work of
our beetle catcher at Westfield, constructed a very effective and
cheap device [pl. 18], which is at least worthy of illustration
and comment in this connection.
Its essential features are two long frame troughs covered with
oilcloth, which hangs over an eaves trough divided into water-
tight compartments, as in the ordinary catcher. These two sec-
tions are each 24 feet long, the outer edge about 3 feet high,
while the inner edge is approximately 18 inches high, and each
is braced so that a man can pick it up at the center and move
it toward or away from the vines. The original pian was to
carry it through the vineyard and place it between the posts,
jarring the vines and continuing in this manner. This was found
rather laborious, and the work was made lighter by the con-
struction of a pair of low bobsleds, fastened together by wires
so that each was about 6 feet from the end of the trough, which
at this point was provided with a transverse broad base so that
it would rest on the bob without tipping. The inner edge of
each bob was also provided with a small roll, so that the operator,
by tipping the trough slightly toward the row, could roll the
entire structure under the vines and, after jarring was completed,
could roll it back. A horse was used to draw each half of the
collector, and in this way about 3 acres a day could be gone over.
This collector has the advantage of being comparatively cheap,
since the outside expense for it would not exceed $9 for each half,
or a total of $18. Most of the material, except the oilcloth, can
usually be found around a farm, and the actual outiay, if the
vineyardist made it himself, would be very little.
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 39
The late Prof. C. V. Riley, in his report for 1868, calls atten-
tion to the fact that one man whose vineyards were very badly
infested by this insect had trained his chickens to go between
the vines and pick up the beetles as they were dislodged by
jarring. Mr F. A. Morehouse of Ripley, who has many chickens
in the near vicinity of his vineyard, has practised the same thing
with excellent results. The only trouble is that this method
has a comparatively limited application, since it is not always
practical to have chickens in large vineyards.
Arsenical poisons. A number of experiments were tried with
arsenical poisons in 1902 for the purpose of ascertaining their
efficiency in controlling this species. Two brands of arsenate of
lead and paris green were used. Breeding cage experiments with
arsenate of lead, using 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water, showed
that seven days were required to kill 9 out of 10 beetles, and
that, when 4 pounds of the poison were used to the same amount
of water, all of the insects were killed within eight days. The
Spraying in both instances occurred July 5, and the record is as
follows:
2 POUNDS OF ARSENATE OF LEAD TO 50 GALLONS OF WATER
July 7, 6 beetles dead July 10, another beetle dead
3 3 alive July 11 i
1 missing July 12 ig ee
4 POUNDS ARSENATE OF LEAD TO 50 GALLONS OF WATER
July 7, 4 beetles dead July 10, another dead
July 9, 4 more dead July 13 4
It will be seen by examining the above records that in the
case of the first over half were killed within 48 hours after the
spraying, and in the second less than half within 48 hours and
four fifths within four days. It should be added that in the
_ above experiments the leaves were sprayed very thoroughly and
the poison allowed to dry before the treated foliage was placed
in the cage.
The breeding cage experiments with paris green were less
successful than those with arsenate of lead, and, though in one
experiment 20% of the beetles were killed within 48 hours after
40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
spraying the leaves with 1 pound of the poison and 1 pound of
lime to 100 gallons of water, and 40% more died within four days
after the spraying, the general results were not at all satis-
factory, and the reason therefor can not be given.
The breeding cage experiments with arsenate of lead would
lead one to expect most excellent results in the field, but such
was not the case last year, though this may have been
due to the fact that the spraying was done shortly before
considerable rain fell, and was followed by nearly daily precipi-
tations. The initial application was made July 8, 1902, and
repeated the 9th, the rain of the preceding day making it ad-
visable to go over the entire field a second time. The ground at
the time the spraying was done was so wet that it was almost
impossible to drive a team slowly enough to do good work. Care-
ful search in the vineyard eight days after failed to reveal a
single dead beetle. July 31 there were plenty of beetles and
many eggs in Mr Northrop’s vineyard, where the vines had been
sprayed. The necessity of two sprayings resulted in the applica-
tion of considerable poison, and about five weeks after the treat-
ment it was seen that the sprayed vines had developed very little
new growth as compared with untreated ones. There was no
perceptible burning, yet the edges of the leaves were somewhat
crumpled, and it is very probable that the poison checked the
development of the more tender shoots.
The breeding cage experiments in 1902 led us to expect excel-
lent results in the field, and our not obtaining the same after
making two applicaticns was attributed largely to the exces-
sively wet weather, which not only washed off the poison but
interfered with work in the vineyard. Similar experi-
ments in 1903 gave even less satisfactory results than the year
before. It required nine days to kill three out of five beetles.
Arsenate of lead and poisoned bordeaux mixture were severely
tested in caged outdoor vines, as detailed on page 26, 27. It will -
be seen by consulting the record that, though the vines were
sprayed thoroughly on both June 19 and 27, there were fully as
many living beetles on both July 1, 18 days after the first appli-
cation, as on the two vines in the check cage, and the same was
true July 21. Careful observation, during the remainder of the
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 41
period when beetles were to be found in cages, failed to disclose
any substantial difference between the insects on the poisoned
vines and those on the untreated ones. These cage experiments
were further supplemented, as detailed on page 29, by exten-
Sive spraying. This was done June 25, and July 1 no dif-
ference could be detected between the sprayed and the un-
sprayed vines. This, in connection with our cage experiments,
led us to abandon reluctantly further outdoor tests, and the
poisoned areas were collected over in order to prevent what we
deemed would be an extensive deposition of eggs. In other words,
no experiments, other than those confined to small tumblers where
the beetles could obtain absolutely nothing except poisoned
foliage, gave results which are at all decisive. The reasons for
this are several: the beetles do not succumb readily to poison,
and being more or less secretive by nature, feed to a considerable
extent on under leaves and in concealed situations where it is
difficult to throw the spray. In addition they have a marked
tendency to feed on the more tender leaves, which at the time
spraying should be done appear almost daily. on vigorous vines.
These factors make it very difficult to control the insect.
The most decisive results obtained with an arsenical spray are
those published by Mr John W. Spencer of Westfield, in the
issue of the Grape Belt for July 24, 1903, in which he gives some
definite figures in favor of spraying. Our only regret in this
connection is that his experiments were not conducted on rapidly
growing vines, because in our judgment these need protection
much more than those in poor condition and on which the insects,
as previously pointed out, can not be controlled nearly so
readily. |
_ Several vineyardists sprayed their vines in 1903 for the pur-
pose of controlling this insect, and as it was stated by various
growers that the poison applications had been successful, at their
request these vineyards were inspected by us the first week in
October, and much to our regret, we found that the reported good
results were more apparent than real.
An examination in the vineyard of Mr Frank Monfort, of Broc-
ton, resulted in finding 5, 45, 10 and 9 grubs respectively under
as many Concord vines. The first record relates to a
4? NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
vine which had very poorly developed roots, and consequently
was not a fair sample of conditions in the vineyard.
Mr Monfort not only sprayed his vineyard twice with a power
sprayer, making the first application at the time the beetles ap-
peared and the second a week later, but went to the additional
trouble of going over the entire area carefully with a hand pump
for the purpose of spraying any which the machine might have
missed. He certainly tried to do a thorough job, and yet sample
diggings in an adjacent vineyard belonging to Mr Morse gave
respectively 3, 6, 3, 6, 16 and 9 grubs under different vines. The
two latter records could hardly be compared with those in Mr
Monfort’s vineyard because they were fully + mile distant and
relate to vines which were much more healthy and vigorous.
It may be claimed that this is not a fair test of the poison and
to a certain extent this is true, yet these are results obtained by a
practical man in an earnest effort to reduce the pest, and as they
agree with our own experience are not without value. The differ-
ence between 75 and 150 grubs under a vine, and 5 to 12 or there-
abouts, represents in our mind the relative efficiency of collecting
and poison sprays, and our judgment is that these figures mark
the difference between protection and serious injury.
The evidence concerning the efficacy of poisons in Ohio, as
pointed out on a preceding page, is somewhat contradictory.
Reporting on work done in 1899 Professor Webster states that
an examination of sprayed fields showed nothing to indicate
that arsenate of lead would not prove entirely effective. This
differs from some later experiments performed under his direc-
tion by Messrs Newell and Burgess, the unpublished records of
which through the kindness of Prof. P. J. Parrott have been
placed at my disposal. The summary of this later work is as
follows: :
‘‘ Where beetles were abundant last year and vines seemingly
badly injured and the arsenate of lead or disparene used this
year (1900) few vines have died and ali appear in a more healthy
condition, but this is true also where none of these insecticides
were used, beetles appearing later and in less numbers than for
several years.” Professor Webster, at the writer’s request, has
commented on the above experiments as follows. He states that
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 43
early results, though satisfactory, were not thought by him to be
conclusive, and that a marked decrease in the number of the
beetles vitiated later experiments to some extent, so that he did
not consider them as either conclusive in themselves or as dis-
proving the earlier work of Mr Mally. He states that arsenate of
lead must be tried thoroughly several times where conditions are
such as to enable one to obtain decisive results either one way
or the other before it will be safe to make definite statements.
Professor Stinson reports only fair success in destroying the
beetles with poisons in Arkansas.
It seems very probable, therefore, that some of the Ohio
growers have been led to attribute the relative scarcity of these
beetles to the use of poison whereas it may have been due almost
entirely to natural conditions.
Mr T. S. Clymonts states that in his experience spraying with
bordeaux mixture has proved of some benefit, since the beetles
prefer untreated vines and will migrate to them if near by.
Mr J. W. Maxwell, Euclid O., writing under date of Aug. 29,
1903, states that he called Prof. F. M. Webster’s attention to the
insect in 1893 and adds that in all his experience, now extending
over a decade, he has not found a poison that will “ exterminate ”
the insects, or, in other words, that has given satisfactory results.
Prof. F. M. Webster has recently called our attention to a
case in Bloomingion I1l., where the owner of a badly infested
vineyard, began spraying thoroughly with arsenate of lead. He
says that the vineyard at the outset was in very poor shape, that
now it is returning to somewhere near its normal condition, and
that he fails to find the slightest indication of beetles except on
one or two vines. This has been accomplished within two or
three years; and the owner, Mr J. L. Lampe, attributes it to the
use of the insecticide, with which Professor Webster is inclined
to coincide. Our experience with the pest suggests that possibly
many of the insects may have forsaken this vineyard because of
its poor foliage and gone to others where there was better shelter,
and that therefore the protection afforded by the arsenate of
lead may have been overestimated. In a later com-
munication, Professor Webster states that he has found great
numbers of dead beetles under sprayed vines and none under those
44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
free from poison, a fact that shows that some protection is
afforded. This, however, was in a vineyard which had been seri-
ously injured and was therefore not making much growth.
We have been to considerable pains in looking up evidence
both for and against arsenical poisons and the above summary
of results obtained in Ohio, in connection with the work done
-in New York and elsewhere, leads us to the conclusion that,
while the arsenical spray may, under certain conditions, give
some protection from this insect, either by driving away the
beetles or possibly killing them, we are by no means certain that
this will result, specially in the case of more thrifty vineyards,
and we are inclined to believe that in some instances the bene-
fits resulting from poison applications have been greatly overesti-
mated. We do know, on the other hand, that collecting and kill-
ing the insects, if it be done early enough, means protection, and
for the present we prefer to recommend the latter method of fight-
ing the pest rather than to indorse the use of a poison, the general
utility of which has not been proved for Fidia. Enough
has been done to warrant more extended work with poisons and
it may be that another year or two will enable us to determine
their true value. 7
Destruction of the eggs. This seemingly difficult operation wa
accomplished by Mr William Barden of Ripley by rubbing the
canes with a gloved hand. He found that most of the eggs
were deposited on the middle shoots, and that the great majority
of them were crushed by rubbing. The operation, though slow,
is not necessarily very expensive, as a man could go over approxi-
mately an acre a day without difficulty.
We have also conducted some experiments to test the resistance
of the eggs to insecticides and have learned that a whale oil soap
solution, 1 pound to 4 gallons of water, has no effect on them.
It is doubtful if they can be destroyed with a spray. The
extended period during which eggs are deposited, however,
renders Mr Barden’s method of controlling the insect of some-
what questionable value, and its employment can be advised only
when a vineyard is found to be badly infested with eggs, and
there is, therefore, no other method of getting at the insects
before the grubs commence their operations.
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 45
Pulverizing the soil and mounding. Prof. F. M. Webster, as a
result of his studies, advised thorough cultivation of the soil
during the hatching period, taking special pains to keep it
banked up over the roots. Professor Webster’s idea was that
the young insects dropping in the dry sand would be quickly
destroyed wherever exposed to the sun, that the looseness of the
surface layers would prove a serious hindrance to their burrow-
ing, and that the increased depth over the roots would also pro-
vide an additional barrier to the grubs. Thorough cultivation
is undoubtedly a most excellent thing, and the additional vigor
arising therefrom is a valuable asset in enabling the vine to
withstand very serious injury. Our experiments on the travel-
ing and burrowing powers of these little grubs, however, lead
us to believe that this measure, so far as preventing access to
the roots is concerned, is not of much value. This is confirmed
somewhat by the experience of Mr T. 8S. Clymonts, who states
that a seriously injured vineyard can be renewed by thorough
cultivation, and that he has experienced no difficulty in doing
this with fiat cultivation. In fact, Mr Clymonts is of the opinion
that mounding the earth about the vines is injurious in other
ways and therefore does not advise it. He recommends cutting
back the vines to the living wood, enriching the land liberally
with stable manure and applying about a barrel of salt to the
acre. Then he cultivates with a disk harrow or other tool which
will not stir the earth to a great depth, since he believes that
deep plowing cuts off a large number of roots and is very
injurious to the vines. He states that in several cases known to
him where this has been done and fiat culture adhered to, badly
damaged vineyards have been restored to a very satisfactory
condition.
Carbon bisulfid. Prof. F. M. Webster instituted some rather
extensive experiments with carbon bisulfid against this insect,
and the summary of his results is as follows. He found that
the substance could not be used to advantage in soil that was
very dry or saturated with water, and that it must be used in
that which is damp. He states that the most satisfactory
results will probably follow its use in the spring, in a damp
soil, when it is applied in such a manner as to fumigate the
46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
roots without the fluid coming in contact with them. He
recommends from 4 to 6 ounces for each vine and states that
it is not possible to kill every worm»about a vine, and that it
is doubtful if the low price then current for fruit would justify
its use. Growers in the vicinity of Cleveland have not used
this insecticide to any extent since the time Professor Webster
made his experiments, and they give the high cost as the reason
for its not being adopted. It should also be added that con-
siderable care is necessary or the vines will be severely injured.
Kerosene emulsion. Several writers have advised killing the
grubs at the base of the vines by the use of a kerosene emulsion,
which is to be washed to a greater depth by copious watering
or subsequent rain. We have seen very few cases where the
grubs were congregated sufficiently to warrant any attempt at
killing them in this manner, and it hardly appears practical in a
large vineyard. )
Crude petroleum. It was hoped that it would be possible to
destroy the grubs of this pest by the application of this sub-
stance to the soil, and there seemed a chance of using it to
prevent the young larvae from making their way to the roots.
Some experiments in the office, however, demonstrated that the
grubs easily penetrated soil which had the surface layers moist-
ened by a fine spray of the oil, specially if placed on the soil 30
minutes to half a day or more after treatment. This substance
appears to have very little value in controlling this insect.
Effect of calcium carbid refuse on grubs. Our attention was
called to this substance by the statement that it had proved
very valuable against the Phylloxera in France. Some of the
material was kindly sent us from the Union Carbide Co.’s
plant at Niagara Falls, and various experiments with the grubs
were tried. One part of this substance mixed with 10 pounds
of soil was placed in a box and some grubs added. One was
dead the next day after having burrowed about + inch and two
others went to the depth respectively of 14 and 2 inches. No
additional fatalities occurred even after 10 days. Several other
experiments gave the same general results, and apparently we —
can have no hopes of this substance being of value in this particu-
lar case.
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 47
Recommendations. Apparently no one method can be relied
on to control this insect, and our recommendations may be sum-
marized as follows. Plan cultural operations so that a firm ridge
_of earth may be horse-hoed from the vines or otherwise cultivated
_or disturbed when the great majority of the insects are in the
pupal stage and take special pains to stir the soil thoroughly in
the near vicinity of the stem. Thorough cultivation and well en-
riched soil will do much in aiding the vines to withstand attack.
This, supplemented by collecting beetles, particularly with a de-
vice which will catch them without the delay incident to stopping
at each vine, is advisable on badly infested areas during the first
two weeks after the adult insects appear in any numbers. The
latter may possibly be supplemented or replaced by thorough
spraying with an arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead,
when the beetles begin to appear. Evidence at hand regarding
spraying for this insect is not satisfactory, and for the present
we prefer to limit cur indorsement to above named methods of
known value. We believe that these two courses, intelligently
applied, afford a most feasible and thoroughly practical solution
of the difficulty. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1886 Walsh, B. D. Pract. Ent. 1:99. (Injurious in Kentucky)
1867 Pract. Ent. 2:87-88, fig. (Original description and
observations on habits and allied species)
1867 -—— Pract. Ent. 2:118. (Injurious in St Louis and
Bluffton Mo.)
1868 Riley, C. V. Noxious, Beneficial and other Insects of
Missouri. 1st Rep’t, p.182-33. (Brief general notice) ; same in
Mo. State Board Agric. 4th Rep’t 1868, 1869.
1870 ——- Amer. Ent. and Botanist, 2:307, fig. 188. (Re-
ceived from Bunker Hill Mo.)
1872 Kridelbaugh, 8. H. Ia. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t 1871, p.159.
(Injurious to leaves, remedies)
1873 Crotch, G. R. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 24 :33-34. (De-
scribed as F. murina)
1879 Stout, 0. E. Kan. State Hort. Rep’t 9:89. (Brief notice)
1885 Lefevre, Ed. “ Catalogus Eumolpidarum ” Soc. Roy. Sci.
Liege Mem. Ser. 2, v.11, separate, p.76. (Described as F.
lurida)
48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
1892 Horn, G. H. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. -9:198. (Synonymy
and distribution )
1894 Howard, L. 0. Insect Life, 7:48. (Injurious in Ohio)
1894 Webster, F. M. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Newspaper bul.
140; Ohio Farmer, Sep. 27, p.257. (Injurious at Lawrence, Kan.) ;
Oct. 4, p.277. (Injuries in Kansas) ; ——- Oct 25, p.337.
(Life history and results of experiments) ; ——~ Nov. 1, p.357.
(Carbon bisulfid and enemies) ; ——— Dec. 6, 27, p. 4538, 505.
(Remedial measures, distribution)
1895 Dille, W. W. Ohio Farmer, June 20, p.497. (Review
Walsh & Riley life history, completes life history) ; ——— July 11,
p.37. (Results of experiments)
1895 Webster, F. M. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 62, p.77—95.
(Detailed account of investigations) ; Ohio State Hort. Soc. An.
Rep’t 189495, p.16-19. ipl. (Summary account) ; Ohio Farmer,
Aug. 22, p.147. (Identified from Kansas)
1896 Marlatt, C. L. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Yearbook 1895.
p.391-93. (Brief general account)
1896 Murtfeldt, M. E. Colemans Rural World, March, p.97.
1896 Smith, J. B. Ent. News, 7:82-83. (Comments on value
of arsenical poisons)
1896 Stinson, J. T. Ark. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 43, p.114-16.
(Injurious in Arkansas. Brief notice)
1896 Webster, F. M. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 6 n. s.
p-69. (Decrease in numbers possibly due to egg parasites and
a mite)
1897 —— & Mally, C. W. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 9
n.s. p.44-45. (Tobacco dust and kainit ineffective)
1898 Marlatt, C. L. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Farmers bul. 70, p.9—il.
(Reprint from yearbook for 1895)
1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p.223—24.
(Brief notice) ; same in Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t, p.139-41.
1899 Webster, F. M. & Mally, C. W. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div.
Ent. Bul. 20 n. s. p. 70. (Insect unusually abundant, serious
injuries at Bloomington I11.)
1900 Slingerland, M. V. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul.
184, p.18-82. (Record of injurfes in New York and general com-
piled account, after Webster)
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM 49
1900 Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p.308. (Occurs
throughout New Jersey and on Staten Island on grape and
Ampelopsis)
1900 Webster, F. M. Ohio State Hort. Soc. Rep’t 1899, p.771.
(Arsenate of lead apparently very effective)
1901 Howard, L. 0. U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul 30 n. s.
p.97. (Serious injuries at Bloomington I11., continued)
1902 Felt, E. P. Country Gentleman, May 15, 67:413. (Brief
general account with outlines of proposed experiments) ; ——
July 10, p.574-75. (Pupae readily destroyed by cultivation) ;
State Entomologist. 17th Rep’t 1901, 1902, p.733-34, fig. 8
(established about Ripley, collected about Albany in 1880), p.887
(partial bibliography); same in East. N. Y. Hort. Rep’t. 6th
An. Meeting 1902, p.215-16; U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul.
37 n. 8s. p.102-3. (Injuries in Chautauqua grape belt)
1902 Slingerland, M. V. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 208.
(Investigations and remedies)
1903 Felt, E. P. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 59, p.49-84. (Detailed
account, specially of recent work) ; same in Grape Belt, issues for
Jan. 9, 13, 20, 27 and Feb. 3 and 10; Country Gentleman, Mar. 19,
68:255. (Corrects reported error); N. Y. State Fruit Growers
Ass’n. Rep’t. 1903, p. 94. (Brief account) ; Grape Belt, J une 16,
p.2. (Remedial measures) ; American Agriculturist, June 20, 71:
648. (Injuries and remedies); Grape Belt, June 26, p. 1, 6.
(Habits of beetles, efficiency of destroying pupae, value of beetle
catchers) ; Grape Belt, June 30, p. 4. (Beetles bred from two
vines, efficacy of catchers) ; Grape Belt, Sep. 4, p.1. (Brief sum-
mary of observations and experiments); same in Jamestown
Journal, Sep. 4, p. 1; also in Country Gentleman, Sep. 24, 68 :828;
Grape Belt, Oct. 20, p.1. (Results obtained by collecting beetles
and spraying) }
1903 Slingerland, M. V. Grape Belt, June 19. (Summary of
present conditions)
1903 Spencer, J. W. Grape Belt. July 24. (Results with
arsenate of lead)
50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
Plate 11
1 Beetle, much enlarged
2 Leaf badly riddled by the beetle
3 Eggs on last year’s wood; the loose bark has been lifted so
as to expose them
Larva or grub, much enlarged
Work of larva or grub on larger roots
Pupa or “turtle stage” in cell
Same much enlarged
AD oP
Plate 2
Vineyard somewhat injured by Fidia, August 1903
Healthy vineyard with vigorous foliage, August 1903
font
Ls)
Plate 3
Vineyard badly injured by the grapevine root worm. Observe
that very few of the vines extend to the top wire. The wires and
posts would ordinarily be concealed in a thrifty vineyard.
Plate 4
Vineyard more seriously infested than the preceding. A por-
tion of this was uprooted last spring, and the area shown was
kept simply for experimental purposes.
Plate 5
Portion of two vines represented on the preceding plate and
showing how badly the beetles may eat the foliage when abundant.
Plate 6
Leaves from badly eaten vine, illustrating the peculiar, chain-
like eaten areas
Plate 7
Biesdhie cages, distant view, showing also the ecneraie con-
dition of the experimental area, June 1903
Plate 8
Breeding cages, near view, showing general condition of the
vines near by, June 1903
1 Executed from nature under the author’s direction by L. H. Joutel.
GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM
Plate 9
Beetle catcher devised by Messrs Hough and Barden
Plate 10
Morehouse beetle catcher
Plate 11 ©
Morehouse beetle catcher
Plate 12
Morehouse beetle catcher in cperation, June 30
Plate 13
Blowers collecting machine
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Photo June 1903
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Photo June 1903
Morehouse beetle catcher
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INDEX
Albany, insect at, 8.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, insect on, 8,
13; 30.
Ant, small brown, 82.
Aphis lion, 33.
arctata, Hoplophora, 32.
. Arkansas, injuries at, 12.
Arsenical poisons, 11, 26, 29, 39-44.
asparaci, Crioceris, 8.
Asparagus beetles, 8.
Barden, J. Jay, services of, 3; observa-
tions, 16; on pupae, 25; spraying
done by, 26; construction of ma-
chine for collecting beetles, 34.
Barden, William, destruction. of eggs
by, 44.
Beetle catcher, insects taken by, 29-30;
efficacy, 36-38; Blowers, 38; Hough,
34-35; Morehouse, 35-36.
Bibliography, 47-49.
Bloomington Il., injuries at, 12, 13,
43.
Blowers, R. S., beetle catcher, 38.
Bluffton Mo., specimens sent from, 11. —
Bordeaux mixture, 11, 26, 29, 43.
botrana, Polychrosis, 31-32.
Brachysticha fidiae, 32.
Breeding cage experiments, 16, 27,
39-41.
Brightons injured, 10, 30.
brunneus, Lasius, var. alienus, 32.
Bunker Hill Ill., specimens from, 12.
Burgess, A. F., acknowledgments to,
4, 9; experiments by, 42.
Cage experiments, 16, 27, 39-41.
Calcium carbid, effect of refuse on
grubs, 46.
Carabid beetle, 32.
Carbon bisulfid, 11, 45-46.
Catawbas injured, 10, 30, 31.
Cercis canadensis, 30.
chalybea, Haltica, 8.
Chrysomelidae, 8.
Chrysopa sp., 33.
Clymonts, T. S., statements on depre-
dations in Ohio, 9; on spraying with
bordeaux mixture, 11, 43; on culti-
vation, 45.
Collecting beetles, 3, 16, 34-39, 44, 47.
comes var. vitis, Typhlocyba, 5.
Concords injured, 10, 30, 31, 41.
Crioceris asparagi, 8.
_12-punctata, 8.
Crotch, G. R., description of insect, 12;
cited, 47.
Cultivation of soil, time for, 33-34,
45, 47.
Curculio catcher, modified form, 34.
Dean, Clyde, vineyard, 23.
Diabrotica vittata, 8.
Dille, W. W., statements on depreda-
tions in Ohio, 10; cited, 48.
Disparene, 42. —
duodecim-punctata, Crioceris, 8.
Egg parasites, 12, 32.
Egg stage, duration of, 23.
HKggs, 13, 16, 19; number laid, 20-23;
destruction of, 44.
Elm leaf beetle, 8.
Experimental work in 1903, 26-30.
Explanation of plates, 50-51.
Falvay, D. K., acknowledgments to, 3;
vineyard of, 26, 31-32.
Felt, EH. P., cited, 49.
Fidia longipes, 12.
lurida, 12.
murina, 12.
viticida, see Grapevine root worm.
fidiae, Brachysticha, 32.
Fidiobia flavipes, 32.
flavipes, Fidiobia, 32.
Food plants, 30.
Galerucella luteola, 8.
Grapeberry moth, 31-32.
Grapevine flea beetle, 8.
Grapevine leaf hopper, 5. ¥
54
Grapevine root worm; allies, 8-9;
beetles, time of appearance, 16;
area infested, 6; beetles on canes, 17;
depredations on poor soils, 7, 10;
description, 13-14; early history,
11-13; eggs, 18, 19-23; duration of
the egg stage, 23; experimental
work in 1903, 26-30; beetles feeding
on upper surface of leaves, 17;
flight of beetles, 18; food plants, 30;
habits of beetle, 15-19; hibernation,
15; larva, 13; habits of larvae, 23-255
burrowing and traveling powers of
larvae, 23; life history, 15-26;
length of life, 16; a native species,
7-8; natural enemies, 32; present
conditions in Ohio, 9-11; oviposi-
tion, 16-17, 19; in Portland, West-
field and Ripley, 5; prolificacy, 6,
20; pupa, 25; pupae easily destroyed,
25-26; will ruin a vineyard in two
or three years, 5; signs of insect’s
presence, 6-7; tendency to remain
in a locality, 18; preference for
thrifty vineyards, 5; on wild grape-
vines, 7. See also Remedial meas- |
ures.
Grapevines, soils, 7, 10; condition of
the roots, 7; younger vineyards
suffer most, 10; varieties affected,
30-31.
Haltica chalybea, 8.
Heteropus ventricosus 12, 32.
Highland, grapevine root worm in, 6.
Hoplophora arctata, 32.
Horn, G. H., record of distribution,
12; cited, 48.
Hough, G. L., vineyard, 23; on pupae,
25; construction of machine for
collecting beetles, 34, 35; number
of beetles collected by, 35.
Howard, L. O., statement of depreda-
tions, 13; cited, 48, 49.
Illinois, specimens from, 12; injuries
at, 12, 13, 43. .
Iowa City, specimen from, 12.
Kainit, 12,
Kentucky, specimens sent from, 11.
(a eS Se ae
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Kerosene emulsion, 46.
Kridelbaugh, S. H., cited, 47.
Lampe, J. L., vineyard, 43.
Larvae, described, 13-14;
23-25.
Lasius brunneus var. alienus, 32.
Leaf hopper, 5.
Lefevre, Ed., insect described by, 12;
cited, 47.
Life history, 15-26.
Lintner, J. A., examples of beetles in
collection of, 8.
longipes, Fidia, 12.
Lugger, Otto, cited, 48.
lurida, Fidia, 12.
luteola, Galerucella, 8.
habits,
Mally, C.W., report of experiments,
12; mentioned, 43; cited, 48.
Marlatt, C. L., mentioned, 34; cited, 48.
Marx, George, mentioned, 32.
Maxwell, J. W., statements on depre-
dations in Ohio, 10; on spraying, 43.
Milton, grapevine root worm in, 6.
Missouri, specimens from, 12; grape-
vine root worm in, 12.
Monfort, Frank, vineyard of, 41.
Montana, specimens sent from, 11.
Morehouse, F. A., estimates of dam-
ages, 5; observations, 16; im-
proved form of catcher designed by,
35-38; trained chickens to eat
beetles, 39. :
Morse, vineyard, 42.
murina, Fidia, 12.
Murtfeldt, M. E., cited, 48.
Natural enemies, 32-33.
Neill, T. T., observations, 16.
New Jersey, distribution in, 13.
Newell, experiments by, 42.
Niagara vines, renewing a vineyard
with, 10; injured, 30.
Northrop, Walter, estimates of dam-
ages, 5.
Ohio, present conditions in, 5, 9-11;
evidence concerning efficacy of
poisons in, 42-44, .
Oviposition, 16-17, 19; experiments
with Fidia, 20-23.
INDEX TO GRAPEVINE ROOT WORM
Paris green, experiments with, 39-40.
Parrott, Percy J., acknowledgments
to, 4, 9, 42.
Petroleum, crude. 46.
phylloxerae, Tyroglyphus, 32.
Plates, explanation of, 50-51.
Polychrosis botrana, 31~32.
Portland, grapevine root worm in,
5, 23.
Pulverizing the soil, 45.
Pupa stage, duration, 25.
Pupae, 14, 25; destroying the, 33-84.
Recommendations, 47.
Redbud, 30.
Remedial measures, 33-47; arsenical
poisons, 11, 26, 29, 39-44; bordeaux |
mixture, 11, 26, 29, 43; carbon
bisulfid, 11, 45-46; disparene, 42;
effect of calcium carbid refuse on
grubs, 46; collecting beetles, 3, 16,
34-39, 44, 47; destruction of eggs,
44; destroying the pupae. 33-34;
kainit, 12; kerosene emulsion, 46;
paris green, 39-40; crude petro-
leum, 46; pulverizing the soil and
mounding, 45; tobacco dust, 12;
whale oil soap, 44; recommenda-
tions, 47.
Riley, C. V., cited, 11-12, 39, 47; on
food plants, 30.
Ripley, grapevine root worm in, 5,6, 18.
St Louis, specimens sent from, 11.
Schonfeldt, observations, 18.
Slade, W. H., statements on depreda- |
tions in Ohio, 10, 31.
Slingerland, M. V., account of insect,
12; on collecting beetles, 34; cited,
48, 49.
Smith, J. B., cited, 12-13, 48, 49.
Spencer, John W., results obtained
with arsenical spray, 41; cited, 49.
Spraying, see Remedial measures.
Squash bug, 8.
Staphylinus vulpinus, 32>
55
Staten Island, injuriesin,13. ~— =: |
Stedman, suggestions, 38.
Stinson, J. T., injuries recorded by,
12; on use of poison in Arkansas,
43; cited, 48.
Stout, O. E., cited, 47.
Tobacco dust, 12.
Typhlocyba comes var. vitis, 5.
Tyroglyphus sp., 32.
phylloxerae, 32.
ventricosus, Heteropus, 12, 32.
Vineland Ark., injuries at, 12.
Virginia creeper, insect on, 8, 13, 30.
viticida, Fidia, see Grapevine root
worm.
vittata, Diabrotica, 8.
vulpinus, Staphylinus, 32.
Walker, C. M., assistance from, 4.
Walsh, B. D., specimens sent to, 11;
cited, 30, 47.
Webster, F. M., discovery of grapevine
root worm in Ohio, 9; account of
investigations, 12; report of experi-
ments, 12; on habits of beetle, 15;
on feeding of beetles, 17; on num-
ber of eggs from a single vine, 19;
on transparent band near each end
of egg, 23; on habits of larvae, 23;
on pupae, 25; on finding grubs in
spring, 25; on enemies of grapevine
root worm, 32; mentioned, 34; on
efficacy of poisons, 42-43; on spray-
ing with arsenate of lead, 43; on
time for cultivation, 45; experi-
ments with carbon bisulfid, 45-46;
cited, 48, 49.
Westfield, grapevine root worm in, 5.
Whale oil soap, 44.
White fly, 5.
Wickham, H. F., specimen sent to, 12.
Wieting, C. A., acknowledgments to, 3.
Wordens injured, 10, 30, 31.
Young, D. B., assistance from, 4.
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Published monthly by the
University of the State of New York
BULLETIN 311 JUNE 1904
New York State Museum
Bulletin 74
ENTOMOLOGY 20
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA
BY
EPHRAIM PORTER FELT D.Sc.
State Entomologist
and
BOUL Tie JOUTEL
PAGE PAGE
LE PE TEI Ss calle sea a.) Saperda calearata Say: y: 30
Genus Saperda of Fabricius...... 4 tridentata Oly: fs ee 44
Subsetieric grouping.......... a epe fata Newnes sit el 50
PiMOfAplYy 2.22... cee eee 9 discoidéa Mabie.) 2..5.7. 4. 52
WistriBttion: . 00. is5c. eee ee fe) VES ESy SIG RG NUS Fea lng 54
specie relationships........... 10 dh aN SE Ms Sp. 228. Lae 58
Systematic list of American Ranpet-cutite, Pali: 20) in 5c 50
= S0litS | aon ee 13 faye. blend ..°62. 5"... yee ee 62
MGCVAISIUSDECICS: . ovis... c's ods sees 15 Milire BPC OUT Sk Gaiy tS A thes 66
Grouping and summary of food ro pl nie a. Etim ey,-c deca eos 68
Gesimirgot larvae. ....... 2c se 17 Bh Ore ed eeGes. ak eee 71
Sametda obliqua Say....... 18 SON COMP LEO. aoe. a 73
ih. DEG SS) ee er At, 4 tixplanation of plates.etas. a! 3.22) 76
Pome mit. joutel ec, cc. uc ta AN Ny | CARS) ae aa a face 80
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University of the State of New York
New York State Museum
FREDERICK J. H. Merritu Director
EPHRAIM PorTER FELT State Entomologist
Bulletin 74 _
ENTOMOLOGY 20
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA
| PREFACE
In the preparation of this paper all the original descriptions of the
various species have been carefully examined, and as many of the
types as were in this country have been studied. Most of our species
are so well marked that there was little trouble in identifying them,
and only tridentata and forms of populnea presented diffi-
culties. The first mentioned has a species which resembles it very
closely, and the question was, which had been described by Olivier.
' The original description was so vague that it applied equally well to
either ; but fortunately Olivier had figured the form described, and
this proves beyond doubt that our common eastern borer of the elm
is his species. Several forms, which could not be referred to any
of our species, were found, one of which presented all the characters
of the European populnea, and there is no doubt that it has long
been established in California, Oregon, Washington and British ©
Columbia, having evidently made its way into this country through
Alaska.
The writers take great pleasure in acknowledging assistance from
the following gentlemen: Dr Henry Skinner and Mr H. W. Wenzel,
who employed their kind offices in procuring the loan of specimens
from the collections of the American Entomological Society and
afforded facilities for the study of material in the Horn collection,
Mr Samuel Henshaw of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, who
4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
granted the privilege of studying the LeConte and other collections
at Cambridge, Dr H. G. Dyar, who procured the loan of material
from the National Museum, Mr E. A. Schwarz, who furnished facili-
ties and aid in studying the collections at Washington, and also the
following gentlemen, who rendered various services, Messrs Charles
Schaeffer, Frederick Blanchard, F. C. Bowditch, Germain Beaulieu,
H. G. Klages, Charles W. Leng, C. V. Piper, W. S. Marshall, J. J.
Rivers, Charles Fuchs, Dr D. M. Castle, E. D. Harris, Philip Lau-
rent, F. E. Watson, C. W. Woodward, H. C. Fall, William T. Davis,
C. J. S. Bethune, F. M. Webster, Charles Palm, W. Knaus, A. F.
Winne, Dr R. E. Kunze, Charles Stevenson and C. J. Oeillet. Dr
Henry C. Van Dyke kindly contributed notes on localities of
hornii, and a number of New York. collectors kindly allowed us
the privilege of examining the material in their collections.
The junior author has collected members of this genus for a num-
ber of years and has made many trips about New York city to secure
their workings, often in the company of his friend, William T.
Davis, who took much interest in securing desirable specimens. All of —
the species have been bred but the typical populnea, mutica,
horniiandcretata, though we have had workings of the latter.
The junior author has undertaken the illustration and systematic —
study of the species; while his associate has studied the insects more
particularly from an economic standpoint and has summarized the
literature and compiled the bibliographies.
GENUS SAPERDA OF FABRICIUS
This genus is one of great economic importance, since it contains
two species which are very injurious to appletrees and another which
may possibly acquire this habit. One species is known as being very
destructive to the American elm, one often seriously injures hickory,
another sometimes destroys large numbers of our lindens, and a
fourth is exceedingly injurious to poplars ; the latter are also attacked
by several other species of the genus.
This group is also of interest to the systematic student, since it
shows in a limited number of species great divergence and specializa-
tion from a common type. Much confusion has hitherto existed con-.
cerning the identity of our western Species, and this was only partly
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 5
cleared up by the characterization of hornii. Our study has
‘brought out the interesting fact that, among the so called western
forms of moesta, one is identical with the European populnea,
and can not be differentiated in any particular from that species. We
find that two species have been included under the name triden-
tata, as well as a distinct variety of lateralis. All but three
American species occur in New York State, and our study has on
that account been monographic.
Series of all American species have been examined, and several
characters not noted or seen by former students have been found.
The European and Asiatic species have all been studied, except a
few Siberian forms which are probably only varieties. Since both
sexes were not obtainable of all the exotic forms, it has not been
possible to include a discussion of them in this paper. They are
mentioned wherever it is necessary to show the close relationship
existing between the two faunas! The 13 species and one variety
listed by Samuel Henshaw in 1885 have been increased by us to 15
species and five subspecies or varieties.
The species are so closely related, though differing greatly from
each other in several characters, that subdivision of the genus is not
considered advisable and would not be practicable, as whatever char-
acters might be used, disappear so gradually that the species could
~ not be as well arranged as in the present grouping, and it would tend
to bring widely separated forms close together.
The exotic species have been divided into a number of genera and
subgenera on characters which we consider, from our studies of the
entire group, degrees of specialization. |
Mr Mulsant divided the European species on the relative size of
the metathoracic episterna, the form of elytra and on the antennae
‘In studying the two faunas together, the indications are very strong
that they were derived from common ancestors; and, while the two are
quite distinct in many ways, they have evidently specialized along different
but parallel lines, and their characters are intermediate.
The fact that the American species are all of eastern origin (except
those few that show their immigration into the Pacific fauna through
Alaska) and the Old World ones of western origin would tend to show
that at some remote epoch there was a connection between the two
continents.
6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
being annulated or not. Species not closely related to each other
occur in his subgenera, as they do in any other attempt to divide
them. _His genera are not now generally recognized. The Asiatic
species have been placed in several genera. The genus Thyestes
erected by Mr J. Thomson for a Japanese species has no character ©
not found in one or the other of our Saperdas; and we consider his
species pubescens allied to puncticollis with some charac-
ters also of lateralis; and its annulated antennae connects it
with the more highly specialized ones. Another point that shows its
close relation to puncticollis is the possession of a process on
the anterior claw of the middle pair of legs only; and the form of
this process also resembles that of puncticollis. Another
genus, Eutatrapha, has been erected by Bates for those Asiatic species
with the sides of the elytra carinated. We consider this character a
sign of specialization and not of generic value, as we find it in an
advanced rudimentary state in our tridentata, where it is not
equally marked in all specimens. It is formed by the arrangement
of the punctures and is quite different in appearance from the extreme
form found in Eutatrapha (Saperda) metallescens.
Eutatrapha (Saperda) 16-punctataandvaricor-
nis (S. carinata) have this character also, but not so strongly -
marked. It can be traced in some other of our species, as S. dis-
coidea gand S. hornii, wherea straight line of punctures,more
or less pronounced in different examples, shows the most primitive
form of this character; and its entire absence in some individuals of
discoidea robs it of any generic value it seems to possess in its
more highly specialized form. To show the slight value of this and
other characters taken separately, we would call attention to Para -
glenea fortunei from China, which has the elytra carinated
and has both claws of all the legs armed with a spine as in
lateralis. It is closer to Saperda than any other genus.
Glenida suffusa has the elytra carinated but lacks the pro-
cess on the claws, and is only distantly related to Saperda. Several
other genera were desired for study but material was not obtained
in time for this bulletin. The males of metallescens have
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA i
the claws armed as in tridentata. Males of the other carinated
species were not obtained. Should this genus be accepted our S.
tridentata would be included in it.
Subgeneric grouping. One character that could be used for a
subgeneric division is the presence or absence of the process! on the
claws of the males. Though we consider this character of little
value except to show the relation of the species and really a sign of
specialization and not of much generic importance, as its occurrence
in genera? not very closely related to Saperda shows, its use as a basis
of division would group the species as follows.
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 ' Group 4
Process on anterior} Process on both] Process on anterior} Process wanting
claw of front and middle | claws of all tarsi claw of middle tarsi
tarsi
obliqua lateralis puncticollis populnea and _ its
mutica forms
hornii concolor
candida _
calcarata
tridentata
cretata
. discoidea
vestita
imitans
fayi
(NSPS RE |
*LeConte and Horn, in their classification of the Coleoptera of North
America, make the erroneous statement that this process is wanting in
the European species. It is however very prominent in carcharias,
punctata, 8-punctata and probably in others of which we did
not see males. Lacordairé, in Genera of Coleoptera, also seems to imply
that it is wanting in the European species. LeConte, in New Species of
North American Coleoptera, part 2 [Smithsonian Miscel. Coll. 264. 1873.
p.239] overlooks the process on the claw of the middle tarsi of puncti-
collis and the armature of all the claws of lateralis. Subsequent
authors have committed the same errors.
*In the species of Thyestes which we have seen, the males are armed
as in puncticollis. The males in the genus Eutatrapha are armed
as in the first group. Those of Paraglenea fortunei are like
those of lateralis. The males we have seen of the European species
group as follows. To the first group belongcarcharias,punctata,
S8-punctata, and to group 4 populnea and scalaris. The
males of the other species we were not able to.obtain.
8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
This grouping separates populnea and concolor from
the closely allied mutica and hornii, and brings together some
that are not so closely allied, but it shows fairly well the degree of
specialization of the species, as will be shown later.
If our species only are considered, a more natural grouping can
be made on antennal characters, the species having annulated anten-
nae being more closely related to each other than to those with unicol-
orous ones; but, when the foreign species are taken into account,
this character loses its value, as we find S. perforata and some
of the species that have been referred to Eutatrapha and Thyestes
with the antennae annulated, though the other characters would lead
us to look for unicolorous ones, they being very close to our tri-
dentata and but distantly related to the species this character
would place them with. Using the antennae, the species would
divide as follows. |
Antennae annulated Antennae unicolorous
obliqua candida
mutica calcarata
hornii tridentata
populnea cretata
moesta discoidea
tulari vestita
concolor imitans
fayi
lateralis
ce PRE Se Rk ee ee puncticollis
The foreign species, carcharias,scalaris, perforata,
similis, quercus, Eut. varicornis, 1to-punctata
and T. pubescens would come in the first group; the others ©
in the second group. |
The development of the head usually follows that of the process on
the claws; but there are exceptions to this rule, as is seen in the case
of scalaris of Europe, where the flat front of the head would
place it near calcarata instead of with populne a, where
it more naturally belongs. In fact, whatever character is taken, it
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 9
will be found to be unevenly developed in its relation to the others
possessed by the species. |
Other characters such as elytral form, shape of thorax and abdo-
men, etc., seem from our studies to have little if any constant value
in grouping the species, as, when they are used, species are brought
together that have very little direct affinity with each other.
e
Bibliography
1781 Fabricius, J.C. Sp. Ins. 1:230 (Genus erected)
1787 Mantissa Ins. 1:147 (Genus characterized)
1792 Ent. Syst. 1:307 (Genus characterized)
1801 Syst. Eleu. 2:317 (Genus characterized)
1854 Emmons, E. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Agric. 5:119 (Habits, injuries etc.)
1873 LeConte, J. L. Class. Coleopt. pt2. Smithsonian Miscel. Coll.
265, p.345-46 (Tribal characters)
New Sp. N. Am. Coleopt. pt2. Smithsonian Miscel. Coll.
264, p.238-39 (Table of species)
1874 LeBaron, William. Noxious and Beneficial Ins. Ill. 4th Rep’t,
p.158, 159 (Table for separation of genus, no species)
1877 Thomas, Cyrus. Noxious and Beneficial Ins. Ill. 6th Rep’t, p.37
(Larval characters of Lamiides)
1877 Provancher, L’abbé L. Faune Ent. Can. Coleopt., p.632 (Genus and
table of species)
1883 LeConte, J. L. & Horn, G. H. Class. Coleopt. Smithsonian Miscel.
Coll. 507, p.331 (Characters of tribe)
- 1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:325 (Generic Midnksy
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:146-47
(Table of species)
1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:40-42 (Reproduces Dr Hamilton’s
table of species given in Am. Ent. Soc. 2 23, notes on food
plants) '
1873
Distribution. The genus is confined to the temperate parts of the
northern hemisphere. The distribution of some of the species is
somewhat erratic, and all but three American forms appear to have
originated in the East and occur in the State of New York. Our
common calcarata, found through the East and: Middle
West, also occurs in Texas as well as the state of Washing-
ton, and has been recorded from intervening territory. On the
east coast tridentata. has much the same range and is like-
wise found in Texas, but not in the northwest. Obliqua, can-
mimaectetaia,fayi,vestita,discoidea,lateralis,
10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
puncticollis and moesta have about the same range, being
found in Canada, in the eastern states and also in the Middle West.
The typical po pulnea is found only on the Pacific coast, tulari
occurs in the same localities and also in Colorado and Arizona.
Concolor is found in Arizona and Colorado. The variety uni-
color has the same general range as moesta. Hornii is
confined to the western coast from Los Angeles Cal. to British
Columbia. :
Specific relationships. Before attempting to group the species
according to their natural affinities, a few remarks on their specific
characters may be of interest. The antennae of most species are
unicolorous. In some,obliqua, mutica, hornii, popul-
nea, moesta, tulari and concolor and its variety, they
are more or less annulated with gray, (brown and black in
obliqua), and two of these species have the first joint enlarged.
The length of the antennae also varies in the different species, being
very short in mutica.
The shape of the last segment of the female abdomen presents an
excellent character for the separation of some species. Thé pygidium
of some is broad with the apex blunt and in others it is long. The
tip may be more or less divided into two lobes, the upper surface
may be either marked by a median depression or may be convex as
in mutica.
The angle formed by the sides varies in different species. The
front claws of the anterior and middle tarsi of the males are
armed with either a blunt process or tooth, which is lacking on
the front pair in puncticollis, wanting on all claws inpopul-
nea, moesta, tulari and concolor and present on both
claws of each pair of legs in lateralis. This process is subject
to variation as to size and form in individuals of the same species,
and it has been used as a specific character as little as possible. The
shape of the thorax, whether cylindric or narrowed in front,
affords a good character. The form of the apex of the elytra is of
value in determining species, as they may be rounded, obliquely
narrowed, armed with a spine or truncate. The shape of the head
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA II
and eyes varies greatly in different species. The punctures of some
species are quite constant; but in others, populnea, moesta,
tulari, they vary so much that little dependence can be placed on
them. The species range in size from calcarata, which is from
% to 1% inch long, to populnea % inch in length, but occasional
specimens may be much smaller than the normal. The color and
markings are quite constant, and only lateralis shows marked
variations. Calcarata has a variety, adspersa, which is
entirely brown: The legs of most species are black, covered with a
gray pubescence, yellow in vestita; thoseof obliqua, cre-
tata and discoidea are reddish brown with gray pubescence.
Arrangement indicates the degree of specialization. The salient
characters of the various species having been given, it now remains
to use them in a natural grouping of the forms. It is very apparent
that the usual arrangement is arbitrary and based almost entirely on
color and markings. It is not to be supposed that the following
grouping means that the species are derived or descended from each
Other. It represents simply our idea of the degree of removal or
specialization from an ancestral type and is based on a study of char-
acters of unequal value. It is very evident that our own species
have specialized along different lines and have probably originated
from several type forms.
The least specialized of our native species is evidently concolor,
since it is unicolorous, has no striking characters and presents fewer
differences from its nearest allies in other genera, than any of the
Other species. It has no process on the claws of the male
and the rather few elytral punctures are merely shallow depressions
without definite edge and are punctate like the remainder of the
elytra. The species diverging most widely from it, and therefore
the most specialized, is obliqua, since it has characters not
possessed by any of the others. It has the elytra separately narrowed
and armed with a spine. The thorax is narrowed in front, and the
head is small, and deeply impressed between the eyes. The annulated
antennae have the first joint swollen and dark, and the elytra are
embossed to match the color pattern. The process is very highly
I2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
specialized as can be seen by reference to figure 3. The species which
possesses the greatest number of these charactersis mutica. Itis
true that it lacks the spine at the apex of the elytra, but it has the nar-
rowed thorax, small head and the antennae with an enlarged, dark
basal joint. These two species form a group by themselves closely
approached by hornii (which is nearly related to the European
similis); it has the annulated antennae, but the first joint is nor-
mal and the thorax is nearly cylindric, in some specimens entirely so.
The color and maculation are much like those of mutica. We then
come to the European carcharias, with its narrowed thorax and
annulated antennae. The humeral angles are quite prominent and
the elytra tapering. The nearest American representative is can-
dida, an insect which at first would not seem to belong here, but
that is due more to the color and markings, characters of the smallest
value, since, if we omit the color from consideration, we shall find
that the shape and structure are very similar to car charias , as -
represented by the narrowed thorax, small head, prominent humeral
angles and tapering elytra. The unicolorous antennae show can- |
dida to be less specialized than this European species. Calcar-
ata, our next species, is also somewhat related to carcharias
and leads naturally to tridentata, which is of the same general
shape and has in addition the elytra truncate and weakly sinuate at
tip, evidently an early stage of the sutural spine found in cal-
carata. Tridentata has a character (a submarginal carina
beginning at the humeral angle and continuing to the apex) not
present in any other of our forms, but which, strange to say, has its
counterpart in some old world species.
The remaining species appear to follow in regular order as given
in Henshaw’s list, except that fayi would more naturally follow
lateralis , since it has the rounded head possessed by the species
that follow and the same gall-making habit. The spine on its front
claws is very small and rudimentary, approaching the condition of
*This character is made use of by Bates to form the genus Eutatrapha,
to which he refers: 16-punctata, varicornis and metal-.
lescens. It would also include tridentata. [See p. 6]
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 13
puncticollis, where it is entirely absent. Imitans is close
to lateralis and fayi and presents more characters in common
with the last than with tridentata, though its markings are
much like the latter.
Fig. x Front claw of first and middle tarsi of the following species: 1 and 2, Saperda
imitans; 3 and 4, Saperda tridentata; 5 and 6, Saperda discoidea; 7 and 8,
Saperda vestita, C=claw, P= process.
Systematic list of American species of Saperda
obliqua Say imitans 1. sp.
mutica Say. | lateralis Fabr.
hornii Joutel var. connecta n. var.
candida Fabr. fayi Bland.
calcarata Say puncticollis Say
var. adspersa Lec. populnea Linn.
tridentata Oliv. subsp. moesta Lec.
cretata Newm. subsp. tulari n. subsp.
discoidea Fabr. concolor Lec.
vestita Say , var. unicolor n. var.
The development of the process on the claws follows the foregoing
arrangement better than any other, and we find that the degree of
development is somewhat different from published accounts of earlier
workers, who probably lacked sufficient material.
14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Process moderate on anterior claw of front and middle tarsi:
obliqua, mutica, hornii, candida.
Process long on anterior claw of front and middle tarsi: calca-
ratayifid €htatas cre iats:
Fig.2 Front claw of first and middle tarsiof the following species: 9 and ro Saperda
cretata; rz andzz S. candida; 13 andr S. hornii; 15 and 16S. calearata. C
claw, P=process.
Process shorter on anterior claw of front than middle tarsi: dis-
coidea, vestita, imitans.
Process small on both claws of all tarsi: lateralis.
1 Process very small on anterior claw of front and small on middle
tarsi: fayi.
Process wanting on front and large on middle tarsi: puncti-
collis:
Process wanting: populnea, moesta, tulari and con-
color.
*As this process shows considerable variation in shape and size in
different specimens of the same species, we have taken the most common
shape and size as the normal for each species.
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 15
Key to species
a Antennae plainly annulate
b Head deeply impressed between the eyes
eotennac with first jomt normal and gray... s6..w..0.s- hornii
cc Antennae with first joint enlarged and dark
d Elytra obliquely narrowed, ending in a spine at _ the
Fig.3 Claws of fala ocnen: species: 17 Both claws of front tarsi of S. lateralis; 18 Both
claws of middle tarsi of S. lateralis; 19 Front claw; 20 Posterior claw of middle tarsi of S.
lateralis; 21 claw of middle tarsi of S. puncticollis; 22 and 23 Claws of hind tarsi of
S. lateralis; 24 and 25 Claws of front and middle tarsi of S. fayi; 26 and 27 Claw of front
_and middle tarsi of S. o bliqua; 28 and 29 Claw of front and middle tarsi of S. mutica.
bb Head rounded in front
c Antennae with first joint black and normal in size
d Upper side strongly punctate and confluent with few punctula-
tions between, sparsely covered with gray or light fulvous hairs,
several spots of dense yellow or fulvous hair on elytra; fulvous
Striper om side-on tiorax. 220s OPE So oa e: populnea
dd Upper side with punctures not so numerous, and sparsely cov-
ered with gray hairs, unicolorous, punctulations on intervals
more numerous; light stripe on thorax nearly obso-
Lee a ee Oe mee an an | ee subsp. moesta
ddd Upper side with fewer but larger and deeper punctures, more
densely punctulate on the intervals and densely covered with
red or fulvous hairs; thorax with stripe on sides and
COP: iter sa eect eee! sts Shee te Ae arte rah Supsp: tubari
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
dddd Upper side finely punctulate and with small shallow punctures
and uniformly covered with a dense layer of light gray
or yellowish gray hairs; thorax with lateral stripe
- concolor
e Punctures much more numerous, hair dirty gray; lateral stripe
wanting Oc Bally Sejec-e 2s see eee var. unicolor
aa Antennae unicolorous
b Elytra rounded with spine at suture
c Gray with.yellow patciesa 3... 2b nt See calearata
cc Color uniform Revees-e. lee oe ook Sc. <i hee var. adspersa
bb Elytra with marginal or submarginal stripe ft
c Thorax and elytra brown or yellowish brown with two white
stripes* under site white: ....4+..c2. op ee een candida
cc Thorax yellow with four black spots on dorsum and one on each
side; elytra bordered with bright yellow with a black spot in
front; eader Site pray. ..2. «2 >. cose Seas eee puncticollis
ccc Thorax and elytra gray and with an orange red lateral stripe
d Second and third cross bands on elytra oblique, a dark spot
usually on each side of the first and one behind the third;
front of head very fiat; elytra more or less truncate
tridentata
dd First and second cross bands on elytra oblique; front of head
flat>\elytra’ sounded af apexs:...2..c.cehese cee imitans
eccc Thorax and elytra black
d Sutural and lateral stripe on elytra orange red; head sonnei
rounded; under side gfay...6 «3. o 7% <cs0usee=seek lateralis
dd Sutural stripe usually wanting and with one to three cross bands;
lateral band reaching to margin; under side gray
var. connecta
bbb Elytra with spots, rarely concolorous
c Cinnamon brown with a white stripe on each side of the thorax
d A large white spot in center of each elytron and a smaller one
near its apex, neither reaching to margins; sides and under
Subiace white 2202) SS. oss ee eee ee cretata
dd White stripe on thorax continuing on elytra at humeral angles;
the elytra with two white spots, one at the middle, the other
near the apex and almost sutural; sides and under surface
white; the spots are more or less obsolete in the male. .fayi
cc Cinnamon brown, sometimes nearly black, with a transverse, un-
dulate, yellowish olive fascia across the middle of the elytra;
sometimes with an additional spot both before and behind this
fascia; thorax and apex of elytra and scutellum olive; legs light
reddish, suder side lighter. -aaseeees.- -- nes discoideaQ
ccc Uniformly reddish brown, sometimes black; legs reddish; under
Sitle NShier. a0. stich mews 6 eee ee he cto tt discoideaég
cecc Olive yellow with three denuded black spots on each elytron, —
some or all occasionally wanting.................. vestita
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 17
Grouping and summary of the food habits of the larvae
The larvae of this genus may be divided by their food habits into
three classes: (1) those that bore in the large branches and trunks
of living trees and feed on the sap, calcarata,candida,cre-
tata, vestita and possibly hornii and mutica; (2) those
that live in small branches and usually produce galls, subsisting on
sap, and not making the extended galleries of the first group, fayi,
populnea, obliqua, concolor; (3) those that feed on liv-
ing and dead tissues of dying or recently killed trees, tridentata,
emvcardea; ‘hateralis,; imitans: and puncticollis.
The manner of feeding and the portion of the tree attacked vary with
different species, and most of the forms have special food plants.
S. obliqua feeds close to the ground at the collar of the black
alder, where it often entirely girdles the stem, forming a knot or gall
and ultimately killing it; and, when not entirely girdled, the tree is
so weakened that the stem soon breaks. A walk through an alder
swamp where this insect is common will show a great number of
prostrate stems in all stages of decay.
S.mutica. This species is said to live on the willow and is the
only eastern form that we have not bred and of which we have been
unable to secure workings.
S. horn1ii feeds on the willow according to Dr H. C. Van Dyke,
who has taken the insect on that plant.
S. candida is usually very common in apple and attacks sev-
eral allied trees. It is quite destructive to seedlings and young
trees, where it works at the base of the trunk and roots, and, as sev-
eral generations follow in the same wound, the tree is soon killed.
S. calcarata works in the trunk and larger branches of the
silver poplar in particular and soon kills the trees. It is surprising
to see the quantity of sawdust around a badly infested tree, thrown
out by the larvae when making their pupal chambers.
S. tridentata works in and under the bark of the trunk and
branches of the elm, and has also been recorded in other trees.
S.cretata lives in the thorn and apple, usually in the trunk and
larger branches, and works somewhat like S. calcarata, but the
burrow is longer and more tortuous. |
18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
S.vestita attacks the linden and in our experience works mostly
at the base and roots. We have never found it more than 12 inches
from the ground, and that seldom. It can always be found in ex-
posed roots and at the base of the tree close to the ground. In either
case the larvae usually work in the subterranean parts. Prof. F. M.
Webster has also noted this habit.
S. discoidea lives under and in the bark of hickory, specially
dying trees or those recently killed by Scolytus quadrispi-
nosus Say. It can be easily bred from a piece of dead bark.
S. imitans is not known in its early stages but probably bores
in hickory and not in elm. |
S. lateralis works in hickory at some injured place near the
root and is partial to the base of sprouts that grow around stumps
on recently cleared land.
S. fayi makes a gall very simlar to that of concolor, but
breeds in the thorn.
S. puncticollis works in the dead branches of Virginia
creeper, eating the inner bark and pupating in a chamber excavated
in the wood.
5S. populnea feeds on the willow and poplar. S. mies tas
makes a gall on the balm of gilead, and this, we believe, is its only
_food plant, and the form tulari lives in willow.
S. concolor makes a gall on poplar and willow shoots.
Saperda obliqua Say
Alder borer
This species, while rarely met with in the adult form, appears —
to be very common in New York State, judging from the condi-
tion of some of the alder swamps we have visited.
Life history and habits. This insect’s method of working is
quite characteristic [pl. 5, fig. 3], and the badly girdled stems with
gall-like enlargements, are not difficult to find. The insect works
close to the ground in black alder, frequently girdling the trunks,
and in infested swamps large numbers of prostrate stems in all
stages of decay may be found. There are usually two or three
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 19
‘borers in each trunk, one of which is very apt to work downward to
the depth of 3 or 4 inches and often below the ground level and the
others in an opposite direction. The young grubs bore just beneath
the bark, much like those of S. candida Fabr., and the nearly
full grown individuals work near the center of the stems and not
infrequently fairly riddle the base, causing it to break in the
wind. In fact, the general method of work is very similar to
that of the round-headed appletree borer, and the perfect insect
emerges from a hole very similar to that made by the species
infesting the apple. |
The beetle [pl. 5, fig. 6] is generally found near the top of alder
branches. Mr Fred Knab, of Chicopee Mass. states that it
easily escapes notice on account of its great resemblance to a
withered leaflet. He adds that it differs from others of its genus,
which are also shy insects, in that it remains perfectly motion-
less, clinging tightly to the branch and with the antennae ex-
tended forward. He has also found this insect on birch. Dr
Packard records the beetle as occurring on alder; Dr Smith
states that it is rare throughout New Jersey, where it breeds in
black alder; and the late Dr Lugger records it as breeding in
hazel shoots.
Distribution. This species was described by Say from Mis-
souri; it has been collected about Buffalo by Zesch-Reinecke;
Dr Smith records it from New Jersey; and Dr LeConte from
Pennsylvania. The following localities for this species have
been given by Messrs Leng and Hamilton: Wisconsin, Missis-
_ sippi, Canada, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl-
vania and Missouri. It has been found in various localities about
New York city, such as Bronx park, Fort Lee and Staten Island and
has also been recorded from Alabama and Montreal. We have seen
specimens taken in Illinois in the Bolter collection.
Description. Light reddish brown with darker bands; an-
tennae annulate, with the first joint dark and swollen; thorax
narrowed in front; a dorsal stripe of darker brown continuing
on the head; a subdorsal stripe that converges and continues on
20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the elytra around the scutellum; a lateral stripe that connects
at the humeral angle with the first of four oblique bands on the
elytra. The spaces occupied by the darker portions are depressed
and less pilose. The elytra are separately narrowed at the apex
and armed with a spine. The head is strongly impressed be-
tween the eyes. The work of the larvae is well represented on
the plate.
Natural enemies. No literature on this subject exists; but we
have found a number of affected alders which showed the work
of woodpeckers, and evidently these valuable birds are very effi-
cient factors in reducing the numbers of the borers. In one short
limb we found four good sized holes made by the birds in their
search for grubs [pl. 14]. We have also found many of the larvae
destroyed by a dipterous parasite which pupated in the burrows
after destroying the maker; several larvae or pupae of this Tachinid
are usually found in each working.
Another small dipterous larva is sometimes found in considerable
numbers feeding on the larva or pupa but we have not been able to
rear it.
Bibliography
1826 Say, Thomas. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 5:274 (Original descrip-
tion); same in Ent. N. Am. Compl. Wr. 1883. 2:332
1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Jour. ser. 2, 2:162 (Description)
1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phil. Soc. Jour. n. s. 10:55 (Listed as
Anaerea obliqua)
1877 Provancher, L’abbé L. Faune Ent. Can. 1 Coleopt. p.632, 633
(Description, rare at St Hyacinthe)
1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera, Buffalo and
Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)
1890 Packard, A. S. U.S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p.623, fig. 204 (In alder)
1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.211 (Rare on black alder)
1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 4:80 (In common alder)
1896 Knab, Fred. Ent. News, 7:113 [Breve near tips of branches,
Chicopee Mass.)
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Transs 23: anaige 148
(Systematic account)
1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30: :40, 42 (Specific characters, food
plant)
1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p.2t5 (Attacks alder
and hazel); same in Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rept, p.13n ea
1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. 27th Rep’t, sup. p.296 (In
black alder)
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA aI
Saperda mutica Say
Life history. Very little is recorded concerning the life his-
tory of this species. Beetles were taken by Mr W. H. Harring-
ton on May 15 and captured by him in the open on June 29. He
records this species as living on decaying willow.
Distribution. This beetle has been recorded from the follow-
ing localities: Missouri [Say], Buffalo [Zesch-Reinecke], New
Jersey [Smith], Ottawa Can. [Harrington], Canada, New York,
New Jersey, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska [Leng-Hamilton],
Philadelphia Pa. [Wenzel]. Dr LeConte thought that this species
was probably the S. populnea of Fabricius and Olivier. Its
work.is unknown to us.
Description. Black, sparsely covered with a gray or fulvous
vestiture which is denser in places, forming numerous spots on
the elytra [pl. 7, fig. 2]. These denser places are usually yel-
lower in color. Antennae short, annulate, with first joint enlarged.
Thorax narrowed in front with a fulvous line on dorsum, con-
tinuing on the head, also lateral line on sides. Head impressed
in front between the eyes.
Bibliography
1824 Say, Thomas. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 3:409-10 (Original de-
scription; habitat, Missouri); same in Ent. N. Am. Compl. Wr.
1883. 2:19Q1
1852 Le Conte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. ser. 2, 2:162 (Descrip-
tion, distribution)
1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:55 (Listed as
Pn ae Tea) imu tic a)
1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera, Buffalo and
Vicinity, p.Io (Listed) |
1884 Harrington, W. H. Can. Ent. 16:73, ror (On willow)
1890 Ent. Soc. Ont. 2oth Rep’t, 1889, p.52 (Mention)
1800 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.211 (Rare on willow)
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 148
(Systematic account)
1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:40 (Specific characters)
1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. Sup. 27th Rep’t, p.296 (On
willow)
1902 Joutel, L. H. Ent. News, 13:33-34 (Saperda hornii, com-
pared with)
22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Saperda hornii Joutel
This species [pl. 7, fig. 3] has been mistaken for S. mutica,
but can be easily separated from it by the first joint of the
antennae being normal in size and also by the fact that the last
abdominal segment of the female has a deep longitudinal im-
pression along the middle of the upper side, while mutica
has that part convex. The punctures of this insect are also much
larger and deeper, and fewer in number.
Some specimens have lost the yellow marks and are entirely gray.
Distribution. Oregon, Los Angeles Cal.} Humboldt county,
Cal., Nevada county, Cal., Yosemite Cal., Goldendale Wash.
Fig. 4 Last dorsal segment with transverse section at A: x S. hornii; 2S. mutica
Description. Black; shining, entirely covered with a dense
layer of light yellowish gray hair, lighter beneath, and diversi-
fied above with irregular blotches and streaks of dark yellow
arranged on the elytra in broken and irregular longitudinal
lines, the line nearest the outer margin and just below the
humeral angle unbroken except by the punctures, and continu-
ing nearly to the tip. Elytra obliquely narrowed at apex.
Thorax cylindric, sometimes slightly narrowed in front, with a
longitudinal stripe of dark yellow hair on each side and on top,
under side yellow. Scutellum yellow. Entire insect covered -
by rather large and deep punctures, slightly smaller beneath.
Head: hairs yellow, changing to gray at labrum. Legs and under
side of body light yellowish gray with glabrous punctures. An-
tennae annulate except first joint, which is entirely gray and
=
1In the original description, the locality of the type male in the national
museum was wrongly given as Yosemite Cal. It should be Los Angeles
Cat:
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 23
moderate in thickness. The pygidium of the female has a deep
longitudinal depression along the median line, dividing it into
two lobes.
Its work is unknown. Mr J. J. Rivers and Dr H. C. Van or
have both taken it from willow.
Bibliography
1902 Joutel, L. H. Ent. News, 13:33-34 (Original description)
Saperda candida Fabr.
Round-headed appletree borer
There is perhaps no better known enemy of appletrees than
the above named insect. The common designation, apple borer,
usually refers to this insect, though by common consent it is
gradually becoming known as the round-headed appletree
borer in contradistinction to the destructive flat-headed species,
Gioysobothris temorata Fabr., which is frequently
very abundant in appletrees. The round-headed appletree borer
is particularly injurious to young trees, and it is probably respon-
sible for the death of more of these than all other natural agents
combined.
Early history. This species was very early known as a
notorious pest throughout New England and the Middle states
according to Dr Harris. Mr Philip Heartt of Troy lost in 1825.
several hundred young appletrees which he valued at $2000,
many of them being so seriously affected that the base of their
trunks was literally honeycombed by the galleries. The late
Dr Asa Fitch stated that, of $10,000 worth of trees sold in
Washington county in 1851, fully one half were destroyed within
eight years. Not infrequently the borers were so abundant as
entirely to girdle the tree. Mr William Couper, in 1862, attrib-
uted the great destruction of appletrees about Quebec to the
ravages of this insect. Mr D. B. Wier, of Wisconsin, writing
of this species in 1872, characterizes it as one of the worst
enemies of fruit trees and states as his opinion, that it would
destroy 5000 out of 10,000 young trees within three years. Dr
24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
J. B. Smith considers this borer very destructive to young apple-
trees in many parts of New Jersey and states that it is a more
serious enemy of the quince. Miss Mary Treat, of Vineland
N. J., writing of this insect in 1893, stated that it was unusually
abundant in that section and threatened to kill the trees in spite
of all efforts, Io to 12 borers being found in one. Mr G. T.
Powell, of Ghent N. Y., reports taking 30 grubs from a tree in
1889, a year when they were unusually abundant.
The work of this insect is so insidious that it is difficult to
gain an adequate idea of its great destructiveness, specially as
the sickly condition of the trees is frequently attributed to some
other than the true cause.
The above brief records will give some idea of how dangerous
an enemy this beetle is; and it is very likely that in future years
appletrees will have to be guarded more closely than in the
past, if they are to be protected from serious injuries by this
pest.
Life history. The adult beetles have been observed abroad during
June, July and August. Dr Fitch states that the beetles begin to
appear in Washington county, N. Y., about June 20. They are
secretive in habit and deposit eggs in the bark near the ground. Mr
Zimmerman records the appearance of the beetle June 2 and 3, 1878,
and adds that this date is 20 days earlier than usual. Prof. Cyrus —
Thomas, writing of this pest in 1877, states that it appeared in May
in Illinois, and Mr D. B. Wier, of Wisconsin, gives the date of the
appearance of the beetles from the middle of May to the middle of
June. Mr Tallman has recorded finding this species in copulation
on elm June 7. Dr J. B. Smith, state entomologist of New Jersey,
gives the date of the occurrence of the beetles from May 20 to July 15.
The egg of this borer is a pale, rust-brown color, about % inch
long, one third as broad in the middle and somewhat flattened, so
that its depth is about one third its width. It is rather easy to find
eggshells in the oviposition scars [pl. 1, fig. 2], and it will be seen
tat they are fairly tough, without any sculpture and sufficiently
plastic to receive impressions of wood fibers between which they may
be placed. 2
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 25
The oviposition scars [pl. 1, fig. 2; pl. 8, fig. 1] may be readily
detected as longitudinal slits in the bark, ranging from “4 to as much
as % inch in length. These scars have somewhat irregular, dried
edges, and in early spring usually have small, rust-red borings hang-
ing therefrom [pl. 8, fig. 2]. Their location is made more apparent
by the adjacent discoloration and shrinking of the areas where the.
young grubs are at work in the underlying green tissues [pl. 8, fig. 3].
These scars are sometimes very abundant on young trees. The
writer observed 11 of them on a portion of a smooth trunk less than
6 inches long and 1% inches in diameter [pl. 8], and all were within
6 inches of the ground, two being close to its surface. The impor-
tance of these marks lies in the fact that they indicate the location
of the young grubs, which may be reached and destroyed in the
fall or early spring without material injury to the tree. The split-
ting of the bark is primarily caused by the female in preparing
for deposition of her eggs, and the orifice is further enlarged by
the consequent shrinkage and drying following the operations of
the grub. On cutting into one of these scars [pl. 8, fig. 3] in early
spring, young grubs, ranging in size from 1% to 14 inch in length,
may be found in the shallow cavity in the inner bark and outer |
sapwood, and in some cases remains of the eggshell may be ob-
served. The method of oviposition has been described by Dr C.
V. Riley as follows:
The female beetle makes an incision in the bark, causing it to be
split from % to sometimes % an inch. The incision is often made
entirely through the bark, and the egg is thrust between the bark and
the liber at right angles to one side of the slip, from % to % of an
inch from the aperture. Sometimes the bark is but partially pene-
trated, in which case it is pried open on one side of the aperture for
the reception of the egg. In either case the egg is accompanied by
a gummy fluid which covers and secures it in place and usually fills
up the aperture. In young trees, with tender bark, the egg is usually
thoroughly hidden; while in older trees it is sometimes so shallowly
embedded as to be readily seen.
Mr W. Junkins, in the New England Homestead of Jan. 3, 1885,
has also described this interesting process, as it occurs on twigs
set in moist sand in a jar: June 15 he observed one of four females
26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
deposit an egg. “ She first made an incision in the bark close to the ~
sand ; then, turning her head upward, with her ovipositor she placed
the egg in the bark nearly 4% of an inch from the incision, the bark
having been started from the wood.”
Mr D. B. Wier states that the beetles copulate from 10 days to two
weeks after reaching maturity, and soon after the females commence
to lay eggs. They are mostly deposited by night, usually from 1 to
10 inches from the ground. He observed that, where the beetles are
numerous, several females will often lay their eggs on the same tree
at different times, sometimes as long as two or more months apart.
He has found as many as 27 young borers of eight different sizes in
one tree in September. The eggs are said by Professor Chambers
to hatch in about 14 days, and Professor McMillan gives the time as
18 days. The period observed by Mr Junkins, June 15 to July 7,
was 22 days. Mr Buckminster believed that the females lay about
Io eggs, which hatch in about eight days, as stated by Gay. Dr
Saunders, in his Insects Injurious to Fruit, states that the beetle bores
into the bark and deposits an egg in the cavity thus made; and Dr.
Dimmock, writing of this species in the Standard Natural History,
observes that the cavity is filled with a cementlike secretion.
The young borer, or larva, almost invariably works downward just
under the bark, making a somewhat sinuous channel with an oval
enlargement at a variable distance from the point where the egg was
laid. This oval chamber is evidently where the winter is passed. The
presence of the insect is readily detected later, or in spring, by the
rust-red borings which are ejected or forced out of the galleries [pl. 1,
fig. 3]. There has been some discussion as to whether the larva
actually ejects the borings. Dr Fitch was of the opinion that they
commonly had the aspect of not having been forced out by the worm
but -of being thus crowded out because the mass under the bark
swelled when dampened by rain soaking through the dead tissues and
saturating the contents of the galleries. This explanation did not
satisfy us. Our observations have been that the older larvae of this
species always have more or less clear gallery space to travel about
in and this they keep clear for the time being. They connect the -
interior workings with: the chambers under the bark where they
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 27
fed on the sap. When enawing in the interior galleries they throw
| the debris behind and void their excrement from time to time while
working; when tired or with hunger satisfied they take this frass
in their mandibles and pack it in the galleries and corners of the
“bark ” chamber out of the way occasionally removing and repack-
ing in some other place. They will also carry it to openings in the
bark of their feeding chambers, and push it out, using the mandibles
only. When at work in the “ bark” chamber they void their excre-
ment through one of the openings, ejecting it so that it will fall out-
side. This is usually done when the voided matter is soft and
watery. |
The life history of this insect may be summarized as follows: The
young borer, on the approach of winter, descends as near the ground
as its burrow will allow and remains inactive till the following spring,
when it begins operations anew, and on the approach of the second
winter it is about half grown and still living in the sapwood. It is
at this period that the most damage is done, for, where four or five ~
occur in a single tree, they almost girdle it. The next summer, when
it has become about three fourths grown, it cuts a cylindric passage
upward into the solid wood and, having finished its larval growth,
continues this passage to the bark, sometimes cutting entirely through
a tree to the opposite side and sometimes turning back at a different
angle. Several borers in one tree will fairly riddle its base [pl. 9].
The upper end of the passage is stuffed with fine borings and the
lower part with long wood fibers [pl. 1, fig. 5, 6]. After this the
larva remains unchanged through the winter, transforming to a pupa
the following spring, and the beetle appears some time during the
summer, leaving through a circular exit hole [pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 9}.
The latter frequently becomes overgrown, as represented in plate 8,
figure 4. |
Habitat. This species is said by Dr LeConte to occur in the
Middle, Western and Eastern states. Professor Cook states that it
is widely distributed in Michigan, and Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, writ-
ing of the insect in 1877, records it as very abundant in the Niagara
- district and in the vicinity of Montreal and Quebec. Professor Mc-
Millan stated in 1888 that every orchard in Nebraska was infested.
28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
It has been recorded specifically by various writers, from Canada, all
of New England, Delaware, Maryland, Michigan, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Texas, Alabama,
Mississippi, Oklahoma, Virginia, Arkansas, West Virginia, District
of Columbia, and Mount Desert Me. [Harris].
Food plants. This pernicious borer is apparently limited to rela-
tively few food plants. It is specially injurious to the quince and
nearly as much so to the apple. Its native food plants are the thorn,
mountain ash, chokeberry (Pyrus-arbutifolia) and shad
bush. It has been recorded by Walsh as rare on pear and by Beuten-
muller as attacking plum and cherry.
Description. Brown above with two white bands joined at the
front and extending to the apex of elytra, under side and front of
head white. Antennae light gray, legs lighter gray [pl. 1, fig. 1].
Natural enemies. Not very many enemies of this insect have
been discovered. An undetermined carabid larva was found preying
on the borers by Walsh and Riley in 1866. Promachus sap- —
erdae Riley M. S., now known as Cenocoelius popu-
lator Say, was bred from borers received from Indiana by Messrs
Riley and Howard in 1890. The downy woodpecker and the great
golden woodpecker have been seen in infested orchards by Miss Mary
Treat of Vineland N. J. but none of them were observed at work
around the base of the trees. Dr Fitch in his first report states that
the downy woodpecker, which is frequently seen in the orchards, is
one of the means provided by nature for keeping this insect in check,
and adds that a neighbor, who had devoted much attention to birds .
and their habits, informed him that he had repeatedly noticed this
woodpecker remaining for a considerable time down at the very
root of appletrees, busily occupied in some operation. This would
seem to be very good evidence that this bird does prey on this borer.
That woodpeckers do this is conclusively proved by specimens
recently collected in the vicinity of Albany, which show the charac-
teristic work of these birds, but unfortunately give no clue to the
identity of the operator. 3
Preventive and remedial measures. The control of an insect -
pest of this character may be brought about in two ways: (1) the
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 29
insect may be prevented from infesting the tree in some manner,
or (2) destroyed after it has obtained entrance.
Dr Fitch had his attention called to the beneficial effect of
soap applications, and he states that, if the bark of the trees
be rubbed with soap the latter part of May, no borers will
attack them. This was tested by him with the result that
treated trees were free from the pest, while almost all of the
untreated ones were infested with borers. One of the latter,
only 34 inches in diameter, contained 15 of the grubs. Mr
Fowler has proposed the use of 2 quarts of whale oil soap and
4 pound of sulfur and enough clay to give the mixture the
consistency of paint, and advises applying the compound early
enough to prevent the deposition of eggs. Professor Cook in
1881 thought washing the trunks and larger branches of the
trees in May and the last week in June with soap would protect
them from the borers, and Prof. C. M. Weed has advised the
use of what we know as the carbolic soap wash and observes
that it is very effective when thoroughly applied. Some ob-
servers, however, state that soap applications, and similar pre-
-ventive measures, are of comparatively little value, and a few
consider the alkaline washes more effective than soap. A band
of tarred paper, or bands of newspaper, wrapped tightly around
the base of young trees during the period the beetles are abroad,
affords considerable protection and is used rather extensively in
some fruit-growing sections. The bands should extend from the
sou) about 2 feet high, should be tied. at the top so that the
beetles can not get behind the band and should make a fairly
tight connection with the ground. Professor. Slingerland has
recently advised trying a coating of coal tar, first testing to see
if the trees were injured by this substance. Whitewashing the
trunk has also been advised by certain writers and appears to
have a somewhat deterrent effect. The application is comparatively
inexpensive and, in absence of anything else, may well be em-
ployed. Dr J. B. Smith has advised the use of a poisoned white-
wash. The use of ashes about the roots is also good, since, if
they are heaped somewhat, they will protect the lower portions
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of the tree from injury. The idea of these applications is to coat
the bark or protect the base of the tree with some substance
which will deter the beetles from depositing their eggs and
therefore prevent infestation. These applications should be
made in this latitude by the latter part of May and again early
in June, or, in the case of permanent bands, the application of
them at the earlier date is sufficient. Dr Fitch states that, in
his observation, the worst infested trees are shaded and choked
by suckers, and he therefore urges keeping the base of the trees
clean. It is undoubtedly a good practice to observe this advice,
since it at least permits the ready detection of the borers. We
believe that suckers at the base of the tree are frequently caused
by serious injuries by the larvae, and our experience indicates that a
tree with an unprotected trunk is almost as likely to be attacked by
the insect as one with its base shaded.
Thomas Say in 1825 recommended covering infested trees the
latter part of April or early in May with mortar in order to pre-
vent the emergence of the borers. This, so far as we can learn,
has never been extensively tried and is of doubtful value. After
the insect has once made its way into the tree, there is nothing
better than cutting out the borers and destroying them, or killing
them with a wire while in the tree. Either operation is best
carried out in September or October or in early spring, because
the work of the young borers is apparent at this time, and the
recent borings facilitate their detection. A young tree will re-
cover if the bark be extensively cut with a knife, and the over-
cautious operator should remember that the borer is very likely
to cause more injury if allowed to remain. The use of the wire
will undoubtedly avoid considerable cutting in some instances,
and it should be employed wherever practicable. Dr Fitch has
advised cutting into the upper part of the boring, removing the
sawdust and then killing the pest by pouring in a considerable
quantity of hot water. This is undoubtedly efficient; but it ap-
pears to have a limited application, and in most cases it is prob-
able that cutting out or destroying with a wire is to be preferred.
The quince suffers most from this borer, and perhaps the best -
- method of controlling the pest in quincetrees is that described
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 31
by Mr Woodbridge Strong in the issue of the Country Gentleman
for Mar. 20, 1890. His plan consists in providing the quince
with a trunk which is practically borer-proof, and he accom-
plishes this by first taking stocks of English hawthorn and graft-
ing on them varieties of Crataegus crus-galli or
coccinia, which are worked on the hawthorn at the surface
of the ground, and a year later hawthorn is worked back onto
the native stock about a foot above and then quince on that a
few inches higher. This compound tree is then set so that the
hawthorn stock is below the surface of the ground and the
Crataegus occupies the first foot. Mr Strong states that such
trees make very satisfactory growth and fruit readily, and that,
while the work of preparing them is difficult and involves con-
siderable labor, the results amply justify the expense.
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1858
1859
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 33
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1870
1Reference unverified.
34 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
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1875"
1875
1Reference unverified.
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 35
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beetles and larva described, abundant in Niagara district and about
Montreal and Quebec)
Ent. Soc. Ont. Rep’t for 1877, p.26-28, pl. , fig. 3, 6 (Same as
above but with life history and remedial measures additional)
1877 Fuller, A. S. Moore’s Rural New Yorker, May 19, 19:247 (Syn-
y onymy, brief account)
ie77 erovancher, L’abbé L.. Faune. Ent. Can. 1. Coleopt: p.632, 633-34,
fig. 48 (Description)
loge wtley, C. V.. N. Y. Tribune, ee 395; ibino., 147 p.234 (Ravages
and means against S. bivittata)
1877 Thomas, Cyrus. Noxious and Beneficial Ins. Ill. 6th Rep’t, p.35, 38,
44, 83, 84 (References), p.152-56 (Description, detailed life history,
remedial measures, as S. bivittata) -
teenie ©. Vo. Acad. Sct. St Louis: Trans. Dee, 1877, Jour. Proc.
cclxix-cclxx (Describes egg and manner of oviposition ‘of S.
Bivittata [=candida])
N. Y. Wk. Tribune, Feb. 20, S. b. no. 19, p.193-94; reprint in
Coleman’s Rural World, Mar. 20, 1878, S. b. no. 14, p.267-68, with
sliSht omission in the same, Mar. 12, 1879, S. b. no: 23, p.IOI-2;
Mirror and Farmer, Ap. 6, 1878, S. b. no. 20, p.3 (New facts, de-
scribes egg, Oviposition, seasons of oviposition, means against S.
iniv &t ta ta)
1878 Zimmerman, C. D. Can. Ent. 10:220 (Adults appeared June 2, 3—20
days earlier than usual)
igo gooey, -. ik. Wis. State Hort. Soc. Trans.. 9:233 (Rare as S.
bivittata) ae
1676-79, Osborn, Herbert. Ja. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 13:368-402, I9
figures (Habits and natural history of S. bivittata)
1879 Brackett, G. E. Kan. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t, 9:186-90, 198-200 (De-
scription, life history and remedies with note replying to Riley)
1879 Osborn, Herbert. Coll. Quar. May, 2:8; Western Stock Jour. and
Pacmer, uly 1670, 9:142 (Natural history: of S. biyittata)
Ta. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 1878, 13:392-93 (Life history, reme-
dies, figures, as S. bivittata)
1679 Riley, C. V. Kan. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t, 9:196-98 (Habits and
1877
1878'
1879
remedies)
1879 Stout, O. E. Kan. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t, 9:87 (Brief notice)
1880° Bateman, ——. Country Gentleman, os :246 (Wash for borers)
tase, Clay, C. M. Land and Home, Bice I, 1:139 (Sap-suckers destroy
borers)
1880" Osborn, Herbert. Western Stock Jour. and Farmer, July 10, p.153
(Answer to inquiry: habits of S. bivittata)
1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.10 (Listed)
1Reference unverified.
36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
1881 Cook, A. J. Can. Ent. 13:191 (Soft soap protects trees)
1881 Osborn, Herbert. Ia. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 1880, 15:1III, I12
(S. cretata compared with)
1882 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. Ist ea p.58, 64
(Remedial measures), p.331 (Listed)
1883 Atkins, C. G. Rural New Yorker, 42:688 (Brief note, very sine
in Maine)
1883 Cooke, Matthew. Injurious Insects of the Orchard, Vineyard etc.,
p.65-67, fig.25 (Brief general account)
1883 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 14th Rep’t, p.45, fig. 16 (Mention) -
1883: Riley, C. V. Stoddarts’ Encyclopedia Americana, 1:135-42, fig. 1-29.
(Round-headed appletree borer, S. bivittata), p.137, fig. 7
Rural New Yorker, Oct. 20, 42:693; reprint in Am. Pomo.
Soc. 19th Sess. Proc. 1884, p.45; Wis. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 1886,
17:2 (Corrects statements in regard to oviposition of S. “bayie=
tata l=candidal)
1883 Saunders, William. Can. Ent. 15:203 (Oviposits in bored cavity).
1883-89 Insects Injurious to Fruits, p.16-19, 160, 425 (Brief gen-
eral account)
1883 Ent. Soc. Ont. 14th Rep’t, p.16 (Oviposits in bored cavity)
1884 Atkins, C. G. Rural New Yorker, Jan. 12, 43:19 (Notes on oviposi-
tion, as. S= Paivittaibal
1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:325 (Brief ie notice,
a5, 5. Divitta ta)
1884 Riley, C. V. Insects in Relation to Agriculture, Enesclepea=
Americana, 1:137 (Brief general account, figures)
Rural New Yorker, Mar. I, 43:132, fig. 73 (Notice of paper
of C. G. Atkins: confirms method of oviposition of S. candida,
describes method; corrects statements by William Saunders, de-
scribes and figures egg of S. candida, figures, burrows and
exit holes; figures, pupa and position of egg when deposited)
Am. Pomo. Soc. tgth Sess. Proc. 1883, p.46 (Reference to
Oviposition)
1885* Atkins, C. G. Home Farm. Mar. 5, 1885 (Notes c on oviposition of
S. can aie)
1885* Junkins, E. W. N. Eng. Homestead. Jan. 3, 1885 (Notes on ovipo-
sition of S. candida) .
1885 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 2d Rep’t, p.27
(Mention)
1883"
1884
1884
1885 Country Gentleman, July 16, 1590-91 (Remedial measures
discussed in detail)
1886 State Ent. Rep’t N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist. 39th Rep’t, 1885,
p.105-6 (Oviposition and remedies)
1887 Bethune, C. J. S. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.57-58, fig. 31 (Reme-
dial measures)
1887 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.30 (Mention)
1887 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 3d Rep’t, p.105
(Mention)
1Reference unverified.
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA KY,
1887 Stickney, J.S. Wis. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 1886-87, 17:236-37 (Brief
notice, advises shading south and southwest sides of trees)
1888 Cook, A. J. Mich. State Bd Agric. 27th Rep’t, p.168 (Mention)
1888 Harvey, F. L. Me. Agric. Exp. Sta. An. Rep’t, p.153-55, fig. 1 (Brief
general account)
1888 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 4th Rep’t, p.107 (Car-
bolic acid wash)
1888 McMillan, Conway. Agric. Exp. Sta. Neb. Bul. 2, 1:84-85 (Very
injurious in Nebraska; natural history and remedies)
1888 Weed, C. M. Rural New Yorker, 47:333 (Carbolic soap wash and
destroying eggs and young borers very successful)
1889 Gillette, C. P. Ia. Exp. Sta. Bul. 5, p.178, fig. 14 (Brief general
notice)
1889 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 5th Rep’t, p.269-71
(Method and duration of egg-laying), p.325 (Reference)
1889 Tolman, Adams. Insect Life, 1:343 (On elm)
1889 Townsend, [C. H.] Tyler. Psyche, 5:233 (Listed from lower Michi-
gan peninsula)
tego arrimcton, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 2oth Rep’t, 1880, p.52, fig. 35
(Mention)
1890 Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. O. Insect Life, 3:59 (Promachus
Saperdae [Cenocoecliuws popwlator Say] bred, from)
1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.2tr (On apple, pear and quince)
1890 Strong, Woodbridge. Country Gentleman, 65:228 (Preventives,
grafting quince on borer-proof thorn, wrapping base of trunk with
paper)
‘1891 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:31 (Bibliography
of transformations)
1891 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 7th Rep’t, p.313-14,
fig. 31 (Newspaper wrapping and resistant stock)
1891 McCarthy, G. N. C. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 78, p.27-28 (Brief men-
tion)
1891 Smith, J. B. Ent. Soc. Ont. 22d Rep’t, p.65 (Any part of trunk
and branches of apple and pear may be attacked)
1891 N. J. Agric. Exp. Sta. 11th Rep’t, 1890, p.513-14, fig. 26 (Very
injurious to young appletrees, more so to quince, remedies)
1891 & others. Insect life, 3:249 (Not confined to quince. S.
candida not confined to the trunk)
1891 Weed, C. M. Insects and Insecticides, p.29-31, fig. 9 (Brief general
account)
1891 Columbus Hort. Soc. An. Rep’t, 1890, p.29-30 (Brief account,
ise, ¢ ati dida)
1892 Smith, J. B. Insect Life, 4:43 (Parts of trees attacked)
1893 Chambliss, C. E. Tenn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 1, 6:6-8, fig. 2 (Brief
general account)
1893 Lintner, J. A. Country Gentleman, 58:387 (Remedial measures)
1893 Osborn, Herbert. Ia. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t, 17:115-16, fig. 25 (Brief
notice)
1893 Riley, C. V. Md. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 23, p.86-87, fig. 17, 18 (Brief
general account)
386 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
1893 Treat, M. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 1:16-17 (Unusually injurious, parts
of tree attacked and natural enemies)
1894 Bruner, L. ~ Neb? State Hort,’ S0c:“Rep’t, p.161, 182-62) tie @aneas
(Listed, figured)
1894 Davis, GC. Mich. State Hort. ebe 24th Rep’t, p.77-78, figure (Brief
notice)
1894 Jack, J. G. Mass. Hort. Soc. Trans. p.137 (Food plants, habits and
remedies)
1895 Comstock, J. H. Manual for the Study of Insects, p.572-73, fig. “on
697 (Brief notice)
1895 Hamilton, John. Cat. Coleopt. Southwestern Pa., etc. Am.) Ent
Soc. Trans. 22:369 (Not rare) -
1895 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. roth Rep’t, p.488, 511 (Reference)
1895' Weed, H. E. Southern Cultivator, Jan. 1895 (Round-headed apple-
tree borer, S. candida)
1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (Attacks apple,
pear, plum, quince, cherry, thorn, mountain ash and June berry,
Amelanchier)
1896 Fletcher, James. Farmer’s Advocate, London Ont. Nov. 16, p.480,
figure (S. candida in appletrees)
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, _—
49 (Systematic account)
1896 Lintner, J. A. Country Gentleman, 61:949 (Remedial measures in
detail)
1896 State Ent. 11th Rep’t, p.269 (On apple)
1896 Smith, J. B. Eco. Ent. p.209-10 (Remedial measures)
1897 Bogue, E. E. Ok. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 26, p.12-14, fig. 8, 9 (Brief
general account)
1897 Fyles, Thomas W. Ent. Soc. Ont. 27th Rep’t, 1896, p.39- 40 (Native
food plants, thorn, moosemissa, shad bush)
1897 Johnson, W. G. Am. Gardening, 18:375 (Brief general notice)
1897 Lintner, J. A. Country Gentleman, 62:390 (Soap wash, cutting out)
1897 Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 12th Rep’t, p.230, 246, 356
(Reference)
1897 Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 13th Rep’t, p.365 (Reference)
1898 Bruner, L. Neb. State Hort. Soc. An. Rep’t, p.121-212, 108 fisures
(Insect enemies of the apple and its fruit under S. candida)
1898 Chittenden, F. H. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Diy. Hint, Cire. 32, p.1-8, fig. I
(Summary account) ;
1808 Faville, E. E. & Parrott, P. J. Kan. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 77, March,
p.50-52, fig. 23-25 (Brief general account)
1898 Johnston, James. Can. Ent. 30:71 (Taken June 4 on thorn at Ham-
ilton)
1898 Stedman, J. M. Mo. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 44, fig. 6, p.14-16, 18 (Brief. ©
general account, results with washes)
1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 (Specific characters, food
plants)
1Reference unverified,
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 39
1899 Beach, S. A., Lowe, V. H. & Stewart, F. C. N. Y. State Exp. Sta.
Bul. 170, p.389 (Brief notice)
1899 Bruner, Lawrence. Neb. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t, 30:160-61 (Brief
mention, figure)
1899 Felt, E. P. Country Gentleman, 64:917 (Protective bands and
washes advised)
1899 Fernald, H. T. Pa. Dep’t Agric. Bul. 47, p.12-14, fig. 14 (Brief gen-
eral account)
1899 Fyles, T. W. Ent. Soc. Ont. 29th Rep’t, 1898, p.47, fig. 16 (Brief
mention)
1899 Harvey, F. L. & Munson, W. M. Me. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 56,
p.108-9, pl. 2, fig. 1 (Brief general account)
1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p.210-15, fig. 133-34
(Brief general account); same in Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t,
p.126-31 ;
1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. Rep’t Sup. p.206, fig. 131
(Brief mention) .
meoerelt EH. P. State Ent. 15th Rep’t. N.Y. State Mus-, Bul. 31, p.554
{Unusually abundant), p.557 (Adults taken on mountain ash July
4), p.574 (Attracted to light), p.577-78 (Mention)
1901 Webster, F. M. Ent. Soc. Ont. 31st Rep’t, p.83, fig. 44 (Adults gnaw
_ young apples) 7
toot Felt, E. P. Country Gentleman, Oct. 3, 66:803 (Remedial measures)
1902 Country Gentleman Ap. 3, 67:291 (Injuries to young trees);
State Ent, 17th Rep’t. N. Y.. State Mus.. Bul. 53, p.734-35, 834 (In-
juries and brief bibliography)
1902 Patton, J. H. Am. Agric. 69:357 (Cover infested spots with clay)
1902 Slingerland, M. V. Rural New Yorker, Oct. 11, 61:688 (Remedial
measures)
Saperda calcarata Say
Poplar borer
This is the largest of our native species and is equaled in size
only by the European S. carcharias. This species is of con-
siderable economic importance on account of its serious injury
to the trunks and larger branches of poplars. These trees rarely
attain any size in New York State before showing the operations
of this insect, and in not a few instances very serious injury is
inflicted. This applies not only to neglected trees along road
sides and in forests but also to magnificent specimens grown
for ornamental purposes in parks. In Washington park, Albany,
this species has recently caused a great deal of damage, breeding
in large numbers in a group of magnificent white poplars. We
have also observed similar injury in New York city and Brooklyn.
40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Early history. Dr Harris, in his classic report, Insects In-
jurious to Vegetation, states that this species in conjunction with
the broad-necked Prionus, Prionus laticollis, nearly
destroyed the lombardy poplars in the vicinity of Cambridge
Mass. in the early 40’s. In 1880 Mr Shelby Reed, of Scotts-
ville N. Y., lost two fine trees on a lawn through the depreda-
tions of this pest. Dr Packard reports it as very injurious to
poplars along the shores of Casco bay, Me., in 1884, and in 1892
it had caused great depredations among the silver poplars of
Cincinnati O. according to Charles Dury. Professor Riley, in
his early writings, states that this insect has been universally
destructive to cottonwoods and poplars in the western states,
and Professor Bruner, in his paper, “ The Insect Enemies of
Ornamental and Shade Trees,” states that this borer is by far the
most destructive enemy of poplars and cottonwoods in the west.
He further adds that it is almost impossible to grow these trees
of any size in cities and towns of Nebraska away from the
friendly care of birds and parasitic insects.
Life history. The recorded life history of this insect is very
meager indeed. Dr Harris states that the beetles [pl. 2, fig. 1]
occur on the trunks and branches of various forms of poplar in
August and September, and other writers notice the life history
of the insect in a very brief manner.
The most obvious signs of infestation are the numerous black-
ened, swollen scars along the surface of the trunk and limbs.
Sometimes these are open, and in early summer large quantities
- of borings are expelled from the inhabited galleries, and fre-
quently occur in considerable piles about the base of the trees.
