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- FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


BOARD OF CONTROL 


OF THE 


* NEW YORK 


A Agricultural Experiment Station, 


(GENEVA, ONTARIO COUNTY.) 
POM THE YEAR 1S o)5, 


With Reports of Director and Other Officers. 


van TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE MARCH 138, 1896. ~~ . 
; 


WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., 
STATE PRINTERS, 
ALBANY AND NEW YORK. 
1896. 


STATE OF (NEWMayY OBK* | 


1 

. et —?_ | 

No. 70. ao” ti tod 
i | 
| 
. 


IN ASSEMBLY, 


Marcu 13, 1896. 


FourTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


Board of Control of the New York Agricultural 
Experiment Station. 


STATE OF NEW YORK: 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
Apany, March 15, 1896. 


To the Assembly of the State of New York: 

I have the honor to herewith transmit the Fourteenth Annual 
Report of the Director and Board of Managers of the New 
York Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in 
pursuance of the provisions of the Agricultural Law, Chapter 
338 of the Laws of 1893. 

I am, respectfully yours, 
FRED. C. SCHRAUB, 


Commissioner of Agriculture. 


Ta.9 5. 
ORGANIZATION OF THE STATION. 


BOARD OF CONTROL. 


GOVERNOR MORTON........--------------- Albany. 

CHARLES JONES ........------------------- Geneseo, Livingston County. 
WILLIAM C. BARRY..---.-.-----.------------- Rochester, Monroe County. 
PHILIP N. NICHOLAS ....-...--------------- Geneva, Ontario County. 
FAUIDRVIOAUN, RU Bion 2 Som me cicic anne eee n= Watkins, Schuyler County. 

So be AM MOND: 2252. .s2 sce sss. -- 22s cee son Geneva, Ontario County. 
WILLIAM D. BARNS. ..-.--.-.--.---..-------- Middle Hope, Orange County. 
MARTIN V. B. IVES ..----.----------- ------ Potsdam, St. Lawrence County. 
LUMAN D. OLNEY......--------------------- Watertown, Jefferson County. 
A. C. CHASE. .....--.---.------ -----+ +--+ ---- Syracuse, Onondaga County. 


OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. 


MARTIN V. B. IVHS.~ .. .22 222.2 oon en cece een wens cece ee President. 

Wi. OU HANLON. - o-oo 2 ces vemees cme nen cones > ---- erence Secretary and Treasurer. 
CHARLES JONES, 

Puriie N. NICHOLAS, 


Pere LeROND ST) CVT NOME Po Sect se ecole Executive Committee. 
L. D. OLNEY, 


W. C. BARRY, 
ADRIAN TUTTLE, 


STATION STAFF. 


Acting Director and Chemist....----.-------------- LL. LL. VANSiyxg, Pu. D. 
Hara LPASSinhanite seen cee eae t ek te ee Hee eee cee ce.) Se WELLIAM' Po WHEELER: 


Horticulturist ---.-..-..-. SC Sao wes bobo SaSRooee S. A. Bracu, M. S. 
Assistant Horticulturist ....--.-------------------- WENDELL PADDOCK, B.S. 
Entomologist......---.-------------- +--+ -+---+----- *F. A. SIRRINE, M. S. 
Entomologist..--...----.---------++---+-+-----+---- * Victor H. Lowe, B. S. 
Mycologist .....----------- ------ -+---- ------+----- *F. C. STEWART, M. S. 
INGSISTAND CHEMISG, .-2 soe stemiseise sie alelciine a slo emo =i C. G. JENTER, PH. C. 
ASiigimiy (OliGHiT Ei oapeeeonccoc[ o5ccDdmonermosserose A. L. Knistry, M., S$. 
Assistant Chemist. ....-..----.------------ e-0----- tA. DuCook, PH. C: 
ASSIStaTh CHOMUIStS) oe sone = ec mete ewe senele moines (= === tH. H. SEEty, A. B. 
Assistant Chemist ....-...----..----- ---.---------- tW. H. ANDREWS, B. S. 
Agriculturist ...--.---..------2------------2--- .--- GEORGE W. CHURCHILL. 
Clerk and Stenographer....-..---------------------- FRANK E. NEWTON. 


* Connected with Second Judicial District Branch Station. 
+Connected with Fertilizer Control. 


oe ye ae 
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TAREE. OF CON TEN bo: 


PAGE. 
MTOR SULCLINM ICE DOLUs. ei sale tccrere cs « cle cterete silelete cae armcteleveratcistereis «, c stetere-ciere cut il 
Benorear ocune Hirector/ and Chemist.0. . 0 <b. cscs cases ccc occ owes 5 
LOT PLOVEMeNtS! AN Ge Ad Gil ONS. trp leperelefelefoucveeis ete ecton tele = ol at ctaeie! <)ars 6 
Outlinevot (different Teports.../ 2. estore cleeleloleleetelele en sloeisieers anes 6 
Bulletins* published? during W89be cp. ir ar.e e es apetetals acl icicle sete stelee ss 9 
Tabulated statement of laboratory Work..............eeeccee cece 10 
Arrangement o£, Chemical Works .io\.fois sss ots oite/erele a e.e osteo aie cl arctere ial 
IXG TREES ET CG GOO IDIOM OTRO DGIAD CIC CRRAIONO SS OCRE ICR ROR Ea. ac Coucact rie 11 
Comparative profits derived from selling milk, butter, cream and 
CHEECH Giarislere tee eicia crateneierecslm ce atehelone aiersie-eleierciate srerticieisl ecreterecrevenaiers 11 
Comparative field-tests of commercial fertilizers used in raising 
DO LALO CSM Pye cic clot tots terete [a laira\o ails farteoyelemeteretel states etc: cuticle: lst srmvele etetotenes Pees 25 
The chemistry of plants, plant-foods and soils.................... 37 
Description of materials used as fertilizers...................... 59 
The purchase and-use'of fertilizers... shines ass cele be oo aden 82 
Pheyarithmetie: of LexrtiliZerss.r-\.ccieetas we Melee ole oe visle amelie ersherenele 125 
Average composition and value of different fertilizing materials 
ADIGA TIVO CROPS a sevct clove orerenetewi ole etal acahonce aietoatens eiklarS-ot aha cholate ats oiae 142 
HERING we VOLK MOrbiliZery, Liaw. te ieterer co tetevarntelstetoae store choles elatelers oooh ee 149 
Analyses of fertilizers collected during the spring of 1895........ 156 
Analyses of fertilizers collected during the fall of 1895............ 198 
GOIGESHCOMUN Oo SUE] OMe tere, cis acer eu svaie s orsrerotere apevelatcioterenetehe tei ehet sieuaieie oersteners 230 
Newspapers and periodicals presented to the Station............. 239 
Rules of Station governing gratuitous chemical analyses for pri- 
WEL E Cu DCLSO TM eterctatersse iol seis: sisisystsiielel s)isis lovai.o:.6 evs. sjsueh velo Pakeyevayeopersrele ceerene 241 
Report of Horticulturist: 
SUMMALY OF WOLkK MIM ASO5:: ay. revelers vevortetoehatecs inal aieiek cots cee etaeteeines 247 
Special work in the second judicial department.................. 248 
PRENTIN OS EL ULES ic 50: ic mmcteneneytore tetera aoa eis oe oes 6 oo ea eee 249 
Variety test of apples and crab-apples...........00cc cece ccccccce 251 
Mistotmpears in Stations Orehardsy ety. 0s Suc. Soceiere tae eee 267 
bisthoL quincestiniStationsorchards. nas). Liss avo cole eel vieeiaie oaie = 268 
WALICGyAtESE OL ADLICOTS Wirt. de sele tiae sts. ore cis aletoe satere stare mbate cece a 268 
AUUO Vea CRETE Yee rer sys 'cre)'s «i stepetereteys cy eiansiahels':s av 1c, Siar ate opener etetersisee ts einoeteraee 274 
WiATLGEYL LEST OLFELAPOS:., ...:0/ctscreve 5 cvare.s c/a! a ee sel eleieterelovere @evshele et eisleis sre 274 
Currant culture’ and: report on’ varieties... . 1 ceeees crocs scene 280 


Variety tests of blackberries and dewberries..................... 302 


Vili ConTENTS. 