This is very evident during the latter part of May and in early
June. Our observations show that pupae [pl. 2, fig. 2] may be
found in considerable numbers in early June in the vicinity of
Albany, and that adults appear in early July and continue to
emerge throughout that month and probably also during
August and into September. In early June we have found full
grown larvae [pl. 2, fig. 3] which apparently were nearly ready
to pupate, and many pupae, though no beetles breed therefrom
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA | AI
till into July. This would therefore prove that the pupal stage
lasts three or four weeks as a general rule. The pupal chamber
[pl. 2, fig. 2] is invariably near the center of the smaller limbs
and at some distance from the surface in trunks. The top is
smoothly cut, and the other end is closely packed with coarse
fibers which are attached to the side of the gallery at one end,
_ and the portion next the pupa is packed with much finer borings
and then coated with very fine sawdust. This pupal chamber
appears to be made the previous season, but transformation to
the pupa does not occur, as in other species, till spring. There
are no records regarding oviposition habits, but this species,
like S. candida, makes a small slit in the bark and deposits
its eggs just underneath the surface. The young larva [pl. Io]
works in the inner bark and the outer sapwood for a short time
and before the approach of cold weather sinks its burrow to a
greater depth. The borings of the second year are confined
very largely to the interior of the wood, and during this stage
the limb or trunk may be honeycombed by very large, some-
what irregular galleries. In the latter stages of their existence,
the larvae not infrequently excavate broad shallow galleries in
the sapwood and inner bark and appear to subsist to a consider-
amie extent on the sap collected in’ such cavities. This insect
probably requires three years to complete its transformations.
Food plants. This borer has been recorded as destructive to
lombardy poplar [Emmons], cottonwood [Walsh], Populus
tremuloides, the common aspen [Jack], cottonwood, pop-
lars and willows [Lugger], is not rare on diseased Populus
[Hamilton], on cottonwood and other poplars [Adams], very
common [Provancher]. |
Description. Covered with gray hairs, diversified with patches
of yellow hairs on the elytra, which latter end in a sutural spine.
Thorax with a yellow stripe on top and sides, extending on the
head, which is yellow in front; scutellum yellow; underside gray
with yellow; legs gray; antennae gray. Sometimes the insect is
entirely yellowish brown (var. adspersa).
Distribution. This species has been recorded by Leng and
Hamilton, from the following localities: Canada, Wisconsin,
42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Lake Superior, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Massa-
chusetts, New Jersey, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, lowa, Van-
couver- island, British Columbia, and from Yakima Wash. by Pro-
fessor Piper. - We have seen specimens from Texas, South Carolina,
Illinois, Black hills, and Bismarck N. D. It has been found by us
at Fort Lee N. J.,in New York city and also Brooklyn and Glendale.
Saperda adspersa Lec., a uniformly brown form described from
Michigan, is a variety of this species. This variety has also been
found at Albany [Joutel] and at Brandt lake in the Adirondacks
[ J. Doll].
Remedies. It is manifestly impossible to attempt to control this
insect on other than valuable trees, and in such situations, digging
out the borers, with possibly recourse to the use of repellent washes.
described on page 29, is about all that can be done and in the majority
oi instances should afford considerable protection.
Bibliography
1824 Say, Thomas. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 3:408 (Original descrip-
tion); same in Ent. N. Am. Compl. Wr. 1883, 2:190
1845 Fitch, Asa. Am. Quar. Agric. and Sci. Jour. p.252, pl. 3, fig. 8 (De-
scription, habits, infests native and lombardy poplars)
1850 LeConte, J. L. Lake Superior, Agassiz and Cabot, p.234 Saint dace
as S. adspersa) :
Acad. Nat. Sci. Jour. 2:162 (Description, distribution, S.
adspersa described)
1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:55 (Listed as
Anaerea cakcanata)
1854 Emmons, Ebenezer. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Agric. 5:121, pl. 16, fig. 1
(Description, in lombardy poplars)
1859 Fitch, Asa. N. Y. Agric. Soc. Trans. 1858, 18:844 (Attacks poplar,
habits, description); same in Noxious and Other Ins. N. Y. 5th
Rep’t, p.64.
1860 Rathvon, S. S. Entomological essay read before the Fruit Growers
Ass’n Pa. Gardeners Mo. December, 2:356-57, pl. 1, fig. 3 (Rare in
Pennsylvania)
1862 Harris, T. W. Insects Injurious to Vegetation, ed. 3, p.106-7 (Very
injurious to lombardy and American poplars)
1866 Walsh, B. D. Prac. Ent. Ap. 30, 1:64 (In cottonwood)
1867 Riley, C. V. Prairie Farmer, June 15, 19:397, p.100 (Supposed larva
of this species in roots of apple)
1870 Packard, A. S. Borers of Certain Shade Trees, Am. Nat. Dec. 4,
p.593-94, fig. 119 (Mention)
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 43
1873 Le Conte, J. L. New Sp. N. Am. Coleopt. pt 2, Smithsonian Miscel.
Coll. 264, p.238 (Specific characters)
_ 1877 Provancher, L’abbé L. Faune Ent. Can. 1 Coleopt. p.633 (Descrip-
tion, very common)
1880 Riley, C. V. Am. Ent. July 3, p.181 (In poplar)
1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.10 (Listed)
1881 Packard, A. S. U.S. Ent. Com. Bul. 7, p.115, 117-18 (Injurious to
cottonwoods and poplars, grub and beetle described)
1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:326 (Attacks poplars)
1886 Jack, J. G. Can. Ent. 18:23 (In Populus tremuloides)
1887 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.30 (Mention)
1887 Jack, J: G. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.17 (In Populus tremu-
loides)
1889 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 2oth Rep’t, p.52 (Mention)
1889 Lugger, Otto. Insects Affecting Poplars and Willows. Minn. Agric.
Exp. Sta. Bul. 9; p.55-56 (Brief notice in cottonwood, poplar and
willow)
1889 Riley, C. V. Insect Life, 7:164 (Review of Minn. Bul. 9)
1890 Packard, A. S.. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p.426, 435-36, 599 (Injur-
ing poplar, cottonwood and willow, brief notice)
1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.211 (Not rare near the Hudson)
1891 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:31 (Bibliography
of transformations)
1892 Dury, Charles. Insect Life, 5:54 (Very injurious to silver poplars
at Cincinnati O.)
1893 Bruner, Lawrence. Insect Enemies of Ornamental and Shade Trees.
Neb. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t p.195-96, fig. 34, 35 (Very destructive
to poplars and cottonwoods)
1895 Hamilton, John. Cat. Coleopt. Southwestern Pa., with notes and
descriptions. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:369 (Not rare in diseased
poplars)
1896 Beutenmuller, William. Food Habits of the North American Ceram-
bycidae. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In poplar, also said to live in
linden)
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:146, 148
(Systematic account)
1896 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 11th Rep’t, p.269
(On apple)
1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:40, 42 (Specific characters, food
plants)
1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p.215 (Injures poplar
and cottonwood trees); same in Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t,
p.131
1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. List of Species, etc. State Bd Agric. 27th
Rep’t, sup. p.296 (Occasional through state in poplar and cotton-
wood)
T900 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 15th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 3r1, Berry.
603 (Adults reared by Mr Adams from Populus monilifera
July 18)
44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Am. Gardening, Aug. I0, 22:558 (Poplar borer is possibly
IQOI
S. calcarata, use of carbon bisulfid or potassium cyanid is
advised)
1902 Dury, Charles. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed, injures
poplar) | 4
1902 Felt, E. P. Col. State Bd Hort. Rep’t 1901, p.168-69 (Injurious
character) an
1902 Joutel, L. H. Ent. News, 13:33 (Reference) .
Saperda tridentata Oliv.
Elm borer
—
This species is of considerable economic importance, since it
is sometimes very injurious to our American elms, where it may
work in association with two small curculios, Magdalis
barbita Say. and M. armicollis Say. -We believe that
this species is responsible in a large measure for the dying con-
dition of some of our elms, though the curculios mentioned above
undoubtedly aid materially in the work of destruction.
Early history. The earliest record of injury by this insect is
that given by Harris in his report, Insects Injurious to Vege-
tation. He states that trees on Boston Common “were found
to have suffered terribly from the ravages of this insect. Several
of them had already been cut down as past recovery; others
were in a dying state; and nearly all of them were more or less
affected with disease or premature decay.” Dr S. A. Forbes,
state entomologist of Illinois, in his 14th report, states that,
from the rapid progress which this pest has made among the
elms during the last two or three years, it seems extremely
likely that it will totally exterminate the trees unless it be
checked by general action. Dr J. A. Lintner, late state ento-
mologist of New York, in writing of this insect in 1893, charac-
terizes it as being generally destructive throughout the State
and one worthy of close attention in order to check or to pre-
vent its causing serious injuries. Professor Garman, entomolo-
gist of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, records
an instance of serious injury by this pest to trees about the
streets of Frankfort. Several trees were dead and a number of
other valuable elms dying, those affected being among the largest
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 45
and the finest in the city. A more recent outbreak at Berlin
Mass. was brought to the writer’s attention in 1898. Two long
rows of rather young elms were seriously injured by this insect
and the associated Magdalis armicollis Say and M.
barbita Say, and a number of the trees were killed.
Signs of attack. The presence of this insect is not easy to
detect till it has become well established, and the first signs
are usually seen in the lighter, thinner foliage followed by a
dead limb here and there. Indications of boring soon appear,
and the dark sawdust collects in crevices of the bark, and, after
the attack has progressed for some time, large portions of the
bark may be easily pulled from the tree, revealing a condition
beneath very. much like that represented on plate 11, figure 2. The
inner portion of the bark may be literally a mass of mines or
burrows, and, if the work has not gone too far, numerous whitish,
flattened, legless grubs may be found in the channels they have
excavated. The junior author is of the opinion that this species
normally feeds on dead or badly diseased tissues, and that from
them it may invade living bark. A small portion of the work
of this insect is shown on plate 3, figure 1, where it is seen that
the grubs have made incursions into the living bark, working back
to that which is dead. It is also able to live in the thick bark
of older trees for a portion of its life. This is undoubtedly
true in some cases at least, and in others it certainly appears as
though this species was the initial cause of the trouble. The
observations of Mr M. F. Adams on a large number of injured
trees in the vicinity of Buffalo led him to attribute the primary
injury to this species.
Life history. The time necessary for this insect to complete
its life cycle is unknown, but from our breeding experiments it
seems that probably only one and possibly two years are neces-
sary. The larvae commence transforming to pupae in New York
State about the middle of May or earlier, and the beetles begin
to appear the latter part of that month and continue to emerge
for some time, examples having been taken as late as Aug. 24.
The eggs are deposited on the bark in June, according to the
46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
observations of Dr Fitch, but it would seem very probable that
Oviposition may occur much later, as beetles -are abroad till
into August. The attack usually begins at the base of the tree.
The young grub works its way under the bark and begins feed-
ing on the tissues and making a serpentine burrow. The boring
increases in size with the growth of the larva [pl. 3, fig. 1], and
in the course of time the tree may be completely girdled and
then it must soon die. Dr Packard, writing in 1870, calls atten-
tion to finding three sizes of larvae; and we found it compara-
tively easy to separate those taken from a badly infested piece of
limb ina similar manner. But in our breeding from such infested
bark all larvae transformed the same season. We have also
found it working in dead as well as living tissues and have proved
its ability to complete its transformations in the former.
Food plants. This insect appears to infest the white elm
almost exclusively, though Dr Fitch records it as breeding in
the slippery elm. We have seen no indications of its attacking
the English or Scotch elms, so common in Albany. There is a
record of this species having been reared from maple, but it
would seem that the infestation must have been abnormal or
else the record was founded on an erroneous observation.
Description. Black, sometimes fawn color, densely covered
with a gray pubescence [pl. 3, fig. 3]. Thorax: twin black spots
below lateral orange red bands which are joined together at the
base and reach to the head, where each divides and encircles
an eye; sometimes ornamented with two black spots on
each side of median line. Elytra: submarginal ridge reaching
from the humeral angle to near the apex, giving them an angu-
lated appearance; ornamented by a more or less distinct sub-
marginal, orange red band, from which arise three crossbars of
the same color, the one nearest the base of the elytra nearly
transverse, except at the tip, where it is sometimes oblique, it
rarely reaches to the suture and has a black spot on either side
where it joins the submarginal -band; the middle band oblique
and usually joined at suture; the apical one also oblique, with a
black spot at its posterior side, usually reaches the suture and
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 47
continues to the apex, where it joins the submarginal band. The
apex is truncate and usually sinuate in well developed examples.
Distribution. The elm borer is generally distributed in New
York State and has been recorded by various writers from the
| following additional localities: provinces of Ontario and Quebec,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Kentucky, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa. It was col-
lected by Professor Bolles in Texas and at Tyngsboro Mass. by
Blanchard. We have also seen specimens from the District of
Columbia. It probably occurs in a number of other states.
Remedies. Badly infested trees should be cut and burned be-
fore the beetles have had an opportunity to emerge in the spring,
that is before the latter part of May, in the latitude of New York.
And in a like manner infested portions of others should be cut
away and burned. The latter process was carried out on a lot of
1500 elms at Buffalo N. Y. by Mr M. F. Adams, who reports
that the trees were benefited in a most gratifying manner.
Protecting the trees during the period of oviposition with a
carbolic acid wash has been frequently recommended, but is of
doubtful utility. Where this insect is very abundant and its
injuries correspondingly serious, it would do no harm to try the
effects of a wash. One of the best may be prepared as follows:
thin a gallon of soft soap with an equal amount of hot water
and then stir in 1 pint of crude carbolic acid, or % pint of the re-
fined, and allow it to set over night. The next day add 8 gallons
of soft water and apply to the parts to be protected, which in
the case of this insect would be the trunk and base of the lower
limbs. The bark should be kept moist with this substance from
the latter part of May through July.
Removing portions of the bark has also been recommended.
The badly infested portion should be cut away and the grubs
destroyed, and, where a few are working in living bark, it might
be well to remove the upper layers till the grubs are nearly
exposed and then brush over the shaven surface with strong |
‘kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap solution, finally covering
the wound with a paste formed of a mixture of fresh cow dung
and lime or with a coat of cheap, red paint.
48 ' NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Bibliography
1795 Olivier, A. G. Entomologie, 4:30, pl. 4, ig. 48 (Original description)
1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 2:164 (Description)
1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:55 (Listed as
Compsideatridentata var. dubiosa described)
1854 Emmons, Ebenezer. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Agric. 5:122, pl. 34, fig. 6
(Beetle described)
1858 Fitch, Asa. Noxious and Other Ins. N. Y. 5th Rep’t, p.59-60 (Life
history, larva and adult described); N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans.
. 18:839-40
1860 Rathvon, S. S. Gardeners Mo. December, 2:357, pl. 1, fig. 4 (Brief
' general notice, rare in Pennsylvania, abundant in Missouri, female
deposits about 100 eggs) é
1862 Harris, T. W. Insects Injurious to Vegetation, ed. 3, p.111-13, pl. 11,
fig. 13 (Description, ravages and notes on life history)
1869 Packard, A. S. Guide to the Study of Insects, p.499 (Mention as
Compsidea)
Am. Nat. December, 4:588-91, fig. 115, 116 (Quotes Harris
largely, injury in New Jersey, notes on life history, adult and larva
described, and figured)
1873 LeConte, J. L. New Sp. N. Am. Coleopt. pt 2, ees Miscel.
Coll. 264, p.239 (Specific characters)
1874 Hubbard, H. G. Psyche, 1:5 (Associated with Magdalis arm-
icollis)
Psyche, 2:40 (In elm, as S. trilineata)
1877 Provancher, L’abbé, L. Faune Ent. Can. 1 Coleopt. p.632, 634 (De-
scription)
1877 Thomas, Cyrus. Ill. State Ent. 6th Rep’t, p.38, 44, 156-57 (Refer-
ence, description, often very injurious in planted groves)
1878 Packard, A. S. Gardeners Mo. May, 18:133 (Notes, injuries similar
to those of S. tridentata)
1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.10 ; ’
1881 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. Bul. 7, p.58-50, fig. 17 (Brief
account)
1883 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 14th Rep’t, p.35 (Pupae taken
from prostrate maple)
Can. Ent. 15:79 (Pupae in prostrate maple)
1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:326 (Described on elm)
1885 Forbes, S.A. Ill. State Ent. 14th Rep’t, p.112-14 (Injuries in Illinois,
larva and beetle described, preventive measures)
1887 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.30-31 (Pupae in
maple)
Ent. Soc. Ont. 2oth Rep’t, p.52 (In elm)
1890 Caulfield, F. B. Ent. Soc. Ont. 21st Rep’t, p.73-74 (Brief general
notice)
1890 Harrington, W. H. Can. Ent. 22:186 (Listed from counties of
Argenteuil and Ottawa)
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 49
1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. sth Rep’t, p.224-26, fig. 71, 424
(General account, largely after Professor Forbes)
1890 Perkins, G. H. Vt. Agric. Exp. Sta. 3d Rep’t, p.154-55 (Brief gen-
eral notice)
Vt State Bd» Agric. 11th Yee sep. p.68-71, fig. 52 Beet
: general account)
1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 212 (Common at Newark, Caldwell)
1891 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:31-32 (Bibliogra-
phy of transformations)
1893 Garman, H. Ky. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 47. 18093. p.44-50; ‘also in
6th An. Rep’t. 1894. p.122-27, fig. 12, 13 (Injuries in Frankfort,
general account)
1893 Lintner, J. A. Garden and Forest, 6:76 (Injurious work in New
York State, remedial measures)
1890 -
1893 Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 9th Rep’t, p.427-28 (Injurious
work in New York State, remedial measures); same in West. N. Y.
Hort. Soc. Proc. 1893, sep. p.7-8
1894 Albany Evening Jour. May 7 (Brief general notice)
1895 Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:369 (Common_on elm)
1895 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. roth Rep’t, p.484, 485,
499 (Reference) |
1896 Beutenmuller, William. Food Habits of the North American
Cetambycidae. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80. (In elm)
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 150
(Systematic account)
1896 Lintner, J. A. Country Gentleman, Sep. 24, 61:746 (Injuries in
Illinois, remedies)
Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 12th Rep’t, p.239, 243-48, 355
(Detailed account); also in N. Y. State Mus. 50th An. Rep’t
1898 Felt, E. P. A Pernicious Elm Borer. Country Gentleman, 63:869
(Injuries at Berlin Mass., notes on life history); same in N. Eng.
Farmer, Nov. 26, p.2
1897
1898 -Elm Borer. Country Gentleman, Nov. 17, p.go06 (Remedial
measures)
1898 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 20, p.19-20, fig. 6 (Brief notice)
1898 State Ent. —_ sepia, Ni. Yerotace, Migs. Bal, 23) p.245, 256
(Reference)
1899 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 27, p.49 (Mention)
1899 Garman, H. Ky. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 84, p.60, fig. 7 (Mention)
1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p.215 CMfention);
same in Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t, p.131
1899 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. Rep’t, sup. p.2097 (On
elm)
1900 Felt, E. P. Fish. Game and For. Com. N. ¥. 5th Rep’t, p.371-75,
pl. 3, fig. 1-4 (General account)
1900 State Ent. 15th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 31, p.556 (Work
on elms, emergence of beetles), p.581-82 (Brief notice), p.580, 592
(Reference)
1900 N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 37, p.22, fig. 32 (Brief notice)
50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
State Ent. 16th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 36, p.1006, 1007
(Biologic data from M. F. Adams)
1902 Dury, Charles. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed, serious
injuries)
1902 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 17th Rep’t. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 53, p.863
(Principal references)
IQOI
Saperda cretata Newm.
Spotied appleiree borer
This insect is the more common appletree borer in Michigan,
where it inflicts serious injuries according to Professors Cook,
Riley and Osborn. It is probably this insect that Mr L. J. Temp-
lin had in mind in 1877 when writing of the appletree borer in
the Practical Farmer for Nov. 17. He states that in the West a
“majority of the specimens have a spot on each elytron on the
shoulder,” and shows that it was quite injurious even at that early
date. It also works in the lower limbs of Crataegus, as stated
by Dr Hamilton. Professor Osborn has recorded this insect as
inflicting considerable injury in lowa.
Description | pl. 4, fig. 2]. Cinnamon brown with a white band
on the side of thorax, and a large, oblong white spot twice as
long as wide, at middle of each elytron, and another small spot before
apex; neither reaching to suture or margin. There is sometimes
a minute white spot at middle of base of thorax as well as at the
humeral angles. The sides are white; underneath, brown. —
Distribution. This species has been recorded from the follow-
ing localities: Paris Ont. [E. B. Reed], New York and Penn-
sylvania [Hamilton], New Jersey and Ohio [Chittenden]; Mr
Chittenden states that there are specimens of this insect in the
United States National Museum from northern Illinois and
Texas; Leng and Hamilton record it from the following locali-
ties: Massachusetts, Canada, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois
and Pennsylvania; and Mr Wenzel informs us that he has re-
cently taken it at Philadelphia. Mr Blanchard took it at Tyngs-
boro Mass.
Food plants. This species, in addition to the apple, attacks —
wild crab apples, and it has been observed on Juneberry
[ Chittenden].
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 51
Life history. Professor Osborn has observed the work of this
insect quite closely. He states that its attack is usually con-
fined to branches of moderate size, and that its plan of work is
somewhat peculiar. At intervals of half an inch or more along
the branch double incisions are made in the bark; and, on cutting
these away, it was found that they led to excavations of con-
siderable size under the bark, in some of which small grubs
could be found at work. The borers had the appearance of the
common appletree borer and were evidently of one year’s growth.
This insect makes a longer, more tortuous burrow than cal-
carata, in our experience. Its work in thorn is represented
on plate 4, figure I.
The pupa as described by Professor Osborn is similar to that
of S.candida but smaller and occupies the central portion
of the branch. He further observes that the beetles issue
about the middle of June, and, after pairing, the female lays her
eggs in the bark, two in a place, distributing them along the
branch at distances of half an inch to an inch. On hatching,
the grubs work in opposite directions around the branch, living
for the first year just beneath the bark and afterward entering
the solid wood. Here, after becoming full grown, they pupate
and in due time complete their transformations.
Remedies. The remedial measures advised by Professor Os-
born are cutting out and destroying the grubs with as little
injury to the bark as possible; and, as he observes, if this is
done soon enough, two grubs may be killed at every incision.
He also states that some of the smaller woodpeckers are likely
to prove most effectual allies in controlling this insect, and their
presence in an orchard should be encouraged. Professor Cook has
advised the use of the carbolic soap wash, which he states should be
applied about June Io.
Bibliography
1838' Newman, Edward. Ent. Mo. Mag. 5:396 (Original description)
1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 2:164 (Description)
1868 Reed, E. B. Can. Ent. 1:19 (Rare at Paris Ont.)
tReference unverified.
52 NEW: YORK STATE MUSEUM
1880 Osborn, Herbert. New Enemy to Appletrees. West. Stock Jour.
and Farmer, December, 10:273-74 (Characters, habits and means
against) :
1881 Cook, A. J. Can. Ent. 13:191 (injuring appletrees in Michigan,
carbolic soap wash)
1881 Osborn, Herbert. Ia. State Hort. Soc. Trans. 1880, 15:11-13, figure
(Description, life history and remedies)
1881 — Am. Nat. March, 15:244 (Oviposition, work of larva)
1882 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and other Ins. N. Y. 1st Rep’t, p.331 (Listed
“on apple)
1888 Cook, A. J. Mich. State Bd Agric. 27th Rept, p.168, fig. 6 (More
common than S. candida, description, remedy) ~
1889 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, p.52 (In appletrees)
1891 Cook, A. J. & others. Insect Life, 3:249 (Prefers branches)
1895 Hamilton, John. List Coleopt. Southwest. Pa. etc. Am. Ent. Soc:
Trans. 22:369 (Common in limbs of crataegus) |
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 149
(Systematic account)
1896 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 11th Rep’t, 1895, p.269
(Listed on apple)
1898 Chittenden, F. H. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Circ. 32, June, p.8,
fig. 2 (Description, injuries, distribution, habits)
1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 (Specific characters, food
plants)
1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, December, p.215
(Attacks apple and thorn); same in Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t,
p.I3I
Saperda discoidea Fabr.
Hickory saperda
This species is remarkable in having the sexes so unlike that
one unacquainted with it would certainly consider them distinct
species. In a long series of males, however, there will be found
individuals having the same color and markings as the females,
and some very poorly developed females lack entirely the char-
acteristic markings of the sex. This is a common insect and
breeds abundantly in hickory, frequently following the work of
the destructive hickory bark borer, Scolytus quadri-
spinosus Say. !t is sometimes so abundant that a piece of
bark 6 inches square may contain a dozen or more larvae. |
Life history. The beetles have been taken abroad the latter
part of June and in July. The larvae feed partly on the bark-
and partly on the wood and on approaching maturity, in our
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 53
experience, enter either the bark or the wood and transform to
-beetles. The work of this species is shown on plate 3, figure 2.
Dr Hamilton has found more than 20 larvae, pupae and imma-
ture beetles, in the bark of a large hickory that had been killed
about two years before. All were on the north side of the tree
-and none over 15 inches from the ground. In our experience
they are equally abundant on all sides of the tree but appear to
avoid any part infested by a dense white fungus growing between
the bark and wood and often into the wood, and as very often only
one side of the tree is so affected, this may account for the experi-
ence of Dr Hamilton. Dr Horn states that the larvae fed on the
outer layers of the wood till they had attained nearly full growth
and then retired into the bark, closing their burrows and transform-
ing like a species of Urographis in oak.
Food plants. ‘This insect appears to confine its attack to dis-
eased or dying trees. We have reared it from trees killed by
meg iytis quadrispinostus Say. It has been recorded
on the hickory by Mr Harrington and as common on hickory
and walnut in southwestern Pennsylvania by Dr Hamilton.
Description [pl. 3, fig. 5, 6]. Color above varies from black
to light reddish brown in some examples; thorax and elytra
strongly punctate; legs reddish brown, darker toward the tarsi.
The under side is white in the males and light yellowish gray to
light gray in the females.
Female. Wead and thorax covered with olive yellow hair;
scutellum yellow; the elytra denuded, except a small spot above
and one below; a crescent-shaped fascia in the middle of each
elytron, composed of dense yellow hair, which also forms a
marginal band spreading over the apical end of the elytra.
Male. Uniformly ferruginous, black above, covered by a sparse
gray pubescence that forms a whitish line on the sides and dorsum
of the thorax, which is bordered by a denuded area.
Distribution. Middle states [LeConte]; Buffalo N. Y. [Zesch-
Reinecke]; never plentiful about Hamilton Ont., though the fe-
males are usually the more numerous [Moffat]; very rare at
Ottawa Can. [Harrington]; locally not rare throughout New
Jersey [Smith]; and from Canada, New York, Pennsylvania,
54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
New Jersey, Louisiana, Kansas, Nebraska, Illinois, Michigan
[ Leng-Hamilton]. 7
Natural enemies. Mr Harrington has observed a species of
Arotes ovipositing in infested hickories and it is possibly a parasite —
of this borer.
Bibliography
1798 Fabricius, J.C. Ent. Syst. sup. p.147 (Original description)
1801 Syst. Eleu. 2:322 (Description, habitat)
1826 Say, Thomas. Acad. Nat. Sci. Jour. 5:273 (Described as S. fus-
cipes); same in Ent. North Am. Compl. Wr. 1883. 2:331.
1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 2:163 (Description, Mid-
dle states, on walnut)
1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:56 (As Steno-
stola fuscipes var. dorsalis)
1856 Fitch, Asa. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. Trans. 16:440 (Attacks hickory,
beetle described); same in Noxious and Other Ins. N. Y. 3d Rep’t,
p.122
1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)
1882 Moffat, J. A. Can. Ent. 14:58 (Never plentiful about Hamilton Ont.)
1884 Harrington, W. H. Can. Ent. 16:102 (On hickory, June, rare)
1885 Hamilton, John. Can. Ent. 17:47 (In diseased or dead hickory or
walnut, pupate in bark, beetles in May)
1887 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.30 (Mention)
T889 Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, p.52 (Attacks hickory)
1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.212 (Not rare on hickory)
1891 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 21st Rep’t, 1890, p.68 (Arotes
Ovipositing in infested hickories)
1895 Hamilton, John. List Coleopt. Southwest. Pa. etc. Am. Ent. Soc.
Trans. 22:369 (Common on hickory and walnut)
1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In hickory)
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 150
(Systematic account)
1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 (Specific characters, food
plants) .
1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, December, p.213
(On hickory); same in Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t, p.131
1899 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. Rep’t, sup. p.207
(Throughout the state, locally not rare in hickory)
1902 Dury, Charles. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed)
Saperda vestita Say
Linden borer
This species is a serious enemy of lindens in this country and ©
is therefore one of considerable economic importance.
Early history. Dr Harris has recorded extensive depredations
on linden trees in Philadelphia by an insect supposed to belong
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 55
to this species, but, as the workings are very different from any
we have met with, we question the identity of the depredator.
The trouble was so serious that 47 trees were cut down by order
of the authorities. The nature of the injury may be judged by
the following. One of the infested lindens was very large, the
trunk measuring 8 feet, 5 inches in circumference 5 feet from the
ground. A strip of bark 2 feet wide at the bottom and extend-
ing to the top of the trunk was destroyed, and the exposed sur-
face of the wood pierced and grooved with countless numbers of
holes where borers had bred and where swarms of the beetles
’ were supposed to have issued in past times. Some of the larger
limbs and a portion of the tree broke off, apparently the conse-
quence of the ravages of this insect. This pest has been very
injurious to the European linden at Cambridge Mass., and Pro-
fessor Webster has recorded it as damaging young lindens in
nursery rows.
Life history. The beetles appear toward the end of the sum-
mer (we have taken them in August) and feed on the bark and
the leaf petioles and also the larger veins on the under side of
the leaves and on the green bark of the growing shoots, often
killing the tips of the branches. When the beetles are very
abundant, the injury caused by them is quite noticeable. Pro-
fessor Smith has observed this beetle abroad in New Jersey
during July, and Dr Packard states that one female may contain
as many as 90 eggs. A female is Said to deposit her eggs, two
or three in a place, on the trunk and branches, specially about
the forks, making slight incisions and punctures for their recep-
tion with her strong jaws. The larvae undermine the bark for a
distance of 6 or 8 inches from the place where they hatch and
often penetrate the wood to an equal extent, as stated by Dr
Packard, who adds that this insect works at the base of young
lindens, gouging two parallel rings around the trunk and form-
ing annular swellings. We have observed the work of this
species and seldom found it more than 12 inches above the
ground; and in our experience it occurs very largely in exposed
roots and subterranean parts, though Mr D. B. Young states that
he has taken this beetle from galleries in the lower limbs of a large
56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
x“
tree. The method of work is shown on plate 5, figure 1, which rep-
resents the broad galleries of the larva and the exit hole of the
beetle. Our observations are confirmed by Professor Webster, who
also states that the pupal cell is made at about the level of the
ground and is cut diagonally across the grain of the wood and at an
angle of about 45° to the channel the larva makes when ascending to
this level.
Food plants. Linden is the greatest sufferer from the ravages
of this insect, though it has been recorded by Dr Packard as
infesting poplar, as occurring on ? elm by Riley and Howard,
and Rev. J. L. Zabriskie has taken the insect from appletrees.
It is doubtful, in our judgment, if the insect breeds in other than
the various lindens. ‘
Description [pl. 5, fig. 5]. Black, covered by a dense olivace-
ous pubescence, usually with three denuded spots on each elytron,
two placed obliquely above the middle and one below. One or
all of these spots may occasionally be wanting.
Distribution. This insect has been recorded from localities as
follows: Lake Michigan [Say]; rare in Massachusetts | Harris] ;
very abundant in Lancaster county, Pa. [| Rathvon] ; Middle and
Western states [LeConte]; Amherstburg Ont. [E. B. Reed];
Buffalo [Zesch-Reinecke]; L’ Original and Grenville Can. [Har-
rington]; rather common in New Jersey [Smith]; not rare on
linden in southwestern Pennsylvania [Hamilton]; very common
[Provancher]; Canada, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachu-
setts, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, lowa,
Tilinois, Ohio, New Jersey [Leng-Hamilton]. We have also seen
specimens from Missouri.
Natural enemies. Two enemies have been bred from this
species, one, Bracon pectinator Say? from the insect in
? elm and another, B. charus_ Riley, which is given by Dr
Packard on the authority of Riley’s unpublished notes, and, as
no food plant is given, it is possible that the latter is but a
different name for the insect previously mentioned.
Remedies. It is manifestly impossible to attempt to control this -
insect on other than valuable trees, and in such situations, digging
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 57
=
out the borers, with possibly recourse to the use of repellent washes
described on page 29, is about all that can be done and in the
majority of instances should afford considerable protection.
' Bibliography
1824 Say, Thomas. Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St Peters
River (Long’s second expedition), p.290 (Original description,
habitat southern extremity Lake Michigan and Philadelphia);
same in Compl. Wr. 1883. 1:193
1844 Harris, T. W. Farmers Cab. and Am. eaevindold 8:213-14 (Obser-
vations on, means against, rare in Massachusetts)
Hovey’s Mag. Hort. September, 10:330-33, figures (Habits
and ravages, figures of the larva, pupa and imago)
teg2) weConte), J..L.. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. hase 2:163 (Description, Mid-
dle and Western states)
1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phil. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:55 (Listed)
-1854 Emmons, Ebenezer. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Agric. 5:121, pls 34, fig. 4
(Described, attacks linden)
1860 Rathvon, S. 8S. Entomological essay read before the Fruit Growers
mesm East: Pa. Gardeners, Mo; December, 2:356, pl. 1, fig. 2 (In-
jury in Philadelphia and brief notice)
Com. patents Rep’t, 1861, Agric. p.618-19, fig. 79, 80 (Injuries
at Boston and Philadelphia, very abundant in Lancaster county,
Pa.)
1868 Reed, E. B. Can. Ent. 1:19 (Taken at Amherstburg Ont.)
1870 Packard, A. S. Am. Nat. 4:591-93, fig. 117, 118 (Natural history,
ravages)
1677 Provancher, L’abbé L. Faune Ent. Can. 1 Coleopt. p.634 (Descrip-
tion very common)
1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)
maneeackard, As S. U.S. Ent..Com. Bul. 7; p.123, 124-25, fig. 50 (On
poplar, linden, brief notice)
1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:326 Pepe ced: attacks
linden)
1887 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 17th Rep’t, p.3o (Mentions the
linden borer)
1888 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. ath Rep’t, p.207
(Reference)
1890 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, 1889, p.52 (In linden)
1890 Can. Ent: 22:186 (Taken at L’Original and Grenville Can.)
1890 Packard, A.S. U.S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p.226 (Onelm, Bracon
elva'r us aie a parasite), p.474-75, fig. 171 (Brief notice, in
linden) !
pao Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. O. Insect Life, 2 2:348 (On elm, Bracon
pectinator ? Say, bred from)
1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p. 212 (Rather common in linden)
1891 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:31 (Bibliography
of transformations)
1844
1862
58- NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
1891 Caulfield, F. B. Ent. Soc. Ont. 21st Rep’t, 1890, p.74 (Reference)
1895 Hamilton, John. List Coleopt. Southwest. Pa. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans.
22:369 (Not rare on linden)
1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In linden)
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 149
(Systematic account)
1896 Lintner, J. A. Injurious and Other Ins. N. Y. 11th Rep’t, 1895, —
p.269 (On apple)
1896 Zabriskie, J. L. N.Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:96 (Dug from an appletree)
1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 (Description, food plant)
1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, December, p.215
(Mention); same Ent. State Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t, p.131
1899 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. 27th Rep’t, sup. p.297
(Lindens often seriously injured, beetles in July)
1900 Ehrmann, G. A. Ent. News, 11:621 (Feeding on linden foliage,
Pittsburg Pa.) .
1901 Webster, F. M. Ent. Soc. Ont. 31st Rep’t, 1900, p.81-83, fig. 42-43
(Injuries, nursery stock affected)
1902 Dury, Charles. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed)
Saperda imitans n. sp.
This interesting species resembles our common elm borer,
S. tridentata, with which it has frequently been confused.
The junior author bred this insect some years ago from wood
collected near the city of New York, but he did not notice that
it was distinct from our common elm borer till too late to
examine its workings. He had no elm in the breeding cage at
the time, and so presumes that it lived in hickory, of which he
had a quantity.
Description [pl. 3, fig. 4]. Black, densely covered with a gray
pubescence, whiter below. Thorax: twin black spots below a
lateral orange red band, extending on the head to the eyes,
where it joins the line of the opposite side; median line light.
Elytra: submarginal band of orange red running to the apex,
from which arise three crossbars of the same color, each obliquely
inclined toward the suture, the middle band usually not con-
nected to the submarginal, the apical band usually rudimentary
and then only transverse; apex rounded.
Types in collection of L. H. Joutel and New York State collection.
This insect is often mistaken for tridentata, but can be
easily separated by the following characters, which show it to be
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 59
distinct and not even closely related. It is longer in proportion
to its width than tridentata. The sides are parallel, while
in tridentata the humeral angle is quite pronounced. The
first crossbar is oblique, there are no spots on each side of it, and
the spot is also lacking behind the apical crossbar; it also wants
the submarginal carina present. in triden tata, which has the
first crossbar at right angles. The pygidium of the female is
broader at the top, and the sides make a wider angle than that
Sr eridentata .
Distribution. This species has been received from Montreal
Can.; and Mr Fred Blanchard has taken a specimen at Tyngs-
Fig. 5 Last dorsal segment and apex of elytra of S. tridentata (a) and S. imitans (4)
boro Mass. Mr Roland Haywood has taken it near Boston;
specimens have been seen from Virginia, Michigan, Pennsylvania
and Wisconsin ; and we have bred it from New York city and vicinity.
Saperda lateralis Fabr.
Red-edged Saperda
This species is about the same size as S. tridentata Oliv.
and like it occurs in elm. Its principal food plant is hickory,
on which it is partial to injuries near the roots and to the base of
sprouts on recently cleared lands. It is rarely abundant enough,
however, to cause serious injury. | 3
Life history. Comparatively little has been published con-
cerning the life history of this species. The beetles may be
taken in June in northern localities, and, like most other Saperdas,
60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
feed on the bark and petioles of the leaves at the ends of the
shoots. Mr Tolman found them pairing in June on a fallen
hickory near Philadelphia. We =,have bred this species from
hickory stems in which the larvae lived at the juncture of the
dead and living bark. Mr S. T. Kemp records the fact that he
found the larvae of this species inhabiting the base of dead shoots ~
of hickory, and, on breaking off the shoots, the borers were
almost entirely exposed, sometimes falling to the ground. The
infested shoots were invariably those which had been broken off
3 or 4 feet above the ground by the larvae of Elaphidion
villosum_ Fabr. the previous season. The grubs of these
work at the very base of the tree and burrow almost laterally
and slightly upward. In addition to food plants mentioned
above, Dr Packard records breeding the species from alder, but
this appears to be exceptional. ;
Description [pl. 7, fig. 8]. Black, sometimes brownish black,
coarsely punctured and covered with brownish black pubescence
above and gray below. Antennae black; thorax with two black
spots below, a lateral orange red band that extends on the head
to the eyes and joins at the apex; the elytra have a submarginal
band that connects with the thoracic one at the humeral angle
and at the rounded apex joins a sutural band, which is some-
times wanting. This species is remarkable in that the male pos- °
sesses a tooth or process on all its claws.
Connecta n. var. [pl. 7, fig. 9]. Like the species in color but
lacks the sutural line; the submarginal band extends to the
margin; and it has three oblique lines on the elytra, the apical
one rudimentary and the middle one broad. Dr Fitch has de-
scribed two varieties, abbreviata and suturalis, which
are characterized simply on the width of the sutural and sub-
marginal stripe. Types in the collection of L. H. Joutel. }
The variety connecta is connected with the species by
intermediate forms in all stages of development, from those that
have a slight mark at the marginal band or at the sutural one or
both, to those that have the two bands in various stages of
development [fig. 6].
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 61
Like imitans, this variety has been confused with tri-
dentata, which it somewhat resembles. It can be easily sepa-
rated from that species and imitans by the punctures, the
brownish black pubescence above, the shape of the elytra and
the rounded head. This form occurs with the type and is more
common westward.
Distribution. This insect has been recorded from the follow-
ing localities: Cliftondale Mass. [Henshaw], Buffalo N. Y.
[Zesch-Reinecke], Philadelphia Pa. [Tolman], Hull and Ottawa
Can. [Harrington], Montreal Can. [Caulfield], Providence R., I.
[Packard]; is not rare in southwestern Pennsylvania [Hamil-
ton]; Canada, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania,
Fig. 62,7S. lateralis var.connecta. a-gintermediate variations between S. later-
alis and var.connecta
New Jersey, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin,
Illinois, Iowa [Leng-Hamilton]. We have taken or bred it from
Fort Lee N. J., Bronx park New York city, and Brooklyn N. Y.;
it is also found in Nebraska and Massachusetts, and is common
in Kansas. The variety connecta is occasionally found in
New York and Massachusetts and in numbers in Kansas, Nebraska,
Illinois arid Wisconsin.
Bibliography
1781 Fabricius, J. C. Sp. Ins. etc. p.233 (Description, habitat)
1787 ———— Mantissa Ins. 1:149 (Described)
1792 Ent. Syst. Emendata et Aucta, tom. I, pars 2, p.312 (Descrip-
tion, habitat)
1795 Olivier, A. G. Entomologie, 4:17, pl. 4, fig. 41
1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. ser. 2, 2:164 eBieteewniiich.
distribution) ,
1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phila. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:55 (Listed as
GCompsidea lateralis)
62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
1858 Fitch, Asa. Noxious and Other Ins. N. Y. 5th Rep’t, p.60-61 (Habits
and varieties); same in N.Y. Agric. Soc. Trans. 18:840-41
1869 Walsh, B. D. & Riley, C. V. Am. Ent. April, 1:168 (Attacks elm)
1874 Henshaw, Samuel. Psyche, 1:23 (Taken June 12 at Cliftondale
: Mass.)
1877 Provancher, L’abbé, L. Faune Ent. Can. 1 Coleopt. p.633, 635 (De-
scription)
1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.10 (Listed)
1881 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. Bul. 7, p.59 (In elm), p.141 (In
alder) .
1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:326 (On elm)
1889 Tolman, Adams. Insect Life, 1:343 (On hickory)
1890 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 2oth Rep’t, 1880, p.52 (Attacks
elm)
1890 Packard, A. S. U.S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p.226 (In elm), p.636 (In
alder)
1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.212 (On hickory, common)
1891 Caulfield, F. B. Ent. Soc. Ont. 21st Rep’t, 1890, p.74 (Attacks elm)
1895 Hamilton, John. Cat. Coleopt. Southwest. Pa. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans.
22:370 (Not rare on elm and hickory)
1895 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 25th Rep’t, 1894, p.48 (Taken
June 24 near Hull)
1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In hickory)
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 150-51
(Systematic account) ; |
18908 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 (Description, food plants)
1899 Kemp, S. T. Ent. News, 10:108 (Follows Elaphidion in hickory
shoots) .
1902 Dury, Charles. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed, on hickory)
Saperda fayi Bland.
Thorn limb borer |
This species breeds in the small limbs and stems of wild thorn
(Crataegus crus-galli and C. tomentosa)yeceeauee
gall-like, gnarly swellings and weakening the branches so that
they sometimes break off in the wind. This insect is widely
distributed in New York State, though quite local. It displays
a marked fondness for certain trees, in which it will breed year
after year while others near by will be practically unaffected.
Should this species, like its allies, acquire a taste for our culti-
vated fruit trees, it would never prove as dangerous an enemy
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 63
x
as the round-headed appletree borer (S. candida _ Fabr.) as
the galls would indicate the injury and could easily be cut off.
Life history. The beetles [pl. 6, fig. 4] appear in New York
State during the month of June, the exact date varying according
_ to the season, the males preceding the females by three or four
days. They do not appear to eat and are short-lived, while the
whole brood, excepting the stragglers, appear and disappear
within the space of 10 or 12 days, so that close observation is
necessary in order to capture many. The late Dr J. A. Lintner
has taken this species June 25 at Schenectady, and Mr Moffat col-
lected beetles at Hamilton Ont. June 15, while Mr Zimmerman
records the capture of a female Aug. 15. |
The males watch for the appearance of their consorts and
pairing usually lasts three or four hours, according to Dr Ham-
ilton. The beetles fly but little and usually oviposit on the tree
they inhabited as borers, which explains the local character of
the species. The insects are sluggish and, when suddenly ap-
proached, drop to the ground and endeavor to conceal themselves.
Egg-laying probably occurs during the night, though the pinche
has not been observed. Small limbs, varying in size from 4 to 14
inches in diameter, are selected for this purpose, and, according to
the thickness of the limb, the female uses her mandibles to make
from three to six longitudinal insertions through the bark, each be-
ing about } inch in length, parallel to one another and dividing’ the
circumference of the trunk or limb into nearly equal sections. An
egg is deposited in each of these slits, ‘and as soon as hatched the
larva at once makes a burrow beneath the outer layer of the wood,
perhaps 4 inch in length, and uses this as a retreat from which.
it issues to feed on the wounded: tissue caused by the irritation.
These slits and the irritation caused by so much cutting produce
an increased flow of sap to the wound and a consequent thicken-
ing of the portions between the slits, so that the affected part
soon assumes a gall-like appearance.
_ The work of this species is shown on plate 6, which represents
a twig on the lower portion of which are two old galls with
irregular, decaying, overgrown cavities [fig. 1], which are quite
different from more recent galls [pl. 6, fig. 2]. The borings of
64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the larva in a young gall are shown in section on plate 7, figure 2;
and the manner in which the stem may be eaten by a larva
working in its center at figure 2a [See also pl. 13].
The larvae are % inch long on the approach of winter, accord-
ing to Dr Hamilton’s observations, when they retire into the
wood a little farther and close the opening of their burrows
with borings. One of the larvae, and in thick limbs two or three,
bore obliquely till one of them reaches the center of the limb,
up which it proceeds often two or three inches. The others
parallel this gallery but maintain a partition between the burrows.
The larvae near the center are much larger, often twice the size
of those inhabiting the outer wood, and are the only ones that
produce beetles, as stated by Dr Hamilton. In our experience the
different sized larvae indicate male and female and unless parasitized
all emerge.
We can not entirely agree with the following observations regard-
ing this species also by Dr Hamilton:
The whole of the interior of the limb is now dead wood in-
closed by a growth of living but unsound woody tissue, through
which some openings remain. Many of the larvae in the outside
wood perish during the winter, and the survivors, after feeding
a while in the spring, likewise die, their mission seeming to have °
been merely to insure a sufficiency of dead wood to sustain the
life of the favored few destined for full development.
The larvae in the deep wood return in the spring and feed on
the dead tissues, which are now abundant enough for all their
wants, and by autumn they are nearly full grown. Some of the
larvae do not return in the spring of the second year to feed on
the dead wood at the entrance of the burrow, but bore directly
up and down the center of the limb for a distance of 16 to 24
inches before pupating. Those which feed on the dead wood
near the entrance to the wound are nearly full grown by autumn.
They again retire for the winter and in the spring, after opening
up communication with the outside world, feed for a short time
and when full grown measure about 34 inch in length. They now
return to their burrows for the final transformations. Some of
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 65
them bore for at least six inches, while others scarcely go from
the entrance more than twice their own length. The outer ends
of the burrows are closely packed with borings without and soft
fibers within, which also fill the inner ends. The head of the
larvae may be either toward or away from the opening, seemingly
a matter of indifference. In the former case the beetle emerges
from the place of entrance and in the latter, from a round hole
at right engles to the burrow, probably made by the beetle itself,
as no such hole has been detected in the many limbs Dr Hamil-
ton examined, containing pupae with their heads turned from
the opening. Pupation occurs after the middle of April. We
have found them transforming at Albany Ap. 16. The beetles
may be found in the limbs about the first of May, though but
few of them emerge till the latter part of the month.
Description [pl. 6, fig. 4]. Cinnamon brown, below gray,
S white at sides,.being of the same color as cretata. Thorax
with lateral white band that extends on to the base of the elytra,
which also have two crescent-shaped, white spots at middle,
divided by the suture, and two smaller circular ones near the
apex, also divided by suture. These spots may be nearly or
quite obsolete, usually in the male. The antennae darker than
Cretatia,.
Distribution. This insect has been recorded from Buffalo N. Y.
(Atmmrernian|; Hamilton Ont. [Moffat]; and Dr Hamilton re-
ports it as common in Crataegus limbs in southwestern Pennsyl-
vania. The types were described from Ohio; Dr Smith has
recorded it from Greenwood Lake and Delaware Gap N. J.,.
and it has been listed by Messrs Leng and Hamilton from Can-
ada, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio.
This species is not related to cretata, which it resembles
in color, but has more of the characters of the less specialized
species, as is shown by the short, rounded head and the but
slightly developed process on the claws, that on the first pair
being very rudimentary. This relationship is further empha-
sized by its gall-producing larva working in the same way as
comeco lor,
66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Natural enemies. There are no records of any, but the species
appears to be a favorite with some woodpeckers, since we have
found a number of empty galls showing the characteristic work»
of these useful birds [pl. 13, fig. 1]. We have no clue to the identity
of the species. .
Bibliography
1863 Bland, J. H. B. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 2:320-21 (Original descrip-
tion) ;
1878 Zimmerman, C. D. Can. Ent. 10:220 (On wild thorn, Crataegus
crus-gatlint; << Se ivceas
1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)
1881 Moffat, J. A. Can. Ent. 13:175 (Abundant though usually rare on
thorn)
Ent. Soc. Ont. 12th Rep’t, 1881, p.29-30 (Abundant though
usually rare at Hamilton) :
i888 Hamilton, John, Can. Ent. 20:6-8 (Life history, Paitin
Ent. Soc. Ont. 18th Rep’t, 1887, p.41-42 2 (Life history, dis-
T8882
1888
tribution)
1889 Can. Ent. 21:104-5 (Habits of larva in spring ‘of second year)
1889 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, p.52 (Works in small
limbs of thorn trees)
1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.212 (Listed)
1891 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:32 (Bibliography
of transformations)
1895 Hamilton, John. List of Coleopt. Southwest Pa. etc. Am. Ent. Soc.
Trans. 22:369 (Common in limbs of Crataegus)
1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In thorn,
Crataegus)
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 149
(Systematic account)
1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 (Description, food ais
1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. 27th Rep’t sup. p.297 (Listed)
Saperda puncticollis Say
Woodbine borer
This is one of the smallest and also the prettiest species belonging
to this important genus. It is a rare form in most collections in spite
of the fact that the insect lives in the dead branches of the common
Virginia creeper, pupating in the wood. The manner in which the
larva works just under the bark is shown on plate 6, figure 6. The
entrance to the pupal chamber is stopped with a plug of borings
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 67
[pl. 6, fig. 8, 8a]. The general appearance of the larva is also
represented. This species seems to be somewhat retiring in
habit, and, while it has been collected on the leaves of its food
plant, specimens are much more easily obtained by rearing the
insects from infested twigs. We have often bred the species
from Virginia creeper and have frequently examined much poison
ivy where the insect was abundant, but have been unable to
find it in that plant. We have taken it in June and July, and
Mr Zimmerman records its capture at Buffalo in June. It is
probably abroad during most of the two months.
Food plants. It has been recorded on poison ivy [Zimmer-
man], grape and probably Virginia creeper [Harrington], Rhus
toxicodendron and R. radicans [Smith], as not com-
mon on Rhus radicans_ in southwestern Pennsylvania
[Hamilton], as bred from the larger living stems of Virginia
creeper [Harrington], and as in the stems of poison ivy and oak
[ Lugger].
We find that the larvae feed on the inner bark of the branches and
stems of Virginia creeper. This species is very subject to attack by
woodpeckers, and we have seldom found the workings without evi-
dence that a number had been destroyed by the birds.
Description [pl. 6, fig. 9]. Black, with a sparse black pubes-
cence above and a dense gray one underneath. Head yellow with
a round black spot in front and one on the vertex, antennae black ;
thorax yellow with a black spot at the side and four quadrately
arranged on its dorsum; elytra with a broad, yellow marginal
and a sutural band. ‘The process is found only on the anterior
claws of the middle pair of legs.
Distribution. It was described by Say from Arkansas; it has
been taken about Buffalo by Zimmerman; about Ottawa Can. by
Harrington; is reported by Smith as occurring throughout New
Jersey; and by Hamilton as not common in southwestern Penn-
svlvania. LeConte gives its distribution as the Middle, Eastern
and Western states; and Leng and Hamilton record it from the
following localities: Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Louisiana, Arkansas, Kansas,. Nebraska.
_
68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
We have bred it from stems of Virginia creeper gathered in
and around New York city and also at Fort Lee N. J. It was
described from Cambridge Mass. as S. trigeminata by
Randall. el
Bibliography
1824 Say, Thomas. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 3:406 (Original descrip-
tion); same in Ent. N. Am. Compl. Wr. 1883. 2:189
1838 Randall, J. W. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 2:43-44 (Described as S.
trigeminata at Cambridge Mass
1852 LeConte, J. L. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. ser. 2, 2:164 (Description,
distribution)
1853 Haldeman, S. S. Am. Phila. Soc. Trans. n. s. 10:55 (Listed, as
Compsidea puncticollis)
1878 Zimmerman, C. D. Can. Ent. 10:220 (On poison ivy June 6)
1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)
1890 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, 1889, p.52 (In grape-
vines and probably Virginia creeper)
1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.2t2 (Rare on Rhus radicans)
1895 Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:370 (Not common on
Rhus radicans June)
1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:81 (In poison ivy,
Rhus toxicodendron)
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 151
(Systematic account)
1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:41, 42 (Specific characters, food
plants)
1899 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 29th —— 1898, p.89 (In larger
living stems of Virginia creeper)
1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p.215 (Attacks poison
ivy and oak); same in Ent. Agric. Exp. Sta. 5th Rep’t, p.i31
1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. 27th Rep’t. sup. p.297 (On
Rhus radicans and R.toxicodendron)
1902 Dury, Charles. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed on Rhus)
Saperda populnea Linn.
This European species is found on the Pacific coast, and the
examples from different localities now before us can not be
distinguished in any particular from European specimens. With
this species we include as subspecies the S. moesta of LeConte
and a new form that differs from either, under the name tulari.
They differ from populnea as well as from each other in
the punctures on the elytra as well as in the punctulations on
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 69
the intervals, also in color and vestiture, and while some speci-
mens come very close to each other, we have seen no intergrades
of color and vestiture. Tulari in character seems to us to be
-intermediate between moesta and concolor. |
It may be well at this point to remember that our species have
originated in the East, where all are found except two, popul-
nea and hornii. Ofthese, populnea has not specialized
from the Old World form, as has hornii, which is evidently
descended from and is still closely related to similis. Cal-
carata is the only one of our species that extends to the west
coast, where it has been found by Professor Piper in Washington.
Bearing this in mind and remembering that moesta, asa
Fig, 7 Elytral characters of females: atulari, punctures scattered; 5moesta, puncturés
contiguous; cpopulnea, punctures confluent
_ unicolorous form, as we know it in the East, has not crossed the
Sierras and has not yet been found on the coast, there can be no
question of its being distinct.
Mitarci, like moesta, is evidently of American origin
and not an emigrant from the Old World. The punctures and
dense punctulations in the elytra show a wider divergence from
popuinea than moesta .. and connect that species and
ma@esta with concolor. |
Description S.populnea Linn. [pl. 7, fig.4]. Black, shining,
coarsely and deeply punctured, the punctures often contiguous
and confluent on the elytra; a few punctulations which are
sometimes wanting occurring between the punctures; sparsely
covered with a light gray or fulvous pubescence; thorax with a
lateral band of dense fulvous or yellowish gray hairs; elytra
7O NEW. YORK STATE MUSEUM
with eight small spots of dense fulvous or yellowish hair, ar-
ranged in pairs, the first and third nearer the suture, the third
pair being the largest; one or more pairs often obsolete, the
third pair being the most permanent; antennae black, annulated
with gray, first joint black. |
S. moesta Lec. like populnea; but the vestiture is a
uniform light gray without spots, and the lateral line on the
thorax only faintly shown.
The punctulations on the intervals between the punctures are
more numerous than in populnea.
S. tulari n. subsp. [pl. 7, fig. 6] like populnea and
moesta; but the punctures, which are larger and deeper and
usually with an edge, are not so numerous as in the other two
species and seldom confluent; the intervals are densely punctu-
lateasinconcolor. Itis densely covered with red or fulvous
hair. Thorax with a stripe on side and a median band on top.
Types in collection oi L. H. Joutel and National Museum,
Washington.
The above discriptions apply more particularly to the females.
Distribution. S. populnea, moesta and tulari.
With the material before us, it may be well to revise the distribu-
tion of these species, which have been confused. As stated,
moesta does not occur on the Pacific coast and-so must-be
dropped from the lists of that section.
S.populnea. Well marked examples have been seen from
Washington, Oregon, California, Spokane Wash. and Los Angeles
county, Cal. In Europe it feeds in poplar and willow stems forming
galls.
S. moesta. Canada to Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Colo-
rado, New York, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Buffalo, Montreal,
Toronto, Lake Superior. It feeds in balsam poplar. Moesta
has never been found in the vicinity of New York city to our
knowledge; and the one from Staten Island cited by Smith im
Insects of New Jersey, was probably concolor. :
S. tulari. Tulare county, Cal., Yosemite Cal., Arizona,
Nevada, Oregon, Washington.
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 71
Saperda moesta Lec.
This insect [pl. 7, fig. 5] confines its operations to the balsam
poplar or balm of Gilead so far as known, and occasionally it is
quite injurious to this tree. |
Life history. The beetles appear in June. Two sizes of larvae
_ in gall-like swellings from 1 to 2 inches apart and in shoots about
% inch in diameter were found by Mr Harrington in June. The
memo. > inellicott bred > crapteron tricincta Harr.
from enlargements in the branches and stems of the balm of
Gilead and the common willow* which were caused by this
feemiceramd itS associate, Sapetda concolor...Mr Saund-
ers states that he received a bundle of balm of Gilead twigs on
Mar. 25 which were infested with this insect. The larvae were
very thickly set in the branches, in many places not more than
an inch or two apart, and located chiefly at the base of the buds,
where the presence of the occupant was indicated by a swelling
in the branch which was surmounted by a dark brown patch of
partly decayed bark. The castings and debris of the borer were
of a light orange color and were pushed forward, stuffing the
swollen part. The whole length of the excavation made by each
larva did not usually exceed an inch, and so much of this was
filled with debris that the clear space left was very little larger
than its body. Mr Saunders describes the larvae as follows:
Body above deep yellow, with a glossy surface, sprinkled with
very minute, short yellow hairs, invisible without a lens. Second
segment above and below a little deeper in color and more horny
looking than the other segments; interspaces between segments
strongly indented. There was a depressed dorsal line not differ-
ent in color from the rest of the body, but sunken, and on each
side of it the projecting rings of the body were somewhat flat-
tened. Spiracles pale brown, rather small. Terminal segment a
little more hairy than the others.
*Mr Charles Stevensen, of Montreal, kindly sent us some fresh galls
of Saperda moesta, from which-the illustrations were made and a
number of specimens reared.
*“Moesta probably caused the galls in balm of Gilead, and con-
color those in the willow.
f2 NEW.YORK STATE MUSEUM
The bunch of twigs received Mar. 25, as above stated, were
examined by Mr Saunders May 2, when he found that no pupal
inclosure was to be seen, though the head, antennae and legs of
the beetle were fully developed, while the wings and wing cases
were only partially so. On May 16 the wing cases of one
beetle were full length but not fully expanded, while in another
case they were fully developed. The twigs containing these
insects had been kept in a dry room and hence they were quite
dry and brittle. Fresh twigs received May 24 showed that a
considerable number of the occupants had been eaten by wood-
peckers, though some five or six specimens were found in pupal
cells, one of which was occupied by the pupa of a parasite. The
pupa of this Saperda has been described by Mr Saunders as
follows:
Body semitransparent; color uniform pale yellow, except the
eyes and mandibles, which were black; the jaws were faintly
tipped with brown and a faint brown line down each side of the
scutellum. All the parts of the insect were plainly visible
throughout the pupal case. The wings were very small and
diverged to each side of the scutellum.
‘May 29 two of the pupae from the fresh lot of twigs had
become perfect beetles, and early in June all had completed their
transformations and escaped through neat round holes.
Bibliography’
1850 LeConte, J. L. Lake Superior, Agassiz and Cabot, p.234 (Original
description) j
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour. 2:163 (Description, distribution)
Class, Coleopt. N. Am. Smithsonian Miscel. Coll. 265, p.346
(Ranges from Canada to Oregon)
1874 Saunders, William. Can. Ent. 6:61-63 (Notes on life history, in
balm of Gilead)
1877 Prevancher, L’abbé L. Faune Can. 1 Coleopt. p.635 (Description)
1880 Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar. List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Vicinity, p.1o (Listed)
1881 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. Bul. 7, p.118 (Boring poplar and
balm of Gilead, larva described)
1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:326 (Distribution, attacks
poplars)
1852
1873 -
*This also comprises what was formerly referred to moesta and in-
cludes populnea and tularfi.
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA ¥3
1884 Harrington, W. H. Can. Ent. 16:102 (On balsam poplar in June,
two sizes of larvae)
Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th” Rep’t, 1880;,%p.52 (Produces galls in
poplar)
1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p.436 (Attacks poplar
and balm of Gilead, larva described)
1891 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:31 (Bibliography
of transformations)
1892 Kellicott, D.S. Can. Ent. 24:209 (Bred Sidsrah Gar bin frre pie ta
from enlargements in Populus candicans and willow)
1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In smaller
branches of poplar and willow)
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 151
(Systematic account)
1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:42 (Specific characters, food plants)
1899 Smith, J.B. Cat. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. Rep’t, sup. p.297 (Staten
Island, in willow)
1900 Felt, E. P. State Ent. 15th Rep’t. N.-Y. State Mus.. Bul. 31, 6:556
(Bred icom Populus balsamifera May,26)
1890
Saperda concolor Lec.
. This species, which requires but one year to complete its trans-
formations, so far as our observations go, girdles the trunks of
sapling poplars by running a mine around them, which causes a
swelling often nearly twice the size of the diameter of the tree, as
described by Dr Packard. It infests dwarf willow canes as stated by
Dr Hamilton; and the following is from his account of the insect.
Life history. The beetles appear from the last week in May
till after the middle of June. The smaller canes, 4 to % inch in
diameter, of Salix longifolia growing along water
courses are usually selected by this insect for breeding places.
The beetle gnaws a longitudinal incision through the bark, about
% inch in length, and deposits an egg in each end. Several are
usually made in the same cane some distance apart and these
often cause its death the following year. A warty, gnarly swell-
ing occurs around each incision [pl. 6, fig. 14]. The young
larvae [pl. 6, fig. 12, 13] follow the same course those of
S. fayi, only they burrow deeper into the woo “Wee are
no supernumeraries, as there is no need of them, sineé@*the wood
of the willow dies much more quickly than that of Crataegus.
74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The beetle, however, does not always select the smaller canes ~
for oviposition, sometimes choosing those from 1% to 2 inches in
diameter, when the larvae pursue a different course, for, instead of
boring up and down, they take a transverse direction and girdle the
stem % to % its circumference, causing a rough annular swelling and
frequently killing the cane. ;
The head of the pupa is toward the opening from which the
perfect insect emerges. Salix concolor appears to be its
natural food, and, did this beetle confine its attention to this
shrub, it could hardly be classed as injurious; but in the vicinity
of Providence R. I[., at least, it has inflicted considerable dam-
age on the common poplar. Two parasites, Pimpla pedalis
and a species of Bracon, have been reared from the galls of this
insect by Professor Davis.
Description. Black, finely punctulate, and with numerous
small, shallow punctures; entirely covered by a dense gray or
yellowish gray pubescence except at the top of the thorax, where
it is less dense, this giving it a darker appearance and increasing
the effect of the lateral band; a slight median line on the thorax;
antennae black, annulated with gray. Var. unicolor n. var.
[pl. 6, fig. 15]. Like type, but pubescence uniformly dark gray
and finer. The punctures are much more numerous than the
type and are apt to be confluent. This variety is the eastern form
and is named as we believe it to be the ancestral form of the species.t
Distribution. This insect has been thus recorded: Sante Fe
N. M. [LeConte], Cliftondale Mass. [Henshaw], Buffalo [Zesch-
Reinecke], Providence, R. I. [Packard], Allesheny Pan Wess.
Michigan, Canada and New York [Hamilton], New Jersey
[Smith], Ohio ‘[Kellicott]; rare [Provancher], Canada, Massa-
chusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan, New
Mexico [Leng—Hamilton]| Arizona.
*This insect is often confused in collections with moesta and
Mecas. inornata. The type form is from. New Mexico, and the
same for yr “¥en received from Arizona. Var. concolor is from
the othe 4 ‘s' above and also from Idaho, from which an inter-
mediates@#orhaias been received. There is no question of their being
forms of one species, the change being due entirely to climatic influences.
It is very close to tnlar?:
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA PS
Remedies. Dr Lugger advises the use of a soft soap and paris
green wash as a preventive of oviposition. He states that the
presence of the larvae is also easily discovered by the discolored
blotch on the bark and by the little heaps of sawdust that are
pushed out by them during their boring operations. |
‘The grubs may be killed by means a! a wire or with a pruning
knife.
Bibliography
te53 leConte, J. L. . Acad. Nat.Scer Phila. Jour..2:163 (Original ‘descrip-
tion, from Santa Fe)
ieegvedisn. bP: Ent. Soc.’ Phila. Proc. *6:264-65 (Describes gall,
erroneously referred to Mecas inornata)
1874 Henshaw, Samuel. Psyche, 1:23 (At Cliftondale Mass.)
1877 Provancher, L’abbé L. Faune Ent. Can. 1 Coleopt. p.633, 635 (De-
scription, rare)
1880.Zesch, Frank & Reinecke, Ottomar, List of Coleoptera of Buffalo
and Viemtity, p. 10° (Listed)
1881 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. Bul. 7, p.118 (Girdles sapling
poplars)
1884 Dimmock, George. Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:326 (Attacks poplars)
1885 Hamilton, John. Can. Ent. 17:36 (In dwarf willow)
T888 Can. Ent. 20:8-9 (Life history and habits, in Salix con-
color and poplar)
1888 Pais Soc, Ott Toth Rept, 1687, p.42 (Lite history, distribu-
tion)
1889 Can. Ent. 21:105 (Habits of larvae and beetles)
1889 Harrington, W. H. Ent. Soc. Ont. 20th Rep’t, p.52 (In willow)
1889 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul..9, November, p.56-57,
fig.o (Life history, habits, remedies)
1889 Riley, C. V. Insect Life, 2:164 (Mention) i?
1890 Cook, A. J. Mich. Agric. Pap. Stay gd Rept, p. 51s (Described, gives
some food plants and the authorities)
1890 Packard, A. S. U.S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p.427 (Work in willow
after Walsh, erroneously referred to Mecas inornata), p. 436
(Work and beetle described, in poplar)
1890 Smith, J.B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.2r2 (Hudson county)
1891 Beutenmuller, William. N.Y. Micro. Soc. Jour. 7:32 (Bibliography
of transformations)
1891 Davis, G. C. Insect Life, 4:66 (In galls on willow)
1892 Ent. Soc. Ont. 22d Rep’t, 1891, p.8t (In galls on Salix dis-
olor)
1892 Kellicott, D. S. Can. Ent. 24:209-10 (Bred Scia pteren tri-
cincta from enlargements in stems and branches of poplars and
Salix)
1892 Insect Life, 5:82 (Same as preceding)
1895 Hamilton, John. List Coleopt. Southwest. Pa. etc. Am. Ent. Soc.
Trans. 22:370 (Common in Salix longifoli a)
76 : NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
1896 Beutenmuller, William. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 4:80 (In poplars and
willows)
1896 Leng, C. W. & Hamilton, John. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:147, 151
(Systematic account) .
1898 Johnston, James. Can. Ent. 30:71 (Taken at Hamilton Ont. May 1,
June on swamp willow)
1898 Wickham, H. F. Can. Ent. 30:42 (Specific characters, food plants)
1899 Lugger, Otto. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 66, p.215 (Forms galls
in young aspen trunks); same in Ent. Agric. Exp. Sta. 5th Rep'’t,
p.131
1899 Smith, J. B. Ins. N. J. State Bd Agric. 27th Rep’t, Sup. p.2907
(Wherever swamp willows occur)
1902 Dury, Charles. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 22:163 (Listed)
EXPLANATION OF PRATES
PLATE 1
Saperda candida
Appletree borer
Beetle at rest on the bark
2 Scar indicating the presence of a young grub beneath and
also showing a characteristic oviposition slit
3 Sawdust or borings ejected by half or two thirds grown
larva. This is usually found very close to the base of the
FEE.
Exit hole of the beetle, in section
Borer or grub preparing its pupal chamber
Pupal chamber with exit hole of beetle shown at 7
Blackened old burrow seen in trees attacked a year or two
earlier
CO Ou f
PLATE 2
Saperda calcarata
Poplar borer
Beetle at rest on the bark
2 Pupa in its chamber, and below it a mass of long fibrous.
tissues, partly torn from the sides of the burrow
3 Larva or borer in its gallery. This illustration shows the
expanded character of the burrow near the orifice through
which the larva ejects its numerous borings. The black-
' ened appearance of old galleries is also represented, as.
well as their occurrence at different depths in the wood.
1Executed from nature by the junior author, L. H. Joutel, New York.
Nw BW
WwW
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA az
PLATE 3
Portion of elm bark illustrating the work of the larva of the
em. borers saperda tridentata. It will be seen
that many of the borings are in dead tissues, and that a
few extend into the living bark, which apparently gradu-
ally dies and permits the insect to extend its operations
over a considerable area.
Piece of hickory bark illustrating the work of the larva of
S. discoidea. The white sawdust excavated from a
pupal chamber made in the wood is shown at a, and a
pupal chamber in the bark is represented at D.
teraentata
imitans
Giseoidea, female
@isecowaea, male
nNnnmn
PLATE 4
Saperda cretata and concolor
Spotted appletree and willow borers
Work of S. cretata in thorn, showing the irregular char-
acter of its galleries, and the different depths at which they
occur
Adult beetle
Ss. -€Ontoloe, enlarced
Work of this species or possibly S. tulari in Arizona
willow. This illustration represents the peculiar gall, the
general form of the galleries and pupal cell, with the exit
hole in section.
PLATE 5
Saperda vestita and obliqua
Linden and alder borers .
Portion of the base of a linden, showing the work of the
larva of S. vestita, and at a the circular exit hole of
the adult
A small alder stem, showing the enlargement produced by
the larva of S. obliqua a year after the stem had been
deserted |
An alder stem showing the external appearance, indicating
recent operations of the larva of S. obliqua and at
b the pupal cell with the mass of borings blocking one end
A
Coa St SST GN On
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Section of alder stem showing the method of work of the
larva of, S: yo. bJenq wa
S. vestita, female
Sos ania
PLATE 6
Saperda fayi
Thorn borer
Branch of the thorntree showing the galls and work of this
species
An old gall with a larger one just below it
Section of a fresh gall showing the work of the larva
Borings in the stem
Exit hole of the beetle in section
Adult, enlarged
Saperda puncticollis
Virgima creeper borer
Portion of Virginia creeper, representing the galls and work
of this species
Section of the stem, showing the pupal chamber
Larva at work under the bark
Exit hole in section
Exit hole
Section of thin bark and sawdust stopper closing opening to
pupal chamber
Same shown in a surface view
Beetle, enlarged
Saperda concolor var. unicolor
Willow borer
Branch of poplar, showing the galls and work of this insect
Fresh galls and exit holes of beetles
Fresh gall cut open and showing the pupal cells: one empty,
one occupied, and one extending up and the other down
Section of old gall showing the internal appearance of the
tissues
External appearance of old galls
Beetle, enlarged
wn fb WO Nd -#
10
MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS SAPERDA 79
PLATE 7
Samerda caleatata vat, adspersa
Sepmrutica
Seem fr tii
Seemopiinea, enlarged
S. moesta. The long line at its side shows the average
length of Idaho specimens, the short one, that of New
York, Canadian, and west of Wisconsin to Michigan”
specimens.
Senuu bari. enlarged
Galle of S. moesta
A Young gall shows wound caused by female
B Exit hole
S. lateralis, enlarged
Stat emai aes comme cit a, enlarged
Galls of S. moesta, with one cut open showing the pupal
chamber 3
A Oviposition scar
B Exit hole of the beetle
PLATE 8
Early work of Saperda candida
Appletree borer
Oviposition scars made by the female
Borings or frass thrown out by young grubs working under
the bark
Bark cut away, showing the young larva in its gallery and
its method of work
Scar showing old, overgrown exit hole
Upper portion of the wound caused by the insect, which
emerged several years before at 4
The number of grubs in this small stem, which is only
about 14 inches in diameter, is sufficient to kill a tree.
PLATE g
Advanced work of Saperda candida
Appletree borer
This represents the appearance in section and lower por-
tion of a very badly infested stem of a young tree, and shows
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
that it may be practically riddled before death ensues. The
exit holes seen in the upper portion are by no means unusu-
ally abundant and such severe injury is certain to result in
the death of the tree.
PLATE 10
Advanced work of Saperda candida
Appletree borer
Base of two year old tree killed by borers
Young tree entirely girdled by two borers, showing two exit
holes, and at A the only connection with the root |
Young tree killed by borers: 4A shows the only connection with
the root and B is a bare area which the tree has tried to cover
with living tissue.
PEATE 11
Early work of Saperda calcarata
Poplar borer
This represents the early galleries and illustrates how a
few larvae can easily girdle a young tree, because of their
running a portion of their burrows transversely in the inner
bark and outer sapwood.
Advanced work of S. tridentata, elm borer
PLATE 12
Advanced work of Saperda calcarata
Poplar borer
This illustration shows the irregular character of the galleries,
the closed pupal cells with the coarse fibers stopping the free
end, and the expanded character of the burrows about the exit.
| PLATE 33
Saperda fayi
Gall in thorn branch, also holes made by woodpeckers searching
for grubs
Typical, fully developed gall
PLATE 14
Holes of woodpeckers in alder, made in search of the larvae of
Saperda obliqua
L.H.JOUTEL #902
Saperda candida,appletree borer
PA ea
1902
L.H.JOUTEL
Saperda calcarata, poplar borer
PLATE 3
L.-HJOUTEL [902
Saperda tridentata,imitans and discoidea
Elm and hickory borers
EAE 4:
L.H.JOUTEL !902
Saperda cretata and concolor
Spotted appletree and willow borers
i? q
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PLATE 5
L.H.JOUTEL 1902
Saperda vestita and obliqua
Linden and alder borers
gue ert
PLATE 6
1902
Evie OUT Ee
Saperda fayi, puncticollis and concolor
Thorn, virginia creeper and willow borers
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L.HJOUTEL 1902
Saperdas
Early work of
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eJOUTEL
Sit ie dias ee aenne ind! a.
Plate 8
appletree borer
Plate 9
Advanced work of Saperda candida, appletree borer
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hold
Plate 12
Advanced work of Sa perda calecarata, poplar borer
Plate 13
Woodpecker work and galls of Saperda fayi, in thorn
Plate 14
Woodpecker work in alder stem bored by Saperda obliqua
eer Ts ae.
ew Ls >
. 5 ." } See ht hae
=. =... = oe
FN: TEX
Page numbers referring to descriptions of species are printed in black
face type.
Acknowledgments, 3.
Pexcams, M. F.,. cited, 41, 45, 47.
Alder, species injuring:
Saperda lateralis, 60.
obliqua, 17, 18.
Alder borer, 18-20; bibliography, 20;
description, 19-20; distribution, 19;
natural enemies, 20; life history
and habits, 18-19; explanation of
plates, 77-78.
Antennal characters, grouping on, 8.
Appletree, species injuring: 4.
Saperda candida, 17, 23, 28.
Gretata, 07, 150:
Appletree borer, round-headed, 23-
39; bibliography, 31-39; descrip-
tion, 28; natural enemies, 28; food
plants, 28; habitat, 27-28; early his-
tory, 23-24; life history, 24-27; ex-
planation of plates, 76, 79-80; pre-
ventive and remedial measures,
28-31.
Appletree borer, spotted, 50-52;
bibliography, 51-52; description,
50; distribufion, 50; food plants,
50; life history, 51; explanation of
plate, 77; remedies, 51.
armicollis, Magdalis, 44, 45.
Aspen, Saperda calcarata injuring,
4I.
Atkins, C. G., cited, 36.
Balm of Gilead, species injuring:
' Saperda concolor, 71.
moesta, 18, 71.
Balsam poplar, Saperda moesta in-
(uring) yor 7T:
barbita, Magdalis, 44, 45.
Bartlett, J. N., cited, 34.
Bateman, cited, 35.
Bates, cited, 6, 12.
Beach, S. A., cited, 30.
Beadle, cited, 33.
Beaulieu, Germain, acknowledgments
10; 4° :
Bell. -j-AL, eited, 34:
Bessey, C. E., cited, 34.
Bethune, C. J. S., acknowledgments
fOi4e; ehteds = 27.133534,. 35,. 30:
Beutenmuller, William, cited, 20, 28,
37, 38, 43, 49, 54, 57, 58, 62, 66, 68,
FORT AO:
Birch, Saperda obliqua injuring, Io.
Blanchard, Frederick, acknowledg-
ments to, 4; mentioned, 47; cited,
50, 59.
Bland J; EB veited, 66:
Bogue, E. E., cited, 38.
Bolles, Prof., cited, 42; mentioned, 47.
Bowditch, F. C., acknowledgments
to, 4.
Brackets, (Gs i. ccited,. 33. 35;
Beacon Sp:,.74:
charus, 56.
pectinator, 56.
Briggs, Nathan, cited, 32.
Bruner, Lawrence, cited, 38, 30, 40,
43.
Buckminster, cited, 26, 31.
Buel, Jesse, cited, 31.
calearata, Saperda, see Saperda cal-
carata.
candida, Saperda, see Saperda can-
dida.
carcharias, Saperda, see Saperda car-
charias.
carinata, Saperda, 6.
Castle, D. M., acknowledgments to, 4.
Caulfield, F. B., cited, 48, 58, 61, 62.
Cenocoelius populator, 28.
Chambers, Prof., cited, 26.
Chambliss, C. E., cited, 37.
charus, Bracon, 56.
Cherry, Saperda candida injuring, 28.
Chittenden, F. H., cited, 38, 50, 52.
82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Chokeberry, Saperda candida injur- | Eutatrapha, 6, 7, 12.
ing, 28.
Chrysobothris femorata, 23.
Clay, C.. M.; cited, 35.
Comstock, J. H., cited, 38.
concolor, Saperda, see Saperda con-
color.
Cook, A. J., cited, 27, 20, 34, 36, 37,
50, 51, 52, 75.
Cooke, Matthew, cited, 36.
Cottonwood, Saperda calcarata injur-
ing, AI.
Couper, William, cited, 23, 32.
Crab apples, Saperda cretata injur-
ing, 50.
Crataegus coccinia, 3I.
crus-galli, 31, 62.
tomentosa, 62.
cretata, Saperda, see Saperda cretata.
Davis, G. C., cited, 38, 75; men-
tioned, 74.
Davis, William T., acknowledgments
to, 4; mentioned, 4.
decem-punctata, Eutatrapha, 8.
Dimmock, George, cited, 9, 26, 34, 36,
43, 48, 57, 62, 72, 75.
discoidea, Saperda, see Saperda dis-
coidea.
Distribution of species, 9-I0.
Doll, J., cited, 42.
Dury, Charles, cited, 40, 43, 44, 50, 54,
58, 62, 68, 76.
Dyar, H. G., acknowledgments to, 4.
Ehrmann, G. A., cited, 58.
Elaphidion villosum, 60.
Elm, species injuring: 4.
Saperda lateralis, 50.
tridentata, 17, 44.
vestita, 56.
Elm borer, 44-50; description, 46; dis-
tribution, 47; food plants, 46; early
history, 44-45; life history, 45-46;
explanation of plates, 77, 80; reme-
dies, 47; signs of attack, 45.
Emmons, Ebenezer, cited, 9, 32, 4I,
42, 48, 57.
(Saperda) metallescens, 6.
16-punctata, 6.
10-punctata, 8.
(Saperda) varicornis, 6, 8.
Exotic species, genera and sub-
genera, 5. ;
Explanation of plates, 76-80.
.Fabricius, J. C., cited, 9, 21, 31, 54,
61. .
Fall, H. C., acknowledgments to, 4.
Faville, E. E., cited, 38. .
fayi, Saperda, see Saperda fayi.
Felt, E. P., cited, 39, 43-44, 49-50, 73-
femorata, Chrysobothris, 23.
Fernald, C. H., cited, 34.
Fernald, H. T., cited, 30.
Fitch, Asa, cited, 23, 24, 26, 28, 20, 30,
31, 32, 42, 46, 48, 54, 60, 62.
Fletcher, James, cited, 38.
Food habits of larvae, grouping and
summary of, 17-18.
Forbes, S. A., cited, 44, 48.
fortunei, Paraglenea, 6, 7.
Fowler, Sam P., cited, 29, 32.
Fuchs, Charles, acknowledgments. -
to, 4.
Fuller, A. S., cited, 35.
Fyles, Thomas W., cited, 38, 39.
Garman, H., cited, 44, 49.
Gay, cited, 26.
Gaylord, W., cited, 31.
Gillette, C. P., cited, 37.
Glenida suffusa, 6.
Grape, Saperda puncticollis injuring,
67.
Haldeman, S. S., cited, 20, 21, 32, 42,.
48, 54, 57, 61, 68.
Hamilton, John, cited, 9, I9, 20, 2I,.
38, 41, 43, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58,
61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75,.
76.
Harrington, W. H., cited, 21, 36, 37,.
43, 48, 52, 53, 54, 50, 57, 61, 62, 66,.
67, 68, 71, 73, 75.
Harris, E. D., acknowledgments to, 4.
INDEX TO GENUS SAPERDA 83
Farris, TL. W.;‘cited; 23,28; 31,°32; 40,
42, 44, 48, 54, 50, 57.
Harvey, F. L., cited; 37,39.
Haywood, Roland, mentioned, 59.
Hazel shoots, Saperda obliqua injur-
ing, 19.
Heartt, Philip, mentioned, 23, 31.
Henshaw, Samuel, acknowledgments
to, 3; species listed by, 5; cited, 61,
no2, 74, 75-
Hickory, species injuring: 4.
Saperda discoidea, 18, 52.
imitans, 18, 58.
lateralis, 18, 59.
Hickory Saperda, 52-54; bibliography,
54; description, 53; distribution,
53, 54; natural enemies, 54; food
plants, 53; life history, 52-53.
Hoffmeister, A. W., cited, 34.
ities, (|G. H.,; cited, 7,°0, 53:
hornii, Saperda, see Saperda hornii.
iMewand, L. ©., cited, 28, 37,-56,°57.
inioy.2. R:, cited, 35.
Hubbard, H. G., cited, 48.
imitans, Saperda, see Saperda imi-
tans.
inornata, Mecas, 74.
Jack, J. G, cited, 38, 41, 43.
Johnson, W. G., cited, 38.
Johnston, James, cited, 38, 76.
Wentel; 1. F., cited, 21,.23,.42, 44.
June berry, Saperda cretata injuring,
50.
Junkins, W., cited, 25-26, 36.
Kellicott, D. S., cited, 71, 73, 74, 75.
Kemp, S. T., cited, 60, 62.
Key to species, 15-16.
Klages, H. G., acknowledgments to,
4.
Knab, Fred, cited, 19, 20.
Knaus, W., acknowledgments to, 4.
Kunze, R. E., acknowledgments to, 4.
vd
Lacordaire, cited, 7.
Larvae, grouping and summary of
food habits, 17-18.
lateralis, Saperda, see Saperda later-
alis.
laticollis, Prionus, 40.
Laurent, Philip, acknowledgments
LOA.
Le Baron, William, cited, 9, 34.
he" Comte eH cited, 7; "0, 10, 20,
22 fnS2, 28, AZ, 43,40, 51, 535. 54;
BOn sel, Os On 72,47 Seed
Leng, Charles W., acknowledgments
tom Ara Cited OX "1O,/ 20:5 21." 38," AF,
43, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 61, 62, 65,
66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 76.
Linden, species injuring: 4.
Saperda vestita, 18, 54.
Linden borer, 54-58; bibliography,
57-58; description, 56; distribution,
56; natural enemies, 56; food
plants, 56; early history, 54-55;
life history, 55-56; explanation of
plate, 77-78; remedies, 56-57.
Lintner, J. A., cited, 36, 37, 38, 43,
44, 49, 52, 57, 58, 63.
Lowe, V. H., cited, 30.
Lugger, Otto, cited, 19, 20, 39, 41,
43, 49, 52, 54, 58, 67, 68, 75, 76.
McCarthy, G., cited, 37.
McMiltan, Conway, cited, 26, 27, 37.
Magdalis armicollis, 44, 45.
barbita, 44, 45.
Marshall, W. S.,
tO; 4.
Mecas inornata, 74.
metallescens, Saperda, 6, 12.
moesta, Saperda, see Saperda moesta.
Moffat, J. A., cited, 53, 54, 63, 6s, 66.
Morris, M. EL. cited, 32.
Mountain Sah Saperda candida in-
juring, 28.
Mulsant, cited, 5.
Munson, W. M., cited, 30.
mutica, Saperda, see Saperda mutica.
acknowledgments
Newman, Edward, cited, 51.
Oak, Saperda puncticollis injuring,
67.
obliqua, Saperda, see Saperda obliqua.
Octo-punctata, Saperda, 7.
84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Oeillet, C. J., acknowledgments to, 4.
Olivier, A. G., cited, 3, 21, 48, 61.
Osborn, Herbert, cited, 35, 36, 37, 50,
51, 52.
Packard, A. S., cited, I9, 20, 32, 33,
40, 42, 43, 46, 48, 49, 55, 56, 57, 60,
Gi, 62, 72,73, #4 2
Palm, Charles, acknowledgments to,
4.
Paraglenea fortunei, 6, 7.
Parmelee, George, cited, 34.
Parrott, P. J; cited, 38.
Patton, J. H., cited, 39.
Pear, Saperda candida injuring, 28.
pectinator, Bracon, 56.
pedalis, Pimpla, 74.
perforata, Saperda, 8.
Perkins, G. H., cited, 34, 49.
Pimpla pedalis, 74. ~
Piper, C. V., acknowledgments to, 4;
cited, 42.
Plates, explanation of, 76-80.
Plum, Saperda candida injuring, 28.
Poison ivy, Saperda puncticollis in-
juring, 67.
Poplar, species injuring: 4.
Saperda calcarata, 17, 39-42.
concolor, 18, 73.
populnea, 18.
vestita, 56.
Poplar, balsam, see Balsam poplar.
Poplar borer, 39-44; bibliography,
42-44; description, 41; distribution,
41-42; food plants, 41; early his-
tory, 40; life history, 40-41; ex-
planation of plates, 76, 80; reme-
dies, 42.
populator, Cenocoelius, 28.
populnea, Saperda, see Saperda popul-
nea.
Powell, G. T., cited, 24.
Prionus laticollis, 40.
Process on claws of males, grouping
OnE 7:
Promachus saperdae, 28.
Prouty, Daniel, cited, 31.
Provancher, L’abbé L., cited, 9, 20 —
353, ATs 435.46,.50,.52, 02.972. VAL ee
pubescens, Saperda, 6.
Thyestes, 8.
punctata, Saperda, 7.
puncticollis, Saperda, see
puncticollis.
Saperda
quadrispinosus, Scolytus, 18, 52, 53.
quercus, Saperda, 8. :
Quince, Saperda candida
28.
injuring,
Randall, J. W., cited, 68.
Rathvon, S. S., cited; 32,m2enae se:
57:
Red-edged saperda, 59-62.
Reed, E. B., cited, 50, 51, 56, 57.
Reed, Shelby, mentioned, 40.
Reinecke, Ottomar, cited, I9, 20, 21,
35, 43, 48, 53, 54, 56; 57, 61, 62, 66,
68, 72, 74, 75-
Remedial measures, see names of
species.
Rhus radicans, 67.
toxicodendron, 67.
Riley, C. V., cited, 25, 28,032. 340aar
35, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 50, 56, 57, 62,
75:
Rivers, J. J., acknowledgments to, 4;
mentioned, 23.
Round-headed appletree borer, 23-30.
Salix concolor, Saperda concolor in-
juring, 74.
longifolia, Saperda concolor injur-
ine, 73.
Saperda, 4; bibliography, 9; distribu-
tion of species, 9-10; exotic
species, 5; specific relationships,
10-13; subgeneric grouping, 7; .
systematic list ‘of American
species, 13-17.
calcarata, 7, 8,0, 11,42, 13, ema,
17, 39-44, 60.
explanation of plates, 76, 8o.
var. adspersa, II, 13,16, AI, 42,
79.
candida, 7, 8, 0, 12,° 13 14 see
23-39.
explanation of plates, 76, 79-80. .
carchariass (7, 8) ae se
INDEX TO GENUS SAPERDA 85
Saperda carinata, 6.
concolor, 7, 8, 10, II, 13, 14, 16, 17,
18, 65, 69, 70, 71, 73-76.
explanation of plate, 77.
var. wnicolor, 10, 13, 16.
explanation of plate, 78.
cretata, 4, 7, 8, 9, II, 13, 14, 16, 17,
50-52, 6s.
explanation of plate, 77.
discoidea, 6, 7, 8, 9, II, 13, 14, 16,
17, 18, 52-54.
explanation of plate, 77.
8-punctata, 7.
fayi, 7, 8) 0; 12; 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 62-66, 73.
explanation of plates, 78, 80.
ean 4.55, 0, 7,6, 10, 12, 13, 14,
15, 17, 22, 69, 79.
imitans 1. sp., 7, 8, 13, 14, 16, I7,
18, 58-59, 61, 77.
fteralis, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
i415) ,10,.17,.18,. 99-62, 70.
abbreviata, 60.
var. connecta ”. var., 13, 16, 60-
61, 79.
suturalis, 60.
~ metallescens, 6, 12.
moesta, 5, 8, 10, 11, 14, 18, 68, 69,
70, 71-73, 74, 79.
mimics, 4. 7, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15,
iy el, 22, 70.
Salsa, 7S, 0, LO; II, 13, 14, 15,
17, 18-20.
explanation of plates, 77-78, 80.
perforata, 8.
ponwines, 3,4, 5, 7.6) 10, TI,, 13,
I-15, 17, 18, 21, 65-10,.72, 79.
moesta, 13, I5.
tulari m. subsp., 13, 15.
pubescens, 6.
punctata, 7.
puneticollis, 6,7, 8, 10; 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 66-68.
explanation of plate, 78.
-quercus, 8.
Sealaris, 7, &.
similis, 8, 12, 609.
16-punctata, 12.
Saperda tridéntatal!3,' 5: 6; 7) S)o, 12;
13, 14,16, 17, 44°50; 58> so, 61.
explanation of plates, 77, 80.
trigeminata, 68.
tila On TO, lh. 04. 1h. 68: 00, 70;
2, 709. |
explanation of plate, 77.
varicornis, 12.
Meche enon Of Ti valt IA. 10, 17,
18, 54-58.
explanation of plate, 77-78.
Saperda, red-edged, 59-62; bibliog-
raphy, 61-62; description, 60; dis-
tribution, 61; life history, 59-60.
saperdae, Promachus, 28.
Saunders, William, cited, 26, 36, 71,
VEE
Say, Phomas, cited, 19, 20; 21, 30; 31,
42, 54, 56, 57, 67, 68.
scalaris, Saperda, 7, 8.
Schaeffer, Charles, acknowledgments
to, 4.
Schwarz, E. A., acknowledgments to,
4.
Sciapteron tricincta, 71.
Scolytus quadrispinosus, 18, 52, 53.
sexdecim-punctata, Eutratrapha (Sa-
perda), 6.
sexdecim-punctata, Saperda, 12.
Shad bush, Saperda candida injuring,
28.
similis, Saperda, 8, 12, 69.
Skinner, Henry, acknowledgments
Ones
Slingerland, M. V., cited, 29, 39.
Sith jews. "etted: 10," 20; 21, 24,720,
37, 38, 39, 43, 49; 53, 54, 55, 56, 57;
58, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 75;
76. :
Smith, S. I., cited, 34.
Specific relationships, 10-13.
Spotted appletree borer, 50-52; ex-
planation of plate, 77.
Stedman, J. M., cited, 38.
Stevenson, Charles, acknowledgments
ios Cited, 77.
Stewart, F. C., cited, 30.
Stickney, J. S., cited, 37.
Stout; O. E., cited, 35.
Strong, Woodbridge, cited, 31, 37.
86
Subgeneric grouping, 7.
suffusa, Glenida, 6.
Templin, L. J., cited, 50.
Thomas, Cyrus, cited, 9, 24, 35, 48.
Thomson, J., cited, 6.
Thorn, species injuring:
Saperda candida, 28.
cretata, 17.
fayi, 18, 62.
Thorn limb borer, 62-66; bibliog-
taphy, 66; description, 65; distri-
bution, 65; natural enemies, 66;
life history, 63-65; explanation of
plate, 78, 79.
Thyestes, 6, 7.
pubescens, 8.
Tolman, Adams, cited, 24, 37, 60, 61,
62.
Townsend, [C. H.] Tyler, 37.
Tracy, William W., cited, 34.
Treat, Mary, cited, 24, 28, 38. 7!
tricincta, Sciapteron, 71.
tridentata, Saperda, see Saperda tri-
dentata.
trigeminata, Saperda, 68.
tulari, Saperda, see Saperda tulari.
Uhler, P. R., cited, 32.
Van Dyke, Henry C., acknowledg-
ments to, 4; cited, 17; mentioned,
23.
varicornis,
6, &.
varicornis, Saperda, 12.
vestita, Saperda, see Saperda vestita.
villosum, Elaphidion, 60.
Virginia creeper, Saperda puncticol-
lis injuring, 18, 67, 68, 78.
Eutatrapha (Saperda),
(Pages 87-88 were
NEW YORK STATE
|
MUSEUM
Walsh, B. D., cited, 28, 32, 33, 41,
42, 62, 75.
| Watson, F. E., acknowledgments to,
4.
Webster, F. M., acknowledgments
to, 4; cited, 18, 39, 56, 58.
| Weed, C. M., cited, 20, 37.
Weed, H. E., cited, 38.
Wenzel, H. W., acknowledgments
to, 3; cited, 21, 50.
Wickham, H. F., cited, 9, 20, 21, 38,
43, 52, 54, 58, 62, 66, 68, 73, 76.
Wielandy, J. F., cited, 33.
Wier, D_ B.,. cited, 23, saya
Willow, species injuring:
Saperda calcarata, 4I.
concolor, 18, 7I, 73.
hornii, 17, 23.
moesta, 7I.
mutica, 17, 21.
tulari, 18.
Willow borer, explanation of plates,
77, 78.
Winne, A. F., acknowledgments to, 4.
Woodbine borer, 66-68; bibliography,
68; description, 67; distribution,
67-68; food plants, 67.
Woodward, C. W., acknowledgments
to, 4.
Young, I). .B.,.cited, >
Zabriskie, J. L., cited, 56, 58.
Zesch, Frank, cited, 19, 20, 21, 35, 43,
48, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61, 62, 66, 68, 72,
74, 75-
Zimmerman, C. D., cited, 24, 35, 63,
65, 66, 67, 68.
bulletin cover pages).
~
Published monthly by the
University of the State of New York
BULLETIN 316
1904
New York State Museum
EPHRAIM Porter Fevr State Entomologist
Bulletin 76
ENTOMOLOGY 21
19th Report of the State Entomologist
INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS
OF THE
| STATE OF NEW YORK
1903
PAGE PAGE
LiL 00 (ke 10 a 91 | Notes for the year (continued)
General entomologic features. 91 Shade trees and forest insects. 147
Migs Wotlk yike..d 0k) ee ek 92 Beneficial msects ys. a. ejexm os 150
Special investigations ........ 92 | Experimental work against San
PPOMCAHIOWS -. cs ec aesa ss 93 José scale insect............ 151
Collections of insects........ 94 Early spring or winter appli-
Nursery inspection work...... 95 SIENOLIO1E Sg ee er oe ee * aes LOD
Voluntary observers.......... 96 Summer washes.............. 159
Acknowledgments............ 96 | Diseased and dying trees and in-
Penencial insects.............+. 97 SECp abhaCk. yes .ci.. oa. cs. 167
Synopsis of certain genera of Voluntary entomologic service.. 173
oe Ophionini.............. 97 | List of publications of the ento-
Injurious insects............... 495 TG HGR Ete.) Sea puagihica vd do Shove « 192
Ropes for the year.:............ Sie laseet Exehanee. oss. owas oe 200
Payne pee a ee 130 Species received in exchange.. 201
Fruit tree insects............. 137 Exchange MSte\ ee... oe 207
Grapevine pests.............. 149 Contributions to collection ..... 213
on es 143 Seay Of plates) Wy Pee. a 221
: ECS EE sas coat, ieemetias « face 222
Grain and house pests........ Pe Ende set acu eee: 223
*
PAF Te aati ies : lo tank
Pape Pd py
Severe os © & tt 2.2» @ Ss 4 4 :
3 f ‘ ~
as Ce oe opie ee ate
Sst (=F ASST Beiosadc
oe tes S66 SRGR dee
By | , 4 +
: Y oF eri eer tol)
H _——.
sasaki } hoListsia 4
. 2% f etal
oe eig@e ene + eRe Ps
r
oF anery ye Cavin, Oat OER
- €, Ss 3
' ee os
Ly for
P ae}
University of the State of New York
New York State Museum
FREDERICK J. H. Merrixi Director
EpHrRAIM Porter FELT State Entomologist
Bulletin 76
ENTOMOLOGY 21
oth REPORT OF THE STATE ENTO-
MOLOGIST 1903
To the Regents of the University of the State of New York
I have the honor of presenting herewith my report on the injuri-
ous and other insects in the State of New York for the year ending
Oct. 15, 1903.
General entomologic features. The season of 1903 will long be
known on account of the abnormal abundance of plant lice of
various species, which have not only been exceedingly destructive
to fruit trees in particular but the prolongation of their depreda-
tions far beyond the usual date was specially injurious to young or
recently set trees. The latter part of the summer the San José
scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., bred so exces-
sively that many trees were literally covered with half grown scale
insects toward the end of the season. The depredations of the
elm leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Miill., have con-
tinued in the Hudson river valley though the spraying operations
of recent years have reduced their numbers very largely in Albany
and Troy. An interesting feature of this insect’s history was its
presence in excessive numbers at Saratoga Springs, where it
would undoubtedly have caused severe injury had it not been for
the prompt spraying instituted by the village authorities. The
white marked tussock moth, Notolophus leucostigma
Abb. & Sm., has caused less damage than usual in recent years
92 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
though it was generally present at Buffalo on a great many horse-
chestnut trees, partially defoliating thousands. The fall web-
worm, Hyphantria textor Harr., has, as a rule, been less
injurious than in preceding years, except in a few localities.
Office work. The general office work has been conducted as in
preceding years and has been marked by many more demands
for information, indicating an increased interest. The determina-
tions of scale insects for the commissioner of agriculture, in con-
nection with the nursery inspection work of his department, has
made somewhat extensive demands on the time of Assistant C. M.
Walker, who has also had charge of most of the breeding cage
work. Many photographs of living insects or specimens of their
work have been taken and a number of lantern slides added to
the collection, greatly increasing its effectiveness in illustrating
popular lectures. It is gratifying to record that there have been
no changes in the office staff during the past year, and conse-
quently the work has proceeded without interruption from this
cause. Correspondence indicates a continued and healthy interest
in our work, as is evidenced by the following figures : 2035 letters,
784 postals, 490 circular letters and 1109 packages were sent
through the mail during the past year. The reduction from last
year in the number of postals and packages is due to the fact that
but three publications were issued during the present year against
four in 1903, and the last issued was not available for distribu-
tion till very late, consequently a portion of the copies will be sent
out next year. Mailing expenses have also been reduced by send-
ing two or more publications by express, wherever that was
economical, a total of 114 packages being shipped.
Special investigations. The lines of work begun in earlier years
have been continued and considerable progress made. The grape-
vine root worm, Fidia viticida Walsh, has been the sub-
ject of more extended investigations than last year, a large amount
of exceedingly valuable data has been secured and we have demon-
strated that collecting the beetles was a practical, the most .
reliable and probably the most economical method of controlling
this pest. The details of this work will appear in a revised and
extended bulletin on this insect. The experiments with insecti-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 93
cides for controlling the San José scale have been carried on in
the same orchard as in the past three years, and our earlier results
with crude petroleum have been confirmed. Extended experi-
ments with lime-sulfur washes have also been conducted at War-
wick with very gratifying results. An extensive series of experi-
ments with summer washes was made, Mr Walker having direct
charge of the work and being responsible for most of the observa-
tions. A second instalment of the beneficial Chinese ladybeetle,
Chilocorus similis Rossi, which may prove of value in
suppressing this pernicious scale insect, was obtained from the
United States Department of Agriculture last August and estab-
lished in an infested orchard at Kinderhook. It is hoped that
they will survive in this latitude and prove of great value in con-
trolling this dangerous pest. The extended forest fires in the
Adirondacks early in the season offered an excellent opportunity
for investigating the connection between them and insect attack.
The results of this work are given on a subsequent page. Our
general studies of forest and shade tree insects have been con-
tinued and a number of valuable observations made.
The present year. has been marked by the appearance of a second
report by Dr Needham on aquatic insects, which consists of a
series of valuable original articles by himself, supplemented by
important papers from Messrs MacGillivray, Johannsen and
Davis. Another report by Dr Needham, is now in preparation
and will be devoted largely to a consideration of the May flies and
midges (Chironomidae) of the State.
Investigations on our native mosquitos have been continued,
resulting in material additions to our knowledge. Collections of
these little insects have been made in different sections of the
‘State, and it was possible for Assistant D. B. Young to spend two
weeks at Long Island, working in cooperation with the North
Shore Improvement Association, which has become well and favor-
ably known to all interested in this line of effort on account of its
very efficient operations in subduing these pests in the vicinity of
New York city.
Publications, The principal publications of the entomologist, to
the number of 70 are listed under the usual head. The more
94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
important of those issued during the past year are the following:
Grapevine Root Worm (Museum bulletin 59), 18th Report of the
State Entomologist 1902 (Museum bulletin 64) and Aquatic Insects
in New York State (Museum bulletin 68). In addition, the ento-
mologist has contributed an important paper on insects injurious
to pine and oaks, for the seventh report of the Forest, Fish and
Game Commission, and one on insecticides for the report of the
Colorado State Board of Horticulture for 1902.
Other important publications, which are either in the printer’s
hands or practically completed, are’as follows: Grapevine Root
Worm, a revised and extended edition of Museum bulletin 59, men-
tioned above. A monograph of the genus Saperda, which includes
some of our most destructive borers, has been prepared by the
entomologist in association with Mr L. H. Joutel of New York
city, and will form a small bulletin of about 80 pages illustrated
by 7 colored plates. Dr Needham’s third report, mentioned in the
preceding paragraph, is practically completed and will be an ex-
tended work about the same size as Museum bulletin 68. There
is also a memoir on insects injurious to forest and shade trees, an
extensive publication illustrated with many halftones and 16
colored plates, treating specially of those forms which are destruc-
tive to shade trees.
Collections of insects. Very large additions have been made to
the state collections during the past season. They are specially
desirable because a considerable proportion have come from other
sections of the State. Mr Young spent several weeks in the Ad-
irondacks in special work on forest insects, and he has collected
at intervals throughout the season in cooperation with the Vassar
Brothers Institute, at Poughkeepsie, and also at Long Island
while engaged on mosquito investigations. The results have been
large and exceedingly valuable additions to the state collections.
Much progress has been made in arranging insects previously col-
lected. The Lepidoptera, which are in the care of Mr Walker,
have all been referred to the principal groups and many deter-
mined specifically. He has also arranged the Coccidae, now
represented by 98 species and a host of specimens, while Mr Young
has been able to do considerable systematic work on the Tenthre-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 95
dinidae, Ichneumonidae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae and Capsidae,
besides making material progress in arranging the Coleoptera
which, it is eratifying to state, are already in a fairly satisfactory
condition. The exhibit collection has received valuable additions
from time to time, and in all of our collecting an effort has been
made to secure material desirable for this purpose. The museum
was kindly remembered during the present year and bequeathed
a small collection of insects by Miss Ellen L. Baker of Middle
Granville N. Y. f
The past season a system of exchange was inaugurated with
most excellent results. The museum possesses large series of cer-
tain species. Lists were prepared and sent to entomologists in dif-
ferent sections of this and other countries with a request for ex-
changes, and as a result some exceedingly valuable additions have
been made to the collection with practically no cost to the museum.
The details of these exchanges together with a list of species
available for this purpose will be found under a separate head.
Nursery inspection work. Owing to the Virginia authorities re-
fusing in the fall of 1902 to accept nursery inspection certificates
issued by the State Department of Agriculture, even though
officially indorsed by us, other means had to be devised to aid those
who wished to ship nursery stock into Virginia. The state ento-
mologist of Virginia was willing to accept a certificate based ‘on
inspection by an assistant working under our direction, and as
an accommodation to our nurserymen, it was arranged to send an
assistant to make supplementary inspections of only that stock
which was destined for Virginia, the parties benefited to pay his
traveling expenses. Mr C. M. Walker was detailed for this work,
which occupied nearly two weeks. It is very gratifying to state
that the regular inspectors, in whom we have utmost confidence,
kindly aided Mr Walker in his work. Mr H.C. Peck and Mr J.J.
Barden, in whose territory most of the inspecting was done, were
specially helpful. The following is a list of firms to whom these
nursery certificates were issued between Oct. 21 and Nov. 1,
respectively: Mt Hope Nurseries, Western New York Nursery Co.,
Thomas Bowman & Son, A. L. Wood, Allen Nursery Co., H. S.
Taylor & Co., Charlton Nursery Co., all of Rochester; Sheeren
96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Wholesale Nurseries, George A. Sweet Nursery Co., Rogers Nur-
sery, all of Dansville; Brown Bros. Co., Chase Bros. Co., First —
National Nurseries, Perry Nursery Co., J. B. Nellis & Co., all of
Brighton; Lewis Roesch, T. S. Hubbard Co., G. S. Josselyn Co.,
all of Fredonia; Knight & Bostwick, Emmons & Co., and C. W.
Stuart & Co., all of Newark.
Voluntary observers. The work of the voluntary observers begun
in 1899 has been continued, but owing to an unusually dry spell
in the early part of the season followed by excessive rains, there
has been comparatively little to report except injuries by plant
lice, a group of insects on which the voluntary observers are not
well qualified to report. As a consequence, there are not so many
records as have been made in earlier seasons, though the sum
total of their observations amounts to a material addition to our
knowledge concerning some very important injurious insects.
Summaries of these reports are published under the usual head.
Acknowledgments. The untimely death of our highly esteemed
and gifted associate, the late Prof. V. H. Lowe of the State
Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, is a source of deep
regret and a severe loss to the science he loved so well. The ento-
mologist has been favored by the cooperation of a number of pro-
fessional workers. To Dr L. O. Howard, chief of the division of
entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, and his
staff, special acknowledgments are due for the determination of
a number of insects and for information regarding different
species. Mr E. P. VanDuzee, of Buffalo, a well known authority
on Hemiptera, has kindly identified all our Pentatomidae and a
number of related forms, and we are indebted to Prof. Mel. T.
Cook, of De Pauw University, Greencastle Ind., for the determina-
tion of many insect galls. The appreciation of our work by the
many friends of the office is a source of pleasure, and the support
given by those in authority is very gratifying.
Respectfully submitted
EPHRAIM Porter FELT
State Entomologist
Office of the State Entomologist
Albany, Oct. 15, 1903
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 97
BENEFICIAL INSECTS
SYNOPSIS OF CERTAIN GENERA OF THE OPHIONINI
The following account of species belonging to various genera
of this group is the result of a study, extending over some years,
originally begun at Cornell University under the auspices of
Prof. J. H. Comstock, to whom the writer is under deep obliga-
tions for assistance. The original assignment covered the species
placed in this genus by Cresson, and owing to many other matters
‘demanding attention, we have reluctantly decided to publish our
results without attempting to extend our studies so as to include
all the members of this group, particularly because of lack of
time, and specially since a number of genera are represented
only by foreign species. We also take this opportunity to express
our obligations to Dr W. H. Ashmead, curator of the Hymenop-
tera, United States National Museum, who in recent years has
kindly loaned us specimens and afforded material aid in our sys-
tematic study.
This group includes some of our larger and more common para-
sites, and to the species comprising it much credit is due for ma-
terial aid in controlling a number of our insect pests. For ex-
ample the long-tailed Ophion, Eremotylus macrurus
Linn. is a common parasite of large cecropia larvae and allied
Species. These large caterpillars are rarely abundant enough to
attract attention by their ravages, and one reason for this is un-
doubtedly the activity of their parasites, foremost of which stands
the long-tailed Ophion.
Value as parasites
The other species of this group have been reared from a large
number of hosts, and there is no reason for regarding several of
them as of less value than Eremotylus macrurus Linn.
The following statistics will give some idea of their abundance
and, as the life of the host with its attendant possibilities is de-
stroyed as each develops, they also give some idea of the economic
value of the species. Six trap lanterns were in operation during
the entire season of 1889 at Cornell University for the purpose of
ascertaining the value of lights for destroying insects, and nearly
98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
600 examples of ophionids were taken. Two species were well
represented in this lot. There were none of the long-tailed
Ophions, hence the figures give no idea of the relative abundance
of this parasite or of the other species not represented. The one
by far the most abundant was Ophion bilineatum Say,
the two-lined Ophion, which was represented by 450 examples. The
species next in abundance was Ophion tityri Pack., which
was represented by 118 examples, while Eniscopilus pur-
gatus Say was represented by but 23 individuals. It will be ~
noticed that the two species taken most abundantly are not well
represented in most collections and but little is known of their
habits. This record does not in the least reflect on the value of
these two as parasites. It is possible that both are equally effi-
cient in their own fields and it is most probable, seeing that they
are crepuscular or nocturnal in habit, that they breed largely in
larvae which rarely fall into the hands of the collectors. The —
two-lined Ophion has been reared mostly from arctians or
noctuids. Though records of this character are still far too
scarce to permit the formation of a positive opinion, it is likely
that this species does material service in keeping larvae belonging
to these two families in check. The observations are even more
meager regarding Ophion tityri. Here is certainly a field
for investigation.
General habits
The different members of this group may usually be seen flying .
slowly about shrubbery and in the grass during bright days from
early May till into October. In cloudy and wet weather they
seek some sheltered place—at least this is true of the diurnal
species. The long-tailed and the purged Ophions are the two
taken most commonly in the day, and they are the best repre-
sented in most collections examined. The trap lantern record —
would appear to indicate a great preponderance of the two-lined
Ophion. This must be ascribed to the crepuscular or nocturnal
habits of the latter form. The females are the more active and
are more abundant in collections. This might be expected, as —
on her devolves the labor of searching out a suitable nidus for
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 99
her eggs. The large proportion of females is well shown in the
trap lantern record, where but 87 males were taken to 485 females.
The great activity of the females and the large number of them
attracted to lights must diminish materially the value of the trap
lantern as a means of destroying insect pests. |
Oviposition and larval habits
- The females possess a sharp ovipositor which is capable of in-
flicting a slight wound. Its sharpness appears to be mainly for
defensive purposes, as the eggs are deposited usually on the skin —
of the host, to which they firmly adhere by means of a cement
or glue extruded at the moment of oviposition. The deposit of
the egg by Eremotylus macrurus has been graphically
described by Trouvelet as follows': “ When an Ichneumon de-
tects the presence of a worm, she flies around it for a few seconds,
and then rests upon the leaf near her victim; moving her antennae
very rapidly above the body of the worm, but not touching it, and
bending her abdomen under the breast, she seizes her ovipositor
with the front legs, and waits for a favorable moment, when she
quickly deposits a little oval white egg upon the skin of the larva.
She is quiet for some time and then deposits another upon the
larva, which only helplessly jerks its body every time an egg is
laid.” Hight to ten eggs are laid in this manner. A few days
later they hatch and the larvae make their way under the skin
of their victim, feeding on the fatty portions of the host at first,
but later most of the tissues are devoured. The miserable victim
of these parasites drags out a weary existence and usually per-
ishes in the pupal state, rarely before. As a single larva will
provide sustenance for the development of but one or two para-
sites, the weaker ones perish.
There is on the front tibia of Ophion an articulated, apical
spine, a structure common to many Hymenoptera, which is pos-
sibly connected with the method of oviposition narrated above.
This articulated spine is curved toward the tarsus near the apex,
and might consequently be used for holding the ovipositor, be-
*1868 Am, Nat. 1 :89-91,
100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
cause when apposed to the tarsus the bend is such as to allow
the ovipositor to pass easily through a space between the two.
It is worthy of note in this connection, as showing the method
of depositing eggs by an insect belonging to the same family, that
Thalessa has been seen cvipositing in a similar manner by reliable
observers.!
Pupation and final transformations
The larvaof Eremotylus macrurus usually pupates
within the cocoon of its victim. As this species preys largely on
the saturnians, the larvae of which spin stout cocoons, the grub
of the parasite on emerging from the remains of its victim finds
itself in a well protected cocoon, and consequently has no need
of looking for a more secure place in which to undergo its final
transformations. The same habit is probably common to other
species infesting hosts spinning a stout cocoon, as, for example,
Erem. arectiae when preying on these moths. The cocoons
of Eniscopilus purgatus are found in the soil or
under shelter near where its host has transformed. From the
lack of evidence to the contrary, it may be presumed that such
is the general habit of all the species infesting larvae that do not
spin stout cocoons before pupation.
Very few notes exist on the duration of the pupa state in this
genus. Riley states that the imagos of Erem. macrurus
commonly emerge in the spring, and rarely come forth in the
autumn. This would apparently indicate that the normal habit
of this insect is to pass the winter in the pupal stage. An example
of Enis. purgatus has been known to pupate July 24, the
imago emerging Sep. 13.
Bibliography
1862 Packard, A. S. Me. Sci. Sur. Rep’t, p.20 (Comes to light)
1869 Guide Study Ins. p.195 (Brief notice)
1863 Norton, Edward. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 1:357-58 (Table of species)
1879 Provancher, L’Abbé L. Nat. Can. 11:115 (Generic characters),
p.116-17 (Table of species)
1882 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 1st Rep’t, p.103-10 (Parasitic on Nephe-
lodes violans)
1893 —— Ins. N. Y. 8th Rep’t, p.2388 (Mention)
11888 Lintner. Ins. N. Y. 4th Rep’t, p.40-41.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 101
1884 Comstock, J. H. Kingsley’s Stand. Nat. Hist.2:515 (Brief reference)
1895 Manual Study Ins. p.624, fig.750 (Notice)
1885 Jack, J. G. Can. Ent. 17:30 (Manner of oviposition on Noto-
donta concinna)
1886 Ent. Soe. Ont. 16th Rep’t, p.16
1885 Webster, F. M. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Rep’t 1884, p.889 (Parasitic on
Nematus)
1888 Riley, C. V. Insect Life, 1:171 (An external parasite)
1891 Insect Life, 3:276 (Feeding habits of larvae)
1893 Ent. Soe. Wash. Proce. 2:408 (Oviposition)
1890 Bruner, Lawrence. Neb. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 14, p.62 (Parasitic
on Acronycta lepuseulina)
1891 Forbes, S. A. Ins. Ill. 17th Rep’t, 1889-90, p.44 (Parasitic on white
grub)
1891 Riley, C. V. & Marlatt, C. L. Insect Life, 4:179 (Ophion? parasitic
on Nematus)
1894 Smith, J. B. N. J. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t, 1893, p.582 (General
notice )
These are references to the genus only, as defined by Cresson in 1887.
Synopsis of genera treated
a Cubitodiscoidal nervure irregularly thickened, never appendiculate
b Yellowish chitinous spots in cubitodiscoidal cell..... Eniscopilus Curtis
Oo No such spots in cubitodiscoidal cell............. Eremotylus Forster
aad Cubitodiscoidal nervure never irregularly thickened, usually appendicu-
late
eee CS THOT NAY Piss Archean Bye idheles Sohs helsle sy wie leds 'ayd ve Ophion Gravenhorst
Wee ENG 1 LOU es erate ct ciersde ala ie ae a Se ey glenals fale 5 Genophion Felt
Synopsis of species of Eremotylus
a Cubitodiscoidal vein usually strongly sinuate; hooks of hind wings 13-15;
male clasps rather long, subrectangular, obtusely rounded at the
EMR aad fete ihad ral wad x MES arta @ DAY Y nay a wnat ate Se wh oe eke Sas macrurws Linn,
aa Cubitodiscoidal vein nearly arcuate; first and second recurrent ner-
vures nearly equal; hooks of hind wing 7-9; male clasps subrectangu-
aeites CU PGLY + BOUNOCG Yrs i apt ate ae take dete oie vie) oes yo. «ae Seats aretiae Ashm.
glabratus Say’
Eremotylus macrurus Linn.
Long-tailed Ophion
This, the largest American species of the genus, is closely allied
to Erem. arctiae Ashm., which has been confused with it in
collections. The two species are easily separated from the others
of the genus by their considerably larger size; the smallest being
perceptibly larger than the largest of the other species, excepting
See account of this species, p.106.
102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Ophion fuliginipennis Felt, which belongs in a dif-
ferent group. Erem. macrurus may be separated from
Krem. arctiae by its larger size, by the fulvous tinge of the
wings and veins, by the second discoidal nervure being nearly
twice the length of the first, and by there being from 13 to 15
hooks on the hind wings. Other differences are detailed in the
description of Erem. arctiae.
Habits and life history. This species is an active, diurnal insect,
being rarely if ever attracted to lights. It is the one most com-
monly bred from the large saturnians, and is frequently referred
to as a parasite of one or more of them. Its egg-laying habits
and life history, so far as known, have been described in a pre-
ceding paragraph. It has also been recorded as bred from some
of the arctians, but it is probable that some of these records really
pertainto Erem. arctiae. DrC. M. Weed has recorded an
instance in which 30 out of 50 pupae of Samia columbia
Smith were parasitized by this insect. The unusual abundance of
Callosamia promethea Pr. is recorded in Insect Life,
2 :383, and also the interesting fact that fully two thirds of the
pupae harbored this parasite. The observations of Dr Riley show
that this insect usually emerges in the spring, though occasionally
individuals come forth in the autumn.
This parasite has been reared from the following insects: Isia
isabella Abb. & Sm, Philosamia cynthia Ven
Callosamia promethea Drury, Samia columbia
Smith, Samia cecropia Linn, Telia polyphemus
Cram... Automeris io Fabr.and Apatelodes torre-
facta Abb. & Sm.
Description. Fulvo-ferruginous, stigma almost obsolete; mar-
ginal nervure sinuate, thickened toward the stigma; size large;
body 31 to 38 mm long; wing spread 43 to 56 mm. Head small,
antennae nearly as long as the body; ocelli prominent, black;
head yellowish posteriorly; eyes black, rather small; mandibles
bidentate, tipped with black. Mesothorax convex;-scutellum and
postscutellum prominent; anterior portion of metathorax de-
pressed; posterior portion rugose, limited anteriorly by a trans-
verse carina; lateral carinae present. Wings hyaline; marginal
nervure thickened, sinuate near the small stigma; cubitodiscoidal
nervure never appendiculate, usually strongly sinuate; third dis-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 103
coidal cell considerably wider at apex than base; hooks on hind
wings 13 to 15. Legs long, honey yellow. Abdomen long, strongly
compressed, usually darker at tip. Male claspers rather long,
subrectangular, obtusely rounded at apex.
Described from 10 examples.
Cocoon. The larva leaves the shriveled remains of its victim
when full grown and pupates within the cocoon spun before the
demise of its host. The cocoon is tough, oval, about 32 mm long
and 17 mm broad, and occupies the larger portion of that spun
by its prey. It is composed of silk agglutinated by a dark secre-
tion. Exteriorly it is a dark brown color, with a faint yellowish
or golden band around the center. ‘The interior is thinly lined
with a transparent substance and possesses a brilliant metallic
luster.
Distribution. The recorded distribution of this insect is from
New England to California and from Canada to Texas, indicating
that the species ranges over practically the whole of the United
States and north into Canada. It has been reported from the
following localities: Canada, New England, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Virginia, Louisiana,
Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Colorado, Texas, Nevada and Cali-
fornia.
Specimens have also been examined from the following locali-
ties: Ottawa, Canada [Harrington]; New York city [Joutel];
Dutchess county, N. Y. and Rock Creek park, Washington D. C.
[U. 8S. Nat. Mus.] and from Malden and Amherst Mass. [Fernald].
Bibliography
1846 Brulle, Auguste. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hymenopt. p.188. (Described as
rugosus )
1862-63 Scudder, §8. H. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 9:188-89 (Mentioned as
O. cecropiae)
1863 Norton, Edward. Wnt. Soc. Phila. Proe. 1:359
1863 Sanborn, F. G. Mass. State Bd Agric. Rep’t, p.169 (Mentioned as
O. cecropiae)
1863 Trouvelet. Amer. Nat. 1:89-91, fig1 (Method of oviposition, par-
asitic on Telea polyphemus)
1868 Smith. Ent. Soc. Lond. Proc. p.xxxii
1869 Packard, A.S. Guide Study Ins. p.195, fig.27 (Parasitic on Telea
polyphemus)
1870 Riley, C. V. Am. Ent, 2:100, fig.63, 64
1890
1890
1890
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
— Ins. Mo. 4th Rept, p.107-8, 129, fig.87, 88 (Parasitic on Samia
cecropia, oviposition, habits of larva)
Am. Ent. 3:134, fig.52 (Parasitic on Isia isabella)
Chambers, V. T. Am. Ent. 2:156 (From Telea polyphemus)
Cresson, E. T. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 4:169 (From Texas)
Geol. and Geog. Sur. Ter. Rep’t. Zool. 5:708 (From eastern
Nevada)
Saunders, William. Ent. Soc. Ont. 5th Rep’t. p.25, fig.20, 21 (Para-
sitic on Samia cecropia, oviposition, habits of larva)
7th Rep’t, p.42, fig.29, 42 (Parasitic on Telea poly-
phemus)
13th Rep’t, p.17, fig. 11 (Same as preceding)
—— Can. Ent. 14:43, fig.7 (Same as preceding)
— Ins. Inj. Fruits. p.78, 175, 212, fig.73, 74 (Habits, parasitic
on Samia cecropia, Telea polyphemus and Auto-
meris, bo}
Worthington, C. E. Can. Ent. 8:220 (Parasitic on Telea poly-
phemus)
Provancher, L’Abbé L. Nat. Can. 11:116, 117 (Table of species, de-
scription)
Clarkson, Frederick. Can. Ent. 15:162 (Describes cocoon, parasitic
on Telea polyphemus)
Comstock, J. H. Kingsley’s Stand. Nat. Hist. 2:515, fig.643 (Habits,
parasitic on Telea polyphemus)
Weed, C. M. Papilio, 4:112 (Parasite of Samia columbia)
Waterhouse. Ent. Soc. Lond. Proc. p.33 (Parasite of Callo-
Samia promethea)
Fallou. Ent. Soc. France Bul. 6, 9 :cexxxii
Coquillett, D. W. Insect Life, 1:286 (Mention)
Ashmead, W. H. Col. Biol. Ass’n Bul. 1, p.48 (Listed)
Am. Wnt. Soc. Trans. 23:192 (Compared with Eremotylus
arectiae)
Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. 0. Insect Life, 2:383 (Parasitic on At-
tacus promethea), 3:154 (Bred from Telea poly-
phemus, Samia cecropia, Apatelodes Terre.
facta) |
Bruner, Lawrence. Neb. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 14, p.14, 15, fig.4, 5
(Parasitic on Samia cecropia)
Perkins, G. H. Vt. State Bd Agric. 11th Rep’t, separate, p.10 (Meee
tion)
Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.25 (Listed)
1893-94. —— N. J. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep’t, p.582, fig.167. (Reference)
1896
1900
1891
1891
1892
1894
1896
— Keo. Ent. p.382, fig.440 (Mention)
Ins. N. J. p.580, fig.273 (Listed)
Lintner, J. A. Ins: N. Yo. Sth Rep’t, p.228 . (Parasitic on “Lsim
isabella)
Harrington, W. W. Ent. Soc. Ont. 21st Rep’t, p.67, fig.31 (Parasitic
on Telea polyphemus)
Osborn, Herbert. Part. Cat. Animals Ia. p.15 (Listed)
Fyles, T. W. Ent. Soc. Ont. 25th Rep’t, p.55, fig.38 (Transforms
within hosts—Saturniidae) :
Evand, J. D. Can. Ent. 28:10 (Listed)
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 105
Eremotylus arctiae Ashm.
This species is by no means rare, though not recognized as a
distinct form till 1890 owing to its having been confused with
Erem. macrurus, which it closely resembles. A critical
examination of the material in the state collection, Dr Lintner’s
private collection, and that from Cornell University, lent by Pro-
fessor Comstock, has resulted in the finding of several examples
of this species. Two specimens were taken in the trap lanterns
at Cornell; one Aug. 3 and the other Aug. 22, 1889. Owing to the
kindness of Messrs Howard and Ashmead, we have been per-
mitted to examine a type of this species.
Hosts. This species is parasitic mostly on some of the arctians,
though it has also been reared from saturnians. The following
hosts are known: Ecpantheria deflorata Fabr.,
Maserisia, virginica, BFabr, Automeris io Fabr.
and Callosamia promethea Drury.
Description. The following is Mr Ashmead’s description:
In HErem. macrurus, the wings have a decided fulvous
tinge and the veins are fulvous; the second recurrent nervure is
about twice as long as the first recurrent nervure, the third
discoidal cell, therefore, is much wider at apex than at base; in
KHrem. arctiae, the wings are entirely without the fulvous
tinge and the basal nervure, tips of median and discal nervures
vary from brown to black, or piceo-black; the second recurrent
nervure is only slightly longer than the first recurrent nervure,
the cubital nervure being arcuate and the third discoidal cell,
therefore, is about as wide at apex as at base; in Erem.
macrurus, the transverse metathoracic carina is always more
or less distinctly sinuated at the middle, in Erem. arctiae
it is straight. In Erem. arctiae the hooks on the hind
wings vary from seven to nine; in Hrem. macrurus they
are from 13 to 15; in the former the claws are pectinate; in the
latter simple.
Male 26 mm long, wing expanse 35 mm; female 20 to 28 mm
long, wing expanse 36 to 40 nm.
Figure 6 on plate 2 represents the wing characters of Erem.
macrurus. In Erem. arctiae the cubitodiscoidal
nervure is arcuate; in the type examined it was a nearly perfect
arc, but in other specimens there was a slight tendency to the
106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
sinuous course usually somarkedin Erem.macrurus. The
form of the third discoidal cell in the type was a little more regu-
lar than in our specimens and the firstand second recurrent ner-
vures were more nearly of an equal length. The wings of Erem.
arctiae appear to be proportionately wider than in Erem.
macrurus. Inastudy of examplesof Erem. macrurus,
I find the claws pectinate as wellasin Erem. arctiae. The
claspers of the male in the former species are rather long, sub-
rectangular and obtusely rounded at tip, while in the latter they
are Subtriangular and acutely rounded at tip.
Distribution. This species is probably as widely distributed
over this county as is Erem. macrurus. It is known to
occur in New York, New Jersey, District of Columbia, Alabama,
Mississippi and California, and specimens are before the writer
from the following localities: Ottawa, Canada [Harrington] ;
Malden and Amherst Mass. [Fernald]; Michigan, Onaga Kan.,
Santa Cruz mountains and bred from Halisidota agas-
8izii by Coquillett, Los Angeles Cal. [U. S. Nat. Mus.] There
is a specimen from Pennsylvania and one from Texas in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge Mass.
Bibliography
1890 Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. 0. Insect Life, 3:155 (Bred from Isia
isabella, Eepantheria deflorata, Automeris io
from Cal., as O. arctiae Riley M. 8.)
1891 Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 7th Rep’t, p.228 (Bred from Isia isa-
bella, as O..aretiae Riley M.S:
1896 Ashmead, W. H. Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 23:192 (Original descrip-
tion )
Eremotylus glabratus Say
This species is apparently quite closely related to Hrem.
aretiaé Ashm. and it is possible that this latter is a synonym
of Say’s species but that can be determined with certainty only
by examining the type, which is apparently not in existence. A
small example of Erem. arctiae corresponds very well
indeed with the original description of this rare form. There is a
cocoon in the Harris collection in the rooms of the Boston Society
of Natural History, labeled “Ophion glabratum” but no
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 107
adult accompanies it though a specimen of O. bilineatum
Say was in close proximity to the cocoon. There is apparently
nothing in that collection which can be used in the identification
of this species. A specimen in the United States national collec-
tion has been labeled by Dr Ashmead as Eremotylus gla-
bratus Say. It corresponds very closely with the description
of Erem. aretiae. The most apparent differences are in
its small size and the comparatively slender marginal or radial
nervure with no distinct angle or tooth near the stigma, a
character which is usually well marked in both Hrem. mac-
reris anand Hréem. drctiae,
This species has undoubtedly been erroneously identified in a
number of collections and the following references, except that of
its original describer, in all probability relate to something else.
Prof. G. C. Davis some years ago informed me that but one in-
dividual of this species was known to be in existence and that was
in his possession. Say’s original description of this insect is
reproduced below:
Honey yellow; a glabrous spot in the large cubital cellule.
Body dull honey yellow; head bright yellow; antennae, mouth
and stemmata honey-yellow; eyes blackish; wings, first cubital
cellule beyond its middle with a longitudinally oval glabrous
space, but destitute of any opaque spot; metathorax transversely
wrinkled near the petiole of the abdomen.
Length about § inch.
Bibliography
1835 Say, Thomas. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1:239 (Original description ) ;
same in Compl. Wr. LeConte ed. 2:695
1862 Cresson, E. T. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proce. 1:206 (Listed)
1863 Norton, Edward. Wnt. Soc. Phila. Proce. 1:358
1890 Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. 0. Insect Life, 3:155 (Bred from
Hyphantria cunea)
1890 Smith, J.B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.25 (Listed)
1899 Ins. N. J. sup. State Bd Agric. 27th Rep’t, p.580 (Listed)
Table for separation of species of Eniscopilus
a Larger chitinous spot in glabrous area of cubitodiscoidal cell, not ap-
aN RAD [ae SER ad « Leek bcle se <2 boclth a's, Gletdetoldie > a Clad eclaa x purgatus Say
aa Larger chitinous spot in glabrous area of cubitodiscoidal cell, appendicu-
late
108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
b Chitinous process extending from larger chitinous spot along the pos-
terior margin of the glabrous area and partly around its distal por-
tion. Male clasps obtusely rounded....:....... areuatus Felt
bb Chitinous process from the larger spot not extending beyond the mid-
dle of the glabrous area. Smaller chitinous spot nearly circular
and slightly posterior to the center of the glabrous area....
appendiculatus Felt
Eniscopilus purgatus Say
This species is easily recognized by the two opaque, chitinous
spots in the cubitodiscoidal cell. The great tenuity and length of
the basal two abdominal segments is very marked, and is fre-
quently of service in identifying the insect, though this is also
irue of the much rarer Enis. arcuatus and Enis. ap-
pendiculatus. It is the species of this genus most fre-
quently found in the East while collecting in the daytime and the
one most common in collections.
Life history and habits. The imagos fly from the last of June
till the last of September. They are diurnal and probably cre-
puscular in habit since they are attracted to lights to a certain
extent, as is shown by the trap lantern experiments conducted at
the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station in 1889.
Trap lantern records
1889 1892
JUNE JULY AUG. SEP. =| JULY | AUG. =|
MMi Se eth mac ae he ere || + ee
90| 22' 26| 281 1) 5/181 20 a1! 23) 24| a5! 201 at! ov} sl aul ul&! sel sol 91
Male. .... rie ag 1 1 Pe a a
Female 3) QA): 2hooac yD) Dee] ae seed AL) a | ee, a al ae) ae 2| 3
It will be seen by examining the record for 1889, that there .
are three distinct periods, separated by a space of about two
weeks, in which this species was taken. Thus none were captured
between July 5 and 18, July 24 and Aug. 15. These two non-
productive periods may have been caused by climatic conditions,
though it is hardly probable that unfavorable weather of any
kind would prevent the species from flying by night for 13 con-
secutive days, to say nothing of the other period of three weeks.
It may be that this periodicity indicates three broods or at least
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 109
periods when the imagos are more abundant, but in the absence of
more data nothing but a surmise can be advanced.
The large number of females taken in the trap lantern reduces
its value as a means of destroying noxious insects. Dr Packard
observed that the bean-shaped egg of this insect was attached to
the skin of the larval host by a pedicle, and that the newly
hatched grub does not entirely leave the eggshell till it has eaten
a hole into the side of its victim. It would therefore appear as
though the sharpness of the ovipositor was largely for defensive
purposes. The females can inflict a slight sting that will smart
for half a minute or more, but the pain is by no means severe.
Hosts. This insect has been most frequently brought to notice
-as a parasite of the very destructive army worm, Heliophila
unipuncta Haw. on which it is a very efficient check. The
army worm was abundant in many localities throughout the
country in 1896, when the numerous oblong, silken cocoons of this
parasite attracted Professor Lugger’s attention in Minnesota
fields infested by army worms. This is the best evidence obtain-
able of its value as a parasite. We have reared it from the zebra
caterpillar, Mamestra picta Harr. another injurious
species, the grub emerging from the larva and pupating July 24,
the adult appearing Sep. 18. Records indicate this to be one of
the most valuable species of the genus, since it preys on several
insects of considerable economic importance. It has been reared
in addition to those named above, from Mamestra trifolii
koi, Scoliopteryx libatrix Linn., Schizura con-
cinna Abb. & Sm., and S. unicornis Abb. & Sm. It has
also been bred from a dipterous Solidago gall and several uni-
dentified lepidopterous larvae. It probably has a number of other
hosts. We have also seen a specimen reared from the Polyphemus
caterpillar, Telea polyphemus Cram., in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Cambridge Mass.
Description. Fulvo-ferruginous; stigma small; two subtriangu-
lar, opaque chitinous spots in the cubitodiscoidal cell.
Head medium; antennae nearly as long as the body; ocelli
black, about equidistant from each other and the eyes; dorsal and
posterior portions of head yellow; mandibles bidentate and tipped
110 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
with black. Thorax sericeous; mesothorax convex; scutellum and
postscutellum prominent; metathorax slightly depressed anterior
of the transverse G¢arina; lateral carinae distinct. Wings hyaline;
marginal nervure thickened and slightly sinuate near the stigma;
cubitodiscoidal nervure usually strongly sinuate but not appen-
diculate, its bulla scarcely one fourth the width of the third dis-
coidal cell from its apex; two subtriangular opaque spots occur
in the glabrous area of the cubitodiscoidal cell, the larger one
with no arcuate continuation along the margin of the glabrous
area, though a small chitinous line may be seen near the smaller
Spot. :
Legs honey yellow; abdomen strongly compressed, darker at
the tip; first and second segments remarkably long and slender;
claspers of male subtriangular, obliquely truncate, acute poste-
riorly.
Length about 22 mm, wing spread about 26 mm. Described
from numerous examples.
The cocoon is a silken, brown, tough, oblong oval object.
Distribution. The recorded distribution of this insect is as
follows: New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, Carolinas, Florida, Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri,
Towa, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, California and Canada. Ex-
“amples of this species from Georgia, Oregon and Washington, in
addition to some of the states named above, occur in the collection
of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. Specimens
of this species are now before the writer from the following local-
ities: Kansas; California; Virginia; Fox Point, Alaska [| Harri-
man Expedition 99]; Flatbush N. Y., Victoria Tex., St Louis Mo.,
Durham N. H., and Arizona, all being in the collections of the
United States National Museum. Specimens from Colorado, Las
Vegas N. M., Cheyenne Wy., and Michigan were lent to the
writer by Professor Gillette. Specimens from New York were
received from Mr L. H. Joutel, and Mr W. W. Harrington kindly
sent examples from Grimsby Ont. (taken June 6), Toronto (taken
July 27, Aug. 24 and Sep. 3), Winnipeg (taken in June), Osoyoos
B. C. (taken in May) and from Ottawa, Canada. Specimens
from Malden and Amherst Mass. (taken Aug. 1, 2, 12 and 21)
were lent to us by Prof. C. H. Fernald. The species is doubtless ©
distributed over the whole of the United States and the larger
portion of Canada.
1835
1883
1846
1863
1870
1876
1878
1883
1888
1875
1879
1887
1889
1884
1885
1887
1888
1896
1896
1890
1893
1890
1890
1890
1890
1890
1900
1891
1892
1896
1897
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 $11
Bibliography
Say, Thomas. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.
tion)
Brulle, Auguste.
alis)
Compl. Wr. LeConte ed. 2 :694
Hist. Nat. Ins. Hymenopt. p.141 (As O.later-
1:238-39 (Original descrip-
(Same as preceding)
Norton, Edward. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 1:206, 358 (Distribution)
V. Ins. Mo. 2d Rep’t, p.53, fig.25 (General notice)
Riley, C.
Sth Rep’t, p.54, fig.38 (Parasite of Heliophila
uni puncta, habitat, cocoon described)
unip
uncta)
Mass. State Bd Agric. 25th Rep’t, p.252 (Parasite of H.
U. S. Ent. Com. 3d Rep’t, p.128, pl.2, fig.5 (Parasite of H.
unipuncta; eggs, habits of larva described)
- tion)
N. J. State Bd Agric. 15th An. Rep’t 1887, p.523, fig. (Men-
Cresson, E. T. Geog. and Geol. Sur. Ter. Rep’t. Zool. 5:708 (From
eastern Nevada)
Provancher, L’Abbé L. Nat. Can. 11:117 (Table of species of Ophion
description )
———-
16 :34
—— — 19:248
Caulfield, F. B. Can. Ent. 16:122-23
picta; cocoon described)
Ent. Soc. Ont. 15th Rep't, p.41
Fletcher, James.
Sehizura.concinna)
Otto. Univ. Minn. Bien. Rep’t Regents, p.366-67, fig.31
(Parasites of H. unipuncta)
—— Ent. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. 2d Rep’t, p.17, fig10 (Abundant
in fields with army worm)
Lugger,
(Parasite of Mamestra
(Same as preceding)
Cen. Exp. Farm (Can.) Rep’t, p.29 (Parasite of
Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 48, p.45, 46 (Same as preceding)
Webster, F. M. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 22, p46 (Reared
rom s¢GOllopteryx lbibatrix)
O. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 45, p.169
Ashmead, W. H. Col. Biol. Ass’n Bul. 1, p.48 (Listed)
Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. 0. Insect Life, 2:382 (Reared from
Peoliopteryx libatrix) ;
—— —— 2:155 (Bred from Mamestra trifolia, Schizura
unicornis et al) !
A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep’t, p.269 (Parasite of
Schizura unicornis)
Smith, J.B. Cat. Ins. NJ. p.25- (Listed)
Packard,
Ins. N. J. List, p.580, fie.274° (
Harrington, W. W.
army worl)
Osborn, Herbert.
Evans.
Panton,
Can. Ent. 28:10 (Listed)
Kint, Soc, Ont. 27th Rep’t, p.51
As Hnicospilus)
Int. Soc. Ont. 21st Rep’t, p.67 . (Parasite of
Part. Cat. Animals Ia. p.15 (Listed)
(Parasite of army worm)
112 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Eniscopilus arcuatus Felt
This comparatively rare species may be easily separated from
E.purgatus Say, with which it has heretofore been confused,
by the well marked chitinous, usually yellowish, arcuate con-
tinuation of the larger opaque spot in the cubitodiscoidal cell.
This structure extends along the posterior border of the glabrous
area in that cell to a point beyond the smaller opaque spot. It
may also be recognized by the bulla of the cubitodiscoidal cell
being at a distance equal to one half the width of the third dis-
coidal cell from the apex of the same [pl. 1].
This species was described in the February issue of Psyche,
1902, page 307-8, and its characterization is reproduced herewith:
Light fulvo-ferruginous, the larger opaque chitinous spot of the
cubitodiscoidal cell with a distinct arcuate continuation extend-
ing along the hinder margin of the glabrous area and partly
around the smaller chitinous spot.
Head medium, yellowish posteriorly, face yellowish, antennae
slightly longer than the body; ocelli black, equidistant; mandi-
bles bidentate, fuscus apically. Thorax, sericeous; mesothorax,
convex; scutellum and postscutellum, prominent, the former yel-
lowish; metathorax slightly depressed in front of the transverse
carina; lateral carinae distinct. Wings hyaline, having hardly a
trace of the fuscus visible in Ophion (Eniscopilus)
purgatus Say; marginal nervure slightly thickened and sin-
uate near the small stigma; cubitodiscoidal nervure, weakly
sinuate, not appendiculate; its bulla one half the width of the
third discoidal cell from its apex; two subtriangular opaque spots
in the glabrous area of the cubitodiscoidal cell, the larger one
with a chitinous, usually yellowish continuation along the hinder
margin of the’ glabrous area to a point beyond the smaller
chitinous spot, which latter is anterior and lateral of the center
of the glabrous area. Legs, honey yellow. Abdomen, strongly
compressed, slightly darker at the tip, the first and second seg-
ments being very slender. The claspers of the male are rounded
apically. |
Length about 23 mm. Wing spread from 30 to 35 mm.
Habitat, Albany N. Y. May 6, 1876 [W. M. Hill]; Ithaca N. Y.,
July 16, 1889 [J. M. Stedman]; New York city [L. H. Joutel];
Malden Mass. [C. H. Fernald]; Poughkeepsie N. Y. [ Young, col-
lector]; South Britain Ct. 1884 [G. F. Pierce].
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 113
There are examples of this species from Cambridge Mass. in
the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and from
Georgia and New Hampshire in the collection of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. There is a specimen in the col-
lections of the United States National Museum labeled “Coll. C. V.
Riley,” and one in the Bolter Collection at the University of Illi-
nois from Illinois. Types are in the New York State Museum
and also at Cornell University.
Eniscopilus appendiculatus Felt
This form is even rarer than the preceding. It was originally
described from one specimen which came into my possession
through the kindness of Dr J. B. Smith, New Brunswick N. J.
This specimen probably came from New Jersey and is deposited
as a type in the New York State Museum. A study of the collec-
tions of others has revealed two specimens in the collections of the
United States National Museum, one marked “ Collection C. V.
Riley ” and the other “ From Selma, October 1880, W. H. Patton.”
This form is evidently southern in its habitat and it may be sepa-
rated from the preceding species by the following characteristics
which were given in the February issue of Psyche, 1902, page 308:
Light fulvo-ferruginous, larger opaque spot of the cubitodiscoi-
dal cell with a small extension on its posterior angle. The smaller
chitinous spot is nearly circular, light yellow in color and slightly
posterior to the center of the glabrous area [pl. 2, fig. 4].
This species differs in addition to the above characteristics
from the preceding one in having the cubitodiscoidal nervure
slightly angled and not sinuate. It is a smaller form, having a
length of 18 mm and a wing spread of about 27 mm. 3
Table of species of Ophion
a Wings hyaline
b Body usually strongly compressed, eyes large, extending nearly to the
base of the mandibles
c Medium size, metathorax not areolated, male clasps subtriangu-
MET a oe na tha ins henge o Gemma nae Caster e a eet ade oo a\< bilineatum Say
cc Small, metathorax usually strongly areolated, male clasps short,
EUG AUCH LLY 0, ln ob exec ed ci etal dee. 0; 3m o's pew Rea, Os te ols BERYL i .Paek.
bb Body stout, not strongly compressed, eyes small, distant from base of
mandibles
114 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
c Cubitodiscoidal nervure usually not appendiculate
d. Ferrazinousor . fulyoussee ee se = bifoveolatum Brullé
dd Ferruginous varied with black and venter of mesothorax usually
BEEK. Ga oe ee eee ten ce nigrowvarium, Peev.
ce Cubitodiscoidal nervure appendiculate, appendix extending into
Second “GIS€GlGaE Gee ew eee wc See ew eke abnormum Felt
aa Wings subhyaline
b. Wings. distinetly ferrucimows oo ene cs soy ferruginipennis Felt
bb Wings yellowish, fuscous along apical costal margin..costale Cress
Ophion bilineatum Say
Two-lined Ophion
This species, next to the long-tailed and purged Ophions, is the
most abundant in collections and the one most frequently noticed
in entomologic literature. It may be easily separated from the
other more common forms by its medium to large size, strongly
compressed abdomen, by the subtriangular, obliquely truncate
male clasps and the appendiculate cubitodiscoidal nervure.
Life history and habits. Very little is recorded concerning the
life history and habits of this species. Its comparative rarity in
collections is probably explained by its crepuscular or nocturnal
habits, since our trap lantern record indicates that it is one of
the most abundant forms attracted to light.
Trap lantern records
1889
JUNE| JULY AUGUST — SEPTEMBER
LiF TON fiche ie) SHOE AGED NS Sak | Se l l
4} 30 3/1 t'or!oalostogla7loe\0'sola1 1 al sl 3 4 5| 6| 7 gal 17/18 19
Male.....|... ease Wk {\° c 1) 2 a. 1... fore re - 2). a
Female..| 1]... 1 i i 1 3 1 ‘ 4 7 1 1| 5l12 20 6 s 9| 1) 3113 3 8/37 3214 1259 1725
1889 1892
SEPTEMBER OcT. AUG. MAY | JUNE SEPTEMBER
| | | | | g | | g
2021 22 aa agiag'zol 1} 2| sitol «=e & | =~} —sagiatiialie | le0 aioe
Male....|..| 11..|.. 2/ 3)... 1\. By 1/11. Tol 2
Female |21/14| 2/ 1 ria 2! 3) 30 ie 41 2420 3 aie Wis 2 1 1} 1] 1} 2 1 1118
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 115
It will be seen by the above, that there is some indication of
periodicity in the captures, though nothing but what might be
caused by more or less favorable weather or the relative abund-
ance of the insects. There is certainly no indication of more than
one brood. It will be noticed that this species flies ‘most
abundantly from about the middle to the last of September, and
-Iay be found on the wing till nearly the middle of October.
Hosts. Very little is known regarding the species on which this
insect preys. The record is so meager that one can only surmise
as to the economic value of this parasite. It has been reared from
Meacrisia virginica “Fabre; Weltia @ladiaria
Morrison, and Glaea inulta Grote. Dr Howard has re-
corded this species as possibly a parasite infesting Notolo-
phus leucostigma Abb. & Sm. to a limited extent. This
brief record suggests that this species may be parasitic on some of
the arctians and noctuids, and while the former are not of much
- economic importance, such is not true of many of the latter, and
in the control of these, this species may play an important part.
Description. Fulvo-ferruginous, stigma well developed, medium
size to rather large; length of body about 19 mm; wing spread
about 50 mm. |
Head medium, antennae as long or longer than the body;
-eyes and ocelli black; lateral ocelli a little distant from the
eyes; dorsal and dorsocaudal aspect of head yellowish; man-
dibles bidentate and tipped with black. Mesothorax convex;
scutellum and postscutellum prominent; metathorax with incon-
stant raised lines. Wings hyaline with a glabrous elliptic spot
near the stigma in the cubitodiscoidal cell; cubitodiscoidal nerv-
ure appendiculate [pl.2, fig.3], legs honey yellow. Abdomen
rather strongly compressed, frequently a little darker at the ex-
tremity; male claspers subtriangular, obliquely truncate, and
acute posteriorly.
Described from numerous specimens.
There are some very small representatives of this species from
the Adirondack mountains that approach closely in size and gen-
eral appearance the following form. They may be separated,
however, by the relatively shorter, more compressed abdomen and
by the thorax being as dark as other portions of the body.
Distribution. This insect has a wide distribution over the
United States and the southern portion of Canada, though it has
116
NEW YORK STATH MUSEUM
not been reported from every state in the Union. Its recorded
distribution is as follows: New England, New York, New Jersey,
Virginia, Maryland, District of Columbia, Florida, Louisiana,
Michigan, Iowa, Missouri, Colorado, Texas, Montana, Nevada,
Lake Winnipeg and Sudbury, Ontario.
Bibliography
Say, Thomas. Macl. Lye. Arts Sci. Contrib. p.75 (Original descrip-
tion)
—— — Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 1:248 (Mention)
Compl. Wr. LeConte ed. 1:378 (Habitat Indiana)
Cresson, E. T. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proce. 1:206 (listed)
— Am. Ent. Soc. Trans. 4:169 (In Texas)
Geog. and Geol. Sur. Ter. Rep’t Zool. 5:708 (From eastern
Nevada)
Norton, Edward. Wnt. Soc. Phila. Proc. 1:358 (Distribution)
Sanborn, F.G. Mass. State Bd. Agric. Rep’t, p.169 (Bilineatus
mentioned )
Riley, C. V. Ins, Mo. 8d Rep’t, p.69 (Parasite of Spilosoma
Vire awe a)
N. Am. Fauna no.7, p.247 (Sonoma county, Cal.)
Provancher, L’Abvvé L. Nat. Can. 11:117-18, fig.4 (Table of species,
description) .
16:34 (Listed)
Packard, A. S. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc, 21:19 (O. tityri sepa-
rated from this species)
Saunders, William. Ins. Inj. Fruits, p.278, fig.282 (Parasite of
Spilosoma virginica)
Lintner, J. A. Ins. N. Y. 4th Rep’t, p.205 (At Coeyman N. Y.)
Scudder, 8S. H. Butterflies of N. Hng. 3:1880, pl.88, fig.8 (O. tityri
supposed to be a variety)
Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. 0. Insect Life, 3:155 (Bred from Glaea
inulta and Agrotis morrisoniana, habitat)
Ashmead, W. H. Col. Biol. Ass’n Bul. 1, p.48 (Listed)
Perkins, C. H. Vt. State Bd. Agric. 11th Rep’t, separate, p.10
(Mention)
Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.25 (Not common at Caldwell)
Harrington, W. H. HEnt. Soe. Ont. 21st Rep’t, p.67 (Parasite of
white miller moths)
Osborn, Herbert. Part. Cat. Animals Ia. p.15 (Common)
Evans, J.D. Can. Ent. 28:10 (Listed)
Howard, L. 0. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 5, Tech. Ser. p.30
(Possibly a parasite of Orgyia leucostigma)
Ophion tityri Pack.
This species resembles O. bilineatum Say closely in its
general appearance, and it may be an earlier occurring dimor-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 bL7
phic form but we have no evidence of this and for the present it
must be regarded as a distinct species. It may be separated from
the preceding by its smaller size, relatively shorter and flatter
abdomen, and by the difference in the form of the male genitalia.
Life history and habits. Comparatively little is known of the
life history and habits of this insect, since it has been so fre-
quently confused with O. bilineatum. There appears to be
but one published notice of this parasite since its description in
1882, and in that it is not recognized as a distinct form. This
species can hardly be regarded as rare, since over 100 individuals
were taken in the trap lantern experiments at Cornell University
and it has been frequently collected by the writer and also met
with in other collections.
Trap lantern records
1889
MAy
5} 7 «=68} «= 9} 10) 1d) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19 2) Ql) 22) 24) 25) 26) 28
cocke cg SE OT a a ae a a ee a ee ee
Female...) 1) 1 1 3) 1 1) 3 1, 9 4 4% 8 4 1) 8 8) 8
1889
JUNE JULY AUG.
|
el 3 4 5 6 s| 1 131 16! 17 19) ar | 29 1 a) 3} 23] 311 1| 2] 17
Malet... neers ees Fil aR re A ad RS OI RPGR i G0) PS ciel ae ee
memete aia) a] ale} dl al ah al el at) aoe 4 yy 3 a) 2] a a
1889 1892
SEP. MAY JUNE JULY AUG.
ree ZS cot Bs lh SE ie S
S [vert S
97| 30| & 26; 1| 2| 4] 5] 9, 19 21| 28] 1] 6] 16) 17] 25] 26] 28] 2] 6 a
ee ae BBl coat Wat tedl ga 2 als ar a ak 2 le a
Female .. i OR Vi es | bet (er aaa a WO! aie we ed) alae
118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
A glance at the above table will show that this insect has a well
defined period of flight, and one that does not overlap the time
O. bilineatum is abroad, except in the case of scattering
individuals. This species appears early in May, is most abund-
ant the latter part of the month, and occurs somewhat rarely
during June with belated individuals in July, August and Sep-
tember, while O. bilineatum does not occur till August and
then only in scattering numbers till the latter part of the month.
This marked difference in the time of flight between these two
parasites indicates that either they are two broods of the same
insect or else that they are distinct species. The structural differ-
ence to be described later must be regarded as proofs of their
distinctness. The large eyes and many individuals taken in the
trap lantern indicate a crepuscular or nocturnal habit.
Hosts. This parasite has been reared from Epargyreus
tityrus Fabr. Prof. G. C. Davis, when at the Michigan Agri-
cultural College Experiment Station, wrote us that he had bred
the insect repeatedly from Halisidota caryae Harris and
Symmerista albi frons Abb. & Sm. . It is probably para-
sitic on a number of other related insects. .
Description. Ferruginous or fulvo-ferruginous with frequently
a decidedly fulvous tinge on the thorax, which latter is shorter
and the abdomen considerably shorter than in O. bilineatus.
Face ferruginous, or laterally fulvous; head medium; mandibles
bidentate, tipped with dark brown, clypeal fossae deep, antennae
usually longer than the body; the fossae at their bases not deep;
eyes large, reaching nearly to the base of the mandibles. Ocelli
black, nearly contiguous and the posterior close to the eyes.
Thorax short, ferruginous or fulvo-ferruginous; mesothorax con-
vex; scutellum and postscutellum prominent; metathorax usually
with very prominent carinae inclosing deep, four sided areas, and
the pedicel of the abdomen surrounded by a high carina. Wings
hyaline; cubitodiscoidal nervure strongly appendiculate. First
recurrent nervure only about one third the length of the second;
bulla of the latter close to the cubitodiscoidal nervure, and that
of the latter nearer the second discoidal nervure than the appen-
dix. Legs long, fulvo-ferruginous; abdomen much shorter than in
O. bilineatus, very strongly compressed and the posterior
segments usually darker in color. Clasps of male subtriangular,
obtusely rounded, length 14 mm, wing spread 26 to 30 mm. De-
scribed from numerous specimens of both sexes.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 ~ 119
Distribution. This species is widely and probably generally dis-
tributed in the northern United States and southern Canada. It
was described from Massachusetts, has been met with in numbers
at both Albany and Ithaca N. Y. and was repeatedly reared by
Professor Davis in Michigan. In addition we have specimens be-
fore us from New York city [Joutel]; Ottawa, May 19, 24 and
June 8, Toronto, August 24, Grimsby, June 6, Port Hope, May 5,
and Vancouver Island, May 8, all from Canada through tthe kind-
ness of Mr W. H. Harrington.
Bibliography
1882 Packard, A: S. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 21:19 (OriginaJ descrip-
tion)
1889 Scudder, S. H. Butterflies N. Eng. 3:1872, 1880, pl.88, fig.8 (As
O. bilineatum; parasite of Epargyreus tityrus)
Ophion bifoveolatum Brullé
This species is one of the more common forms belonging to the
genus and if one may judge from trap lantern records, it is
largely diurnal and not crepuscular or nocturnal as in the case
of some of its close allies. This conclusion is further borne out
by the reduced size of the eyes, being decidedly smaller than in
related species and distant from the mandibles. This species
occurred in the trap lantern material taken at Ithaca in very
small numbers compared to those of the closely allied Ophion
bilineatum Say. It has a somewhat exceptional host in
white grubs, compared with other members of the genus and so
far as known to us has not been reared from any other species.
Description. Fulvo-ferruginous with small eyes distant from
mouth; costal vein inclined to black; cubitodiscoidal nervure
rarely appendiculate; bulla of the second recurrent nervure
usually close to tip of cubitodiscoidal nervure and abdomen less
compressed than in its close allies.
Head medium; face frequently fulvous laterally, broad; man-
dibles stout with black tips; clypeal fossae deep and usually
black; antennae dark brown, stout and not as long as the body;
ocelli black and equidistant. Thorax sometimes dark brown,
finely punctured and with sutures more or less black; meso-
thorax convex; scutellum and postscutellum prominent, the
former sometimes a light ferruginous; dorsum of metathorax is
usually smooth. Wings hyaline; stigma well developed; costal
120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and adjacent veins inclined to black; cubitodiscoidal vein usually
smoothly arched and rarely appendiculate; bulla of second re-
current nervure usually close to tip of cubitodiscoidal nervure
[pl. 2, fig. 2]. Legs uniformly ferruginous; claws pectinate.
Abdomen sometimes slightly darker at tip and not strongly
compressed but relatively thicker and shorter. Male clasps stout,
rather long, obliquely rounded and rather acute at tip.
Length about 15 mm. Wing spread about 28 mm.
This species occurs abroad during the latter part of May and
very early in June. Specimens are at hand from Ottawa, Canada’
taken May 30 and June 6 [Harrington]; Fort Lee N.J. taken May
29 [| Joutel] ; Malden Mass. taken May 4 [Fernald] ; Belfrage Tex.,
Washington D.C., taken in May [United States National
Museum] besides various New York localities. This species has
been recorded from the following localities: Mt Washington
N. H., New Jersey, New York, Illinois, lowa, Colorado and Texas.
The record of captures in trap lanterns at Ithaca in 1889 and 1892
is given below:
Trap lantern records
B
| 1892
| |
| may | JUNE | MAY | JUNE
—§ aes a
| | | 3 | | Ped Bee =
24) 26) 3) 4) 8) 21) 26] 30) 1] 2 3 8 MM) 16 25) Ble
Malet. 41. oa oe ee APP teks oes Bia Wier jazz] se 1 i i dees 3
ee ae ee eee See, CoS ie WE a ——— —_ —_ — —— — a oe
Female.....) 1) 1) 1) 1 1) 1) a) a 3) 2 i 2 1 1| 1 1 1 13
' ' | i :
Bibliography
1846 Brulle, Auguste. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hymenopt. p.138 (Description) —
1862 Cresson, E. T. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. p.206 (Listed)
1865 4:284 (From Colorado)
1873 — Trans. 4:169 (From Texas)
1863 Norton, Edward. Ent. Soc. Phila. Proc. 1:358 (Specific characters)
1874 Provancher, L’Abbé A. Nat. Can. 6:103 (Table of species)
1879 11:117 (Table of species), p.118 (Description)
1890 Ashmead, W.H. Col. Biol. Ass’n Bul. 1, p48 (Listed)
1890 Smith, J. B. Cat. Ins. N. J. p.25 (Listed)
1892 Osborn, Herbert. Part. Cat. Animals Ia. p.15 (Listed)
° 1892 Riley, C. V. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 2:134 (Parasite of Lachnos-
terna fusca)
1891-92 Forbes, S. A. Ins. Ill. 18th Rep’t 1894, p.125 (Parasite of white |
grub)
1896 —— Ill. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 44, p.272 (Same as preceding)
1894 Slosson, A. T. Ent. News,5:4 (Inalpine regions of Mt Washington)
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 a BAAR
Ophion nigrovarium Prov.
This species is undoubtedly closely related to the -preceding
form, though we have been unable to examine the original type.
A few specimens from Colorado which we provisionally assigned
to O. bifoveolatum, are exceptionally highly colored, and
they probably belong to this species; in which event we are in-
clined to believe that it is but a variety of the preceding. A
translation of the original description is as follows:
é Length .6 inch (pouce). Yellowish red varied with black.
Head yellow; base and tip of the mandibles, two punctures on
the top of the clypeus, the fossa at the insertion of the antennae,
with the eyes are of a more or less deep brown. Eyes short, with
almost no slope above. Posterior ocelli distant from each other,
but close to the eyes. Antennae stout and short, brown. A
puncture before the tegulae; the scutellum pale yellow.
Thorax yellow; superior border of the prothorax, base of the
scutellum, base of the metathorax, its sutures, upper sides of
mesothorax, base of the four posterior coxae, black. Metathorax
without distinct carinae. Wings slightly smoky; costal nervures
brown, stigma yellow. Feet yellow, the anterior coxae in front
and the posterior coxae behind more or less spotted with brown.
First and second segments of abdomen brown; the posterior seg-
‘ment also brown on the inferior border.
?Of a clearer yellow than the 4. Coxae entirely yellow, ex-
cept in their articulation with the body. Base and extremity
of abdomen of a deep shade of brown. Otherwise like the male.
Described from two specimens. Inhabits Canada. [Nat. Can.
6 :104]
Ophion abnormum n.sp.
A single specimen of this form was received from Colorado
through the kindness of Prof. C. P. Gillette, who labeled it
no. 2103. This species is very closely allied to what we have
considered a light form of O. bifoveolatum Brullé.
Description. Fulvous, with indistinct ferruginous markings on
the thorax and abdomen, except that the dorsum of the thorax
has two distinct submedian fulvous lines and its lateral margins
are also bordered by stripes of the same color. Wing spread
18 mm, length of body about 15 mm.
Head medium, face short, mandibles bidentate, tipped with
dark brown or black; clypeal fossae deep, dark brown; antennae
Slightly shorter than the body; eyes black, small, somewhat dis-
122 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
tant from the mandibles. Ocelli glassy or black, well separated
and the posterior ones distant from the eyes; thorax glassy;
mesothorax convex; scutelluam and postscutellum conspicuous;
metathorax evenly rounded with no carinae. Wings hyaline;
nervures and stigma brown, the latter with fulvous markings;
cubitodiscoidal nervure plainly appendiculate, the appendix ex-
tending into the second discoidal cell; bulla of second recurrent
nervure close to the cubitodiscoidal nervure, and that of the
latter nearly equally distant between the appendix and the second
recurrent nervure [pl. 2, fig. 5]. Legs ferruginous; claws pec-
tinate; abdomen stout, not strongly compressed. '
Described from one female from Colorado.
Ophion ferruginipennis n. sp.
One example of this unique form was in the collection of the
United States National Museum and through the kind forbear-
ance of Dr Ashmead its characterization has fallen on the writer.
Another specimen was taken by Mr L. H. Joutel in the vicinity of
New York city. |
Description. Ferruginous; wings ferruginous and with a spread
of about 40 mm; metathorax strongly areolated in much the same
way asin O. tityri Pack.
Head medium; mandibles bidentate; black apically; clypeal
fossae deep; antennae nearly as long as the body. The fossae at
their bases are well marked. Eyes large, extending nearly to the
mandibles; ocelli black and the posterior pair almost contiguous
to the eyes; thorax sericeous; mesothorax convex; scutellum and
postscutellum prominent. Metathorax with two well developed
transverse carinae and a number of longitudinal ones radiating
from the insertion of the first abdominal segment. Wings sub-
hyaline with a distinct ferruginous and, in places, fuscous tinge,
specially at their base and along the anterior margins. Cubito-
discoidal vein with its appended vein stub extending one third
across the cell from the well marked angle; bulla of second re-
current nervure a little distance from the cubitodiscoidal vein
[ pl.2, fig.1]. Legs light ferruginous, concolorous; claws pectinate ;
abdomen strongly compressed and somewhat darker at the tip.
Length about 25mm, wing spread about 40 mm.
Described from two females. One is in the collection of the
United States Nationa] Museum and the other in the New York ~
State Museum.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 123
Ophion costale Cresson!
This rare species is represented by only one individual, the
type being in Mr Cresson’s collection. It may be that this form
is but a sport, though at present we can do no better than to allow
it to stand as a distinct species. |
Description. Female. “ Fulvo-ferruginous, shining, face broad,
the middle closely punctured, subtuberculate immediately be-
neath base of antennae; clypeus strongly punctured, tips trun-
cate, lateral sutures and tips of mandibles black; cheeks swollen ;
antennae shorter than usual, reaching about to tip of second ab-
dominal segment; mesothorax convex, polished; scutellum very
convex; metathorax confluently punctured, without transverse
carina, sutures of thorax narrowly black; wings subhyaline,
stained with yellowish at base and with fuscous along apical
costal margin, darkest at tip of marginal cell; basal margin of
third and fourth abdominal and an oblique mark on sides of
second segment, black.” Length 138 mm. Habitat: Klamath
county, Cal.
“Readily distinguished from all other species known to me by
the ornamentation of the wings.” [Cresson]
Genophion n. gen.
This genus is proposed to include certain forms remarkable for
the development of the lower portions of the head, resulting in a
very elongate face and considerable distance between the normal
sized eye and the base of the mandible. This is specially marked
in Genophion gilletti Felt, the generic type.
Table of species
Paines culvotulizinious 2. foo. . STUEAE IO gilletti Felt
aa Wings with a distinct fulvous tinge............ ecoloradensis Felt
Genophion gilletti n. Sp.
This small form resembles O. coloradensis Felt, but may
be easily separated from it by its shorter antennae, longer face
and the dark fuscous coloration of the wings. It is described
from one female from Colorado, no. 2565, kindly pant me by Prof.
_C. P. Gillette, in whose honor it is named.
Description. Dark ferruginous, with the head and thoracic
sutures black and the wings tinged with dark fuscous. Wing
spread about 18 mm, length of body 9 mm.
*1878 Cresson, E. T. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. p.366.
124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Head large, face very long with a large, evenly rounded labrum;
mandibles stout, bidentate, tipped with dark brown or black, and
with black at the extreme base; clypeal fossae black and almost
connected with the base of the mandibles by black impressed
lines; antennae shorter than the body, stout and with the first
joint of the flagellum much longer and more slender than the
second; antennal fossae ringed with black and with a conspicu-
ous, impressed, black area above; eyes rather small, distant from
the base of the mandibles; ocelli glassy or black, the two lateral
distant from the eyes and each connected therewith by a deep,
impressed, black line. Thorax glassy with deeply impressed, jet-
black sutures; mesothorax highly convex; scutellum and post-
scutellum prominent; metathorax smoothly rounded and with
no well developed carinae. Wings distinctly fulvo-ferruginous;
cubitodiscoidal nervure uniformly arching, not appendiculate;
first recurrent nervure less than one fourth the length of the
second; bulla of the second recurrent nervure close to the cubito-
discoidal nervure, and that of the latter distant from the second
discoidal nervure by one half its length. Legs uniformly fer-
ruginous, except the trochanter segments which are black at their
base; claws pectinate; abdomen strongly compressed, first seg-
ment slender and gradually enlarging at its apical fourth.
Genophion coloradensis n. sp.
This is a small form having somewhat the general appearance
of O. tityri Pack., but differing from it in a number of par-
ticulars. It is described from two female specimens in the col-
lection of the United States National Museum.
Description. Ferruginous with the thoracic sutures black, wings
tinged with fulvous, wing spread 20 mm, length 9 mm.
Head medium; face long; mandibles bidentate, tipped with
dark brown or black; clypeal fossae deep, dark brown; antennae
about as long as the body, the fossae at their bases well marked
and ringed with dark brown. Eyes medium, distant from the
mandibles. Ocelli glassy or black, nearly contiguous, distant
from the eyes; thorax sericeous, with black sutures; mesothorax
convex; scutellum and postscutellum prominent. Metathorax
with three well developed carinae, one dorsal, two lateral, radi-
ating from the insertion of the first abdominal segment. Wings
subhyaline, with a distinct fulvous tinge, specially on the hind
wings. Cubitodiscoidal vein variably appendiculate (in one only
a notch and in the other well marked) ; first recurrent nervure
less than one half the length of the second; bulla of second recur-
rent nervure near cubitodiscoidal nervure, that of the latter at
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 19038 125
proximal third of distance from the appendix to the second recur-
rent nervure. Legs light ferruginous, basal articulations variably
marked with dark brown, claws pectinate. Abdomen strongly
compressed, first segment slender, gradually enlarging at apical
third.
Described from two females from Colorado.
INJURIOUS INSECTS
Chrysanthemum lace bug
Corythuca marmorata Uhler
Ord. Hemiptera Family Tingitidae
Members of this family have been characterized by Professor
Comstock, in the following terms: ‘ Dainty as fairy brides are
these tiny, lace-draped insects. One glance at the fine, white
meshes that cover the wings and spined thorax is sufficient to
distinguish them from all other insects, for these are the only
ones that are clothed from head to foot in a fine white Brussels
net.” This very fitting description applies to all members of the
family, and where such insects are found on chrysanthemums,
they are very likely to be this species. This group is not only
unusual in appearance, but is also one rarely brought to the
attention of the economic entomologist. This is particularly true
of the species under consideration, concerning which compara-
tively little is known. It was described in 1878 from North
Carolina but with no indication of its food habits. The next
record appears in 1898 and relates to an attack the preceding
year on chrysanthemums in Alabama.
This insect was brought to our notice last July by Mr Harry
_ Blauvelt of Coeyman, who stated that it had caused considerable
injury the past tavo or three years, and that he feared a repetition
of the attack this season. His brother, Mr Egbert Blauvelt,
observed that it bred abundantly on ragweed and also on some
other which he was unable to identify. Specimens of the insect
were colonized on potted plants and the accuracy of the complaint
established beyond question. The little pests fed vigorously on
the foliage, laid numerous eggs, many young developed and soon
126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
one plant after another assumed an unhealthy appearance and
died. The attack was characterized in particular by a discolora-
tion of the leaves accompanied by a dark spotting, due to excre-
ment, and the cast skins of the young were also abundant. The
general appearance of.a badly infested leaf is shown on plate 3.
Life history. The breeding of this insect was placed in Mr C. M.
Walker’s charge, but owing to pressure of other work he was
unable to give it all the attention desirable. He learned, however,
that the eggs were laid on the underside of the leaf, being thrust
under the epidermis along the larger leaves and veins, leaving
only the small, yellowish, conical cap in sight. The eggs soon
hatch and the young develop rapidly, since between June 11 and
23 a life cycle was nearly completed. The feeding of the insect
causes white, irregular blotches to appear, and if the attack is at
all severe, withering of the leaves. The various molts follow each
other quickly and the cast skins soon become so abundant as to_
give the impression of a bad infestation, whereas only a few
- bugs may be present. The insects are very active and pass readily
from one plant to another, though none of the adults were
observed to fly.
Description. This species has been the object of considerable
study, and the following descriptions and the original illustrations
were made under our direction by Mr C. M. Walker. It is be-
lieved that all stages are described below though they were not
obtained by close breeding.
Egg [pl.4, fig.1]. Length about .5 mm, width .25 mm. Ovate,
somewhat fusiform; visible tip truncate, collared, within which is .
a small, yellowish, ridged conical cap which is displaced by the
young when it emerges.
Stage 1. Length .5 mm, breadth one third of length; antennae
stout, with numerous long spines; three segmented, the terminal
segment being about twice the combined length -of the first and
second. Legs stout, and about as long as the insect. There are
simple spines arising directly from the body [pl.4, fig.26], and
also much shorter, compound ones originating from cone-shaped
bases [pl.4, fig.2a]. Each abdominal segment bears on its lateral
margin a single somewhat trumpet-shaped, compound spine on
a conical base [pl.4, fig.3]. Two oval openings occur on the dorsal
line of the posterior margin of the third and fourth abdominal
segments. These may possibly be analogous to the odoriferous
glands which occur in certain other species of Heteroptera.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 127
Stage 2 [pl.4, fig4]. Length 1 mm, width 4 mm. Form
broader in proportion to length than in the first stage, and the
legs are much shorter. The chief difference between this and the
preceding stage, is in the size and number of spines. The dorsal,
compound spines, which in stage 1 arose from conical bases, have
become much thickened, taper to a point and are about one fourth
the length of their bases, which latter are enormously developed
and thickly studded with chitinous projections [pl.4, fig.5a]. The
long simple spines arising directly from the body, are shorter and
their bases narrow [pl.4, fig.50]. The marginal, compound spines
of each abdominal segment have lost all resemblance to their
previous form. Their rugose, spined bases have become thickened
and are about twice the length of the spine,.which latter is nar-
rowed to a sharp point.
Stage 3. Length 1 mm, width 5 mm. The terminal segment
of the antenna is about two and one half times the combined
length of segments 1 and 2. In this stage the compound dorsal
spines mentioned in the preceding have apparently suffered little
change, but their bases have increased five times the length of the
spines, and are correspondingly stouter and rougher [pl.4, fig.7a].
The simple spines situated near these latter have not changed
much, though they are somewhat longer than in stage 2 [pl.4,
fig.7b|. The bases of the lateral abdominal, compound spines are
four times the length of the spines [pl.4, fig.8a@], which latter
have not changed in appearance. Contiguous to these, singly or
in pairs, are other shorter compound spines on conical projections
about twice their own length [pl.4, fig.8b].
Stage 4 [pl.4, fig.9]. Length 1.5 mm, width .75 mm. Form
ovate, tapering anteriorly. Head nearly as wide as long, obtusely
rounded with the lateral margins behind the eyes arcuate, hind
angles rounded. Antennae four segmented, segment 3 a little
longer than the fourth, which is about equal to the combined
length of 1 and 2, the last being about one half the length of
the first. Rostrum stout, dark at tip and extending to about the
base of the first abdominal segment. Head, bearing four groups
of compound spines on tubercles or basesof varying size and length
arranged as follows: a median pair at the anterior margin; three
directly back of these, the central one being smaller; two groups
of five of various lengths, each a little behind the eye and halfway
between the median line and the lateral margin. A long simple
spine is also found at the base of each of these groups.
Prothorax tapering anteriorly, three times as broad as long;
with two median pairs of grouped compound spines at about
equal distance from the anterior and posterior margins, the
anterior pair with two smaller spines at their bases. Laterally
there is a group of three compound spines at the apical angle
128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of the prothorax, the central one largest, and another of five at
the posterior angle, three being much larger than the others. |
The wing pads are seen for the first time and extend to the
anterior margin of the second abdominal segment. There are
two sublateral groups, each consisting of two compound spines,
one larger, one smaller and a simple one, near the posterior
margin of the mesothorax. The anterior lateral margin is armed
with a stout spine similar to that on the preceding segment, and
on the posterior angle there is a group of five compound spines
similar to those on the prothorax.
The abdomen consists of 10 segments, numbers 2 and 3 having
a single lateral spine, while segments 4 to 8 are each ornamented
with lateral groups. of three compound spines [pl.4, fig.10], one
being nearly twice the length of the other two. Segment 9 bears
only one on each side. There is also a slender, hairlike spine of
considerable length at the base of each group of spines on seg-
ments 2 to. 8. Segments 2, 5, 6, 8 and 9 each bear a median pair
of long, stout, compound spines [pl.4, fig.11@], each of which, with
the exception of those on segments 2 and 9, has a simple spine
at its base [pl.4, fig 110]. Theso called odoriferous glands appear
as in the younger stages on the dorsum of the third and fourth
segments. Certain extremely minute projections, with enlarged
extremities are scattered over the body, arising directly from its
surface. There are also more numerous chitinous points gener-
ally distributed and which give the body a brownish appearance.
Stage 5. Length about 2 mm, width nearly 1 mm. The first
two segments of the antennae are about equal in length. The
third is longest and not quite twice the length of the fourth
[pl.4, fig.13]. The wing pads extend to the fifth segment of the
abdomen, which latter is nearly fusiform, tapering anteriorly
from the extremity of the wing cases. The dorsal spines are
relatively much larger and more specialized and the lateral
groups on the thorax and abdomen, excepting the last segment
of the latter, are distinctly pediceled [pl.4, fig.12]. This is also
true of the anterior median pair of the prothorax, which almost
coalesce, and of the median pair of the mesothorax.
The original description of the adult is as follows: “Form
smilar to that of T. arcuata Say. Body black, the humeral
region and pleural margins sometimes paler, or piceous; the
venter polished, minutely, transversely wrinkled. Bucculae
highly elevated, white; antennae slender, the apical joint some-
times dusky. Pronotal vesicle high, extending far forward, regu-
larly arching over the head, abruptly compressed anteriorly for
more than half its length; the meshes large, two larger ones ~
occupying the basal breadth; the nervures more or less em-
browned, that of the middle carinate, much elevated, entire.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 129
Most of the nervures with short spines, which in some specimens
are obsolete. Lateral lobes of pronotum short, prominent, semi-
circular, having the same curve anteriorly as posteriorly; nar-
rower than the base of the hemelytra, with large, rather regular
cells; the nervures of the middle tinged with brown; a brown
spot exteriorly and sometimes a second spot at the posterior
margin; the marginal spines long and slender. Processus divided
into cells as far as the tip; only the base of the lateral margin
elevated, the middle carina high, not so high as the pronotal
vesicle, gradually declining to the tip, the base arched, bearing
two large areoles surmounted by a seriesx of smaller ones, the
upper edge spinous. Raised margin of the sternum whitish, the
metasternum circular, auriculate each side. Legs pale honey
yellow, embrowned at tip and on the tarsi. Hemelytra rather
quadrangular, with the basal angles very acute, very widely re-
moved from the pronotal lateral lobes, the basal margin distinctly
concave; lateral margins spinous until a little beyond the middle,
the tips widened, bluntly, broadly rounded; areoles large, next
to the apical series is a transverse row of three or four very large
ones, usually connected with another large one in front exteriorly ;
vesicular elevations small, with a high carina, spinous, bearing
posteriorly a brown spot; a brown spot exteriorly near the basal
angle, another submarginal near the middle, and a broad brown
band at tip which omits the subapical series of large areoles.
Length, 3 mm. Breadth at base of hemelytra, 1144 mm.”
Remedies. This little pest being a sucking insect, can be con-
trolled only in two ways. Clean culture will probably prove the
most effective method of checking its depredations, since it would
mean the destruction of weeds and various plants on which the
insect could breed. ‘There is little probability of the pest develop-
ing in large numbers if the vicinity of a chrysanthemum field is
kept clear of weeds. The pest may be severely checked, if not
nearly destroyed by thorough spraying with a whale oil soap
solution, using 1 pound to 9 gallons of water, according to Mr
Egbert Blauvelt. It is very probable that pyrethrum powder, or
better still, hellebore could be used wherever a limited number of
plants require treatment.
Bibliography
1878 Uhler, P. H. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 19:415-16 (Original descrip-
tion)
1898 Howard, L.0. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 10, n.s. p.99 (Inju-
ries in Alabama) —
130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
NOTES FOR THE YEAR
The season of 1903 has been marked in particular by an un-
usually severe outbreak of plant lice of various species, some of
which continued their depredations over an abnormally exéended
period. These insects were so destructive and generally present
on various plants in different sections, that observations relating
thereto have been grouped under a separate head. Species depre-
dating on other plants and products of value, have been grouped
under convenient headings for the purpose of facilitating ready
reference to the various accounts.
Plant lice
The season of 1903 may well be remembered on account of the
exceeding abundance of these little insects, particularly of species
of economic importance. This is an exceedingly interesting
group, and their almost absolute helplessness and enormous pro-
lificacy illustrate one of nature’s provisions against the extermi-
nation of a species. Despite their apparent weakness, these little
creatures are well able to hold their own, as many farmers know
to their cost. This group is at present represented in America by
the relatively large number of 325 species, as given by Professor
Hunter in a recently issued list.
The conditions which control the abundance of these forms are
not well understood, though in all probability they are largely
climatic, supplemented by the beneficial work of various natural
enemies. Some believe that dry weather is favorable to the in-
crease of these little insects, and others attribute their abnormal
development to a certain amount of moisture. It is very probable
that a protracted dry spell, if not accompanied by excessive dust,
is favorable to the development of a large number of species, and
that violent rains at intervals, specially if they occur before the
foliage is curled by the work of the pests, is very destructive to
these little creatures. On the other hand, it is quite possible that
a certain amount of moisture is desirable, and that the reports
of certain persons, who have noted a coincidence between the ap- -
pearance of rains and the development of these forms, may be
correct.
REPORT OF THE STATE PNTOMOLOGIST 1903 1381
It is undoubtedly true that natural enemies, prominent among
which are ladybugs, syrphus flies and lacewing flies, serve as very
useful checks on this interesting group of insects. Repeated
observations in different countries, and extending over a series of
years, have demonstrated that these insects multiply enormously
during periods when plant lice are unusually abundant, and
though it may require some time for the natural enemies to over-
take their hosts, this is bound to occur in course of time.
The attack of 1903 was not only characterized by excessive
severity but also by an undue prolongation; and this latter may
have been in part due to unusual rains, which were not favorable
to the comparatively unsheltered natural enemies and hindered
their gaining an ascendancy over their hosts. The explanation
for this is that the plant lice, before the appearance of the rains,
had ample opportunity to curl the leaves and therefore provide
themselves with shelter from almost any inclement weather.
These retreats afforded admirable breeding places from which the
insects could emerge and attack adjacent foliage, so that the
usual destructive influence of showers would be modified to a
considerable extent; on the other hand, the larger predaceous
enemies would hardly reap an equal benefit from this protection,
and consequently would be delayed in gaining the ascendancy.
Appletree plant lice (A phis mali Linn. and others). These
species commonly occur in greater or less numbers throughout
the orchards of the State, and their abnormal increase depends
on favorable climatic or other conditions. Such was character-
istic of the spring and early summer of 1903, and as a result
injuries by these species were not only much more marked than
usual but also prolonged to a much later date. The worst af-
fected trees, which were usually young, presented .a very charac-
teristic appearance, and the injury was so severe that very little
growth was possible. Such a large amount of honeydew was ex-
creted that the foliage was almost entirely blackened, and an
examination of many trees showed that the growing tips were
literally covered by hungry plant lice anxious to reach a tender
spot. The severity of the attack began to be evident about the
last of May, and: was more so in June, continuing in July, and in
132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
some cases at least the plant lice were extremely abundant even
to the middle of August. The worse infested trees lost a con-
siderable portion of their foliage; the development of the fruit
was severely checked in some instances and many trees were seri-
ously injured. Complaints were received from a number of cor-
respondents in diffrent sections of the State, and almost every -
observer agreed in holding plant lice responsible for severe dam-
age. Some quince bushes in Genesee county were reported by Mr
J. F’. Rose as bearing a mass of black, rolled leaves the latter part —
of June, and the observer in Dutchess county characterized the
attack as being more severe than had been known for 10 years.
The conditions in the nursery were no better than in the orchard,
and a correspondent reports that plant lice obliged him to keep
a gang of 15 or 20 men and boys at work continuously in the
nursery with a whale oil soap solution, and some other nursery-
men found themselves almost unable to cope with the insects, so
severe and general was the injury.
Plant lice, as is well known, must be controlled by the use of
contact insecticides, the most valuable of which for present pur-
poses are a whale oil soap solution, tobacco water and kerosene
emulsion. Some growers prefer the tobacco solution to any other
and attribute greater effectiveness to it, while others have ob-
tained excellent results with a whale oil soap solution. The latter,
in the case of the appletree plant louse, should be used at a
strength of 1 pound to 6 gallons of water, or even 1 to 4, and in
any case great care should be exercised to secure thorough treat-
ment. The kerosene emulsion may be used in the same way as
the whale oil soap solution, and in case of severe attacks the
standard emulsion may be diluted with but 6 or 7 parts of water,
since it is better to scorch the foliage a little than to allow many
of the insects to escape.
The severe and protracted injuries by plant lice led us to ex-
periment with whale oil soap solution, 1 pound to 4 gallons, for
the purpose of testing its effectiveness on the pest and also the
liability of injuring the foliage. Apple twigs covered with the ~
insects were dipped into the solution July 28, and on the 30th it
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 133
was found that all were killed, while repeated observations up to
Sep. 8 failed to reveal any injury to the leaves. We are, how-
ever, inclined to believe that it is more important to make a very
thorough application than to use a strong insecticide, and would
therefore emphasize the former most strongly.
Cherry plant louse (Myzus cerasi Fabr.). This common
species is likewise generally distributed throughout the State,
and always occurs in greater or less numbers on cherrytrees.
The past season has been marked by an excessive abundance of
this insect, and in some cases sweet cherrytrees have been very
seriously injured. We recall, for example, certain trees in Chau-
tauqua county, which were so badly infested, that nearly one
third of the leaf-bearing portion of twigs had the foliage so badly
affected that it curled, died and dropped, and after a time new
leaves were developed in their place. This injury was so great
that one or two trees died, probably as an indirect result of the
severe drain made on their vitality. The presence of these plant
lice in large numbers began to be apparent the middle of May
and continued through June and even into early July. Reports of
injuries were received from a number of counties in widely
separated sections of the State, and were also observed by us in
various localities.
Thorough spraying, as in the case of other species, is the only
method of controlling this insect, and when applications are
necessary they should be timely so that the insects can not curl
leaves and thus obtain shelter from the spray.
Cabbage aphis (Aphis brassicae Linn.). This species
is usually present in small numbers on various cruciferous plants,
and only occasionally does it attract much attention on account
of its abnormal abundance and consequent injury. Mr J. F.
Rose of South Byron states that about the middle of August it
was So abundant on early cabbages as to give them a white appear-
ance, and Mr George S. Graves of Newport, Herkimer co., reports
it as being numerous on turnips in early August. This species
was observed by us in very large numbers on rape at Kinderhook
the early part of the season. The insects were so abundant as to
134 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
give a whitish color to portions of the plant and rendered walk-
ing through the field extremely disagreeable.
Chaitophorus aceris. The Norway maple has enjoyed up to
recent years comparative immunity from insect pests, and it was
therefore a serious disappointment to its admirers when this
species of plant louse injured it so seriously in the last two or
three years. The damage by this species has gradually increased,
and whereas in 1900 or thereabouts many of the trees had their
foliage somewhat disfigured by the sooty fungus growing in the
honeydew and drops of this sticky substance occasionally fell on
passersby or moistened the sidewalk beneath, in 1903 some of
these unfortunate trees had their foliage almost ruined by this
pest. Many of the leaves were so badly curled that they pre-
sented only about one fourth of the usual surface, and this maple
instead of being an object of beauty, was a monument of misery
and an eyesore on the landscape. This was true not only about
Albany but in various sections of the State. This plant louse
can be controlled by thoroughly spraying with a contact insecti-
cide, such as whale oil soap, taking special pains to hit the insects
on the undersurface of the leaves, and it looks as though some
such treatment would have to be adopted in coming years if we
are to keep this shade tree in good condition. This species was
the cause of more complaint and incidentally gave more employ-
ment to parties operating a spraying outfit in Troy, than even
the notorious elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola
Miill.).
Elm aphis (Callipterus ulmifolii Mon.). This deli-
cate species occurs somewhat generally on our American elms,
and occasionally becomes exceedingly injurious, as was demon-
strated in 1897 and again in 1905. This little plant louse was
so abundant on many trees during the past summer that the
foliage became badly smeared by the honeydew, lost its color and
all but failed to perform its proper functions. This condition
was somewhat general in the vicinity of Albany, at Palatine
Bridge in the Mohawk valley, and a similar state of affairs was ©
reported from Ogdensburg, St Lawrence co. The most of the
-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 135
damage appears to be inflicted in the latter part of June and
during July.
Drepanosiphum acerifolii Thos. This delicate and really beauti-
ful species when examined under a magnifying glass, is capable
of causing considerable injury to various species of maple. Its
work on hard maple was observed by us last July at Nassau,
where it evidently caused considerable dropping of the foliage,
and the young were to be found here and there along the veins
on the underside of the leaves. Nearly full grown specimens are
remarkable for being incrusted with a whitish secretion which
nearly covers them. This species was met with by us in consider-
able numbers on maples at Saratoga, where it has likewise caused
some dropping of the leaves and injured the foliage to a con-
siderable extent. It was also reported by Mr George S. Graves,
as being on several varieties of maple at Newport, Herkimer
co., where it caused much dropping of foliage, and it was
observed by Mr Young in small numbers at Poughkeepsie.
Box elder plant louse (Chaitophorus negundinis
Thos.). A number of specimens of what we believe to be this
species, was submitted for examination by Mr George S. Graves
of Newport, Herkimer co., who stated that it was exceedingly
abundant and destructive to box elder or ash-leafed maples in
that vicinity. The attack was first observed in early June and
continued till September, possibly later. It is probably the
Same species which we observed at work in large numbers the
latter part of September on some box eldertrees at Nassau.
Beechtree blight (Pemphigus imbricator Fitch).
This plant louse was exceedingly abundant on some beechtrees
at Newport N. Y. Our correspondent, Mr George S. Graves, sent
| examples under date of Oct. 29, and from the appearance of the
twigs we judge that the insect was present in enormous numbers,
and had the attack been earlier in the season, it would un-
doubtedly have caused considerable injury. Mr Graves observed
the habit of this species of clustering on the underside of the
twigs, and adds that moderately cold weather does not seem
to affect them, since an inch of snow was seen on the hillside
136 | NEW YORK STATH MUSEUM
only a short distance away, and the temperature during the pre-
ceding two days had been quite cold.
Wooly beech aphis (Phyllaphigs fagi Linn.). This in-
sect has been unusually numerous on purple beech foliage in
Washington park, where it was found in very large numbers,
July 4. Its depredations on the same tree in Westchester county
have also been brought to our attention.
Birch aphis (Callipterus betulaecolens Mon.).
This little species is particularly injurious to the cut-leaved
birch, and is occasionally very abundant. It was reported as
being quite destructive at Newport, Herkimer co., by Mr George
S. Graves, and evidences of its work were found by Mr Young
at Poughkeepsie in the middle of July. The latter trees showed
very plainly that the insect had been exceedingly abundant, since
the foliage was badly discolored and well smeared with honey-
dew. We also observed the work of this insect in the vicinity
of Albany, and specimens of very badly infested twigs were sub-
mitted for examination by Mr E. P. Van Ness of East Green-
bush. In this/instance, as in the preceding, the attack was a
very severe one and the tree had undoubtedly suffered greatly ©
throughout July, if not earlier in the season. Some of the leaves
bore a number of pupae of the two spotted ladybug, Adalia
bipunctata Linn., which had evidently fed on the plant lice,
and reduced their numbers very largely.
Pemphigus popularius Fitch. This species is rarely brought to
notice, though a few infested leaves of the balm of Gilead,
Populus balsamiferus, were received from Lake Clear
Junction through Mr C. R. Pettis. The leaves were drawn together
and had much waxy matter on their surfaces, giving them the
appearance of having been coated with a whitish powder. In
some instances the insects formed a series of pseudogalls on the
upper side of the leaves. The cavity produced by drawing the
leaf together contained numerous winged plant lice, a few nymphs
and many cast skins. Mr Pettis states that all the trees in the
vicinity were affected by this species. Another poplar-infesting
species, Chaitophorus populicola Thos., was met with
in considerable numbers on the common aspen at Karner, July 24.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 137
Fruit tree insects
Plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst).
This little enemy of stone fruits is prevalent to a greater or -
less extent in most orchards of this State, and occasionally causes
considerable injury. It is remarkable for existing in some locali-
ties in such small numbers as to cause practically no damage,
while in others a large proportion of the crop would be ruined
unless collecting or other repressive measures were employed.
Recent experiences by several growers in the State, go far toward
showing that thorough and early spraying of the foliage with
an arsenical poison affords considerable protection from this pest.
This method is preferred by many to the more laborious one of
collecting the beetles and is certainly worthy of further trial.
Diplotaxis liberta Germ. This species is rarely brought to notice
on account of its depredations and the same is true of its allies.
A complaint was received Sep. 24 through the commissioner of
agriculture from Mr John R. Crandall of Hauppauge, who stated
that this beetle had stripped all the foliage from many young
peachtrees in an orchard of about 30 acres. He added that they
worked at night, burying themselves in the dirt under the trees
during the day, and that anywhere from 10 to 50 were found
under each tree, apparently preferring Elbertas. The beetles oc-
curred nowhere except in the peach orchard. This insect is
closely related to our common May or June beetles and presum-
ably has similar habits, the larvae probably living on grass roots
and undoubtedly thriving best in light, sandy soils. Reference
to literature shows that another species, D. frondicola
Blanch., was recorded in 1871! as being very injurious in June
to leaves of rose, mountain ash and wild plum in an Iowa nursery.
_ They were about nearly a month, feeding only at night, and were
considered one of the worst pests of that year. An attack similar
to the one we have recorded occurred in the spring of 1888,? at
Herndon Va. in a young orchard which had been mostly planted
the preceding year. The 12-spotted Diabrotica, Diabrotica
12-punctata, was the principal depredator, though a species
*Kridelbaugh. Ia. State Hort. Soc. Rep’t 1871. 1872. p.161.
?Riley-Howard. Insect Life, 1:59.
138 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of Diplotaxis was also present in small numbers. The plums and
apricots near an old melon patch where the Diabrotica had bred
were soon stripped of foliage and the insects spread over nearly
the entire orchard. Another species of the same genus, D. har-
peri Blanch., was reported May 24, 1894, as injuring straw-
berry plants at Campbellsburg Ind. The account states that they
attacked the smaller and weaker plants on a 24 acre field and
very quickly destroyed them. As many as 20 beetles or over were
found at a time on a single plant. The insects appeared first in
some wheat and when that became too tough migrated to the
recently set strawberry field. The soil was a light, clayey loam
and paris green was applied but without benefit.
These little scarabaeids are difficult insects to control and in a
general way may be classed in this respect with the closely related
and well known May or June beetles, Lachnosterna, and
rose beetles, Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabr. Any-
thing that tends to make the foliage distasteful to the insects,
such as dusting with air-slacked lime, wood ashes, etc. has some
protective value, but comparatively little benefit results from
Spraying with an arsenical poison. It is possible that collecting
the insects by jarring into a curculio catcher might prove of
some value. This would have to be done in the evening when
the beetles are on the trees, and in all probability it would
require considerable shaking to dislodge them. The injury to
the foliage late in the fall is of comparatively little importance
compared with depredations in the spring, and apparently there
is a prospect of this species causing some injury at that time,
in which event it would pay to go to considerable expense in
collecting the beetles or employing some other means to destroy
them, so as to prevent severe injury to the trees by the destruc-
tion of fruit and leaf buds early in the season.
Appletree tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americana
Fabr.). This insect is more or less injurious each year, and during
the present season has not been very destructive, though some-
what abundant in various localities, specially where no effort has
been made to control it. The injury, as a rule, has been less than
iDavis. Insect Life, 7:199
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 139
in the last two or three years, except in Cattaraugus county,
where this species is reported as having increased very largely in
the last two or three years.
Codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.). It is
well known that the larvae of this insect pass the winter in
considerable numbers under the sheltering bark of trees, and that
they gnaw pupal cavities in the outer dead bark. Our attention
was recently called to a somewhat anomalous situation and an
examination showed that a small tree had been badly injured
by borers in preceding years and that codling moth larvae, de-
scending the tree in the fall, had entered the galleries made by
the borers and in excavating pupal cavities had not refrained
from eating into living tissue where they caused considerable
bleeding and@®at first sight lead one to suspect that the injury was
due to the round-headed borer. The tree in question has a trunk
about 6 inches in diameter and some 12 or 15 larvae were taken
from several of the cavities. Three or four of the caterpillars
were found contiguous to living tissue which had been recently
eaten and from which considerable sap was flowing. The borings
were conspicuous and many of the pellets were saturated with
exuding sap.
Pear Psylla (Psylla pyricola Forst.). The season of
1903 has been remarkable for the unusual development of plant
lice, and this little jumping species is no exception to the general
rule. It has been exceedingly abundant and destructive over a
considerable portion ‘of the State, and peartrees with blackened,
scanty foliage or almost none at all, were common sights during
the summer not only in the Hudson river valley but also in cen-
tral and western New York. The injury was much more general
and severe than has been observed before, and the explanation
therefor is probably found in the unusually favorable climatic
conditions. Evidences of great damage began to appear in June,
and during July and August the affected trees presented a truly
wretched sight. In some cases the injury was so severe that most
lof the fruit dropped. Mr H. D. Lewis of Annandale reports the
crop of that section a failure, due to the work of this pest.
140 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Early and thorough spraying with a whale oil soap solution,
1 pound to 4 gallons, has been found thoroughly effective in the
hands of Mr Albert Wood of Carleton. Station, who states that he
has succeeded in keeping the insect well in subjection by this —
means. Thorough work in the early part of the season will do
much toward preventing subsequent injuries, and if the necessity
arises of repeating applications, much better results will be ob-
tained if the work is done just after a rain, which serves the use-
ful purpose of washing away the honeydew and therefore exposing
the growing insects to the deleterious action of the insecticide.
San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.). This
pernicious insect has become so abundant in some orchards in the
State that its control isa serious problem, and anything bearing
on its habits and disseminative powers is of interest® The latter
part of the summer was marked by the development of very large
numbers of insects, the breeding being so rapid that in some
places the bark of entire trees was covered.
The rapidity of its spread in a locality is of great importance,
and is undoubtedly influenced by a number of factors. In the
first place, there is no doubt that the spread is much more rapid
where the pest is allowed to breed unrestricted than in localities
where such is not the case; for example, the scale has been in
the large orchard of Mr W. H. Hart of Poughkeepsie for 13 years,
and yet it has failed to spread to any great extent, portions being
practically free from it even after the lapse of years. A close
examination of the center of infestation existing at Clinton
Heights shows that while the insect has been present there for
about the same time there has been no extensive spread. The
primary point of infestation is a little to one side of the center
of an isosceles triangle, which has an altitude of 2 mile. This
is bordered on one side by a public highway and on the other by
a trolly line. Several contiguous orchards lie within this area,
and the pest has gradually made its way from one to the other,
though the spread has by no means been rapid. Aside from the
point of original infestation, the injury to the trees has not been -
very marked, in fact, the spread through these small orchards
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 141
has been so slow that those in the point of the triangle, less than
half a mile from the original infestation, are still free from the
pest. An examination of orchards just across the highway from
near this center, failed to reveal any scale. It should be stated
in explanation, that while the insect was allowed to breed in con-
siderable numbers from about 1897 to 1899, since then earnest
efforts have been made to keep it in check, and as a general thing,
it has been controlled in a fairly satisfactory manner. It is true
that there is one point of infestation a half mile southwest of the
source of trouble, but investigation shows that in all probability
the scale became established there by being carried on infested
trees which were set in that vicinity. ,
Investigations and inquiries in a peach-growing section, where |
the scale had become established in a few places 3 or 4 years
ago, reveals the fact that the pest has already obtained a foot-
hold in some orchards from 144 mile to 2 miles or thereabouts
from others, and in this instance we are inclined to believe that
these colonies established at a distance are due to the fact that
no very adequate control of the insect has been maintained. It
may also possibly be explained in part by the fact that young
scales are fully as likely to crawl on peach foliage as on that of
other fruit trees, and it would therefore stand a better chance of
being conveyed by insects or birds.
New York plum scale (Eulecanium juglandis
Bouché). This species is well known as a very destructive form
to plumtrees in western New York, where it has at times been
exceedingly injurious. Our attention was called in August to a
plumtree at Kinderhook N. Y., which had the undersides of its
branches literally covered with full grown scale insects and a
great many young were found beside the parents. The tree itself
had suffered serious injury though there were no signs of any
numbers of the pest on those adjacent. This insect, as is well
known, can be readily controlled by spraying in the fall or early
spring with a contact insecticide, such as kerosene emulsion or
whale oil soap solution, and we see no reason why the lime-sulfur
wash, if it is to be employed in the orchard, would not be as effica-
142 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
cious in killing this species as it is in the destruction of the San
José scale. |
Plum mite (Phytoptus phlaeocoptes Nal.). The
presence of this little mite on plumirees at Marlborough, was
brought to our attention some years ago, and an examination the
present season shows that it exists in the locality only in very
small numbers, and as a consequence is hardly likely to become a -
pest of any importance. The owner has cut down the original
tree and anticipates very little trouble in the future.