Report of Horticulturist — Continued). PAGE. 
Variety tests of raspberries s:'o2).\. sisters oie, ere)ssercissseeneie sleet een mele tevaletotele 304 
Variety test. of strawberries). ci... 2)\< «s0\e/s<spereece crore orale semen neers 311 
Productiveness of grapes as affected by the self-fertilization of their 

DIOSSOWIRE (a ieieka-etela’s go Se edsisve cf oe ighe '' alo otis teres otal eperenetebots) levee renee eeeneTe ae 320 
Moreing Letcuce in POs. < <).). «1. lei c= 1+ cvchotstelelolehoneyateiers) chatelorcler neko aerenene 326 
Mushroomsias' a greenhouse Crop): «= 2. cleus oc stonelsicie ciereielslerslolelenentele 331 
ASP DEELEY TANTO ACTIOSCN. oie.cie1 ce cls «10 +) lopalolel>l <feuetectelehotshetatsre)e)sleleiet neta 342 
Treatment of common diseases and insects injurious to fruits and 

ViESOTADIES) 2 o.ci avers a's: 0ie 0: e.ore wei) cis 'opnlle le (vabelehe cuelouetehotetoR noe hematin seat reais 345 

Report of MirstcAssistant: . 25 .< <<<). selene eters cicic atari oh ict neeneye tains 391 
(Of hoe (muds 0bU0 saree er EE A Sata Como bign Secs gGhao Ooo 391 
Cornisilage for mileh COWS! .(.\. acr -fereicis clei etetedel lokod te einiciete Meroe 393 
Summary of feeding trials with corn silage...................... 451 
Miscellaneous feedine trials:.....\.< «+ -ccws tere stelsrs eremerel lei nero 452 
Pie LOCATING. Siena ware csa'ehe have eres siecle els 5 61 star ete loorateel  eree ner hee nee et eee 475 
POUL GE YS i aase: isa atetiaye-fore: oid lars) cieys tol obs seis ey otelgsoirersy oven diece fenekedel ses Roke cack tered neuter 494 
Summary of feeding trial with laying hens...................... 516 

Reportiole My COlogsistse cir: tei- i216) heiolsiaroveh elo tole) +) <tc = lolel epoca tele chet de eee 519 
Two! destructive lily diseases’ <i: oc. «i «> eis cle ieee sine renee 520 
Prevention of cabbageclub-roo0t-cim. see ee eee eee eee 525 
Spraying, tomatoes. ~~ </sie ei: oleracea ictelel a cnciol srt oheloriteheh ey iene tel ete 529 
A disease of Norway: maples::../.cwacasaot vise dete Doe eee ee Boil! 
Watches? brooms on-cherry treesieaa. seen ee ee eee 532 
Observations on Exobasidium Peckii, ete.......................- 0384 
Inoculation experiments with gymnosporangium macropus....... 535 
Belted apples and) pears: << 2... .-o. cele OQ Siiate tehe temeeeee 544 
A new leaf-spot disease: of applest jas. ane eee eee eee 545 

Report of Entomologists: 

Theioak:seale at Geneva, N. ¥ss. sca2csteseeie ee ee ee ee 550 
The white-mark Tussock-moth in Western New York............ 552 
The cotton-wood leaf-beetle at Liverpool, N. Y................... 554 
THE COLPN=WOLM 6 4574.55.55 65.5 eens SS Dee RE Ree eee 559 
The striped cucumber-beetle. .... .5....cc:.0 cases sek ee eee 566 
The News York plum lecanium). .2 55.00. eee oe Oe ene 574 
A preliminary report of experiments with remedies for the potato 

HEA-DECTIO: creo oava)0'e, ase.e sis, sisesis Sale ee ees CeCe 596 
Notes of the S€aS0N. 2. <5. o.00/seleie hbwlasias See aE ee 599 
Notes on remedies for the pernicious and other scale insects...... 605 
The bramble or blackberry flea louse, Trioza tripuncatata........ 619 


The spinnach leaf maggot, Pegomyia vicina................-+..- 625 


FourTEENTH ANNUAL ReEportT 


OF THE 


Board of Control of the New York State Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station. 


TREASURER’S REPORT. 


Geneva, N. Y., October 1, 1895. 


To the.Board of Control of the New York Agricultural 
Experiment Station : 


As treasurer of the Board of Control, I respectfully submit the 
following report for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1895 : 


Maintenance Account. 


ReEcErPts. 

To balance on hand October 1, 1894............... $680 73 
To amount received from Comptroller............. 50,000 00 

PU e ey ele. cars snc iorce salad ve bey 'ansew aires soe eet OES 6 Ae $50,680 73 

EXPENDITURES. 

Peypeosta om Comal yi et. c see wid uae meals $631 67 
PRRCAECACE ANC EXPFEss. 6! e's ois. e's «oe aie lonepiie a yaiets 685 70 
iby farm implements and tools.) ..2..2...- 00 s.c.0+ 5: 481 58 
BREE aces i's 5.0. 9) shee daast ac ea visa seas oh sth af) 56: od 1,203 59 
area A SEL Re sts oe. ss Se NN aIH Aid ral lotus eialialefalers so -olatele 698 89 
eypeeneral supplies... eee Ul ed cot eee ee tee 4,093 93 
ENMUDEO Nr ee. fe cise <> Matte id's Siok SG byes «6 hala 16,403 06 
TVR CRAY Rete cial cen ss «Stele POM ns. dual a ls a « aca aes 260 23 
iby mannre and fertilizer ec! isi... aglow shee 303 15 
By miscellaneous expenses 24.0.2. 0 6... ep ae GlA ities 692 87 


LD yy SOuslalel ie Get A SR SR eee One Seamer poe eos 3,823 47 


o ReEporT OF THE TREASURER OF THE 


JER 3) OF Sq ee AMAL MIN int a USA Ae DIA AI $1,016 47 
JEN ASEUE ot) aaa eRe TSR neat CRA A Ut FEN le 14,249 44 
Baye SUALLOWOUY. £0 e's. d/o (2!) aise Wa nuanle hae Re RRR ci 146 08 
iby telegraph and telephone, yleo gyre ne eee 86 97 
ys CrAWelING EXPENSES. <2 1s ey lae ono leet muses A 795 98 
BOWES 55) A caet i5 Rea ar ie ale svacals sha ie eae ela 456 00 
yetarmand ,CKOUNds sy. c's vag she sae tae ene 615 01 
Poy ONEEMMNOUSERE 04 Glew. armhatle (olen a eae teste ae emake 1,052 17 
HSyepcientific/apparatusy. 6... Leafs. \laer ole eben eid eee 263 83 
PMI ISLOCO fetva- seek eseliydyys ego) cow ol c.t:> Sueteqee payee ee eae 129 25 
JB avy AVE Doge A eee MI RRMEAT ES LIS Ca ia Cc 11650: 
ibalanceron, hand: October 1, 1895). 22.5 oe ares ee 2,579 89 

STNG ent hes aye A Sere OO oS CI lr ee Ca lage $50,680 73 


Expense of Bulletins and Enforcing Provisions of Chapter 437 
of the Laws of 1890. 