Grapevine pests
Grapevine sawfly (Blennocampa pygmaea Harr.). The
larvae of this species were met with rather plentifully July 28
in the vineyard of Mr W. H. Van Benschoten, West Park N. Y.
Tips of shoots, here and there, were partially defoliated, but in
no instance was material injury caused. The larvae are usually
rare in New York State vineyards, so far as our observations go,
and in case of their appearing in very large numbers, they should
be controlled by thorough spraying with an arsenical poison.
Steely flea beetle (Haltica chalybea IIl.). This per-
nicious Chrysomelid is well known to grape growers, and in some
vineyards in the Chautauqua region it has caused considerable
injury year after year; particularly is this the case with certain
vineyards located well up on the hill and back from the lake.
The greatest damage is done by the beetles feeding on the unfold-
ing buds, and the best method of checking the injury is undoubt-
edly by very thorough spraying or even painting the unfolding
foliage with a strong arsenical mixture, particularly paris green
or london purple, because these substances act more quickly than
does arsenate of lead.
Grapeberry moth (Polychrosis botrana Schiff.). This
insect was not only destructive in Chautauqua county but devel-
oped in such large numbers in some Ohio vineyards as to destroy
one third of the crop as reported by Mr T. S. Clymonts. Our |
experiments have shown that one thorough spraying with an
arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead, just after blossom-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 143
ing, will result in severely checking this pest [see New York State
Museum Bulletin 72].
Garden insects
Asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparagi Linn.). The
common asparagus beetle as recorded in our 15th report, page 540,
has attained a wide distribution over the State, though our
records limit it almost entirely to the lower Hudson and Mohawk
river valleys and the western portion of the State in the vicinity
of the lakes. We were therefore somewhat surprised to receive a
communication from Mr C. L. Williams of Glens Falls, Warren
co., accompanied by specimens, stating that this species had
become well established in that vicinity and was known to occur
in some numbers over an area several miles in extent. This is
the northernmost locality known to us, for the species in New
York. : ;
Cabbage maggot (Phorbia brassicae Bouché). This lit-
tle pest of the market gardener was unusually abundant and
destructive this season. Its depredations on early cabbages at-
tracted considerable attention in Genesee county, it was credited
with having destroyed one fourth of the crop in St Lawrence >
county, and with working to some extent in Cattaraugus county
and other sections of the State. The life history of this little pest
may be summarized briefly as follows: the adult insects appear
in the early spring, the precise time depending somewhat on cli-
matic and other conditions. They are, however, usually abroad
in time to deposit eggs around early set plants, finding some crey-
ice in which they may creep and place their eggs close to the stem.
These remain unhatched for a period variously stated as from 4
to 10 days when the young grubs issue, attack the surface of the
root and rasp a burrow into its tissues. They destroy first the
smaller rootlets and then begin operations on the main root.
They are frequently found in slimy burrows just beneath the sur-
face of the stem. ‘There are usually so many maggots that all are
unable to find retreats within the tissues, and consequently many
of them lie near the surface, which is kept moist by the juices
from the injured parts. The wilting of the plant is the most
144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
characteristic indication of injury and on pulling it up, the re-
mains of the roots and the whitish, slimy maggots are easily
observed.
One of the best methods for protecting cabbage plants from this
insect is to surround them with a tarred paper collar about 21%,
inches in diameter, which is so cut as to practically encircle the
stem. These are readily adjusted about the plant, easily cut and
form one of the most efficient methods of preventing the parent
fly from depositing its eggs.
A carbolic soap emulsion composed of 1 pound of hard soap dis-
solved in a gallon of water, in which 1 pint of crude carbolic acid
is then poured, emulsified and diluted with 30 parts of water, is -
very efficient in killing the maggots about infested plants. An
application should be made shortly after the plants are set out,
and repeated once a week or 10 days till after the middle of May.
The standard kerosene emulsion diluted with 12 to 15 parts of
water has also proved very successful. Either may be readily
applied with a knapsack pump. It is possible to check the attack,
where labor is cheap by removing the earth from the affected parts
in the morning of a bright day and replacing it at night. The
drying kills the maggots without injury to the plants. This is
practised to some extent on Long Island, as stated by Mr F. A.
Sirrine.
Onion maggot (Phorbia ceparum Meigen). This serious
pest of market gardeners has, like its close ally, the cabbage
maggot, been very injurious in portions of the State, particularly
in St Lawrence county where it is credited with having destroyed
one fourth of the onion crop. It has also caused considerable
complaint in the vicinity of Albany.
This insect, so far as known, has a life history very similar to
that of the cabbage maggot, and may be controlled in like manner,
except that it is impracticable to use the tarred paper collars
though the carbolic soap wash can be employed to very good
advantage.
Tarnished plant bug (Lygus pratensis Linn.). This
notorious and almost ubiquitous pest occurs on a great many
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 145
plants and causes more or less injury from year to year. Last
July our attention was again called to it on account of its sucking
the juices from tender aster shoots and thereby. killing them.
Mr Egbert Blauvelt of Coeyman, who made the complaint, states
that the insects can be killed by thoroughly spraying with a whale
oil soap solution, using 1 pound to 9 gallons of water. Clean cul-
ture, not only in the garden but in adjacent fields, will do con-
siderable toward reducing the numbers of this pest.
Grain and house pests
-Saw-toothed grain beetle (Silvanus surinamensis
Linn.). ‘This little grain beetle is a common species in prepared
foods and various grains and though occasionally very abundant,
it does not as a rule cause much annoyance in this country. This
species was found last August literally overrunning a dwelling
house in Albany. The beetles were so numerous that they made
_ their way into everything and the housekeeper could sweep up
nearly a pint almost every warm day. They were found in
all parts of the dwelling, resting on ceilings, crawling on walls,
under mats, tablecloths etc. and even invaded wearing apparel,
_ articles of food, etc. Investigation showed that the source of the
trouble was several thousand bushels of oats in the bin of a
near-by brewery. The insects were breeding there very rapidly
and on warm days appeared in large numbers and invaded near-by
dwellings. The best remedy for such an outbreak is fumigation
of the grain with carbon bisulfid and similar treatment of the
dwelling houses or better still fumigating them with hydrocyanic
acid gas. This latter, however, is a very dangerous poison and
must be handed with extreme care.
Fleas. The cat and dog flea (Ceratopsyllus serrati-
ceps Gerv.) is a well known pest of domestic animals, and in
the public mind is associated only with these animals. There
are a number of records of this species propagating to a marvelous
extent in houses closed for the summer, and the occupants on
opening them in the fall would find their premises literally over-
run by these annoying, active and most hardy pests. This has
146 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
been the experience of several Albanians in the past summer,
and the most practical way of ridding the house of these vermin
is by thorough fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, .using 1
fluid ounce of sulfuric acid diluted with 2 fluid ounces of water
and 1 ounce of high grade (98%) cyanid of potassium for every
100 cubic feet of space. A preliminary fumigation using half the
above amounts and continuing the treatment two hours killed
practically all the Psocids in the house and many fleas, while
the usual amounts with a six hour fumigation destroyed all the
fleas. The acid and cyanid are among our most deadly and
virulent poisons and the same is true of the generated gas. Be-
fore treating, the house should be first carefully examined and
every orifice or crack which would allow the egress of air should
be carefully stopped. All fluids and liquid foods should be re-
moved from the house and arrangements made so that the build-
ing can be opened from the outside after fumigation. The gas.
is generated by dropping the cyanid in large earthenware vessels
containing the proper amount of diluted acid. It will be found
advisable to have one or two of these jars in each room or hall-
way, and so arrange matters that the cyanid while still in the bag,
can be dropped into one vessel after the other very rapidly, or
else with a series of strings, dropped into all of the vessels
at once. After the charge is set off the house should be care-
fully guarded so that no person can enter, and if it be in contact
with others in a row, those in adjacent dwellings should also
be warned so that the rooms next the treated building may be
well aired during the fumigation, which should last from one to
several hours. The building should then be thoroughly aired by
opening doors and windows from the outside, and utmost pains
taken to-free the house of gas before any one be allowed to enter.
The airing should last at least 30 minutes, and it will be prefer-
able to extend this time to one, two or even three hours, depend-
ent somewhat on the size of the building and the facilities for
ventilation. One treatment should be sufficient but in the case
of poorly constructed houses a second fumigation may be neces- ©
sary a week or 10 days later. This dangerous operation should
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 147
be attempted only by those fully conversant with the nature of
the materials with which they are dealing.
Shade tree and forest insects
Elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola Miull.). This
species has won for itself a very bad reputation in the Hudson
river valley on account of its extensive injuries to elms, parti-
cularly the European species. It is still extending the area of
its operation. Last year it was detected in a limited portion of
Saratoga Springs, and this season we were sorry to observe that
it had spread over practically the entire village and would have
caused material injury to the shade trees had it not been for
the systematic and continued spraying conducted by the village
authorities. An examination July 16 showed that the grubs were
full grown in that locality and that many had pupated. We
are inclined to believe that the second brood, if any, would be
very limited in that section. This species has also been re-
ported as present in very large numbers at Schuylerville, only
a short distance from Saratoga Springs. It has become estab-
lished over a considerable portion of Schenectady, where it is
causing considerable injury and is likely to inflict more in the
next year or two unless adequate measures are taken for its
suppression. This insect as noted in Museum bulletin 64, has
obtained a foothold at Ithaca N. Y. and we are in hopes that it
will not be allowed to inflict serious injury on the beautiful
trees of that city as it has on those of some others in the State.
A detailed account of this species appears in Museum bulletin 57.
White marked tussock moth (Notolophus leucostigma
Abb. & Sm.). This common enemy of shade trees annually at-
tracts more or less attention on account of its ravages in dif-
ferent cities of the State, in spite of the fact that it is a com-
paratively easy one to control, not only on account of its eggs
being deposited in conspicuous masses which may.readily be
removed from trees, but also because it is easily destroyed with
arsenical poisons. In our preceding report we chronicled the
abundance of this insect in Buffalo, and the present season has
148 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
been marked by a repetition of the injury, though the attack
was not so severe as that of the preceding summer. The causes
for this latter condition may be in part due to repressive meas-
ures adopted by citizens of that city, but on the whole we are
inclined to believe that natural enemies or unfavorable climatic
conditions were the most potent factors in reducing the numbers
of this pest. The condition of the trees in that city is a most
effective argument in favor of establishing a paid forester or
other official whose duty it shall be to look after the street trees
as well as those in the parks and see that they are adequately
protected from insect ravages. This matter is one of increasing
importance, as our cities are growing rapidly in size, and as a
consequence there is a greater massing of foliage and therefore
more favorable conditions for the development of large numbers
of a species. It requires but a few years for insects to destroy
a tree which may have been from 10 to 50 or more years in
growing, and in cities where thisis allowed a deterioration of
real estate values must follow, accompanied by an increase of
various diseases and a higher mortality, because of the rapid and
extreme temperature changes due to the absence of trees.
This pest can be easily controlled in either one of two ways.
Many of the caterpillars can be jarred or brushed from the in-
fested trees, and their ascent prevented by the use of a band of
loose cotton tied around the tree or a band of tar on a piece of
stout paper, the latter to prevent injury to the tree. Both of
these materials are very effective, and in our judgment vastly
superior to the brass bands seen on the trunks of so many shade
trees in Buffalo. Bands, however, are of value only in keeping
the caterpillars off the trees. The jarring of the pests is some-
what laborious, and as the insects are readily detroyed by spray-
ing with an arsenical poison a prompt application of some such
material to the foliage is advisable. Arsenate of lead is one
of the best poisons. It may be applied at the rate of 4 pounds
to 50 gallons of water. Use this insecticide only in the pre-
pared paste form, diluting to the proper extent, and under no -
conditions purchase the crystalline article. The older standard
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 149
poisons, paris green, london purple and similar preparations are
very effective, though subject to washing by rains. These latter
substances should be used at the rate of 1 pound to 100 gallons
of water, with 1 pound of recently slaked lime to protect the
foliage from burning. Spray thoroughly in any event and aim
to cover so far as possible every leaf with the poison. Protective
measures should be adopted early or the injury will be beyond
repair. It is hardly necessary to add that it is impossible to grow
magnificent trees if they are defoliated year after year, as unhap-
pily seems to be the case in some cities in recent years.
Fall webworm (Hyphantria textor Harr.). This
species appeared rather early in the season on various forest and
fruit trees in different sections of the State, and in certain local-
ities was somewhat abundant and destructive. Generally speak-
ing it has not caused serious injury except in a few localities
where no effort was made to check it. This species, like the two
tent caterpillars, is readily controlled by spraying with an arsen-
ical poison, and its conspicuous web nests, which serve as a retreat
for the caterpillars, are easily removed from the tree and the
inmates destroyed by crushing or burning.
Forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hiibn.).
As noted in our preceding report, Museum bulletin 64, page 104,
the ravages of this pest are on the decrease, and the present season
has witnessed practically no injury by this insect. A few cater-
pillars were observed in Rensselaer and Columbia counties but
in no instance coming to our notice was a tree even partially
defoliated. A lack of reports from other sections of the State
indicates a like gratifying condition, and we are in hopes that
this outbreak is practically ended and that the species will be com-
paratively innocuous for a number of years.
Walnut worm (Datana integerrima Grote & Rob.).
The work of this insect is more or less evident each year, particu-
larly in the western part of the State, and during the past summer
our attention has been called to its ravages in Herkimer county,
and we have observed a number of black walnut trees in Chautau-
qua county which have been from one half to two thirds or entirely
defoliated by this caterpillar.
150 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Beneficial insects
Chinese lady beetles (Chilocorus similis Rossi). The
specimens obtained from the United States Department of Agri-
culture through the kindness of Dr L. O. Howard, and liberated
in East Greenbush in August 1902 failed to survive the winter.
A second shipment of 25 was received Aug. 13, 1903, again through
the generosity of Dr Howard. These specimens were set at liberty
at Kinderhook N. Y. on the estate of Mr L. L. Morrell, who is a
large fruit grower. The tree selected was a large appletree badly
infested with San José scale, near the barn and on the edge of the
old orchard, close to his young pear orchard. There is an abund-
ance of scale on the old trees, as well as on the young, and Mr
Morrell has consented to refrain from tréating these, in order to
give the imported beetles an opportunity to demonstrate their
value.
An examination Sep. 23, 1908, of the appletree where these
insects were placed last August showed that eggs had been laid
and a number of young were easily found. Four adult beetles,
probably descendants of those originally established and nearly
20 larvae of varying size, from very young to nearly full grown,
were found in the center of the tree. This is a quite large one and
is very badly infested with the scale and there is every probability
that there are many more ladybugs on it and near-by trees than
were discovered, though a brief search failed to reveal any on the
latter. The examination was purposely limited because of the
difficulty of detecting the insects and the danger of crushing them
in crawling about on the limbs. It certainly looks as though this
introduction had been fully as successful as that of the preceding
year and it is most earnestly hoped that some will survive the
winter, in. which event we may be able to demonstrate the utility
- of this insect in our climate.
Little black lady beetle (Pentilia misella Lec.). This
little lady beetle is usually found toward the end of the season in
orchards infested with San José scale, and we have on several
occasions recorded its presence in some numbers. Anything relat-
ing to the abundance and effectiveness of predaceous insects is of
interest, and it is gratifying to state that in October we found this
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 151
little species, far more abundant than we had observed it before,
in a badly infested peach orchard in Orange county. The little
beetles were so numerous that 20 or 25 could easily be counted on a
small portion of the trunk of a peachtree, and undoubtedly some
of them bore from one to several hundred of these little lady
beetles. They were crawling actively over the infested tree and
evidently looking here and there for insects suitable for their
needs. It is a source of regret to state that in spite of the great
abundance of these little lady beetles, there appears to be no very
material diminution in the numbers of the scale insects, which
literally swarmed on many of the trees. The worse infested ones
were more attractive to the lady beetles than the others. We have
yet to meet evidence showing that this species is very efficient in
reducing the numbers of this scale insect.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK AGAINST SAN JOSE SCALE
INSECT
The control of this pernicious insect is a problem of consider-
able importance in localities where it has become established.
This work was begun by us in 1900, primarily for the purpose of
testing the effectiveness and possibilities of crude oil applications.
Our results show that a mechanical emulsion of this material can
be used, and if great caution is exercised in its application, com-
paratively little or no injury follows. So many, however, have
met with such ill success that we have also experimented to a con-
siderable extent with other materials, specially since in the last
year or two we have observed some evidences of injury to the
bark after the application of oil. This first appears as an enlarge-
ment of the lenticels, which is evidently followed by a great
increase in thickness and a very rough, unsatisfactory condition
of the bark, and this has led us to question the advisability of
continuing such applications year after year, and also to make
further tests of materials which were free from this objection.
Early spring or winter applications
20% mechanical crude petroleum emulsion. The work with this
insecticide was continued the present season in the experimental
orchard, the application being made Mar. 8, to about 70 trees
152 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
representing a number of the more common varieties. It will be
observed that the spraying was earlier than usual, and the weather
conditions favorable, the day being dry with only a moderate
amount of wind. This insecticide was applied as in the spring
of 1902, to the following trees: numbers 15-28, 34-47, 60-74, 79-91
and 101-14; or in other words, to the western end of the experi-
mental orchard, a map of which was published in our report for
1900. The general character of the trees and their varieties have
been previously published, and may be ascertained by referring
to the above publication. Tests of the mechanical dilution were
made while the work was in progress with the following results:
at tree 18 slightly less than 20¢; at tree 39, 26¢; at trees 45 and
46, 31¢; at tree 84 slightly less than 20¢, and at tree 101, 33¢
of oil. The above figures represent more variation than is desir-
able, and yet, so far as we were able to see, the trees suffered very
little from the treatment. Inspection a few days after showed
that all were well covered with oil, though in some cases where
the bark was quite rough, it is probable that there were scales
which escaped.
Examination of these trees the latter part of July showed that
while a number of them were rather badly infested by living young,
a great many were relatively free. The following were rather
badly infested: trees 15, 16, 22, 38, 41-44, 73, 79, 82 and 86. The
foliage on tree 101 was light in color, small in size and the growth
only fair. It looked as though it had suffered some injury, and
undoubtedly the petroleum had hurt the bark to some extent.
This injury was also noticeable to a lesser extent on some other
trees, the most common indication being much enlarged lenticels,
which seemed to be followed by an excessive development of outer
bark and a corresponding roughness, so that trees in this condi-
tion presented a somewhat bad appearance.
A general examination of the experimental orchard Sep. 25,
showed that the section sprayed with petroleum emulsion was
generally in much better condition than that treated with the
lime-sulfur wash. A few of the trees in the petroleum section,
notably 25, 41 and 75, were badly infested by numerous living
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 153
young which had evidently developed within the last two or three
weeks.
The ultimate effect of successive applications of crude petro-
leum to various fruit trees is of some interest, and on this account
we purposely made annual applications to certain trees, and an
examination of them is not without interest, since while it shows
some injury, the damage is not so serious as it first appeared.
For example, tree 101, a seckel pear, was very badly infested in
1900, when it was sprayed with undiluted petroleum and seriously
injured. The following year it was treated with a mechanical
mixture consisting of 15¢ oil and a whale oil soap solution, 1
pound to 4 gallons, and in the spring of 1902 and of 1903, with
20¢ mechanical emulsion. The tree at the outset, as above noted,
was in poor condition. It has been steadily improving, and last
December had developed a large amount of new wood, and during
the present season has made a fair growth, though the foliage is
rather light in color and less than normal size. Tree 114, a pear
of the same variety, received undiluted crude petroleum in 1900,
but was not injured so seriously as 101. Each subsequent year it
has been sprayed with a mechanical crude petroleum emulsion and
is now in a vigorous condition and in much better state than three
years ago, though the roughness of the bark on the trunk is becom-
ing more pronounced. Tree 69, a Howell pear, was sprayed in
1900 with the whale oil soap and petroleum combination, and with
mechanical petroleum emulsions the three succeeding springs, and
is now in as good condition as others which have not been sub-
jected to annual applications of oil. The same is practically
true of tree 66, a Bartlett pear. Other instances might be cited,
but enough has been given to show that ordinary fruit trees can
stand at least four applications in successive years with-
out much injury. The benefits resulting from this treatment
in the vicinity of Albany, as compared with those accruing from
the lime-sulfur combinations, were so marked that the owner has
repeatedly urged us to apply the oil to the entire orchard, because
the lime-sulfur wash had not proved satisfactory in controlling
the scale. It is only fair to add that much better results have
154 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
been obtained with this latter insectide in some other portions of
the State.
Lime-sulfur washes. Early experiments with this material were
so unfavorable, that it was supposed to have no value in our east-
ern climate, though it had been used with great success in Cali-
fornia. The matter was revived in later years, and recent tests
have shown that under certain conditions, at least, very large
proportions of the scale have been killed by the use of this insecti-
cide. Our applications last year were somewhat unfortunate, in
view of the fact that we failed to kill a satisfactory proportion of
the insects, and in this respect our results were somewhat different
from those obtained by other experimenters. The treatment was
followed by continued heavy rains, and this, with oil from appli-
cations the preceding year may account for the noneffective-
ness of the wash. Further experiments were conducted the pres-
ent season for the purpose of testing the value of the preparation
more thoroughly, and also for determining, if possible, the best
wash to be employed. The early spring experiments were at Clin-
ton Heights, and at Warwick. Two formulas, in particular, were
tested: one which may be known as the 30-30-30 combination to
100 gallons, and the other the 40-15-20 to 60 gallons. Both gave
excellent results at Warwick, where conditions were almost ideal
for careful experimentation, and a modification possessing some
advantages was also employed. This latter consists of 25 pounds
of lime, 20 pounds of sulfur to 60 gallons of water. Unfortunately
the experiments at Clinton Heights though carefully performed
failed to yield the results we desired, partly on account of unfavor-
able conditions due to very large trees with rough bark being the
only ones available. In our experimental orchard at Clinton
Heights an application of lime-sulfur, using a 50-30-30 formula,
was made to the same trees treated in this way the preceding year,
and we regret to state that the results were not very satisfactory,
though the application was more successful than that of 1902.
The spraying was followed immediately by some snow and rain,
and while this may have had a detrimental effect, it does not ac- |
count entirely for the failure. It is possible that the extremely
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 155
rough bark on certain trees sheltered some of the scale insects
from the application, and consequently it was only a short time
before the trees were restocked by breeding. An interesting series
of experiments was conducted at Warwick, the essential details
of which are given in the table on page 156. Owing to difficulties
in application etc., it was not always possible to regulate closely
the period of boiling, and while our intention was to rigidly test
the long and the short boil in each formula, as a matter of fact
there was some variation as will be seen on consulting the table.
The destruction of the scale, however, was all that could be ex-
pected, and it is very gratifying to state that Mr W. H. Hart of
Poughkeepsie, whose large orchard is infested with this pest, was
able by the use of a wash composed of 30 pounds of lime, 20
pounds of sulfur and 15 pounds of salt to 60 gallons of water to
keep the insects in subjection in a very satisfactory manner in-
deed, though some of his trees were of considerable size, being 18
to 20 or more feet high. Mr Hart was careful to have the applica-
tion made in the most thorough manner and he took pains to
always work with the wind when spraying, and in this manner
was able to obtain a maximum efficiency with a minimum amount
of labor. Comparisons on trees which were sprayed on only one
side gave most gratifying testimony to the efficacy of the wash,
the treated portions being practically free, while the untreated
were almost covered with the pest. Ben Davis seems to be much
more susceptible to the scale than the Thompkins County King.
Mr Hart is of the opinon that a small amount of rain, particu-
larly a mist for a day or two immediately after spraying, is of
value because it brings the caustic wash into more intimate con-
tact with the scale. Mr L. L. Morrell of Kinderhook has also had
excellent results from use of a lime-sulfur wash and the same is
true of Edward Van Alstyne of the same place.
It is undoubtedly true that considerable variation is allowable
without materially influencing the value of the application. A
large amount of lime probably has some value because it forms a
thicker coat over the branches and is therefore a more efficient
mechanical barrier in preventing the establishment of young scale
va
MUSEUM
NEW YORK STATE
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REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 157
insects. If too much lime is used it is liable to scale off; conse-
quently there is a limit to the amount which can be employed, and
for various practical reasons we are inclined to believe that 25
pounds of lime, 20 pounds of sulfur to 60 gallons of water is a
very good proportion. The lime probably aids materially in hold-
ing the sulfur and its sulfids (which latter are undoubtedly
among the most valuable constituents of the wash), and thus adds
to the efficiency of the insecticide by preventing to some extent
leaching of its active ingredients. Our experiments fail to indi-
cate the necessity of prolonged boiling insisted on in so many
formulas. In fact, it seems as though active boiling for 30 min-
utes meets every requirement. A wash prepared in this manner
appears to be just as effective as one which has been boiled for a
much longer time. Salt increases the specific gravity of the
liquid and thus undoubtedly aids in keeping the solids in suspen-
sion, but so far as chemical action and insecticidal properties are
concerned, it appears to have no value, and the same is true of its
effect on the adhesive qualities of the wash. So marked is this
that we have omitted it from the composition of the wash because
of its very problematic value. We are still of the opinion that
climatic conditions have considerable influence on the effective-
ness of this insecticide, and believe that it should be applied when
the trees are dry or nearly so, and that, in order to obtain satis-
factory results, no large amount of rain should fall within three
or four days after the spraying. This insecticide gives very good
results wherever it can be applied thoroughly and has the advan-
tage of being cheaper than any other winter wash, though it is
decidedly more injurious to apparatus and exceedingly disagree-
able to apply. |
The resin solution [see p. 160 for preparation] was added to
several of the washes in hopes that it would materially increase
their adhesiveness and likewise their insecticidal properties, be-
cause such seemed to be the case in some preliminary indoor ex-
periments. Field tests, however, failed to indicate any great ad-
vantage resulting from the addition of this material, except
perhaps in the case of rains immediately following the applica-
158 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
tion. It affected the washes by making them more or less flaky,
increasing the amount of sediment, and if much more had been
added it would probably have seriously affected the operation of
the pump. This material, if used, must be thoroughly diluted
with warm water before being added to a cooler lime-sulfur wash,
or it is likely to give trouble by gumming up the apparatus.
Summary. Our experience and experimental work may be sum-
marized briefly, as follows:
A mechanical 20% crude petroleum emulsion is a very effective
insecticide, and if the pump can be relied on to deliver a constant
proportion, there is very little danger of much injury from sey-
eral annual early spring applications. There is, however, some
doubt as to the ultimate result, and the continued use of this
material causes increased thickness and roughness of the bark, if
no other injury. |
Karly spring applications of whale oil soap solution, even if
only 14 pounds be used to a gallon, will control the insect in a
very satisfactory manner, provided the spraying is thorough. We
are by no means certain that this can be done on large trees, par-
ticularly those with rough bark.
The lime-sulfur combination is steadily gaining favor in the
eastern states, and under certain conditions, at least, is fully as
effective in checking the scale as either crude petroleum or a whale
oil soap solution. Our experiments lead us to believe that 25
pounds of lime and 20 pounds of sulfur to 60 gallons of water, are
equally as effective as larger amounts, and we believe it to be an
advantage to have a little more lime than sulfur. We fail to see
any beneficial results from the use of salt in this combination,
and therefore have omitted it; and in our experience, active boil-
ing for 30. minutes, if the lime is slaked in hot water and the sulfur
added at once, gives just as effective a wash as one which has been
boiled for one and one half or two hours.
In conclusion, the experience of Mr Hart and other up to date
fruit growers, has demonstrated not only the possibility but the
practicability of keeping this insect in control in an ordinary
commercial orchard. Our observations show beyond doubt, that
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 159
this scale insect is a very serious enemy, and unless efficient
measures are promptly adopted for its suppression, very great
injuries may be caused.
Summer washes
This pernicious insect breeds with such extraordinary rapidity
during the summer, that ordinary applications of whale oil soap
or kerosene emulsion are not entirely satisfactory, since at the
strengths usually employed only the crawling young and smaller
scale insects are killed. It frequently occurs that an infesta-
tion is discovered in midsummer and the owner wishes to do some-
thing at once. The unsatisfactory results with the above named’
washes led Mr P. L. Huested, nursery inspector of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, to experiment with a mechanical 20¢ crude
petroleum emulsion, which was applied in July with a kerowater
sprayer to peachtrees. A test of this material was made in a
very badly infested orchard in the summer of 1902, and beyond
causing some of the foliage to drop where it was the thickest, par-
ticularly in places where a 25% emulsion was used, as was the
case in certain areas, no serious injury to the trees followed the
treatment. The results were so satisfactory that the same course
was pursued last summer with equally gratifying effect so far as
injuring the trees was concerned, though at the time it did not ap-
pear as if the application was effective enough in killing the scale.
Subsequent observations, however, have shown that it was more
beneficial than at first supposed. In spite of this, we still feel
some hesitancy in recommending this treatment in summer, ex-
cept, perhaps, where the pest is breeding in very large numbers.
This condition of affairs led us to undertake a series of experi-
ments for the purpose of ascertaining if it were possible to make
some combination which, while not injuring the foliage, would
remain on the trees and be effective for some weeks after applica-
tion, and at least kill the crawling young as they came from under
the protecting scales of the females. The late Professor Lowe
conducted some experiments along this line,and our work has been
a continuation of that with modifications. It appeared to us as
though a lime-sulfur combination, possibly without boiling, could
760 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
be made of a proper strength so that it would kill a large propor-
tion of the younger scales, and we were in hopes that it would be
powerful enough to destroy individuals emerging from females
several weeks after application. The basis of these experiments
was a standard wash which we had used the preceding spring
with very gratifying results on dormant fruit trees. This wash
contained 25 pounds of lime, 20 pounds of sulfur to 60 gallons
of water. It was diluted to various strengths, and an effort made
to ascertain whether boiling for 15 or 30 minutes had any material
effect on the efficiency of the wash. In addition, a resin solution
' was used, which is prepared as follows: dissolve 3 pounds of sal
soda in 3 quarts of water and add thereto 4 pounds of resin and
boil till dissolved. While hot, make up to 5 gallons and keep boil-
ing till the resin is well in solution. The resin was added simply
to increase the adhesiveness of the wash, in hopes that if this were
done the efficiency of the combination would be materially in-
creased. In a few instances the lime-sulfur combination was used —
with the bordeaux mixture for the purpose of testing the value
of this combined wash. The preparation and application of the
washes was the work of Assistant CG. M. Walker, who is also re-
sponsible for many of the field observations. The following table
gives in a summarized form the various ingredients of the different |
washes and their effects on trees and scale and also the conditions
under which they are applied. These experiments were conducted
in our experimental orchard at Clinton Heights near the western
boundary of East Greenbush.
161
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903
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164 NEW YORK STATE MUSHUM
Series 1. Nine different washes were applied June 22 in this
series, and observations made at intervals from June 26 to Sep.
28. Very small amounts were used and the solutions allowed
to stand two hours. Different results might have been secured
if larger quantities had been employed and applications made
at once. The spraying was done with a fine hand atomizer and
treatment limited to young, badly infested appletrees which bore
all stages of the scale. These trees had been set out only a few
weeks and consequently made little growth, though the foliage
was in fair condition. The various washes did*not injure the
leaves, and it will be noted that washes 1 to 5, which were either
unboiled or very dilute, adhered poorly, while 6, 7 and 9 con-
taining bordeaux were better in this respect, and 8, which was
boiled and also contained -bordeaux, was much better. None
could be distinguished on the tree 10 days after application. All
washes killed the majority of the crawling young but did not
prevent the development of established scales or the growth of
young appearing after treatment. There was very little appre-
ciable difference in the various washes, and on Sep. 8 all the
trees were badly infested by all stages, crawling young being
specially abundant.
Series 2. Six washes were applied July 28 in this series, and
observations made from July 30 to Sep. 8. The washes were
prepared in substantially the same manner as indicated above,
and applied to the same lot of trees with the exception of a branch
of a peachtree which was sprayed with 6. The condition of the
foliage and scale infestation was identical with that in series 1,
and the weather conditions were similar. Apple foliage was un-
injured by any of the washes, but peach leaves were slightly
burned-at the tips by wash 6. Washes 3 and 4 were boiled 15
minutes, were more adhesive than the others, and Aug. 10 showed
good color but on Sep. 8 no trace remained. The crawling young
only were killed. ?
Series 3. Washes in this series were applied Aug. 14 and were ©
similar to those of series 2. Observations were made from Aug.
17 to Sep. 8, and the conditions, preparation, etc., were practi-_
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 165
cally the same as in series 1. The applications were confined
to portions of old appletrees except in cases of washes 5 and 6,
which were also applied to peachtrees. The scale infestation was
slight and the weather fair immediately following the treatment.
Appletree foliage was injured by wash 3, which caused the leaves
to shrivel and fall off, and 4 burned them slightly. Wash 5—
burned tips of peach leaves, and 6 had the same effect. Numbers
3 and 4 adhered very well for three weeks.
Series 4. The two washes used in this experiment were applied
Aug. 21 and observations made from Aug. 27 to Oct. 20. Rela-
tively large amounts were used and the applications made im-
mediately after preparation. The cyclone nozzle used gave a
somewhat coarser spray than the atomizer employed in the first
three series. Pear, p!um, peach and mulberry trees were used
in this experiment and most of them were badly infested. The
foliage was in good condition, the weather fair and remained
so for a few days following the spraying. Plum and pear leaves
were injured by wash 1, particularly in the case of a pear where
the treatment was specially thorough. This latter dropped its
leaves, while another, which received less of the mixture, did not,
though the foliage was evidently injured. Wash 2 seriously
injured peach leaves and caused slight burning of plum and mul-
berry foliage. Wash 1 adhered very well and was present in
thick layers Sep. 8 and traces of color could be detected Oct. 20.
The same was true to a lesser extent of wash 2. Oct. 20, number
1 had destroyed 754 of the scale on a peartree, and the foliage
was slightly burned. A number of limbs were dying on the
tree, which had dropped its lower foliage and on which the scale
was entirely dead. Only about 15¢ of the scale had been killed
on the living branches. Wash 2 killed 40¢ of the scale on one
tree and ‘about 85¢ on the other, which latter was in very bad
condition.
Series 5. Six washes were applied Sep. 4, and observations
made at intervals from Sep. 6 to Oct. 20. Small amounts of
the washes were used and the same nozzle was employed as in
series 4. Apple foliage was slightly burned by washes 1, 2 and 3,
166 NEW YORK STATE 3IUSEUM~
and pear leaves with wash 4. Plum foliage was injured very
slightly by wash 5, and number 6 burned tips of peach leaves to
a slight extent but did not injure pear foliage. Washes 1, 2, 3
and 4 adhered well, 5 and 6 more so, 6 in particular being thickly
incrusted on limbs andi foliage. Wash 1 killed 854 of the scale,
and there was a marked contrast between sprayed and unsprayed
branches. Wash 2 had no effect on the scale, while 4 killed 304.
The latter was boiled longer and this may account for its greater
effectiveness. Variaticn in intervals between preparation and
application appeared to have no effect on the adhesive or insecti-
cidal qualities of these washes.
Summary. A mechanical 20¢ crude petroleum emulsion was
applied in early July, two seasons in succession, to peachtrees
without causing much injury beyond dropping some of the foliage
where it was the thickest. It undoubtedly destroys a large
amount of scale and seriously checks breeding, yet we hesitate
to do more than state what it has accomplished. It is perhaps
the best thing that can be used where a very bad infestation is
discovered in midsummer.
A whale oil soap solution, 1 pound to 8 or 10 gallons; a kerosene
emulsion (standard formula diluted with 6 to 10 parts of water),
or a 15 or 20% mechanical kerosene emulsion can be used in
midsummer for checking the San José scale, but none of these
materials can be relied on to kill much more than the crawling
young, and breeding is soon almost as bad as before the appli-
cation unless treatments are frequent.
Our experiments with lime-sulfur combinations for a summer
wash have not been as successful as was hoped, though 25 pounds
of lime, 20 pounds of sulfur to 240 gallons of water with a 15
minute boil killed a large percentage of the scales on an old
appletree in early September without materially injuring the
foliage. It is barely possible that a combination of about this
strength can be used with beneficial results, but nothing of the
kind can be recommended till further experiments have tested
its practicability.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 167
DISEASED AND DYING TREES AND INSECT ATTACK
The connection existing between diseased and dying trees and
insect depredations is not only one of interest, but also of con-
siderable importance, since in some instances at least serious
depredations have origin in a group of diseased or dying trees. It
is well known for example that certain species exhibit a decided
preference for trees in this condition, and when breeding there-
from in very large numbers are liable to attack healthy trees, if’
nothing more suitable is within reach. It is very likely for ex-
ample that the more serious injuries by the elm borer, Saperda
tridentata Oliv., and the elm snout beetles, Magdalis
armicollis Sayand M. barbita Say, begin in this manner.
These three insects can at least complete their transformations in
dead tissues and are known to work in those which are living, and
it seems very likely that in some cases they first attack a sickly
limb or tree, and then after becoming abundant are able to kill
others which show no signs of lowered vitality. The same is true
of certain bark borers belonging to the genus Tomicus which oper-
ate exclusively in coniferous trees. Ourlargest species known as the
coarse-writing bark beetle, Tomicus calligraphus Germ.,
usually breeds abundantly in diseased bark and instances have
come under our observation where this species not only ran a few
galleries in living tissues, but evidently took part in a primary
attack on a tree in apparently normal condition. It was assisted
in this work by a smaller pine bark beetle, Tomicus pini Say,
which operates in the thinner bark, about the middle portion of
the trunk and on the larger limbs. This latter species very likely
has more to do in killing trees than the form previously mentioned,
but evidence at hand indicates that the larger as well as the
- smaller may have an important part in this destructive work when
conditions are favorable. The destruction of trees by insects
breeding from a few dying ones was well illustrated in the sum-
mers of 1900 and 1901, at which time a number of pines in the
vicinity of Albany began to look unhealthy. Investigation showed
that they were infested with bark borers, and later in the season
168 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of 1900 and the following many of the borers emerged from these
dying trees and entered others, in which latter they were
presumably the prime cause of death. The evidence at hand
leads us to believe that in this case the bark beetles were primarily
attracted to certain trees because of reduced vitality, possibly as
a result of the excessive drouth of the preceding year, and that all
subsequent injuries were due to their abnormal abundance; since
they issued from the infested trees in swarms and attacked those
adjacent, and the insects breeding from the latter in turn invaded
others more remote from the center of infestation. The obtaining
of data along these lines is somewhat difficult, since it is dependent
on favorable conditions, and the following account of observations
made during the past season has an important bearing on one
aspect of this subject.
Forest fires and insect attack. The annals of entomology contain
very little regarding the relationship existing between forest fires
and insect attack, and the extended burnings last spring in the
Adirondacks, presented a most favorable opportunity for studying
this question, so far as fires occurring at that time of year are con-
cerned. The principal object was first to secure data on the
rapidity with which insect injury followed fire, and second to
learn if there was a connection between extended fires and serious
damage by insects in adjacent forests. It is very probable that
the time of year when the fire occurs, has considerable bearing on
the liability of insects entering the trees and breeding in large
numbers, and the same is true of the character of the fire. A 3
forest fire which not only kills but burns trees so badly that there
is a rapid drying of those standing is much less likely to be fol-
lowed by insect attack than one where there is only sufficient burn-
ing at the base to kill, specially if death is not rapid. Ap. 30,
May 15 and June 3 there were somewhat extensive fires in the
vicinity of Big Moose, and investigations by assistant D. B. Young,
July 2, showed that insect attacks had become nicely started in
the burning of May 15, more advanced in that of April 30, while
practically no signs of insect presence were observed in that of
9
June 3. This would seem to indicate that the trees are not at-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 169
tacked till from four to six weeks after the initial injury. Mr
Young’s investigations showed that trees entirely killed by the
fire were less subject to attack than those which had been so
severely scorched as to be nearly dead or in a dying condition. An
examination July 3 of a large tract at Big Moose, which was
burned over June 3 and was extinguished on the 18th, failed to
show any insects working on these trees; in fact, within the fire zone
they were scarce, only a few common moths and a lady beetle
being observed; just outside this fire zone, where trees had been
felled to keep the fire from spreading, a few spruce bark beetles,
Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby had begun to attack
the spruce. The trees were attacked in the following order: pine,
spruce, tamarack, birch, hemlock, balsam, beech and maple.
Investigations by Mr Young on Aug. 12 of the area burned
June 3 showed a remarkable scarcity of bark borers (scolytids)
in the fire zone at Big Moose. This may possibly be explained by
the fire occurring at a time when no brood of adults was able to
take advantage of the favorable conditions, and it may also be
that the injured trees were not attractive enough to the insects
for some reason or other. In our own experience, we have come
across several burnings where it would appear as though bark
borers should be abundant, and yet examination has shown them
to be present in very small numbers. The timber on the above
mentioned area has been injured entirely by large buprestids men-
tioned in succeeding paragraphs, which cause comparatively little
injury to the lumber. The section burned Ap. 30 was also ex-
amined, and the principal damage here had evidently been caused -
by the ambrosia beetles (mentioned in following paragraphs),
Since they operate in sapwood and produce the black pin holes
which seriously affect the commercial value of lumber.
Pine. Investigations July 9 at Lake Clear Junction, where a
fire occurred May 18, showed that the pine bark borer, Tomicus
pini Say, was working in the living tissues of a tree which had
been injured by the fire.
The work of this species should be followed soon by that of the
sawyer, Monohammus confusor Kirby, or M. scutel-
170 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
latus Say, which begins its operations by depositing eggs in
large slits in the bark. The grubs tunnel the inner tissues of the
bark and in the course of a short time enter the sapwood and by
winter probably pierce the trunk to a considerable depth, materi- |
ally injuring the lumber for other purposes than firewood. Mr
Young’s investigations in both July and August disclosed no
signs of injury by this species. Two specimens of Rhynecolus
brunneus Mann. were taken by him July 9 at Lake Clear
Junction from a pine injured by fire the previous year.
Spruce. This tree was first attacked by the spruce bark beetle,
Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby, and the lined ambro-
sia beetle, Xyloterus lineatus Kirby. The former is a
very common insect in the Adirondacks and undoubtedly causes
a large amount of injury by killing trees, while the latter, working
as it does in the sapwood and producing conspicuous black holes,
seriously affects the merchantable value of considerable lumber.
July 3 almost every spruce in the area burned Ap. 30 at Big Moose
was attacked by these two insects, the first working near the top of
the tree, while the latter operated in the lower portions of the
trunk. Another ambrosia beetle, Gnathotricus materi-
arius Fitch, was also observed in small numbers in the base of
one or two trees. On another section, where the fire occurred
May 14, it was found that the spruce bark beetle, Poly-
graphus rufipennis Kirby, and the lined ambrosia beetle,
Xyloterus lineatus Kirby, had just begun work, and a
species of Chrysobothris was also met with on spruce. Burned
areas in the neighborhood of Lake Placid were also visited, and it
was found that on the section where a very severe fire occurred
April 30, the insects began operations later than on the area
burned over about the same time at Big Moose, where the fire
was not so injurious to the trees. The fire at Lake Placid, occur-
ring June 3, was less injurious than the one at Big Moose on the
same date, and on July 9 the scolytids were just beginning to
attack the spruce, indicating that trees which were merely
scorched, but not so much as to kill them at once, are sooner |
attacked by insects.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 T71
Investigations of spruce Aug. 12 on the tract at Big Moose
which was burned June 3 showed that trees giving no evidence of
insect attack on July 3 were infested with the larvae of a bupre-
stid, probably Chrysobothris scabripennis Lap. &
Gory. This record is of interest as showing when the trees are
likely to be infested by this class of borers, which operate largely
in the sapwood and do not seriously affect the value of the lumber.
This beetle was fairly common on standing but badly burned
spruce. The buprestid showed a decided preference for larger
trees, though those which were badly scorched so that the inner
bark had dried were not infested. Two or three specimens of
Xylotrechus undulatus Say were taken on spruce, and
Phymatodes dimidiatus Kirby was also met with in
sparing numbers. The bark borers noticed above had made con-
siderable progress.
Tamarack. Investigations July 9 of a section burned May 14
at Lake Clear Junction resulted in finding a tamarack infested by
a scolytid, possibly Tomicus pini Say. A specimen of Lep-
tura, L. subhamata Rand., was also taken from a burned
trunk. .
Birch. The yellow birches at Big Moose on the tract burned
over Ap. 30 were in early July, in many cases, slightly green
at the top and were being mined by Dryocoetes eich-
hoffi Hopk.; specially was this the case where the trunks
were scorched seriously enough to interfere with the circulation
of sap. The common flat-headed borer, Chrysobothris
femorata Fabr., was taken on a fallen birch. The pigeon
tremex, T. columba Linn., was observed in small numbers
on birch, but investigations showed that its attack was confined to
more or less decayed trees." This insect was also met with under
the same conditions on maple and beech trees. Birch trees were
relatively free from insect attack in August, probably because
the thin bark permitted rapid evaporation and the consequent
drying was unfavorable for borers, through Dryocoetes had made
considerable progress in the large trees.
Hemlock. The 6-spotted buprestid, Melanophila ful-
voguttata Harr., was numerous at Big Moose July 3 in the
ea NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
burning of Ap. 30, on large hemlocks. Though they were some
what green, none were observed on very small dead trees. ‘A
cerambicid, Xylotrechus undulatus Say, was observed
in some numbers. [Examination of these trees Aug. 10 resulted
in finding some infested which showed no evidence of insect at-
tack July 3, the larvae of Melanophila fulvoguttata
Harr. probably being the principal offender. This is perhaps
to be explained by this buprestid being on the wing mostly dur-
ing July, and consequently there would not be a serious infesta-
tion till after the adults had flown for a period.
Balsam. Investigations July 2 on an area near Big Moose,
burned over Ap. 30 resulted in finding several specimens of
Chrysobothris pusilla Lap. & Gory on this tree, while
C. scabripennis Lap. & Gory, were fairly common on the
standing but badly burned balsams. Investigations Aug. 12
showed that the balsam compared with spruce was quite exempt
from attack, probably due to the thinness of the bark and con-
sequently quick drying of the sapwood. The lined ambrosia
beetle, XNyloterus lineatus Kirby, was found in small
numbers in July and its operations had progressed but little in
August.
lewd
Poplar. Examinations July 7 of an area near Big Moose
burned over May 14 resulted in finding a large species of Xyle-
borus in poplar.
Conclusions. Investigations the present season have shown that,
while a number of insects are liable to attack burned trees
within four to six weeks after injury, no very material injury is
likely to result during the summer, except possibly from the
work of ambrosia beetles. The other. species either confine their
operations so largely to the bark or else occur in such small
numbers that for the present they may be neglected. The am-
brosia beetles rarely extend their operations to a greater depth
than 2 or 3 inches and as a consequence a considerable propor-
tion of the lumber will be free of injury. This would hardly
prove to be the case if the trees are allowed to remain standing
a second season, at which time they will undoubtedly offer at-
a
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 173
tractive shelters for a number of other borers, some of which
may penetrate the wood to a considerable depth and damage it
very materially for other than firewood purposes. While prompt
cutting of burned timber is advised wherever practical, the evi-
dence at hand is not sufficient to indicate any very urgent neces-
sity of its being removed prior to the winter following the attack.
The insects now in the burned trees (if the latter are allowed
to remain) will probably appear another spring and be numerous
enough to cause considerable damage at least to weaker trees
in the vicinity of the burned areas, and their multiplication in
such places may eventually lead to a considerable extension of
the damage. This is particularly liable to be the case with ever-
green trees, and in the vicinity of Albany we have observed
several localities where bark borer attack appeared to start with
one or more infested trees, andi the affected area was gradually
increased till a considerable number of pines were destroyed.
It is not only advisable to cut the burned trees so far as pos-
sible during the winter, but they should also be removed from
the land or at least gotten into water, so that the insects now
under the dead bark will be unable to emerge and continue the
attack. The same end may be attained in the case of bark borers,
and they are the ones most likely to injure standing trees, by
peeling the bark from the logs. This will hardly be practised in
this county, even if it were profitable—something requiring
demonstration.
e
VOLUNTARY ENTOMOLOGIC SERVICE OF NEW YORK
STATE
The work of the last four years has been continued and a num-
ber of valuable observations added to our previous reports. The
season of 1902 was unfavorable for the development of certain
_ forms of insect life, and the same has been true to even a more
marked extent in 1903. The latter, however, will probably go
down in history as a season when plant lice or aphids were abnor-
mally abundant and injurious to a great many plants throughout
the entire State. 386 voluntary observers were appointed during
>
174 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the season and but 21 of them rendered reports. This is largely
due to the general scarcity of forms which lend themselves readily
to observation, and the depredations of plant lice are so similar
that most observers were unable to report on the outbreak in
a satisfactory manner. It will be noted that the following re-
ports contain some negative statements, which are of value
because they emphasize the abnormal scarcity of various species.
Too much dependence can not be placed on these reports, because
with some exceptions they may be called local and not repre-
sentative even of the county. It will also be observed that there
are a number of conflicting statements, due to the belief by some
parties that dry weather is favorable to the development of plant
lice, while others state most clearly that the great increase in
numbers of these pests was subsequent to the rains. It may be
stated that we have not enough data to explain this difference
and we are content at present to give opinions as they are trans-
mitted. The observers all agree in reporting very cold, inclement
weather in the early part of the season, and this undoubtedly
had considerable effect in checking the appearance or in reducing
the destructiveness of some of our more common injurious species.
Albany county [E. T. Schoonmaker, Cedar Hill]|—Forest tent
caterpillars (Malacosoma disstria Hiibn.) hatched in
limited numbers Ap. 23 and apparently have not suffered by the
freeze. These insects caused practically no injury later in the
season and consequently no report was made regarding the same.
Elm leaf beetles (Galerucella luteola Mill.) occurred
in limited numbers but were not abundant enough in the country
to cause material damage.
Cattaraugus county [C. E. Eldredge, Leon]—Complaint of a
looper caterpillar, probably a species of canker worm, was re-
ceived June 10 with the statement that they had been observed on
forest trees in that vicinity for several years, and that previously .
they had not appeared on appletrees. ‘These insects were so near
maturity that on June 17 no specimens were to be found. A soft
scale (Lecanium ? pruinosum Cog.) was taken in some —
numbers from a trumpet vine. The unusually cold, inclement
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 175
weather kept insects well in control, and as a consequence there
was comparatively little to report from this section.—June 10
Cattaraugus county [F. A. Fitch, Randolph]—Appletree tent
eaterpillars (Malacosoma americana Fabr.) appeared
the latter part of April and were very abundant in neglected
orchards, increasing immensely in numbers during the last two or
three years. Squash bugs (Anasa tristis DeGeer) ruined a
crop of squashes in this section last year. Cabbage butterflies
(Pieris rapae Linn.) appeared about the middle of May,
and the same was true of May bugs, species unknown, and various
mosquitos. The white grub of the May beetle has not been as
destructive 4s in former years.—May 18. Potato beetles (Dory-
phora 10-lineata Say), grasshoppers and the plum curculio
(Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst.) made their appear-
ance May 26. Early in June curculios were reported as being at
work, potato beetles as laying eggs, and plant lice as being present
on cherrytrees. The latter are the ordinary black species
(Myzus cerasi Fabr.) which has been unusually destructive
and injurious in various sections of the State. Squash bugs ap-
peared June 18, horn flies (Haemotobia serrata. Rob.
Desy.) the second week in June, and rose beetles (Macrodac-
tylus subspinosus Fabr.) were very abundant on some
rose bushes. ‘ Potato beetles are somewhat abundant and are lay-
ing eggs on potatoes. So far this season insects appeared to be
less injurious than usual, probably on account of cold rains.
—June 22. ‘Large, green horseflies are quite troublesome and
young grasshoppers are numerous on lowlands. Insect depreda-
tions are less than usual.—J/uly 8. There are few mosquitos in
the village and on the farm we saw none where commonly there
have been millions. Ditching the land has undoubtedly aided
very much in reducing their number. Flies are also less abun-
- dant than usual.—July 22. The first cabbage butterfly was ob-
served in the field Aug. 11. A single mosquito was observed re-
cently, though none had been seen for weeks before. Cabbage
maggots (Phorbia brassicae Bouché) are working to
some extent on cabbage, and the same is true of the cabbage louse
176 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
(Aphis brassicae Linn.) Grasshoppers are scarce as well-
as most other injurious insects.—Aug. 17
Cayuga county [Purley Minturn, Locke|—Appletree tent cater-
pillars (Malacosoma americana Fabr.) were observed
for the first time May 5. Farmers have begun spraying. Very
few injurious insects appeared owing probably to the extremely
cold and frosty nights—WHay 5. Colorado potato beetles (D or y-
phora 10-lineata Say) are very plenty, and the small, black
flea beetle (Crepidodera cucumeris Harr.) is at work
on potatoes and also feeding on various weeds in the potato
field —June 11 ,
Chemung county [M. H. Beckwith, Elmira|—Cabbage butter-
flies (Pieris rapae Linn.) appeared Ap. 23. The Indian
Cetonia (Euphoria inda Jinn.) was observed May 1, and
appletree tent caterpulars (Malacosoma americana
Fabr.) the 2d. The latter do not appear to be as numerous as
usual at this season of the year—May §. Currant worms
(Pteronus ribesii Scop.) appeared on gooseberries May
8, asparagus beetles (Crioceris asparagi Linn.) May 11
and potato beetles (Doryphora 10-lineata Say) were
first observed May 16. There were at this time no depredations
of special importance—May 25. Plant lice have been very
abundant on plum and cherry trees but since the rains they are
less numerous. Potato beetles are not very abundant and their
eggs are developing slowly—June 30. This has been a most
remarkable season for insect depredations, as there have been
very few species observed during the protracted dry weather.
Early in the summer plant lice were quite abundant on cherry and
plum trees and threatened for a time to cause considerable injury,
but the wet weather came soon enough to prevent any great dam-
age. Currant worms were less numerous than last year and the
second brood was very small. Potato beetles were less destruct-
ive than usual and occurred in very small numbers. Cutworms
were quite numerous, yet they caused less damage to plants than
usual. Tobacco worms (Phlegethontius 5-macu-
latus Hiibn.) were very scarce, in fact, only two were met with
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 177
this season, though much time was spent in tobacco fields. The
striped cucumber beetle (Diabrotica vittata Fabr.) and
the squash bug (Anasa tristis DeGeer) have been so few in
“number that their attacks were not noticed. The fall webworm
(Hyphantria textor Harr.) was rather more abundant
than last season.—Oct. 8
Dutchess county [H. D. Lewis, Annandale]|—Appletree tent
caterpillars (Malacosoma americana Fabr.) were first
observed Ap. 20, and forest tent caterpillars (Malacosoma
disstria Hiibn.) on the 30th. A very few bud moth larvae
(Tmetocera ocellanaSchiff.) were observed May 1.
Cold weather has kept insects in check and no species is remark-
ably abundant—WMay 4. Tent caterpillars are, so far, much less
abundant than for the past five years. The weather continues
cold and dry and insects and fungi are developing slowly.—May
12. Tent caterpillars of both species are reported as causing some
injury. Plant lice (Aphis mali Fabr.andMyzus cerasi
Fabr.) are exceedingly abundant on apple and cherry trees
respectively—May 27. The latter have appeared recently and
they are the only insects which are at all abundant. The weather
continues cold and dry.—June i. There is a great decrease in
the number of caterpillars from last year and plant lice are
exceedingly abundant.—June 15. Plant lice are still increasing
and are the only insects which are of much importance. Tent
caterpillars, both species, are not nearly so abundant as in former
years. The weather is very wet at present.—June 22. Apple
plant lice are present in enormous numbers and more abun-
dant than they have been for 10 years. There are a few cut-
worms but other insects are scarce. The weather continues cold
and very wet.—June 25. A very serious attack of pear psylla
(Psylla pyricola Forst.) has developed within the last 10
days, and the crop will be seriously hurt. Apple aphis is still
present in very large numbers, and potato beetles (Doryphora
10-lineata Say) are remarkable for their scarcity —July 10.
The apple aphis and the pear psylla continued in great abundance
and have inflicted very serious damage, specially the latter. The
178 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
weather has been very wet and cold since June 1, and apparently
favorable for the development of the above insects. The peartrees
have suffered extremely, all the young growth being killed, and
they are now starting a new growth from next year’s buds. This
wood can not ripen and the results must be very injurious. We
visited one pear orchard of 600 trees where Psyllas were still very
active and attacking the new growth as fast as it appeared. The
pear crop in this section is ruined.—Auwg. 10
Erie county [J. U. Metz, Swormville|—Striped asparagus beetle
(Crioceris asparagi Linn.) was observed today for the
first time. We have not been able to find any of the spotted
species (C. 12-punctata Linn.). Quite a little wheat is
down but we have not been able to detect any work of the Hessian
fly (Cecidomyia destructor Say)—WMay 28. Currant
worms (Pteronus ribesii Scop.) were observed yesterday
in numbers for the first time. Rose beetles (Macrodactylus.
subspinosus Fabr.) are exceedingly numerous and causing
considerable damage. Both moth larvae (Tmetocera ocel-
lana Schiff.) are quite numerous and causing some injury. Not
a trace of Hessian fly has been observed. Many young shoots of
blackberries are affected by the gouty gall beetle (Oberea
bimaculata Oliv.). Potato beetles (Doryphora 10-
lineata Say) are numerous on early potatoes—June 11. Rose
beetles are very numerous and in one instance were so abundant
that some cherrytrees were literally covered with them and looked
as though they had been scorched by fire; not only the foliage but
also the fruit was affected, and the insects were not above eating
the grass beneath the trees. Grapevines are also being injured to
some extent by these pests.—July 6
Genesee county [J. F. Rose, South Byron ]—Cabbage butterflies
(Pieris rapae Linn.) were first observed May 6, and potato
beetles (Doryphora 10-lineata Say) were first noticed
May 7. Tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americana
Fabr.) are scarce as yet. The extremely cold, inclement weather
of early May has kept many insects in check—May 11. Cab- ©
bage worms were first observed on plants the 22d. Asparagus
lon
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 179
beetles (Crioceris asparagi Linn.) are plenty. There
are not many potato beetles as yet. Cigar case-bearers (Co leo-
phora fietcherella Fern.) are very numerous in some
orchards. Something has happened to tent caterpillars, as they
are extremely scarce; so evident is this that it is a source of com-
mon remark. There are no evidences of injury by cankerworm.—
May 25. The cabbage root maggot (Phorbia brassicae
Bouché) is unusually numerous and very destructive to early cab-
bages. The four-lined leaf bug (Poecilocapsus lineatus
Fabr.) is quite abundant and, as usual, is indifferent as to what
kind of plant it attacks, occurring with great impartiality on
burdock, peppermint, sage, currant etc. Cankerworms are very
scarce in this immediate vicinity, but are reported as having done
considerable damage in orchards between here and Rochester.
In a trip to Niagara Falls I observed several orchards between
LaSalle and that place, which were brown from the work of this
pest—June. 3. There is practically no Hessian fly (Cecido-
myia destructor Say) as after inquiry at a grange meet-
ing, only one farmer reported any, and that was in a field of late
sown no. 6 white wheat. <A similar inquiry regarding canker-
wo nd tent caterpillars resulted in statements that very few
or none had been seen. There is some complaint of plant lice on
plum and cherry trees—June 15. The black or cucumber flea
beetle (Crepidodera cucumeris Harr.) is much com-
plained of and has not only perforated potato leaves but is said
to be at work on corn and beans as well as tomatoes. The striped
cucumber beetle (Diabrotica vittata Fabr.) is very
numerous on squash, melon and cucumber vines, nearly destroy-
ing them in some gardens. Following our severe drouth we have
‘had three weeks of drizzling rain, and plant lice are very bad on
fruit and other trees. We have never seen them on so many varie-
ties of trees till this year. The young erowth of quinces for 6
or 8 inches on each shoot is a mass of lice, and the leaves are black-
ened and rolled up. This plant louse outbreak has been exceed-
ingly severe and injurious to a great many plants. There is a
very general complaint among cabbage growers about the root
180 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
maggot. The cabbage plant louse (Aphis brassicae
Fabr.) is also abundant, curling the leaves and turning them
blue—June 29. Fall webworms . (Hyphantria textor
Harr.) appeared July 2 and are now quite numerous. The squash
bug (Anasa tristis DeGeer) has not appeared. There
was a fair crop of striped cucumber beetles and they have now
disappeared. Cabbages are white with cabbage aphis. This is
the first time this insect has been a serious pest in this locality.
Plant lice are also exceedingly abundant on fruit trees. Pear
psyla (Psylla pyricola Forst.) is very abundant and
seriously injuring the crop—J/July 2. Fall:webworms are un-
usually numerous, and potato growers have had little difficulty
in controlling the potato beetle. Cabbages are very seriously
affected by the aphis. .Not a squash bug has been seen.—Awg. 17
Greene county [O. Q. Flint, Athens|—No injurious insects have
been observed except tent caterpillars (Malacosoma ameri-
cana Fabr.), which appeared later than usual and are much
scarcer at this date than has ever been known before. The
weather was extremely dry and growers are spraying pear and
plum trees.—May 20
Herkimer county [George S. Graves, Newport ]—Blackejyutter- —
flies (probably Euvanessa antiopa Linn.), von ee
for the first time Ap. 25, and the same is true of the cabbage ,
butterfly (Pieris rapae Linn.). Cold winds and cloudy
weather seem to have delayed the appearance of insects.—Ap. 28.
Webs of the appletree tent caterpillar (Malacosoma
americana Fabr.) began to appear Ap. 30 and were by no
means abundant May 6. The weather has been too cold for any
rapid increase in insect life— Jay 7. Plant lice have appeared
on wild cherrytrees, and the currant worm (Pteronus
ribesii Scop.) is at work, both eggs and larvae being found.
No nests of tent caterpillars have been observed this week. The
weather is warm and dry.—May 14. Potato beetles (Dory-
phora 10-lineata Say) were observed May 16, and cur-
rant lice (Myzus ribis Fabr.) were just appearing on the -
leaves on the same date—May 21. Black flea beetles (Crepi-
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 181
dodera cucumeris Harr.) are appearing on potato leaves,
and some insect is feeding quite generally on plantains, (very
probably Dibolia borealis Chey.). Horn flies (Haema -
tobia serrata Rob.-Desv.) are quite numerous on cattle.
An examination shows that eggs of the currant worm are abun-
dant. Elm foliage is full of holes, probably the work of larvae
of the elm flea beetle (Disonycha triangularis Say).—
M ay 27. Terminal leaves of elms are badly twisted and wrinkled by
aphis attack, very probably Schizoneura americana
Riley. Potato beetles are very rarely seen, though many eggs
have been observed. The foliage of the few potatoes above
ground is badly eaten by the black flea beetle. Nests of the
appletree tent caterpillar are very scarce and with but few
tenants. Currant aphis continues abundant.—June 3. Rose bee-
tles (Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabr.) were ob-
served for the first time on rosebushes June 4, and considerable
damage has been inflicted. <A species of plant louse (C haito-
phorus negundinis Thos.) has appeared somewhat abun-
dantly on the ash-leaf maple. Grasshoppers are becoming quite
abundant in old pastures. The scarcity of potato beetles is
cause for general comment, and the black flea beetles are ex-
ceedingly numerous on potato and tomato vines.—/June 10. A
few full-grown forest tent caterpillar larvae (Malacosoma
disstria Hiibn.) were observed. Spittle insects are uncom-
monly abundant on grass under a spreading shade tree. Rose
beetles (Macrodactylus subspinosus_ Fabr.) are
abundant on appletrees, on thorn apple, and very numerous on
white daisy and dock. The daisy flowers are eaten off in many
instances.—June 17. Potato beetle larvae were observed on one
plant June 22, and a few striped cucumber beetles (Diabro-
tica vittata Harr.) were noticed on lima beans. The cur-
rant aphis (Myzus ribis Fabr.) is causing very little damage,
while tomato and potato vines are considerably injured by the
black flea beetle—June 24. Currant leaves appear as though
they had been eaten by the sawfly, though no larvae have been
observed. The little plant louse (Drepanosiphum aceri-
182 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
folii Thos.) appears to be quite common on a number of varie-
ties of maple and is causing some injury.—July 1. Black-headed
cabbage worms (Evergestis stramenalis Hiibn.) are
causing some injury to turnips. Some caterpillars, probably fall -
webworms (Hyphantria textor Harr.) have appeared in
small numbers on an appletree. Plant lice are abundant on many
plants, such as apple, elm, box-elder, birch, wild cherry, burdock,
pigweed and dock. Though potato beetles were never so incon-
spicuous, there are plenty of grubs.—July 22. The maple aphis
(Drepanosiphum acerifolii Thos.) appears to be the
cause of much premature falling of leaves, the pests being gen-
erally distributed, occurring -even in the tops of trees 60 feet
high. Plant lice have appeared in some numbers on red rose
bushes.—July 29. There is apparently another brood of black-
headed cabbage worms at work, if size is any indication. Plant
lice (probably Aphis brassicae lLinn.), are numerous on
turnips. The appletree plant louse (Aphis mali Fabr.) is
abundant and seriously injuring appletrees. The pests are spe-
cially abundant on new, tender shoots. Cherrytrees are very
little affected, and plumtrees more so, but in the latter case black
knot is also prevalent. Grasshoppers are generally scarce, though
in a few localities they are abundant. Cabbage butterfly
(Pieris rapae Linn.) has not been very abundant so far
this season.—Aug. 4. A psocid (PSocus? venosus Burm.)
was found in clusters of 200 or more on the trunks of maple, and
a few were also observed on appletrees. In some cases the bark
of the tree seemed to be whitened as though it were partially eaten,
probably by the insects gnawing away the lichens and outer por-
tions of the bark. Larvae of the elm flea beetle (Disonycha
triangularis Say) are very plentiful on elmtrees near by
and have severely injured the foliage—Aug. 12. A small, yellow-
ish leaf hopper (? jassid) is abundant on beans and has apparently
caused considerable yellowing of the foliage. Yellow-necked ap-
pletree worm (Datana ministra Drury) is present in
small numbers, and the same is also true of the fall webworm. -
The brown and black woolly bears (Pyrrharctia isabella
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1908 - 183
Abb. & Sm.) were unusually numerous in a timothy field.—Auqg.
12. Plant lice are numerous on beans, and on sunflowers there
is a similar species. Codling moth larvae (Carpocapsa
pomonella Schiff.) have begun operations, and wormy apples
are not uncommon. Plant lice continue abundant on pigweed.—
Aug. 19. Horn flies (Haematobia serrata Rob.-Desv.)
and horseflies have been very troublesome for the past two weeks.
A few caterpillars of Apatela americana Harr. were
observed on soft maple today. Fall webworms (Hyphantria
textor Harr.) are apparently more abundant than last year,
occurring in some numbers on appletrees. Hornet nests are more
numerous than usual.—aAwg..25. Butternut trees are very badly
eaten in some places by Datana integerrima Gr. & Rob.
Fall webworms continue to be unusually abundant.—Sep. 1.
Plant lice (Chaitophorus negundinis Thos.) still con-
tinues abundant on box-elder. Apples are comparatively scarce
this year and appear to be wormier than ever. A few webworm
nests were observed on lilac and alder today.—NSep. 16. Pieris
larvae are injuring foliage of cultivated nasturtiums to a consid-
erable extent.—Oct. 1
Onondaga county [Mis A. M. A. Jackson, Camillus|—First nest
of an appletree tent caterpillar (Malacosoma americana
Fabr.) was observed Ap. 26, and the present indications are that
this insect will not be as abundant as usual. There is a report
that Hessian fly (Cecidomyiadestructor Say) is work-
ing in some fields——Ap. 28. The blue or meat fly is quite abundant
about houses. Cabbage butterflies (Pieris rapae Linn.) are
about, though not numerous. Spotted lady beetles occur on many
weeds and plants, and though abundant do not appear to be
destructive. Tent caterpillars are not numerous and are causing
very little injury. Cold, inclement weather has kept caterpillars
and other insects in: check. Examination of one wheat field
Showed no Hessian fly, and growers state that thus far none has
been met with—May 6. Cankerworms appeared May 12 and
are quite abundant and destructive. The bud moth (Tmeto-
cera ocellana Schiff.) is at work on appletrees, though
184 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
not causing very much injury. The forest tent caterpillar
(Malacosoma? disstria Hitbn.) has appeared in very
small numbers on chokecherry trees. The weather is dry and warm
and consequently favorable to the development of insect life. Many
clover leaves have small, round holes eaten in them, possibly the
work of the clover leaf weevil (Phytonomus punctat us
Fabr.) —May 13. Cankerworms are developing rapidly and have
caused a great deal of injury. Ants of several species are quite
abundant.—iJ/u y 20. Red admiral butterflies (Vanessa ata-
lanta Linn.) have appeared but are not as abundant as
usual. The appletree tent caterpillar is quite scarce, only five
webs or nests being observed in a 5 mile drive. Cankerworms are
abundant, and while many trees have been injured to a consider-
able extent, none have been entirely defoliated. Potato beetles
(Doryphora 10-lineata Say) have appeared and depos-
ited some eggs. Cold weather is keeping insects in control.
Green plant lice are somewhat abundant on rosebushes. Cur-
rant worms (Pteronus ribesii Scop.) are present in
small numbers, though not causing much damage. Red admiral
butterflies continue scarce and others are not sO numerous as
usual. Potato beetles and their eggs are very abundant
on early potatoes. A white frost occurred May 31 and
June 1, but did not seriously affect insects.—June 1. Plum
curculios (Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst.) have
stung much fruit and considerable is dropping. Cankerworms
have about all disappeared and have not caused as much injury
as in former years. Many farmers think that tent caterpillars
hatched-during the warm days of March and were killed by the
cold weather which followed, or else perished from lack of food.
This hardly seems probable, as instances have been recorded where
eges of this species hatched in the fall and the caterpillars suc-
cessfully survived the winter in the latitude of Missouri—Jwune 10.
There are but few cocoons of the tent caterpillars, and this
appears to be due in part to the continuous wet weather of 1902,
when the caterpillars ate but little, were not healthy and ap-—
peared to be only partly grown at the time they spun up. A very
y
)
e
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 1s
few Hessian flies are to be found in the “ flaxseed ” stage, though
no complaints of their work have been received. A leaf miner,
probably Pegomyia vicina Lintn., is very abundant in a
large field of beets. Spittle insects are quite common in certain
fields of grass. Potato beetle eggs are hatching, but the grubs do
not appear to be as numerous as the old ones and are
causing comparatively little damage. Black flea _ beetles
(Crepidodera cucumeris Harr.) have caused some in-
jury to both tomato and potato vines. Striped cucumber beetles
(Diabrotica vittata Fabr.) are present on pumpkin
vines but are not causing much injury. No squash bugs
(Anasa tristis DeGeer) have been observed this year,
though they are usually very abundant and destructive in this
section. Rose beetles (Macrodactylus subspinosus
Fabr.) are quite destructive to rose bushes, though late in appear-
ing, and leaf hoppers have also caused some injury to rose bushes.
Peas are more free from weevils (Bruchus pisorum Linn.)
than usual, but the vines are being eaten by a green worm similar
to the cabbage worm. House flies are not as abundant as
usual. June 29 |
Orange county [J. M. Dolph, Port Jervis|—A few mourning
cloaks (HKuvanessa antiopa Linn.) and some Colias butter-
flies have appeared. Many small bees are frequenting plum
blossoms.—A pril 28. Plant lice (Aphis mali Fabr.. and
Myzus cerasi Fabr.) are very numerous, specially on apple
and cherry trees and rose bushes. Tomato plants are also affected
by a species of plantlouse which may be Rhopalosiphum
solani Thos. In general there are fewer insects than usual,
due probably to the exceedingly dry weather.—June 2. Potato
beetles (Doryphora 10-lineata Say) have made their
appearance in considerable numbers, the first abroad on May 20,
and the first larvae being observed June 9. Hundreds of lady-
beetles were found on a crimson rambler rose, three or four on a
leaf. We have never seen them in such great numbers before.
This bush had been badly infested by plant lice, and the lady
beetles were undoubtedly attracted by their prey. The currant
186 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
worm (Pteronus ribesii Scop.) has caused some injury
though it has not been abundant as in former years. The spiny
elm caterpillars (Huvanessa antiopa Linn.) have stripped
the leaves from a number of North Carolina poplars planted for
shade tree purposes.—June 11. Striped cucumber beetles (Dia-
brotica vittata Fabr.) have appeared in considerable
numbers. Pear and cherry slug (HEriocampoides lima-
cina Retz.) is inflicting much injury on the foliage of peartrees.
Rose beetles(Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabr.) have
been specially numerous and abundant this year. The foliage of
very few bushes has escaped being eaten or seriously disfigured.—
June 30
Rockland county [S. B. Huested, Blauvelt]|—Appletree tent
caterpillars (Malacosoma americana Fabr.) appeared
as usual but have not done as much injury as in former years.
No potato beetles have appeared, while plant lice (Myzus |
cerasi Fabr. and M. ribis Fabr.) are unusually abundant
on cherry and currant bushes. Cutworms are reported rather
plenty and cedar birds have been unusually numerous on cherry-—
trees, probably being more noticeable-on account of the scarcity
of fruit—June 7 | |
St Lawrence county [C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg|—June bugs and
grubs were abundant May 1. 904 of the birch trees in this sec-
tion are affected by a borer, possibly the bronze birch borer
(Agr ilus anxius Lec.), and an equal proportion of poplar
trees are also injured. These latter may possibly be affected by
a buprestid, though it is not improbable that considerable dam-
age is caused by the poplar borer (Saperda calcarata
Say). The gouty gall beetle (Oberea bimaculata Oliv.)
is causing considerable injury in blackberry patches. Appletree
borers (Saperda candida Fabr.) are abundant and infest
many appletrees. Woodpeckers are at work on infested trees,
and have undoubtedly destroyed many grubs.—May 16. Mourn-
ing cloak butterflies (Euvanessa antiopa Linn.) were
first observed May 18, and cabbage butterflies (Pieris rapae
Linn.) on the 22d. Currant worms (Pteronus ribesii
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 187
Scop.) put in appearance May 18, and the same is true of the
appletree aphis (Aphis mali Fabr.)—HWMay 22. Eggs of the
potato beetle (Doryphora 10-lineata Say) were observed
May 21, and shad flies or May flies, the 22d. Mosquitos were
abundant on the 25th. Generally speaking, no insects are spe- -
cially injurious—May 28. Cucumber beetles (Diabrotica
vittata Fabr.) were very numerous June 4; same was true
on the 10th of strawberry weevil(? Anthonomus signatus
Say) and potato beetles. White grubs are abundant and totally
destroying oats.—June 11. Cabbage worms appeared on the 20th,
and onion maggots (Phorbia ceparum Meigen) were at
work the 22d. This latter insect has destroyed one fourth of
the onion crop. Cabbages have likewise suffered from the maggot
(Phorbia brassicae Bouché). Rose slugs were observed
at work on the 23d.— June 25. A second brood of currant worms
appeared July 1. Cabbage worms, cucumber beetles, plant lice
and onion maggots are very numerous and destructive. The wet
weather continues, accompanied by an increase of leaf-eating
insects. The foliage of appletrees, plumtrees, maples and elms
are all attacked by plant lice. Some apples are dropping and
show no sign of injury except at the end of the stem, probably the
work of the codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella
Schiff.) —July 9. Crane flies and dragon flies were numerous
July 10, and a single specimen of the tomato worm (Phlege-
thontius 5-maculatus Haw.) was observed on the 15th.
Cabbage worms, potato beetles and plant lice continue abundant
and destructive. Mosquitos are abundant and rains continue.
Striped cucumber beetles and plant lice are attacking vines, egg
plants and wild tansy.—July 16. White marked tussock moths
(Notolophus leucostigma Abb. & Sm.) were observed
July 20, and dragon flies on the 15th. Potato beetles are abund-
ant and plant lice very numerous, mosquitos are rare. Cool and
wet weather has interfered with the successful application and
efficiency of insecticides, and as a consequence caterpillars are
abundant. Apples are dropping from the tree, and only about
one quarter of the crop will be saved. Most of the trouble is
188 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
probably caused by the codling moth larvae—July 30. Fall web-
worms (Hyphantria textor Harr.) appeared July 15 on
plum, apple and elm trees, and a species of sawfly on asters.—
Aug. 8. Potato beetles continue numerous and destructive. Cool,
wet weather has not affected the leaf-eating caterpillars or plant
lice, both of which continue abundant.—Awg. 1)
Saratoga county [C. W. Ferris, Schuyler]—Appletree tent cater-
pilars (Malacosma americana Fabr.) are present in
some numbers and were not injured by a frost, the mercury drop-
ping to 24 F. on May 2.—May 5. Cherry aphis (Myzus cerasi
Fabr.) are abundant on sweet cherries, and a green plant louse
is affecting Bosc peartrees very seriously —July 15
Schenectady county [Paul Roach, Quaker Street, Schenectady
co.|—Appletree tent caterpillars (Malacosoma ameri-
cana Fabr.) are just hatching on trees in warm situations.
Their numbers are small, and but few egg clusters have been
observed.—May 1
Schuyler county [Mrs Harriet 8S. Updyke, Logan |—Appletree
tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americana Fabr.) ap-
peared for the first time May 8. They have not caused as much
damage as usual.—May 20
Ulster county [George S. Clark, Milton ]—Appletree tent cater-
pillars (Malacosoma americana Fabr.) have been at
work for two weeks and were not affected by the frost of April
12, even though they were not protected by a web.—Ap. 23.
Tent caterpillar nests are present in large numbers except
in localities where they were carefully destroyed the pre-
ceding year.—Ap. 30. Tent caterpillars continue to _ in-
crease in size, and their nests are becoming more con-
spicuous. Aphis (Myzus cerasi_ Fabr.) are _ begin-
ning to appear on cherrytrees. Currant worms (Pteronus
ribesii Scop.) are abundant on bushes that were not sprayed
last year, and a few occur on those that were treated.—May 14.
There has been no increase in appletree tent caterpillars, and
currant worms are few, specially on bushes that were sprayed last
year. Plant lice (Myzus cerasi Fabr.) are increasing on
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 189
cherrytrees, and it is now too late to reach them because the
leaves are so badly curled. Some plant lice (Aphis mali
Fabr.) have developed on appletrees. The black fiea beetle.
(Crepidodera cucumeris Harr.) is working on potato,
tomato vines and eggplants. Some caterpillars, probably those
of the gartered plume moth (Oxyptilus periscelidac-
tylus Fitch) are not doing much damage.—May 21. Tent cater-
pillars are beginning to crawl, evidently preparatory to pupation,
and are not more than one quarter as abundant as last year.
Plant lice are numerous on cherrytrees, specially young ones. The
red spider (Tetranychus telarius Linn.) is abundant
on roses.—May 28. A few potato bugs have just appeared, and
plant lice are more abundant on cherrytrees than usual. Tent
caterpillars do not appear to, be as energetic as usual, possibly
they were weakened by the early frost. Elm leaf beetles
(Galerucella luteola Mill.) are very scarce, not a sign
of one could be found on a large tree which had its foliage entirely
destroyed two years ago.—June 4. Heavy rains have washed
many of the aphids from the trees. Many plant lice continue on
rosebushes that have not been sprayed——J/une 12. The recent
continued rains have prevented much damage from insect pests.
Squash bugs (Anasa tristis DeGeer) are abundant enough
to destroy the vines unless controlled. Some pear psylla
(Psylla pyricola Forst.) has appeared on the trees in
various pear orchards in this vicinity—June 18. Pear psylla is
injuring many trees and causing much of the fruit to drop. Flant
lice are abundant on both young pear and apple trees.—/uly 2
Warren county [C. L. Williams, Glens Falls]—May beetles ap-
peared in large numbers May 9. The asparagus beetle (Crio-
ceris asparagi Linn.) was observed in considerable num-
bers May 16. It has become distributed over a tract at least 8
miles long and is abundant.—May 25. Rose beetles (Macro-
dactylus subspinosus Fabr.) appeared about June 22,
and the depredations of a gray cutworm attracted attention about
the same time. The former are very abundant and feed on
all kinds of vegetation. The zebra caterpillar (Mamestra
190 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
picta Harr.) was found at work on strawberry plants—June 9.
June beetles are exceedingly abundant; more so than we have
known for years——July 3. The stalk borer (Papaipema
nitela Guen.) is at work in small numbers on various plants,
and we have succeeded in detecting a parasite on the same, which
proves to be a tachinid.
Wayne county [C. H. Stuart, Newark]—The first aphids were
observed on roses May 5, and comparatively few plants were
infested. No tent caterpillars or cankerworms have been ob-
served, and the spotted asparagus beetle (Crioceris 12-
punectata Linn.) has disappeared, though the common species
(C. asparagi Linn.) is present in force. House flies are
scarce and occur only on the sunny side of buildings—May 19.
Plant lice began to appear the latter part of May, and have been
more abundant than we have ever known them to be before.
They oblige us to keep a gang of 15 or 20 men and boys at work
continuously in the nursery with a whale oil soap solution to
keep them in check. Larvae of lady beetles are more than usually
abundant and are undoubtedly doing good service. On our
lawn the only trees or plants that have escaped plant lice are
poppies and evergreens; everything else is literally covered with
them, or at least was so a week ago. Now the lady beetles are
beginning to get the upper hand of the pesis—July 2
Westchester county [F. R. Calkins, Ossining]—EIm leaf beetles
(Galerucella luteola Mill.) appeared May 3 and have
been increasing rapidly but have caused no serious damage—
May 4. Bumble flower beetles (Euphoria inda _ Fabr.)
were flying about in considerable numbers. Hundreds of them
were observed, though there was no evidence of material injury.
Grasshoppers were first seen May 6 and have become very numer-
ous. Striped cucumber beetles (Diabrotica vittata
Fabr.) appeared in large numbers on the 8th. The first Colorado
potato beetles (Doryphora 10-lineata Say) were ob-
served on the 15th. Appletree tent caterpillars (Malacosoma
americana Fabr.) are causing a great deal of injury in this —
section, and species of plant lice are curling the leaves of various
shrubs in this yvicinity—-Vay 18. The majority of elms in this
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 191
section are in very bad condition owing to the work of the elm
leaf beetle. Striped cucumber beetles continue very numerous,
and potato beetles have appeared in the past week in increasing
numbers. It looks as though the appletree tent caterpillars had
been destroyed by some climatic condition; possibly the severe
rains in May and June. Since we had 31 days of rain with hardly
a ray of sunshine, the webs are empty and there are no signs of
cocoons. Mosquitos are somewhat scarce. The work of the pear
midge (Diplosis pyrivora Riley) is very evident, and
cherry berers (probably the fruit tree bark beetles Scolytus
rugulosus Ratz.), have ruined some trees—July 13
Westchester county [Mrs Edwin H. Mairs, Irvington-on-Hudson |
—White marked tussock moth caterpillars (Notolophus
leucostigma Abb. & Sm.) are injuring the foliage of a fine
purple beech, which is also suffering severely from plant lice,
probably the woolly beech aphis (Phyllaphis fagi Linn.).
Mapletrees have dropped many leaves, probably because of plant
lice injury. Very likely this is the work of Chaitophorus
aceris Thos—June 29. A curious worm (Seirodonta
bilineata Pack.) was found feeding on foliage of purple beech.
Mosquitos are more abundant than ever. Elm leaf beetle larvae
(Galerucella luteola Mill.) are crawling along the
- trunks of infested trees, the foliage of which is turning brown.
American, English, weeping and slippery elms are all attacked.
Maple and beech trees are still suffering from plant lice injury.
Some red bugs are present on the infested trees.—/July 12
Wyoming county [W. H. Roeper, Wyoming]—Appletree tent
caterpillars (Malacosoma americana Fabr.) were first
observed May 2. They are present in small numbers, and some
think this is due to the excessively cold weather—May 9. Insects
of various kinds are much scarcer than usual—May 18. Tent
caterpillars are not causing much injury though canker-
worms are working to some extent. The weather continues
very cold at night, and it is exceedingly dry.—May 25. Cod-
ling moth larvae (Carpocapsa pomonella Schiff.) are
unusually abundant in this locality, and apple aphis (A phis
mali Fabr.) is very numerous and rolling the leaves to a con-
192 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
siderable extent. The injury is so severe that it would not be sur-
prising if a considerable proportion of the foliage dropped.
Potato beetles (Doryphora 10-lineata Say) are present
in large numbers. Plant lice are also working on forest trees in
about the same way as on fruit trees. The weather continues very
dry and appears to be favorable to plant lice. The apple crop
will be only about one quarter its normal size, and pears are
almost a failure. Plant lice continue to be the most destructive
form in this section, and the injury is so severe that some trees
have half their leaves badly curled by the pests. <A good rain has
benefited crops very much.—/une 15. Maple foliage is dropping
to a considerable extent, probably as a result of injury by plant
lice (Drepanosiphum acerifolii Thos.)—July 3
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST
The following is a list of the principal publications of the ento-
mologist during the year 1903. 70 are given with the title, place,
time of publication and a summary of the contents of each.
Volume and page number are separated by a colon, the first su-
perior figure tells the column, and the second the exact place in
the column in ninths; e.g. 67:9741° means volume 67, page 974,
column 1, beginning in the sixth ninth, i.e. about two thirds of
the way down
Turnips. Country Gentleman, Noy. 27, 1902, 67 :974!
The work of the cabbage root maggot, Phorbia brassicae Bouché,
in turnips is identified and ee measures discussed.
Experimental W ork j in New You State against the San José Scale
[Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.] U. 8S. Dep't Agric.
Diy. Ent. Bul. 37, n.s. 1902. p.35-86
Discussion of results obtained with 20% mechanical crude petroleum emul- -
sion and whale oil soap.
Notes for the Year in New York. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul.
37, n.s. 1902. p.102-3
Brief records of injury by grapevine root worm, Fidia viticida
Walsh; grapevine leaf kopper, Typhlocyba comes var. vitis Harr.;
Titles are given as published, and in some instances they have been
changed or supplied by the editors of the various papers.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 193
appletree tent caterpillar, Clisiocampa [Malacosoma] ameri-
cana Fabr.; forest tent caterpillar, Clisiocampa [Malacosoma]
disstria Hiibn. and fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury
ttex Go r- Harr, }:
Observations on Certain Insects Attacking Pine Trees. U.S. Dep’t
Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 37, n.s. 1902. p.103-4
Records of injuries by Tomicus calligraphus Germ., T. pini Say
and also of Monohammus confusor Kirby and Dendroctonus
terebrans Oliv.
Potato Wireworms. Country Gentleman, Dec. 4, 1902, 57 :992"
General remedial measures for wireworms are briefly discussed.
Crude Petroleum as an Insecticide. Soc. Promotion Agric. Sci.
Proc. 23d An. Meeting 1902, p.86-95; separate p.1-10 received
Dec. 24, 1902
A review of experiments with crude petroleum and summary of results in
controlling San José scale, ASpidiotus perniciosus Comst.
_ Maggots in Mushrooms. Country Gentleman, Jan. 1; 1903, 68 :6"
Brief account of species injuring mushrooms and remedies therefor,
Phora agarici Lint. and species of Sciara being mentioned in par-
ticular.
Entomology. U. S. N. Y. Handbook 16, revised Dec. 1902, p.1-12,
issued Jan. 3, 1903
Contents
PAGB PAGB
MUTATOR. Saw a o's ow oo eee ae SE PODER RADE CA MER ohathe LAYERS a ore alee acct a en fi
Systematic entomology.......... 2 Vea titcary “opservers< . ieee «TF
Heonomic entomology........... 21 aupiedterons +42 So PPP, SAPP: 8
History of the division......... UGS AGM: WORK 5.5 o'<'m clea ge aie « 9
MICAS ACIONS . oc aa ence ottaeia Seve « 4 | List of entomologic publications. 10
BMeCMONS eo Perera ee ee 5
Grapevine Root Worm [Fidia viticida Walsh]. N.Y. State
Mus. Bul. 59. 1902. p.49-84, 1 col.pl. 4 halftones
Issued Jan. 5, 1903. Republished in great part in issues of Grape Belt
[Dunkirk N. Y.] for Jan. 9, 13, 20, 27, Feb. 3, 10.
Contents
PAGH PAGH
eI Nae S04 id ae RA. ws wx AD) fe AVESCUIPTIONM, «oT sear Fo bys, «4 mp fecesees 58
PURO UMCPAON © sings oe ws vere ewes oe os ee ibe PSTOUN Soc. « s-<-g.u/s ate Gate oe as 60
Area infested........... cree 51 Habits Of the beetles... oo .0 0 61
Signs of insect’s presence..... 52 Messi ). .agsld page ee 3.2 Geta es 63
Ab AIC SDECIOS 5 ns Guelie ap iniae 3.8 53 Habits of, the larvae... 2. . <s<ws 66
TUTE TRU nas nye io eanaeeae 54 PO Os, otis c yk. tee sn. Soe ds 68
Present conditions in Ohio.... 54 Magde Pies, gos deve cee x es ee 68
MEY: MUSEORY ooo e foe ono 6 3 are aa | Natural Cnemies. .. 2. accede oes 69
194 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
PAGE ; PAGH _
Remedial measures............. 69 | Remedial measures (continued)
Destroying the pupae......... 70 Crude petroleum.............. 77
Collecting beetles............. TL @alcium carbid.: my) .<\e5 eee At
Arsenical : poisons: laser sie. 73 Recommendations ........<.-% 78
Pulverizing the soil and Bibliography \) .. 3/2 SOLA ee 78
MOUMHIRS “Sie oe ce EE ww os 76'| Hixplanation: jof, plates... ..t.. # 81
Carbon pisming. ot... . <2 ..0 16 |- Plates 1-6.: 2... .. le. 2 face 81
Kerosene emulsion... ...-:. <5 =.» 00 4) SNGOX 08 oe oe a eer. 82
Cucumber Beetle. Country Gentleman, Jan. 15, 1908, 68 :4374
Remedial ‘measures for the striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica
vittata Fabr.
Insecticides and Notes. Country Gentleman, Jan. 15, 1903, 68 :47*
Summary of results obtained with insecticides against San José scale,
Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., and notes on the Chinese ladybug,
Chilocorus similis Rossi, and the grapevine root worm, Fidia
viticida Walsh.
Beware the Pea Weevil. Country Gentleman, Jan. 22, 1903, 68 :63¥
Injuries by Bruchus pisorum Linn. in Canada and means of con-
trolling. :
Legislation against Pests. Country Gentleman, Jan. 29, 1903,
68 :8976
General discussion of the efficacy of nursery inspection work with com-
ments on present conditions.
The San José Scale. Country Gentleman, Feb. 19, 1903, 68 :1581
Comparative value of crude petroleum emulsion, lime, salt and sulfur
mixture and whale oil soap for Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.
Beneficial Insects. Country Gentleman, Mar. 5, 1903, 68 :206°°
General observations on the establishment of Scutellista cyanea
Motsch, Novius cardinalis Mask. and Chilocorus similis
Rossi in the United States.
Scale Insects. Worcester [Mass.] Evening Gazette, Mar. 12,
1903, p.1
Summary notice of scale insects with special reference to remedies for the
San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.
Arsenate of Lead. Country Gentleman, Mar. 19, 1903, 68 :2521"
Formula and method of preparation.
Looper Caterpillar. Country Gentleman, Mar. 19, 1903, 68 :2528
Description too brief to permit identification of the geometrid.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 195
Grapevine Root Worm. Country Gentleman, Mar. 19, 1908,
68 :2554 .
Corrects reported error and gives estimates of damage by Fidia viti-
cida Walsh.
Recent Work with Insecticides in the East. Col. State Bd Hort.
Rep’t 1902. 1903. p.121-27
Brief discussion of the value of arsenate of lead, crude petroleum, the
lime, salt and sulfur mixture and whale oil soap as insecticides.
Fleas. Country Gentleman, Mar. 26, 1903, 68 :276%
Brief account of life history with various repressive measures.
Appletree Bark Louse. Country Gentleman, Mar. 26, 1903, 68 :27674
Remedial measures for Mytilaspis pomorum Bouché [Lepi do-
saphes ulmi Linn.].
Insecticides and Fungicides. U.S. N. Y. Handbook 18, p.16
More important formulas recommended with general directions for use.
Pea Weevil. Country Gentleman, Ap. 2, 1903, 68 :29374
Discussion of rise in temperature in peas infested with Bruchus
pisorum Linn. and methods of controlling the pest.
San José Scale. Country Gentleman, Ap. 2, 1903, 68 :300”
No danger of ASpidiotus perniciosus Comst. spreading from
infested wood cut in early spring.
Elm Leaf Beetle. Schenectady Daily Union, Ap. 3, 1903, p.7
Nearly the same in Evening Star [Schenectady] Ap. 8, p.12.
Extracts from Museum Bulletin 57 on Galerucella luteola
Miull., with special reference to local conditions.
Shade Tree Ratings. Street forestry report on the selection,
planting, cultivation and care of street shade trees by Fred-
eric Shonnard, Dep’t Public Works, Yonkers, 1903
Ratings of comparative immunity from insect enemies of various shade
trees.
Dust and Other Sprays. Country Gentleman, Ap. 16, 1908,
68 :35078
Brief discussion of various insecticides with special reference to scale
insects and dry or dust sprays.
Advice about .Spraying. Country Gentleman, Ap. 30, 1903,
68 :39273
General directions for spraying with references to convenient literature.
196 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Arsenate of Lead. Country Gentleman, May 7, 1908, 68 :410*
Its preparation from arsenic, soda and sugar of lead not advisable.
Directions are given for making it.
Literature of American Economic Entomology. Am. Ass’n Eco.
Ent. 15th An. Meeting, Presidential address, Washington D. C.
Dec. 26, 1902. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 40, n.s. 1903.
p.(-22
Also published separately.
After a general review with a few statistics regarding the amount of lit-
erature relating to some of the more notorious insects, the following topics
were discussed: Newspaper and Minor Articles; Reports; Bulletins; Jour-
nals; General Works and Indexes.
Work and Observations in 1902. N. Y. State Fruit Growers
Ass’n Rep’t 1903, p.92-94. Rec’d May 15
Results obtained with crude petroleum, whale oil soap and lime, salt and
sulfur against San José scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst.
Notes on the establishment of Chilocorus similis Rossi and work
of grapevine root worm, Fidia viticida Walsh.
Elm Leaf Beetle Ravages. Argus [Albany] May 16, 1903; New
York Times, May 17; Rensselaer County Standard [ Hoosick
Falls] May 22, 1903, p.4 :
Summary of injuries by Galerucella luteola Mill. in Hudson
river valley. ,
New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, May 21,
1903, 68 :45136
Summary of reports from voluntary observers.
Diseases and Pests. N. Y. State Lib. Bul. 80. Review of Legis-
lation 1902, p.837-38
Summary of recent laws relating to plant diseases and insect enemies.
Importance of Injurious Insects Introduced from Abroad. Soc.
Promotion Agric. Sci. Proc. 24th An. Meeting 1903, p.39-48;
separate, p.1-10
Summarized account of injuries with classified lists of introduced species
and notes on the relative importance of various species. ;
New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, May 28,
1903, 68 :471%
Summaries of reports from voluntary observers.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903
197
18th Report of the State Entomologist on Injurious and Other In-
sects of the State of New York 1902.
N.Y. State Mus. Bul. 64.
1903. p.89-193, 1 lith. 5 halftones
Issued June 2.
Contents
PAGE PAGH
MEME ROMUCHIOUN Nn 7 oss setae slats 89 | Injurious insects, ete. (continued) ~
General entomologic features. 89 Species of primary economic
COUMCOAWORKITE Ur es Certs we ces 90 MAPOLEANCE cw nkacessecs ts 120
Special investigations........ 91 Species which may become
Pabwentionse ee Pee See os 91 very destructive........... 122
Collections of insects........ 92 Other “speeiés:*.'. 9.5. 3. 204 FS 122
ING Wer GUAT TECS T eiacgecls ak ia abies 93 | Experimental work against San
Voluntary -ObServersa: ..4..«-. 93 JOSE SEAIC IMSECb..”.< c2-<'s 2's 126
Acknowledgments ........... 93 Fall applications> 2h. Yer r: 126
Injurious insects Sprine applications 22.29 . 220% ast
Huproctis chrysor- Summary A - 29, SPP GA Ss 143
rhoea, brown tail moth.. 94} Voluntary entomologie service... 144
Perla FOS; earret rust Summaries of reports........ 144
Hie ee Rate ote ML | ain a eg Oe; Maat SUGIES. oc. .e cc os sees ee ” BS
Wotes for the year........-5..... 103 Coleoptera taken at Newport,
BEWIE TREE DESES 0 oo speck) «cee 5 104. Ler kiIMme;n (G0.. Ni Ysa. tecs SF A, 153
Small irate -msects oo. ss. 105 | List of publications of the ento-
trass and grain insects...... 106 mologist ..... ea he oe 161
Shade tree MSECiS.<....Je242% 108 | Contributions to collection..... 170
PIOLESE ANSEGIS Hos Seek). Sic! iO! > Rxplanation“ of. plates. 22... 42° 178
Household insects........... TIS El ga Sai 5 Sigel Cag” ae ae aaa a face 179
Beneficial insects. .. .. .2eXx13.2 Tsp PAGERANK. 30) FOUR HOM APSO 181
Injurious insects from abroad.. 116
New York Entomologic Service.
1903, 68 49814
Country Gentleman, June 4,
Summary of reports from voluntary observers.
Remedies for Grapevine Root Worms.
Pp
1903, p.2
Grape Belt, June 16,
Brief statement of remedial measures for Fidia viticida Walsh.
New York Entomologic Service.
1903, 68 :53038
Country Gentleman, June 18,
Summary of reports from voluntary observers.
Hints to Fruit Growers and Truckers. Am. Agric. June 20, 1903,
71 :64874
Briefly discusses the grapevine root worm, Fidia
viticida Walsh,
injuries in Chautauqua grape belt and remedies for same, and also the
plum curculio, asparagus beetles, and insect enemies of squash.
198 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, June 25,
1903, 68 5512
Summary of reports from voluntary observers.
Destroying Flies. Country Gentleman, June 25, 1903, 68 :56174
Destructive and preventive measures for the house fly, Musca do-
mestica Linn.
Grapevine Root Worm. Grape Belt, June 26, 1903, p.1, 6
Beetles attack best vineyards, no decided migration, figures on efficacy of
destroying pupae and remarks on value of beetle catchers and arsenical
poisons for Fidia viticida Walsh.
Mosquitos. N. Y. State Mus. folder. 8p.
Issued June 29, 1903.
Brief description with discussion of habits, life history, genera and
species, methods of controlling and collecting.
Grapevine Root Worm. Grape Belt, June 30, 1903, p.4
Results of breeding from entire vines and efficiency of beetle catchers for
Fidia viticida Walsh.
New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, July 2, 1903,
68 :578%
Summary of reports from voluntary observers.
Plant Lice. Country Gentleman, July 9, 1903, 68 :5907*
Remedial measures for plant lice on fruit trees.
Killing Ants. Country Gentleman, July 9, 1903, 68 :590
Method of destroying ants in nests.
Rose Beetles. Country Gentleman, July 9, 1903, 68 :590°4
Methods of destroying the beetles, Macrodactylus subspinosus
Fabr.
New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, July 9, 1903,
68 :590*
Summary of reports from voluntary observers.
About Maple Tree Borers. Rome Daily Sentinel, July 10, 1903
e € =
Methods of controlling the sugar maple borer, Plagionotus
speciosus Say.
Plant Lice. Country Gentleman, July 16, 1903, 68 :6107
Comments on unusual abundance of plant lice and remedies for the same.
New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, July 16,
1903, 68 :610%7
Summary of reports from voluntary observers.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 199
Mosquitos. Sunday [Albany] Press, July 19, 1903, p.6
- Reprint of portions of mosquito folder.
Spray for Potatoes. Country Gentleman, July 23, 1903, 68 :630"
Advises arsenate of lead for potato beetles and bordeaux mixture for
fungus.
New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, July 28,
1903, 68 :630%
Summary of reports from voluntary observers.
Plant Lice. Country Gentleman, July 30, 1903, 68 :650%*
Remedies for the pests.
New York Entomologic Service. Country Gentleman, July 30,
1903, 60 :650%
Summary of reports from voluntary observers.
Forest Fires and Insect Attack. Am. Lumberman, Aug. 8, 1903,
p.15
. Preliminary report on investigations in burned areas in the Adirondacks.
Aquatic Nematocerous Diptera by Oskar Augustus Johannsen.
Reprint from N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 68. 1903. p.328-441
Issued Aug. 11, 1903.
this paper includes a key to families of nematocerous diptera with
accounts of the net-winged midges (Blepharoceridae), black flies (Simu-
liidae) and mosquitos (Culicidae).
Tulip Tree Scale. Country Gentleman, Aug. 20, 1903, 68 :7127
Brief notice with remedies for Lecanium [Eulecaniuw] tulip-
iferae Cook. .
Summary of Root Worm Situation and Experiments. Grape Belt,
Sep. 4, 1903, p.1; Jamestown Journal, Sep. 4, 1903, p.1; Country
Gentleman, Sep. 24, 1903, 68 :828"
Brief summary of observations and experimental work on Fidia viti-
cida Walsh in 1903.
Mosquitos on High Ground. Country Gentleman, Sep. 10, 1908,
-68 7781"
Brief comments on the breeding habits and methods of controlling these
insects.
Aquatic Chrysomelidae and a Table of the Families of Coleopter-
ous Larvae by Alex. D. MacGillivray. Reprint from N. Y. State
Mus. Bul. 68. 1903. p.288-3831
Issued Sep. 12, 1908.
This paper includes a key to families of coleopterous larvae and a mono-
graph of the subfamily Donaciinae, family Chrysomelidae.
200 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Aquatic Insects of New York State. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 68.
1903. p.199-517, 52 pl. (8 col.) by James G. Needham Ph.D.,
professor of biology, Lake Forest.Uniy.; A. D. MacGillivray
Ph.D., instructor in entomology, O. A. Johannsen M.S., instruc-
tor in civil engineering, both of Cornell Uniy.; and K. C. Davis
Ph.D., professor of horticulture, West Virginia Uniy.
Issued Sep. 28, 1903.
Contents
PAGE |, PAGE
Peéiaes sh 2G... A eee 199 Part 5 Aquatic Chrysomelidae
Part 1 Station Work of the and a Table of the Families
Summer of 1901. J. G. NEED- of Coleopterous Laryae. A. D.
HAW... eee See Pee See 200 MACGIERIVEAY < Sauce cee 288
Part 2 Food of Brook Trout in Part 6 Aquatic Nematocerous
Bone Pond. J. G. NEEDHAM... 204 Diptera. O. A. JOoHANNSEN... 328
Part 3 Life Histories of Odo- : Part 7 Sialididae of North and
nata suborder Zygoptera. South America. K. C. Davis. 42
a. Cy. SEAR i ake oe its 218 Explanation of plates.......... 487
Part 4 Some New Life Histo- List of text’ figures... 2229223 499
ries of Diptera. J. G. NEED- Plates 1-52... .. ont pee face 499
Ae inte Oe FA Me biti ae Rene 5U1
Sialididae of North and South America by K. C. Davis. Reprint
from N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 68. 1903. p441-87
Issued Sep. 30, 1908.
A systematic and biologic account of this group. ~
Two Tree Pests. Country Gentleman, Oct. 1, 1903, 68 :852*
Pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Forst. probably weakened the pear
trees at Hartley Hall Pa., so that they were aitacked by the fruit tree bark
beetle, Scolytus rugulosus Ratz. Destruction of the infested trees
by fire is advisable. The maple is probably infested by Sesia acerni
Clem. Preventive measures are indicated.
t
Chinese Lady Bugs. Country Gentleman, Oct. 8, 1903, 68 :871'8
Records establishment and breeding of Chilocorus similis Rossi
at Kinderhook N. Y.
INSECT EXCHANGE
The state collection of insects contains large numbers of many
local, and in some cases somewhat rare forms. This, in connec-
tion with the fact that many species are not represented, and
specially in view of the economic importance of introduced insects,
led us to inaugurate a system of exchanges the past summer.
Those offered for exchange are, in eyery case, only such as can be
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 201
spared without detriment to the general collections, and in return
it has been our desire to obtain, so far as possible, species of
economic importance in other sections of this country or any other
countries, specially those which might develop into injurious pests.
A preliminary exchange list was sent out in the early summer,
and the results have been very gratifying, since we have been
able by this means, to make a number of extremely valuable addi-
tions to the state collections. This is specially true in the case of
Coccidae, and was largely possible through the kindness of Prof.
V. L. Kellogg of Leland Stanford Jr University, who was able
to offer us some extremely desirable Californian and Japanese
scale insects in exchange for some of our native forms. Another
very desirable exchange was arranged with Prof. F. H. Snow
of Kansas University, who sent valuable Diptera and some
cotypes, all determined by the noted authority in this group, Dr
S. W. Williston. The species, 418 in number, acquired in this
manner are listed below.
SPECIES RECEIVED IN EXCHANGE
The source of various species listed below, is indicated by
superior figures following the author of the species, as follows:
1, from Prof. C. P. Gillette, Agricultural College, Fort Collins
Col.; 2, from Prof. V. L. Kellogg, Leland Stanford Jr University,
California; 3, from I. M. Ehrhorn, Mountain View Cal.; 4. from
Prof. F. H. Snow, University of Kansas, Lawrence Kan.; 5, from
Prof. IX. A. Popenoe, state entomologist, Topeka Kan.; 6, from
Prof. H. Garman, Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington
“Ky.; 7, from J. G. Sanders, 8, from Prof. Herbert Osborn, both of |
the Ohio State University, Columbus O.
Hymenoptera
Bombus separatus Cress.’ B. bifarius Cress.
B. sylvicola Kirby Bb. appositus Oress.
B. putnami Cress.' Psithyrus insularis Cress.
B. proximus Cress. Anthopora vallorum Ckll.t
B. nevadensis Cress.' A. urbana Cress.
B. morrisonii Cress.' A. smithii Cress.t
B. mixtus Cress. A. occidentalis Cress.
B. juxtus Cress. Synhalonia frater Cress.
B. flavifrons Cress. Melissodes obliqua Say"
202 NEW YORK
Diadasia australis Cress.
D. diminuta Cress.* |
Megachile montivaga Cress.*
M. fidelis Cress.
Lithurgus apicalis Cress.
Anthidium maculifrons Smith*
A. interruptum Say
Coelioxys gilensis Ckill.2 |
Augochlora coloradensis Titus*
Epeolus robustus Cress.
E. occidentalis Cress.
STATE MUSEUM
E. concavus Cress.*
BE. compactus Cress.
Nomada ridingsii Cress.’
Vespa occidentalis Cress.*
Polybia flavitarsis Sauss.*
Odynerus taos Cress.
O. foraminatus Sauss.
Crabro 6-maculatus Say
Philanthus flavifrons Cress.
Eucerceris fulvipes Cress.*
Coleoptera
Hylastes longus Lec.* |
Scolytus +dentatus Say’ )
Pityogenes pondrosae Hopk.* |
Tomicus integer Hich.*
Calandra oryzae Linn.°
Baris strenua Lec.*
Thysanocnemis helvolus Lec.*
T. fraxini Lec.°
Anthonomus squamosus Lec.*
Tachypterus 4+gibbus Say
Lixus macer Lec.*
Rbynchites hirtus Fabr.*
Epicauta corvina Lec.*
Crymodes discicollis Lec.*
C. exiguus*®
Bruchus fraterculus Horn’
B. discoideus Say
B. 4maculatus F'abr.®
B. mimus Say
Spermophagus robiniae Sch.*
Chelymorpha phytophagica Cr.°
Cassida pallidula Boh.®
C. ellipsis Lec.*
Diabrotica lemniscata Lec.*
Monocesta coryli Say*
Lina lapponica Linn.®
Colaspis favosa Say*
Paria viridicyanea Cr.*
Myochrous denticollis Say
Fidia longipes Alelsh+
Exema conspersa Mann.*
E. dispar Lec.®
Saxinis omogera Lac.*
Babia 4guttata Oliv.*
Coscinoptera dominicana f'abr~
C. axillaris Lec.*
Tetraopes canescens Lec.*
T. femoratus Lec.*
Dectes spinosus Say*
Plectrodera scalator Fabr.*
Dorcaschema alternatum Say
D. wildii Uhler*
Monohammus oregonensis Lec.
Monilema annulatum Say
Leptura chrysocoma Kirby’
Typocerus sinuatus Newm.®
Neoclytus muricatulus Airby*
Cyllene decorus Oliv.*
Tragidion fulvipenne Say*
Rhopalophora longipes Say
Eburia 4-geminata Say®
Callidium janthinum Lec.*
Prionus imbricornis Linn.®
Euphoria kernii Hald.*
E. kernii var.’
E. kernii black var.®
E. areata Fabr.’
Dynastes tityus Linn.®
Strigoderma arboricola Fabr=
Polyphylla decemlineata Say*
Bolboceras farctus Fabr.®
Phanaeus palliatus*
- Canthon praticola Lec.’
Hydnocera tabida Lec.*
H. subfasciata Lec.*
Clerus sphegeus Fabr.*
C. nigriventris Lec.*
C. ichneumoneus F'abr.®
C. spinolae Lec.*
Acmaeodera pulchella Herbst.
Psiloptera drummondi Lap. é Gory.
Gyascutus obliteratus Lec.*
Limonius canus Lee.*
Hiater apicatus Say
Crytohypuus pectoralis Say
Plegaderus nitidus Horn*
Hister instratus Lec.*
Orphilus niger Rossi
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIS® 1903
Dermestes fasciatus Lec.*
Silvanus planatus Germ."
Languria laeta Lec.*
Hyperaspis lateralis Muls.*
Brachyacantha dentipes Fabr.*
Exochomus contristatus Muls.*
BE. aethiops Bland.*
Coccinella abdominalis Say*
C. annectans Cr.*
C. monticola Muls.*
C. transversoguttata Fabr.*
203
Hippodamia sinuata Muls.*
Olibrus vittatus Lec.*
Homalium humerosum Fauv.'
Homalota lividipennis Mann.*
Dineutes assimilis Awbe.°
Nothopus zabroides Lec.*
Cymindis planipennis Lec.*
Lebia atriceps Lec.’
Anophthalmus horni Garman’
Tetracha virginica Linn.®
Diptera
Cistogaster immaculata Macg.*
Gymunosoma fuliginosa Desv.*
Xanthomelana arcuata Say*
Hemyda aurata Desv.*
Epigrimyia lucens Town.*
Belvoisia bifasciata Fabr.
B. unifasciata Desv.*
Ocyptera carolinae Desv.*
O. dosiades Walk.*
Linnaemyia comta Fall.*
Blepharipeza adusta Loew.*
Uilarella polita Z'own.*
Gonia capitata DeG.*
Spallanzania hebes Fall.*
S. hesperidarum Wiil.*
Tricophora ruficauda v.d. W.*
Peleteria robusta Wied.*
Archytas analis Fabr.*
A. aterrima Desv.*
A. hystrix Wied.*
A. lateralis Macq.*
HKchinomyia algens Wied.*
H. decisa Walk.*
EK. hystricosa Will.*
Epalpus bicolor Will.*
EK. signifera Will.*
Bombyliomyia abrupta Wied.*
Dejeania vexatrix O. S.*
Paradejeania rutilioides Jaen.*
Jurinella ambigua Macg.*
Syrphus arcutatus Fall.
S. umbellatarum Schiner *°
Mesograpta marginata Say*
M. polita Says
Rhingia nasica Sajy*
Heliophilus laetus Loew."
Tropidia quadrata Say®
Spilomyia longicornis Loew.’
Curysops callidus O. 9.4
C. plangens Wied.*
Tabanus rhombicus O. S.*
LIST OF CULICIDAE FROM PROF. F. V. THEOBALD, ENGLAND
Myzomyia rossi Giles; India
Pyretophorus costalis Loew; West
Africa
Myzorhynchus barbirostris v. d.
Wulp.; Malay states
M. nigerrimus Giles; India
M. sinensis Wied.; Malay states
Nyssorhynchus fuliginosus Giles;
India
N. jamesii 7'heob.; India
N. maculata J'heob.; India
N. masteri Skuse; Australia
Cellia argyrotarsis Desv.;
Lucia
C. albipes T’heob.; New Amsterdam
South
Janthinosoma lutzii Theob.; Rio de
Janeiro
' J. musica Say; Rio and New Anm-
sterdam
Mucidus alternans Westw.; Aus-
tralia
Eretmapodites quinquevittata.
Theob.; Uganda
Desvoidea obturbans Walk.; India
D. panalectros Giles; India
Stegomyia fasciata Fabr.
S. scutellaris Walk.; Malay states
Scutomyia (Stegomyia) notoscripta
Skuse; Australia and India
Theobaldia annulata Meig.; England
204
T. incidens Thomson ; North America
T. spathipalpis Rondani; Madeira
Culex alboannulatus Macg.; Aus-
tralia
C. annulioris Theob.; Transvaal
C. annulirostris Skuse; Australia
and New Guinea
C. canadensis Theob.; Canada
C. cantans Meig.; Canada
C. concolor Desv.; India
C. confirmatus Arrib.; Rio de
Janeiro
C. cylindricus Theob.; Australia
C. diversus Theob.; Europe
C. fatigans Wied.
C. gelidus Theob.; Malay states
C. luteolateralis Theob.; west and
central Africa
mimeticus Noé; India and Malay
states
. occidentalis Skuse; Australia
a
. ochraceus J'heob.; central Africa -)
. Sylvestris Theob.; Canada
C
C
C. pulcriventer Giles; India
C
C Rio de
taeniorhynechus Wéied.;
Janeiro
C. tigripes Grandpré; Mauritus
C. viridiventer Giles; India
C. vittiger Skuse; Australia
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Melaniconion atratus Yheob.; Ja-
maica
Grabhamia pygmaeus Theob.; West
Indies
G. vittata Theob.; New Mexico
Taeniorhynchus aurifer. Theob.;
Uganda
T. brevicellulus Theob.; Malay
states
T. conopas Frau.; Malay states
T. fasciolatus Arrib.; British Guiana
T. fulvus Wied.; Para
Mansonia annulifera Theob.; India
M. annulipes Walk.; Malay states
M. titillans Walk.; British Guiana
M. uniformis Theob.; Malay states
and Africa
Deinocerites cancer Theob.;
Indies and Uganda
Uranotaenia socialis Theob.; West
Indies
Aedeomyia squammipenna Arrib.;
Malay states
longirostris
West
Phoniomyia Theov.;
Trinidad
Sabethes remipes Wied.; Brazil
Limatus durhamii 7’eob.; para
Trichoprosopon (Joblotia) nivipes
Theob.; Trinidad
Lepidoptera
Anaea andria Scud.®
Ceratomia catalpae Bdv.®
Eubaphe rubicundaria Hibn.
Arachnis picta, Pack.
Apantesis incorrupta Hy. Edw.
Parasemia plantaginis Linn.
Laphygma frugiperda Sm. € Abb.*®
L.
| L. coloradensis Ga. Rob.
Oncochemis ‘augustus Harv.
Heliothis armiger Hibn.®
Autographa brassicae Riley*®
Syneda howlandii Grote?’
Homoptera rubi Hy. Edw.
| Nycteola proteella Dyar
| Hydriomena sp.*
| Triprocris smithsonianus Clem.*
Loxostege sticticalis Linn.*
commixtalis Walk.
Cornifrons simalis Grote’
Crambus teterrellus Zinck.
‘Thaumatopsis repanda Grote’
Hulstea undulatella Clem.
Homoeosoma electellum Hulst.t
Ethmia discostrigella Chambs
Neuroptera
Raphidia oblita Hag.
Chrysopa externa Hag.’
Brachynemurus nigrilabris Hag.t
Platyphylax designata Walk.*
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903
205
Hemiptera
Homaloporus congruus Uhl."
Perillus claudus Say*
Apateticus marginiventris Stal.’
Cosmopepla conspicillaris Dallas’
Carpocoris lynx Fabr.*
Thyanta custator Fabr.
T. rugulosa Say
Archimerus calcarator Fabr.'
- Catorhintha guttula Fabr.'
Ficana apicalis Dallas
Alydus quinquespinosus Say"
A. pluto Uhl.
Darmistus subvittatus Stal.*
Scolopocerus secundarius U/l.*
Nysius minutus Uhl.*
Orsillus scolopax Say’
Ischnodemus falicus Say’ —
Geocoris pallens Stal.*
Heraeus insignis U/l.
Pamera bilobata Say’
Trapezonotus nebulosus F'all.*
Emblethis arenarius Linn.*
Rhyparochromus floralis Uhl.t
Melanocoryphus bicrucis Say*
M. facetus Say'
M. admirabilis Uhl.
Lygaeus reclivatus Say"
Largus cinctus H. Sch.
Dysdereus mimus Say’
D. albidiventris Stal.*
Trigonotylus pulcher Reuwt.’
Callimiris tarsalis Reut.
Resthenia insignis Say*
Lomatopleura caesar Reut.*
Hadronema militaris Uhl.*
Poecilosecytus*
Systratiotus americanus Reut.*
Camptobrochis nebulosus U/l.’
Capsus brachycorus Uhl.*
Pycnoderes 4-maculatus Gwer.’
Labops hesperius U/il.'
Dicyphus californicus Stal.t
Orectoderus’
Anthocoris melanocerus Reut.*
Coriscus kalmii Reut.*
Repipta taurus [abr.*
Apiomerus pictipes H. Sch."
A. ventralis Say'
Uygrotrechus remigis Say"
Limnotrechus marginatus Say*
Hebrus concinnus Uhl.*
Cicada var. cassinii Fish.®
Microvelia*
M. hornii UAl.*
Salda interstitialis Say’
S. pallipes Fabr.
Galgulus oculatus Fabr.*
Anisops platycnemis Fieb.*
Corisa abdominalis Say'
Coccidae
Comst. . on
Stanford Uni-
Parlatoria pergandii
Japanese orange;
versity Cal.
P. fiorinia?; Gifu-Ken, Japan
Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn on apple;
Stanford University Cal.
L. newsteadi tokionis Kwiw.* on Co--
diaeum ; Tokyo, Japan
L. gloverii Pack.? on orange; Kiu-
shiu, Japan
L:. erawii Cklil.’
Ken, Japan
Odonaspis secreta Ckll.2 on bamboo ;
Hikosan, Kiushiu, Japan
Chrysomphalus rossi Mask. on Ar -
aucaria, bidwillii;.. Stan-
ford University Cal.
Angio Saitama-
C. obscurus Comst.? on Quercus
coecinea; Columbus O.
C. kelloggi Kuw.* Chikujo-gun, Kiu-
shiu, Japan
C. aurantii citrinus Cog.* Mazatlan,
Mexico’ ~-
C. aonidum Linn. on fern; Tokyo,
Japan
Pseudaonidia paeoniae Ckll.? on Aos-
kia; Hikosan, Kiushiu, Japan
Aspidiotus rapax Comst.** on laurel;
Stanford University Cal.
A. perniciosus Comst.? on
Stanford University Cal.
A. lataniae Sign? Tokyo, Japan
A. hederae Vall2 on Sequoia
sempervirens; Stanford
University Cal.
peach ;
206
A. glanduliferus Ckil.7 on Pinus
sylvestris; Columbus O.
A. coniferarum shastae Cole? on cy-
press; Lake co. Cal.
A. californicus Cole? on Pinus
ponderosa; Cobb Mt, Lake
co. Cal.
A. aesculi Johns? on buckeye; San
Mateo Cal.
Leucaspis kelloggi Cole? on Abies
concolor; Mt Shasta Cal.
Poliaspis pini Mask? on Abies
firma; Tokyo, Japan
Aulacaspis rosae Bouch@ on wild
rose; Palo Alto Cal.
A. pentagona Targ. on cherry, plum;
Tokyo, Japan
A.crawii Ckll.?
Japan
EKpidiaspis pyricola Del Guer. on
prune; Miliken, Santa Clara co.
Cal.
Diaspis bromeliae Kern.2 on palm;
San José Cal.
on Yumi; Tokyo,
Chionaspis spartinae Comst.2 on
S Partiine stra ies Palo
Alto Cal.
C. salicis-nigrae Walsh’ on Salix
cordata; Columbus O.
C. quercus Comst2 on Quercus
chrysolepis; Stevens creek,
Mountain View Cal.
C. pinifoliae Fitch? on Torreya
californica; Stevens creek,
Mountain View Cal.
C. ortholobis Comst.2 on dogwood;
Mountain View Cal.
C. gleditsiae Sand. on Gleditsia
tricanthos; Columbus O.
C. americana Johns.” on Ulmus
americana; Columbus O.
Aclerda tokionis Ckll2; Tokyo,
Japan
A. californica Hhrh2on bunch grass;
Mountain View Cal.
Physokermes insignicola Craiw.* on
Pinus radiata; San Mateo
Cal.
Saissetia oleae Bern.?,? on vine; San
Mateo Cal.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
*
EKulecanium quercitronis kermoides
Tyr’ on Quercus agrifolia;
Mountain View Cal.
EK. armeniacum Craw. on prune;
Stanford University Cal.
E. adenostomae Kuw2 on Aden-
ostoma fasciculatum ;
Black Mt Cal.
Coccus hesperidium Linn.?,* on rose;
Arcada Cal.
Hucalymnatus tessellatus Sign.2 on
fern; San Francisco Cal.
Ceroplastes ceriferus And.? on tea
Pulvinaria rhois Hhrh2 on R hus
diversiloba; near Mountain
' View Cal.
P. aurantii Ckll2 on tea; Kokura,
Kiushiu, Japan ;
Pseudococcus pseudonipae C&ll.2 on
palm; San Francisco Cal.
Phenacoecus dubia? on Diospy-
ros kaki; Kusatsu, Shiga-
Ken, Japan
Dactylopius dudleyi Cole2 on Cu-
pressus macnabiona;
Shasta Cal.
D. sp. Cog. on cypress; Del Monte
Cal.
Eriococcus graminis Mask2 on bam-
boo; Gifu-Ken, Japan.
EK. artemisiae Kuw.* on Arteme-
Sia> californiea. Santa
Clara county Cal.
EK. araucariae Mask? on Arauca-
ria excelsa; Berkley Cal.
E. adenostomae Hhrh.2 on Adnos-
toma faseiculatum; Black
Mt Cal.
Gossyparia spuria Modeer on elm;
Stanford University Cal.
Cerococcus quercus Comst.? on oak;
Mountain View Cal.
C.ehrhorni “Ctl: *
Mountain View Cal.
Lecaniodiaspis quercus Ckll2 on odk
Asterolecanium quercicola Bouché
on Quercus lobata, Stan-
ford University Cal.
Icerya purchasi Mask.2 on Scotch
broom; Stanford University Cal.
on live oak;
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 207 ~
Orthoptera
Hypochlora alba Dodge’ M. flavidus Scud."
Campylacantha olivacae Scud.* M. flabellatus Scud.*
Hesperottetix viridis T'hos.* M. packardii Scud.*
H. pratensis Scud. M. minor Scud."
H. speciosus Scud.* M. luridus Dodge’
Aeoloplus regalis Dodge* M. bivittatus Say’
Phoetaliotes nebrascensis (nebras-
eensis) Thom."
P. nebrascensis (volucris) Dodge’
Schistocerca americana Drury®
Podisma dodgei J'hos.*
Melanoplus lakinus Scud.*
M. differentialis Thos.
M. flabellifer Scud.t
M: bowditchi Scud.*
Plecoptera
Perla ephyre Newm.* P. xanthenes Say*
P. lurida Hag.*
EXCHANGE LIST
The following is a partial list of the species of insects in the
New York State Museum which are available for exchange pur-
poses. In return we are specially desirous, as above stated, of
securing specimens of economic importance in different sections
of this country and of foreign countries, and particularly of forms
likely to become destructive if established in this State.
Hymenoptera
Bombus fervidus F'abr.
B. ternarius Say
B. terricola Kirby
B. vagans Smith
Xylocopa virginica Drury
Megachile latimanus Say
Andrena vicina Smith
Vespa arenaria Fabr.
V. consobrinus Sauss.
V. diabolica Sauss.
V. maculata L.
Polistes pallipes St Farg.
Odynerus capra Sauss.
Philanthus solivagus Say
Monedula ventralis Say
Bembex fasciata Fabr.
Chalybion caeruleum Linn.
Pelopoeus cementarius Drury
Ammophila communis Cress.
Aporus biguttatus Fabr.
A. marginatus Say
Pelecinus polyturator Drury
Apanteles congregatus Say
Lampronota americana Cress.
Pimpla conquisitor Say
P. inquisitor Say
Theronia fulvescens Cress.
Ephialtes irritator abr.
Thalessa lunator Fadr. .
Paniscus geminatus Say
Anomalon exile Prov.
Ichneumon centrator Say
. cincticornis Cress.
. confirmatus Cress.
. Sseelestus Cress.
. unifasciatorius Say
. laetus Brullé
Tremex columba Linn.
Allantus basillaris Say
Dolerus arvensis Say
D. sericeus Say
Lygaeonematus erichsonii Hartig
Trichiocampus viminalis Fallen
Cimbex americana Leach
= = = =
208 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Cratoparis lunatus F'abr.
Tomicus calligraphus Germ.
T. cacographus Lec.
T. pini Say
_ TT. balsameus Lec.
Xyleborus celsus Hich.
X. dispar Fabr.
Cossonus platalea Say
Calandra granaria Linn.
Balaninus nasicus Say
Mononychus vulpeculus F'abr.
Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn.
Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst.
-Gymnetron teter Fabr.
Tachypterus quadrigibbus Say
Magdalis armicollis Say
M. barbita Say
M. perforata Horn
Lixus concavus Say
Hylobius pales Hbst.
Pissodes strobi Peck
Phytonomus nigrirostris Fabr.
P. punctatus Fabr.
Cypbomimus dorsalis Horn
Pandeletejus hilaris Hbst.
Otiorhynchus ovatus Linn.
Rhynchites bicolor Fabr.
Epicauta vittata Fabr.
EK. cinerea Forst.
I. pennsylvanica DeG.
Macrobasis unicolor Kirby
Henous confertus Say
Meloe angusticollis, Say
Notoxus anchora Hentz.
N. bifasciatus Lec.
Mordella marginata Melsh.
Anaspis flavipennis Hald.
Nacerdes melanura Linn.
Pytho americanus Kirby
Melandrya striata Say
Cistela sericea Say
Boletotherus bifurcus Fabr.
Hoplocephala bicornis Oliv.
Diaperis hydni Fadr.
Paratenetus punctatus Sol.
Tribolium ferrugineum Fabr.
Tenebrio tenebriodides Beauv.
T. molitor Linn.
Xylopinus saperdioides Oliv.
Coleoptera
Scotobates calearatus Fabr.
Merinus laevis Oliv.
Iphthimus opacus Lec.
Nyctobates pennsylvanica DeG.
Eleodes tricostata Say
Bruchus obtectus Say
Chelymorpha argus Licht.
Coptocycla aurichalecea Fabr.
Odontota rubra Web.
Microrhopala vittata Fabr.
Dibolia borealis Chev.
Phyllotreta sinuata Steph.
Systena hudsonias fForst.
S. frontalis Fabr.
S. bitaeniata Lec.
Crepidodera rufipes Linn.
C. helxines Linn.
C. cucumeris Harr.
Haltica bimarginata Say
Disonycha alternata Ill.
D. pennsylvaniea Jl.
D. collaris Fabr. »
Galerucella decora Say
G. luteola Mill.
Trirhabda canadensis Kirby
Diabrotica 12-punctata Oliv.
D. vittata Fabr.
Cerotoma caminea F'abr.
Lina scripta Fabr.
Gastroidea polygoni Linn.
Chrysomela similis Rog.
C. elegans Oliv.
C. bigsbyana Kirby
Doryphora clivicollis Kirby
D. 10-lineata Say
Prasocuris varipes Lec.
Nodonota brunnea Fabr.
N. tristis Oliv.
Graphops pubescens Melsh.
Metachroma marginalis Cr.
Typophorus aterrima Oliv.
Chrysochus auratus Fabr.
Glyptoscelis pubescens F'abr.
Fidia viticida Walsh
Xanthonia 10-notata Say
Monachus saponatus Fabr.
Chlamys plicata Fabr.
Babia 4-guttata Oliv.
Crioceris asparagi Linn.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 209
C. 12-punctata Linn.
Lema trilineata Oliv.
Syneta ferruginea Germ.
Orsodachna atra Ahr.
Donacia cincticornis Newm.
D. rufa Say
Tetraopes tetraophthalmus Forst.
Saperda tridentata Oliv.
Liopus alpha Say
Monohammus maculosus Hald.
M. scutellatus Say
M. confusor Kirby
Leptura lineola Say
L. exigua Newm.
L. cordifera Oliv.
L. canadensis Fabr.
L. rubrica Say
L. vagans Oliv.
L. proxima Say
L. vittata Germ.
Typocerus velutinus Oliv.
Strangalia acuminata Oliv.
Rhagium lineatum Oliv.
Desmocerus palliatus Forst.
Huderces picipes F'abr.
Clytanthus ruricola Oliv.
Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr.
Xylotrechus colonus fabr.
Cyllene robiniae forst.
Molorchus bimaculatus Say
Elaphidion villosum F'abr.
Callidium antennatum Newm.
Prionus laticollis Drury
Orthosoma brunneum Forst.
Parandra brunnea F'abr.
Trichius affinis Gory
Osmoderma scabra Beauv.
O. eremicola Knoch.
HWuphoria inda Linn.
Chalepus trachypygus Burm.
Pelidnota punctata Linn,
Strigoderma arboricola Fabr.
Anomala lucicola Fabr.
Lachnosterna fusca Froh-
L. tristis Fabr.
Macrodactylus subspinosus abr.
Serica trociformis Burm.
Dichelonycha elongata Fabr.
D. albicollis Burm.
Hoplia modesta Hald.
Geotrupes splendidus Fabr.
Bolboceras farctus Fabr.
Aphodius fossor Linn.
A. fimetarius Linn.
A. granarius Linn.
A. inquinatus Hbst. .
Onthophagus pennsylvanicus Harold
O. hecate Pane.
Phanaeus carnifex Linn.
Copris anaglypticus Say
Canthon laevis Drury
Passalus cornutus F'abr.
Ceruchus piceus Web.
Doreus parallelus Say
Ennearthron thoracicornis Zeigl.
Lyctus opaculus Lec.
Sitodrepa panicea Lim.
Ptinus quadrimaculatus Melsh.
Clerus quadriguttatus Oliv.
C. nigriventris Lec.
©. analis Lec.
Trichodes nuttali Kirby
Telephorus carolinus Fabr.
T. seitulus Say
T. rotundicollis Say
T. bilineatus Say
Podabrus rugulosus Lec.
Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus DeG.
C. marginatus Fabr.
Photuris pennsylvanicus DeG.
Photinus scintillans Say
Pyropyga nigricans Say
Ellychnia corrusea Linn.
Lucidota atra Fabr.
Calopteron reticulatum F'abr.
Brachys ovata Web.
Agrilus anxius Gory
A. ruficollis Fabr.
Acmeodera pulcheila Hbst.
Chrysobothris femorata F'abr.
C. floricola Gory
C. dentipes Germ.
C. scabripennis Lap. & Gory
C. pusilla Lap. & Gory.
Buprestis maculiventris Say
Dicerea divaricata Say
Chaleophora virginiensis Drury
Asaphes decoloratus Say
Oxygonus obesus Say
Corymbites inflatus Say
210 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
C. cylindriformis Hbst.
Limonius confusus Lec.
Melanotus communis Gyil.
Dolopius lateralis Esch.
Elater nigricollis Host.
E. obliquus Say
Cryptohypnus planatus Lec.
Alaus oculatus Linn.
Tharops ruficornis Say
Tenebrioides corticalis Melsh.
Ips quadriguttatus Faobr.
Omosita colon Linn.
Nitidula bipustulata Linn.
Conotelus obscurus Hr.
Colastus truncatus Rand.
Hister parallelus Say
Anthrenus scrophulariae Linn.
A. verbasci Linn.
Attagenus piceus Oliv.
Dermestes lardarius Linn.
Byturus unicolor Say
Triphyllus humeralis -Kirby
Mycetophagus punctatus Say
M. flexuosus Say
Silvanus surinamensis Linn.
Tritona thoracica Say
~ 'T. humeralis Fabr.
Lycoperdina ferruginea Lec.
Epilachna borealis Fabr.
Brachyacantha ursina Fabr.
Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls.
Psyllobora 20-maculata Say
Anatis ocellata Linn.
Adalia bipunctata Linn.
Coccinella trifasciata Linn.
C. 9-notata Hbst.
C. transversalis Muls.
C. sanguinea Linz.
Hippodamia 13-punctata Linn.
H. parenthesis Say
Megilla maculata DeG.
Tachinus fimbriatus Grav.
Stenus flavicornis Hr.
Paederus littorarius Grav.
Philonthus aeneus Rossi
Staphylinus cinnamopterus Grav.
S. maculosus Grav.
Creophilus villosus Grav.
Listotrophus cingulatus Grav.
Silpha surinamensis Faor.
. lapponica Hbst.
. inaequalis Fabr.
. hoveboracensis Forst.
. americana Linn.
Necrophorus marginatus Fabr.
N. pustulatus Hersch
N. tomentosus Web. j
Sphaeridium scarabaeoides Linn.
Hydrobius fuscipes Linn.
H. globosus Say
Hydrocharis obtusatus Say
Hydrophilus triangularis Say
H. glaber Abst.
Dineutes assimilis Awbe
Gyrinus ventralis Kirby
G. picipes Aube
Acilius semisulcatus Aube
Dytiscus fasciventris Say
Colymbetes sculptilis Harr.
Agabus punctulatus Awbe
MMR R M
‘Tlybius biguttatus Germ.
Deronectes griseostriatus DeG.
Laccophilus maculosus Germ.
Cnemidotus 12-punctatus Say
Anisodactylus rusticus Say
A. discoideus Dej.
A. interstitialis Say
Bradycellus rupestris Say
Harpalus erraticus Say
H. viridiaeneus Beauv.
H. caliginosus Fabr.
H. pennsylvanicus DeG.
H. herbivagus Say
Agonoderus pallipes F'abr.
Chlaenius sericeus For'st.
C. tricolor Dej.
C. pennsylvanicus Say
C. tomentosus Say
Lebia grandis Hentz
L. viridis Say
Galerita janus Fabr.
Calathus gregarius Say
Dicaelus elongatus Bon.
Amara impuncticollis Say
Pterostichus stygicus Say
P. lucublandus Say
P. corvinus De}.
P. patruelis Dej.
P. femoralis Kirby
Tachys nanus Gyll.
REPORT OF THE STATH ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 211
Bembidium quadrimaculatum Linn. |. Cicindela lecontei Hald.
Scarites subterraneus F'abr. C. sexguttata I’abr.
Pasimachus elongatus Lec. C. generosa Dej.
Nebria sahlbergi Fisch. C. vulgaris Say
HPlaphrus ruscarius Say C. repanda De).
Calosoma calidum Fabr. C. purpurea Oliv.
Carabus vinctus Web. .C. 12-guttata Dej.
Omophron americanum Dej. C. punctulata Fabr.
Diptera
Physocephala furcillata Will. BH. tenax Linn.
Drosophila ampelophila Loew. HK. transversus Wied.
Chloropisca variceps Loew. Rhingia nasica Say
Piophila casei Linn. Sphaerophoria cylindrica Say
Lauxania flaviceps Loew. Mesograpta marginata Say
Trypeta longipennis Wied. Syrphus lesueurii Macq.
Rhagoletis cingulata Loew. S. ribesii Linn.
Phorbia fusciceps Rondani S. americanus Wied.
Pollenia rudis Faobr. Platycherus quadratus Say
Belvoisia unifasciata Desv. Tabanus atrata Fabr.
Ocyptera carolinae Desv. T. reinwardtii Wied.
Tachina mella Walk. T. lineola Fabr.
EKehinomyia algens Wied. Therioplectes microcephalus O. SN.
Gonia capitata DeG. Chrysops vittatus Wied.
Arehytas analis Fabr. C. excitans Walk.
Spilomyia fusca Loew. C. niger Macq.
Syritta pipiens Linn. Pangonia tranquilla O. S.
Helophilus similis Macq. Bibio albipennis Linn.
Eristalis dimidiatus Wied.
Lepidoptera
Papilio glaucus turnus Linn. Ctenucha virginica Charp.
Pontia rapae Linn. EKubaphe aurantiaca Hub.
Hurymus philodice Godt. Haploa confusa Lyman
Argynnis aphrodite Fabr. Hstigmene acraea Dru.
‘A. atlantis Hdw. . Isia isabella Sm. & AbD.
Brenthis myrina Cram.., ; Diacrisia virginica Fabr.
B. bellona Fabr. Apantesis virgo Linn.
Phyciodes tharos Dru. A. parthenice Stretch.
Eugonia j-album Boisd. Halisidota tessellaris Sm. & Abb.
Buvanessa antiopa Linn. H. caryae Harr.
Vanessa atalanta Linn. Alypia octomaculata Fabr.
Basilarehia arthemis Dru. Hadena passer Gwen.
B. archippus Cram. H. dubitans Walk.
Anosia plexippus Linn. H. devastatrix Brace.
Feniseca tarquinius F'abr. H. arctica Boisd.
Heodes hypophleas Boisd. Pyrophila pyramidoides Gwen.
Samia cecropia Linn. Adelphagrotis prasina Fabr.
Callosamia promethia Dru. Peridroma margaritosa Harr.
Lycomorpha pholus Dru. Noctua smithii Snell.
212
N. bicarnea Guen.
N. cnigrum Linn.
N. clandestina Harr.
Feltia subgothica Have.
F. jaculifera Guen.
Paragrotis redimicula Morr.
Mamestra purpurissata Grote
M. meditata Grote
M. renigera Steph.
M. olivacea Morr.
Nephelodes minians Gwen.
Heliophila unipuncta Hav.
H. luteopallens Smith
Tricholita signata Streck.
Gortyna nictitans Bork.
Orthosia helva Grote
Plusia aerea Hiibn.
P. aeroides Grote
Leptocerus resurgens Walk.
Hydropsyche scalaris Hag.
Halesus guttifer Walk.
Panorpa rufescens Rambur
P. maculosa Hag.
Polystoechotes punctatus Fabdr.
Canthophorus cinctus Beauv.
Podisus maculiventris Say
P. placidus Uhler
Brochymena 4pustulata Fabr.
Cosmopepla carnifex Fabdr.
Euschistus servus Say
E. tristigmus Say
E. fissilis Uhler
E. yvariolarius P. B.
Coenus delius Say
Pentatoma juniperana Linn.
Murgantia histrionica Hahn.
Nezara hilaris Say
Anasa tristis DeG.
Alydus eurinus Say
Leptocoris trivittatus Say
Blissus leucopterus Say
Za: NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Autographa bimaculata Steph.
A. precationis Guen.
A. brassicae Riley
| A. rectangula Kirby
A. u-aureum Gwen.
A. falcigera Kirby
_ | Eustrotia carneola Guen.
| Notolophus badia Hy. Edw.
Sm.
Eudule mendica Walk.
Cingilia catenaria Dru.
Sabulodes transversata Dru.
Sesia tipuliformis Clerck.
Desmia funeralis Hibn.
Evergestis straminalis Hibn.
Tholeria reversalis Guen.
Trichoptera
Goniotaulius dispectus Walk.
| Neuronia postica Walk.
Mecoptera
| Bittacus strigosus Hag.
Neuroptera
| Corydalis cornuta Linn.
ao
Hemiptera
Lygaeus turcicus Fabr.
Leptopterna dolobrata Linn.
Calocoris rapidus Say
Lygus pratensis Linn.
Poecilocapsus lineatus Fabr.
Capsus ater Linn.
Piesma cinerea Say
Corythuca arcuata Say
Phymata wolffii Her. Sch.
Nabis rufusculus Reut.
Acholla multispinosa DeG.
Limnotrechus marginatus Say
Belostoma americana Leid.
Notonecta undulata Say
Cicada tibicen Linn.
C. septendecim Linn.
Pvublilia coneava Say
Hemerocampa leucostigma ADb.
REPORT OF THE STATE BNTOMOLOGIST 1903 913
P. bicinctus Godg. A. quadrangularis Say
Ceresa bubalus Fabr. a Clastoptera proteus Fitch
C. diceros Say Diedrocephala mollipes Say
Stictocephala inermis F'abr. D. coccinea Forst.
Smilia camelus Fabr. D. noveboracensis Fitch
Telamona ampeloposidis Harr. Helochara communis Fitch
Enchenopa binotata Say Thamnotettix clitellarius Say
Ormenis pruinosus Say Hmpoasca rosae H arr.
Aphrophora saratogensis Fitch Trioza tripunctata Fitch
Coccidae
Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn. Chionaspis furfura Fitch
Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. C. euonymi Comst.
A. ostreaeformis Curt. C. americana Johns.
A. ancylus Putn. Hulecanium nigrofasciatum Perg.
A. abietis Schr. Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv.
Aulacaspis rosae Bouché Gossyparia spuria Modeer
Diaspis boisduvalii Sign. Kermes galliformis Riley
CONTRIBUTIONS TO COLLECTION OCT. 16, 1902-OCT. 15,
1903
Hymenoptera
Bombus vagans Smith, adult, July 24, C. R. Pettis, Saranac Inn N.Y.
Melissodes sphaeralceae Ckll., adult, Sep. 10, T. D. A. Cockerell,
Pecos N.M. ;
Megachile cleomi? CkIll., adult, Sep. 10, T. D. A. Cockerell, Pecos
N.M.
M. sapelloni ? CkIL, adult, Sep. 10, T. D.°A. Cockerell, Pecos N.M.
M. monardarum CkIll., adult, Sep. 10, T. D. A. Cockerell, Pecos N.M.
Perdita, stotterd) Cll, adult. Sep. 10, T.:D. A. .Cockerell, Pecos
N.M.
Camponotus hereulaneus Linn., adult, May 21, F. R. Calkins,
Ossining N.Y.
C. var. pennsylvanicus DeG. large black ant, work on balsam,
Oct. 31, Jonas H. Brooks, Albany N.Y.
Pteromalus puparum Linn., adult, from Huvanessa anti-
opa Linn., Feb. 8, J. H. Cook, Albany N.Y.
Biorhiza forticornis Walsh, oak fig gall on oak, Aug. 24, C. H.
Peck, Albany N.Y.
Urocerus tricolor Proy., adult, July 18, James Roy & Co., Troy
SING Mes
Dolerus arvensis Say, adult, Ap. 30, F. R. Calkins, Ossining N.Y.
_Emphy tus'cineti pes Nort., July 11, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y.
Coleoptera
Phytonomus nigrirostris Fabr., adult, on clover, Mar. 25, F. R.
Calkins, Ossining N.Y.
Mycetochares binotata Say, adult, July 11, C. J. Locke, Ogdens-
burg N.Y.
914 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Spermophagus robinae Sch. adult, June 6, Reinlein Gasoline
Torch Co., Mt Vernon IIl.
Chelymorpha argus Licht, argus beetle, adult, June 6, C. J.
Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y.
Coptocyela bicolor Fabr., golden tortoise beetle, adult on peach
leaves, May 30, Emma 8. Thomas, Schoharie N.Y. Same, adult, June 6,
C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y.
Galerucella luteola Miill, elm leaf beetle, adult on elm, May 25,
F. R. Calkins, Ossining N.Y. Same, eggs and larvae on elm, July 13,
F. R. Calkins, Ossining N.Y.
Diabrotica vittata Fabr., adult on squash, May 25, F. R. Calkins,
Ossining N.Y.
Chrysomela bigsbyana Kirby, adult, June 25, C. J. Locke, Og-
densburg N.Y. a
Doryphora clivicollis Kirby, adult, July 11, C. J. Locke, Ogdens-
burg N.Y.
Chrysochus auratus Fabr., golden gilt beetle, adults on dogbane,
July 16, J. Jay Barden, Dansville N.Y. Same, adult, July 24, C. BR. Pettis,
Saranac Inn N.Y. ; '
Diabrotica vittata Fabr., striped cucumber beetle, adult, June
25, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y.
Crioceris 12-punctata Linn., 12-spotted asparagus beetle, adult,
June 3, C. H. Peck, Menands N.Y. /
C. asparagi Linn., asparagus beetle, adult on asparagus, May 25,
C. L. Williams, Glens Falls N.Y. Same, adult on asparagus Sep. 3, W. F.
Greene, Mi Vernon N.Y.
Tetraopes tetraophthalmus Forst., adult, July 11, C. J. Locke,
Ogdensburg N.Y.
Oberea bimaculata Oliv., raspberry cane girdler work on rasp-
berry canes, June 24, John U. Metz, Swormyille N.Y.
Centrodera decolorata Harr., adult on butternut, Jan. 5, G. S.
Graves, Newport N.Y.
Desmocerus palliatus Forst., adult, June 25, C. J. Locke, Ogdens-
burg N.Y.
Cyllene robiniae Forst., locust borer, Oct. 18, W. C. Hitchcock,
Pittstown N.Y. Same, larvae on locust, June 16, M. T. Richardson, Brook-
lyn N.Y.
Prionus laticollis Drury, broad-necked Prionus, adult, July 20,
Miss M. J. Tyers, Dobbs Ferry N.Y.
Ligyrus gibbosus DeG. adult, June 6, Reinlein Gasoline Torch
Co., Mt Vernon II.
Pelidnota punctata Linn. spotted grapevine beetle, Oct. 18,
W. C. Hitchcock, Pittstown N.Y.
Lachnosterna fusca Frohl., larva, June 25, C. J. Lecke, Ogdens-
burg N.Y. x
Diplotaxis liberta Germ., adults on peach, Sep. 24, J. R. Crandall,
Hauppauge N.Y. : :
Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabr., rose beetle, adult on fruit
trees, June 16, H. A. Jordan, Coxsackie N_Y.
Dichelonycha elongata Fabr., adult, June 6, C. J. Locke, Ogdens-
burg N.Y.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 215
Lyectus parallelopipedus Melsh., adults in ash, July 10, Joseph
P. McHugh & Co., New York.
Collops vittatus Say, adult, July 24, C. R. Pettis, Saranac Inn N.Y.
Telephorus carolinus Fabr., adult, June 25, C. J. Locke, Ogdens-
burg N.Y.
Podabrus rugulosusS Lee, adult, June 25, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg
N.Y. Same, adult, July 11, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y. .
Lampyrid, larva, June 12, George S. Graves, Newport N.Y.
Chalecophora virginiensis Drury, adults, Oct. 18; W. C. Hitch-
cock, Pittstown N.Y. |
Melanotus communis Gyll., adult, July 11, C. J. Locke, Ogdens-
burg .N.Y.
Dolopius lateralis Esch., adult, July 11, ©. J. Locke, Ogdensburg
NY.
Alaus oeculatus Linn., owl beetle, adult, July 9, C. L. Daggett,
Albany N.Y. Same, adults, July 27, Fred G. Carnes, W. Chazy N.Y.
Anthrenus verbasci Linn, adult, May 25, F. R. Calkins, Ossining
N.Y.
Chilocorus bi vulnerus Muls., twice-stabbed ladybeetle, adult
(feeding on San José scale) June 13, Mr Hotchkin, Binghamton N.Y.
Adalia bipunctata Linn., two-spotted lady beetle, adult, July 31,
George S. Graves, Newport N.Y. Same on Norway maple, June 12, M. F.
Tiger, Patchogue N.Y. Same, larvae on rose, June 3, Mrs A. G. Dana, Far
Rockaway N.Y.
Coccinella transversalis Muls. adult, July 24, C. R. Pettis,
Saranac Inn N.Y.
C. 9notata Herbst, adult, July 24, C. R. Pettis, Saranac Inn N.Y.
Hydrophilus triangularis Say, adult, June 16, Frances Mc-
Carty, Albany N.Y.
Harpalus erraticus Say, adult, July 24, C. R. Pettis, Saranac
Pon. N.Y. ‘ 3
Agonoderus pallipes Fabr., adult., May 21, F. R. Calkins, Ossin-
ing N.Y.
Pterostichus lucublandus Say, adult, July 24, C. BR. Pettis,
Saranac Inn N.Y.
Cicindela punctulata Fabr., adult, July 6, Richard Lohrmann,
Herkimer N.Y.
C. repanda Dej., adult, June 25, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y.
Cc. vulgaris Say, adult, July 24, C. R. Pettis, Saranac Inn N.Y.
C. generosa Dej., adult, July 6, Richard Lohrmann, Herkimer N.Y.
C. 6-guttata Fabr., adult, June 25, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y.
Siphonaptera
Ceratopsyllus Serraticeps, cat fiea, adult, infesting house,
Sep. 14, Otis Arnold, Albany N.Y.
Diptera
Mosquito, larvae and adults, July 11, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y.
Psorophora ciliata Fabr., adult, Aug. 6, H. C. Weeks, Sheeps-
head Bay, Brooklyn N.Y.
Chironomids, adult, Ap. 30, F. R. Calkins, Ossining N.Y.
216 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Lasioptera vitis?0O.S., June 4, Francesco Landini, New York.
Theriopletes affinis adult, July 24, C. R. Pettis, Saranac Inn
NgYi
Tabanus atratus Fabr., mourning horsefly, adult, July 7, Abraham
Knechtel, Albany N.Y.
Syrphus ribesii Linn.,, adult, Ap. 30, F. R. Calkins, Ossining N.Y.
Stratiomyid, adult, May 25, C. L. Williams, Glens Falls N.Y.
Tachinid sp., puparium infesting stalk borer, July 15, C. L. Williams,
Glens Falls N.Y.
Pollenia rudis Fabr., cluster fly, adults in house, Sep. 1, K. B.
Christman, Burtonville N.Y. ;
Phorbia brassicae Bouché, cabbage root maggot, larvae in tur-
nips, Noy. 18, J. J. Cormot, Phoenix R.I.
P. ceparum Meigen, onion maggot, grubs on onions, June 19, Mr
VanDerzee, Kenwood N.Y. Same, Mar. 25, F. R. Calkins, Ossining N.Y.
Trypeta longipennis Weid., adult, on Helianthus, July 31,
George S. Graves, Newport N.Y.
Lepidoptera
Papilio polyxenes Fabr., adult, Feb. 11, R. K. Colville, Kenwood
N.Y. Same, larva, June 16, Mrs Humphrey, Watervliet N.Y.
Pieris oleracea Harr., cabbage butterfly, adult, July 14, Carl
Heiser, Malone N.Y.
Basilarechia arthemis Dr. banded purple, adult, June 17,
Mrs A. M. A. Jackson, Camillus N.Y.
Sphecodina abbotii Swains, Oct. 18, W. C. Hitchcock, Pitts-
town N.Y.
Samia cecropia Linn., cecropia moth, adult eggs, June 12,
A. Saunders, Ridge road, Irondequoit N.Y.
Telea polyphemus Cramer, egg and cocoon, June 6, C. J. Locke,
Ogdensburg N.Y.
Ctenucha virginica Charp., adult, June 25, C. J. Locke, Ogdens-
burg N.Y.
Estigmene acraea Dr. salt marsh caterpillar, adult, June 9,
George 8. Graves, Newport N.Y.
Alypia octomaculata Fabr., 8-spotted forester, larvae on
virginia creeper, July 26, Percy MacG. Allen, Albany N.Y.
Noctua clandestina Harr., adult, June 25, C. J. Locke, Ogdens-
burg N.Y.
Feltia subgothica ? Haworth, larva on cabbage, June 25, C. Jd.
Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y.
Mamestra picta Harr., zebra caterpillar, larva on strawberry,
_ June 9, C. L. Williams, Glens Falls N.Y.
Heliophila pseudargyria Guenée, adults, May 21) E.R
Calkins, Ossining N.Y.
Xylina laticinerea/? Grote, larva on peach, May 28, Henry G.
Parsons, Milton N.Y.
Heliothis Armiger MHibn., corn worm, larva on corn, Aug. 25,
Dr M. W. VanDenburg, Mt Vernon N.Y. ;
Heterocampa bilineata Pack. larvae pn beech, July 12a
Mairs, Irvington N.Y.
e
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 217
Notolophus antiqua Linn., larva, June 25, C. J. Locke, Ogdens-
burg N.Y.
Tolype velleda? Stoll, lappet moth, larva on apple, June 13, Mr
Hotchkin, Binghamton N.Y. :
Hydria undulata Linn., on cherry, Aug. 15, C. R. Pettis, Saranac
Inn N.Y.
Prionoxystus ? robiniae Peck, larvae on_ beech. Jan. 5,
George S. Graves, Newport N.Y.
S23 bi mMoidea.exitiesa-Say, Oct. 18, W. C. Api cheack; Pittstown
IN¥e
Sesia acerni Clem., maple seslan, larva on maple, Sep. 18 W. C. H.,
Hartley Hall Pa.
Hvergestis straminalis Hibn., black headed cabbage worm,
larvae on turnip, july 22, George S. Graves, Newport N.Y.
Hypsopygia costalis Habe:, clover hay worm, larvae, Mar. 16,
J. Mace Smith, Ithaca N.Y.
Archips rosaceana Harr., adult, June 6, Reinlein Gasoline Torch
Co., Mt Vernon N.Y. Same, July 11, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y. Same,
larva on rose, June 25, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y.
Gelechia aceriella Clem, larva on maple, Aug. 27, George S.
Graves, Newport N.Y.
Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem., apple leaf Bucculatrix, co-
coons on apple, Nov. 17, L. L. Woodford, Berwyn N.Y.
Tineola biselliella Hummel, clothes moth, larva in a mattress,
June 25, Mrs P. N. Nicholas, Geneva N.Y.
Neurontera
Psocus venosus' Burm., on maple, Aug. 12, George S. Graves,
Newport N.Y.
Sialis infumata Newm., alder fly, June 6, C. J. Locke, Ogdens-
burg N.Y.
Trichoptera
Mystacides nigra Linn., July 11, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y.
Plecoptera
Laentopteryx fasciata Burm., Mar. 25, F, R. Calkins, Se age
N.Y.
Pteronarcys regalis Newm., adult, June 6, C. J. Eons: Ogdens-
burg N.Y.
Hemiptera
Canthophorus cinctus Beauv., adult, July 24, C. R. Pettis, Sara-
nac Inn N.Y.
?Nezara hilaris DeG., nymphs killing asparagus beetle grubs,
Sep. 3, W. F. Greene, Mt Vernon N.Y.
Leptopterna dolobrata Linn., on wheat, June 15, J. Jay
Barden, Stanley N.Y. Same, adult, June 25, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y.
Same, July 11, C. J. Locke,-Ogdensburg N.Y.
Calocoris rapidus Say, adult, June 25, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg
N.Y.
218 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Poecilocapsus lineatus Fabr., July 11, ©. J. Locke, Ogdens-
burg N.Y.
Capsus ater Linn. adult, June 25, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y.
Same, July 11, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y. :
Acanthialectularia Linn., bedbug, July 24, C. R. Pettis, Sara-
nac Inn N.Y.
Corythuca marmorata Uhler, adults on chrysanthemum, June
1, Harry Blauvelt, Coeyman N.Y.
Coriscus subcoleopterus Kirby, adult, July 24, C. R. Pettis,
Saranac Inn N.Y. :
Achodlla multispinosa DeG. nymphs on grape, May 25, F. R.
Calkins, Ossining N.Y. .
Cicada tibicen Linn., harvest fly, adult, Aug. 12, George S. Graves,
Newport N.Y. Same, Aug. 24, H. B. Taylor, Albany N.Y.
Ceresa taurina Fitch, tree hopper scars on apple, Ap. 24, Mr
Niles, Chatham N.Y.
Telemona reclivata? Fitch, July 11, C. J. Locke, Ogdensburg
NY
Psylla pyricola Riley, pear psylla, all stages on pear, July 26,
Jacob H. Wagar, Cropseyville N.Y. Same, nymphs on pear, Aug. 17, Miss
M. L. Williams, Sherburne N.Y. Same, pupa on pear, May 25, G. F. White,
Preston Hollow N.Y.
Chermes pinicorticis Fitch, pine bark chermes, eggs on white
pine, May 2, C. R. Pettis, Saranac Inn N.Y
Pemphigus tessellatus Fitch, erat and adult on alder, Aug.
29, C. R. Pettis, Saranac Inn N.Y.
P. popularius Fitch, adult on poplar P. balsamifera, July
24, C. R. Pettis, Saranac Inn N.Y.
Hormaphis hamamelidis Fitch, galls on witch hazel, Aug. 12,
George S. Graves, Newport N.Y.
Schizoneura americana Riley, adults on elm, June 15, C. J.
Locke, Ogdensburg N.Y.
Lachnus viminalis Fonsc., adult, May 25, F. R. Calkins, Ossin-
ing N.Y.
Drepanosiphum acerifolii Thos., adults on Acer sae-
charinum June 26, George 8S. Graves, Newport N.Y.
Aphis gossypii Glover, adults and larvae on tomato, Aug. 6, C. H.
Peck, Menands N.Y.
?Nectarophora tiliae Monell, basswood louse, eggs on basswood,
Noy. 24, L. L. Woodford, Berwyn N.Y.
Nectarophora rudbeckiae Fitch, adults on Rudbeckia
laciniata, June 25, G. G. Atwood, Albany N.Y.
Myzusribis Linn.? on Ribesaureum, July 8, W. H. Harrison,
Lebanon Springs N.Y.
M. cerasi Fabr., on cherry, May 25, F. R. Calkins, Ossining N.Y.
Same, larvae and adult on Prunus pe nnsylvanica, July 24, C. R.
Pettis, Saranac Inn N.Y.
Rhopalosiphum solani Thos., tomato louse, all stages, on-
tomato, June 9, J. M. Deiph, Port Jervis N.Y.
Callipterus betulaecolens Fitch, birch leaf aphis on cut
leaved birch, Aug. 8, E, P. VanNess, East Greenbush N.Y
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 219
Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn. appletree bark louse, eggs on lilac,
Mar. 17, T. L. M., Staten Island N.Y. Same, adults on willow, May 2, M. T.
Richardson, New York.
Chrysomphalus tenebricosus Comst., gloomy scale insect,
on maple, Dec. 29, G. W. Herrick, Vicksburg Miss.
Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., San José scale, adults and
young on apple, Nov. 3, Edward V. Cox, New York city. Same, adults and —
young on peach and plum, Dee. 29, G. W. Herrick, Ellisville Miss. Same,
adults on Japanese quince, Feb. 23, Albany N.Y. Same, young adults on
Japanese quince, May 7, M. T. Richardson, New York. Same, adults on
apple, May 16, A. N. Cloud, Coxsackie N.Y. Same, adults on pear, June 9,
George M. Adams, Spencerport N.Y.
A. forbesi Johns., cherry scale insect, adults on cherry, Dec. 29, Glenn
W. Herrick, Meridian Miss.
A. anecylus Putn., Putnam’s scale, young on apple (fruit) Nov. 10,
C. H. Darrow, Geneva N.Y. Same, adult on white birch, Ap. 7, Prof. C. F.
Hodge, Clark University, Worcester Mass.
Poliaspis) @2rissaec Ck. adults on carissa, Dec. 22, T. D. A.
Cockerell, East Las Vegas N.M.
Pheuacaspis natalensis CkIl., adults on niange, Dee. 12, T. D.
A. Cockerell, Hast Las Vegas N.M. >
Aulacaspis rosae Bouché, rose scale insect, on blackberry, Nov. 24,
L. L. Woodford, Berwyn N.Y.
Chionaspis euonymi Comst., euonymus scale, adults on euony-
mus, Sep. 19, T. W. Baldwin, Nyack N.Y.
C. lintneri Comst., adults on cornus, Ap. 27, H. C. Peck, Rochester
ba pe
Hulecanium tulipifereae Cook, tuliptree scale insect, adults
and young on tulip, Aug. 2, Mrs W. H. Whitaker, Flushing N.Y.
EK. prunastri? Fonse., New York plum scale, adults on pear, June
12, E. L. Mitchell, Clarksville N.Y.
E. nigrofasciatum Perg., black banded lecanium on peach, May 1,
G. S. Clarke, Milton N.Y.
BE. armerniacum Craw., adults on crimson rambler rose, May 26,
Myron §. Wheeler, Berlin Mass.
Coccus hesperidum Linn. on begonia, June 6, ©. J. Locke, Og-
densburg N.Y.
Lecanium sp., adult on trumpet vine, June 10, C. E. Eldridge, Leon N.Y.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathy,, maple tree scale insect,
adult on maple, June 20, M. T. Tyers, Dobbs Ferry N.Y.
Halimococecus lampas CkIl, adults on palm, Dec. 22, T. D. A.
Cockerell, Hast Las Ve®as N.M.
Orthoptera
Ceuthophilus maculatus Say, spotted wingless grasshopper,
adult, May 15, C. E. Wieting, Cobleskill N.Y.
Thysanura
Achorutes packardi Folsm., adults on peartree bark Ap. 7,
A. W. K. Lick, Germantown N.Y.
2?0 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Arachnida —
Micrathena sagittata Walck.. adult killing asparagus beetles,
Sep. 3, W. F. Greene, Mt Vernon N.Y.
Ixodes cruciarius Fitch, tick, Ap. 21, C. H. North, Dannemora
N.Y.
Dermacentor americanus, the dog or wood tick, adult on dog,
July 26, E. N. Huyck, Rensselaerville N.Y.
Chernes sanborni Hagen, adult on house fiy, Sep. 7, Dr HH. E.
Smith, Norwich N.Y.
Trombidium muscarum Riley, adults on house fly, Sep. 7, Dr
H. E. Smith, Norwich N.Y.
Phytoptus quadripes Shimer, galls on Acer dasyearpum,
July 3, G. G. Atwood, Albany N.Y.
Bryobia pratensis Garm., clover mite. eggs on peach, Noy. 17,
L. L. Woodford, Berwyn N.Y.
Gamasus sp. adult? May 21, F. R. Calkins, Ossining N.Y
Myriapoda
Scutigera forceps Raf., house centipede, adults in house, Sep. 22,
Chancey Whitmyre, Schenectady N.Y.
The following is a small collection, except a few species which
have not been determined, of insects kindly contributed by Mr
J. R. de la Torre Bueno of New York city, who collected the same
in that vicinity.
Cossonus platalea Say | Mordellistena aspersa Melsh.
Centrinus picumnus Hbst. | M. comata Lec.
C. scutellum-album Say | M. trifasciata Say
Madarus undulatus Say | Mordella marginata Melsh.
Baris transversa Say | Bruchus musculus Say
Copturus minutus Lec. _ Cerotoma caminea Fabdr.
Conotrachelus seniculus Lee. Trichius affinis Gory.
C. nenuphar Hbst. | Ligyrus gibbosus DeG.
Gymnetron teter Fabdr. | Chalepus trachypygus Burm.
Anthonomus. signatus Say | Anomala lucicola Fabr.
Otidocephalus chevrolatii Horn ) Macrodactylus subspinosus Fabr.
Phytonomus nigrirostris Fabr.
P. punctatus Fadr.
Chauliognathus pennsylvanicus DeG.
Photinus con®anguineus Lec.
Apion nigrum Host. | Lucidota atra Fabdr.
Sitones flavesceus Marsh | Calopteron reticulatum Fabr.
S. hispidulus Germ. | Adalia bipunctata Linn.
Aphrastus taeniatus Gyll. | Coccinella 9-notata Hbst.
Otiorhynchus ovatus Linn. | Hippodamia glacialis Fadr.
Phyxelis rigidus Say Silpha surinamensis Fabdr.
Aitelabus nigripes Lec. Harpalus caliginosus F'abr.
Rhynchites bicolor Fabdr. Casnonia pennsylyanica Linn.
Eugnamptus collaris Fabr. | Cicindela punciulata Fabr.
Rhipiphorus limbatus Fabdr.
REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 221
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE 1
Dorsal view of Eniscopilus arcuatus Felt
PLATE 2
Ophionid wings
1 Ophion ferruginipennis Felt
2 Ophion bifoveolatum Brullé
3 Ophion bilineatum Say
4Eniscopilus appendiculatus Felt
5 Ophion abnormum Felt
6 Eremotylus macrurus Linn.
PLATE 8 |
Work of Chrysanthemum lace-bug, Corythuca marmo-
rata Uhler
PLATE 4
Chrysanthemum lace-bug
Corythuca marmorata Ubler
1 Section of leaf showing insertion of eggs below the surface
2 Dorsal spines of stage 1: a, arising from cone-shaped base.
b, directly from the body
® Lateral abdominal spine of stage 1
4 Dorsal view of nymph in stage 2 |
5 Dorsal spines of stage 2: a, arising from cone-shaped base,
b, directly from the body
6 Lateral abdominal spine of stage 2
7 Dorsal spines of stage 3: a, arising from cone-shaped. base,
b, directly from the body |
8 Lateral abdominal spines of stage 3
9 Dorsal view of nymph in stage 4
10 Lateral abdominal spines of stage 4
11 Dorsal spines of stage 4: a, arising from cone-shaped base,
b, directly from the body
12 Lateral abdominal spines of stage 5
13 Antennae in stage 5
Plate 1
Eniscopilus arcuatus
Plate 2
Ophionid wings
Plate 3
Work of chrysanthemum lace bug
#
Plate 4
Chrysanthemum lace bug
INDEX
abnormum, Ophion, 114, 121-22.
acerifolii, Drepanosiphum, 135, 181-
82; 192.
aceris, Chaitophorus, 134, 191.
acerni, Sesia, 200.
Acknowledgments, 96.
Adalia bipunctata, 136.
Adirondacks, relation of forest fires
to insect attack, 168-69.
‘Admiral butterflies, red, 184.
agarici, Phora, 193.
agassizii, Halisidota, 106.
Agrilus anxius, 186.
Albany county, summary of volun-
tary reports from, 174.
albifrons, Symmerista, 118.
Alder, webworm injuring, 183.
Allen Nursery Co., certificate issued
to, 95.
Ambrosia beetle, 169, 170, 172.
American economic entomology, lit-
erature of, 196.
americana, Apatela, 183.
americana, Malacosoma, see Mala-
cosoma americana.
americana, Schizoneura, 181.
Anasa tristis, 175, 177, 180, 185, 189.
? Anthonomus signatus, 187.
antiopa, Huvanessa, 180, 185, 186.
Ants, 184, 198.
anxius, Agrilus, 186.
Apatela americana, 183.
Apatelodes torrefacta, 102.
Aphids, see Plant lice.
Aphis, apple, 131-38, 177, 182, 185,
187, 189, 191.
birch, 186.
cabbage, 133-34, 176, 180, 182.
cherry, 133, 175, 177, 185, 186, 188.
elm, 134-35.
wooly beech, 136.
Aphis brassicae, 1383-34, 176, 180,
182.
Mite tal-oao, l(t, 182, 185, 1ST,
189, 191.
appendiculatus, Eniscopilus, 108,
113.
Appletree, insects injurious to:
Aphis mali, 177, 182, 185, 189.
Hyphantria textor, 182, 183, 188.
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 181.
Myzus cerasi, 185.
plant lice, 177, 182, 185, 187.
Psocus ? venosus, 182.
Saperda candida, 186.
Tmetocera ocellana, 183.
Appletree aphis, 131-33, 177, 182,
185. VSt. ao: alot.
Appletree bark louse, 195.
Appletree borer, 186.
Appletree tent caterpillar, 1388-39,
15, 176, 17, 178, 180i"18h "183,
184, 186, 188, 190, 191, 1983.
Appletree worm, yellow-necked,
182.
Apricots, Diabrotica 12-punctata in-
juring, 138.
Aquatic Chrysomelidae, 199.
Aquatic insects of New York state,
93, 94, 200.
Aquatic Nematocerous Diptera, 199.
Arachnida, contributions of, 220.
arctiae, Hremotylus, see Hremotylus
arctiae.
arcuatus, Eniscopilus, 108, 112-13.
armicollis, Magdialis, 167.
Army worm, parasite of, 109.
Arsenate of lead, 142, 148, 194, 195,
196, 199. |
Arsenical poison, 137.
Ash, mountain, Diplotaxis frondi-
cola injuring, 137.
Ashmead, W. H. acknowledgments
to, 97, 105; cited, 104, 105, 106, 111,
IG. LeU.
asparagi, Crioceris, see Crioceris
asparagi.
Asparagus beetle, 148, 176, 178-79,
189, 197.
spotted, 190.
224
Aspen, Chaitophorus populicola in-
juring, 136.
Aspidiotus perniciosus, 91, 140-41,
151-66, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197.
Aster, insects injurious to:
Lygus pratensis, 145.
sawfly, 188.
atalanta, Vanessa, 184.
Automeris io, 102, 105.
Balm of Gilead, Pemphigus popu-
larius injuring, 1386.
Balsam, insects injurious to:
Chrysobothris pusilla, 172.
Chrysobothris scabripennis, 172.
Polygraphus rufipennis, 169.
Xyloterus lineatus, 172.
barbita, Magdalis, 167.
Barden, J. J., acknowledgments to,
95.
Bark beetle, coarse-writing, 167.
pine, 167.
Bark borers, 167.
Beans, insects injurious to:
Crepidodera cucumeris, 179.
leaf hopper, 182.
plant lice, 183.
Beech, insects injurious to:
Pemphigus imbricator, 135.
plant lice, 191.
Polygraphus rufipennis, 169.
Tremex columba, 171.
Beech, purple, insects injurious to:
Notolophus leucostigma, 191.
Phyllaphis fagi, 136, 191.
Seirodonta bilineata, 191.
Beech aphis, woolly, 136, 191.
Beechtree blight, 135-36.
Beets, Pegomyia vicina injuring,
185.
Beneficia
194. -
betulaecolens, Callipterus, 136.
bifoveolatum, Ophion, 114, 119-20,
121.
bilineata, Seirodonta, 191.
bilineatum, Ophion, see
bilineatum.
bimaculata, Oberea, 178, 186.
bipunctata, Adalia, 136.
insects, 97-125, 150-51,
Ophion
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Birch, insects injurious to:
_Agrilus anxius, 186.
Chrysobothris femorata, 171.
Dryocoetes eichhoffi, 171.
plant lice, 182.
Polygraphus rufipennis, 169.
Tremex columba, 171.
Birch, cut-leaved, Callipterus betu-
laecolens injuring, 136.
Birch aphis, 226:
Birch borer, bronze, 186.
Black flea beetle, 176, 179, 180, 181,
185, 189.
Black knot, 182.
Black lady beetle, little, 150-51.
Black woolly bear, 182.
Blackberry bushes, Oberea bimacu-
lata injuring, 178, 186.
Blauvelt, Egbert, on Corythuca,
marmorata, 125, 129; on Lygus
pratensis, 145. .
Blauvelt, Harry, on Corythuca mar-
morata, 125.
Blennocampa pygmaea, 142.
Blepharoceridae, 199.
Bordeaux mixture, 199.
borealis, Dibolia, 181.
botrana, Polychrosis, 142-48.
Bowman, Thomas & Son, nursery.
certificate issued to, 95.
Box elder, insects injurious to:
Chaitophorus negundinis,
183.
plant lice, 182.
Box elder plant louse, 135.
brassicae, Aphis, see Aphis brassi-
cae.
brassicae, Phorbia, see Phorbia bras-
sicae.
Bronze birch borer, 186.
Brown Bros. Co., nursery certificate
issued to, 96.
Brown tail moth, 197.
Brown woolly bear, 182.
Bruchus pisorum, 194, 195.
Brullé, Auguste, cited, 103, 111,
120.
Bruner, Lawrence, cited, 101, 104.
brunneus, Rhyncolus, 170.
Bud moth, 177, 178, 188.
135,
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903
Bumble fiower beetle, 190.
Buprestid, 6-spotted, 171.
Burdock, plant lice on, 182.
Poecilocapsus lineatus
LA.
Butternut, Datana integerrima in-
juring, 183.
injuring,
Cabbage, insects injurious to:
Aphis brassicae, 133, 180.
Phorbia brassicae, 143, 175, 179,
187, 192. :
Cabbage aphis, 133-34, 175, 180.
Cabbage butterfly, 175, 176, 178,
180, 182, 183, 186.
Cabbage maggot, 143-44, 175, 179,
192.
Cabbage worm, 178, 187.
black-headed, 182.
ealcarata, Saperda, 186.
ealligraphus, Tomicus, 167, 193.
Callipterus betulaecolens, 136.
ulmifolii, 134.
Callosamia promethea, 102, 105.
candida, Saperda, 186.
Cankerworms, 179, 183, 184, 191.
Carbolic soap emulsion, 144.
Carbon bisulfid, 145.
cardinalis, Novius, 194.
Carpocapsa pomonella, 189, 188, 187,
191.
Carrot rust fly, 197.
caryae, Halisidota, 118.
Case-bearer, cigar, 179.
Cat flea, 145.
Cattaraugus county, summary of
voluntary reports from, 174-76.
Caulfield, F. B., cited, 111.
Cayuga county, summary of volun-
tary reports from, 176.
Cecidomyia destructor, 178, 179, 183.
cecropia, Samia, 102.
Cedar birds, 186.
eceparum, Phorbia, 144, 187.
Cerambicid, 172.
cerasi, Myzus, see Myzus cerasi.
Ceratopsyllus serraticeps, 145-47.
Cetonia, Indian, 176.
&
225
Chaitophorus aceris, 134, 191.
negundinis, 185, 181, 183.
populicola, 1386.
chalybea, Haltica, 142.
Chambers, V. T., cited, 104.
Charlton Nursery Co., certificate
issued to, 95.
Chase Bros. Co., nursery certificate
issued to, 96.
Chemung county, summary of vol-
untary reports from, 176-77.
Cherry aphis, 133, 188.
Cherry borers, 191.
Cherry slug, 186.
Cherrytree, insects injurious to:
cedar birds, 186.
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 178.
Myzus cerasi, 133, 175, 176, 177,
179, 180, 182, 185, 188-89.
Chilocorus similis, 93, 150, 194, 196,
200.
Chinese lady beetle, 98, 150, 194,
200.
Chironomidae, 93.
Chokecherrytrees, Malacosoma ? dis-
stria injuring, 184.
Chrysanthemum lace bug, 125-29.
explanation of plate, 221.
Chrysobothris sp., 170.
femorata, 171.
pusilla, 172.
scabripennis, 171, 172.
Chrysomelidae, aquatic, 199.
chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 197.
Cigar case-bearer, 179.
Clarkson, Frederick, cited, 104.
Clisiocampa [Malacosoma] ameri-
cana, 198.
disstria, 193.
Clover, Phytonomus punctatus in-
juring, 184.
Clover leaf weevil, 184.
Clymonts, T. SS. on Polychrosis
botrana, 142.
Coccidae, received in exchange,
201, 205-6; available for exchange,
Patst
Codling moth, 189, 183, 187, 188,
191.
Coleophora fietcherella, 179.
226
Coleoptera, taken at Newport
N. Y.. 197; received in exchange.
202-3; available for exchange,
208-11; contributions of, 213-15.
Coleopterous larvae, 199.
Colias butterfly, 185.
Collections of insects, 94-95; contri-
butions to, 213-20.
coloradensis, Genophion, 123, 124
25.
Colorado potato beetle. see Potato
beetle.
columba, Tremex, 171.
columbia. Samia, 102.
comes var. vitis, Typhlocyba, 192.
Comstock, J. H., acknowledgments
to, 97; cited, 101, 104, 125.
concinna, Schizura, 109.
confusor, Monohammus, 169. 193.
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 137, 175,
184.
Cook, M. T., acknowledgments to, 96.
Coquillett, D. W., cited, 104.
Corn, Crepidodera cucumeris injur- |
ing, 179.
Correspondence, 92.
Corythuca marmorata, 125-29.
explanation of plate. 221.
costale, Ophion, 114. 123.
Crandall, John R.. on Diplotaxis
liberta, 137.
Crane fly, 187.
Crepidodera cucumeris,
180-81, 185, 189.
Cresson, E. T., cited, 104, 107, 111.
116. 120, 123.
Crimson rambler rose, lady beetles
on, 185.
Crioceris asparagi, 148, 176, 178.
179, 189, 190.
12-punctata, 190.
Cucumber beetle. striped. 177, 179.
180, 181, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191.
194.
Cucumber flea beetle, 176, 179. 180.
181, 185, 189.
Cucumber vines. Diabrotica vittata
injuring, 179.
cucumeris, Crepidodera, see Crepi-
dodera cucumeris.
176, 179,
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Culicidae, 199: received in exchange,
203-4.
Cureulio, plum, 137, 175, 184, 197.
Currant aphis. 180, 181.
Currant bushes. insecis injurious
to:
Myzus ribis, 181.
Poecilocapsus lineatus, 179.
sawfiy, 181.
Currant worms, 176, 178, 180, 181,
184, 185-86, 187, 188.
Cutworms, 176, 177, 186, 189.
cyanea, Scutellista, 194.
| eynthia, Philosamia, 102.
Daisy, Macrodaciylus subspinosus
injuring, 181.
Datana integerrima, 149, 183. —
ministra, 182.
| Davis, G. C., cited, 107, 118, 138.
| Davis, K. C., cited, 93, 200.
_ decem-lineata, Doryphora, see Dory-
phora 10-lineata.
defiorata, Ecpantheria, 105.
Dendroctonus terebans, 193.
destructor, Cecidomyia, 178, 179,
183.
| Diabrotica 12-punctata, 137.
harperi, 138.
vittata. 177, 179, 181, 185, 186, 187,
190, 194.
Diacrisia virginica, 105, 115.
Dibolia borealis, 181.
dimidiatus, Phymatodes, 171.
Diplosis pyrivora, 191.
Diplotaxis frondicola, 137.
liberta, 137.
Diptera, received in exchange, 203;
available for exchange, 211; con-
tributions of, 215-16.
Diseased and dying trees and in-
sect attack, 167-75.
Diseases and pests, 196.
Disonycha triangularis, 181, 182.
disstria. Malacosoma, see Malacos-
oma dissiria.
Dock. insects injuring, 181, 182.
Dog fiea, 145.
domestica. Musea, 198.
7
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE
Doryphora 10-lineata, 175, 176, 177,
178, 180, 184, 185, 187, 190, 192.
Dragon fiy, 187.
Drepanosiphum acerifolii, 135, 181-
82, 192.
Dryocoetes eichhoffi, 171.
duodecim-punctata, Diabrotica, 137.
Dust and other sprays, 195.
Dutchess county, summary of vol-
untary reports from, 177-78.
Ecpantheria deflorata, 105.
HKggplant, insects injurious to:
Crepidodera cucumeris, 189.
Diabrotica vittata, 187.
plant lice, 187.
EKhrhorn, HE. M.,
from, 201.
eichhoffii, Dryocoetes, 171.
Elm, insects injurious to:
Callipterus ulmifolii, 134.
Disonycha triangularis, 181, 182.
Galerucella luteola, 147, 191.
Hyphantria textor, 188.
plant lice, 182, 187.
Schizoneura americana, 181.
Elm aphis, 134-35.
Hlm borer, 167.
Elm flea beetle, 181, 182.
Elm leaf beetle, 91, 134, 147, 174,
189,' 190, 191; 195, 196.
Elm snout beetle, 167.
Hmmons & Co., nursery certificate
issued to, 96.
Wniscopilus, 101, 107.
appendiculatus, 108, 118, 221.
arcuatus, 108, 112-13. .
explanation of plate, 221.
purgatus, 98, 100, 107, 108-11, 112.
Entomology, handbook, 198.
Epargyreus tityrus, 118.
Eremotylus, 101.
arctiae, 100, 101, 102, 105-6, 107.
glabratus, 101, 106-7.
macrurus, 97, 99, 100, 101-4, 105,
106, 107, 221.
Hrie county, summary of voluntary
reports from, 178.
Hriocampoides limacina, 186.
species received
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903
227
EHulecanium juglandis, 141-42.
tulipiferae, see Lecanium [Hule-
canium] tulipiferae.
Euphoria inda, 176, 190.
Huproctis chrysorrhoea, 197.
Euvanessa antiopa, 180, 185, 186.
Evans, J. D., cited, 104, 111, 116.
Evergestis stramenalis, 182.
Exchanges, system of, 95, 200-13.
Explanation of plates, 221.
fagi, Phyllaphis, 186, 191.
Fall webworm, 92, 149, 177, 180,
182, 1838, 188,- 193.
Fallou, cited, 104.
Felt, E. P., Monograph of Genus
Saperda, 94.
Feltia gladiaria, 115.
femorata, Chrysobothris, 171.
ferruginipennis, Ophion, 114, 122.
Fidia viticida, 92, 192, 193-94, 195,
196, 197, 198, 199.
First National Nurseries, certificate
issued to, 96.
Flea beetle, black or cucumber,
176, 179, 180, 181, 185, 189.
Fleas, 145-47, 195.
Fletcher, James, cited, 111.
fletcherella, Coleophora, 179.
Flies, 175, 198.
black, 199.
Forbes, S. A., cited, 101, 120.
Forest and shade trees, insects in-
jurious to, 94.
Forest fires and insect attack, 168-
69, 198:
Forest tent caterpillar, 149, 174, 177,
181, 183, 184, 198.
Forest trees, insects injurious to, 94,
147-49, 192.
frondicola, Diplotaxis, 137.
Fruit growers and truckers, hints
to, 197.
Fruit growers association, work
and observations in 1902, 196.
Fruit tree bark beetle, 191, 200.
Fruit tree insects, 137-42.
fuliginipennis, Ophion, 102.
fulvoguttata, Melanophila, 171, 172.
Fyles, T. W., cited, 104.
228
Galerucella luteola, 91, 134, 147,174,
189, 190, 191, 195, 196.
Gall beetle, gouty, 178,
Garden insects, 148-45.
Garman,. H., species received from,
201.
Gartered plume moth, 189.
Genesee county, Summary of volun-
tary reports from, 178-80.
Genophion, 101, 128.
coloradensis, 123, 124-25.
gilletti, 123-24.
Gillette, C. P., species received from,
201.
gilletti, Genophion, 123-24.
glabratus, Eremotylus, 101, 106-7.
gladiaria, Feltia, 115.
Glaea inulta, 115.
Gnathotricus materiarius, 170.
Gooseberries, Pteronus ribesii in-
juring, 176.
Gouty gall beetle, 178, 186.
Grain beetle, saw-toothed, 145.
Grain pests, 145-47.
Grapeberry moth, 142-43.
Grapevine, insects injurious to, 142-
43, 178.
Grapevine leaf hopper, 192.
Grapevine root worm, 92, 94, 192,
186.
1938-94, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199.
Grapevine sawfly, 142.
Grasshoppers, 175, 176, 181, 182,
190.
Graves, George S., on Aphis brassi-
cae, 188; on Chaitophorus negun-
dinis, 135; on Drepanosiphum
acerfolii, 135; on Pemphigus im-
bricator, 185; on Callipterus
betulaecolens, 1386.
Greene county, summary of volun-
tary reports from, 180.
Haemotobia serrata, 175, 181, 183.
Halisidota agassizii, 106.
caryae, 118.
Haltica chalybea, 142.
harperi, Diabrotica, 138.
Harrington, W. H., cited, 104, 114,
116.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
in con-
as:
Hart, W. H., experiments
trolling San José scale,
| Heliophila unipuncta, 109.
Hemiptera,
received in exchange,
205; available for exchange, 212-
13; contributions of, 217-19.
Hemlock, insects injurious to:
Melanophila fulvoguttata,
ae.
Polygraphus rufipennis, 169.
Xylotrechus undulatus, 172.
Herkimer county, summary of vol-
untary reports from, 180-83.
Hessian fly, 178, 179, 183, 185.
Hoorn flies, 175, 181, 1838.
Hornets, 183.
Horse-chestnut trees, Notolophus
leucostigma injuring, 92.
Horseflies, 175, 183.
House flies, 185, 190, 198.
House pests, 145-47. ;
Howard, L. O., acknowledgments
to, 96, 105, 150; cited, 104, 106, 107,
11:1, | 215,7116), 129) Aan
Hubbard, T. S. Co., nursery certifi-
cate issued to, 96.
Huested, P. L., experiments in con-
trolling San José seale, 159.
Hunter, Prof., on numberof plant
lice, 139.
Hydrocyanic acid gas, 145, 146.
Hymenoptera, received in exchange,
201-2; available for exchange, 207;
contributions of, 2138.
Hyphantria cunea [textor], 1938.
textor, 92, 149, 177, 180, 182, 183,
188. ;
big &
imbricator, Pemphigus, 135-36.
inda, Euphoria, 176, 190.
Indian Cetonia, 176. -
Injurious insects, 125-29; introduced
from abroad, 196.
Insect exchange, 95, 200-138.
Insecticides, paper on, 94.
Insecticides and fungicides, 195.
Insecticides and notes, 194.
integerrima, Datana, 149, 1838.
inulta, Glaea, 115.
io, Automeris, 102, 105.
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE
‘isabella, Isia, 102.
Pyrrharctia, 182.
Isia isabella, 102.
sae, J. G., cited, 101.
Johannsen, Oskar Augustus, cited,
93, 199, 200.
Josselyn, G. S. Co., nursery certifi-
cate issued to, 96.
Joutel, L. H., monograph of genus
Saperda; 94.
juglandis, Eulecanium, 141-42.
June beetles, 138, 186, 190.
Kellogg, V. L.,
from, 201.
Kerosene emulsion, 132, 141, 144,
. 166,
Knight & Bostwick, nursery certifi-
eate issued to, 96.
Kridelbaugh, cited, 137.
species received
Lacewing flies, 131.
Lachnosterna, 138.
Lady beetle, 131, 185, 190.
Chinese, 93, 150, 194, 200.
little black, 150-51.
spotted, 183.
two spotted, 136.
Lantern slides, added to collection,
92. .
Leaf bug, four-lined, 179.
Leaf hopper, 182, 185.
Leaf miner, 185.
Lecanium ? pruinosum, 174.
{[EHulecanium] tulipiferae, 199.
Legislation against pests, 194.
Lepidoptera, received in exchange,
204; available for exchange, 211-
12; contributions of, 216-17.
Lepidosaphes ulmi, 195.
Leptura subhamata, 171.
leucostigma, Notolophus, see Notolo-
phus leucostigma.
Lewis, H. D., on Psylla pyricola,
189.
libatrix, Scoliopteryx, 109.
liberta, Diplotaxis, 1387.
Lights, value of for destroying in-
sects, 97-98.
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903 229
Lilacs, webworm injuring, 183.
Lima beans, Diabrotica vittata in-
juring, 181.
limacina, Eriocampoides, 186.
Lime, air slacked, 138.
Lime, salt and sulfur mixture, 194,
195, 196. .
Lime-sulfur wash, 98, 141, 154-58,
159-60.
lineatus, Poecilocapsus, 179.
Xyloterus, 170, 172.
Lintner, J. A., cited, 100, 104, 106,
116.
London purple, 142, 149.
Looper caterpillar, 174, 194.
Lowe, V. H., experiments,
death of, 96.
Lugger, Otto, cited, 109, 111.
luteola, Galerucella, see Galerucella
luteola.
Lygus pratensis, 144-45.
159;
Mac Gillivray, A. D., cited, 93, 199,
200.
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 138,
175, 178, 181, 185, 186, 189, 198.
Macrurus, Eremotylus, see Hremoty-
lus macrurus.
Magdalis armicollis, 167.
barbita, 167.
Maggots in mushrooms, 193.
Malacosoma americana, 188-39, 175,
£76, LGA; 180). 185, 186. 188.
190, 194, 198.
disstria, 149, 174, 177, 181, 184,
198.
mali, Aphis, see Aphis mali.
Mamestra picta, 109, 189-90.
trifolii, 109.
Maple, insects injurious to:
Chaitophorus aceris, 191.
Drepanosiphum = acerifolii, 1385,
182, 192.
plant lice, 187, 191.
Polygraphus rufipennis, 169.
Psocus ? venosus, 182.
Sesia acerni, 200.
Tremex columba, 171.
Maple, ash-leaf, Chaitophorus
negundinis injuring, 181.
230
Maple, soft, Apatela americana in- )
juring, 183.
Maple aphis, 182.
Mapletree borers, 198.
Marlatt, C. L., cited, 101.
marmorata, Corythuea, 125-29.
materiarius, Gnathotricus, 170.
May beetles, 188, 175, 189.
May fly, 93, 187.
Meat fiy, 183.
Mecoptera, available for exchange,
212.
Melanophila fulvoguttata, 171, 172.
Melon vines. Diabrotica vittata in-
juring, 179.
Midges, net-winged, 199.
ministra, Datana, 182.
misella, Pentilia, 150-51.
Monohammus confusor, 169, 193.
scutellatus, 169-70. ;
Morrell, L. L., experiments in con-
trolling San José seale, 155.
Mosquitos, 93, 175, 187, 191, 198.
199.
Mount Hope Nurseries,
certificate issued to, 95.
Mountain ash, Diplotaxis frondicola
injuring, 187.
Mourning cloak butterflies, 185, 186.
Musca domestica, 198.
Mushrooms, maggots in, 198.
Myriapoda, contributions of, 220.
Mytilaspis pomorum, 195.
Myzus cerasi, 138, 175, 177, 185, 186,
188.
ribis, 180, 181, 186.
nursery
_Nasturtiums, Pieris rapae injuring.
183.
Needham, James G., cited, 93, 200;
report on May flies and midges,
93.
negundinis, Chaitophorus, 135, 181,
183.
Nellis. J. B.. & Co., nursery certifi-
cate issued to, 96.
nenuphar, Conotrachelus, 187, 175,
184.
Neuroptera. received in exchange,
204; contributions of, 217.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
New York entomologic service, 196,
197, 198, 199.
New York plum scale, 141-42.
nigrovarium, Ophion, 114, 121.
nitela, Papaipema, 190.
Norton, Edward, cited, 100, 103, 107,
114, 116, 120.
Norway maple, Chaitophorus aceris
injuring, 134. “4
Notes for the year, 130-51.
Notolophus leucostigma,
147-49, 187, 191.
Novius cardinalis, 194.
91, 115,
Nursery inspection work, 95-96; effi-
cacy, 194.
Oaks, insects injurious to, 94.
Oats, white grubs injuring, 187.
Oberea bimaculata, 178, 186.
ocellana, Tmetocera, 177, 178, 183.
_ Office work, 92.
Onion, Phorbia ceparum injuring,
144, 187.
Onion maggot, 144, 187.
Oprondaga county, summary of vol-
untary reports from, 183-85.
Ophion, 101, 113.
long-tailed, 97, 101-4.
two-lined, 98, 114.
Ophion abnormum, 114, 121-22, 221.
bifoveolatum, 114, 119-20, 121,
pA ®
bilineatum, 98, 107, 113, 114-16,
117,118, 119, 220.
coloradensis, 123.
costale, 114, 123.
ferruginipennis, 114, 122, 221.
fuliginipennis, 102.
glabratum, 106.
nigrovarium, 114, 121.
purgatus, ‘seé Eniscopilus.
tityri, 98, 113, 116-19, 122, 124.
Ophionid wings, explanation of
plate, 221.
Ophionini, value as parasites, 97-98;
synopsis of certain genera, 97-125;
general habits. 98-99; oviposition
and larval habits, 99-100; pupa-
tion and final transformations,
100.
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903
Orange county, summary of volun-
tary reports from, 185-86.
Orthoptera, received in exchange,
207; contributions of, 219.
Osborn, Herbert, cited, 104, 111, 116,
120; species received from, 201.
Oxyptilus periscelidactylus, 189.
Packard, A. S., cited, 100, 103, 109,
mer 116, 119:
Panton, cited, 111.
Papaipema nitela, 190.
Parasites, synopsis of certain
genera of the Ophionini, 97-125.
Paris green, 142, 149.
Pea weevil, 194, 195.
Peachtree, Diplotaxis liberta injur-
ing, 137.
Pear midge, 191.
Pear psylla, 189-40, 177, 178, 180,
189, 200. .
Pear slug, 186.
Peartree, insects injurious to:
Hriocampoides limacina, 186.
' Psylla pyricola, 139, 178, 189, 200.
Scolytus rugulosus, 200.
Peartree, Bose, green plant louse
injuring, 188.
Peas, insects injuring, 185.
Peck, H. C., acknowledgments to,
95.
Pegomyia vicina, 185.
Pemphigus imbricator, 135-36.
popularius, 136.
Pentilia misella, 150-51.
Peppermint, Poecilocapsus lineatus
injuring, 179.
periscelidactylus, Oxyptilus, 189.
Perkins, G. H., cited, 104, 116.
perniciosus, Aspidiotus, see Aspidio-
tus perniciosus.
Perry Nursery Co., nursery certifi-
eate issued to, 96.
Petroleum, crude, 153, 198, 195, 196.
Petroleum emulsion, 151-54, 158,
159, 166, 192, 194.
Pettis, C. R., on Pemphigus popu-
larius, 1386.
Philosamia cynthia, 102.
phlaeocoptes, Phytoptus, 142.
231
Phlegethontius 5-maculatus, 176,
187.
Phora agarici, 193.
Phorbia brassicae, 148-44, 175, 179,
18%, 192:
ceparum, 144, 187.
Phyllaphis fagi, 186, 191.
Phymatodes dimidiatus, 171.
Phytonomus punctatus, 184.
Phytoptus phlaeocoptes, 142.
picta, Mamestra, 109, 189-90.
Pieris rapae, 175, 176, 178, 180, 182,
183, 186.
Pigeon tremex, 171.
Pigweed, plant lice on, 182, 188.
Pine, insects injurious to: 94, 198.
bark borers, 167. y
Monohammus confusor, 169.
Polygraphus rufipennis, 169.
Rhynecolus brunneus, 170.
-Tomicus pini, 169.
Pine bark borer, 169.
Pine sawyer, 169.
pini, Tomicus, see Tomicus pini.
pisorum, Bruchus, 194, 195.
Plagionotus speciosus, 198.
Plant lice; 91, 180-36, 173, 175, 176,
177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185,
186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192,
198, 199.
green, 184, 188.
Plantains, Crepidodera cucumeris
injuring, 181.
Plates, explanation of, 221.
Plecoptera, received in exchange,
207; contributions of, 217.
Plum eurculio, 137, 175, 184, 197.
Plum mite, 142.
Plumtree, insects injurious to:
Aphis mali, 182.
Diabrotiea 12-punctata, 138.
EHulecanium juglandis, 141.
Hyphantria textor, 188.
Phytoptus phlaeocoptes, 142.
plant lice, 176, 179, 187.
Plumtree, wild, Diplotaxis frondi-
cola injuring, 137.
Poecilocapsus lineatus, 179.
Polychrosis botrana, 142-438.
Polygraphus rufipennis, 169, 170.
232
polyphemus, Telea, 102, 109.
pomonella, Carpocapsa, see Carpo-
capsa pomonella.
pomorum, Mytilaspis, 195.
Popenoe, E. A., species
from, 201.
Poplar, insects injurious to:
Agrilus anxius,186.
Euvanessa antiopa, 186.
Saperda calcarata, 186.
Nyleborus sp., 172.
poplar borer, 186.
popularius, Pemphigus, 136.
populicola, Chaitophorus, 136.
Populus balsamiferus, 136.
Potato beetle, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180,
181, 182, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189,
190, 191, 192, 199.
Potato wireworms, 198.
Potatoes, insects injurious to:
Crepidodera cucumeris, 176, 179,
181, 185, 189.
Doryphora 10-lineata, 175, 176,
177, 178, 180, 184, 185, 187, 190,
192.
Potatoes, spray for, 199.
pratensis, Lygus, 144-45.
promethea, Callosamia, 102, 105.
Provancher, L’Abbé L., cited, 100,
104, 111, 116, 120.
? pruinosum, Lecanium, 174.
Psila rosae, 197.
Psocus ? venosus, 182.
Psyche, extract from, 112.
Psylla pyricola, 139-40, 177, 180, 189,
200.
_ Pteronus ribesii, 176, 178, 180, 184,
186, 188.
Publications of entomologist, 93-94,
192-200.
Pumpkins, Diabrotica vittata injur-
ing, 185. -
punctatus, Phytonomus, 184.
purgatus, Eniscopilus, see Eniscopi-
lus purgatus.
Purple beech, Phyllaphis fagi injur-
ing, 136.
pusilla, Chrysoboturis, 172.
pygmaea, Blennocampa, 142.
pyricola, Psylla, see Psylla pyricola.
received
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
pyrivora, Diplosis, 191.
Pyrrharctia. isabella, 182.
Quinces, plant lice injuring, 132,
179.
quinquemaculatus,
6G, 1S
Phlegethontius,
rapae, Pieris, see Pieris rapae.
Red admiral butterflies, 184.
Red spider, 189.
Remedies and preventives for:
appletree plant louse, 132.
asparagus beetle, 197.
cabbage maggot, 144.
Chaitophorus aceris, 134.
cherry plant louse, 133.
chrysanthemum lace bug, 129.
Diplotaxis liberta, 138.
fall webworm, 149.
fleas, 146, 195.
fruit tree bark beetle, 200.
grapeberry moth, 142.
grapevine root worm, 92, 194, 197,
198, 199.
grapevine sawfly, 142.
maggots in mushrooms, 193.
New York plum seale, 141.
pear psylla, 140.
plant lice, 132, 133, 134, 190, 198,
199.
plum eurculio, 137, 197.
potato beetles, 199.
San José scale, 93, 151-66, 192,
193, 194, 196, 197.
saw-toothed grain beetle, 145.
Sesia acerni, 200.
steely flea beetle, 142.
tarnished plant bug, 145. .
tussock moth, white marked, 148
49.
Remedies and preventives for in-
sect depredations :
arsenate of lead, 142, 148, 194, 195,
196, 199.
arsenical poison, 137.
bands of tar or cotton, 148.
bordeaux mixture, 199.
carbolic soap emulsion, 144.
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903
Remedies etc. (continued)
carbon bisulfid, 145.
dust and other sprays, 195.
hydrocyanic acid gas, 145, 146.
kerosene emulsion, 152, 141, 144,
166.
lime, air slacked, 138.
lime, salt and sulfur, 194, 195,
196.
lime-sulfur wash, 141, 154-58, 159-
66.
london purple, 142, 149.
paris green, 142, 149.
petroleum, crude, 1538, 193, 195,
196.
petroleum emulsion, 151-54, 158,
159, 166, 192,°194.
tobacco water, 1382.
whale oil soap, 129, 132, 134, 140,
141, 145, 158, 166, 190, 192, 194,
195, 196.
wood ashes, 1388.
Report of state entomologist, 197.
Rhopalosiphum solani, 185.
Rhyneolus brunneus, 170.
ribesii, Pteronus, see
ribesii.
ribis, Myzus, 180, 181, 186.
Kiley, C. Vorcited* 100; 104,102;
103-4, 106, 107, 111, 116, 120, 187.
Rockland county, summary of vol-
untary reports from, 186.
Roesch, Lewis, nursery certificate
issued to, 96.
Rogers Nursery, certificate
| to, 96.
rosae, Psila, 197.
Rose, J. F., on plant lice, 182; on
Aphis brassicae, 133.
Rose beetle, 138, 175, 178, 181, 185.