ReEcerpts. 
To balance on hand Oetober 1, 1894 .............. $97 20 
To amount received from Comptroller ............. 7,500 00 


MNO Mets SAG ss ats cs areeeg lel arc -olraen te cle ii ate cape entee ae $75,597 20 


EXPENDITURES. 

Bagge OMI CAS. i) 6d. sla ethnetd is eke ienky oe eck Eee $323 99 
iyichemical apparatus <2. (<n tsee ne ene oe 149 39 
MOE ent glo MEAE ie ahSoatn os Ment Cal oe eh eee ee eae 335 29 
By Mmiscellaneous CXPeNSes!.ciecc. oe <ei chee ciaeereciere 16 50 
15.07] 011101 0 ee a not SUCHIN PUNT let aetna 700 67 
Hivqsallanlecer cess 2 2(nc0 3°. ple ger eeae Me eee A 2,909 32 
yi SEATLOMEDY. a0... Fe fese eee Brake oiseraie eeespvenehsl avis ose ostene 185 90 
iby travel, securing samples). o20. 66.2 ee as. eh ees 956 78 
EBAY AANGELOT: = 22.1. 5.0 PORES dative hen eae niente ao ce ee 114 00 
iby balanceon hand October 1, 18952). 5 6)... Seeks 1,905 36 

SUC) 1 SPR Paraii tare aa MCPS MRM Ae LE, 2) 75597 20 

Repairs to Farm Buildings. 
Receipts. 

To balance on hand October 1, 1894.............. $869 83 


“New Yorx*Acricvrrerat Experment Station. 3 
EXPENDITURES. 
em COE ear =h 2 PAE FEU Tame tet Aches orci 0 eGhatnacese ave skideatg $869 83 
Postage Account. 
Balanee on hand October 1,:1894...............0. $842 00 
EXPENDITURES. 
8 TERETE ce US RS an crea 580 00 
S'S ALy DEOL C0 ea Re RA A $262 00 
Under Chapter 675, Laws of 1894. 
ReEcEIPTs. 
To amount received from Comptroller ............. $9,097 05 
EXPENDITURES. 
By vouchers approved by the special auditing com- 
mittee of the Board and the Commissioner of 
PMH hasta. Po, Orc, Sealine eo) Gln ta lee lsogie% whale Me ecole 9 95051 17 


Epociitee Om) WAR, i 5) odo cg ds 4 a eee $45 88 


I have returned to the Treasurer of the State of New York, 
43 cents, the unexpended balance of appropriation to laboratory 
account ; $68.62, unexpended balance of appropriation pursuant to 
chapter 356, Laws of 1892; $3.48, unexpended balance of appro- 
priation made under chapter 356, Laws of 1892 (ice house). 

I have on hand for surplus products sold, $884.77. 

All expenditures are supported by vouchers approved by the 
auditing committee of the Board of Control and have been furnished 
the Comptroller of the State of New York. 


United States Appropriation Under Act of Congress Approved 
March 2, 1887. 


Dr. 
To receipts from Treasurer of the United States, as 
per appropriation for fiscal year ending January 
30, 1895, as per act of Congress, ‘approved 
Pee SO he ee. ss Mote cia oe aia bus hae $1,500 00 


4 Report or TREASURER OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


DY SALATICS vi... «sis erereie = eee 


By freight and express 


By seeds, plants and sundry supplies 
DY pHENbMOZELS ssa sre sietatel clans ae 
By feeding shutis 2s sss 


By traveling expenses 


By gD ALANEE H tleK cole clare aie \cieraeye 


8) 6) fe) el 0.6) (0.0) 0) 'e 6 6) (0. ©, 


eceeeeee ese eee ee eee 


37 10 


W. O HANLON, 


Treasurer. 


REPORT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND 
CHEMIST. 


To the Board of Control of the New York Agricultural 
Experiment Station. 

GrNTLEMEN.—I submit herewith the fourteenth annual report 
of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the year 
ending December 1, 1895. 

By action of your Board taken on June 7, 1895, I was requested 
to perform the work of Acting Director for three months, and in 
obedience to your later request I have continued to hold the 
position subject to your further order. 

This report will be presented in the order of the following 
subjects: 

I. Improvements and additions. 
II. Outline of reports of different departments. 
III. Bulletins published during the year. 
IV. Tabulated summary of laboratory work. 
V. Arrangement of chemical work. 
VI. Addresses. 
VII. Comparative profits derived from selling milk, butter and 
cheese. 
VIII. Comparative field test of commercial fertilizers used in 
raising potatoes. 
IX. Chemistry of plants, plant foods and soils. 
X. Description of materials used as fertilizers. 
XI. Purchase and use of fertilizers. 
XII. Arithmetic of fertilizers. 

XIII. Average composition and value of fertilizing materials and 

of farm crops. 

XIV. The New York State fertilizer law and its meaning. 

XY. Analysis of commercial fertilizers collected during the 
spring of 1895. 


6 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


XVI. Analysis of commercial fertilizers collected during the 
fall of 1895. 
XVII. Gifts to the Station. 
XVIII. Newspapers and periodicals presented to the Station. 
XIX. Rules of Station governing gratuitous chemical analysis for 
private parties. 


I. Improvements and Additions. 


The Legislature of 1895 appropriated $1,000 for a fruit house to 
be used for assorting and storing fruit, for exhibiting fruit and for 
experimenting as to the best methods of keeping different fruits. 
This will supply a long felt want. Such a building is an absolute 
necessity in order to enable us to make the best use of our extensive 
orchards, which are each year coming into more complete bearing. 
The building is located immediately west of the dairy building. 

An additional appropriation was made of $7,500, for the construc- 
tion of three dwellings to be used by officials of the staff. After 
careful consideration it was decided to build a triple house in order 
to utilize the appropriation in the most economical way possible. 
The building is located north and west across the road from the 
Director’s residence. Ground was broken in August, and the 
building is to be completed in January, 1896. This building will 
add not a little to the appearance of the Station property, and will 
prove a great convenience for those members of the staff who have 
formerly been compelled to live at some distance from their work. 

Arrangements have been made for extending the orchard, and an 
addition of about three acres will be made in the spring. 

A hedge of Norway spruce has been set along the northwesterm 


boundary of the Station property. This will add much to the 


appearance of this portion of the farm, and is designed in time to 
serve as a useful windbreak for the various buildings. 

A new boiler and engine were placed in the dairy building last 
summer, furnished the Station at a special rate by D. H. Burrell & 


Co., of Little Falls, N. Y. This addition to the equipment of the: 


dairy building had become an absolute necessity. 


II. Outline of Reports of Different Departments. 
1. Report of the First Assistant.—In his report Mr. Wheeler, 
the First Assistant, gives a brief general statement of the work of 
the past year. He reports briefly the method of cattle feeding for 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. if 


the year, and makes mention of the rations fed during the different 
months. He also reports various feeding trials, ten in number, 
made during different seasons. The records are given for periods 
during which corn silage was fed, together with records for feeding 
periods immediately preceding or following. There are also in 
addition tables which give the average data in detail. He finds in 
general that there has been an increase in milk flow accompanying 
the use of corn silage in the rations, and at the same time there has 
been an increase in the total amount of fat in the milk, the per cent. 
of fat not diminishing. Using the valuations for food which are 
assumed in the report, milk has generally been produced at a lower 
cost when corn silage was fed than with the other foods used in 
these trials. Special attention is called in the report of each trial to 
the proportion of the cost of each ration represented by the grain 
food and by the silage or green fodder, and also the relative propor- 
tion of the total digestible nutrients in the ration supplied by these 
foods. The percentage of the nutriment supplied by the silage or 
green fodder has generally been much higher than the percentage of 
cost represented. 