186, 189, 198.
Rose slugs, 187.
Rosebushes, insects injurious to:
Diplotaxis frondicola, 137.
leaf hoppers, 185.
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 175.
181, 185.
Myzus cerasi, 185.
Pteronus
issued
plant lice, 182, 184, 185, 189, 190.
233
Rosebushes ete. (continued)
Tetranychus telarius, 189.
rufipennis, Polygraphus, 169, 170.
rugulosus, Scolytus, 191.
Sage, Poecilocapsus lineatus injur-
ime; 179.
St Lawrence county, summary of
voluntary reports from, 186-88.
Samia cecropia, 102.
columbia, 102.
San José scale, 91, 93, 140-41, 150,
151-66, 192, 198, 194, 195, 196, 197.
Sanborn, F. G., cited, 103, 116.
Sanders, J. G., species received from,
201.
Saperda, monograph of genus, 94.
calearata, 186.
candida, 186.
tridentata, 167.
Saratoga county, summary of vol-
untary reports from, 188.
Saunders, William, cited, 104, 116.
Saw-toothed grain beetle, 145.
Sawfly, 181, 188.
Say, Thomas, cited, 107, 111, 116.
scabripennis, Chrysobothris, 171,
1%2.
Seale insects, 194; determinations
of, 92; soft, 174.
Schenectady county, summary of
voluntary reports from, 188.
Schizoneura americana, 181.
Schizura concinna, 109.
unicornis, 109.
Schuyler county, summary of vol-
untary reports from, 188.
Sciara sp., 193.
Scoliopteryx libatrix, 109.
Seolytus rugulosus, 191, 200.
Seudder, S. H., cited, 103, 116, 119.
scutellatus, Monohammus, 169-70.
Scutellista cyanea, 194.
Seirodonta bilineata, 191.
serrata, Haemotobia, 175, 181, 183.
Sesia acerni, 200. .
Shad flies, 187.
Shade tree ratings, 195.
234
Shade trees, injurious inseets, 94,
147-49. |
Sheeren Wholesale Nurseries, cer-
tificates issued to, 95-96.
Sialididae, 200.
signatus, ?Anthonomus, 187.
Silvanus surinamensis, 145.
similis, Chilocorus, see Chilocorus
similis.
Simuliidae, 199.
Siphonaptera, contributions of, 215.
Sirrine, F. A., on Phorbia brassicae,
144.
Slosson, A. T., cited, 120.
Smith, J. B., cited, 101, 103, 104, 107,
111, 116, 120; acknowledgments
to, 118.
Snow, F. H., species received from,
201.
solani, Rhopalosiphum, 185.
Special investigations, 92-93.
speciosus, Plagionotus, 198.
Spiny elm caterpillar, 186.
Spittle insects, 181, 185.
Spraying, 195. See also Remedies.
Spruce, insects injurious to:
Chrysobothris sp., 170.
Chrysobothris scabripennis, 171.
Gnathotricus materiarius, 170.
Phymatodes dimidiatus, 171.
Polygraphus rufipennis, 169, 170.
Xyloterus lineatus, 170.
Xylotrechus undulatus, 171.
Spruce bark beetle, 169, 170.
Squash bug, 175, 177, 180, 185, 189.
Squash vines, insects injurious to:
Anasa tristis, 175, 177, 180, 189.
Diabrotica vittata, 179.
Stalk borer, 190.
Steely flea beetle, 142.
stramenalis, Evergestis, 182.
Strawberry plants, insects injurious
to:
Diabrotica harperi, 138.
Mamestra picta, 190.
Strawberry weevil, 187.
Stuart, C> W., & Co., nursery certifi- .
cate issued to, 96.
subhamata, Leptura, 171.
NEW YORK STATE
MUSEUM
subspinosus, Macrodactylus, — see
Macrodactylus subspinosus.
Summer washes, 159-66.
Sunflowers, plant lice injuring, 183.
surinamensis, Silvanus, 145.
Sweet, George A., Nursery Co., cer-
tificate issued to, 96.
Symmerista albifrons, 118.
Syrphus flies, 131.
Tamarack, insects injurious to:
Leptura subhamata, 171.
Polygraphus rufipennis, 169.
Tomicus pini, 171.
Tarnished plant bug, 144-45.
Taylor, H. S., & Co., nursery certifi-
cate issued to, 95.
telarius, Tetranychus, 189.
Telea polyphemus, 102, 109. ~
terebans, Dendroctonus, 198.
Tetranychus telarius, 189.
textor, Hyphantria, see Hyphantria
textor.
Thorn apple, Macrodactylus sub-
spinosus injuring, 181. :
Thysanura, contributions of, 219.
Timothy, Pyrrharctia isabella injur-
ing, 1838.
Tingis arcuata, 128.
tityri, Ophion, see Ophion tityri.
tityrus, Epargyreus, 118.
Tmetocera ocellana, 177, 178, 183.
Tobacco water, 132.
Tobacco worm, 176.
Tomato worm, 187.
Tomatoes, insects injurious to:
Crepidodera cucumeris, 179, 181,
185, 189.
Rhopalosiphum solani, 185.
Tomicus calligraphus, 167, 193.
mini, 167, 169, 171, 193.
torrefacta, Apatelodes, 102.
Trap lantern records, 108, 114, 117,
120.
Tremex columba, 171.
Triangularis, Disonycha, 181, 182.
Trichoptera, available for exchange,
212; contributions of, 217.
tridentata, Saperda, 167.
trifolii, Mamestra, 109.
INDEX TO REPORT OF THE
tristis, Anasa, see Anasa tristis.
Trouvelet, cited, 99, 103.
Trumpet vine, Lecanium
sum injuring, 174.
Tulip tree scale, 199.
Turnips, insects injurious to:
Aphis brassicae, 133, 182.
Evergestis stramenalis, 182.
Phorbia brassicae, 192.
Tussock moth, white-marked, 91,
147-49, 187, 191.
Typhlocyba comes var. vitis, 192.
? pruino-
Uhler, P. H., cited, 129.
ulmi, Lepidosaphes, 195.
ulmifolii, Callipterus, 134.
Ulster county, summary of volun-
tary reports from, 188-89.
undulatus, Xylotrechus, 171, 172.
unicornis, Schizura, 109.
unipuncta, Heliophila, 109.
Van Alstyne, Edward, experiments
in controlling San José scale, 155.
Van Duzee, BH. P., acknowledgments
to, 96.
Vanessa atalanta, 184.
? yenosus, Psocus, 182.
vicina, Pegomyia, 185.
virginica, Diacrisia, 105, 115.
viticida, Fidia, see Fidia viticida.
vittata, Diabrotica, see Dtabrotica
vittata.
Voluntary entomologic service of
New York state, 96, 1738-92.
Walker, C. M,, determinations of
seale insects, 92; experiments
with summer washes, 93; experi-
ments with lime-sulfur wash, 160-
66; arrangement of collections,
94; nursery inspection work, 95.
Walnut trees, black, Datana in-
tegerrima injuring, 149.
Walnut worm, 149.
Warren county, summary of vol-
untary reports from, 189-90.
STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1903
235
Waterhouse, cited, 104.
Wayne county, summary of volun-
tary reports from, 190.
Webster, F. M., cited, 101, 111.
Webworm, fall, 92, 149, 177, 180,
182, 183, 188, 1938.
Weed, ©. M., cited, 102, 104.
Westchester county, summary of
voluntary reports from, 190-91.
Western New York Nursery Co.,
nursery certificate issued to, 95.
Whale oil soap, 129, 182, 184, 140,
141, 145, 158, 166, 190, 192, 194,
195, 196.
Wheat, Diabrotica harperi injuring,
138.
White grubs, 187.
Williams, C. l., on Crioceris as-
paragi, 143.
Williston, S. W., determinations by, -
201.
Wood, A. L., nursery certificate is-
sued to, 95.
Wood, Albert, on Psylla pyricola,
140.
Wood ashes, 138.
Woolly bear, black, 182.
brown, 182.
Woolly beech aphis, 136, 191.
Worthington, C. E., cited, 104.
Wyoming county, summary of vol-
untary reports from, 191-92.
| Xyleborus sp., 172.
Xyloterus lineatus, 170, 172.
Xylotrechus undulatus, 171, 172.
Young, D. B., investigations ou
mosquitos, 98; work on forest in-
sects, 94; work on collections, 94-
95; on Drepanosiphum acerifolii,
135; on Callipterus betulaecolens,
136; investigations on forest fires
and insect attack, 168-69.
Zebra caterpillar, 109, 189.
(Pages’ 237-238 were bulletin cover pages)
Published monthly by the
University of the State of New York |
BULLETIN 324 OCTOBER 1904
New York State Museum
EPHRAIM Porter FELrT State Entomologist
Bulletin 79
ENTOMOLOGY 22
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE
OF
NEWYORK STATE
PAGE
PAGE
8 Ba ES a ea 241 | Introduction (continued)
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Mosquitos as carriers of disease 245 | Culicidae ...................0.. 260
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University of the State of New York
New York State Museum
Bulletin 79
ENTOMOLOGY 22
MOSOQUITOS OR CULICIDAE
OF
NEW YORK STATE
PREFACE
Large scale operations have demonstrated the practicability of
the apparently impossible, and many formerly pest ridden areas
are nearly free from mosquitos as a result of well directed exter-
minative work. This publication calls attention to the more im-
portant species, the number of forms which occur in the State, the
advisability of studying them closely in order to devise improved
methods of controlling the pests, and gives keys and illustrations
for their identification. It will be seen by reference to the follow-
ing pages, that the term mosquito includes a great many forms,
and it requires no argument to prove the advisibility not only of
knowing the species we are obliged to fight, but also their habits,
in order that the work may be carried on most intelligently. Such
information should also prove of service to nature teachers, since .
no group of insects is more easily obtained or lends itself more
readily to classroom conditions.
This bulletin summarizes our knowledge to date and places on
record the results of such studies as we have been able to make
during the past few years. No attempt has been made to revise
the generic grouping or to determine the synonymy of the species.
Special attention has been given to establishing the identity of
larvae and adults by isolated rearings and when in doubt as to
242 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
specific identity, we prefer to describe and risk creating a synonym
rather than confuse two species. We have studied, in the course
of this work, specimens of over 40 species, rearing from larvae
both sexes of most forms.
The writer acknowledges the earnest cooperation of his assist-
ant, Mr D. B. Young, who has not only done much of the field
work, but has determined many of the species and prepared the
tables for separating the adulis.
Mr C. M. Walker did considerable field work and breeding in
1903. Most of the determinations have been kindly reviewed
through the courtesy of Dr L. O. Howard, by Mr D. W. Coquillett,
of the United States National Museum. Due acknowledgment
should also be made to Dr H. G. Dyar of the same institution,
who generously donated a number of larvae and adult mosquitos
from which certain illustrations were made.
K. P. Fer
Albany N. Y. March 1904
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK
INTRODUCTION
Mosquitos, individually and collectively, have long forced them-
selves on the attention of mankind, but it is only within recent years
that they have received careful scientific study and that the prac-
ticability of abating the annoyance and injury caused by them has
been demonstrated. The discoveries that certain species conveyed
malaria and yellow fever aroused great interest in this group.
This is well illustrated by what we knew a few years ago compared
with the present time. Our leading dipterist in 1878, published
a list containing 33 species, which represented all that were then
known to occur in North America; and only three years ago Dr
Howard stated that there were about 24 species in the United
States. Today over 50 have been found in New York or adjacent
states, the latter under conditions which lead us to believe that
they also exist within our boundaries. It is very likely that the
total number of mosquitos in North America, is treble that
known 25 years ago. A monograph of the mosquitos of the world
published in 1901, by F. V- Theobald, lists 343 species, and within
two years, owing to active collecting and study by scientists all
over the world, a third volume has been issued, describing 88 addi-
tional species, making a total of over 430. It is very probable
that since this volume was published, at least 20 new forms have
been characterized. It would not surprise us, if within a year or
two this list of species of the entire world, of an heretofore incon-
Spicuous group, closely approached the 500 mark.
The excellent work of the North Shore Improvement Associa-
tion, and that of such villages as Lawrence, L. I., South
Orange and others in New Jersey have demonstrated the practica-
bility of keeping the mosquito pest in subjection. This practical
work has concerned itself not only with disease-carrying species,
but it has sought to lessen the hordes of those annoying to man,
both materially depreciating the value of real estate, particu-
larly in the vicinity of New York city. The magnitude of this
244 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
evil can be appreciated only by those conversant with the situa-
tion. It is surprising, though nevertheless true, that there are
practically 200 (199.15)square miles of swamp land within 25
miles of New York City Hall. Nearly 100 (95.55) square miles
of this salt marsh are within the boundaries of New York State,
and very little (1.75 sq. m.) fresh water. New Jersey has over
100 square miles (101.85), 41.4 being fresh water swamps. The
proximity of this entire area to New York city makes it of consid-
erable importance, particularly as portions produce billions of
annoying pestiferous insects, which have a detrimental influence
on the value of adjacent highlands. Certain of these insects are
a Serious menace to public health, and swarms of the others are
nearly unendurable nuisances.
_ The extended areas favorable to the production of mosquitos,
and the fact that not all marshes lend themselves kindly to
political boundaries, make it difficult to devise practical methods
of checking the evil. The work so far done about New York has
been performed under considerable disadvantages. On account
of the lack of funds, it has been impossible for local associations
to give proper attention to the scientific aspects of the case and at
the same time carry on the extensive field operations necessary.
Experience in other lines of applied entomology has demonstrated
time and again not only the advisability but the necessity from —
an economic standpoint of basing- practical work on scientific
investigations. No one thinks of employing an architect to super-
intend the construction of a dry-goods box, and yet the man who
undertook to erect one of the modern large buildings without such
skill at his command would be engaged in a foolish undertaking.
In the same way, it requires little scientific knowledge to drain a
small swamp or kill a few mosquitos, particularly if they belong
to only one or two species. It is entirely different when we
undertake to apply this process to large areas, possessing consid-
erable diversity and possibly lying in different sections of the
State. This can be done to advantage only after extended
studies have demonstrated the advisability of certain courses for
the control of yarious. species under different conditions. The
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 245
time and money expended by a specialist in solving these pre-
liminary problems are exceedingly well invested, and the saving
resulting from his services should pay for the cost of his work
many times over.
It must not be assumed that we know all about mosquitos.
Much valuable work has already been done, but there is great need
in this State of a general biologic survey of the more important
swamp areas, particularly those about large cities, for the purpose
of determining the places most prolific of mosquitos, the species
which occur there, and the times when they are most likely to
appear. The effect of climate and other conditions on the
abundance of these insects should be carefully studied, since there
is considerable variation in this respect. The number of kinds of
mosquitos occurring in different areas should be determined, and
their habits, powers of flight, etc. carefully ascertained. There is
great divergence in this respect among the different species, and
knowledge of this is of utmost importance in all practical efforts
looking to their subjection. These fundamental facts acquired,
we are in position to determine by experiment the best method of
solving the problem under various conditions. Every effort
should be made to find solutions which will result in the increased
value of swamp lands, paying very largely or entirely for the
improvement; in other words, aim wherever possible to make
permanent betterments which will pay for themselves and inci-
dentally solve the mosquito problem. The extensive swamp areas
about New York city, if reclaimed, would possess considerable
value either for market garden purposes, or, in the course of time,
as residential sites.
Mosquitos as carriers of disease. A number of years ago it was
demonstrated that filariasis or elephantiasis was conveyed by
the bite of certain mosquitos, and more recent investigations have
Shown that both malaria and yellow fever are disseminated in the
Same manner. In fact, it is very probable that these diseases of
man can be spread in no other way, and there is a possibility that:
others of a similar character may pass a portion of their life in
and depend for transmission on members of this exceedingly inter-
esting and important group.
246 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Malaria. This disease is by far the most important of the
above named in New York State. Professor Herrick, in a recent
paper, concludes that “ malaria is responsible for more sickness
among the white population of the South, than any disease to
which it is now subject.” It is less important in New York, yet
this enervating disease is certainly responsible for large annual
losses, because all those infected are frequently unfitted for work,
though comparatively few deaths are attributed directly to it. It
is conveyed, as shown by various investigators, by members of the
genus Anopheles, of which we have three species, A.crucians,
A.maculipennis and A. punctipennis, the latter two
are probably agents in its distribution. These insects act only as
intermediary hosts, affording the parasite which produces the
fever, favorable conditions for undergoing certain changes prior
to its introduction into the human system. It is impossible for
these mosquitos to convey malaria before they have become in-
fected by biting a malarious subject, and consequently the spread
of this disease is readily checked by either destroying all of the
insects capable of carrying it, or by keeping them from sources
of infection. Anopheles must exist where malaria occurs, though
it does not follow that the distribution of malaria is coincident
with that of Anopheles.
Yellow fever. This dread disease of man is well known, and up
to within very recent years no adequate knowledge existed as to
the way in which it was spread. Dr Josiah C. Nott, of Mobile Ala.,
published in the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal for
March 1848, a number of reasons why insects probably were agents
in carrying this disease. This was again advocated in 1881 to
1886 by Dr Finlay of Havana, and recent investigations in Cuba
demonstrated that it may be carried by a mosquito, Stegomyia
fasciata, and possibly by some other forms belonging to the
Same genus. As in the case with malaria, the yellow fever mos-
quito is simply what is known as an intermediary host and must
first become infected with the parasite before it is capable of
imparting this dangerous disease. Control of these pests is so
important in Cuba that the general government spent about
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 247
$100,000 in their destruction the year after it was proved that
mosquitos conveyed the fever, eminently satisfactory results being
obtained.
Filariasis. This dread disease is limited to the tropics, and
while horrible in its effects, is of, much less importance in New
York State, and consequently is only mentioned.
It has been demonstrated that certain mosquitos convey mala-
rious parasites to birds, and it would not be surprising if future
investigations should show that some species were guilty of har-
boring other diseases than those named above.
Distribution and abundance of mosquitos. These frail insects are
ordinarily regarded as inhabitants of temperate or warmer Cli-
mates, yet it is a fact that certain species exist in hordes even
within the arctic circle. Entomologic literature contains many
records of enormous swarms of these insects, and in some cases
they are carried miles by the wind, and are so bloodthirsty as to
drive man and beast before them. These insects are so aggressive
in some localities as to give name to a place; for example, there is
a town named Mosquito in Illinois, a village bearing the same
title in Newfoundland, a Mosquito creek in Indiana, another in
lowa, still another in Ohio, and most of us have heard of the
mosquito country of Central America. Dr Riley states that the
bravest man on the fleetest horse dares not to cross some of the
more rank and dark prairies of Minnesota in June, while the
marshlands of New Jersey and the hills of Long Island have
become notorious because of the abundance of these little pests,
and frequenters of the Adirondacks can speak from experience of
the biting powers of these insects.
Adults. Adult mosquitos vary in habit, many, as we know, fly-
ing at dusk, some almost all night, and a few may be found
abroad in the daytime. The normal food of adult mosquitos is
probably plant juices, and the taste for blood possessed by
certain species is presumably an acquired habit. Blood-sucking
mosquitos not only attack mammals, but also birds, reptiles and
fish, even killing the latter in some cases. Members of certain
genera, according to Theobald, are not bloodsuckers. Aedes, in
248 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the restricted sense, rarely attacks men or animals, while Sayomyia
and Corethra feed exclusively on vegetation. These latter two are
said to inhabit the open country and do not enter human habita-
tions. Certain species pass the winter as adults, and all asa rule,
fiy relatively short distances. Notable exceptions to this are
Culex sollicitans andC.cantator. Very few mosqui-
tos are met with in the daytime because they are usually hiding in
dark crevices about houses and other shelters, or have taken refuge
among foliage or near the base of grasses. These insects are very
susceptible to climatic changes, though we believe that the fre-.
quently noted appearance of large numbers just after rains is due
more to the multiplicity of favorable breeding places, than the
necessity of moisture for the welfare of the adult. Heat favors
rapid transformations, and this may hasten the disclosure of
unusually large numbers of the pests. }
Migration of flight. The migratory habits of mosquitos have a
very important bearing on repressive measures, because if the in-
sects are capable of flying long distances it means that consider-
able areas must be treated in order to secure immunity from the
pests. Extended experience and observation, not only in this but
other countries, have shown that the malarial mosquitos, Anophe-
les, are very restricted in their habits, flying only 200 to 300 yards,
and consequently that local work is exceedingly effective in reduc-
ing their numbers. The same is probably true of our house
mosquito, Culex pipiens, and toa less extent of a number of
other species. This is not the case with the salt marsh mosquito,
Culex sollicitans and its associate,C. cantator, both
of which, as demonstrated by Dr Smith, are capable of flying or
drifting with the wind to a distance of 40 miles or thereabouts.
His observations were limited to New Jersey, and we have yet to
learn of equally prolonged flights in New York State, though data
at hand and observations indicate that this species may easily
fly or drift several miles. The practical work conducted in the
vicinity of New York city indicates that a large amount of free-
dom, even from these two species, may be secured by work
restricted to comparatively limited areas, and as a rule local
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 249
effort, even in the case of these two species, will afford consid-
_ erable relief, which is certainly true of others liable to become
at all troublesome. A number of instances have been placed
on record in recent years, proving the efficacy of operations
confined to small areas, and further investigations may show
that the migrations observed by Dr Smith were somewhat local
and brought about by peculiar conditions. Mr G. C. Davis has
recently published data showing that mosquitos in arid portions
of California are carried over 20 miles by steady, gentle breezes.
Railroad trains have been suggested as an efficient means of dis-
seminating mosquitos, but Dr Smith’s observations, showing that
while a train might become filled with mosquitos while passing
through an infested marsh, it was practically free when the
haunts of the mosquitos were left behind, would seem to indicate
that this method of transportation is of relatively small import-
ance. Railroad trains might, however, convey small numbers to
favorable breeding places, where the insects would be able to sur-
vive for a few generations, and in this way centers might become
established. Ships are probably very efficient in conveying species
from one country to another, since Rowe has observed 12 foreign
Species on a ship in quarantine at New York.
Life history. Only a few years ago it was supposed that the life
histories of most species of mosquitos were substantially identical.
The great impetus given to the study of this group by the recent
demonstration that certain forms were capable of conveying
malaria and yellow fever, has practically disproved this notion,
and now we know that there is considerable variation in their life
histories and habits, as will be seen by reference to accounts of
different species on the following pages.
Hibernation. At one time it was presumed that the winter was
passed solely by the adults, and while this is undoubtedly true of
certain species, others hibernate in the egg stage and still others
as larvae and possibly pupae. Several observers have noted the re-
sistance of larvae of this insect to cold and have placed on record
instances where they have been frozen repeatedly and survived.
250 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Eggs. Dr Dyar has made a somewhat extensive study of the
oviposition habits of various mosquitos, and has ascertained in the
case of the species studied, that those with unbanded legs produce
eggs which fioat on the surface, some in masses, as for example,
C. pipiens, while in others they may be deposited singly or in
small groups of two or three. The ring-legged species deposit
their eggs, like C. sollicitans for example, in dry places
where water is likely to collect, a portion hatching after a wetting,
so that a series of swarms are produced by high tides and storms
from the overwintering eggs. C.canadensis deposits its eggs
singly and many sink to the
bottom, most of them remain-
4 ing unhatched till the following
\ spring. C. sylvestris lays
ww Ne act : its eggs in a similar man-
WW alls Je :
SR. . 3 ner, and the species breeds
ri c & continuously throughout the
es hs ¥ season, practically all eggs
Fig.1 Culex pipiens. Eee mas, batching when coverethi shy
with enlarged eggs at left and young .
larvae. (Reduced from Howard... U.S. Water, except possibly those
Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25, ns. 1900) ;
laid in September, which, in
the instance under observation, hibernated.
Larvae. Mosquito larvae, as a rule, subsist mostly on decaying
vegetable matter and algae, though they are also carnivorous in
habit, and species of Corethra and Sayomyia entirely so. Certain
species have decided preferences in breeding places, some being
found only in or near brackish or salt water, others only in fresh
water, a few in foul water, some in warm, fresh water, while
others prefer cool spring-fed pools and similar places. Dr Dyar
observes that larvae with a short air tube are generally found in
temporary pools, while those with a long air tube occur in perma-
nent waters. Small fish feed on the larvae so readily, that they
are very rarely found where these enemies occur, and consequently
practically all breeding is limited to fishless waters, except in the
case of some of the more transparent forms like Sayomyia.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 251
Pupae. Pupae of most mosquitos are very similar, active and
floating at the surface of the water. This stage is usually short,
its duration being greatly modified by the temperature.
Methods of collecting and breeding. Mosquitos are readily cap-
tured with a dexterous sweep of the hand, and by exercising a
little caution the body will be only slightly crushed and the speci-
men, therefore, not ruined for identification. They may also be
taken by deftly slipping a small cyanid bottle or one containing
a little cotton soaked with chloroform over the insect while it is
at rest on a wall or person, or inside an insect net, if the latter
be used. The fumes of the cyanid or
chloroform kill the insects quickly, and
they can then be easily transmitted in
small vials between lightly placed
wads or layers of cotton. The species
occurring in and about houses are of
special importance.
Some of the rare forms and _ per-
fect individuals of most species can MEV Gane Pi pee.
be obtained as easily by collecting (7 Quneed wetter poward,
the larvae as in any other way. not wat
The latter may be found in pools of almost any character where
fish do not occur, and sometimes in small numbers even when
these enemies are present. Mosquitos have decided preferences
in breeding places, and various species may be found under
widely different conditions. An examination of almost any small
body of water should reveal specimens sometime during the season.
A definite idea of breeding places of different species, may be
gained by reference to the accounts of various forms. Larvae
may be taken by the use of a fine meshed coffee strainer, and if a
small porcelain dish or one lined with white enamel is used for the
reception of the catch, it will be much easier to detect them. They
may be kept alive several hours in small vials partly filled with
water, or they may be killed at once by transferring them to 504%
alcohol, which is strong enough to preserve them for several days,
after which they should be placed in 75 to 85% alcohol. Both
252 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
larvae and adults may be shipped safely in vials by mail, pro-
vided they are packed in a little cotton and inclosed in a stout
box. .
The life cycle of the mosquito is'so short, and the different _
Species so easily reared, that there is little difficulty in obtaining
adults from either eggs, larvae or pupae, particularly the latter. —
’ Soil gathered in wet places in the spring is very likely to produce
larvae, provided it be kept covered with an inch or more of water,
and with moderate attention the young should develop to adults
without trouble, though it is advisable to imitate natural condi-
tions so far as convenient. Young larvae are usually easily reared,
and as they approach maturity there-is less danger of death by
disease or from insufficient food. Careful breeding work necessi-
tates the isolation of individuals and the preservation of the
larval skin with the adult, since it is very easy to confuse species
in the larval stage, specially when it is remembered that we have
taken larvae belonging to seven species from the same pool and at
practically the same time. There is great need of this kind of
work, and it is hoped that many will undertake it in the near
future, and thus make material additions to our knowledge of the
mosquitos of New York State.
Kxamples of either adults or larvae, together with records of the
conditions under which they were taken, will be welcome, and the
entomologist will gladly reciprocate by giving advice in indi-
vidual cases, and specially interesting localities may be closely
investigated. |
Haunts and breeding places. The haunts and breeding places of
mosquitos are of prime importance to one attempting to control
the pest, and therefore considerable space will be given to this
phase of the subject. We may divide mosquitos in a general
way into semidomestic and wild species, the former occurring
more or less in the vicinity of dwellings and frequently entering
them, while the latter rarely have this habit.
Anopheles. The members of this genus are of great importance |
in New York State, because of their malarial carrying powers.
The adults are frequently found in the vicinity of dwellings, and
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 253
investigations in September 1902, in the city of Albany, showed
that it was comparatively easy to find specimens of Ano p heles
punctipennis in many of the area ways in different sections
of the city. It was observed that the insects were more abundant
in the areas where there was only a doorway and consequently
poor ventilation. Mosquitos evidently do not like a draft, and in
most places where there was a free circulation of air compara-
tively few were to be found. In view of this fact some relief from
Fig. 3 Resting positions of Culex at left ang Anopheles at right. (After Howard,
Uz. S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 25, n.s. 1900)
mosquitos, particularly Anopheles, might be obtained by provid-
ing free ventilation in area ways and other sheltered places like
porches, so that mosquitos would be disinclined to take refuge
therein. As is well known, these insects may also be found in
outbuildings of various kinds, in fact in almost any dry place
where there is not too much air. They fly throughout the sum-
mer and we have met with specimens on snow in the middle of
March.
The natural breeding places of Anopheles larvae, according to
Dr Howard, are in the more or less permanent pools of water
such as are found in the bed of an old canal in spring, in wood-
254 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
land streams, or in the side pools or shallows of field springs or
artificial excavations filled with water. Small larvae are to be
found in such places, particularly where there is a certain amount
of green scum. Nuttall and Shipley state that in England these
larvae are to be found in pools, ditches, backwaters of rivers and
Fig. 4 Characteristic feeding position of Anopheles larva
in upper figure, and that of Culex in lower figure. (After
Howard, U. S. Dep't Agric. Diy. Ent. Bul. 25, n.s. 1900)
canals and in other slow flowing waters, almost invariably in
such as are clear, and very rarely in impure or brackish water.
They state that the larvae frequent places not shaded by trees,
though Dr Howard has found them on several occasions in dense
shade. He adds that they are rarely found in water contained |
in barrels, troughs and fountain basins. Our own experience has
been somewhat different, in that we have had no difficulty in
obtaining larvae of Anopheles in rain water collected in an old
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 255
paint pot and in association with Culex. We have also taken
numbers from a barrel containing spring water, where there was -
considerable algae or green scum, while we failed to find speci-
mens in a large spring within 150 feet, though there was much
| algae at the sides. We have also taken them beside a stream in
a depression among the rocks, where there was considerable algae,
a single specimen was met with in a barrel of filthy water, and
‘we have found them abundant in weedy, semistagnant pools
beside watercourses.
Culex pipiens and other semidomesticated species. The adults
of these species have somewhat similar habits to those of Ano-
pheles, and like them were found by us in unventilated area ways
in different sections of Albany. It is probable, as pointed out
above, that ventilation would result in many of these mosquitos
avoiding such retreats. The larvae, as is well known, are found
in multitudes in pails and barrels of standing water, and wherever
there are holes in the earth, tin cans and other debris holding
water we may expect to find larger or smaller colonies of these
insects. Cisterns supposed to be tight frequently produce thou-
sands of mosquitos, and they have been detected emerging in con-
siderable numbers from sewers. Gutters with deficient fall may
harbor millions, and almost any standing water in the vicinity
of a house is likely to produce these insects; one can not look too
closely for breeding places.
Salt marsh and other wild mosquitos. The salt marsh mosquito
and its ally, C. cantator, are the two most important of our
wild forms and the ones which cause the most annoyance in the
vicinity of seacoasts. These two species breed on the salt
marshes, preferably in brackish water, and the work of several
investigators has shown that only limited portions of the marshes
produce the pest. It has been repeatedly observed after high
tides, that the salt marshes along the upland and extending out
a distance of 150 to 250 feet, were swarming with larvae. They
are largely protected in these places from spraying operations
by grass, and it is impossible for fish to get at them. These
species breed principally in pools at the head of the marshes to
256 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
which tides rise only occasionally and in which the water is quite
brackish. Here the wrigglers have time to develop before the tide
again visits the pools, sweeping away their contents. As a rule
none are found in pools not reached by tides or in those containing
fish, neither are they found where killifish occur nor in association
with fiddler crabs. It will be observed that the breeding places
of these two species are confined to limited areas, and conse-
| quently, while their control may at first sight appear to be a
gigantic undertaking, in reality it is largely simplified by these
restrictions.
Other wild species have more or less decided preferences as to
breeding grounds, the details of which are given under accounts
of the different species. These forms, as a rule, are of minor
economic importance, though their habits, as well as those of more
annoying mosquitos, should be carefully investigated.
Natural enemies. Small fish are by far the most important
among the natural enemies of mosquitos, and the introduction of
suitable forms into fishless waters sometimes affords one of the
readiest methods of controlling these pests. Almost all of the
small carnivorous fish which inhabit swamp pools and still water
will feed on mosquito larvae. This includes nearly all of the
minnows, particularly those known as top-minnows. The little
sticklebacks are very efficient in this respect. The common little
sunfish or “ pumpkin seed” is also recommended as a voracious
devourer of mosquitos, and it has the advantage of the preceding
forms, in that its spined rays protect it from some of the larger
fish. The common goldfish has also been reported as an important
ally in controlling mosquitos. Tadpoles may eat mosquito larvae,
though there appears to be some doubt on this point, and
as we have observed larvae in association with tadpoles, they can
not be voracious devourers of wrigglers. Mr Koebele of Hawaii
has observed a salamander devouring larvae.
A number of aquatic insects, such as dragon fly larvae, the
young of predatory water beetles and various aquatic bugs feed
on mosquito larvae and are undoubtedly valuable aids in con-
trolling this pest, though hardly forms which could be handled
and bred or distributed in the same way as fish.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 257
Adult mosquitos are fed on by a number of natural enemies,
prominent among which may be listed various birds and bats.
Theobald mentions the night hawk, swallows, martins and fly-
catchers as being specially valuable. It is well known that dragon
flies devour many small flies, including mosquitos, and Dr Howard
records, on the authority of Mr E. P. Salmon of Beloit Wis., the
presence of a little red louse on mosquitos. Attack by some mite,
probably Trombidium muscarum, on mosquitos has
also been reported to us by Mr J. G. Lindsley of Oswego N. Y.,
an observer in whom we have utmost confidence.
Adult mosquitos are also attacked by certain fungus diseases.
First, Entomophthora spaerosperma Fersn., attacks
many different insects and frequently affects mosquitos. Another
species, Empusa culicis Braun., is very similar to the
fungus so frequently observed on house flies, and is one, as the
name implies, that destroys many of these little pests. A third
species recorded by Thaxter as attacking small gnats is known as
Empusa papilata, but as the gnats were not determined
we can not say that it affects mosquitos. In addition, Prof. R. H.
Pettit of Michigan, records attack on mosquitos by a new species
of Entomophthora. He states that on Aug. 5 Mr Barlow
found a number of adult mosquitos killed by it, and that they
were very numerous on the margin of one of the pools in the North
Woods, sometimes almost covering the soil and the pieces of bark
to which they clung. Recently killed individuals, showed little,
if any, external growth, while others were covered with a dull
white coat and all were within a few inches of the water and
headed away from it. The victims die so close to the water, that
they are, as pointed out by Professor Pettit, in an ideal situation
to infect their fellows. He states that the appearance of an in-
fected mosquito is very characteristic. The entire body is swollen
and covered with a dull white growth, sometimes almost lead
- color, and it is fastened down by many slender brownish threads.
This fungus was also met with by him on several species of Musci-
dae, on a Chironomid and on a dragon fly, probably Diplax
rubicundula. Several attempts were made to introduce the
disease in other places, but without success.
258 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Methods of control. Mosquitos have been tolerated from time
immemorial. It was a supposed impossibility to do more than
to exclude the little pests from dwellings. Abating such a nuis-
ance appears to be a herculean task at first sight, but study and
experience have demonstrated that it is eminently practical to
reduce the numbers of these insects very materially. There are
two important phases to this problem: one, the destruction of
domestic species which enter our houses, certain forms of which
are capable of conveying malaria to their victims, and the an-
nihilation of the many swarms bred along seashores and other
places more or less remote from the habitations of man. These
two problems have this in common, that they aim to destroy
insects, but the methods of accomplishing the desired end in one
case is quite different from that in the other.
Destruction of semidomestic species. The semidomestic species
include such forms as Anopheles, Culex pipiens and a few
other house species. These insects possess limited powers of
flight, and as a consequence those troublesome about a house
are bred near by, in many cases within 200 yards, and some-
times within 25 feet of the dwelling. Our main object in the
fight against these species is to abolish favorable breeding places
in the immediate vicinity. This means that a most careful watch
must be kept for uncovered rain barrels, partly open cisterns and
cesspools or near-by hollows which may hold water for a short
time, broken crockery, tin cans and any other debris, which may
afford the necessary conditions for the existence of larvae. Such
a campaign calls for the minutest scrutiny of all likely and even
unlikely places, to see that they do not supply conditions favor-
able for developing mosquitos. Drainage has a prominent part.
particularly in low places, because we know of instances where
houses cover standing water, but in the State at large this is
hardly true, and fair drainage prevails. The appearance of con-
siderable numbers of these mosquitos about a dwelling is almost
proof that there is a breeding place in the immediate vicinity,
and the owner, if he objects to the pests, can do no better than to
search for and do away with them in some way or another, either
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 259
by drainage, sealing, supplying small fish which will feed on the
wrigglers, in case this is possible, or treating the surface with
kerosene or other oil.
It will usually be necessary to supplement the above measures
by carefully screening dwellings, so as to exclude the few remain-
ing insects. This is particularly important in the case of Ano-
pheles, because of its disease-carrying possibilities. Living mos-
quitos may be stupefied in closed rooms by burning pyrethrum
powder, which should be moistened somewhat and molded into
little cones and then dried in the oven. These cones may be
lighted at the tip and will then smolder slowly, filling the room
with a not unpleasant smoke which appears to stupefy the mos-
quitos. It is said that two or three of these cones will give relief
during the entire evening, provided the windows are closed. Dr
Howard also calls attention to the modification of a device fre-
quently used for catching house flies. It is nothing more than a
tin cup or inverted can cover nailed to a stick and containing a
small quantity of kerosene. It is pushed up under a mosquito
resting on the ceiling, and as the insect attempts to fly it is caught
by the oil and destroyed. Such a device would be very convenient
if used in the early evening, to rid sleeping chambers of the pests.
Salt marsh and other wild mosquitos. Mosquitos belonging to
this group are usually troublesome only in the vicinity of the
seashore, and the common salt marsh mosquito, Culex sol-
licitans, is by all odds the most serious pest of them all.
Acquaintance with its breeding habits has taught us that the
larvae occur usually within 100 to 250 feet of the shore, and that
they develop largely in places reached only by the higher tides,
numbers of eggs hatching after each high tide or heavy rain,
thus providing a series of swarms throughout the season. The
obvious thing is to either so ditch and drain that no pools will
remain after the retreat of high tides, or else by a series of dikes
exclude the tides and in this way render large tracts unsuitable
for breeding purposes. Extensive areas can be treated in this
way, and if diking is followed by proper drainage and reclama-
tion, many acres of land exceedingly valuable for agricultural pur-
260 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
poses, or which might be used for suburban residences, could be
placed on the market. There are many depressions in salt and
other marshes and also on dry land which can be readily trans-
formed from pernicious breeding places to harmless soil by a
little filling. Ditching, digging and filling may be regarded as
permanent methods of doing away with the mosquito nuisance.
This is not always possible, and it is then necessary to resort to
temporary measures, such as spraying breeding places with petro-
ieum, in order to destroy the larvae. The succession in the hatch-
ing of the eggs of the salt marsh mosquito, and the several
generations produced by Culex pipiens in fresh waters,
render the repetition of this petrolizing or treatment with oil
necessary at more or less regular intervals throughout the breed-
ing season. It is more costly in the long run than the more per-
manent measures and can be recommended only as a temporary
expedient.
The natural enemies of mosquitos are of considerable value in
this warfare, and this is particularly true of the small fish men-
tioned in a preceding paragraph. It not infrequently happens
that a fresh or salt water pool affords ideal conditions for the
production of millions of mosquitos, a state of affairs that can be
easily remedied by the introduction of some of these fish. They
may be brought from some distance in the case of isolated pools,
but there are many easily connected with fish-inhabited bodies,
where even this would not be necessary.
CULICIDAE
Mosquitos are so familiar to most people that a scientific defini-
tion of them hardly seems necessary. The most characteristic
feature of the adult is the presence of hairlike scales along the
veins and margins of the wings. The females of our common
species are easily recognized by their hum and bite, while the
innoxious males, rarely seen in nature, have conspicuous feathery
or plumose antennae.
These small insects may be separated from closely allied flies
by the long, slender abdomen, narrow wings, the plumose an-
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 261
thorax. Jr:
putt teen
re rh edd rae me tarsus
E / ’
. ’
’ 4
us 7
’
Ul
» -
. ov
/ ‘ ?
ia nlennde, aha A a
e
'
fa ? ' ‘ 1208 x t
° ' ~ 7 : 2 :
, i ly fa) \ e ‘ . % i otin
’ . 4 . . ‘ a cy
is ; ’ ’ s ry . . ; N h t L
' 5
, # o ‘ . * = x 2
a & t ¢ © Pi , . Be . VV EINES anded
. ‘ . . ' t ’ ’ y ~
REE RI Cs OE ee ae a
RS eS i. ‘ Pa 6
. , ' iv “ A t
' it
s A a BK | H a
if ‘ Mi /
“ ‘
‘ , ’ .j ,
’
(
‘
,
1 7
1 .
white banded beak. (ease 5.
bade Land 22-4
basal end of segme Wustos i 35%
os"
saetnet sZelete
wera a ay ereee
~
-
-_—--—----
7 if J tarsal jo nt. \ Sa
a wid ae
base Peeters tet i ae? X
ee ey jornte :
eating enema
Vi be Lenpearl jornt \
vA er ~4th Tiarsal jorn nae aN
ree ae LL arse l claw gecrttt rrr :
en sth + seach jornt.
Fig. 5 Mosquito showing parts used in classification (After Smith, N. J. Agric. Exp.
Sta. Bul. 171. 1904)
262 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
tennae of the male and the usually long, slender proboscis of the
female. The thorax lacks the transverse V-shaped suture seen
in the crane flies, and the most distinct feature, as stated above,
is the scalelike hairs on the wings, specially the margins. The
larvae of all species, so far as known, are aquatic in spite of the
fact that adults have been observed in arid regions far from water.
The characters of greatest service in studying mosquitos, are
so plainly shown in figure 5, that no detailed explanation is
necessary. It may be well to call attention a little more in
detail to the wing structure of this group, which is very inter-
esting not so much on account of variations in the veins as in
the structure and distribution of the scales. The more impor-
tant wing veins may be easily recognized by running back from
the costa as follows: subcosta, first longitudinal, second longi-
tudinal, third longitudinal, fourth longitudinal, fifth longitudinal
and sixth longitudinal, the second and fourth longitudinal veins
having the characteristic fork cells, that of the former frequently
being termed the first submarginal cell. These two veins are
connected by an important cross vein known as the anterior
cross vein. It may be easily recognized because it is intercepted
near the middle by the third longitudinal vein. The posterior
cross vein connects the fourth longitudinal and the anterior branch
of the fifth longitudinal veins. The relative distance between
these two cross veins and the relative length of the petioles and
their fork cells is of considerable service in classification. The
male wing may be recognized by the much longer petioles, sparse
scales and the absence of oblique scales along the greater por-
tion of the posterior margin. The scales of Culicids vary exceed-
ingly, ranging from almost linear in Corethra and Sayomyia to
the lanceolate ones of Anopheles or the very much dilated scales
of Uranotaenia. The latter is remarkable for the diverse struct-
ure of its wing scales. The genus Culex presents very interest-
ing variations in wing scales. Generally speaking there are two
classes—the long and the short, the longer ones being slender,
frequently strap-shaped and as a rule extending some distance
on each side of the veins, while the short scales are more or less
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 263
broadly triangular and usually closely appressed to the vein.
The scales of the fringe also present important characters.
Usually a row of long and another of medium scales constitutes
the fringe proper, though in the females of the Pipiens group the -
fringe scales form three or four rows of different length [pl. 26,
fig. 2]. In addition, there is a row of short, oblique scales along
the greater portion of the posterior margin in the females, which
is usually absent in the males along the inner two thirds or four
fifths. The different characters of the wings of the various
species are so well shown on the platey that no further descrip-
tion is necessary.
The accessory male genital organs, as pointed out by Professor
Theobald, possess specific value, and in the case of the species
studied by us, present most remarkable variations asi will be
seen by reference to illustrations on plates 29-40. As an aid
to identification a tabulated statement of the differences fol-
lows. It is practically a key to the males studied and supple-
mentary thereto we give a brief explanation of the terms
employed. The more conspicuous lateral organs have been
termed the clasps; these are composed of two segments: a large
basal one, which presents considerable modification in form, and
bears, particularly in the Pipiens group, very characteristic
appendages near the apical third, and near the base more or less
peculiar chitinous spines in a number of species. The ter-
minal segment of the clasp is more slender and, in some species,
bears at its apex two apical teeth, while others possess a more
or less developed spine, apparently a rudimentary third segment.
‘The harpes, lying just within the clasps and originating near
their base, are normally next in size to these important organs
and may usually be recognized by the pronounced angle fre-
quently present near the more or less perfect fusion of two seg-
ments. These organs are remarkably diverse in structure and
presumably occur in all species, though in certain forms, owing
to lack of material, we have been unable to detect them. The
harpagones are paired, smaller, clasping organs, usually strongly
curved and terminated by a stout, somewhat recurved hook. The
264° NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
unci, as we have identified them, consist of a pair of usually
fused processes on the ventral margin, which present considerable
variations in structure. In addition, there is frequently pres-
ent anterior to the unci, a pair of peculiar, rudimentary, spine-
tipped organs, which apparently belong to the preceding seg-
ment, and for the purpose of identification they have been termed
appendages of the eighth abdominal segment. Lack of material
has prevented working out thoroughly the homologies of these
organs.
It may be well in this connection to call attention briefly to
some of the more important characteristics of mosquito larvae.
The antennae vary somewhat in form and coloration, and par-
ticularly in the position and size of the antennal tuft [fig. 64].
The labial plate presents characteristic variations in certain
species [fig. 12, 44]. The more important characters, however,
are found in the air tube, its form and relative length and in the
rows of posterior pecten or teeth at its base [fig. 21,45]. There is
wide variation in the number of teeth, their serrations, degree
of development [fig. 22, 40], and within certain limits consider-
able constancy obtains. There is also an interesting patch of
scales or spinelike scales on each side of the eighth abdominal
segment, which for the sake of brevity has been termed the comb.
The size of this patch varies considerably and there are marked
differences between the various Species in the number and struc-
ture of the component scales [fig. 18, 28, 48] and in our experience
there is a much greater constancy in the number of comb scales
than has been recorded by some. In the interests of clearness
and brevity the term pecten has been limited to the structures
occurring on the air tube, while the component members of the -
comb are designated as scales. Several characters of less general
importance are mentioned in treating of the various species.
Key to subfamilies
@ Proboscis long, formed for piercing; palpi long in both sexes; wings
usually Spotted occ cSl See se oe a eee ieee Anophelinae
b Palpi short in female; wings not usually spotted: 2. 2.0. S227 Culicinae
bd Palpi short in both sexes. 2h teeeeeeeeeeee.-. ACHeEOMyinae
aa Proboscis short, not formed Pie | PICKIN Sees we ces . Corethrinae
i
a
Culicid genitalia
HARPAGONES
CLASPS
SPECIES — — = HARPES
Second segment Basal segment
|
oe |
Psorophora ciliata......... Irregular, Setose, 2 apicaliSubconic..:..ssu....0-:s+seeve cee Strongly curved, irregular, furcate,
: z _ spines inner branch setose, outer faleate
Anopheles punctipennis...|/Slender, curved, small api-/Subeylindric, with 2 very long,|...-...-..:ecsee see e scene ence eens
cal spur straight basal spines
A. maculipennis .......... Slender, curved, small api-\Subconical, with 2 long, curved]..............c.seseeceeeeeeeceees
_ cal spur basal spines
Culex sylvestris........... Stout, expanding, furcate,/Stout, curved, with internal basal|Cylindric, short, setose apically....
inner apex with stout) tufts
tooth }
COGAN UNS re teyeeteietencelsiereioate Slender, flattened, strongly Dorsal lobe apically, « stout, curved|Flattened, strongly curved, apical
curved, with long apical! basal spine portion faleate
spur |
CG, sollicitans 2... - cece Flattened, strongly curved)|Subcomie, with basal papillate ele-/Strongly curved, setose basally, fal-
with stout apical tooth vation cate apically
Gaicantatoneneenersrceeer Rounded, curved, with)Lobed apically, with stout, curved.|Curved, setose basally, strongly
stout apical tooth tapering basal spine curved, faleate apically
C. canadensis ~..-....-.... Slender, curved, with long Apical lobe and basal papillate,|Basal portion stout, rounded; apical
apical spine setose elevation slender, bent, acute
C. cinereoborealis ........ Strongly curved, with stout|/Large apical lobe, basal enlargement|Very long, bent, irregular..........
blunt spine and a peculiar, dark, capitate pro-
cess
C. taeniorhynchus ........ Basal portion enlarged, api-Subcylindric, with slight basal en-|Basal portion curved, apical curved,
cal spine long largement falcate, with retrorse spine
C@) abserratus ..-.-....... Flattened, strongly curved, Short, thick..................0..055 Flattened, strongly curved.........
with long, stout apical
spine :
(Oh NE snouaso as sacacts Flattened, twisted, with Large apical lobes, a pair of stout/Rudimentary branch curved, apical
stout apical spine internal spines midway and aj portion broadly faleate
large basal spine
CmlazarenSis cron ecietioen re |Flattened, strongly curved,/With apical lobe and basal promi-|Curved basally, apical portion fal-
with long, stout apical) nence bearing a stout, tapering,| cate, with recurved tip
| spine | curved spine
Gea. DSODTUNUS = ee teenies Slender, tapering, with)Nearly conical, with small basal|Stout, black, curved, tridentate ....
| short apical spine | papillate enlargement
C. magnipennis........... Stout, curved, with stout Subconical with papillate spined pro-|Stout, strongly curved, acute, biden-
7 | apical spine cess at basal third tate
GC-stermnivansm.nesesee scr! Triangular, curved with/Subconical, with 2 stout, recurved|Short, curved, apex rounded, setose
| short, stout apical spine) processes and several spines in a
| | group at the inner apical third
(Ce PEM Aah ocnsonencocso \Stout, tapering, with short|Subconical, with group of 3 stout,|Short, strongly bent, acute tip......
| apical spine | several smaller spines and a spatu-
| late organ at inner apical third
Ce resthuan sini eeiccinscets Rather slender, strongly With 3 large and a smaller, strongly|Strongly curved with stout, apical
curved, with short apical) recurved spine and a spatulate| hook
spur organ at inner apical third
Wedes PuSGuss-cleimace eri \Subapical, strongly curyed,|Conical, with basal papillate, setose|Short, furcate, inner branch shorter
Uranotaenia sapphirina. .
Sayomyia hudsoni
S. rotundifolia
Eucorethra underwoodi.. .
| apical tooth
.|Rather short, excavated,
dentate apically, subapi-
cal triangular spine
Rather slender, tapering,
apex rounded
Stout at
spur
with broad base and sub-
Long, stout, apex rounded|Subcylindric
| area
|
|Subconical, younded
Subcylindric
base, slightly|Subconical, with conspicuous sub-
curved, with short apical] ~ apical group of spines internally
both obtuse, setose
Flattened, with stout apical hook...
Short, flattened, spatulate, with
short, subterminal spine
Strongly curved, with stout apical
and subapical spine
Curved, with stout apical hook..
Slender, nearly straight, spined
apically
Curyed, with stout apical tooth
Trregularly curyed, with stout
apical tooth
Strongly curved, with stout api-
cal tooth 3
Strongly curved, with stout api-
cal spine
Small, with strongly recurved
point
Slender, swollen, with stout api-
cal hook
With stout apical hook
Curved, with stout apical spine
Trregular, strongly curved, stout
apical spine
Dorsally curved, with 2 or 3 stout
teeth
Widely separated, rounded, papil-
late and finely setose apically
Short, stout, with stout subapical
spine
UNCI
APPENDAGE OF EIGHTH
SEGMENT
Curved, with stout apical
hook
Narrow, fused, furcate
Narrow, fused
Curved, slender, platelike
Flattened, broad
Slender, acute
Rather stout, acute........
Slender, furcate, acute....
Approximate, curyed, with
stout spine
Divergent, slender, acute. .
Curved, slender, acute....
Confluent, terminating in
a slender beak
Short, stout, with lateral
apical teeth
Papillate, rudimentary
Distant, with stout apical setae
Distant, with stout apical setae
Distant, with stout apical spines
Approximate, with stout apical
spines
Rudimentary, with long, straight
spines
Long, with stout apical spines
Short, distant, with stout apical
spines
Distant, with short apical spines
Approximate, margined with
even black chitinous spines
Distant, black, with many irreg-
ular, long spines
Distant, thickly spined apically
Distant, thickly spined apically
Distant, thickly spined apically
Approximate, with short termi-
nal spines
Distant, fingerlike
relia
tei deg
3 4 . +a J
‘ H ee, ¥ . ae. cit 4 re S54 Ry
i -, f*
ri ¥ q 7 ia
, Suvi tale = - - eee
, i : ay ;
- :
7 y 3
a 5
re
e aa. ‘
.
oe iy 4
a
‘ ‘ * weitere
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 265
Generic key of culicid larvae
Mosquito larvae are preeminently important in any work
designed to reduce the abundance of adults, because most of it
must be done before the mosquitos attain maturity, and ordinarily
it is impracticable to breed out the insects in order to ascertain
whether a pool is liable to produce an annoying or dangerous
species or not. This makes identification of larval forms of great
importance, and the following generic table modified from that
prepared by Mr Johannsen, is given as an aid in identification.
a Air tube on last abdominal segment
b Antennae pendant, with four large, curved, apical spines......Corethra
bb Antennae not pendant
ec Antennae fold back against the head and terminate in two or three
SUE SOE OS Agila ao i as as ne i .Corethrella
ce Antennae usually with only a few small erect bristles and one or
two pointed processes
d Brush projecting sidewise from the mouth, mandibles long, —
sharply toothed. <A large species, half an inch or more
ae read ete. e tc land! Gee ser a\'S alicia, ox & op Psorophora (ciliata)
dd Brush of hairs projecting forward from the mouth
e No ventral brush on last abdominal segment. With two anal
blood gills; the pecten of the air tube wanting. Small species
occurring in water of pitcher plants....... Aedes (s mithi i)
ee Last segment with ventral brush
f Anal blood gills dilated; lateral comb of eighth segment a
single transverse row of spines with elongate bases; anal seg-
ment without hair tufts before barred area
Stegomyia (fasciata)
ff Anal blood gills slender
g Anal blood gills sharply pointed; pecten unidentate, apical
2 or 3 distant, flattened; lateral comb of eighth segment
with 12 large spines in a single or partly double row
Aedes (f{uscus)
gg Not as above in all respects -
h Pecten teeth with semitransparent serrate margin, stel-
late hairs on the abdomen, a small species. . Uranotaenia
Maia ite ELI GE Bsch ohne aia cla Save ei Gis, vies eked aie e°e. Bivial os bre vers Culex
aa No air tube -on last abdominal segment
b Last segment ustally with hooks; no spiracles apparent; larvae trans-
Peele Le CtCe te ae ay ere ance aie ule ice 'e cee ed adee ee Sayomyia
bb Last segment with a flat dorsal area in which may be seen two
spiracles
c Medium sized species with anal segment cylindric........ Anopheles
ec Large species with the anal segment bladderlike ; mandibles strongly
CP CaMsI Ny EI ee a eee e fies niet ele ue, Goa a dale See We a lalage's EKucorethra
266 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ANOPHELINAE
ANOPHELES
This genus is of particular interest, because certain species at
least, are known to transmit malaria. Members of this group
may be recognized by the nearly straight beak or proboscis, and
more easily when at rest by the peculiar position, since the body,
head and beak are almost in a straight line, whereas there is a.
marked angle between the body and the head and beak in our
common mosquitos. The palpi in both sexes are almost as long
as the proboscis, the body colors are brown and yellow, and the
wings are usually spotted. Three species occur within the State
and may be separated by the characteristics given below.
Anopheles punctipennis Say
Pl. 1, 14, 29, 48, fig. 1, 2,3; 1, 2; 1; 1 respectively
This is the species we found abundantly about Albany. We
have seen it on Long Island, in the Adirondacks and other
O65
Fig. 6 Anopheles punctipennis, female,
with male antenna at right and wing tip showing vena-
tion at left. (After Howard, U. S. Dep’t Agric. Div.
Ent. Bul. 25, n. s. 1900)
places, indicating a wide range. It may be easily distin-
guished from the closely allied A. maculipennis, by the
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 267
yellowish white marginal spot near the apical fourth of the wing.
This insect has been characterized by Dr Howard as our hand-
somest species. This larva with its conspicuously spotted head
may be recognized by its nearly hori
zontal position at the surface of the
water, and particularly by the five
conspicuous, plumose hairs extend-
ing from each side of the thoracic
and anterior abdominal segments
much like oars. A closer examina-
tion will show that the larva nor-
mally feeds with its head reversed.
It is only about 5 or 6 mm long Fig. 7 Labial plate of the larva
OrmAL pume tipennias
when full grown. Both sexes and
larvae and pupae have been carefully described by Johannsen.
This species has an extensive range, having been reported from
a number of Eastern states, as far south as Texas, west to Oregon,
and from Canadian localities. It is probably somewhat generally
distributed in this country.
We have taken the larvae from water puddles, pools containing
algae, and from other standing waters. This species breeds
throughout the summer in favorable localities, and the larvae
are occasionally quite abundant.
Anopheles maculipennis Meig.
Pl. 1, 14, 25, 29, 48, fig. 4,5; 3, 4, 4;2; 2 respectively
This rather insignificant species may be recognized by its yellow
colored wings bearing four somewhat small dark spots. It is also
peculiar in possessing black palpi and in having the scales of the
last vein of the wing entirely black. The female and larva of this
species have been carefully described by Johannsen.
Male. Palpi and proboscis about equal, dark brown, except
that the tip of the latter is light brown. Antennae dark brown,
shorter than the palpi, segments sparsely clothed with basal
whorls of long, black hairs and numerous much shorter, light
brown ones. Eyes coarsely granulate, strongly emarginate, with
268 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
bright greenish reflections. Occiput rather thickly clothed with
black and creamy white scales, the latter forming a pair of sub-
median patches, dark scales being specially abundant laterally.
Thorax brown, sparsely clothed with short, golden yellowish
Fig. 8 Dorsal view of the larva of Anopheles
hairs arranged in a rather plain median line with submedian
rows, a sublateral and a lateral row posteriorly, the hairs of the
two latter being longer, coarser and browner. Scutellum slaty
eray. Halteres, basal portion, pale yellowish white; apical por-
tion, capitate, fuscous. Dorsal portion of abdomen plumbeus,
with irregular, fuscous markings and rather sparsely clothed
with long, golden yellow hairs. Pleura and ventral portion of
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 269
abdomen plumbeus. Legs brownish with yellowish apical bands
on the femora and tibiae. Wings hyaline, thickly clothed with
scales and with darker spots at the base of the second longi-
tudinal vein, the region of the cross veins and the tips of the fork
cells. Posterior cross vein almost interstitial with mid cross vein.
Petiole of first fork cell about two thirds the length of the cell,
that of the second about equal.
This insect occurs on Long Island and about Albany, and it
is accorded an extensive range by Theobald, who states that it is
widely distributed over Europe. It has been recorded from a
number of the Eastern states, and is found from Florida and
Texas, north to Canada and Manitoba.
Dr Dyar found the larvae more or less commonly in nearly
every pool and pond, and even in rain water barrels at and about
Bellport and Amaganset L. I., and Dr Howard states that this
Species appears to be universally distributed in the suburbs of
New York, where it appears to be more numerous than farther
north. The larvae occur about Albany only in midsummer and
are not abundant then.
The life history of this insect has been worked out by D1
Howard, who states that the eggs are deposited in loose masses
on the surface of the water. He adds that they are somewhat
oval in outline, float on one side, and that they hatch in three or
four days. The larva usually remains near the surface, keeping
its body in a nearly horizontal position. The head of the larva
revolves easily, and though its normal position is with the back
upward, its head is frequently reversed to facilitate feeding on
algae, bits of dust and other floating matter. The specific gravity
of this larva is slightly less than water; consequently it requires
an effort on its part to sink, the reverse of what obtains in Culex.
The larva period lasted 16 days in the case observed by Dr How-
ard, and the pupa from 5 to 10 days, dependent on the weather.
The life cycle may be summarized as follows: egg 3 days, larva
16 days, pupa 5 days, making a total of 24 days, a portion of which
was passed in somewhat cool weather. The larval comb of this
species and that of the preceding are illustrated on plate 48.
270 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Anopheles cruicians Wied.
We have not met with this species. Dr Dyar records it as the
commonest Anopheles in houses about Bellport and Amaganset
L. I. It may be recognized by the white bases of the last four
segments of the palpi, the white scales on the last vein, and the
three black spots on the wings.
Adults and larvae of this species were met with by Dr Smith
almost daily from Aug. 3 to Sep. 28 in the Cape marsh. He states
that the females begin their attack before sundown and are active
for a little time after sunrise.
This insect has been recorded from a number of Southern states,
where it appears to be somewhat abundant in certain localities,
since Weidemann states that it is very common on the Missis-
sippi.
The larva, according to Dr Smith, does not differ in general
appearance from those of A. maculipennis and A. punc-
tipennis, and ranges only from 514 to 6 mm in length. The
head is broader just behind the eyes, narrowing to a rounded
front and is variably marked, the larger blotches, as a rule, being
central. There is a transverse row of six branched hairs before
the middle of the head and the antennae, borne on distinct
sclerites, are set with little spines and are shorter, stouter and
much darker than in allied species. The mandibles differ from
those of its allies by having four instead of three curved spines
on the dorsal surface. The thorax is subquadrate, angles rounded
and with six lateral tufts of branching hairs and similar ones on
the dorsum. The comb on the eighth segment consists of from
six to eight long teeth separated by from one to four short, com-
pound teeth. The tracheal gills are less than one half as long
as those of allied forms. ;
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 271
CULICINAE
This subfamily includes by far the largest number of species,
and its representatives are the ones most commonly met with
about houses and in woods. The females have short palpi, while
they are long in the male. We have in this subfamily several
genera, such as Janthinosoma, which latter agrees closely in ali
structural details with Culex except for the densely scaled legs
and is separated from other genera possessing this character by
the venation of the wings, which is the same as in Culex, and
by the broad, spindle-shaped scales of the head. This subfamily
also includes among native forms the giant Psorophora
ciliata Abr., a species with densely scaled legs, and Stegomyia,
which is of particular interest because certain species are known
agents in disseminating yellow fever. A number of other genera
have been separated on minor structural differences.
Key to genera’
a Legs densely clothed with coarse erect scales.............. Psorophora
aa Legs densely clothed with somewhat appressed scales; joints of
Mosterion best WSUally qHIte. 2c as wee ec et ce ee aces Janthinosoma
aaa Legs uniformly clothed with flat scales
febread scales all flat an@e broad. . 20... 2. cae ec ence eevee Stegomyia
bb Head scales narrow, curved and with upright forked ones and flat
lateral ones
emleaneral SCales Of WIMES HMEAT. .... 65 icc el cele weave cu sscctovens Culex
' ce Lateral scales of wings elongate, oval or lanceolate..............
Taeniorhynchus
1Prepared by D. B. Young.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM .
Psorophora ciliata Abr.
Giant mosquito
Pl. 2, 15, 30, 41, fig. 1, 2;1;1; l respectively
This species is the giant of its family and may be recognized
by its extremely large size and the peculiar legs, which latter
Fig. 9 Female enlarged, Psorophora ciliata. (After Howard. U. S. Dep't
Agric. Diy. Ent. Bul. 25, n. s. 1900)
are thickly clothed with nearly or quite erect scales [fig. 10].
Under a lens this giant mosquito is a beautiful object with its
median band of golden yellow scales on the prothorax, flanked
with a smooth, jet black area and more laterally with a some-
what irregular patch of whitish scales, It presents a greater
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE Ar ee
contrast than any mosquito known to us, which is hightened by
the apparently clubbed femora, due to the bands of nearly erect
scales at their extremities and the basal yellowish white bands
of the tarsi. The wings are clothed with thin, easily abraded
Fig. 10 Legs showing peculiar scaling and marking: 1 Psorophora
ciliata, 2 Janthinosoma musica, both equally enlarged
scales. This insect is really yellowish, though somewhat dark in
general appearance.
The larva is equally remarkable in appearance and when full
grown is stout and half an inch or more in length. It is culicid
in type and presents some very interesting structural modifica
274 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
tions. The head is nearly square viewed from above. The antennae
are rather stout, tapering uniformly and tipped with two rather
large tapering spines and a very short, stout remnant of a seg-
ment. There are also several minor conical processes. The man-
Fig. 11 Larval mandible of Psorophora ciliata
dibles are extremely well developed, being provided with three
major processes. The two ventral ones are coarsely dentate.
The triangular labial plate is remarkable because its 17 teeth are
at nearly right angles to the plate, the two lateral ones on each
side being very large. The
comb is present on the
eighth segment and is re-
markable on account of its
interesting modification.
pe, Its posterior border is
Fig. 12. Labial plate of the larva of Psoro- marked by a semicircle
em Ev of about 15 stout scales
with large, spatulate bases, each bearing a large, apical spine
and one or two smaller ones on each side. In addition, there
are anterior to these larger scales many smaller, beautiful,
platelike organs, each margined posteriorly with from about 8 to
over 20 fine, rather evenly set spines. The chitinous portion of
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE
275
the air tube is set on a fleshy elevation, which is probably exten-
sile. The chitinous portion of the tube proper is about four times
as long as its greatest diameter.
The double row of posterior
pecten is present but remarkably modified, consisting of small
Fig. 13 Superimposed combs of Psorophora ciliata,
showing the peculiar, Small scales in front of the larger ones
tubercles bearing one very long, slender seta and a very short,
conical process of about equal size.
Habits and life history. This species appears to be widely dis-
tributed in New York State, having been taken in several locali-
Fig. 14. Several larval comb scales of
Psorophora ciliata very much en-
larged
ties. The mosquito is vicious
and bites readily in the day-
time. It has been reported by
various authors from a number
of the Eastern states, ranging
as far south as Texas and west
to California. It has algo been
reported from several South
American countries, but so far as known to us it has not been
taken in the eastern hemisphere.
The life history of this insect was unknown till August 1900,
when some of its giant larvae were obtained by Dr Howard from
276 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
depressions in the bed of a small stream and in similar hollows
in small ponds, all of which were dry the greater part of the
summer. We have also met with the larvae in some numbers in
temporary pools at Karner, they being found only in the early part
Fig. 16 Middle tarsal
claw of Janthino-
soma musica
Fig.15 Several small comb scales of Psoro-
phora ciliata very much enlarged
of June. The larvae are predaceous and devour large numbers
of Culex, with which they are associated, and are consequently
beneficial. The duration of the pupa state has been reported as
from four to five days. The eggs of this species were obtained by
Dr H. F. Harris of Atlanta Ga., who states that they are black
and measure about .7 mm in length, and that when viewed with a
high power lens they are found to be distinctly convex on one side
and slightly concave ‘on the other, having an oval form when seen
from either of the surfaces.
Janthinosoma musica Say
Big wood mosquito
Pl. 2, 15, fig. 3, 2 respectively
This species may be recognized by the densely scaled legs, and
by having the last two joints of the posterior tarsi white | fig. 10].
The peculiar character of the claws is shown at figure 16. These
differ considerably from Theobald’s drawings made from South
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE re
American specimens, but examination of specimens from that
country reveals very little if any difference.
This mosquito is said by Howard to be rather rare. It has
been taken, though not bred, in New Jersey by Dr Smith and was
described by Say from Indiana. Theobald records it in addition
from Rio Janeiro, British Guiana and South Amazon. He states
that it seems to be an abundant South American form, and our
observations show that it was present in considerable numbers in
woods near Poughkeepsie in July. It is a large, handsome mos-
quito with bluish reflections in the sunlight. It is one of the
most vicious biters we have seen and at the same time one of the
most wary, since it takes to wing much quicker than other species
on the approach of a net or cyanid bottle. It was found indif-
ferently in both sunlight and shade.
CULEX
‘Members of this genus may be recognized by the more or less
erect forked scales on the head, and the linear, lateral scales of
the wing veins. Most of the characters used in the separation of
the species are well illustrated in figure 5 reproduced by permis-
sion of Dr J. B. Smith, state entomologist of New Jersey.
Key for determining females of the genus Culex’
a Tarsal joints banded at the base
b Proboscis without a white band
e Claws all toothed
d Bases of anterior abdominal segments with patches of yellowish
white scales
é Scales of sides and pleura pale yellow; posterior cross vein less
than its own length from one above.....squamiger, p.281
ce Scales of sides and pleura white; posterior cross vein its own
feneth atleast from-one above. i... ...i.. ic 6% Litvelbii, pm28t
dd Bases of abdominal segments distinctly banded with whitish
scales
Coe Weed tp PTE GOOG il win no's! opsisis ote. + ongne ees s cantans, p.284
Cent Sesdl Panes WAPCOW i. ae sci: wc eee. vcs sylvestris, p.289
ce Posterior claws simple; tarsal bands narrow....cantato r, p.29s
bb Proboscis with a more or less distinct white band
¢ Abdomen with a central stripe of yellowish scales on dor-
SUI A Gas 2 Re ee aa en ee sollicitans, p.294
cc Abdomen without such stripe
ae EE SY EE es) ke
1Prepared by D. B. Young.
278 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
d Wings: spotted: «3s... weidascbrpiee a. .vd- a gemen discolor, p.297
dd Wings with 1 black spot where the 3d longitudinal vein meets
the cross veins, tibia spotted.......... jamaicensis, p.298
ddd Wings not spotted
e Femora without white band....... taeniorhynechus, p.301
ee Hemera with wine Hand: . S22. oes. ee ee confinis, p.302
aa Tarsal joints banded at middle
6b Metatarsi with a broad median band; femora also with a broad yel-
lowish ring near the black apex............... annulatus, p.303
aaa Tarsal joints banded at both ends
b ee of ist submarginal cell more than % as long as
ce
c No median white stripe on dorsum of abdomen
canadensis, p.303
ce Median white stripe on dorsum of abdomen
onondagensis, p.304
bb Petiole of ist submarginal cell less than 144 as long as cell
¢’ Last-joint of ind tarsi White: ccce-s so. 3 = 2 atropalpus, p.305
ce Last. joint of hind tarsi not’ white: 2). (42s. Bee dyari, p.306
aaaa Tarsal joints not banded
b Abdomen with cross bands of whitish scales at apex of the seg-
BIA yn aol & Stdal ac Bethea = ale re ee territans, p.307
bb Abdomen with cross bands of whitish scales at base of segment
¢ Posterior cross vein of wing its own length or less from mid cross
vein
d Claws toothed
e Species large, 6-7 mm long
f Thorax vittate with 2 dark brown lines..lazarensis, p.309
ff Thorax not vittate; curved scales of head white
cinereoborealis, p.3l12
ee Species small, 44%-6 mm long; curved seales of head golden
DOWN 2. ceeds caw ince. « Be eee eee impiger, p.316
dd Claws simple
e Basal .bands:: white.;o202 2 4 ee ae absobrinus, p.318
ee Basal bands orange mesally, yellowish white laterally; legs
flecked with white scales............ magnipennis, p.322
ce Posterior cross vein of wing its own length or more from mid cross
vein
d Thorax with spots; apex of tarsal joints slightly whitish
restuans, p.325
dé Thorax spotless
e Cross bands of abdomen distinct
Relative length of petiole of first submarginal cell ;
f #7 length of cell, claws simple............. pipiens p.328
ff % length of cell, claws toothed....... abserratus p.329
fff 34 length of cell, claws simple............... dyari p.306
fff Longer than cell, claws toothed..... nemoros wu § p.332
ee Cross bands of abdomen indistinct, widest in middle, a smaller
SPCCIOS + Witenes o oi nba e aa ee ee salinarius, Pose
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 279
bbb Abdomen without cross band of whitish scales
ec Thorax vittate or distinctly striped with white or yellow
d Thorax with 2 broad yellowish stripes, 1 each side of a central
ie MMVOTE OME... tease occ ene cece seas trivittatus, p.333
dd 'Thorax with 1 median creamy gray stripe....serratus, p.334
ddd Thorax with broader median, creamy gray stripe, species
NER et ON Ao chad eens erin se - pre oid Bale ~ anlage & dupreei, p.33t
ce Thorax not vittate with white or yellow
d Some of the claws toothed
e Seales on side of mesonotum white...... triseriatus, p.335
ee Scales on side of mesonotum golden yellow...aurifer, p.336
ey Gay SHE resins Sepsis wits aera «8-4 b= melanurus, p.337
Key for determining Culex larvae
Characters employed in earlier published keys have been used
wherever they could be employed to advantage.
a Air tube long, at least 4 times as long as the diameter of its base
b Air tube very long, slender, slightly constricted in the middle; anten-
ee UMPC RITA ht Sc ee cae eee ee eee wee terrrians, p.30i
bb Air tube very long, stout, tapering uniformly
ec Comb scales 60, pecten teeth 3-4 branched...salinarius, p.332
ce Comb scales about 80, pecten apparently simple...... dyari, p.306
bbb Air tube about 5 times the width of its base, tapering
c Pecten teeth pale, divided into 3-5 long, slender processes
d Antennal tuft before the middle.............. restuans, p.325
Gd Amenmat tuet at outer third. ..:...........05. pipiens, p.328
ce Pecten teeth almost black, 20, with small basal dentitions; comb
Seales apeut 25 — (Seb @isot pss) se. o9i be. Oe. fitchii, p.281
aa Air tube very short, not more than 1% to 2 times as long as broad
b Pecten teeth dentate on both sides; comb with 16-24 scales; head
METAR Des ce eee coe okies oy -taeniorhynechus, p.301
bb Pecten teeth dentate on one side only
ce Antennal tuft normal
d Comb scales 28-40, pecten teeth about 14, head generally immacu-
ee Re ee ee ic kin de ees se nec 3 sollicitans, p.294
dd Comb scales 5, pecten teeth 7-9.............. serratus, p.334
ce Antennal tuft reduced to a single hair; pecten extending nearly to
apex of air tube; comb scales about 46..... atropalpus, p.305
aaa Air tube moderate in length, from about 2 to over 4 times longer
than its greatest diameter
b Comb scales not more than 10
¢ Comb scales quadrate, with a very long median spine and shorter
lateral ones
d Comb scales 5-8, attached to a slight band; pecten teeth 5-8, divid-
ing into 24 very long, slender spines........ discolor, p.297
dd Comb scales 7, in a curved row, with 3-4 pecten teeth, each with
a long median tooth and several small serrations at its base
jamaicensis, p.298
280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ce Comb scales rather broadly spatulate at the base, few, arranged
in a curved line
d Comb scales 5, pecten teeth 7-9, minutely serrate near middle
serratus, p.334
dd Comb scales 6, pecten teeth 12-16, stoutly toothed near middle
abserratus, p.329
ddd Comb scales 8-10 in a curved line; 12 pecten teeth with short
basal ‘spines... PS et Ole SA Ae ae oe dupreei, p.334
bb Comb scales ranging from 10 to about 24
c One or more pecten teeth widely separated from a continuous row
d 2 rows of slight tufts of hairs on the dorsum of the air tube;
comb scales 14-16, usually four pecten teeth widely separated
from the remainder of the row....cinereoborealis, p.312
dd No such dorsal tufts on the air tube
e Air tube slender, tapering equally, the continuous pecten extend-
ing only to the basal 5th of the air tube; pecten teeth 2-3
toothed; comb scales 10-14 (Smith 18-20)
sylvestris, p.289
ee Air tube stouter, slightly swollen, continuous pecten extending
to the basal 3d of-the air tube; pecten teeth 1-2 toothed; comb
scales 14, in a somewhat triangular patch, spatulate, each
with a stout, rather short, terminal spine; pecten teeth 15-18,
each with 2 or more basal teeth............ impiger’, p.316
ce Pecten in a continuous row, distal teeth not widely separated
d Comb scales digitately divided, 12, in an irregular double
ODN. rs orayeaatioestaro ayes & eat ce here triseriatus, p.da5
dd Comb scales elliptic, with a terminal spine, 14-22
trivittatus, p.333
bbb Comb scales over 25
c Antennal tuft before or at the middle
d Pecten pale, prolonged into setae; comb scales digitately divided
e Comb scales 50, pecten teeth with 1 or 2 basal processes
absobrinus, p.318
ee Comb scales 40, pecten teeth with 2 or 3 basal processes
magnipennis, p.322
dd Pecten not as above
e Tuft of antenna reduced to a single hair; comb seales about
46 in 5 rows; several pecten teeth widely separated from the
OWA NINH a mois ooh sae 8 oe Cerne: dhe ate RR atropalpus, p.305
ee Tuft of antennae normal
f Comb scales with stout apical spine, 28-64, narrowly spatu-
late at base; tip of antennae dark....canadensis, p.303
ff Comb scales each with a stout apical spine, broadly spatu-
late at base
g Antennae moderately long with a slight swelling near the
base; 26-50 seales in the comb and 16—24 pecten teeth; head
ImimaCula te Ts. hak, setter eee espe At oe se 8 cantans, p.28
1Aedes fuscus larvae also come out here and may be distinguished from this.
Culex by the comb scales being in a somewhat irregular line, the pecten teeth
usually with a single tooth, the apical 2 or 3 pecten teeth distant and somewhat
flattened.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 281
gg Antennae shorter, without a swelling near the base, spines
and scales as above; head maculate..... cantator, p.293
fff Comb seales with 4-6 stout apical spines, somewhat spatu-
late at base, about 60 in number....... lazarensis, p.309
e Antennal tuft beyond the middle
d Comb scales about 80 in a triangular patch of 10 rows
ayer, p.s06
dd Comb scales fewer in number
e Pectan pale, 10-15, each tooth with 3 or 4 long basal teeth ; comb
seales about 50, in a triangular patch......... pipiens, p.328
ee Pecten small, 14-20, minutely toothed; comb scales 25-30
2UPrilf er, p.ssb
Culex squamiger Coq.
This species was described from California, and as Dr Smith
has found it in New Jersey, there is a strong possibility of its
occurring in this State.
Description. The original description follows:
Head and its members black, middle of proboscis brownish,
scales of occiput mixed golden and pale yellow, many black ones
along the eyes, palpi black scaled, those at base, before the mid-
dle and at apex white; body black, scales of middle of mesonotum
golden brown, those along the sides and on the pleura pale yellow,
bristly hairs of thorax mostly black, those of scutellum chiefly
yellow; scales of abdomen black, a large patch at base of each
Segment and several scales scattered over the remainder pale
yellow, scales of venter pale yellow; femora and tibiae brown,
the scales mixed black and yellow, not forming distinct bands,
posterior side of the femora yellow and yellow .scaled; tarsi
black, the scales mixed black and yellow, a band of whitish scales
at bases of the last four joints, claws toothed; wings hyaline,
veins yellow, densely covered with rather broad mixed brown
and whitish scales and with many very narrow ones in the apical
third of the wing, petiole of first submarginal cell about two
thirds as long as that cell, cross vein at apex of second basal cell
less than its length from the one above it; halteres yellow, the
knobs marked with brown; length, 5 mm.
Culex fitchii Felt & Young
Pl. 2, 3, 15, 41, 48, fig. 4; 1; 3, 4; 2; 3 respectively
This species was bred from a woodland pool at Karner N.Y.,
larvae being obtained May 10 and adults emerging May 16.
Description. Female. Basal segment of antennae clothed inter-
iorly with broad white scales. Proboscis dark brown, long; palpi
282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
dark brown, segments narrowly ringed at the base with white;
occiput clothed with brown scales, with a row of silvery ones just
Thorax with a broad,
ty Vii: y Hp ie
Fig.17 Wing of Culex fitchii
brown, central stripe bordered with a rather well defined, silvery,
slightly broader, lateral stripe containing a few brown blotches.
Pleura rather thickly clothed with patches of silvery white scales.
tn oda
Fig. 18 Tarsal claws:1C.cantans,2C.fitchii
Abdomen brown, with broad, basal, yellowish white patches, those
of the anterior three segments being distinctly prolonged on the
median line and with a slight indication of the same laterally,
giving a somewhat lobular appearance; the other segments with
Fig. 19 Labial plate of C.fitchii
a rather broad basal band, slightly wider in the middle. Ventral
surface thickly covered with silvery white scales. Coxae clothed
with white scales; inside of femora and tibiae thickly mottled
with the same; dorsal surface brown. Tarsi dark brown, almost
black; basal portions of segments ringed with yellowish white,
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 283
except the first segment of the anterior legs. Claws unidentate,
concave surface of teeth finely serrate. Wing veins dark, thickly
clothed with mixed yellow and brown scales. Petiole of first
submarginal cell shorter than the cell, that of the second, longer ;
posterior cross vein about its own length from the mid cross
vein. Length -#; inch.
Bred from an isolated larva and described while fresh.
Male. Palpi brown, tipped with grayish yellow hairs, and with
a broad, yellowish white band near the base of the third seg-
we J ‘i
Fig. 20 Comb scale tr Fig. 22 Pecten tooth
much enlarged of C. Fig. 21. Air tube of of C. fitchii much
fitchii C. fitehii enlarged ~
ment; underside of second, whitish. Thorax with a broad stripe
of golden brown scales separated by a narrow, median, brown
line and bordered laterally by a broad area of silvery gray scales
with a few brown patches interspersed. Abdomen brown, with
broad, basal bands ‘on first and second segments, narrow on the
following ones. Legs marked as in the female, except that the
tarsal bands are broader; ungues unidentate; claws of anterior
and middle legs unequal, the longer claw of the middle leg being
nearly straight and quite different from the sinuous one of C.
cantans. Petiole of first submarginal cell distinctly longer
than the cell, and posterior cross vein less than its own length
from the middle cross vein. Length 14 inch.
284 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Bred from isolated larva taken from permanent pool at Karner
May 12, adult appearing May 16.
Larva. About 14 of an inch long. Head probably pale brown;
antennae slender, slightly curved, dark at tips; tuft just before
the middle, and the curved surface thickly clothed with fine scales,
giving the edge a peculiar serrate appearance. Labial plate
broadly rounded, with 23 teeth. Comb is composed of about 25
triangular, stoutly spined scales arranged in two or more rows;
some of the scales have a very stout, terminal spine with smaller
ones along each side, while others have the tips somewhat rounded
and the spines more nearly of a size. Air tube fully five times as
long as its greatest diameter, tapering somewhat regularly and
with a slight bend and contraction near the middle. Basal rows of
pecten, each consisting of about 22 closely set teeth bearing at
their bases usually two larger and three or four finer serrations.
There is a compound bunch of hairs slightly beyond the row of
pecten, all on the basal half of the tube. Ventral tuft rather
thick, confined to the barred area; dorsal tuft composed of one
rather large, compound hair and two very long, slender hairs, the
latter being about half the length of the body.
Described from cast skins of isolated larvae from which adults
were bred.
This larva was associated with C. canadensis, C. can-
tans, C. cinereoborealis, C. impiger and Aedes
fuscus inarather permanent woodland pool. It proved quite
difficult to rear.
Culex cantans Meig.
Brown wood mosquito
Pl. 3, 16, 30, 41, 49, 50, fig. 2,3; 1,2; 2; 4; 3; 1 respectively
This common mosquito (C. stimulans of Coquillett’s table)
may be distinguished from others having basal bands on the tarsi,
by their being wider as compared with those of
/| C. sylvestris [fig. 24], and from the other
(3 three native species because all the claws bear a
\
\)
fe
tooth. Theobald and Johannsen were both mis-
taken in supposing that the posterior claws were
simple [fig. 23], and the former has corrected
Fig. 23_ Posteriorthe error in his third volume on the Culicidae of
claw of Culex
canta the World.
This species was taken at Delmar in a woodland pool, Ap. 25,
1903, and a number of adults bred therefrom up to June 19, and at
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 285
Karner, May 1904. It was associated with C. canadensis,
Cc. impiger, ©. cinereoborealis and Aedes
fuscus.
Larva. Head, dark brown; the antennae pale brown, darker
at tip and with scanty tuft arising before the middle of the joint.
Labial plate triangular and toothed as illustrated in the figure.
Vig. 24 Legs illustrating banding; 1 C. cantans, 2C.sylvestris
Thoracic hairs fine, weakly barbuled, arising from large dark
tubercles; abdominal hairs much finer, simple. Anal segment
with a broad dorsal plate extending nearly to the ventral line but
not inclosing the segment. Dorsal and ventral tufts as repre-
sented in figure 26. Air tube nearly cylindric, tapering slightly,
and with double row of pecten, each terminated by a branched
286 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
hair, pecten with three prominent and several smaller serrations
[fig. 30]. The comb consists of a somewhat irregular patch of
scales arranged in about three rows, each scale being somewhat
spatulate and tipped with numerous fine hairs and a terminal
coarser spine [fig. 28].
TTT
LON as
“TULL LL EL
Fig. 25 Wing of C. cantans
This larva according to Dr Smith is somewhat larger and
more robust than C. canadensis; which latter is fre-
quently found in woodland pools and springs associated with
Fig. 26 Larvaof C. cantans
this species. The two larvae are not easily separated, though this |
form has shorter, stouter antennae. Both have short breathing
tubes, but that of C. cantans is shorter and approaches the
form of C. sollicitans, with which it is also associated in
brackish pools on salt meadows. The latter has still shorter, more
slender antennae and has the labrum oblong, truncate, while in
C. cantans it is rounded, and as a whole, somewhat heart-
shaped.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 287
Dr Dyar states that the labial plate of the full grown larva is
broadly triangular with coarse teeth at the sides and fine ones
near the apex. Hestates that the regularly tapering, long air tube
Fj.
Fig. 27 Labial plate of C. cantans
is fully four times as long as wide, and that the basal pecten on
the air tube are distant, the last two spines being large and de-
tached, followed by a single hair tuft at about the middle of the
Fig. 28 Combof C. cantans
tube. The comb consists of a patch of about 28 single, thorn-
shaped scales which are minutely divided nearly to the base. This
description agrees closely with illustrations published by Dr
Smith, who represents the comb as containing about 29 scales and
288 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
states that the number ranges from 26 to 50, each scale bearing a
central spine, with others more slender and nearly as long on each
side and extending down the base. Mr Johannsen states that the
comb of this species consists of from 35 to 40 scales. There is
also a difference in the pecten on the air tube, as illustrated by
Fig. 29 Air tube of C. can- Fig. 30 Pecten tooth
tans much enlarged
Drs Smith and Dyar. Dr Dyar states that the eggs are elliptic,
the thickest part one third from the micropyle, one side flattened ;
finely marked with elongate reticulations.
The larvae from which we have reared this species do not pre-
sent any such marked yariation as a rule. _The number of
scales on the comb ranges from about 28 to 32, the air tube is only
about three times as long as broad, and the pecten is continuous,
with no isolated spines near the tip, and slightly beyond there
is a compound hair, as represented in the figure.
Both sexes, larva and pupa, have been carefully described by
Johannsen. :
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 289
Distribution. This species is widely distributed in America,
having been recorded by Howard from a number of New England
and New York localities, from Ottawa, Canada, and in the Sas-
katchewan river, British America, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico
and Mexico, while Theobald lists it on the authority of various
writers, from England, Germany, Scandinavia, Russia, Italy,
India and Australia.
Life history and habits. This mosquito is very common at
Poughkeepsie, and according to Dr Dyar flies most of the
summer, though there is but one generation. The larvae appear
to survive the winter in this latitude, though Dr Dyar states
that they hatch from overwintering eggs very early in the
spring, and that the growth is not rapid, a month probably
being required for the production of adults. Our belief is
based on the fact that full grown larvae are first observed
in the spring and as their appearance is nearly coincident
with that of other aquatic forms, we doubt the possibility
of their developing from eggs in this latitude. Dr Dyar states
that this species flies some weeks before depositing eggs and
becomes common in the woods of British Columbia in July, dis-
appearing soon after. A female taken by him, in New Hamp-
Shire, was kept alive from July 20 to Aug. 12, and another cap-
tured Aug. 8 laid eggs the 16th. A female taken June 15 in
_ British Columbia oviposited the 30th, the eggs remaining
unhatched till the following year, the wrigglers appearing as soon
as the ice had melted from the jar the next spring. The eggs are
laid singly and readily sink in the water. Dr Smith states that
the larvae of this mosquito occur in woodland pools and springs
in early spring with those of C. canadensis.
Culex sylvestris Theo.
Swamp mosquito
Pl. 3, 16, 31, 42, 49, fig. 4,5; 3,4; 1; 5; 1 respectively
This exceedingly common species about Albany has been taken
in widely separated New York localities. It greatly resembles
©. cantans according to Johannsen, and also agrees fairly
290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
well with the description of C. vexans Meig. and with
Walker’s description of C. stimulans. It differs from the
first in having an unmarked thorax, and only the immediate base
of the tarsal joints white [fig. 24]. The male also has the long
claw of the middle tarsus slightly curved, though
not sinuous. It may be separated from C.
stimulans by the posterior forked cell being
wider and shorter than the anterior, while in C.
stimulans according to Giles they are of
about equal length and breadth. The male differs
Bulex svives. from the above, in having a white band on the
ae middle of the second joint of the palpus. This is
probably Culex sylvestris Theo. though a specimen
received from him has the hind claws simple and a lateral white
stripe on the side of the head, whereas our form has toothed hind
Fig. 32 Wing of C. sylvestris
claws and the lower, lateral portion of the head entirely white,
as a rule. A very few specimens agree with the one received
from Theobald. It is possible that we have two species. This
can be determined only by rearing extensive series. The tarsal
bands are much narrower than in C. cantans, and the species
is readily separated from C. jamaicensis by the petiole (in
the female) of the first submarignal cell being considerably more
than one third the length of the cell.
Description. The eggs according to Dr Dyar are laid singly or
in groups, adhering by capillary action only, floating for a time
and ultimately sinking. They are elliptic and fusiform with ends
rounded, pointed and about alike, one side more flattened than the
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 291
other. They are smooth, shining black, free of mucilage, without
granulations, coarsely reticulate, and the reticulations much elon-
gated lengthwise of the egg, forming long lines of chains.
Length, .6 mm.
The larva is rather stout, medium size, and has a rounded,
light brown head, slender, moderate antennae, slightly tapering,
a small tuft before the middle. The labial plate is shown at figure
33. The tube is moderate, about two and one half times as long
Fig. 33 Labial plate of C. sylvestris
as wide, slightly tapered, with double posterior pecten on the
basal half, each row consisting of about 20 dark spines, three
toothed, the terminal two or three usually detached and larger.
The lateral comb consists of about 12 large thorn-shaped scales
in an irregular partly double row. Dr Smith gives the number at
18 to 20 while our specimens have but 10 to 14. The pupa is
normal, rather large, with slender funnel-shaped moderate air
tubes.
Life history and habits. This species appears to be common in
New York State, since we have taken the larvae in num-
bers from June till late fall, they occurring even after ice
had formed on the pools. The winter is possibly passed in
this stage in New York, though larvae brought in continued
292 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
to mature till the first of December. This species has also been
taken at Ithaca.
Dr Dyar has met with this species in New Hampshire, where
the larvae occurred in all sorts of temporary pools, Swamps,
meadows, roadside puddles and the like. They were associated
with C. canadensis and Aedes fuscus, and he states
that the three species have essentially similar habits. He records
collecting all the larvae from a roadside puddle, and on visiting
it after the next rain found it filled with the same three species,
and he therefore inclines to the belief that the eggs were lying in
that place and that some hatched after each rain. Dr Smith
states that this species occurs throughout New Jersey, and that
it is the most common of the fresh-water swamp mosquitos after
midsummer and till well along into fall. It bites readily, often
occurs in considerable swarms, flies quite a distance and fre-
quently enters houses. He adds that this species prefers rather
open swamps and is as common in New Jersey in the marshy
stretches near the Delaware, as in the low areas of the Great
Piece meadow region. He states that it is rarely found in dark
woodland swamps or in cat-tail areas, but that it occurs in more
open water. It breeds in larger, more permanent meadow or lot
pools and rarely in clean gutters. It is not a foul water mos-
quito and does not ordinarily occur in tubs, pails or rain barrels,
nor has he ever found it in rain water or in open ponds.
Dr Smith states that the winter is passed in the egg stage and
usually at the bottom of a pool, though the eggs may be laid at
the edge of a puddle or in a damp depression likely to become
filled with water. Dr Dyar states that eggs obtained by him
from captive females were essentially like those of C. canaden-
Sis and C. cantans, laid singly, sinking in the water. They
were obtained by him late in the season and did not hatch. Dr
Smith records several broods during the season and states that
the number depends on the amount of rain that falls and forms:
or maintains the normal breeding areas. The species breeds in
both permanent bodies of water and temporary pools, provided
the latter are suitable. The time of development is about 10 days.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 293
He states that this mosquito is to open fresh-water marshes what
©. sollicitans and C. cantator are to salt marshes
and adds that he has evidence that it flies some distance, say half
a mile, though there appear to be no real migrations.
Dr Dyar met with this species in British Columbia, where he
states adults occurred in small numbers during July, associated
With Gc anmtans.
Culex cantator Coq.
Brown salt marsh mosquito
Pi. 4, 17, 31, 42, 49, fig. 1, 2; 1,2; 2; 3; 2 respectively
This is another form which appears to be largely confined to
the coast region and to prefer brackish water for breeding pur-
poses. We have taken larvae at Sheepshead bay in a ditch where
the salt water entered only at high tide. This form may be sep-
arated from C. sylvestris, which it resembles, by its
simple posterior claws and by the cross bands on the abdomen
being yellowish instead of white.
Description. Dr Smith finds this species associated with C.
sollicitans and C. taeniorhynchus, and states
that it is a stout, hairy, yellowish brown mosquito with obscurely
banded legs, very different from the bright contrasts found in C.
sollicitans. .
Larvae. Dr Smith states that the larvae of this species often
occur in the same pools with those of C.sollicitans and look
so much like them that they can not be readily distinguished, ex-
cept that the anal siphon is obviously longer and the head bears a
median, lunate mark with two lateral, slightly smaller posterio-
lateral ones. He adds that the antennae are shorter, without a
basal swelling, and that there are 16 to 24 pecten teeth in each
row and that the comb consists of from 26 to 50 spatulate,
thorn-tipped scales arranged in about-three rows. The labial
plate is somewhat rounded and has 21 fine teeth.
Dr Smith states that as a rule this species breeds on salt
marshes only. He adds that its power of flight is equal to that
of C.sollicitans, and his observations in 1903 indicate that
294 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
C. cantator appears earlier and may fiy long before the salt
marsh mosquito appears in large numbers. He also considers C.
cantator more northern in range, since it equals or exceeds
the salt marsh mosquito on the Raritan and Newark marshes; it
is hardly noticeable from Barnegat bay southward.
Culex sollicitans Walk.
White banded salt marsh mosquito
Pl. 4, 17, 18, 32, 42, 50, fig. 3, 4; 4; 1; 1; 2; 3 respectively
This mosquito is by far the most abundant of our coast species,
and the one of greatest economic importance along our seashores.
~ -
io yer
Fig. 34 Female and toothed front tarsal claw. Culex
a ie ebb (After Howard. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent.
It is the species. more than any other, against which extensive
efforts have been directed in attempts to reduce its annoying,
pestiferous hordes.
Description. This is one of the few species in which the pro-
boscis is marked near the middle with a light colored band. It is
readily separated from C. taeniorhynechus Wied. by the
yellow median stripe along the dorsum of the abdomen. Abraded
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK: STATE 295
specimens may often be distinguished from closely allied forms by
the much darker sides of the thorax compared with the dorsum.
The egg has been described by Dr Smith, as spindle-shaped, just
a little curved, shiny and usually black when deposited.
The larva according to Dr Smith is light slate gray in color,
head yellow, and without markings of any kind. The anal siphon
is short, stout; the antennae short, slender, black at the tip and
without obvious set-off or prominent tufting. The shape of the
head, and specially of the vertex, is quite characteristic. The
labial plate is represented at figure 35. The comb consists of 28 to
40 spatulate, thorn-tipped scales. Larvae of C.cantans and
Ey.
Fig. 35 Labial plate of C. sollicitans
©. taeniorhynchus resemble this species closely and are
not easily separated. 3
The pupa presents no characteristic features.
Distribution. This mosquito has been recorded from various
localities along the coast from Maine south to Florida; and from
Jamaica. We have taken it about Lake Onondaga, N. Y. Theo-
bald lists it doubtfully from the Galapagos islands and from
Tamsui, Formosa.
Life history and habits. This species is such an abundant and
annoying form, that considerable space may well be given to a
discussion of its habits. The investigations of Dr J. B. Smith,
state entomologist of New Jersey, who is doubtless the best posted
regarding this mosquito, show that the winter is passed by this
Species in the egg stage. The eggs remain on or in the black mud,
296 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
or at the base of grass stems, till hatched by floods of water at the
proper temperature. The first generation is usually small and
does not get far from the marshes. These females oviposit in the
mud, where the eggs must lie dry or nearly so for three or four
days before they can hatch, after which the larvae may appear in.
immense numbers after a high tide or heavy rain. Most of the
eggs are high enough, so that they are reached only by exceptional
tides or storm-driven water, and as a consequence swarm after
swarm of mosquitos may hatch from the same ground at irregular
intervals, depending on high tides, unusual rain or storms. This
may continue even till early September. Dr Smith’s observations
show that no gravid females occurred on the Newark meadows
between early September and the middle of October, and that con-
sequently most of the eggs must have been deposited prior to that
time.
The salt marsh mosquito is somewhat unique on account of its
traveling long distances either by flight or by allowing itself to be
conveyed by prevailing winds. Dr Smith states that the migra-
tion begins soon after the adults emerge and that after the middle
of July the entire pine region of South Jersey gradually becomes
filled with these insects, where they swarm miles from any water,
and at least 40 miles from any point where larvae of this species
have ever been found. This migratory habit is remarkable com-—
pared with what is known of other species, yet Dr Smith has
obtained incontrovertible evidence. It is, however, only fair to
state that we have failed to note such extended migrations on Long
Island, and we are inclined to the opinion that, as a rule, local
control by township or village affords excellent protection from
this mosquito. Dr Smith has also given some interesting obserya-
tions relative to the possibility of this species being conveyed by
trains. He has repeatedly noticed the influx of mosquitos when
trains entered a region infested by this species, and likewise ob- -
served their departure as the infested area was passed, showing
that relatively few were conveyed in this manner.
The breeding places of this species are of great importance
wherever any attempt is made to reduce its numbers. The salt
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 29
marsh mosquito prefers brackish or salt water, but occasionally
occurs in some numbers in fresh water. It never breeds in any
numbers in localities where small fish or fiddler crabs occur, and
ideal conditions are found in puddles and ditches, where there are
no enemies, and particularly in holes and hollows on flats covered
only by unusual tides or during storms. The flood of water
hatches the eggs, and the pools remaining swarm with larvae a
day or two after the deluge. The prolificacy of this species is
strongly illustrated by Mr Viereck’s estimate of 10,600,000 larvae
occurring in a pool containing some 1894 sq. ft. This species does
not breed on areas flooded by normal tides, or among grass or cat-
tails, where there is considerable shade.
Culex discolor Coq.
Pl. 46, 48, fig. 4, 5 respectively
This is a yellowish brown, moderate sized mosquito with body
mottled and variegated with brown, the legs and beak banded and
the wings spotted, according to Dr Smith.
Description. The original description follows:
Palpi with a cluster of white scales at the apexes, upright scales
of occiput yellow, whitish cross bands of abdomen prolonged for-
ward in the middle, crossing or almost crossing the segments,
scales on posterior side of front and middle tibiae and on anterior
side of the hind ones almost wholly pale yellow, first tarsal joint
bearing many yellow scales, black and yellow scales of wings not
evenly distributed, the black ones forming a distinct spot at fork-
ing of the second vein with the third, another on upper branch of
fifth vein at the hind cross vein, and a third on the apical third of
the last vein, remaining scales of this vein wholly yellow; length
4 mm.
The larva according to Dr Smith is from 14 to about + inch
in length and is yellowish brown in color. The head is almost as
large as the thorax, being a little excavated before the antennae.
The latter are white, almost ag long as the head, thickest near the
middle and with a double curve, the tips pointing outwardly. The
tuft of a dozen hairs, well before the middle, does not reach the
tip. The mandibles are peculiar in that they have but one dorsal
spine. The comb consists of five to eight scales attached to a
narrow band like a fringe and not directly to the skin. Each
298 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
scale is oblong with setose sides, two long spines at the angles and
a very long central process. The air tube is small, about three
times as long as wide, with two curved spines at the apex and an
unusually large tuft below the spines. Pecien consists of from
five to eight spines each bearing two to four very long, slender
teeth. The anal gills are twice as long as the siphon, taper to
almost a point and are well provided with tracheae.
Habits. This species is abroad in New Jersey the latter part of
June, in July and early August. Mr W. P. Seal, who took the
larvae at Delair N. J., states that they are rare and have the habit
of remaining below the surface and feeding at or near the bottom.
Dr Smith states that the larva has a peculiar habit of resting on
the bottom, back down, with the antennae pointing upward and
mouth brushes in constant motion. A single larva was also
received by Dr Smith from Mr Brakeley, who took it at Lahaway
N. J.
Culex jamaicensis Theo.
Pl. 44, fig. 2
This mosquito may be separated from the closely allied C.
sylvestris by the shorter petiole of the submarginal cell, it
Fig. 36 Labial plate of Culex jamaicensis,
with hair from same much more enlarged
being one third or less than one third as long as the cell. In other
respects it agrees very much with the above named species.
Description. The larva has been described by Dr Dyar, who
states that it has a round, flat head, narrow anteriorly, the anten-
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 299
nae long, slender, uniform, with the outer two thirds black, middle
tuft slight, often folded and invisible. The air tube is brown, sub-
Fig. 37 Comb of C. jamaicensis
fusiform, about three times as long as wide, with a normal pecten,
comb with only a few scales, each with a dentate, platelike base
Fig.38 Middle spine shay F ‘
of comb of C. jam- Fig. 39 Air tube of C. Fig. 40 Pecten of C. jamaicen-
aicensis jamaicensis sis more enlarged
[fig. 837]. The labial plate and posterior extremity of the larva
are also shown [fig. 36, 42].
300 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Life history. The life history of this insect has been partially
worked out. Dr Grabham states that the eggs are laid singly, and
Professor Herrick found that the larvae invariably appear in pools.
within 12 hours after their formation by rain. This led him to
believe that the eggs are deposited on the mud and hatched when
soaked by rain, and the correctness of this conclusion is further
substantiated by Dr Smith’s observations on C.sollicitans.
The young larvae were first met with by Professor Herrick, in an
Fig. 4! Pecten of another Fig. 42 Last segment of larva of
larva equally enlarged Culex jamaicensis
open sewer drain, though later he more often found them in rain
water pools, and his-attention was attracted on account of their
large size as compared with those of C.fatigans. The larvae
frequently rest in a nearly horizontal position, much resembling
Anopheles in this respect. Professor Herrick states that, when
the larvae first rise to the surface they assume a position
very similar to that of most species of Culex, but after a few
moments, if left undisturbed, there is a slight jerk and the body
quickly assumes an approximately horizontal position, the head
being on a level with the surface of the water. He observed that
the body after a few minutes, instead of lying nearly horizontal,
as does that of Anopheles, hangs suspended like a piece of slack
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 301
rope, between the head and the respiratory tube and considerably
below the surface of the water. .
Distribution. This species has been listed from Jamaica by its
describer, is abundant in Mississippi according to Professor Her-
rick, was obtained by Dr Dyar in a mud pool of rain water at
Cabin John Md., has been-sent to this office in the larval state from
Staten Island, and taken by Dr Smith in New Jersey.
Culex taeniorhynchus Wied.
Small salt marsh mosquito
Pl. 4, 5, 18, 38, 42, 53, fig. 5; 1; 2,3; 1; 1; 1 respectively
This coast species occurs in the same situation as the salt
marsh mosquito, and on account of its banded proboscis [fig. 43],
Fig. 43 Head and appendages of Culex tae-
niorhynchus showing white band on the beak
may be confused with it. This form more frequently haunts
patches of woodland and may be recognized by the absence of the
yellow stripe in C. sollicitans, while the basal bands of the
abdominal segments are clear-cut, of a more uniform width and
nearly or quite white.
302 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Description. This larva has rather stout, dark tipped antennae
with the tuft at the middle. Labial plate triangular with 21 or 23
teeth. The comb consists according to Dr Smith of 16 to 24 some-
what spatulate scales bearing a row of coarse setae, the longer
ones at the apex. The air tube is very short, about one and one
fourth times as long as broad with about 15 closely set pecten
teeth with three to six or seven minute serrations on each side.
Dr Dyar states that the larva differs from C. sollicitans,
by its shorter tube and the differently shaped teeth of the lateral
comb.
Distribution. This appears to be a widely distributed form,
since it has been recorded by Theobald from New Amsterdam,
British Guiana, St Lucia, Florida, Honduras and Brazil, and it
also occurs rather commonly in New York and New Jersey.
Life history and habits. This species probably passes the winter
in the egg stage, in mud or at the base of grasses, in the same
manner aS C. sollicitans, since Dr Smith has bred it from
eggs in the same piece of sod, and he states that the two species
have the same habits, having reared adults of both, without pre-
viously suspecting that he was dealing with two insecis.
Culex confinis Arrib.
This species has been listed from New Jersey by Dr Smith, who
took it at Delair, July 10, and at New Brunswick, Aug. 3. It
very probably occurs in New York State, and the following de-
scription by Theobald should prove of service in its recognition.
Very like Taeniorhynchus taeniorhynechus Arri-
balzaga but of smaller size and darker color, while the band on
the proboscis is broader, but differs especially in the form of the
wing scales. The broad white proboscis band extends from near
the base to. the middle; legs fuscous, fore femora sparsely decor-
ated with scattered white scales, with a narrow white band a little
before the apex; tibiae speckled white externally, uniformly
colored inside; knees white; fore and mid tarsi with the first three,
and the hinder with four, or all the joints with basal white bands;
metatarsi distinctly shorter than tibiae. Abdomen dark fuscous,
with coffee-colored scales above and narrow whitish bands; gray-
ish below.
Length, 4.5 to 5 mm.
Habitat, Chaco in Formosa, Argentina.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 303
Culex annulatus Schrank.
This mosquito may be easily separated from others having
banded tarsi, by the broad band on the posterior tarsi.
Distribution. Dr Howard has recorded this insect from New
Bedford Mass., Lincoln Neb., Santa Fé N. M., Stanford Cal., and
Logan, British Columbia. It has also been recognized by Mr
Ludlow at Fort Baker Cal. It appears to be widely distributed
in this country, specially as it has also been reported from
Mexico. Theobald states that this species is common through-
out Europe, from Scandinavia to Italy, and also occurs in India.
Giles states that this large gnat is believed by Ficalbi, to feed
only on the juices of plants, and he thinks that it does not attack
man or animals. \
Culex canadensis Theo.
Woodland pool mosquito
Pl. 5, 18, 19, 34, 42, 50, fig. 3, 4; 4; 3; 1, 4; 2 respectively
This comparatively large, rather handsome mosquito may be
easily recognized by the last segment and each extremity of the
other segments of the tarsi on the posterior legs being white. The
petiole on the first submarginal cell is about two thirds its length,
a character readily separating this species from C. atropal-
pus, which according to Coquillett has the petiole less than
one half the length of the cell. The claws are all unidentate in
specimens received from Theobald. This mosquito is at no time
very abundant.
Description. The eggs according to Dr Dyar are laid singly, not
adherent, fusiform, with ends rounded, black. The full grown
larva has a pale brown head, with antennae brownish throughout,
though darker on the outer third, a slight tuft a little before the
middle. The air tube is conical, tapered, about two and one half
times as long as wide, with two rows of pecten at the base. The
comb consists of a triangular patch of small scales over three rows
deep. Dr J.B. Smith states that the larva of this species is asso-
ciated with that of C. cantans, which it resembles so closely
that the two are not easily separated. We have bred this
species, from woodland pools where it was associated with C.
304 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
canadensis, C.impiger, C. cinereoborealis and
Aedes fuseus.
Distribution. This species was described from specimens
received from DeGrasse point, Lake Simcoe, Ont. We have taken
it about Albany and at Poughkeepsie. Dr Smith records it from
New Jersey, and it is very common at Center Harbor N. H.
according to Dr Dyar, who also met with it rather abundantly
early in the season in British Columbia. |
Life history and habits. Dr J.B. Smith states that the eggs are
laid in the mud of dried up pools or in the pools themselves, ‘sink-
ing to the bottom in the latter case. The larvae hatch in New
Jersey in January or February, often when the pools are covered
with ice, and grow slowly, maturing and transforming to pupae
late in April. The adults emerge during early May, and of the
eggs laid by them only a portion seem to develop, because the
second brood is smaller than the first and so on, and while larvae
and adults are found throughout the season, they are stragglers
and simply supply eggs for another year. Almost every low
swampy woodland and nearly every pool swarms in April with
the larvae of this species. Many of the pools dry up by the time
the insects mature, and remain so till the following spring; never-
theless larvae again appear with the approach of warm weather.
Dr Smith states that this is the earliest and latest occurring
mosquito in New Jersey, and that it never becomes a nuisance in
towns or houses, even though the latter be only a few rods from a
pool. It seems as though the larvae of this species must hibernate
in New York State, since they are of considerable size when they
first appear in the spring along with other aquatic forms. Adults
are on the wing about Albany in early May.
This species breeds by preference in woodland springs, pools
or ditches carrying spring water.
Culex onondagensis n. sp.
Pl. 5, 17, fig. 2, 3 respectively
A specimen of this mosquito was taken in the vicinity of Lake
Onondaga, Syracuse, Sep. 19, 1904, and as it differs so markedly ~
from previously known forms, it is described herewith.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 305
Antennae dark brown, sparsely clothed with fine whitish hairs,
with sparse basal whorls of dark brown hairs on the segments,
basal one brown, clothed internally with yellowish scales. Palpi,
short, dark brown, with a few silvery white scales toward the
apex. Apical portion of proboscis dark brown, basal part lighter
with a few whitish scales. Occiput rather thickly clothed with
yellowish and silvery scales, with a few black ones interspersed.
Prothorax ornamented with a thick covering of golden yellowish
scales, becoming grayish posteriorly (in the specimen this portion
is somewhat rubbed). Scutellum similarly clothed and with no
long setae. Halteres capitate, basal and apical portions fuscous.
Pleura brownish, clothed with rather thick irregular patches of
whitish scales. Abdomen dark brown, with a distinct broad
median and somewhat broken lateral stripes of silvery gray
scales slightly tinged with yellow. Basal bands of first and
second abdominal segments somewhat indistinct, those of the
third and fourth well marked, the dorsum of the remaining seg-
ments nearly covered with silvery white scales. Ventral surface
sparsely clothed with silvery gray and yellowish scales. Femora
and tibiae mostly yellowish with somewhat brown scales, which
are flecked where thick with white. Fore and mid tarsi brown
vith apical white rings, hind tarsi with the apex and the extrem-
ities of the segments distinctly ringed, except the distal of the
fourth, fifth snow white. Claws unidentate. Wings hyaline,
clothed with intermixed brown, straw yellow and colorless scales,
the narrow long ones mostly transparent. Petioles of the first
and second fork cells about three fourths the length of their
respective cells.
Culex atropalpus Coq.
Pl. 5, 6, 19, 32, 44, 55, fig. 5; 1; 2,3; 1,2;5; 3 respectively
This mosquito resembles C. canadensis, though it may be
separated from it by the length of the petiole of the first submar-
ginal cell, as given above. This species has been recorded from
several localities near New York State, and Prof. G. H. Hudson
has taken it near Plattsburg N. Y.
306 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Description. The egg has been described by Dr Dyar, as black
elliptic with ends abruptly narrowed. They are deposited in
groups, adherent to the surface on which they are placed. The
full grown larva has a dark brown, nearly black head, the antennae
are slender, small, uniform, with the tuft at the middle of the joint
reduced to an inconspicuous hair. The air tube is short, not over
twice as long as broad, slightly tapered, with double posterior
pecten, a small tuft and several pecten teeth beyond the tuft. The
comb consists of a long triangular patch of small scales about
five rows deep. Dr Dyar states that this larva resembles that of
C.canadensis, but the tube is shorter, the anal plate smaller,
and the anal finger-shaped processes contain conspicuous tracheae.
Distribution. This species was described from specimens re-
ceived from Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and New Hamp-
shire.
Life history and habits. Dr Dyar has met with larvae in small
pools in the flat surface of a rock beside a stream on the side of
Mt Ossipee N. H., and he adds that it did not occur near Center
Harbor, where there were no rock pools. It was also found breed-
ing abundantly in water-filled potholes on the edge of the Potomac
river, above Plummers island Md., and was associated with C.
territans, asin New Hampshire.
Culex dyari Coq.
Pl. 10, 21, 35, 42, 54,55, His 4, 4,4, ae a respeciively
This mosquito has the tarsi ringed at the base, and simple claws,
according to Coquillett, which readily separates it from others in
this group, unless it be C.jamaicensis, from which it may
be distinguished in the same manner as C. sylvestris.
This form was taken by Dr Dyar, at Center Harbor N. H., and
it would-not be surprising if it was also found in New York State.
Description. This larva according to Dr Dyar has a rounded,
pale brown head and stout antennae, the tuft at the outer third
and the part beyond, smaller; strongly infuscated at tip, narrowly
so at base, the center of the joint broadly pale whitish. Air tube
about four times as long as. broad, tapering rather abruptly
beyond the middle, the tip not tapered. Basal pecten small, 3
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 307
double, approximate, not followed by hair tufts. Anal segment
completely ringed ; chitin darker and covered with numerous little
spines, dorsally; pierced ventrally by seven little holes for a
series of tufts that precede the barred area. Brush and tuft nor-
mal. Comb, a large patch of numerous small scales many rows
deep. He figures about 10 rows composed of over 80 scales. Pupa
normal, with funnel-shaped air tubes.
Life history and habits. Larvae were obtained by Dr Dyar in a
cold permanent spring, and he is of the opinion that there is only
an early spring brood, the species hibernating in the egg. Dr Dyar
has also met with this species in British Columbia, where it is
early and by no means common. He found one larva in a slow
cold stream in the woods, May 29; it pupated at once, indicating
that the breeding season had practically passed.
Culex territans Walk.
Little black mosquito
Pl. 6, 19, 20, 34, 43, fig. 2, 83;4;1;1,2; 6 respectively
This rather common, small mosquito has unbanded tarsi, and
may be easily recognized by the cross band of whitish scales at
Fig. 44 Labial plate of Culex territans
the apex of the abdominal segments. It is widely distributed in
the State, having been taken by us at Poughkeepsie, Karner and
308 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Elizabethtown, in which latter larvae occurred in a pool with
numerous small polywogs. The larva differs from all others in
the enormously long, slender air tube [fig. 45] and by the broad
head with prominent antennae. The latter are black at the tip
and have a tuft of long hairs a little beyond the middle. The
peculiar labial plate is also illustrated [fig. 44].
: ~\ Rue
\\
7
\
UN
Fig. 45 Air tubes and anal appendages; 1C.territans, 2C. restuans
Distribution. This species is a rather common form in New York
State, likewise in New Jersey and New Hampshire, according to
Messrs Smith and Dyar. The latter has also taken it in British
Columbia, and it is probably widely distributed in the northern
United States.
Life history and habits. We have found it breeding in many
places throughout the summer, and Dr Smith states that the
larvae occur almost everywhere, in running or stagnant waters,
fresh or brackish, though he has not found them in real foul
or salt water. Dr Dyar states that the larvae prefer cold
water, and that he took the same in a cold spring some 20
feet in diameter, and that they were not found in a warm, scummy
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 309
pool which yielded other species freely. He adds that in New
Hampshire larvae occurred in every suitable pool, and after the
middle of July they were the most abundant Culex larvae to be
found, being present throughout the summer. Dr Dyar obtained
some eggshells, which he believed to belong to this species, from a
pool full of C.territans larvae. They were on the surface of
the water in little boats composed of three or four eggs, each ad-
hering by their flat sides, the mass floating sidewise on the water.
They were so minute that a lens was necessary to ascertain their
true character. He states that the life cycle occupies about three
weeks, and that breeding is continuous as with C. pipiens,
the winter probably being passed as adults.
Dr Smith states that this little mosquito is rarely troublesome
in the early part of the summer, but sometimes late in the season
it seems to become possessed with a furious desire for blood. At
such times it forces its way through the netting of window screens,
endeavors to find openings around them, or works up between the
windows if they are imperfectly closed. This lasts for a short
time and then the mosquitos suddenly leave. It is somewhat
of a puzzle to account for their appearance in such numbers. This
form is seldom recognized in house captures, since when collected
in alcohol it has proved almost impossible to separate it from C.
pipiens.
Culex lazarensis Felt & Young
Pl. 6, 20, 33, 43, 51, fig. 4, 5; 2,3; 2; 3 respectively
Pupae of this well marked, beautiful species were taken in a
deep, cold mountain pool at Elizabethtown N. Y., June 9, adults
emerging the 10th. Larvae occurred at Karner N. Y., May 3.
Description. Occiput and thorax thickly clothed with golden
yellow scales except for a narrow median dark brown line and on
the thorax a broad submedian brown line ‘on each side, all inter-
rupted at the posterior fourth. More laterally and near the pos-
terior end of the submedian stripes there is on each side a short,
broader stripe. The golden vestiture is interspersed with scatter-
ing long, black hairs. Pleura clothed with patches of golden yel-
low and whitish scales. Abdomen dark brown or black, with
broad, basal white bands, specially in the male, slightly continued
310 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
on each side, particularly in the female. Legs dark brown except
the yellowish white coxae, inner side of femora and posterior side
of the tibiae; tip of femora clothed with yellowish white scales.
Fig. 46 Unequal claws of Culex
lazarensis Fig. 47 Labial plate of C. lazarensis
Ungues unidentate. Wings hyaline, veins clothed with rather long
scales; posterior cross vein about its own length from mid cross
vein; petiole of first submarginal cell about one third the length
Fig 48 Combof C. lazarensis
of the cell, that of the second submarginal cell about equal.
Length of body ;; in.; wing spread, % in. Coloration nearly
the same in both sexes.
; Female. Antennae clothed
with sparse gray hairs.
Palps brown, frequently
well sprinkled with white
scales, short, about one fifth
the length of the long,
brown proboscis. Abdomi-
nal cross bands decidedly
narrower in the middle and
well prolonged laterally,
ventral surface suffused
with white scales. Termi-
nal segment not marked
and ovipositor acute at the
tip. .
Male. Plumes of the white banded antennae, grayish. Palps
very long, slender, and clothed with purplish brown scales.
White abdominal bands very broad, covering nearly the basal half
Fig. 48 Twocomb scales of C. lazarensis
cd
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATH ah
of the segment, and with a slight median and lateral prolonga-
tion. Under surface of abdomen sparsely clothed with white
scales, posterior fourth of segments brown. Basal segment of
clasp stout, distinctly clubbed and somewhat lobed apically, bear-
ing a long, slender, curved segment tipped with a stout spine.
Ungues unidentate, except outer claw of fore leg, which is simple;
tooth on inner claw almost capitate.
Described from many bred speci-
mens, including several reared from
isolated larvae.
Larva. Nearly 4% inch long wheu
full grown, frequently greenish,
turning to a slaty color after death.
Antennae slightly darker at the tip,
nearly straight, tapering uniformly
and with tuft at the basal third,
tip bearing one very long and two
medium sized, slender processes,
one shorter, much stouter, almost
conical process and a very stout,
knoblike remnant of a segment.
Labial plate triangular, with about
27 fine teeth. Compound, finely spinose hairs on thoracic seg-
ments, usually simple ones on the abdominal segments. Comb
Fig.50 Air tube of C. lazarensis
ys
Fig. 51 Pecten teeth of C. lazarensis much
enlarged
consisting of a triangular patch composed of about 60 rather
stout scales, each tipped with about four to seven stout, equal
Spines. Air tube short, a little over twice as long as broad,
Slightly swollen at the basal third, bearing a double row of
posterior pecten, each row with about 20 short, black, stout
spines, usually with two well marked teeth at the extreme base.
A compound hair occurs near the extremity of each row of
pecten. Barred area short, on the posterior half of the anal plate
and composed of only about 12 bars, each bearing a compound hair.
Anal gills slender, acute at the tip.
See NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Culex cinereoborealis Felt & Young
PL. 7, 20, 21, 36, 36, 45, 52, 55, fig. 1,2; 2: 1; 4,1; 1,5; 1 respectively
We have been unable to refer this form to any described species.
It is closely allied to C. ne morosus Meig., though Theobald’s
description does not permit its reference to that species.
Hy le
te vt
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Fig.52 Head and appendages of Culex cinereoborealis
Description. Thorax brownish gray, with central portion
BA ~~ browner; abdomen brown, with
fi \ N basal white bands expanded at
Hite a \\ \ the sides; legs dark brown; .
V7 \\\ | \ coxae pale; femora light be-
y yyy | <j )\ neath; ungues unidentate in
\/ 77} yy] female, unequally toothed in
, Tat \/ male. Length, 7 mm; wing
Fig. 53 Tarsal claws of male, C.cine- spread, 6 mm.
reoborealis
Female. Brownish gray; proboscis long; palpi dark brown with
base lighter than tips; occiput with white, narrow, curved leaflike
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 313
scales at center, broad truncate ones at the sides; numerous up-
right, narrow, forked, yellowish or dark scales are interspersed
UN AAA
Fig. 54 Wing of female, C. cinereoborealis
Fig. 55 Wing of male, C. cinereoborealis
among the others; black bristles extend forward with a few yel-
lowish ones on the median line; antennae dark brown, base of first
Fig. 56 Male genitalia, C. cinereoborealis
joint pale. Thorax brownish gray, a brown spot at the middle,
becoming wider behind the middle with the sides often separated
314 7 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
from the central part by a narrow white line, lighter at the sides,
with yellowish or golden scales. Pleura thickly clothed with
white scales. The denuded thorax shows a median narrow brown
line bordered with a lighter almost plumbeous one on each side.
Abdomen brown, with a broad white band, somewhat expanded
laterally, at the base of the segments. Yellowish white scales are
scattered over the abdomen, while clusters almost form a median
stripe, which is more apparent in bred or unabraded specimens.
Ventral surface clothed with white scales. Legs, dark brown;
fist
cl
FoureL
Fig.57 Combof C. cinereoborealis
femora yellowish, lighter beneath and almost black at apex. An-
terior and mid tibiae lighter beneath, posterior tibiae show dark
purple reflections in sunlight. Tarsi unicolorous, almost black;
ungues unidentate. Wings large, thick, venation strongly
marked; petiole of the first submarginal cell almost as long as
cell; posterior cross vein less than its own length from the nearly
equal mid cross vein.
Male. Head, similar in color to that of female; the antennae
and palpi uniformly brown; thorax with brown spots more ex-
tended, more golden or yellowish scales, and with fewer white
scales laterally and on the pleura. Abdomen more slender than
in the female; basal bands narrower, with very few scattered yel-
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE ak5
lowish scales, numerous long flying hairs becoming quite dense at
the apex. Legs long, same color as female; first joint of posterior
tarsi almost as long as tibiae; posterior ungues equal, unidentate ;
the fore and mid feet bear one large claw with two teeth and a
smaller one with one tooth. Wings longer and narrower than in
the female; petioles of the first and second
submarginal cells longer than cell, posterior
cross vein about its own length from the
mid cross vein.
Larva. Length about .3, inch; head light
or yellowish brown, widest just behind the
black eyes; antennae nearly straight, almost
cylindric, slightly darker at the somewhat
enlarged base and with a scanty tuft aris-
ing at the basal third. Labial plate broadly
triangular, with 25 fine teeth. Thorax,
lateral angles somewhat marked and each Ate ona ee
© > = li
bearing a group of compound, finely bar- C. cinereoborealis
buled hairs. A similar group also occurs at the anterior angle
which is less sharply defined, and also on the dorsal surface. Hairs —
of the body mostly simple, those on the first and second abdominal
segments compound and weakly barbuled. Comb of the eighth ab-
dominal segment consists of 14 to 16 scales, each having a some-
what spatulate base and terminated by a stout spine, at the base
of the latter on either side is a much smaller spine followed by a
series of still smaller, weaker ones. Anal segment, with a broad
dorsal plate extending nearly to the ventral line but not inclosing
the segment. Air tube is about two and one half times as long as
broad, tapering rather gradually to the apex, with two posterior
pecten, each consisting of about 18 spines closely placed together
and four others at a much greater distance. Each pecten tooth
is stout and with one or two denticulations; dorsal surface of
the air tube with a double row of hair tufts, each consisting of
about four tufts composed of a pair of weakly barbuled hairs.
Life history and habits. This large species is a frequenter of
woodland pools in the vicinity of Albany, where it occurs in as-
sociation with C. canadensis, C. impiger, C. cantans
316 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and Aedes fuscus. We believe this species winters in the
larval form, since with the opening of the spring and appearance
of life in the various pools, only nearly full grown larvae were te
Fig. 59 Air tube of C. cinereoborealis
be found. The adult insects appear from the early part to the
middle of May.
Culex impiger Walk.
Pl. 7, 21, 36, 48, 52, fig. 3,4; 2, 3; 1; 1; 1 respectively
This very common New York mosquito with a basal white band
on the dorsum of the abdominal segments, may be readily sepa-
Hy:
Fig. 60 Labial plate of Culex impiger
rated from C.consobrinus by the toothed claws. This spe-
cies was met with in early spring as larvae frequenting woodlan@
pools where it was associated with C. canadensis, C.can- |
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 317
tans, OC. cinereoborealis and Aedes fuseus, adults
appearing in early May. It probably winters in the larval form.
Description. This is one of the two species in which the pos
terior cross vein of the wing is very close to the first cross
vein. Theobald makes C. impiger a synonym of C.
nigripes, but Howard states that the latter does not occur
pees of ee He sy Fig.62 Airtube of C.impiger
in this country or Canada. The male of C. nigripes has the
abdomen covered by black scales, while the male of C. impiger
has cross bands of light colored scales on the abdomen. Larva
about -°, inch long; head, rather dark brown; sides somewhat
angular; antennae, fuscous at tip with a slight tuft arising at the
basal third. Labial plate rather broadly triangular with 11 teeth
on each side of the median one. Thoracic hairs finely barbuled
and arising in groups of three or four; abdominal hairs more
slender, some double, and all finely barbuled. The comb consists
318 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of a somewhat triangular patch of about 14 scales, each with the
finely setose spatulate base prolonged into a stout spine. Air
tube three to four times as long as broad, slightly conical, in |
each row 15 to 18 pecten teeth, the distal two
Widely separate and all of the continuous
row with one or more basal teeth
This larva was taken in a woodland pool
at Karner, May 3, 1904, where it seems to
| be somewhat abundant.
/ Distribution. This species evidently has a
wide distribution in North America, since it
has been recorded by Dr Howard from sey-
Fic. 63 Pecten tooth ral British Columbian localities and a num-
ees: ber of states, occurring as far south as
Georgia, the Isle of Pines and Jamaica, West Indies, and the city
of Mexico, and it probably ranges across the continent, because
Theobald lists it provisionally from California, and referring this
form to C. nigripes, also lists it from Lapland; Greenland;
the arctic circle generally; Cashmere, India; and Virgin bay,
Alaska.
Lf
Culex consobrinus Desy.
Examples presumably of this species have been recorded by
Dr Howard from the Catskills. He also lists it from a number
of states, and if the species from various localities is the same, it
evidently has a wide distribution, ranging from Canada south
to Louisiana and across the continent. The female kindly lent us
for study varies about the cross veins [pl. 9, fig. 1] from the
following two, specially the first, and there are other differences.
Culex absobrinus n. sp.
Pl. 8; 22, 37, 45, 51, fig. 1,2; 1, 2; 1; 4; 2 respectively
Larvae, first referred to Culex consobrinus Desv., were
taken in a cold mountain pool at Elizabethtown N. Y., July 8,
where they were found in small numbers. A few adults were
captured in the same locality the latter part of August.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 319
Female. Proboscis about as long as the abdomen, dark brown,
palpi light brown, rather sparsely clothed with yellowish white
scales. Antennae black, sparsely clothed with short, brown
hairs and with several long, black ones at bases of joints. Eyes
coarsely granulate, greenish. Occiput sparsely clothed by and mar-
gined anteriorly with white scales, and with a thick tuft of the
same at the juncture of the eyes ; numer-
ous erect, scattering, black scales occur
among the yellowish white ones. Thorax
brown, clothed with a fine, appressed
pile; a median line of dark brown or \
black seales, golden yellow anteriorly \)
and terminating at the posterior third
in an irregular, rather loose group of
golden yellow hairs; a submedian line
of golden yellow hairs bordered intern-
ally with long, black ones and extend-
ing anteriorly into a somewhat irregu-
lar patch. Anterior margin of thorax
with golden and yellowish white scales,
the lateral margin bordered by long,
blackish hairs, and internally with a
few yellowish white scales. Scutellum
brownish, clothed apically with a row
of long, brownish hairs and with a pair
of submedian patches of whitish scales
anteriorly; postscutellum brownish,
naked. Pleura clothed with irregular
patches of whitish and _ yellowish
white scales. Dorsal surface of ab-
dominal segments dark brown, with
well marked, creamy white basal bands ; Hig 6S aaah tenner oF
ander surface suffused with fine,
creamy white scales. Wing veins dark, thickly clothed with dark
brown scales; posterior cross vein less than 14 its length from
-mnid cross vein. Legs light brown, with darker brown scales
forming indistinct bands, there being lighter rings at the apex of
femora and tibiae. The markings are too faint to be construed
as bands. Claws simple. Petiole of first submarginal cell about
2 the length of the same, and that of the second over 14. Fringes
and scales clothing the veins mostly dark fuscous, thick, scales
very long, narrow. Fringe composed of scales of several lengths
as in the pipiens group. Halteres capitate, stem and base yellow-
ish, tip black anteriorly.
Male. Palpi long, purplish brown, without conspicuous
plumes; 4 segmented, the apical two joints being slightly larger
320 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
than the longer basal ones, the second longer than the first.
Proboscis the same color, length and general appearance of the
Antennae rather sparsely ornamented with brownish
palpus.
Eyes rather
plumes, brown, each segment annulate with white.
Fig.65 Larval mandible of C. absobrinus
coarsely granulate, greenish black. Occiput rather sparsely
clothed with silvery yellow scales, which form a distinct line on
posterior border of the eyes, a sparse median tuft at their
juncture, and also have a somewhat linear arrangement each
absobrinus
Fig. 66 Labial plate of C.
side of the median line; erect black forked scales rather sparse.
Thorax with a median line of mixed black, golden yellow scales,
obsolete posteriorly. Humeri sparsely clothed with an irregular
patch of golden yellow scales, with a few black ones intermixed.
There is a submedian line of coarse hairs bordered outwardly by
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE Sat
golden yellow scales, and traces of similar sublateral ones near
the base of the wings. ‘Posterior portion of prothorax smooth,
bordered anteriorly by an irregular patch of golden yellow
scales, with black hairs intermixed. Scutellum crowned with
long, black hairs and with somewhat irregular, obsolete, sub-
median patches of golden yellow scales; postscutellum smooth,
slaty gray. Pleura sparsely clothed with irregular patches of
SSS
LT
i
Md
:
i
iM
Fig. 67 Comb scale
of C. absobrinus Fig. 68 Air tube of C. abso-
much enlarged brinus
silvery yellow scales. Abdomen dark brown, with rather nar-
row, basal bands of silvery white scales; sparsely clothed, spe-
cially laterally, with slender, golden yellow hairs. Basal portion
of clasp stout, thickly haired, yellowish brown; apical portion
slender, uniformly curved, yellowish brown. Ventral surface
brownish black, that of the second, third and fourth segments
being sparsely clothed with silvery yellow scales, and each of
‘the latter with a distinct basal band of the same color. Wings
hyaline; anterior margin and first longitudinal vein rather
thickly clothed with dark brown scales, others with lighter col-
ored ones; fringe slaty gray. Petiole of first submarginal cell
about equal in length to the cell, that of the second about one-
fourth longer. Posterior cross vein less than its own length
from mid cross vein. Halteres, basal portion pale yellowish white,
apical portion capitate, dark brown. Coxae slaty gray, golden
yellow apically. Legs dark purplish brown, with apexes of
femora and tibiae clothed with golden yellow scales. Anterior
aoe NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and mid ungues uneven, one claw bidentate, one unidentate,
posterior simple. Posterior legs enormously prolonged; tarsal
segments extremely attenuate and fragile.
Described from a freshly bred spetimen July 14, 1904.
Larva. Antenna rather stout, curved, with a thick, well
developed tuft of plumose hairs at its basal third and a pair of
long, slender spines at the apical fifth, in addition to one long
spine and two rudimentary, tapering processes at the apex.
Labial plate subtriangular, with about 29 rather fine teeth, basal
portion with distinct, rather coarse reticulations. Thoracic and
anterior abdominal segments clothed with numerous stout,
black, plumose hairs, the other abdominal segments bearing
slightly compound, weakly plumose hairs. In addition, there are
smaller groups of compound hairs. The comb consists of a tri-
angular patch of about 60 scales arranged in five irregular rows,
each scale with a brown, basal, somewhat spatulate enlargement
and terminated by an expanded, nearly colorless tip bearing a
series of rather fine subequal, apical spines, smaller spines extend
on each side to the extreme base. Air tube about four times as
long as wide, slightly inflated and with two rows of pecten at
the basal fifth, each consisting of about 14 closely set teeth bear-
ing at their bases one or two conspicuous processes; pecten
extended by a well marked row of about 16 simple bristles reach-
ing to the apical fifth of the air tube. There is a posterior pair
of compound, plumose hairs at the base of the air tube. Ventral
tuft short and consisting of about 14 well developed, compound
hairs attached to the barred area, with three anterior. Dorsal
tuft composed of a single, stout, compound hair and a pair of
very long, slender, simple hairs.
Culex magnipennis n. sp.
__ Pl. 8, 22, 23, 37, 45, 51, 55, fig. 3,4; 351525; 3; 1; 2 respectively
Larvae of this large and interesting species were taken in a
shaded pool at Sodus Point N. Y., Aug. 25, adults emerging the
29th. The female is remarkable on account of her large wings
with broadly rounded anal lobes.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE Sue
Description. Male. Proboscis long, curved, yellowish, specked
with black, tip jet black. Palpi four segmented, longer than the
proboscis, not plumose; basal segment globose, second: sparsely,
third moderately, fourth and fifth rather thickly clothed with
small, brown, appressed scales, a few longer, black, ventral
setae on the apical portion of the third and fourth segments.
Antennae black, basal segment reddish, subglobular; others
ringed with white and bearing basal whorls of long, black hairs,
except the two apical ones, which are very long, slender and
sparsely clothed with yellowish white plumes. Eyes greenish,
deeply emarginate. Occiput sparsely clothed with golden yellow
scales, a distinct line occurring along the posterior margin of
the eyes, forming a median tuft. Prothorax with distinct
median and sublateral black lines, sparsely clothed with short,
golden yellow scales, slightly thicker on each side of the black
lines, lateral portions bearing longer, black setae. Pleura
sparsely clothed with short, yellowish scales. Scutellum rather
prominent, irregularly fuscous, bearing long, yellowish setae;
postscutellum naked, yellowish, rounded. Halteres: basal por-
tion irregularly expanded, yellowish, transparent, apical part
capitate, fuscous. Abdomen brown, mottled dorsally with dark
brown, nearly black scales; laterally there is an indistinct row
of yellowish scales; antepenultimate segment irregularly mottled
with yellowish scales. Ventral surface suffused with orange yel-
low scales. Coxae clothed with golden yellow scales; femora
yellowish beneath, dark brown above, rather thickly mottled with
yellowish scales. Tibiae and tarsi black, except that the former
are sparsely mottled with silvery white scales. Ungues of fore
and mid legs unequal, one claw bidentate, the other unidentate,
posterior claws simple. Wings hyaline, sparsely clothed with
brownish scales; fringe slaty gray; posterior cross vein less than
its own length from mid cross vein; petiole of first submarginal
cell about two thirds the length of-the cell, that of the second
about three fourths.
A rather large mosquito measuring about 5 mm, wing spread,
about 10 mm.
Female. Antennae dark brown, sparsely ornamented with very
fine, yellowish white scales, and with short basal whorls of long,
black hairs; basal segment subglobose with an inner patch of
whitish scales. Proboscis longer than the abdomen, light brown,
tipped with dark brown and ornamented laterally and ventrally
with whitish or yellowish scales. Palpi short, brown, second
joint and apex of terminal segment rather thickly clothed
with yellowish white scales. Eyes coarsely granulate, dark
green. Occiput rather densely clothed with yellowish scales,
ook NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
which form a line along the posterior margin of the eyes; erect
black scales rather sparse. Prothorax light brown, with distinct,
narrow, median and submedian lines, each bordered by a rather
thick row of golden yellow scales; other portion of prothorax
- pather sparsely clothed with golden yellow scales and ornamented
laterally with long, black setae. Pleura clothed with irregular
patches of silvery white scales. Scutellum slaty brown, with
median and lateral patches of golden yellow spines; postcutel-
lum smooth, pinkish. Base of halteres semitransparent, pinkish,
apical portion capitate, dark brown. Abdomen dark brown, pro-
fusely ornamented with orange and yellowish white scales in the
form of broad, basal bands, the median portion being narrow and
composed of orange scales, while the lateral portion extends
almost the entire length of each segment and forms a nearly
complete, lateral, yellowish white line; median and posterior por-
tions of each segment dark brown with a few orange and yellow-
ish white scales, the latter nearly covering the antepenultimate
segment. Abdomen clothed laterally with long, silky, white hairs;
ventral surface suffused with silvery white scales. Wings hyaline,
clothed with dark brown scales, the fringe being a slaty gray and
composed of scales of various length, asin C. pipiens, and the
costa and subcosta flaked with silvery white scales. Petiole of
first submarginal cell nearly one half the length of the cell, that
of the second about three fourths. Posterior cross vein close to
the mid cross vein and sometimes almost interstitial. Coxae
whitish, semitransparent; under surface of femora and tibiae
whitish, other portions dark brown flecked with yellowish white
scales and with apical white bands; tarsi black, sparsely flecked
with white scales, claws simple.
Described from a freshly bred specimen.
The larva of this species was found in association with those of
Anopheles punctipennis, Culex territans and
C. sylvestris. It was easily recognized in the water by
its size and dark color, it being about as large as the larva of
©. cantans or C. cinereoborealis, and occurred singly
in water several inches deep, coming to the surface only after
rather long intervals.
Antennae rather stout, slightly curved and somewhat en-
larged at the base, apical portion fuscous; a well developed -
tuft of plumose hairs slightly before the middle; two long
subapical, two long apical spines and a short, stout process
on the tip. Labial plate broadly rounded, triangular, with about
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 325
25 coarse teeth; mandible very similar to that of C. abso-
brinus, figure 65. Thoracic and anterior abdominal segments
clothed with numerous stout, black, plumose hairs, the larger
abdominal segments bearing slightly compound, weakly plumose |
hairs. The comb consists of a triangular patch of about 40 scales
arranged in about five irregular rows, each scale with a dark
brown, basal, somewhat spatulate enlargement and terminated
by an expanded, nearly colorless tip, bearing a series of rather
fine, subequal, apical spines, smaller spines extending on each side
to the extreme base. Air tube about four times as long as wide,
slightly inflated and with two rows of pecten at the basal sixth,
each consisting of about 14 closely set teeth bearing at their
bases two or three conspicuous processes, pecten extended by a
well marked row of 17 simple bristles reaching to the apical third
or fourth. There is a posterior pair of compound, plumose hairs
at the base of the air tube. Ventral tuft short and consisting
of about 15 well developed, compound hairs attached to the barred
area. Dorsal tuft composed of a very stout, compound hair
and a smaller one with many more branches.
This larva closely resembles that of C. absobrinus and
may be separated therefrom by the smaller number of comb teeth
(which are also shorter and stouter), the greater number of basal
processes on the pecten, and the decidedly different character of
the labial plate. There are also other differences as will be seen
by reference to the above description.
Culex restuans Theo.
White dotted mosquito
Pl. 9, 23, 38, 44, 53, fig. 2,3; 2,3; 1,2; 3; 2 respectively
This species has been confused with C. pipiens, and accord-
ing to Theobald’s description may be separated therefrom by the
spotted thorax, but in our experience this character is somewhat
variable either on account of abrasion or nonexistence in some
cases.
Description. Theobald states that the wing venation is almost
exactly alike, but in specimens before us, the stem of the first
326 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
submarginal cell is from one sixth to one fifth its length in this
form, while in C. pipiens it is but one seventh. This species
may also be recognized by its light color, the whole body
having a yellow tinge, and by the basal bands of the abdomen
i
ATI AKWMIW
Fig. 69 Female wing of Culex restuans
being more uniform and straight. Perhaps the best character of
all, discovered by Coquillett, is the short pale banding at the ex-
treme ends of the hind tarsal joints, which is absent in C.
pipiens.
Fig.70 Labial plate of C. restuans
The eggs according to Dr Dyar are laid in a large boat-shaped
mass asin C. pipiens, adhering by their sides and standing
perpendicularly to the water, the mass floating freely. The indi-
vidual eggs are elliptic, fusiform, with sharply tapered ends.
The larva may be distinguished by its long breathing tube ©
[fig. 45], at least five times as long as wide, and the presence of
the antennal tuft before the middle of the joint, since other long
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE oot
tubed larvae have the tuft at or beyond the outer third. The
labial plate is shown at figure 70. The pale double pecten (each
spine four or five toothed) is followed by a few long hairs, and the
comb consists of a triangular patch of little scales four rows deep.
Dr Dyar describes the pupa as normal, air tubes cylindric, curved,
rather long and not funnel-shaped. This species has been carefully
described by Johannsen.
Fig. 71 Several pecten teeth of C. restuans much enlarged
Distribution. This species was described by Theobald, from
Ontario, Canada, and has been taken by us in widely separated
New York localities, notably, Adirondacks, Albany and West-
field. It was obtained at Center Harbor N. H. and Cabin John.
Md. by Dr Dyar, and at Lahaway N. J. by Mr Brakeley.
Life history and habits. Our own experience indicates that this
larva is found in much the same situation as C. pipiens,
except that we have not taken it in filthy water, it seeming to
prefer an open barrel or vessel containing clear rain water. This
is confirmed by Dr Smith’s observations. We have also taken this
species at Lake Placid, an elevation of 2000 feet, in a large hollow
burned in a pine and partly filled with rain water. The same
species was met with at Big Moose in a tub of rain water. Dr
Dyar records taking it from cold spring pools in New Hampshire,
though he states that it is not confined to such places. He has
met with it in pools shaded by bushes, and even in rain puddles.
He states that the larvae pass through four stages as usual, and
that they may be found all summer and fall, and possibly may
survive the winter in favorable situations.
328 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Culex pipiens Linn.
House or rain barrel mosquito
Pl. 9, 28, 24, 26, 38, 44, 538, fig. 4,5; 4; 1; 2; 3, 4, 5; 1; 3 respectively
This is the commonest mosquito about Albany, and undoubtedly
throughout the State. It may be separated from others of this
group by the very long first submarginal cell, and the abnormally
short petiole, it being but one seventh the length of the eell.
Description. The larva has been described by Dr Dyar, who
states that the head is rounded, full at the sides, pale; that the
antennae are large and long, completely infuscated, or in pale
specimens somewhat lighter at the base, a tuft being at the outer
third of the joint and the part beyond more slender than the basal
Z
Fig.72 Labial plate of C. pipiens
portion. The labial plate is as illustrated [fig. 72]. The air tube
is four times as long as wide, strongly tapered at its terminal half,
pale brown, with small, weak, double posterior pecten followed
by several tufts of hair. The comb consists of a large patch of
small spines in a low triangle about four rows deep. The differ-
ent stages have been minutely described by Johannsen.
Distribution. This species appears to be widely distributed
throughout the world, since Dr Marlatt records having met with
it in such distant countries as Japan, China and Java, while Theo- —
bald states that it occurs in Europe generally, from Scandinavia
to Italy, and in North America.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 329
Life history and habits. This mosquito appears to love human
habitations and may be found breeding throughout the warmer
months in any open receptacle containing fresh water. One or
two rain barrels are sufficient to produce millions of the pests,
and in places remote from the seashore this or the preceding
Species are the ones most likely to cause annoyance on account
of their abundance about habitations. The eggs are deposited
on the water, hatch quickly, and the life cycle may be completed in
about 16 days.
Culex abserratus Felt & Young
Pl. 10, 24, 45, fig. 2, 2, 2 respectively
The adult of this species is very close to C. impiger . while
the larva has a general resemblance to C. serratus. It was
Fig.73 Genitaliaof Culex abserratus
bred June 14 from a larva taken in a cold mountain pool near
Klizabethtown N. Y. June 9. A second larval skin was also met
with in the collections but no other adult was obtained. It was
330 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
associated with C. lazarensis, C. cinereoborealis,
Eucorethra underwoodi, and Corethra lint-
neri.
Description. Antennae thickly clothed with brownish gray
plumes, that of the male annulate and of the female unicolorous.
Basal segment globular, light brown, sparsely clothed with scat-
tering white scales. Eyes deeply emarginate. Occiput sparsely
and the thorax thickly clothed with golden yellow scales, except
that the latter has a very nar-
row, median, dark line and a
semicircular, lateral one on the
posterior third. Abdomen dark
brown, almost black, with
broad, basal white bands,
Fig. 74 Labial plate of C.abserratus Slightly prelonged laterally.
Ventral surface uniformly suffused with whitish or creamy
white scales. Coxae, base, apexes and inner face of femora,
and to a less extent the posterior side of tibiae, creamy
yellow; other portions of legs brown, with a sparse clothing of
whitish scales. Claws unidentate. Wings, with almost fuscous
veins well clothed with dark scales. Petiole of first submarginal
cell about one third the length of cell; that of the second submar-
ginal cell about equal, breadth of latter cell one third its length;
posterior cross vein more than its own length from mid cross vein.
Length of body about 5 mm; wing spread, 10 mm.
Described from a single bred, bisexual individual, the right side
being male with the cephalic appendages largely female, while
those of the posterior extremity are largely male. The male
antenna is normally plumose, while that of the female has elongate
segments sparsely clothed with long hairs. The male palp is well
developed and tipped with a conspicuous mass of plumes as in
normal specimens. The female palp appears to be normal for the
other sex, is four segmented, basal one nearly globular, the distal
three subequal, the third somewhat capitate at its apex and the
fourth strongly constricted near its middle. Proboscis well
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 331
developed and about as long as the body. Basal segment of male
clasp stout, irregularly curved, rounded. Apical portion nearly
strap-shaped, describing almost a semicircle and with a curved,
Fig. 75 Combs of C. abserratus, showing those
of both sides
blunt spine apically. Harpe long, irregularly curved, pointed.
Organs on opposite side poorly developed, distorted. At the
extreme base slightly anterior of the basal segment of the clasp
there is a pair of short, fleshy
organs tipped with four or five stout
spines. Ungues of the front tarsi on
the male side unequal, all others and
those of the female side equal.
Larva. Antennae rather stout ©
with a slight basal enlargement
tapering almost uniformly there-
from; tuft at basal third. Apex
bearing one long and one medium,
slender process, a smaller one and
also a much stouter rudimentary
segment. Labial plate rather
broadly triangular, bearing 27 fine,
triangular teeth. Thorax with
compound, finely barbuled hairs;
abdomen mostly with simple ones.
Fig. 76 Air tube of C. abser-
ratus
Comb consisting of six or seven scales arranged in a curve,
each with a large, finely setose, spatulate base and with a
B32 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
large, apical spine. Air tube about three times as long as wide,
tapering regularly, with double posterior pecten on basal third,
each row consisting of from 12 to 15 closely set (except the slightly
separate terminal three) stout, black spines, each bearing near
the basal third one large and usually a smaller tooth. Barred
area short, dense, bearing numerous long, branching hairs. Anal
gills long, slender, uniformly tapering.
Culex nemorosus Meig.
This large species may be separated from others in the group,
by the very long petiole of the first submarginal cell, which is
longer than the cell itself. It has been recorded by Theobald,
from Lapland to Italy and has been received by him from a
number of Canadian localities. It should occur in New York
State, though we have not met with it.
Culex salinarius Coq.
Unbanded salt marsh mosquito
Pl. 10, 24, 39, 43, 53, fig. 3, 4; 3, 4; 1,2; 5; 4 respectively
This species was known under the name of C. nigritulus
Zett. in this country till Mr Coquillett showed that it could not be
identical with the European form and proposed the above name
therefor. It is closely related to C. pipiens, but may be dis-
tinguished from it by the indistinct abdominal cross bands which
are widest at the middle. It is also a smaller species.
This larva may be easily recognized, according to Dr Smith
by its dirty white color and the very long, moderately stout air
tube. The labial plate is broadly triangular with eight teeth
on each side. It has double pecten, each tooth coarsely three
spined, and scattered hairs beyond. The comb consists of a
patch of about 40 narrow long fringed scales in three rows.
Distribution. This salt marsh form has been recorded by Dr
Smith in association with C. sollicitans. We have taken
it in small numbers in New York State.
Life history and habits. Dr Smith states that, though the larva |
may occur anywhere on the marsh, in brackish as well as fresh
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE gas
water, it seems to prefer pools near the upland which are mostly
formed by rains and by springs working down from the high-
lands. This form appears to hibernate as an adult and never gets
far away from the edge of the salt marsh. Dr Smith states that
the mosquitos hide wherever they can find shelter, by preference
in cellars, and cites the case of a factory just at the edge of a
marsh where thousands were found. It does not begin to appear
till rather late, and very little is seen of it till June. The eggs
are laid in boat-shaped masses similar to those of C. pipiens,
hatch in the same manner, and unlike other marsh forms, it
occurs also in the more permanent pools where other salt marsh
species are not found.
Culex trivitattus Coq.
This is the first of a series in which the abdominal bands are
wanting, though in: some there are light colored hairs or reflec-
tions which give that appearance at first sight.
Description. This very distinct species is easily recognized by
the two broad yellowish thoracic stripes on each side of the
central dark brown one. It was described from Chester N. J., and
we have taken specimens in association with Anopheles
punctipennis at Bath-on-Hudson and also at Poughkeepsie
Nie. j
Larvae of this species were taken in New Jersey in woodland
pools on the hills back of South Orange. Adults occur in New
Jersey during July, August and early September.
Larva. It has been characterized by Dr Smith as about 14 inch
in length with a comparatively small head one third wider than
long. The antennae are less than half the length of the head,
sparsely set with rather large spines and tipped with one long and
one short spine, a bristle and a stout articulated process. The
tuft is just before the middle and is composed of several hairs.
The comb consists of an irregular patch of 14 to 22 spatulate
scales tipped with a large spine and bearing on either side long
slender setae. The air tube is short, chunky, bearing a double
row of somewhat curved pecten, each spine usually with two or
three basal teeth.
334 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Culex serratus Theo.
Pl. 44, 52, fig. 4, 4 respectively
This species is a moderate sized, well marked form, and may be
recognized by the prominent silvery white stripe in the middle of
the thorax. ;
Description. The larva has a dark brown head, somewhat flat-
tened, tapering anteriorly. The antennae are darker at the tip,
not quite half the length of the head, and are terminated by four
articulated spines, and the tuft of hair arises near the middle.
The triangular labial plate has 35 fine teeth. The air tube is
about twice as long as wide, a little dilated before the middle,
with posterior pecten, each consisting of seven to nine spines
minutely toothed near the middle and with a conspicuous terminal
tuft. The comb is composed of five somewhat spatulate scales
arranged in a short curved line.
Distribution. A larva of this species was received in September
from J. R. de la Torre Bueno who took it in a fresh-water pool on
Staten Island. This species has been recorded by Theobald, from
several South American localities, and Dr Smith states that it
ranges the full length of the state of New Jersey.
Life history and habits. Larvae and pupae of this species were
taken by Dr Smith in a low swampy woodland in New Jersey,
July 29, and adults began to appear the next day. A few larvae
were also taken in early September, and adults were met with
near dried up pools the middle of the month. These pools became
filled with water and produced larvae and pupae Sep. 30, and
adults emerged early in October. The species appears to be a
woodland form, since Dr Smith states that he has never received
it in miscellaneous lots collected near and in towns and villages.
Culex dupreei Coq.
Pl, 46, 53, fig. 3, 6 respectively
This small mosquito, originally described from Louisiana,
ranges in color from grayish brown to nearly black. There is on
the dorsum of the thorax a silvery white stripe with diffuse edges,
which is continued on the head occupying most of the space be- »
tween the eyes. This species resembles a small C. serratus,
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 335
but the stripe is not so well defined and the marking on the
abdomen differs.
Description. The larva of this species, as described by Dr
Smith, has the head almost twice as broad as long, the antennae
are half as long as the head, almost uniform in thickness: two
thirds from the base, then taper slightly to the tip where there
are four articulated spines and a stout, short segment. The
sparse tuft of hair is slightly beyond the middle. The air tube
is about four and one half times as long as its width at the base,
and tapers rather evenly to the tip. Each pecten is composed
of about 12 uniformly tapering spines, the latter with three
sharp, well defined teeth near the base. The comb is com-
posed of from 8 to 10 flattened, somewhat diamond-shaped scales
arranged in a slightly curved row. Dr Smith states that this
larva can be at once recognized by its unusually long anal gills
and the apparent absence of a breathing tube.
Life history and habits. The young of this species were met with
in a woodland pool and are remarkable because of their remaining
near the bottom. They were never observed in confinement to rise
voluntarily to the surface for air, and when disturbed they sail
rather than wriggle upward and immediately descend as soon as
quiet is restored. They are so inconspicuous and transparent that
a jar containing them would be set aside as empty unless closely
examined, and this in connection with their habit of hiding among
the leaves at the bottom of the pools renders them difficult to
secure. Pupae were met with by Dr Smith, July 29, and adults
appeared July 30 and 31, and also at various times during August.
Larvae were also obtained early in September, and one adult was
bred the 15th. There seems to be continuous breeding from the
latter part of July to the end of September, and it may begin
earlier in the season.
Culex triseriatus Say
Pl. 10, 25, 46, 53, fig. 5, 1, 6, 5 respectively
This mosquito has the anterior and mid tarsal claws toothed,
the posterior ones simple. It may be separated from C. aurifer
by the color of the scales on the side of the mesonotum, which are
white, while in C.aurifer they are golden yellow.
336 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Description. The larva according to Dyar has the head well
rounded, fiattened, brown, darker on the vertex. The antennae
are long, brown, slender and with a single haired tuft at the
middle. The air tube is about three times as long as broad, taper-
ing outwardly, its pecten teeth considerably elongate. The comb
consists of a small patch of about 12 stout, rather elongate spines
with finely digitately divided tips. They are arranged in an
irregular single row. :
Distribution. We have taken this species rather sparingly at
Poughkeepsie and Albany, while Johannsen has met with it at
Ithaca. It has been listed by Dr Howard, from New Hampshire,
Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia.
Life history and habits. Dr Smith found the larvae of this
species in an iron pail half filled with water. He states that
they resemble those of Stegomyia fasciata and adds
that they are at once recognizable by the intensely black head and
the short, black anal tube. Dr Dyar states that captive females
deposit their eggs in patches or singly at the edge just below the
surface of the water, where they adhere slightly and remain
unhatched till spring. We met with adults at Poughkeepsie and
Dr Dyar took them at Center Harbor N. H. between June 20 and
July 8, he adds that they become somewhat more common, con-
tinuing all summer. He believes the species to be single brooded,
though he is unable to account for fresh specimens flying all
season, and this may possibly be due to a portion of the eggs
hatching after each heavy rain, as in the case of C. sollici-
tans.
Culex aurifer Coq.
Pl. 11, 25, 33, 46, 52, 55, fig. 1,2; 2.3; 2; 5: 2; 5 respectively
This form is closely related to C. triseriatus Say, and
may be separated therefrom by the golden yellow scales on the
sides of the mesonotum. It has been taken in New Hampshire
and New Jersey by Messrs Dyar and Smith and we have captured
it at Elizabethtown N. Y. Larvae were met with by Mr Brakeler
at Lahaway N. J. late in April and in May 1902, where they
occurred at a few points only in larger bodies of water associated
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 337
with C. canadensis. They were present in one cranberry
bog, which was dry during the summer of 1902 and till so late
in the fall that all adult mosquito life had gone into hibernation
or disappeared. The larvae were found so early as to lead
Dr Smith to conclude that they must have hibernated as eggs.
Description. The larva has been described by Dr Smith as being
from 14 to about 3 inch in length, brownish black, tapering a
little. The transverse, elliptic head is almost as broad as
the thorax and is widest just behind the eyes. The white
antennae are tipped with black, almost half as long as the head,
thickest near the base and tapering slightly to about the middle,
then curving inwardly to a blunt point. The tuft of 6 to 10
hairs is just beyond the middle. The transverse thorax is angu-
lated, each segment marked by a tuft of long hairs arising from a
tubercle. The comb consists of patches of from 25 to 30 spatulate
spine-tipped scales bearing fine setae. The air tube is about three
and one half times as long as wide with double posterior pecten,
each consisting of from 14 to 20 small slender spines with two
to five serrations near the base.
Culex melanurus Coq.
Pl. 46, 48, fig. 1, 6 respectively
This species may be separated from those without abdominal
cross bands and prominent stripes on the thorax by the claws
being simple.
The larva is stated by Dr Dyar to be very characteristic on
account of its dark infuscated tube and plates, and its peculiar
comb which resembles a grating, the spines appearing like
long bars in a single row.
Distribution. This species has been taken at Center Harbor
N. H. and may be expected to occur in New York State.
Life history and habits. Dr Dyar states that the larva is slow
in development and very deliberate in all its motions, remaining
long at the bottom of the water. It inhabits permanent spring or
deep rock pools. The thin black shelled eggs are laid singly on
the surface of the water, and breeding is probably continuous, the
adult hibernating.
338 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
STEGOMYIA
The legs are uniformly clothed with flat scales in this genus,
while those of the head and scutellar space are broad and flat.
The third longitudinal wing vein is not usually continued into
the basal cell as in Culex.
Stegomyia signifer Coq.
This species is very similar to Culex fasciatus Fabr.,
but may be distinguished from it, according to Coquillett, by the
simple tarsal claws, that is, without teeth, and by the tarsal
joints being banded at both ends. This is the only species of the
genus liable to occur in the State. It has been taken in New
Jersey. .
Description. The larva is abnormal for this genus, according to
Dr Dyar. He states that the peculiar dorsal platings at the end
of the body occur also in Corethrella brakeleyi, but
not in any other culicid that he has seen. The short antennae
and the elongate head suggest Uranotaenia and Anoph-
eles.
_Lerva. The following characteristics are from Dr Dyar’s
description :
Head, rounded, elliptic, slightly flattened, black; antennae
very short, small tuft before the middle; eyes, black, transverse ;
seventh abdominal segment with a round, dorsal plate, incised —
anteriorly. An angulated transverse plate on the eighth segment
anteriorly, reaching below the middle of the sides, with the comb
at its posterior border but not united with it. The comb consists of
long scales in a transverse row and a shorter second row, finely
divided on the side next to the body. Air tube is about three times
as long as wide, slender, rather small, without pecten but with a
hair tuft beyond the middle; a small, linear, transverse, lateral
plate on the last segment anteriorly ; segment trigonate, ringed by
its plate; tuft and brush normal, the latter confined to the barred
area; no anal processes visible.
This species was described by Coquillett from the District of
Columbia and British North America, and it has also been taken
in New Jersey. Dr Smith states that the larva occurs in some-
what foul water, and that it may be recognized by its robust build
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 339
and rather sickly white thorax, contrasting with the darker
abdominal segments. The antennae differ from those of either
Culex or Stegomyia, and the anal siphon has no rows of spines
or teeth. |
Taeniorhynchus perturbans Walk.
Pl. 11, 26, fig. 3, 3 respectively
This species may be identified by the large elongate, oval,
‘lanceolate, lateral scales of the wing veins. This mosquito is the
only one of the genus occurring in the State, and it has previously
been referred largely to the genus Culex. Dr Howard has listed
this species from a number of localities in the United States and
from Porto Rico and Cuba. It is probably widely distributed
south of Canada. Its peculiar scales are illustrated on plate 26,
figure 3.
AEDOMYINAE
This subfamily contains those mosquitos having very short
palpi in both sexes. There are two genera, both of which have
been found in New York State. The first, Aedes, is nonmetallic,
while the second, Uranotaenia, has metalliclike stripes of flat
scales on the thorax.
Key to genera
a@ Thorax without metallic stripes of flat scales; fork cells normal. ..Aedes
aa Thorax with metallic stripes of flat scales; fork cells very
Cee MRE Says Foes EPR OLR cathe). oy ee eee Uranotaenia
Aedes fuscus Osten Sacken
Pl. 11, 26, 27, 39, 43, 52, fie. 4,5; 4; 3; 3; 3 respectively
TLis mosquito may be recognized by its basal abdominal cross
bands of cream-colored scales. The larva was met with in early
spring at Nassau and Karner-where it was associated with
Culex cinereoborealis, C. canadensis, C..can-
tans and C. impiger. We have also taken it at Pough-
keepsie. Dr Dyar reports taking it in company with C. cana-
densis and C. sylvestris, and adds, that like them, it
possesses a short breathing tube.
340 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The larva of this species so nearly resembles that of C. sy1-
vestris and C. impiger that it is difficult to separate
them. It may be distinguished from that of A. smithii-
Fig. 77 Labial plate of Aedes fuscus
a Se
according to Johannsen by the four long, narrowly tapering blood
gills instead of two.
Larva. Length about -2, inch. Head
brown; antennae fuscous at the tip, light
brown at the base and with a scanty tuft
arising from before the middle; apically
there are four rather long bristles and a
———==-
SSS >
=p ==
small, conical process. Labial plate elon-
gated, triangular and with 25 rather fine
teeth, those near the apex being smaller
than the others. Hairs of the thorax com-
pound, weakly barbuled, those of the ab-
=
domen simple. Comb composed of a prac-
tically single row of 12 narrow scales,
A FZ 7
N Sa each with a somewhat elliptic, finely
WS= ; F 2
——— setose base and a stout apical spine. Air
tube slender, about three times as long as
broad, with double posterior pecten, each
(eae tai aes: consisting of about 13 closely set spines,
with three flattened isolated ones beyond. Each spine bears a
tooth near its base. Anal plate covers the dorsum only of the
last segment,
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 341
Aedes smithii Coq.
This black species may be separated from the preceding form,
by the absence of the cross bands of yellowish scales at the bases
of the abdominal segments. |
Description. Dr Dyar states that the larva has a rounded,
pentagonal, flattened head, and small, slender antennae, possess-
ing an imperceptible tuft. The comb consists of a single row of
15 to 20 scales, and the air tube is shorter than the two abdominal
segments, moderate, narrowed at the tip, and with two rows of
hairs on the upper and two on the lower aspect. The larva has
been minutely described by Johannsen.
Distribution. This species was described from New Jersey,
where it occurs in pitcher plants erowing in cold bogs, and as
this plant flourishes in some portions of New York State, the
chances are very good that this species occurs within our limits.
Mr Coquillett has also received it from Florida, where it breeds
in an orchid. |
Life history and habits. This insect is remarkable in that the
larvae have been found only in pitcher plants. They pass the
winter in such situations, notwithstanding repeated freezing and
thawing, pupate late in May and adults appear a week or 10 days
later. The eggs are laid in leaves singly or in small groups fastened
to the sides or floating on the surface. The summer broods mature
in about a week, and there are probably three, if not four genera-
tions, but there is so much overlapping that breeding is practically
continuous. Late in the season the adults selec: the new leaves
for oviposition, even if they are dry. This species, while appar-
ently limited to pitcher plants, does not breed in all, since exami-
nations in some localities in New Jersey, and a few in New York,
failed to discover specimens.
URANOTAENIA Arrib.
This genus presents in many respects the same characteristics
as Culex and Aedes. It differs from Culex in having short palpi
in both sexes, and from Aedes in possessing violet blue scales on
the thorax.
342 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Uranotaenia sapphirina Osten Sacken
Pl. 12, 27, 46, 48, fig. 1; 2,3; 2; 7 respectively
The single species belonging to this*genus is among the smallest
of our mosquitos, and may be easily recognized by the line of
violet blue scales on the thorax. The larvae were taken in small
numbers at East Greenbush in early August.
Description. Female. Proboscis nearly as long as the body,
dark brown with fine, yellowish hairs. Antennae slender, slightly
shorter than the proboscis; segments with sparse, basal whorls
of stout, brown hairs and thinly clothed with shorter, yellowish
brown ones; basal segment glob-
ular, yellowish. Eyes black,
coarsely granulate, strongly
spicuous median patch of bright
violet scales extending laterally
along the posterior margin of
the eyes. Prothorax yellowish
or yellowish brown with a bright
median line of violet scales be-
_ coming obsolete posteriorly; a
Fig. 79 Labial plate of Uranotaenia - :
sapphirina submedian line of long, coarse,
brown hairs and in some speci-
mens a sublateral and lateral stripe of similar hairs; other
portions sparsely clothed with shorter, brown hairs; a small
patch of violet scales on the anterior lateral margin just
behind the head, a few of the same color or a short lateral line
at the base of the wings, and a rather conspicuous patch of similar
scales on the pleura a little below the wings. Scutellum with a
patch of violet scales and bearing a few long, coarse, black bristles;
postscutellum yellowish. Halteres, basal portion yellowish white,
apical portion fuscous. Abdomen brownish, mottled with yel-
lowish; first and fifth abdominal segments with more or less
defined posterior patches of violet scales. Ventral surface of
abdomen brownish, sparsely clothed with yellowish brown scales.
Legs mostly dark brown, with apexes of femora and tibiae ringed
with white. Wings, veins black, membrane hyaline with bright
metallic refiections, large, flat scales on second longitudinal vein;
basal portion of fifth longitudinal vein thickly clothed with @
double row of bright violet scales similar to those on the body.
Male. Proboscis long, brownish, flecked with yellowish brown
scales. Antennae with dark brown plumes, jet black, segments_
with basal, yellowish rings. Occiput crowned with several patches
of purplish scales. Prothorax brownish, with a median and
emarginate; occiput with a con- -
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 343
lateral stripe of bright violet scales, a submedian and sublateral
line of dark, coarse bristles. Scutellum nearly black, ornamented
with violet scales and tipped with a few very long, black bristles.
Abdomen dark brown, flecked with yellow particularly on the
fifth, sixth and seventh abdominal :
segments, the posterior lateral angles
of which are narrowly yellowish, the
third and fifth with a median, poster-
ior, subtriangular whitish patch, that
on the latter segment being much
larger than the other; genitalia yel-
lowish. Pleura with several irregular
patches of yellowish white anda line
of violet scales. Legs mostly dark
brown, yellowish beneath and with
narrow, white bands at the apexes of
femora and tibiae; ungues simple.
Wings subhyaline; veins brownish or
black, anterior veins thickly clothed
with nearly black dilated scales; a
double row of violet scales on basal
half of fifth longitudinal vein; fringe
silvery gray; basal portion of halteres
whitish, apical portion capitate, fus-
cous; first submarginal cell very short, oe ee EN ae
with petiole bearing about six very
large spatulate scales, second fork cell a little over one half the
length of the petiole; posterior cross vein a little less than its
length from the mid cross vein.
Larva. Head jet black in early stages, distinctly longer than
wide and presenting an appearance very similar to that of Anophe-
les. Antennae jet black, short, swollen at the base, the incon-
spicuous tuft a little before the middle. Apex bearing two longer,
Slender processes, a medium and a large, shorter one. Labial
plate narrowly triangular with about 10 conspicuous teeth, and
appears to be double like that of Anopheles. Dorsum of head
with two subdorsal pairs of barbed spinelike processes. Compound
groups of plumose hairs also occur on the head and on the
prothorax, and are continued on the abdominal segments except
that in the case of the latter, the hairs are not plumose. Thorax
and abdomen greenish yellow, the thoracic segments being
distinctly broader, margined laterally by fuscous, and the entire
344 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
body with a broad, fuscous stripe along the median line. Comb
consisting of about seven simple, conical teeth attached to the
posterior border of a lateral plate. Air tube about three times as
Fig. 81 Pecten teeth of U. sapphirina;
A apical, B_basal
long as wide, subcylindric, somewhat curved, and with a pair of
apical valves, each about as long as one half the width of the tube.
Pecten extend nearly to the basal half of the air tube, where
there is a conspicuous pair of com-
pound hairs, composed of about 13
teeth, which are unique on account
of the nearly conical portion bearing
a lateral and apical, semitransparent,
serrate fringe, which extends beyond
the dark tip a distance almost equal
to the basal portion, the apical pecten
teeth with a longer median spine,
the basal ones with apical spines 1
subequal. Ventral tuft composed of
about six stout, compound hairs,
the dorsal extremity of last segment
bearing a pair of compound hairs;
posterior margin of the same or-
Fig. 82 Terminal segment of namented with peculiar groups of
U. sapphirina
small spines.
Distribution. This species was described from specimens taken
on Long Island and has been met with in New Jersey by Dr Smith, —
and according to Theobald it has been obtained by Dr Howard at
Ithaca.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 345
Life history and habits. This species is neither common nor
troublesome, according to Dr Dyar. The larvae were found in a
large pool near a cold stream and in a warm marshy pool at Bell- —
port L. I., occurring sparingly here and there. Both places were
permanent bodies of water and contained aquatic plants. The eggs
are deposited as a boat-shaped mass, which floats on the water,
much as Culex pungens, but the mass is smaller, contains
fewer eggs and is less regularly elliptic. The normal feeding
position of the young larva resembles Culex, but the body is more
nearly parallel to the surface. The larvae are fond of resting
under the leaves of Lemna, where they remain with the air tube
penetrating the surface film. There appear to be four larval
stages, and the species seems to breed throughout the summer,
preferring warm, stagnant pools of some size containing
Spirogyra. °
‘ CORETHRINAE
This subfamily includes some very interesting forms which have
been largely neglected, probably on account of their relatively
slight economic importance and also because of their retiring
habits. So far as known, all are predaceous and therefore more
or less beneficial. Among them we find a most efficient destroyer
of mosquito larvae, Eucorethra underwoodi, which is
unfortunately a form of small value because of its extremely
local habits, since it appears to be confined almost entirely to
very cold spring pools in deep woods. The peculiar, nearly trans-
parent, phantomlike larvae of Sayomia belong here, and the still
more interesting Corethra larvae, which appear to be inter-
mediate in structure between those of Sayomia and Culex, are
also members of this subfamily. Eucorethra has been known only
since 1900, and Corethrella, represented by a species with very
interesting habits, is a more recent discovery.
Key to genera
a First tarsal segment longer than the following segment
b Species less than ¥ in. in length; tarsal claws simple
c Antennae verticillate with hairs i. e. in whorls.... Sayomyia
cc Antennae wholly covered with hairs, legs densely
EE thy ee RT eee ac eg kb we a we ow eted 0 as wee Corethrella
bb Large species 3 in.or more in length; tarsal claws bifid. Bucorethra
aa Virst tarsal segment shorter than the following segment.... Corethra
346 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
CORETHRELLA Coq.
This genus was erected for a peculiar species presenting charac-
ters similar to Sayomyia and Corethra, but differing from both in
having the antennae fully covered with hairs and the apical joint
shorter than the intermediate ones. The larva also presents differ-
ences from the ordinary culicid type.
Corethrelia brakeleyi Coq.
This species has been described by Mr Coquillett, as follows:
Dark brown, the antennae, halteres, knees and tarsi yellow;
plumosity of male antennae yellow, mesonotum opaque, gray
pruinose except three narrow vittae and a few spots near the
humeri, hairs of thorax brownish, those of the abdomen yellow,
tibiae and tarsi bearing many long hairs; first joint of front tarsi
slightly shorter than the tibia; wings whitish hyaline, marked with
a brown cross band near one third and two thirds its length, the
first one oblique, the second band produced triangularly near mid-
dle of its inner side, costal margin on each side of this band
strongly tinged with golden yellow, fringe white, marked with a
brown spot at posterior end of each cross band and on either side
of the extreme wing tip; length, 1.5 mm.
The larva resembles that of Corethra much more more closely
than that of Sayomyia. This curious form is about \% inch in
length, light reddish in color and very hairy in appearance. The
head is broad and the body tapers gradually to the short, obtuse
anal siphon, giving it a somewhat triangular appearance. It dif-
fers from the former, according to Johannsen, in having the
antennae attached near the middle line of the head, at the extreme
anterior end, and hinged so that they move in a horizontal plane,
normally folding back against. the side of the head. Dr Smith
states that there is no mouth brush, that the eyes are rounded, and
the abdominal hairs unequal.
The pupa is brown in color, and floats upwardly to the surface
with the long, slender air tubes slightly projecting. The larva
and pupa have been minutely described by Johannsen.
Habits and life history. This interesting culicid was discovered
by Mr J. Turner Brakeley at Lahaway N. J. in little pools near —
the head of a swamp spring. The first captures were taken June
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 347
1, and July 27, and a number of others were obtained in grassy
shelters around the edge of a lily pond full of fish. Dr Smith
states that the little creatures remain almost motionless for
hours, some at the surface, others below at various points, the
former in a position intermediate between that assumed by
Anopheles and that characteristic of Culex. Larvae transformed
the last of July, and the pupae were just as odd as the larvae,
reminding one of Lycaenid chrysalids with breathing tubes. They
remained at the surface, seemed to have little motive power and
were easily submerged and drowned. Adults appeared Aug. 2,
giving a period of four and one half days for the pupa. Larvae
were also met with Aug. 18, Sep. 17, Oct. 14 and 20. In each case
half to full grown specimens were found.
CORETHRA
This genus is remarkable because the first tarsal segment is
shorter than the second, and in the four species we have studied
there is only a pseudo-articulation between the two. It
appears to be a case where reduction is in progress. The larva
is not less remarkable than the adult and presents an intergrade
between the ordinary culicid form and that of Sayomyia. It may
be easily recognized by the possession of a culicid air tube in con-
nection with the enormously swollen thorax containing a pair of
large air vessels and a smaller pair in the somewhat enlarged
seventh abdominal segment. The larvae remain almost motion-
less and horizontal] at variable depths in the water and very rarely
come to the surface. This is probably due to the large supply of
oxygen in the air vessels mentioned above. We have adopted
Coquillett’s reference of this form, hitherto known as Mochlonyx,
to Corethra, and the species commonly known under the latter
name we have transferred to the genus proposed by the same
author, namely, Sayomyia.
Corethra karnerensis n. sp.
Two larvae belonging to this species were taken from a stagnant
pool at Karner N. Y., May 14, 1902, and one male obtained. This
species was originally referred to the European C. velutina.
348 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Giles and Theobald are both of the opinion that there is but one
European species, and as our species in both adult and larval form
ee
Fig. 838 Wing of Corethra Karnerensis
presents some difference from specimens sent us by Dr Meinert of
Copenhagen, Denmark under the name of Mochlonyx
culiciformis, we have decided to characterize it as new.
. The adults agree very closely, but we
find that in the male of C. ceuliel
formis the posterior cross vein is less
than its own length from the mid cross
vein, while in our species this distance
is greater thanits length. The tip of the
posterior marginal cell is nearer the base
of the wing in C. culiciformis,
whereas in C. karnerensis the tip
of the anterior marginal cell is nearer the
base of the wing. The larvae present
more striking differences than the adults.
The peculiarly dentate scales bordering
the labial plate in C. culiciformis
have about eight apical teeth, whereas in
C. karnerensis there are but three
or four. The mandibles of C. culici
formis have from seven to eight teeth,
and in C. karnerensis there are
Fig. 84 Last tarsal seg- . - p -
ment) anil onelichiw fa eight to nine. Other differences would
Neate Hocte probably be detected with abundant ma--
terial of this American species, which is unfortunately lacking
at the present time.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 349
Description. Mele. Head, light brown, transverse; eyes, large
laterally, emarginate; antennae, plumose, verticillate, 14 joints,
the basal reddish, nearly globular; palpi five jointed, first and
Fig. 85 Dorsal aspect of genitalia of C. karnerensis
second short, each bearing several long, stout setae, the third and
fourth nearly equal in length, and the fifth slender and nearly
twice the length of the fourth, the distal three sparsely clothed
Fig. 86 Side view of larva of C. karnerensis
with short setae. Labium short, rounded at apex, bearing on
what appears to be a tactile surface, a few scattering setae. Ven-
tral aspect rather thickly clothed with stout setae.
~
350 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Thorax brown, evenly swollen, the arched scutellum rather
prominent; abdomen yellowish, with posterior lateral brownish or
black markings on each segment. Basal segment of clasp stout,
swollen; apical nearly equal in length, more slender and bearing
Fig. 87 Ventral aspect of head of C. Karnerensis |
at its apex a short, stout spine. Harpes short, irregularly curved
and tipped with a stout, short point.
Legs, pale yellowish, sparsely clothed with rather coarse hairs.
Femora and tibia nearly equal in length, first tarsal segment about
one fifth the length of the second, the articulation between the two
being rudimentary; third tarsal segment about one half the length
of the second, the fourth one third shorter than the third, and the
fifth a little shorter than the fourth, with a basal, knoblike pos-
terior enlargement. Claws equal, two toothed, one at the base
and the other about midway of the curve.
Wings, slender, sparsely fringed with hairs, posterior cross vein
a little more than its length from the mid cross vein. Both sub-
marginal cells longer than their petioles.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE Of NEW YORK STATE 351
Larva of the normal Corethra type with the prothoracic and
seventh abdominal segments enlarged and containing air reser-
voirs.
Fig. 88 Dorsal aspect of larval mandible of C. karnerensis
much enlarged
Head, light brown, flattened; eyes dark brown, nearly black;
the median four frontal setae barbed along the basal half, the
Fig. 89 Variations in oral hairsin C. karnerensis: afromlabrum, b from labium
and c from the maxillary palpus
lateral frontal setae, slender, simple, curved. Tip of labrum
thickly fringed with serrate scales and with a peculiar cluster aris-
ing from a pocketlike depression on either side; there is a pair of
aN VY AVIV OSHA AU YY a
Fig. 91 : Side view of siphon and anal segment of
C. karnerensis
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 353
_ long, slender, somewhat curved spines on each side near the mid-
dle. Basal segment of antennae short, cylindric, and tipped with
three nearly equal simple processes and a fourth slightly over half
the length of the others. Mandibles nine toothed, and bearing
two barbed processes with a rudimentary spine at the base of the
second. Siphon somewhat fusiform, its length about four times
its greatest diameter and the anterior respiratory trachea joining
the posterior one before reaching the tip of the siphon. Ventral
tuft of the anal segment thick, extending along the entire barred |
area and consisting of numerous branched hairs; dorsal tuft small
and composed of only a few hairs. Anal processes fleshy, four,
tapering to an obscure point; the tip of the segment bordered by
numerous short, recurved, fleshy processes.
Corethra lintneri n. sp.
Pl, 2; fig./4
Larvae of this species were taken June 9, 1904, in a cold moun-
tain pool near Elizabethtown N. Y., where they were associated
with larvae of Culex lazarensis, C. abserratus,
C. cinereoborealis and Hucorethra under-
woodi. Several adults emerged June 16 and 17.
Description. Female. Antennae slender, sparsely clothed with
yellowish hairs, slightly fuscous apically, and each segment with
‘Fig.92 Wing of female of Corethra lintneri
a narrow, basal, fuscous ring. Palpi fuscous, basal segment
short, subglobose, second to fourth subequal, rather densely
clothed with coarse hairs, the terminal one remarkably distorted.
Labial palpi very short, subglobose. Occiput and thorax densely
clothed with long, golden yellow scales, the latter with a pair
of submedian, naked lines on the anterior two thirds. Pleura
semitransparent, yellowish. Abdomen yellowish, irregularly
marked with fuscous, specially along the posterior margin of the
segments, sparsely clothed with long, yellowish hairs. Dorsal
plate of terminal segment rounded, with a marked, median indenta-
tion. Ventral surface yellowish, sparsely clothed with fine, yel-
lowish hairs, with the posterior portion of the segmenits naked and
354 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
lighter. Legs, yellowish, apexes of tarsal segments somewhat
fuscous, sparsely clothed with fine, fuscous hairs; ungues uni-
dentate, the basal tooth being so strongly serrate that it is
almost pectinate. Halteres knobbed, uniformly yellowish.
Wings straw yellow, rather.
sparsely clothed with slightly
fuscous hairs. Petiole of first
submarginal cell about one
third the length of the extremely
long, narrow cell; that of the
second posterior cell about one
half its length. Posterior cross
vein a little over its own length
from the mid cross vein.
Male. Antennae with long, | ae 93 Female claws of C. lint-
grayish plumes annulated with
white, basal segment hemispheric, deeply excavated distally.
Eyes, green in life, palps grayish fuscous clothed with rather
coarse hairs. ‘Thorax sparsely clothed with long, golden yellow
scales. Pleura slaty gray, under surface of abdomen semitrans-
parent, whitish. Abdomen yel-
lowish white with lateral, ir-
regularly triangular blotches
near the middle of each seg-
ment ; laterally, sparsely
clothed with long, yellowish
hairs. Legs, nearly uniform-
ly straw yellow. Halteres
knobbed, pale yellowish at
tip, almost semitransparent at
base. Coloration of legs about
as in female, ungues bidentate,
the basal tooth on the fore leg
slightly pectinate at base, that
on middle leg slightly serrate
and on the hind leg plainly so.
Dorsal plate uniformly round-
ed. Basal segment of clasp Fig. 94 Labrum of C. lintneri
much enlarged, uniformly
rounded exteriorly and sparsely clothed with long, rather stout
hairs, specially internally on the distal third. Distal segment
very long, slender, rather irregular and tipped with a small, rather
stout, slightly curved spine. Harpes irregularly curved and
tipped with a stout, short spine. se
Larva. About 8 mm long with head brownish, fuscous. [yes
and portions of antennae black; body brownish, and with air
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 355
vessels in the enlarged prothoracic and seventh abdominal seg-
ments. The larva is not readily seen in the water though not.
transparent. Antennae, basal segments stout, uniform, and bear-
Fig. 95 Maxillae and labium of C. lintneri
ing three long and one shorter decurved processes; median four
frontal setae with few small spines near distal third. Labrum
with the sublateral, long, wavy, serrate, tipped scales arranged in
rows on its distal fourth, the scales
at its extremity being long, irregu-
lar, slender, expanded apically
usually into three large spinelike
processes. Mandibles fuscous with
eight powerful teeth, bearing at
the base two barbed hairs, one long
and a short rudimentary spine,
basal cluster composed of about
four large, simple processes.
Labial scales and those of other
parts much like those of C. kar-
nerensis. Siphon slightly fusi-
form, about three times as long as
its greatest diameter. Ventral tuft
on the anal segment thick, extend-
ing along the entire barred area !
and consisting of numerous branch- Fig. 96 Labiumof C. lintneri
ed hairs. Dorsal tuft small and
composed of several compound hairs. Anal processes rather
stout, somewhat short, tapering to an obscure point. Obscure
356 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
comblike structures appear to form a dark colored lateral patch
near the posterior third of the segment, the bases of the spines
being fused together.
Corethra cinctipes Coq.
Pl. 28, fig. 1
This species was described last year by Mr Coquillett, who had
received specimens several years before from Franconia N. H., and
also from Mt Vernon Va. It was bred by us from larvae'taken in
a woodland pool at Karner May 10, 1904, adults appearing May
15. This species according to Mr Coquillett may be readily recog-
nized by its banded legs and mottled wings.
Description. The original description of the adult is as
follows:
Blackish brown, the apices of the antennal jie except the last
joint, the halteres, bases of the segments of abdomen in the male,
base and under side of femora, a broad
band near four fifths of their length,
their extreme apices, bases of tibiae
and a band near one fourth of their
length, also bases of the first three or
four joints of the tarsi, yellow; hairs of
male antennae brown, their bases yel-
low, those at tips of antennae almost
wholly yellow; thorax grayish pruinose,
marked with four black vittae; wings
grayish hyaline, hairs of veins black
and with yellow ones as follows: on the
bases and apexes of the veins, on the
first vein where the second issues from
‘t, on the second vein where the third
issues from it and at the point where it
forks, on the fourth vein at the inser-
tion of the cross vein and also where
this vein forks, and on the fifth vein
on einetipes Of !rva of where it forks; first submarginal cell
nearly twice as long as its petiole, cross
vein at apex of second basal cell less than its length before the
one above it; tarsal claws of male each bearing two long,
slender teeth on the under side, one near.the base and the other
near the middle, those of the female with a single tooth near the
base of each; length, 3 to 4.5 mm. .
Larva. About 14 inch long. Head light brown, eyes dark
brown. Tip of labrum thickly fringed with commie scales and
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE . RAST
with a peculiar cluster of much longer spined ones arising from a
pocketlike depression on either side; there is a pair of long,
slender, somewhat curved spines on each side near the middle.
Median four frontal setae, each bearing a number of small spines
and two longer,stouter processes near the distal third; lateral pair
long,simple, slender, much curved. Basal segment of antenna short,
bearing four long, stout, and one slender, apical processes. Man-
dibles stout, black, with about seven teeth, and four well devel-
oped barbed processes near the base. Air tube regularly tapering,
length about three and one half times its greatest diameter. At the
base of the air tube there is an irregular group of many branched,
compound hairs comparable in position and general arrangement
to the comb scales on the eighth segment of Culex larva. These
are detected only on cast skins. Terminal segment slender, not
much larger than the air tube. Ventral tuft of hairs thick, ex-
tending along the entire barred area; dorsal tuft small and com-
posed of only a few hairs. Fleshy anal processes four, tapering
to a rounded point.
EUCORETHRA Undw.
This genus was erected for a large mosquito closely related to
Corethra and Sayomyia.
Eucorethra underwoodi Undw.
Pl. 12, 28, 39, 47, fig. 2,38; 2; 4; 3 respectively
This interesting and till recently unknown larva was met with
in large numbers in a cold mountain pool near Elizabeth-
town N. Y. June 9.
This insect has been carefully described by Mr Johannsen, who
was the first to carefully study the species.
Female. Antennae sparsely haired, black; basal segment glob-
ular, yellowish; labrum densely haired, much prolonged, black,
tipped with brownish yellow; palpi dark brown, rather densely
clothed with blackish hairs. Labium, basal portion dark brown,
apical portion golden yellow. Anterior and lateral portions of
thorax a rich dark brown, sparsely clothed with a median line
of bright, golden yellow scales and with a similar lateral patch
extending over the humeri and to the base of the wings; anterior
portion of this latter with the short, grayish pile showing only in
certain lights, because of the rich brown beneath; posterior por-
tion grayish only. Posterior dorsal portion of thorax, scutellum
and postscutellum grayish, the scutellum crowned with a row of
long, golden brown hairs; sides of the thorax variable, grayish
358 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and brown. Abdomen grayish, with the lateral and posterior
margins of the segments dark brown, clothed with fine, golden
hairs. Ventral surface similarly marked, except that the an-
terior portion of each segment, as well as its basal margin, is
more or less brownish. Coxae gray, clothed with golden yel-
low and brownish hairs. Femora dark golden, with a nearly
black band close to the apex, the articulation at the extreme
tip of both femora and tibiae bright golden yellow. Tibiae
yellowish, tip golden yellow. Tarsi dark, yellowish; ungues
golden. Ali the legs clothed with rather short, thick, dark
Fig. 98 Antennae and mouth parts of Eucorethra underwoodi
- brown hairs. Base of halteres golden yellow; apex eniarged,
capitate and fuscous. Wings spotted with dark brown or fus-
cous; veins rather thickly clothed with narrow, nearly black
scales and with three distinct spots along the radius, a large
discal spot, a smaller one at the base of the first submarginal
cell and a still smaller one at the base of the second.
Petiole of first submarginal cell about one half its length; that
of the second twice its length. Posterior cross vein almost inter-
stitial with the mid cross vein.
Described from a freshly bred specimen.
Male. This sex has not been described hitherto.
Antennae densely plumose, brown; basal segment globose, vari-
ably brown, others with basal, semitransparent annulations.
Palpi dark at base; first segment short, second medium, third and
fourth segments subequal, lighter. Prothorax as in female,
*
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 359
Abdomen brownish black, with conspicuous, yellow patches on the
six anterior segments, being separated by a darker, median line
and the denser color of the anterior and posterior portions of
each segment; the dorsum of the posterior segments black and all
sparsely clothed with golden yellow hairs. Markings of legs as in
female; claws equal, bidentate, much like those of female
Corethra. Venation and marking of wings shown in plate 12,
figure 2,3. Scales much thinner as in other male Culicids.
Larva. The larva is about 5 inch in length and resembles that
of Sayomyia and Corethra in the form of the antennae, which are
elongate and tipped with three stout, equal processes. The highly
developed mandibles have three conspicuous teeth, the largest
with two basal teeth, and this sclerite also has several minor
processes. The head is nearly square, as seen from above and
the thorax has prominent lateral angles, these and the anterior
four abdominal segments being provided with conspicuous lateral
tufts of compound hairs, which are specially well developed on
the thorax. The dorsum of the eighth abdominal segment bears
a short, five-lobed air tube, having a somewhat star-shaped appear-
ance from above. A pair of tracheae end at the base of the
anterior lobe. The terminal segment bears a conspicuous, very
thick ventral fan and the posterior extremity has a thick, dorsal
tuft of compound hairs. The four anal gills slender, long, taper-
ing to a rounded tip.
The pupa resembles that of Culex and Anopheles.
Life history. This species was first brought to our attention in
June 1900, when examples from a cold spring at Saranac Inn
were submitted for identification to Dr Needham. Larvae of
what is undoubtedly this species were found by Professor
Underwood in January 1903, in a spring of water in Penobscot
county, Me. This species passes the winter as larvae, since
they are met with in very early spring and have even been taken
from under ice. The larvae, like those of Anopheles, float at the
surface of the water in a nearly horizontal position, and when
disturbed dive quickly, taking refuge on the bottom where they
may remain several minutes, ascending later with a vigorous wrig-
gling motion. They are voracious feeders, not only devouring
large numbers of Culex larvae, but in the absence of more suitable
360 ; NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
food attacking each other, and were it not for its local habits,
this species might prove a valuable aid in reducing the num-
bers of those species of mosquitos annoying to man and the lower
animals. This insect is evidently widely distributed, as larvae
were met with in 1903 in the Kootenay district, British Columbia,
by Dr Dyar, where they occurred in cold pools at Glacier and also
in rain water barrels.
SAYOMYIA
Phantom larvae
The small gnats belonging to this genus have a close resem-
blance to the biting, annoying culicids. We are happy to state
that they are harmless, their short mouth parts being specially
adapted to feeding on vegetation. The larvae are the most inter-
esting of all and may at once be separated from those belonging
to the genus Culex by the absence of the characteristic air tube.
The fore part of the head is much prolonged, and the stout, basal,
antennal segment is terminated by four usually equal, pendant
filaments and another about half the normal length. These larvae
are also remarkable for the eversible pharyngeal tube terminating
in a circular papillate organ, evidently for the absorption of food.
The almost perfect transparency of the larvae renders them ex-
ceedingly difficult to detect, the black eyes and pigment in the air
reservoirs of the thoracic and abdominal segments being about the
only color. They remain almost motionless some distance below
the surface and then with a sudden jerk change from one place to
another with a motion so rapid that ordinarily it escapes the
eye. The larvae never come to the surface and are predaceous,
being credited with feeding not only on small crustaceans but also
smal] dipterous larvae and even young fish. They are said to occur
in all kinds of water, specially that which is clear, and, unlike
Culex, may be met with where fish abound. The pupae are nearly
straight and remain almost upright some little distance below the
surface. They are at first white, gradually changing to yellowish
brown or green and the segments may even become margined with
black.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 361
Sayomyia punctipennis Say
This species has been taken in Pennsylvania, and very likely
occurs in this State. Its description is as follows:
Whitish ; wings and feet punctured with fuscous. Hair of the
antennae yellowish white, the centers of the whorls being fuscous;
the shaft of the antennae has a decidedly annulated appearance;
eyes black; thorax with three pale yellowish brown abbreviated,
broad lines, the middle one originating before and terminating at
the center of the disk, the lateral ones originating rather before
the middle; feet with numerous small, brown punctures; wings
with many very obvious brown spots. Length 6 mm.
Sayomyia trivittata Loew
Pl. 12, 13, 28, fig. 4; 4; 3 respectively
This species has been met with at Elizabethtown, where larvae
and pupae occurred in a cold mountain pool June 9, adults appear-
ing the next day. Dr Dyar records this species from Center
Harbor N. H. Osten Sacken’s description of the adult follows:
Pale yellowish, with three thoracic stripes, the metanotum,
fasciae of the abdomen, with apical rings of the femora, and basal
.
} \\ \\ \
Fig. 99 Mandible and mandibular fan of Say-
omyia trivittata
and apical rings of the tibiae, fuscous black; the wings with cin-
ereous spots. Length 4.3 mm. Wing 5 mm.
Pale yellowish, with long, mostly subfuscous pile. Antennae
black, annulated, densely verticillate with subfuscous hairs.
Dorsum of thorax with three black stripes, the double median one
posteriorly, the lateral stripes anteriorly, much shortened. The
sides of the scutellum fuscous; metanotum fuscous black; the
362 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
abdomen fasciate with fuscous. Legs pale yellow; the tarsi from
the tip of the first joint pale fuscous; an apical ring on each of
the femora and an apical and a basal ring on each tibia is black-
ish. ‘Fhe wing variegated with some small cinereous black spots.
Fig. 100 Leaflike appendages of S. Fig. 101 Processes much enlarged of'ter-
trivittata - minal segment of S. trivittata
Pupa. Air tube with irregularly hexagonal cells, about four
times as long as wide; inner edge nearly straight, outer more or
less regularly curved. Apex with a rather distinct, chitinous tip.
Ventral surface of abdominal segments thickly clothed with
rather long, slender hairs
usually extending laterally.
Apical three fourths of the in-
ner margin of the hind paddle
distinctly serrate, each tooth
bearing a_ short, colorless
spine. Terminal appendages
consisting of two pairs of conic
processes, the outer ones end-
ing in a colorless spine, con-
cave and inclosing the bases
é of the inner, shorter, more
Fig. 102 Ventral hook of S. trivittata Strongly curved ones. At the
extreme base of these posterior
processes there are a pair of chitinous, irregularly curved, blunt
hooks.
Larva. Head, somewhat elongate, subconic. Basal segment
of antennae long, deeply notched at base and tipped with four
nearly equal, tapering processes and another just about one half
their length. Just behind the antennae are 10 long, light brown-
ish filaments, five on each side, the filaments of the third meta-
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 363
mere of Meinert. Leaflike appendages long, terminated by an
extremely long, slender spine, followed by an irregular series of
slender ones along the oblique posterior border, anterior margin
gently rounding to a rather broad base. Maxillae irregularly
rhomboidal, maxillary palpus tapering gradually, nearly straight.
Labrum subquadrate, distinctly wider at the base and with the
apex slightly curved and thickly clothed with rather coarse hairs.
Mandibles with three fine and several minor teeth, the mandibular
fans consisting of about 16 long, spinelike processes. Eyes and
air sacks of thoracic and seventh abdominal segments deeply
pigmented. Ventral brush of terminal segment composed of about
26 stout hairs. Apical ventral plate fulvous, bearing a stout,
curved, chitinous hook pointing anteriorly. Lateral posterior
margin of terminal segment bordered with a row of stout, curved,
comblike processes, each with a conspicuous tooth at its base.
Just behind these and apparently arising from the same chitinous
ridge, there are long, curved, corrugated, blunt, ribbed processes
which appear to project backward. Extreme dorsum of last seg-
ment with four conspicuous plumose bristles. Anal gills long,
tapering rather irregularly to acute points. |
The pupa remains upright in the water or resting on the bottom,
rarely coming to the surface. It is yellowish at first, becoming a —
dark ereen with black margined segments. This species has been
taken by Dr Dyar, in British Columbia and is recorded by Osten
Sacken from Maine, California and Alaska.
Sayomyia albipes Johans.
Pl. 47," fig. 2
Larvae of this species were met with at Bath-on-Hudson June
16, a male emerging the 23d, and we give herewith descriptions of
the hitherto unknown male, pupa and larva. The type of this
species was taken by Mr Johannsen at Ithaca, in August 1901,
and his description of the female follows:
Female. Entire insect pale yellow in ground color; head and
antennae wholly pale yellow; dorsum of thorax with three longi-
tudinal stripes, pale buff in color, the lateral ones abbreviated
anteriorly, the median one posteriorly, the latter divided longi-
tudinally by a pale yellow line. These stripes all narrowly mar-
gined with brown, and on the anterior and outer margins of the
lateral stripes are a few tiny black specks. Scutellum with a pale
buff posterior margin; pleurae yellow, sparsely sprinkled with
small, irregular black specks; abdomen yellowish white beneath,
364 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
pale buff colored above, lateral margin sparsely sprinkled with
small irregular black specks; legs pale yellowish, unspotted,
fourth and fifth tarsal joints slightly darkened; claws simple;
legs and abdomen covered with long, loose yellow that ; Wings uni-
Fig.108 Mandible and mandibular fan of Sayomyia albipes
formly pale yellowish, the veins, the hair on them and the halteres
same color. Length 5, mm.
Male. Antennae thickly clothed aca long, black grayish
plumes ; basal segment subglobose, yellowish ; other segments semi-
transparent, annulate with yellowish. Palpi short, thickly
— clothed with dark brown or almost black
‘ivdlnatise hairs. Basal segment rather short, sub-
, . es conic, second and third equal, stout; termi-
q ae é nal segment slender, nearly twice the
~ 7 \ length of the third. Eyes, black. Thorax
\ \ with submedian, straw yellow lines abbre-
\ : x viated posteriorly and margined laterally
i with dark brown; sublateral siripes of the
\ same color posteriorly, margined with
Fig. 104 Leaflike appenad- dark brown anteriorly and toward the
megs eS tas middle and with a rather broad, lateral,
white stripe; sparsely clothed with rather long, fulvous hairs.
Abdomen whitish, with an irregular, bluish tint in- places and
irregular fuscous spots at the anterior lateral margins of the first
to sixth segments inclusive; several minute dorsal, black spots on
the posterior abdominal segments. Ventral surface unicolorous,
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 365
semitransparent, whitish. Basal segment of clasp straw yellow,
nearly cylindric, densely clothed with long, yellowish hairs, apical
portion slender, nearly straight, dark brown. MHarpes near base
of claspers, chitinous, claw-shaped. Legs, pale straw yellow,
rather sparsely clothed with pale straw
-yellow hairs. Anterior tarsi and ter-
minal segment of middle and posterior
tarsi distinctly shaded with gray,
ungues simple. Wings, pale straw
yellow, veins sparsely clothed with
similar colored scales; posterior fringe
pearly white. Posterior cross vein less
than half its length from mid cross
vein. Petiole of first submarginal cell
about one third the length of cell, that
sf posterior submarginal cell nearly
one half the length of cell.