Under the subject of pig feeding Mr. Wheeler gives the records of 
feeding trials with several breeds and crosses. Some lots of pigs 
were fed only for a few months. from birth until sold, or used in 
other experiments, but most of them were fed seven or eight 
months. Tabulated records are given for periods of feeding, show- 
ing the rate of growth, the amount of food and the cost of food 
given in gain in weight. 

Attention is also called to the experiments under way with poul- 
try. The report in full is given of a feeding experiment with laying 
hens of large and small breeds, in which are considered questions 
concerning the relative amounts of ground and whole grain that can 
be fed to best advantage. ations containing ground and moistened 
grain and corresponding rations containing only whole grain were 
fed throughout the year. There are tables which give the average 
data for different periods of several weeks each. A general sum- 
mary of the results is given. 

2. Report of Horticulturist.—The horticultural investigations 
in 1895 were conducted chiefly in the following lines : 

1. Testing fruits. : 
2. Origination of new fruits for the purpose of securing improved 
sorts. 


8 Report or tun ActinG DirEcToR AND CHEMIST OF THB 


3. Investigation of several subjects pertaining to forcing vegetables. 
4. Comparison of different lines of treatment in combating some 
plant diseases of economic importance. 


3. Special Work in the Second Judicial Department.—During 
the season of 1895 a series of twelve farmers’ meetings was held. 
reaching localities in six counties. At these meetings addresses 
were given by members of the Station staff, assisted by specialists, 
Agricultural and horticultural topics of local interest were discussed. 
A stereopticon was employed in illustrating the different forms of 
insects and fungous diseases, spraying machinery, etc. These 
meetings were well attended, and were considered instructive and 
interesting. The impression made was so favorable that there was 
avery general impression that the meetings should be repeated 
another year. In addition to this series of meetings, numerous 
informal meetings were held in several localities during the summer, 
at which topics pertaining to injurious insects and plant diseases 
were discussed by members of the Station staff. Mr. V. H. Lowe 
and Mr. I. A. Sirrine, have carried on the entomological investi- 
gations, and Mr. F. C. Stewart has given his attention to the study 
of plant diseases and remedial treatment for the same. Detailed 
accounts of the work of these specialists are found in their annual 
reports, published in this volume. Mr. Paddock, Assistant Horti- 
culturist, carried on experiments in treating leaf blight and fruit rot 
of cherries in Orange county. This is contained in the report of 
the horticulturist. 

A eo-operative field test of different brands of commercial fer- 
tilizers for potatoes was conducted in Suffolk county by the chemist 
of the Station, and the results of the test are published in his report. 
Two circulars designed to give information about destructive insects 
were issued so as to call attention to these pests just before they 
were expected to appear. Circular No. 1, by F. A. Sirrine, treated 
of the cabbage maggot, and No. 2, by V. H. Lowe, treated of the 
corn worm. Circular No. 3, issued May 15, 1895, gives a brief 
account of the progress of the work. Besides these circulars the 
following bulletins have been issued : 

Bulletin No. 86, by 8. A. Beach and W. Paddock, on treatment 
of injurious insects and fungous diseases. 

Bulletin No. 87, by F. A. Sirrine, on the San Jose or pernicious scale. 

Bulletin No. 93, by L. L. Van Slyke, on comparative field test of 
commercial fertilizers used in raising potatoes. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 9 
i 


Bulletins Published During the Year 1895. 

Bulletin No. 84, January, 36 pages.— Spraying pear and apple 
orchards in 1894, by S. A. Beach. 

Bulletin No. 85, January, 28 pages.—Report of analysis of com- 
mercial fertilizers collected during the fall of 1894, by L. L. Van 
Slyke. 

Bulletin No. 86, February, 56 pages.—Treatment of common dis- 
eases and insects injurious to fruits and vegetables, by S. A. Beach 
and W. Paddock. 

Bulletin No. 87, March, 12 pages.—The San Jose or pernicious 
scale, by F. A. Sirrine. 

Bulletin No. 88, March, 20 pages.—l. Forging lettuce in pots. 
TI. Mushrooms as a greenhouse crop, by 8. A. Beach. 

Bulletin No. 89, April, 15 pages.—Comparative profits derived 
from selling milk, butter, cream and cheese, by L. L. Van Slyke. 

Bulletin No. 90, May, 20 pages.—Feeding experiments with lay- 
ing hens and comparison of rations containing moistened ground 
grain with others containing dry whole grain, by W. P. Wheeler. 

Bulletin No. 91, August, 21 pages.—A new strawberry, notes on 
strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and dewberries, by S. A. 
Beach and W. Paddock. : 

Bulletin No. 92, October, 56 pages——Report of analysis of com- 
mercial fertilizers collected during the spring of 1895, by L. L. 
Van Slyke. 

Bulletin No. 93, October, 15 pages.—Comparative field tests of 
commercial fertilizers used in raising potatoes, by L. L. Van Slyke. 

Bulletin No. 94, October, 183 pages.—The composition and use 
of fertilizers ; science applied to feeding plants, by L. L. Van Slyke. 

Bulletin No. 95, November, 33 pages.—Currants, by S. A. Beach. 

Bulletin No. 96, December, 48 pages.—Report of analysis of com- 
mercial fertilizers collected during the fall of 1895, by L. L. Van 
Slyke. 

Bulletin No. 97, December, 50 pages.—Corn silage for milch 
cows, by W. P. Wheeler. 


10 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


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New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 11 


V. Arrangement of Chemical Work. 


The chemist gives such general and special supervision to all the 
‘different lines of work as they may require. The work done in the 
way of preparing bulletins and giving addresses is given under 
‘special heads. 

The present arrangement of chemical work among the assistant 
‘chemists is as follows : 

Mr. C. G. Jenter has special charge of the analysis of butter, of 
cattle foods and similar materials, of the determination of copper in 
plants, soils, ete., of miscellaneous analytical work, and of photo- 
graphic work. 

Mr. A. L. Knisely has seca charge of the analysis of milk, whey 
and cheese and of the microscopical examination of milk. He has 
also done considerable work in relation to the availability of ferti- 
lizing materials. 

Mr. J. A. Le Clere has special charge of all nitrogen determina- 
tions, and also assists in analysis of dairy products. 

Messrs. W. H. Andrews, A. D. Cook and H. H. Seely give their 
entire time to the analysis of commercial fertilizers and fertilizing 
materials. 

Mr. A. H. Horton has charge of keeping the records connected 
with the investigation of dairy breeds of cattle, which require 
mumerous and extended calculations. 


VI. Addresses. 


As chemist and acting director, I have delivered addresses on 
various agricultural topics at the following places: Richmondville, 
Guilford, Mount Upton, Seneca Falls, Penn Yan, Albion, Batavia, 
East- Bloomfield, Avon, Dansville, Cohinetan, Naples Auburn, 
Oxford, Greene, Mattituck, Southold, Huntington, Port Jefferson, 
Mineola, Schenevus, Farmerville, Hayt’s Corners, Aurora, Geneva, 
Ontario Beach and Syracuse. 


VII. Comparative Profits Derived from Selling Milk, Butter 
Cream and Cheese. 


A question of practical importance, now often asked by dairy- 
men, relates to the form in which milk can be sold. From what 
form of product can the greatest profit be derived, from selling 
milk as milk or from selling it in the form of cream, butter or 


12 Report or THD ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


cheese? Several different factors enter into a complete answer of 
such a question. One of them may be cost of transportation to the 
best market. Another may be the greater relative market value of 
milk in the form of one product than in another. Thus, in the 
form of cream milk generally sells for more than in any other form, 
and occasionally cheese sells for a higher price relatively than but- 
ter, while the opposite may also be frequently true. In discussing 
this question, we must consider conditions which are normal or aver- 
age rather than those which are exceptional. The data which we 
need to know are (1) the cost of production, and (2) the market value 
of the product. In regard to cost of production, we have already 
published data in Bulletins 77, 78 and 79, which can be utilized in 
considering the relative profits to be derived from selling milk in 
different forms. We have also fixed prices for milk and its differ- 
ent products, which represent average conditions and which are as 
nearly accurate, relative to one another, as we may easily approxi- 
mate. { 

For the convenience of those who have not read the previous bul- 
letins, we will give a brief statement here in regard to the basis 
upon which our calculations are made in ascertaining the profits 
derived from selling milk, cream, butter and cheese. 

The food-cost of products alone is considered. 

The value of the milk is based on the amount of total solids in 
milk allowing 94 cents a pound for milk-solids, which is equivalent, 
on an average, to 23 cents a quart for milk or 1.28 cents a pound. 

The value of the butter is placed at an average price of 25 cents 
a pound ; the butter contains 85 per cent of fat. 

The value of the cream is placed at 20 cents a quart; the cream 
contains 20 per cent of fat. 

The value of the cheese is placed at 10 cents a pound for cheese 
about one month old, which would be equivalent to about 92 cents 
a pound for green cheese. 

In calculating the amount of profit, a deduction is made from 
the gross profit (the difference between the value of the product and 
its food-cost), amounting, on an average, to 124 cents for each one 
hundred pounds of milk, representing the amount of feeding and 
tertilizing materials taken away from the farm in the case of selling 
milk and cheese. A smaller but proportionate reduction is made in 
fhe case of cream. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 13 


The foregoing prices placed on the different dairy products do 

not represent actual prices at this writing, but they represent fairly 
the average prices prevailing during a period of years previous to 
the present depression, and may be regarded as relatively accurate, 
whether absolutely so or not. 
While the data contained in this bulletin are not intended to give 
in any respect a comparison of breeds or individuals, we state the 
names of the individual cows and also, in the first table, the breed 
to which each belongs, in order that any one interested in indi- 
vidual differences may make comparisons. 

In the table following, we state under the column headed “ Cost 
of one quart of milk” the food-cost of one quart of milk, giving the 
figures in order, commencing with the lowest. In the other 
columns, we indicate by figures in parentheses the order of each 
individual in different periods of lactation. There are 44 lactation 
periods included and so the numbers run from 1 to 44 inclusive. 
To illustrate the meaning of the arrangement of this table, Beauty 
Pledge, Holstein-Friesian, in her second period of lactation, pro- 
duced a quart of milk at less cost than any other animal in any 
period of lactation and hence she ranks in this column first (1). 
Under the column headed “ Cost of one pound of butter,” this same 
animal ranked ninth (9); that is, in eight periods of lactation of 
other cows, butter was produced at less eost. In cost of cream pro- 
duction, she ranked sixth (6); and in cost of cheese production, 
ninth (9). 

For the detailed data entering into the calculation of the results 
embodied in all the tables contained in this bulletin, the reader is 
referred to Bulletins 77, 78 and 79. 


14 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE” 


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16 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


We will treat the subject under consideration under the follow- 


ing heads :' 


SEAS eae a 


Comparative profits derived from milk and butter. 
Comparative profits derived from milk and cream. 
Comparative profits derived from milk and cheese. 
Comparative profits derived from butter and cream. 
Comparative profits derived from butter and cheese. 
Comparative profits derived from cream and cheese. 


1 ComparATIvVE Prortts Drrtvep rrom MiLK AND CHEESE. 


NAME OF COW. 


Junietta Peerless...--. atta 
Betsey Othe ~-cescico se 
Queen Duchess .--.--2. 222: 
Countess Blavias. 2222225222 
Netherland Constance.. .--- 
BarparavAlleninssceseee os 
Mantonpbelllese.s.s, sesceens 
Queen!Duchess:---=.------- 
Gulderbloomececeecssecetens 
Beauty led een ss oes - 
ORiOlese te ee eee cae ee 


Manton Bellesseccse -e2eee 
RoseubemWord! 2.22 ss ooneee 
(OVE SSeS RS eae ee 
CoumtbesstPlaviaiecc ce eoceee 
dunietta Peerless! ..2...).22- 
Mantonybellerseseseecse eee 


MaererGthiscsmcelsce sac ise 
Barbarapallentreseeeeeeee 


Betsey Oth seesccoeee eee 
Mapocie these se es eee ee 
Shella iSelects sae soctee oeeee 


MAS MelObhet acceso. Lene 
GenoviewsiGitt sosce..-. 2. - 2 


Amount of/Amount of 


Period | Profit de- | Profit de- |profit from|profit from 
of lacta- |tived from|tived from|selling milkjselling but- 
tion selling milk. selling lover selling ter over sell- 
; butter. butter. ing milk. 

Third. . $36 19 $33 05 Eeablet 
Second. 35 23 AS FSO a peeareee $38 07 
Seconda. 30 69 25 8b CO geen EE 
Fourth. 29 81 5% B65 fal ih gee oe 24 80 
First. . 29 62 19 55 10 07 aay saves 
Third.. 29 04 ASTOST Me cee rte 19 89 
Fourth. 28 89 26 93 12963). 
First -- 27 53 27 38 Ou1b | ae 
Third.. 26 55 ALS5O I Saccicces 17 95 
Second. 26 31 ANE OM ileaieyscie 15 02 
Second. 26 25 4 lai |) Geos ades 18 80 
First .: 25 63 26182 WWeaaneya te 119 
First -- 25 62 Petr pase ewe en ee 1 11 
Third.. 25 00 23 68 DU PFE iets aS 
Second. 24 47 4551S ee sem sacs 20 66 
First -- 24 02 S618 i] shoes 12 16 
Second. 2397 ate) 2G) esas sees 14 46 
Second. O84 FHL 14 35 SL GN ee ie 
First -- 20 29 16 638 S GONE aes 
Third.. 20 07 14 78 29) peers Sys eeeee 
Third.. 19 64 3 fersiial aces SACS 18 21 
First -- 18 66 OOM ese ates 1 04 
Second. 17 92 14 25 SOC eee 
First -- 17 89 QOD) lore ee oe 10 06 
Second. 17 87 BO" San |eeeeeee 8 48 
Second. 17 70 16 80 0:90 | seeee eee 
Second. 16 85 O42 85 ll eae saece 8 00 
Burst. 16 50 By bora Ree eeerey es 17 75 
First .- 15 78 AGNSBi vasa 1 05 
Third.. 15 36 DW A535 oul Wgeeoctso op. 2 19 
First -. 15 34 20) 86i||neseeeeee 5 52 
Second. 14 80 30).649)|aeeeeee 15 84 
First -- 14 06 7 53 GlSSahe eee eee 
Second. 13 96 8 95 SNOT a a eces re iaes 
Fourth. 13 55 L5OSi Mee aera 1 48 
First .. 13 23 Z3esoulMeseeee oe 10 10 
First -- 13 23 Q5a9 ON hes tees 12 67 
Second. 10 71 DINOOM esses 10 29 
First -. 9 61 DEON ea es 2 09 
First. -. 9 26 OP} TTI VG) aiee ners a= 13 64 
First --. 9 22 SOOM ieee. 3 78 
Birst: 22 8 85 715 1 70 Seooct 
First -. 8 10 iA Sia|hine estes 4 38 
Second. 4 78 SCHOO ssn yeees 3 22 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. a 


We call attention to the following points of interest : 

1. In 14 periods of lactation, representing 7 different indi- 
viduals of 3 different breeds, the profit derived from selling milk 
was greater than that derived from selling butter. The amount of 
excess varied from $0.15 to $10.07 and averaged $4.07. 