Described from a recently emerged,
well colored individual.
The larva of this species is as trans-
parent and difficult to detect in the
water as the species met with at Fis.105 Labrum of 8. albipes
Poughkeepsie, and its transparency is likewise retained in
balsam.
Pupa. Air tube with irregularly hexagonal cells, about four
times as long as wide, inner margin nearly straight, outer more or
less uniformly cate tip light
brown, chitinous. Posterior three
fourths of the inner edge of the
inner paddle distinctly serrate, a
few teeth near the tip at almost
right angles to the margin. Pos-
terior appendages simple, sub-
conic, with inner margin slightly
irregular, serrate near the apical
fourth, and at their base an incon-
spicuous pair of subtriangular Fig. 106 Ventral hooks of 8. albipes
lobes.
Larva. Head, somewhat elongate, subconic. Basal segment of
antennae long, deeply notched at base and tipped with four nearly
equal, tapering processes and one about half as long. Just behind
the antennae are 10 long, light brownish filaments, five on each
Side. These are the filaments of the third metamere of Meinert.
Leaflike appendages slender, rounded anteriorly to a narrow base
366 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and terminating acutely with fine serrations on the nearly
straight, anterior margin. Labrum quadrate, elongate, obliquely
truncate, tipped with an irregular tuft of hairs. Maxillae sub-
triangular with slightly curved tip» Maxillary palpus slender,
tapering, curved. Mandibles with three prominent and two
minor teeth; posterior margin slightly serrate. The conspicuous
mandibular fans consist of about 10 long, curved spines. Byes,
deeply pigmented. Air sacks of thoracic and seventh abdominal
segments with many purplish, pigmented cells; the eversible
pharynx with a circular, papillate tip or base and a central,
straight and two lateral curved papillae. Ventral tuft of ter-
minal segment composed of about 22 stout hairs. Veniral plate
fulvous, finely serrate anteriorly and armed on its hind margin
with a pair of stout, evenly curved, fulvous hooks pointing anteri-
orly. Lateral margin of terminal segment bordered with three
rows of fine teeth, the anterior row rather stout with a very incon-
spicuous line of fine serrations at its base, the teeth of the two
posterior rows irregular, long, slender, curved. Dorsal extremity
with four finely plumose hairs.
Sayomyia rotundifolia n. sp.
Pl. 13, 40, fig. 2, 3; 2 respectively
This species is very close to Sayomyia albipes Johans.,
but differs in several particulars in both adult and larval stages,
as will be seen by reference to descriptions.
A female was bred July 11 from larvae taken in a woodland
pool at Karner and a second Aug. 2.
Description. Female. Labrum pale yellowish, margined with
fuscous. Palpi rather slender, long, four segmented, somewhat
fuscous, sparsely clothed with rather long, coarse hairs. Antennae
straw yellow, the segments annulated with pale white; first seg-
ment globular, second elongated, both semitransparent, straw
color. Frontal portion of head whitish, semitransparent; occiput
with a median black spot, the lateral and posterior portions of
head sparsely clothed with long, straw yellow hairs. Prothorax
with a pair of broad, submedian, fulvous lines anteriorly and a
similar pair of broader, sublateral ones posteriorly, inner margin
of both stripes bordered by dark brown and outlined with a row
of rather short, yellowish brown hairs, the area between the sub-
median and sublateral lines clothed with a rather broad row of
coarse, brownish and yellowish hairs; the latter stripe is bordered
laterally by a few coarse bristles, and the margin marked by |
several irregular, black specks. Scutellum light brown, crowned
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 367
with conspicuous rows of long, yellowish and brown hairs.
Abdomen greenish yellow, finely spotted with fuscous, and with
larger, black, irregular spots on the posterior portion of the seg-
ments, and on the antepenultimate these markings form a very
‘irregular, basal band, the apical portion of the antepenultimate
segment bearing a pair of, subdorsal, irregular, black spots; termi-
nal segment with a pair of sublateral, black spots, bearing a pair
of straw yellow, somewhat elongate appendages. Pleura semi-
transparent, irregularly marked with black specks. Ventral sur-
face of abdomen pale greenish yellow, with irregular, black spots
about the middle of each segment. Halteres capitate, pedicel
swollen, nearly colorless; apical portion semitransparent with a
greenish tinge. Wings rather thickly clothed with straw yellow
scales, being particularly abundant on the costal and subcostal .
veins. Petiole of first submarginal cell one third its length, that
of second, one fourth. Posterior cross vein less than its length
from mid cross vein. Legs uniform, straw yellow, rather sparsely
clothed with long, somewhat coarse hairs. :
Male. A specimen of this sex was bred from larvae taken in
a woodland pool at Karner, an adult emerging July 7. Antennae
thickly clothed with long, grayish yellow plumes; basal segment
subglobose, yellowish; other segments semitransparent, annulate
with brown. Palpi rather short, thickly clothed with dark brown,
nearly black hairs, as is also true of the labium. Eyes jet black.
Thorax with a slender, tapering, straw yellow, submedian stripe
obsolete posteriorly and margined on the posterior half of the lat-
eral border with dark brown. There is also a broad, lateral stripe
margined internally, with dark brown. Scutellum pale yellow,
bearing at its apex very long, brownish yellow hairs; postscutellum
irregularly marked with brown. Abdomen semitransparent
thickly clothed with yellowish hairs and with irregular, black
markings at the anterior and lateral margins from the first to
sixth segments inclusive; several dorsal black spots on the pos-
terior abdominal segments. Ventral surface nearly unicolorous,
semitransparent, whitish. Basal segment of clasp subcylindric,
rather strongly curved, yellowish, and clothed with coarse, brown-
ish yellow hairs. Apical segment brownish, black toward the
tip, Strongly curved. Legs nearly uniform, straw yellow, rather
thickly clothed with long, yellowish hairs; ungues simple. Wings
pale straw yellow, veins sparsely clothed with similarly colored
_ Scales; posterior fringe grayish. Petiole of first submarginal cell
about one third its length, that of the second nearly half its
length. Posterior cross vein about its own length from the mid
cross vein, Halteres yellowish, capitate.
368 . NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Pupa. The cast pupal skin has practically the same charac-
teristics as those given for Sayomyia albipes Johans.
Larva. Head somewhat elongate, subconic; basal segment of
antenna deeply notched at base and tipped with four nearly equal,
tapering processes and one about half as long. Just behind the
antenna are eight pale, long filaments, four on each side, the
filaments of the third metamere of Meinert. Leaflike appendages
extremely slender, rounding gradually anteriorly to a somewhat
slender base. Posterior margin nearly straight, terminating in
an extremely long pointed process, the latter being nearly half
the entire length of the appendage; at its base, anteriorly, there
are several rather large, irregular teeth. Labrum quadrate,
elongate, obliquely truncate, tipped with an irregular tuft of
stout hairs. Mandibles with three conspicuous teeth, the middle
one with a small dentition near its base; there are two long,
curved processes and two shorter, conical ones around the teeth
proper. Mandibular fan composed of seven long, curved spines.
Eyes deeply pigmented, as is also the case with the air sacks of
the thoracic and seventh abdominal segments. Ventral tuft of
terminal segment composed of about 16 rather stout, simple hairs.
Ventral plate very pale fuscous, bearing stout, evenly curved
hooks pointing anteriorly; lateral margin of terminal segment
bordered with rows of inconspicuous teeth extremely difficult
to detect. Dorsal tuft composed of four long, finely plumose
hairs.
Sayomyia americana Johans.
This species occurs according to Johannsen in New York, New
Jersey, [illinois and Minnesota. It was first characterized by him
as a variety of S. plumicornis Fabr., but on comparison
with European specimens, kindly sent us by Dr Meinert of Copen-
hagen, we conclude that Johannsen’s form is entitled to specific
rank. His description follows:
Male. Reddish brown; abdomen yellowish; the antennal joints
yellow with brown tips, basal joint brown; the hairs pale brown;
the front, the upper surface of the proboscis, and the palpal joints
brown; the incisures of the latter yellow, the vertex, the cheeks
and the underside of the proboscis and neck pale yellow; thorax
pale brown above with three dark reddish brown stripes, the
middle one divided by a fine, pale brown line; the lateral stripes
abbreviated anteriorly, the median one posteriorly; the pectus and
the margins of the pleural and jugular sclerites reddish brown;
scutellum pale brown; metathorax dark brown; abdominal seg- -
ments subequal in length except the first and last, which are less
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 369
than one half of the others. The dorsal surface is brown with
pale yellow incisures. The brown coloring is darkest anteriorly,
gradually becoming paler cau-
dad, so that the posterior mar-
gin of the segment is almost
as light in color as the incisure. |
This is particularly true with
segments 3, 4 and 5. On seg- |
ments 6, 7 and 8 the brown
color is almost wanting except-
\\
ing a triangular lateral spot
Z
which is prolonged caudad in a
fine line. The outline of this
spot, however, is not distinct,
but is blended in with the color
of the dorsum. A pair of very
small pale yellow spots with a
narrow brown border are more
or less distinctly visible on each Fig. 107 Leaflike appendages of the Euro-
segment. The hypopygium eon- pean Sayomyia plumicornis
sists of two jointed hooks, is pale brown in color, nearly as long
as an abdominal segment . . . Venter and the legs are pale
\
Fig. 108 Labrum of the European S. plumi-
cornis
yellow, the last two or three tarsal joints Slightly infnscated.
Legs and abdomen densely but delicately haired; wings yellow-
370 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ish, the veins scarcely dark . . . halteres pure white.
Length 53 mm. :
Female. Differs from the male in the following particulars.
Antennae entirely yellow, basal joint, palpi and upper surface of
proboscis with a tinge of
brown; frontal spot brown;
Sscutellum with a fine
median line and its pos-
terior margin pale yellow;
abdomen yellow, dorsal sur-
face with a tinge of brown,
Specially on the posterior
ee Leaflike appendages of S. amer- margin. The two little
white spots with pale
brown margins also present on each segment. Anal segment
brown, genitalia yellow, venter, legs, halteres, etc. as with the
males, °° *- Henethos mia"
Fig. 111 Ventral hooks of S.
americana
Fig. 110 Labrum of S. amer-
icana
Through the kindness of Dr Meinert we have been able to com- 3
pare the larva described by Johannsen with the European form.
It differs from the European 8S. plumicornis Fabr. in the
following particulars. The four long appendages of the antennae
are of equal length, while in the European form one is distinctly
shorter than the rest; there is a marked difference in the leaflike
appendages; and also in the ventral hooks of the last segment.
The larva has been described by Johannsen in detail in Museum
bulletin 68. The pale yellow pupa resembles that of Culex.
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE Byal
Sayomyia hudsoni n. sp.
Pl]. 13, 28, 40, 47, fig. 4,5; 4; 1; 1 respectively
Larvae of this interesting species were taken in small numbers
at Poughkeepsie June 1%, and several males bred therefrom June
26 and 27.
Description. Male. Antennae thickly clothed with long, gray-
ish black plumes. Basal segment subglobose, yellowish, other seg-
ments > semitransparent, annulate with brown. Palpi short,
thickly clothed with grayish brown hairs. Basal segment rather
short, subconic; second about three times the length of the first
and one fourth longer than the third; both stout, nearly uniform,
except that the second has a distinct enlargement internally near
the anterior fourth. Terminal segment slender, about twice the
length of the third. Labrum ornamented with thick, brownish or
silvery gray hairs. Eyes, jet black. Occiput and posterior por-
tion of head yellowish, clothed with pale
yellowish hairs. Thorax with subme-
dian, slaty brown lines abbreviated pos-
teriorly and divided by a slender, fulvous,
median line, which latter is ornamented
by a well defined, double row of long,
yellowish hairs. Sublateral stripes of the
Same color, abbreviated anteriorly, and
the space between the sublateral and sub-
median dark lines clothed with yellowish
hairs arranged in more or less definite ofa) (oni ike appendages
rows. Oval posterior portion of thorax
and that between the sublateral lines, a uniform, pale brown
with a median black spot at the posterior border. Pleura,
anterior and lateral portions of thorax semitransparent,
whitish. Scutellum prominent, with a few long, lateral bris-
tles and its posterior surface ornamented with the brown bases
of others with a slight median space naked. Postscutellum dark
brown. Abdomen semitransparent, greenish or yellowish, obscure,
irregular, somewhat variable, with lateral black markings at the
posterior boundary of each segment; third, fourth and fifth seg-
ments with a pair of submedian, obscure, circular, whitish marks
near the middle of each segment; sparsely clothed with long, yel-
lowish hairs. Basal segment of clasp subcylindric, slightly
curved, yellowish, with light brown markings internally and
thickly clothed with long, yellowish hairs. Apical segment of
clasp pale brownish yellow, nearly straight, terminating in an
obscure point. Legs, uniform, straw yellow, rather thickly clothed
with long, yellowish hairs; ungues simple. Wings, hyaline, an-
terior veins ornamented with pale straw yellowish scales, those of
the other veins slightly darker. Petiole of first submarginal cell
4
phe NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
a little over one half its length; that of the second about three
fourths its length, the cell being decidedly wider than the anterior
one. Posterior cross vein less than its own length from the
median cross vein. Halieres pale straw yellow.
Fig. 113 Posterior extremity of S. hudsoni
A second male bred Aug. 5, differs in description in having the
prothorax darker with lateral dark spots on the scutellum, jet
black ones on the base of the wings; a broad, irregular, marginal
white stripe anteriorly. Pleura also whitish with irregular, jet
black spots. The anterior tarsi are somewhat darker than the —
tibiae.
Female. Antennae pale straw yellow, verticillate with a num-
ber of stout bristles arising from the base of each segment; basal
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 373
segment stout, subglobular, yellowish ; second segment stout, some-
what swollen. Eyes jet black, very prominent, slightly emargi-
nate anteriorly. Palpi rather short, grayish brown, and thickly
clothed with hairs of the same color; basal joint thick, subconic,
second slender, longer than the slightly stouter third, the fourth
very slender, nearly twice the length of the preceding. Labrum
yellowish white basally, the anterior margin dark brown and the
dark color extending some distance on each side. Occiput and
posterior portion of the head straw yellow, slightly darker on
median line. Thorax with a pair of submedian, yellowish brown
lines tapering posteriorly and becoming obsolete at the posterior
third; narrow median line yellowish and with double row of yel-
low, slender scales. A sublateral, broad, yellowish stripe is pres-
ent posteriorly and is separated from the submedian stripe and
its opposite by a yellowish area thickly clothed with slender, yel-
lowish scales; a small, black spot near the middle and a little to
one side of the submedian stripes. Pleura and lateral anterior
margin of prothorax and base of scutellum yellowish brown, pos-
terior margin of latter thickly clothed with long, yellowish hairs.
Abdomen greenish yellow and with irregular, sooty spots, par-
ticularly along the sublateral line, and clothed with rather short,
pale hairs. Ventral surface similar, apical segment paler, termi-
nal processes blunt, slightly curved, bearing many rather long,
curved setae. Legs pale straw yellow, ungues simple. Wings pale
Straw yellow, clothed with similarly colored scales, which are
slightly thicker along the anterior longitudinal veins. Petiole-
of first submarginal cell about one fourth its length, that of
second nearly one half; posterior cross vein interstitial with
mid cross vein. - Halteres pale straw yellow, base somewhat
enlarged, pedicel very slender, tip rounded, spatulate. ;
Described from a specimen bred June 28, 1904.
Pupa. Air tube with irregularly hexagonal cells, nearly four
times as long as wide; internal margin nearly straight, outer,
rather regularly curved and the apex distinct, chitinous, brown.
Posterior two thirds of the inner margin of the inner paddle,
fringed with long, nearly colorless spiny processes. Posterior
appendages nearly conic, simple, and at their base an inconspicu-
ous pair of subtriangular lobes.
The larva, remarkable on account of its transparency, is very
difficult to detect in water, the only portions visible being the
deeply pigmented eyes and air sacks in the thoracic and abdominal
Segments. This transparency is retained in alcoholic specimens
and also in those mounted in balsam.
Larva. Head, somewhat elongate, subconic. Basal segment of
antennae long, deeply notched at base and tipped with four nearly
374 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
equal, tapering processes and a smaller one about half as long.
Just behind the antennae are 10 long, light brownish filaments,
five on each side. These are the filaments of the third metamere
of Meinert. The pair of leaflike appendages are rounded an-
teriorly to a narrow base, terminating in one large, posterior spine ~
and a series of irregular ones along the nearly truncate apex.
Labrum elongate, slightly curved, obliquely truncate and tipped
with an irregular tuft of hairs. Maxillae subtriangular with a
somewhat curved tip. Maxillary palpus slender, tapering, curved.
Mandibles with three prominent and two minor teeth, posterior
margin serrate. The conspicuous mandibular fans each consist
of about 16 long, spinelike processes. Eyes, deeply pigmented.
Air sacks of thoracic and seventh abdominal segments with many
purplish, pigmented cells. The eversible pharynx with a circular,
papillate tip or base bearing two lateral, stout, curved papillae.
Ventral brush of terminal segment composed of about 24 stout
hairs. Apical ventral plate fuscous, finely serrate anteriorly and
bearing a pair of dark, stout hooks pointing anteriorly. Lateral
margin of segment bordered with three rows of teeth, the anterior
consisting of stout processes with almost inconspicuous, extremely
fine serrations at their extreme base. The teeth of the two pos-
terior rows are long, slender, curved. Dorsal extremity with four
long, finely plumose hairs.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following list gives the more important references to the
literature of the Culicidae, particularly to that treating of Ameri-
can forms.
1847 Fitch, Asa. Winter Insects of Eastern New York. Am. Jour. Agric.
and Sci. 5:281-82. Reprinted N. Y. State Mus. 2d Ent. Rep’t. 1885.
p.241-42 (Anopheles punctipennis described as Culex
hyemalis)
1868 Osten Sacken, €. R. Description of a New Species of Culicidae. Am.
Ent. Soc. Trans. 2:47-48 (Aedes sapphirina described)
Western Diptera. U. S. Geol.Geog. Sur. Bul. 3, p. 191
(Aedes fuscus described)
1881 Dimmock, George. Anatomy of the Mouth-parts and of the Suctorial
Apparatus of Culex. Psyche, 3:231-41 (Detailed account)
1888 King, A. F. A. Insects and Disease-mosquitos and Malaria. Pop. Sci.
Mo. 23: 64458 (Early evidence in favor of mosquitos conveying
this disease)
1883 Meinert, F. V. A. Mochlonyx (Tipula) culiciformis DeG. Aftryk af
Oversigt over d. K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. p.1—24.
1884 Dimmock, G@ Psyche, 4: 147 (Male Culex drinks)
1885 Murray, C. H. Young Trout Destroyed by Mosquitos. U. S. Fish
Com. Bul. 5:248.
1886
1890
1891
18938
1894
1896
1896
1896
1896
1896
1899
1899
1899
1900
1900
1900
1901
1901
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 375
Meinert, F.V.A. De Eucephale Myggelarver. Mem. de l’Acad. Royale
de Copenhague. ser.6. Class des Sci. v.3, no.4, p.873-434, 476-84
(Anatomic studies of the early stages of Culex annulatus,
C. nemorosus, Anopheles maculipennis, Core-
thra plumicornis, Corethra pallida, Mochlonyx
euliciformis)
Lamborn, R. H. Dragon-flies against Mosquitos. Can the Mosquito
Pest be Mitigated? p.1-202. D. Appleton & Co. (A’series of essays
by various authors)
Riley, C. V. & Howard, L. 0. Insect Life, 3:470 (Pyrethrum fumes
for mosquitos)
Insect Life, 5:268 (Value of Hucalyptus in warding off
mosquitos)
* Insect Life, 6:327 (Kerosene and mutton tallow to protect
animals from mosquitos)
Coquillett, D. W. New Culicidae from North America. Can. Ent.
28:43-44 (Culex signifer, C. tarsalis and Mega-
rhinus rutila described)
Ficalbi, Eugenio. Rev. sistematica d. sp. d. fam. delle culicidae.
Huropee Soc. Ent. Ital. Bul. p.197-312.
Lintner, J. A. The Mosquito. Ins. N. Y. 12th Rep’t, p.319-35 (Gen-
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Lugger, Otto. Minn. Exp. Sta. 2d Rep’t, p.182-95 (General account
with figures of the mosquitos of the state)
Osborn, Herbert. Mosquitos. U. 8S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 5,
n. s. p.25-30 (Brief general account with special reference to C.
pungens)
McDonald, Ian. Mosquitos in Relation to Malaria. Brit. Med. Jour.
2020, Sep. 16, p.699 (Observations on transmission of malaria)
Nuttall, G. H. F. On the Role of Insects, Arachnids and Myriapods
as Carriers in the Spread of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases of
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Ross, Ronald. Infection of Birds with Proteosoma by the Bites of
Mosquitos. Indian Med. Gaz. 34:1-3 (Experiments showing birds
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Giles, G. M. Gnats or Mosquitos, p.1-874 (Structural and systematic
account)
Howard, L. 0. Notes on the Mosquitos of the United States. U. S.
Dep’t Agric, Div. Ent. Bul. 25, n. s. p.1-70 (General account and
key for separation of species, with biology of Culex pungens
and Anopheles maculipennis. Remarks on other genera
together with remedial measures)
Ross, Ronald. Relationship of Malaria and the Mosquito. The
Lancet, July 7, no.4010, p.48-50 -(Observations on transmission of
malaria)
Coquillett, D. W. Three New Species of Culicidae. Can. Ent.
Jo: 208-00 (Psorophora howardii, Culex eceurriei
and Aedes smithii described)
Dyar, H. G. Life History of Urantotaenia sapphirina O.S. N. Y.
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larval stages and pupa)
O16
1901
1901
1901
1901
1901
1901
1902
1902
1902
1902
1902
1902
1902
1902
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Howard, L. 0. Mosquitos, p.1-241. McClure, Phillips & Co. (Sum-
mary account of native species and discussion of methods of con-
trolling, with tables for separation of species)
Nuttall, G. H. F., Cobbett, Louis & Strangeways-Pigg, T. Studies in
Relation to Malaria. Jour. of Hygiene, 1:444 (Extended studies
on Anopheles and malaria)
Nuttall, G. H. F. & Shipley, Arthur E. Structure and Biology of
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and morphologic account)
Smith, J. B. Some Notes on the Larval Habits of Culex pungens.
Ent. News, 12:153-57 (Observations on Aedes smithii not C.
pungens)
Ent. News, 12:254 (Note on Aedes smithii)
Theobald, F. V. A Monograph of the Culicidae or Mosquitos (Two
volumes and book of plates. General systematic account of the
mosquitos of the world)
Wright, M. J. The Resistance of the Larval Mosquito to Cold. Brit-
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Coquillett, D. W. Three New Species of Nematocerous ‘Diptera.
Ent. News, 13:85 (Corethra brakeleyi described)
Three New Species of Culex. Can. Ent. 34:292-98 (Culex
atropalpus, Cevaripalpus and Cg tadriy et ae
described)
— New Diptera from North America. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. Proe.
25:84-85 (Culex bimaculatus, C. fletcheri and ©€.
squamiger described)
New Forms of Culicidae from North Ameri ica.) -N: Y: fat
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described: Corethrella, Anopheles eiseni, Culex dyari,
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Davis, G.C. How Far May a Mosquito Travel? Ent. News, 12: 185-
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©. pipiens, CC; melanwrus,+ Cy! dy ani, meee
tuans, Corethra brakeleyi and,.C.-triy itbaca
Noges on Mosquitos on Long Island. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc.
5 :45-51 (The following species with table for separation of larvae
are noticed: Anopheles crucians, A. punctipennis,
Avy macwlipennis, Culex cs 0111¢ btanse. el eawe
tans, C. taeniorhynehus, C. pipiens ete uaas
tans, Uranotaenia sapphirina)
The Eggs of Mosquitos of the Genus Culex. Science, 16:
672-77 (Egg-laying habits of several species)
Lockhead, W. Nature Study Lessons on Mosquitos. Wnt. Soc. Ont.
32d Rept. 1901. p.94-98. |
Ludlow, C. §. Note on Culex annulatus. N. Y. Hnt. Soe.
Jour. 10: 131 (Distribution)
1902
1902
1902
1902
1903
1903
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE BY as
Lutz, F. E. & Chambers, W. W. North Shore Improvement Associa-
tion. Rep’t, p.1-26 (Discussion of habits and methods of control)
Morgan, H. A. Observations upon the Mosquito, Conchyliastes
musicus. U. 8. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 37, n.s. p.1138—-15 (Life
history, with figures of early stages)
Ross, Ronald. Mosquito Brigades and How to Organize Them.
p.1-98. George Philip & Son, Lond. (Methods of controlling mos-
quitos)
Smith, J. B. Characters of some Mosquito Larvae. Ent. News, 138:
299-303 (Habits with illustrations of antennae and labial plates
of the following species: Stegomyia Signifer, Culex
Ma wiwensis CG. Cantans, C. solliertans, C. tae-
Bionrymehnus. Ce. 2perturbans, €.' conftinis,:-C.
Peers, &. atropalpus, C.° sylvestris, C.
mores, ©. punmeens, C. restuans, C. nigri-
tulus and three unnamed species)
Concerning Certain Mosquitos. Science, 15: 13-15 (Observa-
tions on C. sollicitans and Anopheles) .
Life History of Aedes ae Coy. NN. ¥. Hint. See:
Jour. 10: 10—15.
Mosquitos. N. J. Agric. Exp. Sta. Ent. Dep’t. Rep’t 1901,
p.526-87 (Culex sollicitans, Anopheles and related species)
Notes on the Early Stages of Culex canadensis
Theo. Ent. News, 13: 267-73.
Notes on the Early Stages of Corethra brakeleyi
Coq. Can. Ent. 34: 139-40.
Practical Suggestions for Mosquito Control. N. J. Agric.
Exp. Sta. Cire. May 16, p.1-4 (Gives law and a summarized state-
ment of repressive measures)
The Mosquito Campaign in New Jersey. Science, 15: 898-
900 (Brief statement of work proposed)
The Salt Marsh Mosquito Culex sollicitans Walk.
Science, 16:391-94 (Oviposition, hibernation of eggs, etc.)
The Salt Marsh Mosquito Culex sollicitans. Walk.
N. J. Agric. Exp. Sta. Spee. Bul. T, p.1-10 (Summary account of
life history and methods of control)
Weeks, H. C., Davenport, C. B., Lutz, F. E. & Shaler, N. S. North
Shore Improvement Association, reports on plans for the extermina-
tion of mosquitos on the North Shore of Long Island between
Hempstead Harbor and Cold Spring Harbor, p.1-124. (Detailed
reports on the practical work, with discussions of important
species)
Adams, C. F. Dipterological Contributions. Univ. Kan. Sci. Bul. 2,
p.25-27 (Descriptions of Culex affinis, C. apicatis and
C. particeps)
Aldrich, J. M. Do We Know Culex consobrinus? Can.
Ent. 35:208-10 (Discussion of identity)
Chambers, W. W. Mosquito Extermination on North Shore of Long
Island, p.1-—22 (Local observations and method of control)
Coquillet, D. W. Culex consobrinus Again. Can. Ent. 35:218
(Synonymy )
378
1908
1903
19038
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Four New Species of Culex. Can. Ent. 35: 255-57 (Culex
ecantator, C..aurifer,,.Cynanus and. CC. dascoler
described )
Eucorethra, a Genus of Culicidae. Can. Ent. 35 :272.
A New Culicid Genus Related to Corethra. Can. Ent. 35:
189-90 (Sayomyia proposed and Corethra cinetipes
described )
A New Anopheles with Unspotted Wings. Can. Ent. 35:310
(Anopheles barberi described)
Dyar, H. G Culex restuans Theo. -Ent. News, 14:41-42
(Description of adult, early stages, habits)
Illustrations of the Larvae of North American Culicidae—
Ill. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 11: 23-27 (Larvae of the following are
described: Culex taeniorhynehus, C. nigritulus,
Cc. eonsobrinus, C. triseriatus, .C. signitengang
C. bimaculatus)
Notes on Mosquitos in New Hampshire. Ent. Soc. Wash.
Proc. 5:140-48 (Notes on the following species: Anopheles
punectipennis, A. macuhipennis, Culex ean
densis, C. reptans, GC. eantans, C.sylvestrpuse
C.territans, C. triseriatus, Cs melanuras eee
dyari, C. restuans, C. pipiens, C. atropalpmee
C. perturbans, C. sollicitans,;, Uranetz2enmg
sapphirina, Aedes fuscus, with table for separation
of the species and illustrations of the labial plates of larvae)
Felt, E. P. Mosquitos. N. Y. State Mus. Cir. p.1-8 (Brief summarized
account)
Harris, H. F.. The Eggs of Psorophora ciliata
News, 14 :232-838
Herrick, G. W. The Relation of Malaria to Agriculture and Othe
Industries of the South. Pop. Sci. Mo. 52:521-25 (Economic losses
occasioned by malaria)
Johannsen, 0. S. Culicinae. N. Y. State Mus. Bul. 68, p.3888—429.
(Also published separately, Ang. 11, 1903. Detailed systematic
accounts of the following genera and species: Corethra, C.
appendicula tay Cc. plumreor aus, -C: punctipennis,
C.trivittata, C. albipes; Corethrella, C. braketleya,
Pelorempis, P. americana; Anopheles, A. puncti-
pennis, A. maculipennis ; Psorophora and Culex, with
a table for separation of larvae, C. restuans, C. pipiens,
C. eantans, .C. sylvestris, C. trirsetaa aoe
Aedes, A. fuscus, A. smithii, Uranotaenia and U. sap-
ph brains)
Morgan, H. A. & Dupree, J. W. Development and Hibernation of
Mosquitos. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent. Bul. 40, n.s. p.88—92.
Mosquito Extermination in Practice. Lawrence, L. I. Bd Health.
Rep’t, p.1-42 (Discussion of conditions and practical methods of
controlling, with special mention of Culex sollicitans, C.
pipiens and Anopheles)
Pettit, R. H. Mosquitos and Other Insects of the Year 1902. Michi-
gan Bd. Agric. 42d Rep’t of Secretary, p.252-63 (General observa-
tions with list of native species and discussion of general re-
pressive measures, with notice of a fungous disease)
1908
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903 .
1903
1903
1904
1904
1904
1904
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 379
Robinson, W. F. Study of the Mosquito Pest in Elizabeth N. J.
_ p.1-15 (Report of practical operations with notes on the following
Species: SO be xncCamadensis, C.. cantans, ©. ter-
Pints. poe pune enrs, C. pipiens, C.. sylvestris,
tC So tebeans ESoOrephona, ¢iliata. and Ano-
pheles punctipennis)
Smith, J. B. Concerning Mosquito Migrations. Science, 18: 761-64
(Migratory powers of C. sollicitans and C. cantator
with mention of related species)
Contribution Toward a Knowledge of the Life History of
Culex sollicitans. Psyche, 10:1-6 (Detailed account with
illustrations of all stages)
Mosquitocides for Mosquitos. U.S. Dep’t Agric. Div. Ent.
Bul. 40, n.s. p.96-108.
Notes on Culex serratus Theob. and its Early Stages.
Wnt. News, 14: 309-11.
Report on the Mosquito Investigations. N. J. Agric. Dxp.
Sta. Hnt. Div. Rep’t, 1902. p.511-93 (General account of work
with special reference to C. sollicitans and Anopheles)
Snow, F. H. Preliminary List of the Diptera of Kansas. Univ. Kan.
Sci. Bul. 2, p.211-12 (List of Culicidae)
Theobald, F. V. A Monograph of the Culicidae or Mosquitos. 3:1-
3859 (Supplementary to preceding volumes)
Notes on Culicidae and their Larvae from Pecos, New
Mexico, and Description of a New Grabhamia. Can. Wnt. 35:311-16
(Notes on Theobaldia incidens, Culex kelloggii,
eS aonrsoprinus, Grabhamia eurriei. and G. vit-
tata, the latter described, the larva figured, together with the
larva of C. kelloggii)
Underwood, W. L. A New Mosquito. Science, 18:182-84 (Notes on
the larva of Eucorethra underwoodi)
Mosquitos and Suggestions for their Extermination. Pop.
Sci. Mo. 53 :4538-66 (Brief general account, with mention of various
species, particularly Anopheles maculipennis, Ste-
Pomyiaviasciata, ‘Cubex sollicitams! andy Huco-
rethra underwoodi)
Weeks, H. C. Some Practical Suggestions on Mosquito Extermina-
tion in New Jersey. Reprint from Med. News, Mar. 7, 1903, p.1-17.
Summary Report on the Sanitary-economic Improvement of
the Southern Part of the Borough of Brooklyn, p.1-24.
The Concurrence of the Anopheles Mosquito and Malaria.
N. Y. State Jour. Med. 3 :272-75.
Coquillett, W. F. Notes on Culex nigritulus. Ent. News,
15:73-74 (C. salinarius proposed)
Several New Diptera from North America. Can. Ent. 36:
10-11 (Culex dupreei and Conchyliastes varipes
described )
New North American Diptera, family Culicidae. Ent. Soe. of
Wash. Proc. 6:166-69 (Taeniorhynchus nigricans, T.
Signipennis, Culex nivitarsis and C. pullatus
described, the first from Panama, the second from Mexico)
Dyar, H. G. Notes on the Mosquitos of British Columbia. Ent. Soc.
Wash. Proc. 6:37-41 (Biologic notes on the following species:
oe
(4)
om)
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Culex impiger, ©) cantans,C. reptars, € e282.
densis, C. incidens, C. punector, C. sylvestris,
C.varipalpus, C.territans, Co dyari, @taes2s
C. perturbans, Cl currigi, ‘Co spencerte ©. eas
sobrinus, Anopheles maculipennis, Aedes
fuscus)
Notes on the Mesquitos of British Columbia; continued
(Corethra velutina, Sayomyia trivittata - and
Eucorethra underwoodi)
The Life History of Culex cantans Meig. [C. vittatus] N. Y.
Ent. Soc. Jour. 12 :36—38.
The Life History of Culex varipalpus Coquillett. N. Y. Ent.
Soe. Jour. 12 :90—99.
Brief Notes on Mosquito Larvae. N. Y. Ent. Soe. Jour.
12:172-74 (Notes on the following species: Culex dyari,
C. atropalpus, C. anrifer, CC. distcelern.. eee
thinosoma musicum, C. salinarTrius, ©l vier
tus, C. eantans and C. reptans)
Larva of Culex punetor Kirby with Notes on an
Allied Form. N. Y. Ent. Soe. Jour. 12:169-71 (Description of
larva of Culex punetor Kirby and early stages of Ge
trichurus Dyar)
Dyar, H. G. & Knab, Frederick. Diverse Mosquito Larvae that Pro-
duce Similar Adults. Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 6:143-44 (Observa-
tions on differences in larvae referred to Culex cantans,
C. restuans and C. impiger recorded)
Felt, E. P. & Young, D. B. Importance of Isolated Rearings from
Culicid Larvae. Science, 20 :312-13 (Brief description of larvae and
adults of the following new species: Culex cinereobore-
alis, C. lazarensis, C. abserratus and ©) f1teniy
Herrick, G. W. Notes on the Life History of ae
jamaicensis. Ent. News, 15:81-S.
Johnson, C. W. Supplementary List of the Diptera of New Jersey.
Ent. News, 15:157-58 (List of Culicidae)
Knab, Frederick. The Epistomal Appendages of Mosquito Larvae.
N. Y. Ent. Soe. Jour. 12 :175—77.
Ludlow, C. S. Mosquito Notes No. 2. Can. Ent. 36:297-301
(Mimomyia chamberlaini and Myzomyia rossi
var. indefinita described)
Smith, J. B. Notes on the Life History of Culex dupreei Coq.
Ent. News, 15:49-51 (Observations with illustrations of all stages)
Notes on Some Mosquito Larvae Found in New Jersey. Ent.
News, 15:145-52 (Larvae of the following are described and
figured: Culex trivittatus, C. discolor, C. aurifer
and Anopheles crucians)
The Common Mosquitos of New Jersey. N. J. Agric. Exp.
Sta. p.1—40 (Brief, general account with illustrations of Culex
pipiens, C. restuans, C. sollicitans, C. taenve-
rhynchus, C. cantator, C. salinarius, C. cantans,;:
C.territans,C.sylvestris, C.canadensis, Anoph-
eles maculipennis, A: punetipennis, Al Cla
cians and Psorophora ciliata. A table for the sepa-
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 381
ration of the species occurring in the state and of certain larval
forms is also given)
1904 —— Report on the Mosquito Investigation. Agr. Exp. Sta. Rep’t.
Ent. Dep’t, 1903, p.645-59 (Summarized statement of work. to-
gether with list of species taken in the state)
1904 Snow, F. H. List of Diptera. Univ. Kan. Sci. Bul. 2, p.3841 (List
of Kansas Culicidae)
1904 Theobald, F. V. Mosquito Annoyance at Woodford (Hssex) and
Elsewhere. 2d Rep’t on Economic Zoology, p.2-16 (Observations
on various mosquitos, specially Theobaldia annulata
Meig., with illustrations of pupa and larva of the latter
1904 Van Dine, D. L. Mosquitos in Hawaii. Agr. Exp. Sta. of Haw. Bul.
6, p.1-80 (Common Hawaiian forms, Culex pipiens, Ste-
gomyia fasciata and 8S. scutellaris treated, with
discussion of control)
1904 Wesche, W. The Mouth-parts of the Nematocera and their Relation
to the other Families in Diptera. Roy. Micro. Soc. Jour. p.31, 33,
30-36 (Discussion with illustrations of the mouth parts of various
mosquitos )
1904. First General Convention to Consider the Questions Involved in Mos-
quito Extermination. Proc. Dec. 16, 1908, p.1—-84. ;
The following is a list of the important papers:
Smith, J. B. How a State Appropriation May Be Spent, p.13-15.
Kerr, W. C. What a Rural Community Can Do, p.16-18.
Howard, L. O. The World-wide Crusade, p.19-21.
Matheson, W. J. Does Extermination Exterminate Mosquitos? p.21-24.
Claflin, John. Remarks upon Hxtermination Work at Morristown, N. J., p.24-25.
Bailhache, P. W. The Extermination and Exclusion of Mosquitos From Our Public
Institutions, p.27-30.
Perry, J. C. Government Anti-Mosquito Work, p.31-33.
Lederle, BE. J. The Sphere of Health Departments, p.34-35.
Berkeley, W. N. The Exactness of Proofs of Transmission of Malaria by Mos-
quitos, p.35-39.
Miller, Spencer. The Long Distance Theory, p.42-44.
Whitney, Milton. Value of Reclaimed Swamp Lands for Agricultural Uses, p.46-48.
Gorgas, W. C. Anti-Mosquito Work in Havana, p.48-50.
Cravath, P. D. How the Law Should Aid, p.50-51.
Felt, E. P. New York State’s Part in Mosquito Extermination, p.52-55.
Beach, F. C. What the General Government Should Do, p.55-56.
Weeks, H. C. Mosquito Engineering, p.59-61.
ADDENDUM
Culex abfitchii n. sp.
Larvae of this species were taken in some numbers at Karner
N. Y. in early May, in association with those of C. fitchii,
which latter they closely resemble in gereral form and structure
but may be separated therefrom by the one or two isolated pecten
teeth on the air tube, and by the large apical spine of the comb
scales being from one half to two thirds the length of the entire
structure [pl. 41, 48, fig. 3, 4]. This is the larva which Messrs
Dyar and Knab consider the normal form of Culex cantans
Meig. [Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 6:143]. This species proved diffi-
cult to rear, though a number of larvae were obtained.
382 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
EXPLANATION OF PLATES?
Plate 1
1 Female wing of Anopheles punctipennis. x21
Female wing of A. punectipennis var. x21
Male wing of A. punctipennis var. x21
KH CO bo
Female wing of A. maculipennis. x21
Male wing of A. maculipennis. x21
or
Plate 2
Female wing of Psorophora ciliata. xil
Male wing of P. ciliata. x14
Female wing of Janthinosoma musica. x21
Female wing of Culex fitchii. x21
hf CO bo
Plate 3
Male wing of Culex fitchii. x21
Female wing of C. cantans. x21
Male wing of C. cantans. x21
Female wing of C. sylvestris. x21
Hm Co bo
Or
Male wing of C. sylvestris. x21
Plate 4
Female wing of Culex cantator. x2i
Male wing of C. cantator. x21
Female wing of C. sollicitans. x21
Male wing of C. sollicitans. x21
Female wing of C. taeniorhynchus. x21
Hh Co bo
Or
Plate 5
Male wing of Culex taeniorhynehus. x21
Female wing of C. onondagensis. x21
Male wing of C. canadensis. x21
Female wing of C. canadensis. x21
Female wing of C. atropalpus. x21
Ht CO bo
Or
Plate 6
1 Male wing of Culex atropalpus. x21
2 Female wing of C. territans. x21
iReproduced from author’s photomicrographs of balsam mounts prepared
by D. B. Young.
mo bh He
mo bh
fet
orm W bo
1
2
3
es
5
>
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 383
Male wing of C. territans. x21
Female wing of C. lazarensis. x21
Male wing of C. lazarensgsis. x21
Plate 7
Female wing of Culex cinereoborealis. x21
Male wing of C. cinereoborealis. x21
Female wing of C. impiger. x21
Male wing of C. impiger.: x21
Plate 8
Female wing of Culex absobrinus. x20
Male wing of C. absobrinus. x21
Female wing of C. magnipennis. x20
Male wing of ©. magnipennis. Gl
Plate 9
Portion of female wing of Culex consobrinus. x21
(From photograph of an unmounted wing) |
Female wing of C. restuans. x21
Male wing of C. restuans. x21
Female wing of C. pipiens. x21
Male wing of C. pipiens. x21
Plate 10
Male wing of Culex dyari. x21
Wingo Cabserratus. x21
Female wing of C. salinarius. x21
Male wing of C. salinarius. x21
Female wing of C. triseriatus. x21
Plate 11
Female wing of Culex aurifer. x21
Male wing of C. aurifer.. x21
Female wing of Taeniorhynchus perturbans. x21
Female wing of Aedes fuscus. x21
Male’wing of A. fuse us). x 21
384 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Plate 12
Male wing of Uranotaenia sapphirina. x30.
Female wing of Eucorethra underwoodi. x8
Male wing of E. underwoodi. x18
Female wing of Sayomyia trivittata. x21
im CW bo ee
Plate 13
Male wing of Sayomyia trivittata. x21
Female wing of S. rotundifolia. x21
Male wing of S. rotundifolia. x21
Female wing of S. hudsoni. x21
Male wing of S. hudsoni. x21
oR & bd eH
Plate 14
-1 Portion! of female wing of Anopheles punctipennis.
x 110
2 Portion of male wing of A. punctipennis. x110
® Portion of female wing of A. maculipennis. x110
4 Portion of male wing of A. maculipennis. x110
Plate 15
1 Portion of female wing of Psorophora ciliata. x110
2 Portion of female wing of Janthinosoma musica. x110
© Portion of female wing of Culex fitchii. x110
4 Portion of male wing of C. fitchii. x110
Plate 16
1 Portion of female wing of Culex cantans. x110
2 Portion of male wing of C. cantans. x110
® Portion of female wing of C. sylvestris. x110
_4 Portion of male wing of C. sylvestris. x110
Plate 17
1 Portion of female wing of Culex cantator. x11i0
2 Portion of male wing of C. cantator. x110
3 Portion of female wing of C. onondagensis. x110
4 Portion of female wing of C. sollicitans. x110
"The region of the cross veins is the part selected in all cases where not
otherwise stated. -
1
2
Pwnwoe.
m wre
Do
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
x LLO
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Portion
Plate 18
of male wing of Culex gollicitans.
of female wing of C. taeniorhynechus.
of male wing of C. taeniorhynchus.
of female wing of C. canadensis. x110
x 110
x 110
x 110
Plate 19
of male wing of Culex canadensis. x110
of female wing of C. atropalpus. x110
of male wing of C. atropalpus. x110
of female wing of C. territans. x110
Plate 20
of male.wing of Culex territans. x110
of female wing of C. lazarensis. x110
of male wing of C. lazarensis. x110
of male wing of C. cinereoborealis. x110
Plate 21
of female wing of Culex cinereoborealis.
of female wing of C.impiger. x110
of male wing of C.impiger. x110
of male wing of C. dyari. x110
Plate 22
of female wing of Culex absobrinus.
of male wing of C. absobrinus. x110
of female wing of C. magnipennis. x110
x 110
Plate 23
of male wing of Culex magnipennis.
of female wing of C. restuans. x110
of male wing of C. restuans. x110
x 110
x 110
of female wing of C. pipiens.
Plate 24
of male wing of Culex pipiens. x110
of female wing of C.abserratus. x110
386 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
3 Portion of female wing of C. salinarius. x110
4 Portion of male wing of C. salinarius. x110
Plate 25
i Portion of female wing of Culex triseriatus. x110
2 Portion of female wing of C. aurifer. x110
3 Portion of male wing of C. aurifer. x110
4 Portion of wing fringe of female Anopheles maculi-
pensis. -x110
Plate 26
Portion of female wing fringe of Culex cinereoborea-
lia i; 248
Portion of female wing fringe of C. pipiens. x110
Portion of female wing of Taeniorhynehus pertur-
bans. x110
4 Portion of female wing of Aedes fuscus. x110
jan
Ww bo
Plate 27
1 Portion of male wing of Aedes fuscus. x110
2 Portion of female wing of Uranotaenia sapphirina.
x 110
2 Portion of fifth longitudinal vein of female wing of U. sap-
phirina,x110, showing the orbicular finely striated violet
scales
4 Portion of female wing of Corethra lintneri. x110
Plate 28
1 Portion of female wing of Corethra cinctipes. x110
2 Portion of female wing of Eucorethra underwoodi.
x 110
3 Portion of female wing of Sayomyiatrivittata. x110
4 Portion of female wing ofS. hudsoni. x110
Plate 29
1 Male genitalia of Anopheles punctipennis. x110
2 Male genitalia of A. maculipennis. x110
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 387
Plate 30
1 Male genitalia of Psorophora ciliata. x55
2 Male genitalia of Culex cantans. x80
Plate 31
1 Male genitalia of Culex sylvestris. x110
2 Male genitalia of C. cantator. x110
Plate 32
1 Male genitalia of Culex gsollicitans. x110
bo
Male genitalia of C. atropalpus. x110
Plate 33
1 Male genitalia of Culex taeniorhynchus. x110
2 Male genitalia of C. aurifer. x80
Plate 34
Male genitalia of Culex territans. x110
Appendages of basal segment of clasp of C.territans.
x 240
3 Male genitalia of C. canadensis. x110
Le
Plate 35
Male gentiaha of Culex dyari. x 110
z Male gemitalia of C.“lazarensis. x110
Plate 36
1 Male genitalia of Culex impiger. x110
2 Male genitalia of C. cinereoborealis. x80
Plate 37
1 Male genitalia of Culex absobrinus. x65
2 Male genitalia of C. magnipennis. x65
Plate 38
1 Male genitalia of Culex restuans. x110
2 Appendages of basal segment of clasp of C. restuans.
x 240
388 © NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
® Male genitalia of C. pipiens. x80
4 Male genitalia of C. pipiens, showing dissected clasp.
x 110
Appendages of basal segment of clasp of C. pipiens. x 240
OU
Plate 39
1 Male genitalia of Culex salinarius. x110
2 Appendages of basal segment of clasp of C. salinarius.
x 240 é
3 Male genitalia of Aedes fuscus. x110
4 Male genitalia of Eucorethra underwoodi. x55
Plate 40
1 Male genitalia of Sayomyia hudsoni. x110
2 Male genitalia of S. rotundifolia. x110
Plate 41
1 Air tube of Psorophora ciliata. x30
2 Ar. tobe of, Cmlexctiut en ri. x 55
3 Air tube offi. abiidc hms: © x 55
4 Air tube of C. cantans. X55
Plate 42
1 Air tube of Culex taeniorhynchus. x45
2 Air tube of C. sollicitans. x45
3 Agr tube: of © the ammatiak 66 6 x45
4 Air tube of C. canadensis. x45
5
Air tube of C. sylvestris. x45.
Plate 48
Air tube of Culex impiger. x45
Air tube of C. lazarensis. x45
Air tube of Aedes fuscus. x45
Air tube of Culex dyari. x45
Air tube of C. salinarius. x45
Air tube of C. territans. x45
a orm wre
Plate 44
Air tube of Culex pipiens. x55
peek
AD Ow Fr © DOH ee aor, wm re Hm G9 bo et oT BR © b&
LS)
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE
Air tube of C. jamaicensis. x25
Air tube of C. restuans. x45.
Air tube of C.-serratus. x55
Air tube of C. atropalpus. x80
Plate 45
Air tube of Culex cinereoborealis. x55
Air tube of C. abserratus. x45
Air tube of C. magnipennis. x45
Air tube of C. absobrinus. x45
Plate 46
Air tube of Culex melanurus. x45
Air tube of Uranotaenia sapphirina. x80
Air tube of Culex dupreei. x45
Air tube of C. discolor. x45
mirsimbe of C. aurifer. x45
mare Of ©. fTraseriatus. x45
Plate 47
389
Larva of Sayomyia hudsoni. x9 (Reproduced from
photomicrograph by Joseph McKay, Troy)
Air sack of S. albipes. x110
Air tube of Eucorethra underwoodi. x2
Plate 48
Comb of Anopheles punctipennis. x110
Comb of A. maculipennis. x110
Com ofrculex fitchizr. x 110
Comb of ©. abfitchii. x110
Combsot ©. discolor... x 110
Comm or ©. melanurus. x110
Comb of Uranotaenia sapphirina. x110
Plate 49
Comb of Culex sylvestris. x110
Comb of/C.cantator! x 240
Comb of C. ?cantans. x 240
390 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Plate 50
1 Comb of Culex cantans, normal form about Albany.
x 240
2 Comb of C. canadensis. x 240
3 Comb of C. sollicitans. x 240
Plate 51
1 Comb of Culex magnipennis. x 240
2 Comb of C. absobrinus. x 240
3 Comb of C. lazarensis. x 240
Plate 52
1 Comb of Culex impiger. x110
2 Comb of 5-airrier. x 110
3 Comb of Aedes fuscus, x110, portion of one scale
sketched in
4 Comb of Culex serratus. x110
5 Comb of C. cinereoborealis. x110
Plate 53
1 Comb of Culex taeniorhynchus. x 240
2 Comb of C. restuans. x240
3 Comb of C. pipiens. x 240
4 Comb of C. salinarius. x 240
5 Comb of C. triseriatus. x 240
6 Comb of C. dupreei. x110
Plate 54
1 Comb of Culex dyari. x220
2 Comb of C. atropalpus. x 240
Plate 55
1 Labial plate of Culex cinereoborealis larva. x220
2 Labial plate of C. magnipennis larva. x 220
3 Labial plate of C. atropalpus larva. x 220
4 Labial plate of C. dyari larva. x 220
5 Labial plate of C. aurifer larva. x 220
MOSQUITOS OR CULICGIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 391
Plate 56
1 Male genitalia of Janthinosoma musica. x110
2 Male genitalia of Culex jamaicensis. x110
Plate 57
1 Male genitalia of Culex melanurus. x110
2 Male genitalia of C. triseriatus. x110
ee cao
: — AGS ss
Lehrer SUAS
»
EM
=<
RAW
13 Anopheles punctipennis. 4,5 A. maculipennis
Plate 2
i ee, IP oe
2-2 D> PW a
—
Tose soroephwora ciliata. 3 Janthinosoma musica
4 Culex fitchii
Plate 3
Wey SAR Nh
HL Egll Ey THe s\\ Le
ano
: Rae em MP REP spp > pp
-« RTT TEN ORE o
putes ~~ et AOR, a oh
ret SI AN A tata NR et
* ‘San, se diecieee
{. eral
Bas Ws Lai
toeulex fitehin 2s Cy cantans. 4,5°C. sylvestris
c
‘es
Plate 4
ee Sl Rane ee
a sap om Be
- EO eee
bg en © peer ne pe.
% *
ere cececccaeeee
PoOVOwlexeeamwttaver.. 3,4 CC. SOLLTe rt aims
5 C. taeniorhynehus
~
ue, Nae elo ae teed PO! > a oi FO
hof
Plate 5
Iw
GEO \
Lt Culex taecniorhynchus. 2 CC, onondacensis
St On Cama Mem Sis. 75) Cy atropal pws
A.
dig ee
» te q?
aie ©
rat: oe
er
eo, Io EL FT ee DOr
Tes | ae le aes aa a
=
ed
Fae
Plate 6
POR Sap,
iidion
1 WRENN
Sie ay as
\ SEES ORS nr encin ERK
membvexeteropalmus. 20 C. territans, 45 C.lazarensis
Plate 7
if: j Wee
id WMA Ga ics a
1
ION
ww
Oe
—_
He all SAAN AN
WW ‘ OO NY *
PAT 4 en Hee EY WN
' \ \
ies Culex cimereoborealrs. 3.4 Cl impig.er
Plate 8
<r ew
Se =
a :
erin
ie 7 ie OO MEL apt
y Gi q Meet ld
‘
> 2. we
TN
OTN
Was) oy et ETT NN NEN TNR WES Nt sk
et SS
i? CwlLex, VisSourrmmws: 3,40 Co masnipennis
Plate 9
At aes Ee
— ee a
Srey ; en
oP. Qeee ee ew Wee
* PE DEP OD ewe teed +
Mowlex COMSODEINUS.< 2.5 °C; restuans. 4,5 ©. pipiens
Plate 10
pp me a — —- eee “
=i SISA ee S a ae a
———_—— ns SoS eg ge i A
. va - = 2”
— —_ =
A a
a ) a
= en all i
- — i
moulex dyar i.
—— 7 ol ae eee
DG. abserpratus 3,-4°Ce salinariws
DOr eet iser tds byU.s
Plate 11
= —— — = — a
= OO Re ee, Ce er eres
ear SES SNE Rg) Set ecg sere as
- ; a eS i
agit. ne gee
a ann ~ = “eo as
7 {gon
et ED ata
= <a eed ao
ifewOtdex ame iter, oo Laeniorhynchus perturbans
4,5 Aedes fuscus
Plate 12
OE te mene ‘ ee
{i PEP ap ie
TAN
SOAS EE mere rT
Wihitpoeron reer eniiar |
i My ; a inilin,: pn
MwiritMotvenia Sapphirina. 2.5 Hweoret ara und@er-
woodi. 4 Sayomyia trivittata
Plate 13
Ne
bf |
ES
1 i | f NUP 4 Reyes, st ER. .
i} ahi 4 Mea. va 4 i ee y =)
Maite LAY WR: Meats be WA ANN
AOE TAT AVE HET NY AE WANE ARERR WES. aS)
SAMA
Lf Sayouyia trivittata. 9.3 S: rotundifolia
45S. huds oma
: Plate 14
Se
Shag
12 Anopheles punctipennis. 3,4 A. maculipennis
Plate 15
Janthinosoma muSsieca
2
Pei Sono pNor a ella t 2,
3,4 Culex fitchii
a
at
Plate 16
sylvestris
3,4 C.
Gant ans.
LPT (Omnia
Plate 17
eo
awd
em,
«e.
See
© ioosin
ae on
belt dora
pa, es
ti 8
At
“3
a
Lhe ee
Oe ated
-
sollicitans
© 3 OM Our 4 C.
@@ it.) tol.
ae Cy,
Plate 18
tai 2
nee
orhynchus.
Zo ©. tayem ft
canadensis
1Ggitans.
4 C.,
soll
1 Culex
j 4
a be >. dix i
A P. ¢ Ahi ’ ;
i ven . ; ; ‘s iy ah, Ay C~
f A '
pon ee « M ba 5
Pay th He: 5 i Bary a — ie | Md
: a” aoe ci re j*
= 4 ;
Em
J .
= Ps g
:
; ’ :
‘ - e
ule 2 :
wus t ==
Fj : es :
Ned 7
‘}. - = P oly *
i é rn
=S
*
.
s
a
>
i
‘ t
|
ie
i
4 at e
. . sf ? s
- . F
e
Fr :
< R
1 !
> a
; “
a
ae .
"
> -)
= ba r
. 2 = "
i * ae
3 ‘
*
;
> at »
‘ % A
. + . .,
wf ]
{ i
“
Plate 19
me.
a cemmmttie
territans
AC:
Zee can MOO ad lp WS.
deo ule x Canad en sis:
=
Plate 20
Mea@tmle <a termimita ms. 2/3 CL. lanzaren sis.
ADO CLumereoporealis
wh
-
ue
Plate 21
&
}
is
(
i)
8
k
f
‘
\
1 Culex cinereoborealis.
. a . ™
cg ae
hee
in Ca ea SO TMS vo On alas nen pen mics
Plate 23
i
5
\
kK
ipiens
Mesh Wan ca 4 °C. ip
PPE MEM TS Zao) Ox
1 Culex magn
Plate 24
e a
ASS
ats ie
eae
eee
Zur va DiS erated till sa o.4 1. Salims ba ws
Plate 25
4
InNCulex trisertatus: 23°C. aurbtier. .4 Anopheles
maculipennis
Plate 26
o Laenvoer hy n-
4 Aedes fuscus
pipiens.
ZL OFE
DEriurbans.
ImOnumnrex Gimereo borealis,
ehus
Plate 27
iM
ve
yy ent
Cy tad
ascites
Ta ear
h
go \Uranotaemlia- Sa pip
2
4 Corethra lintneri
Stirs ears.
1 Aede
Plate 28
e oS
Tell he Si ee
mt ~ = tiga .
CE {ONS ROE
Sag
Peeonetnra cin otipes: 2 Hhmucorethra underwood i.
Soe OMY tae tinet wha ua, A. So hm so mt
Plate 29
1 Anopheles punctipennis. 2 A. maculipennis
=
Plate 30
ie Sorophorarciliata, 2 Culex cantams
Plate 31
haul excs yal Vesti Tis. 2° C6. .@athavtor
gr Bi
Plate 32
atropalpus
Pe OF
SOlmlared tans.
1 Culex
Plate 33
2
eC whe xe tale Nao fh vane hws. 2° CC. a upifer
Plate 34
Paro wlexs terrnitams.,, s CC. Canadensis
Plate 35
ae
fez
=e LA, j
iy
i Coke x diy arte 120. Crs. lags PS mSS
Plate 36
iCulex un pacer. 2. C..cinereoborealis
Plate 37
i Culex abSsobrinws.. 2 C. magnipennis
Plate 38
io Chex t.esdatams. o-9 Co pip hems
[pOOMAI9PUN BPAIQIJIIOING F “SNOSNJ Sopoy |F “SNTAVUITTVS X9I[N) ZT
&
68 321d :
SEOUL Ow MAO’ “SY TMOG OMe BuO Kia 7
OP 24¥%Id
Plate 41
Vo £LLye hii
nC.
aes
> Cwlex fiteh
Zee Or,
Loe Soroph ora «ciliata.
GCantans
Plate 42
POnhe xb aenilOorhymehus: —2°C.. sollicitans. .3 CC. can-
Cowie ae. an aqems is.) C. sylvestris
Plate 43
imOmle x tipper. 2 C. lazarensis. 3 Aedes fuseus
AC. Oyari.~ oS C.~ salinarius, 6'C. territans
Plate 44
PeCmlexspipiens, 2 CG. jamareensis. 3&8 C. restuans
4 ©. serratus. 5 C. atropalpus
Plate 45
= dae tas Greet its get
~
Ty
——
abserratus.
A DS OD im ts
Ge
2
GCintlex camercoborea lis.
1
ae Ge
nipennis.
é Pigs y
.
m” : } pease ee aa Sara een
Ree et ee er a a 8 ae a eee, ee ee
Plate 46
mowhlex melanurus. 2Uranotaenia sapphirina. 8 C. du-
prReeis Ae ediscoLlor’s Co aurifer. 6 C. triseriatus
Plate 47
3
wa vomyia Mids Oni., 28. al bipes. «8 Hucorethra
underwoodi
Plate 48
Panopheles punetipennis. °2.A. maculipennis. 3 Cu-
exe irre iivat. Oo aprroeliiss OC. discolor: 6 CC, melan-
Cie Sen ee) ea Ork a € Mal TS plat ha Nea
Plate 49
ee tke swale ri Ss. 25C, .camtator. 3 CC. ? cantams
Plate 50
3
Grimes camino s. 2. One al adem Sica on Of SOE hia ns
—s
a ' , fhe,
vt ‘
1
fi ;
" : (ie ‘ aay it
7 Tore
"i. ,
PAS f H ‘ i ;
= J | bee ear, .
; ’ 1 L
eek ww
Ra ,
i J > ,
‘ 3 i
‘
\
-
.
oe eee a
Plate 51
etek Min Sl Ep muon Ss. 2:6. absobrinwgs, oC. rauzarensis
arene <4
| e « ws = +> L- : ’ ‘ wT s h by . = +e)
» PO JU) ea) 1 GL quae 1 xoT{ |
) G
) Sal is - \ ¢ T J
SI Bo LO OVILIUTY ( SHYRVAIAIOS nN | sl. gt a sSovpv Se) vel
v
19
iar)
6G 948ld
eye hao jal yg) Seq y~ (0)
SUI ULLOS Tt Or es Ser EW Les Ss Oe pe ssl OeeG tle os), ee eine ties oid Gime = SeLLaU ie) Meet lati OMGaae Nason tle) eT
6G 9481d
Plate 54
atropal pws
Or
2
TRC Dive se .asy ey rik
Plate 55
teCulex -crmereo borealis: 2. C. magnipennis
SeOeaidweO pal pis. 24eC. Mya ris, dC. arr er
i 0 i ml Na ae i, Ss
Plate 56
LianthinosSoma musica, 2 Cuhex jamaicensts
Plate 57
fF Culex mvelLagawarws. 220. SS et a4 is
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW .YORK STATE 3914
APPENDIX
GENERIC REVISION OF CULICIDAE
Our knowledge of Culicidae has progressed so rapidly that our
American species are sadly confused, and this opportunity is
taken of presenting briefly the results of our taxonomic studies.
ANOPHELINAB |
Anopheles. Palpi. long in both sexes. Wings usually spotted
and thickly clothed with lanceolate scales. First and second
longitudinal veins extending beyond the cross veins into the basal
cells. Apical clasp segment of male genitalia evenly curved and
with an inconspicuous terminal spine. Harpes and harpagones
small. Larva with very short air tube and consolidated comb.
Species, punctipennis Say, maculipennis Meig. and
erucians Wied.
; ; CULICINAE
Psorophora. Petioles of female wing about two thirds the length
of fork cells. Posterior cross vein less than its own length
from mid cross vein. Lateral scales remarkably distinct; vein
scales long, rather broad. Male wing sparsely clothed with
scales; petioles about equal in length to their respective fork
cells, posterior cross vein less than its own length from mid cross
vein. Terminal clasp segment of male genitalia strongly curved and
armed with stout spines, basal portion stout. Harpes strongly
curved with subapical, faleate organ and terminated by a tuft of
loose filaments. Harpagones stout, with several apical teeth.
Larva with few comb scales arranged in a semicircle; anteriorly.
many minute, smaller, comblike organs, larger comb scales with
spatulate base, a large median tooth.and conspicuous lateral ones.
Species, ciliata Abr.
Janthinosoma. Female. Petioles of fork cells about one half
the length of their respective cells. -Posterior cross vein less
than its own length from mid cross vein. Lateral scales of wing
broad, well separated from the broadly triangular, closely
appressed vein scales. Male. Petioles about equal to their
respective fork cells. Posterior cross vein about its own length
from mid cross vein. Lateral scales broad, well separated from
the rather broad, closely appressed vein scales. Terminal clasp
3916 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
segment of male genitalia greatly dilated. Harpes enormously
prolonged, tipped with peculiar disklike organs; harpagones
rather prominent. Larvae with comb scales few, spatulate, each
with a large central tooth and prominent lateral ones. Species,
musica Say.
Grabhamia. Male. Petioles of fork cells about equal in length
to their respective cells. Posterior cross vein remote from
mid cross vein. Vein scales rather short, broad. Apical clasp seg-
ment of male genitalia broadly dilated; claspette represented by
a prominent spined basal lobe and a membranous apical one.
Harpes short, curved; harpagones inconspicuous. Larval comb
scales few, spatulate, each with a large central tooth and promi-
nent lateral ones. Type, jamaicensis Theo. species,
discolor Cog. : |
Culicelsa n. gen. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing
about one half its length. Posterior cross vein more than its own
length from mid cross vein. Linear scales well separated from the
subtriangular, appressed vein scales. Petiole of fork cell in male
about two thirds its length. Terminal clasp segment of male
genitalia swollen at base. Harpes with a peculiar retrorse spine.
Larva with short air tube, the comb composed of numerous, spatu-
late, spined scales. Type, taeniorhynchus Wied., species.
aurifer Cog.
Culicada n. gen. Petiole of first fork cell of female wing nearly
equal in length to that of the cell. Posterior cross vein about its
own length from mid cross vein. Long scales distinct or shading
with the closely appressed, usually thick vein scales. Petiole of
first fork cell in male equal in length to that of the cell, posterior
cross vein about its own length from mid cross vein. Terminal
clasp segment of male genitalia well developed with long apical
spine. Claspette usually represented by well defined, apical and
basal lobes. Harpes well developed, usually long and varying in
shape. Larva with good sized air tube and variable comb scales.
Type. canadensis Theo. species, cantans Meig.,
cantator Cog. sollicitans Walk, onondagensis
Felt, atropalpus Coq. triseriatus Say, and prob-
ably trivittatus Cog. Also, though possibly constituting
a subgenus: cinereoborealis Felt & Young, impiger.
Walk. lazarensis Felt & Young, pullatus (oq...
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 391¢
abserratus Felt & Young, dupreei Cogq., and probably
squamiger Coq, fitchii Felt & Young and abfitchii
Felt. a
Ecculex n.gen. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing
about one half its length. Posterior cross vein more than its
length from mid cross vein. Lateral scales long, well. separated
from the closely appressed, broad vein scales. Terminal clasp seg-
ment of male genitalia with subapical spine. Claspette a rather
conspicuous basal lobe. Harpes broad, with recurved, terminal
spine; harpagones terminated by three long, recurved spines.
Larva with well developed air tube, comb scales with spatulate
base and stout, terminal spine. Type, sylvestris Theo.,
species, melanurus Coq.
- Culicella n. gen. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing
about two thirds its length. Posterior cross vein about its own
length from mid cross vein. Lateral vein scales well defined.
Petiole of anterior fork cell in male equal or longer than its cell,
posterior cross vein less than its own length from mid cross vein.
Terminal clasp segment of male genitalia slender, slightly curved,
with small apical spine. Claspette a large basal lobe with promi-
nent chitinous spine. Larva with very long air tube and with a
large comb consisting of linear, ciliated scales. Type, dyari
Coq.
Culiseta n.gen. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing
about one half its length. Posterior cross vein less than its own
length from mid cross vein. Scales very large, lateral ones
slender, linear; vein scales closely appressed, frequently elon-
gated. Male wing with petiole of first fork call one half to two
thirds the length of the cell and the posterior cross vein about its
own length from mid cross vein. Basal clasp segment of male
genitalia triangular, apical segment slender, nearly straight.
Claspette represented by a conspicuous basal lobe with one or
more large, chitinous spines. Harpagones recurved, with several
apical teeth. Larvae with pecten prolonged into setae and with
stout, spined comb scales. Type, absobrinus Felt, species,
magnipennis Felt and probably incidens Thom.
Taeniorhynchus. Petiole of first fork cell of female wing about
two thirds the length of the cell. Posterior cross vein several
times its length from mid cross vein. Wings thickly clothed with
39id NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
conspicuous dilated scales. Terminal clasp segment of male geni-
talia slightly swollen. Claspette a conspicuous basal lobe bearing
a stout, apical spine. Harpes strongly curved and bearing a
series of stout teeth. Species, perturbans Walk.
Stegomyia. We have had no opportunity of studying either
larvae or adults of 8S. signifer Cogq., the only species liable to
occur in New York State. Judging from descriptions and a print
of the male genitalia kindly sent us by Dr Dyar, it probably be-
longs close to Taeniorhynchus.
Culex. Petioles of fork cells of female wing short, -that of the
anterior one seventh to about one fifth the length of its cell. Pos-
terior cross vein more than its own length from mid cross vein,
lateral scales linear, well defined; vein scales broadly rounded,
closely appressed. Petiole of anterior fork cell in male about one
third its length. Lateral scales well marked but more sparse than
in the other sex. Claspette represented by a prominent tuft of
chitinous spines and frequently by a dilated, spatulate organ at
the apical third and a rather inconspicuous prominence near the
base of the clasp. Larvae with very long air tube bearing incon-
Sspicuous basal pecten, and with comb composed of about 50
minute, ciliated scales. Type, pipiens Linn., species, sali-
narius Cog. restuans Theo. andterritans Walk.
Protoculex n. gen. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing
about one half the length of the cell. Posterior cross vein more
than its own length from mid cross vein. The long lateral scales
well separated from the appressed vein scales. Petiole of anterior
fork cell of the male about equal in length to that of the cell.
Terminal clasp segment of male genitalia slender, curved, with
stout apical spine. Claspette represented by a conspicuous basal
spine-bearing lobe and a longer terminal one. Harpes broadly
dilated at base, slender apically; harpagones with recurved apical
spine. Larva with medium air tube, comb consisting of a few
spinelike scales. Type, serratus Theo.
AEDEOMYINAE
Uranotaenia. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing ex-
ceedingly long. Posterior cross vein scarcely its length from mid_
cross vein. Wings remarkable on account of the varied character
of the scales. Terminal clasp segment of male genitalia straight,
MOSQUITOS OR CULICIDAE OF NEW YORK STATE 39le
tapering to an obscure point, basal portion stout. Larva with a
small, slightly curved, subcylindric air tube, and comb consisting
of a few simple spines attached to the posterior margin of a
chitinous plate. Species, sapphirina O.S8.
Aedes. Petiole of first fork cell of female wing about two thirds
the length of the cell. Posterior cross vein several times its length
from mid cross vein. Lateral scales very distinct from the closely
appressed, rather broad vein scales. Male wing nearly the same
except for its scantier clothing. Terminal clasp segment of male
genitalia subapical with a subapical spine and conspicuous basal
lobe. Harpes and harpagones relatively inconspicuous. Larva
with moderate sized air tube and comb composed of a few spine-
like scales. Species, fuscous O.S.
Wyeomyia. Petiole of first fork cell of female wing nearly one
half the length of the cell. Posterior cross vein about its own
length from mid cross vein. Lateral scales very distinct from the
rather closely appressed broad vein scales. Terminal clasp seg-
ment of male genitalia an irregular, semitransparent, trifid, spined
structure. Larva with large setae irregularly disposed on the
moderate sized air tube, and the comb composed of a few spinelike
scales bordered by a transparent, serrate margin. Species,
smithii Cog.
CORETHRINAE
Sayomyia. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing about
as long as the cell. Posterior cross vein about its length from
mid cross vein. Veins rather thickly clothed with almost linear
scales. Terminal clasp segment of male genitalia rather slender,
tapering, with long apical spine. Harpes and harpagones incon-
spicuous. Larva predaceous, with pigmented air sacs in thoracic
and eighth abdominal segments; no air tube. Species, punct :
pennis Say, trivittata Loew, albipes Johns.
rotundifolia Felt, americana Johns, hudsoni
Felt.
Eucorethra. Petiole of anterior fork cell of female wing about
two thirds the length of the cell, cross veins interstitial or nearly
so. Vein scales thick, almost linear. Terminal clasp segment of
male genitalia stout, slighty curved, with small apical spine;
391f NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
basal clasp segment. stout. Harpes inconspicuous, broadly
dilated. Type, underwoodi Undw. ;
Corethra. Petiole of anterior fork»cell of female wing about
one third the length of cell. Posterior cross vein its own length
or more from mid cross vein. Wing scales linear. Terminal
clasp segment of male genitalia long, slender, with small apical
spine; basal segment simple. Harpes and harpagones retracted.
Larva predaceous, with small air tube and air reservoirs in the
thoracic and seventh abdominal segment. Species, karner-
ensis Felt, lintneri, Felt; cimetapes, Cag. |
Corethrella. This genus is similar to Sayomyia and Corethra,
but differs from both in having the antennae fully covered with
hairs and the apical joint shorter than the intermediate ones. The
larva is said to resemble that of Corethra much more closely than
that of Sayomia. Species, brakeleyi Coq.
ERRATA
P. 339, line 16, for ‘““‘Aedomyniae” read ‘“‘Aedeomyinae.”
INDEX
The superior figures tell the exact place on the page in ninths; e. g. 378°
means page 378 beginning in the third ninth of the page, i. e. about one
third of the way down.
are printed in black face type.
Abfitchii, Culex, see Culex abfitchii.
abserratus, Culex, see Culex abser-
ratus.
absobrinus, Culex, see Culex abso-
brinus.
Adams, C. F., cited, 377.
Aedeomyinae, 264", 339°; key to
genera, 339°.
Aedes, 247°, 265°, 265’, 339°, 3787.
fuscus, 280°, 284° 2851, 2927, 304,
316', 317', 3397-40", 374°, 376°,
378%, 378", 380", facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 383°, 386°,
388%, 388°, 390+.
figures, 340.
sapphirina, 374°.
Smithii, 340°, 3411, 375°, 376', 377°, |
3S".
affinis, Culex, 377’.
albipes, Corethra, 378°.
albipes, Sayomyia, see Sayomyia
albipes.
Aldrich, J. M., cited, 377’.
americana, Pelorempis, 378%.
americana, Sayomyia, see Sayomyia
americana.
annulata, Theobaldia, 381°.
annulatus, Culex, see Culex annula-
tus.
Anopheles, 248°, 252°-55°, 258°, 2597,
2625, 265°, 266°=70",, 3385) 375°,
OL, Ot, Ol; O10; OlOy
figures, 2538, 254, 268.
barberi, 377°.
crucians, 246%, 270’,
380°.
767, 380°,
Page numbers referring to descriptions of species
Anopheles eiseni, 376°.
maculipennis, 246°, 266°, 2677-69°,
Pitr, of4, 375°. 316, 318°, 373,
379%, 380', 380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 3827, 384°,
386°, 386°, 389".
punctipennis, 246°, 253', 266*-67°,
270°, 324’, 333°, 374°, 376", 378°,
378°, 378°, 380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 382', 384',
386°, 389". ;
figures, 266, 267.
Anophelinae, 264°, 2661-70". -
apicalis, Culex, 377’.
appendiculata, Corethra, 378°.
' Aquatic insects, enemies of mosqui-
tos, 256°.
atropalpus, Culex, see Culex atro-
palpus.
aurifer, Culex, see Culex aurifer.
Bailhache, P. W., cited, 381°.
barberi, Anopheles, 377°.
Barlow, mentioned. 257°.
Bats, natural enemies of mosquitos,
pia te
Beach, F. C., cited, 381".
Berkeley, W. N., cited, 376°, 381°
Bibliography, 374°-81°.
Big wood mosquito, 276%-77+.
bimaculatus, Culex, 376%, 3787.
Birds, natural enemies of mosquitos,
257'; infected with malaria by
mosquito bites, 375°.
Black mosquito, little, 307*-9°.
Brakeley, J. Turner, cited, 327°, 336°,
346°.
394
brakeleyi, Corethra, 376°, 376°, 377+.
brakeleyi, Corethrella, 338°,346°-47*,
378%.
Brown salt marsh mosquito, 293%-
9+.
Brown -wood mosquito, 284°-89°.
canadensis, Culex, see Culex cana-
densis. as
cantans, Culex, see Culex cantans.
eantator, Culex. see Culex cantator.
chamberlaini, Mimomyia, 380".
Chambers, W. W., cited, 376°, 377°.
ciliata, Psorophora, see Psorophora
ciliata.
einctipes,
cinctipes.
Corethra,
|
|
|
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Corethrella, 265*, 3455, 345°, 346'-47,
SO, ate
brakeleyi, 338°, 346°-47*, 378°.
Corethrinae, 264°, 345*-74°; key to
genera, 345°.
Cravath, P. D., cited, 381°
| erucians, Anopheles, see Anopheles
cerucians.
| Culex, 262°, 265%, 271°, 277-337, 378°;
see Corethra |
cinereoborealis, Culex, see Culex cin- |
ereoborealis,
Claflin, John, cited, 381°.
Cobbett, Louis, cited, 375’.
Conchyliastes musicus, 376°.
varipes, 379°.
confinis, Culex, 278? 302°, 377°.
consobrinus, Culex, see Culex con- |
sobrinus.
Coquillett, D. W., acknowledgments
to, 242°; cited, 303°, 306’, 326*, 332°, |
338°, 338°, 341°, 346°, 3567, 375°, 375‘,
R16, S17; 319".
Corethra, 248', 262°, 265°, 345", 345°,
347*-57*, 378°.
albipes, 378°.
appendiculata, 378°.
brakeleyi, 376°, 376°, 377%.
cinctipes, 356°-57*, 377.
explanation of plate, 386".
figure, 356.
culiciformis, 348°.
karnerensis 7. sp., 347°-53*.
figures, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352.
lintneri 7. sp., 330, 353*-56.
explanation of plate, 386°.
figures, 353, 354, 355.
pallida, 374°.
plumicornis, 374°, 378°.
punctipennis, 378°.
trivittata, 376°, 378°.
velutina, 347°, 380°.
figures, 253, 254; key for de-
termining females, 277°-79°; key
for determining larvae, 279°-81°.
abfitchii, 381°.
explanation of plates, 388°, 389".
abserratus, 278°, 280°, 329%-32?,
358°, 880°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 3837, 385°,
389%.
figures, 329, 330, 331.
absobrinus 7. sp., 278’, 280", 318°-
22’, 325', facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 383*, 385",
387°, 389%, 390°.
figures, 319, 320, 321.
affinis, 377’.
annulatus, 278°, 303', 374°, 376°.
apicalis, 377.
atropalpus, 278, 2798, 280%, 303°,
305°*-6°, 376, 376% 311, ale,
380°.
explanation of plates, 382°, 385%,
387%, 389°, 390°, 390°.
aurifer, 279°, 281°, 335°, 3386°-37°,
37, 280°, 380%.
explanation of plates, 383°, 386°.
3887T*, 389°, 390*, 390°.
bimaculatus, 376*, 378°.
canadensis, 250*, 278%, 2808, 284°,
2857, 286, 292°, 303%-4%, 305%,
306°, 315°, 316, 337% S393 agen
31T,. 377, 378°, 318°, 319, 3807
facing p.26A4.
explanation of plates, 382°, 3857,
387, 388", 390°.
cantans, 277°, 280°, 284°, 284°-89*,
289°, 2937, 295°; 302", aiatate.
17, 324°, 339°, 316, sifeeetes
378°, 378°, 379°, 3807, 380°, 380°,
380°, 381°, facing p.264.
Culex
-
INDEX TO MOSQUITOS OF NEW YORK
eantans, explanation of
plates, 382°, 384’, 387', 388°,
389°, 3907.
figures, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287,
Pe 28S.
cantator, 2487, 248", 255%, 277%, 281’, .
293°-94’, 377°, 379%, 380°, fac-
ing p.264.
explanation of plates, 382°, 384%,
3877, 388’, 389°.
cinereoborealis, 278°, 280°, 284%,
285', 3041, 3121-16°, 317', 324%,
330', 339°, 353°, 380°, facing
p.264.
explanation of plates, 383°, 385°,
B80, B81, 389% 390%, 390°.
figures, 312, 318, 314, 315, 316.
confinis, 2787, 302°, 377°.
consobrinus, 316°, 318°, 318°, 377°,
att, O19, oto, 2o0 .
explanation of plate, 383°.
curriei, 375", 380".
discolor, 278', 279°, 297*-98', 377°,
380%, 380°.
explanation of plates, 389+ 389°.
dupreei, 279°, 280°, 334°-355, 379°,
380".
explanation of plates, 389* 390".
dyari, 278*, 278°, 279°, 2817, 306°-
i 5.o10 , O10, D101, SA.
explanation of plates, 3837, 385°,
887°, 388°, 3907 390°.
fasciatus, 338°.
fatigans, 300".
fitchii, 277°, 279°, 281°-84°, 380°.
explanation of plates, 382*, 384°,
388°, 389".
figures, 282, 283.
fletcheri, 376°.
hyemalis, 374°.
impiger, 278°, 280°, 284°, 2851, 304,
315°, 316°-18%, 329%, 339°, 3407,
379°, 380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 383*, 385°,
387", 388°, 390+.
figures, 316, 317, 318.
incidens, 379%.
jamaicensis, 278', 279°, 290°, 298°-
3012, 3067.
Culex jamaicensis,
\
|
|
395
explanation of
plates, 389’, 391'.
figures, 298, 299, 300.
kelloggii, 379*.
lazarensis, 278°, 281', 3097-11',
330', 353°, 380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 383’, 385%,
387%, 388°, 390°.
figures, 310, 311.
magnipennis 2. sp., 278,
3228-25', facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 383*, 385’,
385°, 387%, 3897, 390*,- 390°.
melanurus, 279°, 337°, 376, 376°,
378%.
explanation of plates, 389*, 389°,
391°.
nanus, 378".
nemorosus, 278°, 312?, 332%, 374°.
higripes, 3177, 317°, 318°.
MISMMMNUNS. Soo, O11, oto, oto.
nivitarsis, 379°.
onondagensis n. sp., 278*, 304°-5°.
explanation of plates, 382%, 384°.
particeps, 377".
perturbans, 377’, 378°, 380".
pipiens, 248", 250°, 255°, 258°, 260°,
PO eto 2a. SOS, o26', 326°,
327', 328'-29%, 332°, 3335, 376°,
376", 378°, 378°, 378°, 378°, 380°,
381°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 383°, 385°,
386%, 388", 888°, 390°.
figures, 250, 251, 328.
pullatus, 379°.
punctor, 379°, 380*.
pungens, 3457, 375+, 375°, 3761, 377°,
378°.
quadrivittatus, 376°.
reptans, 378°, 379°, 380°.
restuans, 278%, 279°, 325'-27°, 376°,
S(T, 318), 378°, 378°, 380°, 380,
facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 383°, 385%,
387°, 389", 390°.
figures, 308, 326, 327.
280’,
salinarius, 278°, 279°, 332°-33%+,
379", 380°, 380°.
explanation of plates, 383", 386",
3887, 388°, 390°.
396
Culex serratus, 2797, 279", 2807, 329%,
334’, 334°, 379°.
explanation of plates, 3891, 390°.
signifer, 375°, 3787.-
sollicitans, 248°, 248", 2507, 259°,
2 2S Loe 2a eee
294’-97%, 3007, 301°, 302°, 302°,
Boz, 3005 O10, O10, Os oll,
STC, HELO, O15, ole, ole;
379%, 379°, 380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 382°, 384°,
385', 387, 388°, 390°.
figures, 294, 295.
spencerii, 380".
squamiger, 277', 281°, 376%.
stimulans, 284’, 290°.
sylvestris, 250%, 277°, 280%, 284°,
289°-93’, 293%, 298°, 306°, 324’,
Boo O40, O10, 11, ole, 16s
378°, 379°, 380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 382°, 384’,
B87 4 Boo Ose.
figures, 285, 290, 291.
taeniorhynchus, 278%, 279%, 293%,
294°, 295*, 301°-2°, 376", 377,
3787, 3808, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 382’, 385’,
387', 388°, 390%.
figure, 301.
tarsalis, 3757, 379°.
territans, 278°, 279°, 306°, 3077-9°,
324’, 376", 877, 378°, 378°, 379°,
380°, facing p.26A.
explanation of plates, 382°, 383".
SoD, ao) , aot , SoS.
figures, 307, 308.
trichurus, 380*.
triseriatus, 279°, 280°, 335°-36',
336°, OIl’, SI, Ole, abe.
explanation of plates, 383%, 386’,
389°, 390°, 391°.
trivittatus, 279, 280°, 333*, 376°,
380%.
varipalpus, 376°, 379°, 3807.
vexans, 2907.
vittatus, 380°.
Culicid genitalia, table facing p.264.
Culicidae, 260'-64°; key to subfami-
lies, 264°.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
culiciformis, Corethra, 348°.
culiciformis, Mochlonyx, 348', 374’,
374. ;
Culicinae, 264°, 271'-339°.
culicis, Empusa, 257%.
_ curriei, Culex, 375‘, 380°.
curriei, Grabhamia, 379%.
Davenport, C. B., cited, 377°
Davis, G. C., cited, 249%, 376°.
Diking, to destroy breeding places,
259°.
| Dimmock, George, cited, 374", 374°.
| discolor, Culex, see Culex discolor.
Diseases carried by mosquitos, 245%-
AT’, 259°, 2661, 374", 375+, 3155, 375,
378%, 379%, 381°:
Dragon flies, natural enemies of
mosquitos, 256°, 2577, 374.
Drainage as a method of control,
244’, 258°, 259°-60?.
Dupree, J. W., cited, 378".
dupreei, Culex, see Culex dupreei.
Dyar, H. G., acknowledgments to,
242%, cited, 250°, 250°, 269%, 2707,
287', 288', 289°, 290%) (257 2ooas
293°, 298°, 301’, 302%, 303%, 304%,
306', 306%, 306°, 306°, 307°, 308’,
308°, 309, 326°, 3277, S821) aaa,
328°, 336, 336°, 336°, 337%, 337°,
338, 338°, 339°, 3417, 345', 360’,
361°, 3635, 375°, 376, 373), aio oo,
Dol.
dyari, Culex, see Culex dyari.
eiseni, Anopheles, 376°.
Empusa culicis, 257%.
papilata, 257°.
Entomophthora n. sp. 257°.
spaerosperma, 257+.
Hucalyptus, value of in warding off
mosquitos, 3751.
Eucorethra, 265°, 345’, 345°, 357+602,
Si fer |
underwoodi, 330', 345°, 353°, 35'7°-
60°, 379°, 3798, 3807, facing
p.264.
explanation of plates, 384°, 386°,
388%, 389°.
figure, 358.
Explanation of plates, 382-90.
INDEX TO MOSQUITOS OF NEW YORK
fasciata, Stegomyia, see Stegomyia
fasciata.
fasciatus, Culex, 338°.
fatigans, Culex, 300".
Felt, E. P., cited, 378*, 380°, 381’.
Ficalbi, Eugenio, cited, 303°, 375°.
Filariasis, carried by mosquitos,
247°.
Finlay, Dr, cited, 246°.
Fish, natural enemies of mosquitos,
Ae a0, 260°.
Fitch, Asa, cited, 374°.
fitchii, Culex, see Culex fitchii.
fletcheri, Culex, 376%.
Fungus diseases, mosquitos attacked
fez 1, 378°.
fuscus, Aedes, see Aedes fuscus.
Giant mosquito, 272-76".
Giles, G. M., cited, 290°, 303°, 348’,
Sty.
Gorgas, W. C., cited, 381°
Grabham, Dr, cited, 340+.
Grabhamia curriei, 379+.
jamaicensis, 380°.
vittata, 379°.
warmis, HH. F.,
cited, 378".
Herrick, G. W., cited, 300’,
B00®, 3017, 378°, 380°.
House mosquito, 328'-29°%.
Howard, L. O., acknowledgments to,
Bae, ‘eiteds” 253°, 254°. 257, 2594,
267, 269*, 269°, 275°, 277, 289",
Wag ott, olo,. o18,. B00, 339%,
344°, 375', 375°, 375°, 381°.
howardii, Psorophora, 875’.
Hudson, G. H., cited, 305°.
hudsoni, Sayomyia, see Sayomyia
hudsoni.
hyemalis, Culex, 374°.
mentioned, 276°;
300°,
impiger, Culex, see Culex impiger.
incidens, Culex, 379°.
incidens, Theobaldia, 379%.
jamaicensis, Culex, see Culex
jamaicensis.
jamaicensis, Grabhamia, 380°.
397
| Janthinosoma, 2717, 271°.
musica, 276%-77*, 380°.
explanation of plates, 382+, 384°,
3911.
figures, 273, 276.
Johannsen, O. S., cited, 267°, 284%,
288", 288? 289°, 327%) 328%, 500°;
340°, 341°, 346’, 346°, 357, 368",
368°, 370°, 378°.
Johnson, C. W., cited, 380°.
karnerensis, Corethra, see Corethra
karnerensis.
kelloggii, Culex, 379*.
Kerosene, treating surface of breed-
ing places with, 259'; device for
catching mosquitos, 259°; and
mutton tallow to protect animals
from mosquitos, 375’.
Kerr, W. C., cited, 381°.
Key to subfamilies of Culicidae,
2645; generic, of culicid larvae,
265'; to genera of Culicinae, 271°;
for determining females of the
genus Culex, 277°-79; for deter-
mining Culex larvae, 279°-81*; to
genera of Aedeomyinae, 339°; to
genera of Corethrinae, 345°.
King, A. F. A., cited, 374’.
Knab, Frederick, cited, 380*, 380°,
381°.
Koebele, cited, 256°.
Lamborn, R. H., cited, 374°.
Larvae, 250°; generic key, 26571.
lazarensis, Culex, see Culex laza-
rensis.
Lederle, E. J., cited, 381°.
Lindsley, J. G., cited, 257°.
Lintner, J. A., cited, 375%.
lintneri, Corethra, see
lintneri.
Lockhead, W., cited, 376°.
Ludlow, C. S., cited, 303%, 376°, 380".
Lugger, Otto, cited, 375°.
Lutz, F. Bs eitede siG) ST".
Corethra
McDonald, Ian, cited, 375+.
maculipennis, Anopheles, see Anoph-
eles maculipennis.
398 NEW
magnipennis, Culex, see Culex mag- |
nipennis.
' Malaria, carried by mosquitos, 246°,
266, 3T4!, 375*, 375", 31D", STS, 319%,
381°; birds infected with, 375°.
Marlatt, C. L., cited, 328°.
Matheson, W. J., cited, 381°.
Megarhinus rutila, 375.
Meinert, F. V. A., specimens sent by,
348*, 368°; acknowledgments to,
370°; cited 374', 374°.
melanurus, Culex, see Culex melanu-
rus.
Miller, Spencer, cited, 381°.
Mimomyia chamberlaini, 380".
Mochlonyx culiciformis, 348,
ae.
Morgan, H. A., cited, 376°, 378".
Mosquitos, adult, 247°-48*; areas fa-
vorable to production of, 244+;
methods of collecting and breed-
ing, 2517-527; methods of control,
244°, 258'-60", 375', 375°, 375°, 376°,
we, ST STC, FSS Se. ais
381*; destruction of semidomestic
species, 258°-59°; as carriers of
disease, 245°-47°, 259°, 266, 374°,
ois, oto", did, ola, oto, aor’;
distribution and abundance, 247°;
eggs, 250°; natural enemies, 256°-
57°, 260°. figure showing parts
used in classification, 261; haunts
and breeding places, 2527-56*; hi-
bernation, 249°, 378"; larvae, 250°;
larval keys, 265', 279%; life
history, 249°-51'; migratory habits,
248°, 376°, 379°; number of species,
243*; pupae, 251'; salt marsh and
wild, 255°-56*, 259°-60°; wild, 259*-'
60°; wing structure, 262°.
Murray, C. H., cited, 374°.
musica, Janthinosoma, see Janthino-
soma musica. ,
musicus, Conchyliastes, 377’.
Mutton tallow, to protect animals
from mosquitos, 375*.
Myzomyia rossi var. indefinita, 380".
374’,
nanus, Culex, 377°.
Natural enemies, 256°-57°, 260°.
YORK STATE MUSEUM
Needhain, J. G., cited, 359%.
nemorosus, Culex, see Culex nemo-
rosus.
nigricans, Taeniorhynchus, 379°.
nigripes, Culex, 317°, 317°, 318°.
nigritulus, Culex, see Culex nigri-
tulus.
nivitarsis, Culex, 379°.
North Shore Improvement Associa-
tion, work of, 243°, 377°; reports,
376°, 3TT°.
Nott, Josiah C., cited, 2467. ‘
Nuttall, G. H. F., cited, 254, 375+,
375°.
onondagensis, Culex
onondagensis.
Osborn, Herbert, cited, 375*.
Osten Sacken, C. R., cited, 361°, 363%,
3TA®.
Oviposition habits, 250%.
Culex, see
pallida, Corethra, 374°.
papilata, Empusa, 257°.
particeps, Culex, 377’.
Pelorempis, 378°.
americana, 378°.
Perry, J. C., cited, 381°.
perturbans, Culex, 377°, 378%, 380".
perturbans, Taeniorhynchus, 339,
383°, 3861.
Petroleum, spraying breeding places
with, 260°.
Pettit, R. H., cited, 257°, 257°, 378°.
Phantom larvae, 360°-74°*.
| pipiens, Culex, see Culex pipiens.
Plates, explanation of, 382-90.
plumicornis, Corethra, 374°, 378°.
plumicornis, Sayomyia, see Sayo-
Imyia plumicornis.
Psorophora, 265°, 271°, 378°.
ciliata, 271*, 272'-76', 378*, 378°,
380°, facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 382°, 384°,
387", 388°.
figures, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276.
howardii, 375".
pullatus, Culex, 379°.
punctipennis, Anopheles, see Anoph-
eles punctipennis.
INDEX TO MOSQUITOS OF NEW YORK
punctipennis, ‘Corethra, 378°.
punctipennis, Sayomyia, 361’.
punctor, Culex, 379°, 380+.
pungens, Culex, see Culex pungens.
Pyrethrum fumes for mosquitos,
2m, Sia".
quadrivittatus, Culex, 376°.
Railway trains, mosquitos conveyed
by, 249%, 296°.
Rain barrel mosquito, 328'29°. ©
Remedies, 258*-60°, 375°, 375°, 376°,
MiG weds G(s o15, O19, S10,
381+
breeding places, abolishing, 203°.
spraying with petroleum, 260'.
diking, 259°.
drainage, 244, 258°, 259°.
Euealyptus, 375'.
fish as enemies, 256°, 259', 260°.
kerosene, 259', 259°, 3757.
mutton tallow and kerosene, 375’.
natural enemies, 256°-57°, 260”.
petroleum, 260°.
pyrethrum, 259°, 375’.
screening dwellings, 259°.
reptans, Culex, 378°, 379°, 380°.
restuans, Culex, see Culex restuans.
Riley, C. V., cited, 375*.
Robinson, W. F., cited, 378°.
Ross, Ronald, cited, 375°, 375’, 376°.
rossi var. indefinita, Myzomyia, 380".
rotundifolia, Sayomyia,
myia rotundifolia.
rutila, Megarhinus, 3757.
salinarius, Culex, see Culex sali-
narius.
Salmon, E. P., cited, 257’.
Salt marsh mosquitos, 2557-56*, 259°-
OOF Oi.
brown, 293°-94’.
small, 301°%-2°.
unbanded, 332°-33%.
white banded, 294°-97?.
Sapphirina, Aedes, 374°.
sapphirina, Uranotaenia, see Urano-
taenia sapphirina.
see Sayo- |
399
Say, Thomas, cited, 277°.
Sayomyia, 248', 262°, 265°, 3457, 345°,
360°-748, 377°.
albipes, 363°-66°,
explanation of plate, 389°.
figures, 364, 365.
americana, 368°-'70°.
figures, 370.
hudsoni 2. sp., 371'-74*, facing
aoa
explanation of plates, 384°, 386°,
388%, 389°.
figures, 371, 372.
plumicornis, 368".
figures, 369.
punctipennis, 361".
rotundifolia 7. sp., 366°-68°, facing
p.264.
explanation of plates, 384°, 388%.
trivittata, 361'-63°, 380°.
explanation of plates, 3847, 386%.
figures, 361, 362.
scutellaris, Stegomyia, 381°.
Seal, W. P., cited, 298°.
serratus, Culex, see Culex serratus.
Shaler, N. S., cited, 377°
Shipley, Arthur E., cited, 254*, 375°.
Signifer, Culex, 3757, 378.
signifer, Stegomyia, 3387-39’, 3771.
Signipennis, Taeniorhynchus, 379%.
Small salt marsh mosquito, 301°-2°.
Smith, J. B., cited, 248’, 249°, 270%,
2D phd. 280 28k 298i 289%,
BONS HOE LOA, «LOL As e208
293", 205", 295°, 296, 297°, . 298%,
3007, 301’, 3027, 302°, 302°, 303°,
3047, 304°, 304°, 308’, 308°, 309%,
327, 332’, 332°, 3337, 333’, 334,
304%, 334", 335°, 335*, 3357, 336%,
336°, 337, 339, 344°, 3467, 347’,
316°, 377 o19, oo0', SSL*.
smithii, Aedes, see Aedes smithii.
Snow, I. H., cited, 379°, 381".
sollicitans, Culex, see Culex sollici-
tans.
spaerosperma, Entomophthora, 257'.
spencerii, Culex, 380".
squamiger, Culex, 277’, 281°, 376%.
400 NEW YORK
Stegomyia, 265°, 2714, 2715, 3381-39+.
fasciata, 246°, 336°, 379°, 381°.
scutellaris, 381°.
signifer, 335°-39°, 377".
stimulans, Culex, 284’, 2907.
Strangeways-Pigg, T., cited, 375°.
Swamp lands, near New York city,
244; need of general biologic sur-
vey, 245°.
Swamp mosquito, 289%-937.
sylvestris, Culex, see Culex sylves-
tris.
Taeniorhynchus, 271’.
nigricans, 379°.
perturbans, 339°.
explanation of plates, 383°, 386%.
signipennis, 379°.
taeniorhynchus, 302’.
taeniorhynchus, Culex,
taeniorhynchus.
tarsalis, Culex, 375°, 379°.
territans, Culex, see Culex territans.
Theobald, F. V.,
243°; cited, 263%, 269%, 27, 286,
2897, 2955, 3025. 302%, 43037, 2035
310 3233826, Gee") dae, oe,
344°, 348', 3767, 379°, 381’.
Theobaldia annulata, 381’.
incidens, 379".
trichurus, Culex, 380*.
triseriatus, Culex, see Culex triseri-
atus.
trivittata, Corethra,
see Culex
iG’, ots.
trivittata, Sayomyia, see Sayomyia |
trivittata.
trivittatus, Culex, see Culex trivit-
tatus.
Unbanded salt marsh mosquito,
332°-33*.
STATE
Walker, C. M.,
monograph by, |
MUSEUM
Underwood, W. L., cited, 359", 379°.
underwoodi, Eucorethra, see Euco-
rethra underwoodi.
| Uranotaenia, 262°, 265°, 338°, 3397,
341°-45*, 378".
sapphirina, 342'-45*, 375%,
378°, 378", facing p.264.
explanation of plates, 384’, 3865
389%, 3895.
figures, 342, 348, 344.
376°
Van Dine, D. L., cited, 381°.
varipalpus, Culex, 376°, 379°, 380°.
varipes, Conchyliastes, 379°.
velutina, Corethra, 347°, 3807.
| vexans, Culex, 290".
Viereck, H. L., cited, 297°.
| vittata, Grabhamia, 379%.
vittatus, Culex, 380°.
field work, 242;
cited, 290.
Weeks, H. C., cited, 377%
Weidemann, cited, 270*.
| Wesche, W., cited, 381°.
| White banded salt marsh mosquito,
2942-97',
_ White dotted mosquito, 3257-27°.
Whitney, Milton, cited, 381°
Wild mosquitos, 255'-56*, 259*-607.
Woodland pool mosquito, 303*-4°.
Wright, M. J., cited, 376%
379, 381".
| Yellow fever carried by mosquitos,
| 246°-472,
| Young, D. B., acknowledgments to,
| 242?: keys prepared by, 271%, 277;
cited, 380°.
LIBRARIAN
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