2. In 30 periods of lactation, representing 15 different indi- 
viduals of 7 different breeds, the profit derived from selling butter 
was greater than that derived from selling milk. The amount of 
excess varied from $1.04 to $24.80 and averaged $10.13. 

3. If we average all the results, we find that the amount of 
profit from selling milk averaged $19.80 for each lactation period 
of each individual, while the profit from selling butter averaged 
$25.64; that is, an amount equal to $5.84 more was realized from 
butter than from milk for each cow. Stated in another form, for 
_every dollar of profit derived from selling milk, the sum of $1.30 
was derived from selling butter. 


2. ComPARATIVE Prorirs Drerivep rrom Mitk AND CREAM. 


SSS SS 


Amount of | Amount of 
“ Profit de- | Profit de- 
NAME OF COW period rived from | rived from profit from prone from 
q : of lacta- selling selling selling mi selling 
tion, over selling| cream over 


milk. crear: cream. selling milk. 
Junietta Peerless .....----- Third . $36 19 S9Or SSH eeecmees $54 14 
Betso yen Oiheesrs to aocsetee= = Second. 35 23 NOS ADE leo eaawer 67 92 
Queen Duchess ..-.....----- Second. 30 69 COMUS |) Seeeneee 45 07 
Countess Flaviasc.s.. -.-2-. Fourth. 29 81 1LSH OSU eeseectes 88 22 
Netherland Constance..---. First. .. 29 62 (PRCEN ES ae eae 42 8&2 
Barbars Allen. 5.22058 5.-4 Third . 29 04 G3) ll possesses 83 59 
Manton Belleu2 sc 26 S..2 Fourth. 28 80 THe Zan \hoaceiocts 48 35 
Queen Duchess ---.-------- First .. 27 53 0 9D | anne cee 50 46 
Gilderblaomin eons ess os ee Third . 26 55 LOU Of pene 74 49 
Beauty Pledge. ..........-. Second. 26 31 HOM S84 eee a cele 715 53 
Onlole sat Saath cacao ee eee Second. 26 25 Oy Pea a ae Sao 78 66 
IV ORE h race metine asta wreteeerae First -- 25 63 GSiGSiy See ee ae 43 05 
WSOMe Odes oe at since ewes aeee First -. 25 62 (St aQuivecsce ee 52 77 
Manton Belle... 322 sssssce Third .. 25 00 thsh Zhe Beene 53 78 
IPONGITOWHOLG soc ctelaacaneee Second. 24 47 NOS} 15s yececiee 84 68 
OnrOle macs eah es oe cs Loco coats First .. 24 02 | SAQA Saee ae 60 35 
Countess Flavia ....-...---- Second. 23 97 O1F'92 | 2S aeae 67 95 
Junietta Peerless ---..------ Second. 23 11 | 5Se5D || eoeaaae 35 44 
Manton? Belles so... -'-. = First .. 20 29 56.:3)s || se eeees 36 02 
Maisneblow Dtle.-cacsscnc ce Third. . 20 07 |} 58:20 lpeneneace 38 13 
@ountesssblavia ..s+<------ Third.. 19 64 | 89.94 ees hee 70 30 
Api alianteee sn cicesc cs sc. 3 First -- 18 66 | 60: Ole esse cece 41 35 
Mantourbelle.cesesccce ess Second. 17 92 al ise 39 98 
osebie: HOrde sew ccs coe < First --. 17 89 C2 Do enselee sta 54 64 
Madame Select ..---.------ Second. 17 87 SOUT eisai. wc 71 85 
Maggie 6th......-.--...--- Second. 17 70 MAE |e ers eceratate 41 66 
Barbara Allem acess once<c Second. 16 85 (OPA T OEE Ea 55 37 


18 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


8. ComPpARATIVE Prorits Dertvep rrom Mink anp CREAM.— 


( Continued.) 

: Profit de- | Profit de- | Amount of | Amount of 

NAME OF COW. Rael rived from | rived from | Profit from | profit from 

tion: selling selling [Selling milk) _ selling 
milk. cream, [Over Selling|cream over 

cream. selling milk. 
Countess Mlaviar se cseee First .. $16 50 CSSi Ooi ie eee ae $71 55 
Betsey 10th.---..---. ee Minste. 15 78 Doge || sana oeos 40: 90 
Mac cieiGthy-soese cn ee = hinds 15 36 GORS2 il eeeeeyoee: 45 46 
Stelilagselectssss--s ace ees. 1OTREA) 5 15 34 GoMSidl eee sess 50 14 
rAtipentesi Caroline noose ee Second. 14 80 Gs Ome Sees 62 83 
DRUG ere ee ere cole ate First -. 14 06 (VARS U3 Vege rate, 28 44 
Misssblowsbthvsss. oc. cee Second. 13 96 AD 1M Geer ee 28 18 
Miss Plow Sth). 2222-5 -.ssse Fourth. 13 55 59 22M emer oeee 45 67 
A berntisuCardlsea scene eee. Rirstees 118}, 25: 68722) |tSaeecees 54 99 
Barbara Allentsescecseee es First -. 13 23 ROOST eee 57 70 
Geneve: siGitbeccsssessecee: Second. 10 71 OL GS Pre ee 48 92 
MMOD 3:45 | Re OS a era First -. 9 11 POU 235) Meee ke 34 12 
Giderbloomiaseossocee cee Kirst... 39226 64 Sarl sete 55 07 
Missehilony, Dihvee seas eee First .. 9 22 Ra Gaaaeaac 44 17 
MacoerGthiys-jscts=-s <5 5e 2 First -. 8 85 ISOGH| Sates a 29 21 
Geneviers! Gifts. <2... cssecl- First -: 8 10 SOOO set eee al 2 
OMe we eae sat EOE emer aes Second. 4 78 AO HOG tees 35 29 


A study of the foregoing table brings out the following points : 

1. In no case was the profit derived from selling milk equal to 
that derived from selling cream. 

2. While the average profit derived from selling milk for each 
period of lactation averaged $19.80, that derived from selling cream 
averaged $72.52. Hence, for each period of lactation and for each 
animal, the selling of cream yielded a profit of $52.72 more than the 
selling of milk. For each dollar of profit derived from selling 
milk, the sum of $3.66 was derived from selling cream. 

The question may suggest itself to many, as to why cream should 
sell for so much more than the milk from which it is produced. 
The explanation lies mainly in the fact that the consumption of 
cream is comparatively small, consumers regarding it as a great 
luxury. Consumers are not aware of the fact that it would often 
be more economical to purchase milk and raise their own cream. It 
is also probably true that competition in the sale of cream will ulti- 
mately lower its price to one more nearly corresponding to that of 
milk. The figures given above represent approximately the con- 
ditions prevailing in the market at present. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 19 


3. CoMPARATIVE Prorirs Drrtvep From Mitk AND CHEESE. 


NAME OF COW. 


| Period 


of lacta- 
tion. 


Junietta Peerless .--..----- 
Betsey 10th-.---..---------- 
Queen Duchess. ..---------- 
Gountess Plavia -2-5.---5-- 
Netherland Constance.----. 
Barbara Allene. eck c<= >. == 
Manton Belle << cca. <icn<cc- 
Queen Duchess ...--- .----- 
GAG BEDLOOM + ce 5 oe sae oie =< 
Beauty Pledge: .----..--.-- 
Mr lowe seis se a dete 


ise leaden te: cod mee a acalceiets 
Winn saliG SABE ap oeeagec 
RORCTLE ORG) soca & soacis ocisl 
Onmolareeeaen seeeees= s+ 
Countess Flavia -...-.-.---- 
Junietia, Leerless .. 2-2. 7 
Manton Belle ses. foes. ces 
MISSi blow Dine ssesse + sas t- 
Gountess)Plavid =.-0.. 4c 
DATO Sage coeoeenes eeoteoe 
IMambOlyRelile macro sets cals) -icla'a 
Rosettes MOLd) soe sss oeels- as 
Madame Select ...-..------ 
Maggie 6th .......-----.--- 
iBanvavtaiAllent=: oa<cecaiscce 
Countess Flavia .....------ 


Magyie 6th .....----.------ 
StellaySeleGiticcass-osss1 oe 
Aliberc s:Gavoleos. face; —n)3- 
Parte ds Se ae eee eee ee 
IMISHEE OW Dunn. se oeece cle. 
MISReR ON Dt hs << 25-080 085 
IAibertisiCanO les onvecael~ ore 
Barbarweallenantcc2o- ete 
Genevies Guitece << eh:cc<0 
tt} eers Gaon cisco mecbees 
Gilderbloomies--s-5 5-24-02 
Miss Plow, Sthes -osss--5—-—- 
Magoie 6th ----....--.- ---- 
Genovie’s Giftss.. seeesee ee 
MONOS os ek ache Ses ciao a seers 


Third 
Seeond. 
Second. 
Fourth. 
IDinst as 
Third . 
Fourth. 
First .-. 
Third .- 
Second. 
Second. 
First -- 
First. - 
Third - 


Second. 


First. - 
Second. 
Second 
First .- 
Third .- 
Third . 
First -- 
Second. 
First -- 
Secoud. 
Second. 
Second. 
First -. 
First -- 
Third . 
First = 
Second. 


First --| 


Second. 
Fourth. 
First -- 
First -- 
Seeond. 
First -- 
First -- 
First -- 
Binst)-< 
First -- 
Second. 


Ameunt of |} Amount of 


profit from | profit from: 


cheese. 


selling milk selling 
over selling cheese over 


selling milk, 


= = 
OH OWW bo 


= 
OOF DWE) 


* 
ra Rs G2 OT lor mory Wil) 
¢ t 


Gyocye 


* 
1S) 
i 


ee es 


er ee 


An.examination of the preceding table calls attention to the fol- 
lowing points of interest: 


1. In no ease was the profit derived from selling cheese equal to 
that derived from selling milk. . 


20 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


2. While the profit derived from selling milk for each period of 
lactation averaged $19.80, the selling of cheese resulted in an average 
profit of $9.79. Hence, the sale of milk yielded $10 more profit 
for each period of lactation than did the sale of cheese. 
dollar of profit derived from selling cheese, the sum of $2.02 was 
derived from selling milk. 


For every 


4. ComPaRATIVE PROFITS DERIVED FROM ButrerR AND CREAM. 


Amount of | Amount of 


Period pero idee pipet Ge prouttrom prett iron 
‘ 1 1ve me 
NAME OF COW. or eee selling pening pare ee 
y butter. cream. over sellingjover selling 
butter. cream. 

Junietta Peerless..----.---- Third... $33 05 $90 33 PT D8 8 | @arsaceeee 
Betsey 10th...------------- Second. 43 30 103 15 L538 Ieee Were et do 
Queen Duchess. .----------- Second. 25 85 75 76 AQ': Qin | a eae 
Countess Flavia-----.------ Fourth. 54 61 118 03 6344917 2a ee 
Netherland Constance-..---- First .- 19 55 72 44 52) 89) Vessco 
ParbaraAllente cecal c-i-islee Third . 48 93 112 63 63er70 ieee 
Manton Belle--..---------- Fourth 26 93 17 24 BOR Sins | Rei as Faaeee 
Queen Duchess.----.------ First. .- 27 38 77 99 {Var 3) Bal Es ketene 
Gilderbloome=.a-=-s+ s+, Third.. 44 50 101 04. E651 hl Ua ly = 
Beauty Pledge------------- Second. 41 33 101 84 GOTT oaee seem 
OTOL See Saja estate Second. 45 05 104 91 EO) BG | apa erate 
INOL Ae ieee euler eC ao First -. 26 82 68 68 ADS SG} Nee anes 
rol Cin eo sesso SousaauoerEs First .. 26 73 73 39 BLS GEM ae as 
Mantonmbelless foc see cnc cn Third. - 23 68 78 78 Esa a CO Bs aes el a 
Rosette Horde -o.-eciee-s+ ee Second. 45 13 109 15 GHVOAN ear ee 
Oriole eee eee oenseaces First... 36 18 84 37 ASRTO ts ean 
Countess Flavia..----.----- Second. 38 43 91 92 ESS? OVI Miah 8 
Junietta Peerless...-------- Second. 14 35 58 55 GAD) |) eee toes Sa 
Wanton Bellesccs sessac oe HUTstiee 16 63 56 31 SOVGR eee aes 
Miissilow tls. sss. Sl accicee Third.. 14 78 58 20 43 42 Sewers 
WoumtessiPlaviaesoceesse ee Third. . 37 85 29 94 5K OGM hee eas 
JN) Wee escese beads sate First... 19 70 60 O1 AQ SI eee 
Manton Bellesss22--=.-)--\-- Second. 14 25 57 90 ASH Go| aan 
MOSette HONG esse. ncaa First. .. 27 95 (P2583 ENS age es lia 
Madame Select...---------- Second. 36 35 89 72 BB Io boas 4 = 
Miawete Gthe 2.. <2 nn on Second. 16 80 59 36 ADM Git wees eo arte toe 
BarharayAllon sce ssscesecce Second. 24 85 72 22 PU faa Wed yeas is 
Countess Flavia-...-..---- First... 84 25 88 05 580M Paseo 
Betsey tOth- ee ates ecclnne First. .- 16 83 56 68 39°85) cee 
Magrie Oth... ---5-----+)-<-- Mhindies 17 55 60 82 PART (iu Vala ss 
StellanSelect..2ccs cesses oni. First. .. 20 86 65 48 64. (G2 iiNet ee 
Allibertisi Carol): 7-2 seersae es Second. 30 64 77 63 AGKOO} | ea ce 
PRU TUG terse eels ee eh as First. - - 453 42 50 SAT Meee eee 
Muissw#blows oth: <.). 22 sce Second. 8 95 42 14 SSuAGN eas ee 
Miss’ Plow, 5th....-..-.2.2- Fourth. 15 03 59 22 AANIO RE Lee 
A bertis Carolesce 20-2250" First. -- 7383 68 22 AA ROU aie t ences 
Barbara Allen’2o2. 22522252 First. - - 25 90 70 93 ADS OS Meese oe 
Genevie’s Gift... -222. 2.252 Second. 21 00 59 63 SSEBSn Mate aeee 
TICE) By Nek A nS a a First. -- 11 70 43 23 SSR eee 
Gilderbloom) 2222.52 /s\.6-,5016 Rursts-: 22 90 64 33 A ASA cree eee 
MuissitHlowsabth..s.252 20.2 First... 13 00 53 39 AQTSO IN teas eee 
Mae oe Gili a2-. 20 --2/o-- First. -. GialS 38 06 SOU OT aloe 
Genevie’s Gift.--....--.---. First. .- 12 48 39 30 PA atibs PAI Wyse at 
NON OMe e ee se ies comes esis Second. 8 00 40 07 SQ HOT ee eee 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 21 


We call attention to the following facts, in connection with the 
foregoing table: 

1. In no ease was the profit derived from selling butter equal to 
that derived from selling cream. 

2. While the average profit derived from selling butter for each 
period of lactation amounted to $25.64, the profit from selling cream 
amounted to $72.52. Hence the sale of cream yielded $46.88 more 
profit for each period of lactation than did the sale of butter. For 
every dollar of profit derived from the sale of butter, the sum of 
$2.83 in profit was derived from the sale of cream. 


5. Comparative Prorits DertveD From ButTTER AND CHEESE. 


Amount of) Amountof 
Periog |Profit de- | Profit de- | profit from} profit from 

NAME OF COW. era rived from | rived from selling selling 

el selling selling butter cheese 
butter. cheese. over selling | over selling 

cheese. butter. 
Junietta Peerless..----.-...- Third... $33 05 $18 24 SLASS1 eee eee 
eusyel Obhwese ee ces cc see Second. 43 30 25 69 ay AMS WIN ele 
Queen Duchess...-.-----.---- Second. 25 85 11 49 145/36 |" =e eer 
Countess! Plaviai..2-5s<,5-c5 Fourth. D4 61 29 45 25:16) |\poceeeeeee 
Netherland Constanee...-..- Third. - 19 55 12 36 1 19) Seas 
Barbara’ Allens. ..---.)..5-- Third . 48 93 21 79 2 Aa) oe eee 
Manton Belle... .2. .2-.s.2. Fourth. 26 93 11 54 gaat Weems soc 
Queen Duchess. 52-25-2222. First -- 27 38 13 62 TSI 1G) reerae arts 
Guiderbloom) . so4...60 5252.05 Third.. 44 50 21 07 23 4393| Bee see 
ipeamhy ledge. 2-2-2 once Second. 41 33 16 84 24/49) cioee tees 
(Chia bested seasseoeoaace Second. 45 05 21 21 23084: | setae eee 
INOLA se emioecccicewecines Seis First .- 26 82 14 15 12) 67 leo eee 
VOTE be PP A ea ns First -- 26 73 18 55 8184/2 sees eee 
Manton belles. cas. ca+ assoc Third.. 23 68 9 48 14) 203) 22a 
TEXTES 0 0s ee ee Secona 45 13 18 73 26:40" |: cech eee 
COTO) be) SAE Gea ae era First. - . 36 18 16 75 19°43" | eee eee 
Countess) Flavia. -..-2-- 3.- Second. 88 43 16 66 PA Uy if fel eee = 
Junietta Peerless..-......-. Second. 14 35 2 06 12°29); See 
Mamntony belle@eeccec so. )sacs First .. 16 63 4 91 11. 72 eee 
Missehlowaotheetcs-ssscces Third.. 14 78 3 20 11.58) eae 
Countess! Plaviacocec.- se. Third . 37 85 17 38 20.47 tees 
IAT ESTE cle 5, to ec oapetee Gila First <. 19 70 9 82 9 S83) |\Peeeeene 
Manton: Belle:o a o-eeeses Second. 14 25 1 45 12: 80) eee 
HoseverMOLrd...- 2-2 asoe sees First .. 27 95 9 30 18: (65); eee 
Meidame: select.casess ssecee Second. 36 35 lv ealy 19 18a esse aa 
Mag pieiGthesoo.)s2-- = 5\s= see Second. 16 80 4 54 12) 20% |e 
Barbara Allens. 2....c0 ss eee Second. 24 85 3 78 PU OTe IMs ee 
Countess Flavia. ........22 Hirst .- 34 25 12 82 7H ie Ba ea a oe 
Betsy Oth. sos. 2556-556 sees First:.. 16 83 4 42 1 Pe: 9 I es 
Maciel Gi neencse se sc)- 6 aoe Third... 17 55 5 5d | 12200") esse ee 
Stelle selects. ses] =k sc oce Brsteese 20) B6i eae aces 205862 soee esse 
Alberta Carolfoct 2... sek Second. 30 64 9 85 20 190 |) Sie 
TPaiiiet ee oe Be First - 7 53 45 7 O08 | sock res 
Miss Hlow, bthbice= << << 55 =< Second & 95 13 | 8.823 et See 
Miss Hlow Dthcceece. coscce Fourth 15 03 4 37 10.66! |) sees 
ADerid Cardlaossecec calles First Dono 2.70 201637 oleae 
Barbara. Allent.te-2s..se--¢ First -.| 25 90 6 50 19°40’, )\, 2s 
Genevie’s: Gitte se 5. os. | Second. | 21 00 6 39 14 Gly lisse eee 


22 Report ofr tHe AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


5. Comparative Profits 


DeErRIvVED FROM BoutrER AND CHEESE.— 


( Continued.) 

Amount of | Amount of 
Periog | Profit, de- } Profit de- | profitfrom | pr: fit from 

NAME OF COW. otilacta: rived from ; rived from selling selling 

Hon selling selling butter cheese 
; butter. cheese. jover sellingjover selling 

cheese. butter. 
Tig 17 se Os eee he First\:-|/) gi 70") ° go"51/ sii 19) Se ee 
Galderbloomyessn.-cesace oe insti 22 90 | 5 66 WG S24 | 2o Soe eee 
MISSPElowsouhieescssdee ese First .. 13 00} 3 37 OF G34 ees eee 
WEE ST ey 0} (a Sees oe ee eee First -. Of Als) Uys) SeSO hoes ose 
GeneviesiGiltess-csc5ce see First ..} 12 48 2 93 aL Matas ae A 
NOW SSS5 Sage eB aes eta aes bao 8 U0 *3 42 TD AD i hisesere ete 


*LOoss. 


An examination of the preceding table brings out the following 
facts: 

1. In no ease did the profit from selling cheese equal that gained 
from selling butter. 

2. The excess of profit from butter over that from cheese varied 
from $7.08 to $27.14. While the average profit derived from selling 
cheese from each period of lactation amounted to $9.79, that from 
selling butter averaged $25.64. Hence the sale of butter gave 
$15.85 more on the average than did the sale of cheese. For each 
dollar of profit derived from the sale of cheese, the sum of $2.62 in 
profit was derived from the sale of butter. 


6. CoMPARATIVE Prorirs DerrivED FROM THE SALE OF CREAM 


AND CHEESE. 


Amount of | Amount of 
rei | Fegthce, | Pattee, [orate rahe 
NAME OF Cow. of pete apelin selling |cream Grerleher se eee 

P : cream, cheese selling selling 

cheese. cream. 
Junietta Peerless ........-. Third . $90 33 $18 24 $72) 09K ew tsncoes 
Betsey LOth= + 2.-..--.--25-4} Second: 103 15 25 69 dt AG eanelesiets 
@ueen Duchess ........---. Second. | 75 76 11 49 GATQTN MS saeeeee 
Countess: Mlavia js. 223. 22-4 Pourth: 118 03 | 29 45 tote Waste timers occ 
Netherland Constanece....-. Thine! 72 44 12 36 GO" OSH. seyeine eet 
Birbara Allen’. ............ Laiijed oat): 142 %63h 0 U2aEln OO, SAe limes alee 
Mamntonrbelleeess.. 5 2222-2 | Fourth. | 77 24 11 54 (GB iaADR I Shook SouG 
nueeneDuchess. 2. le .sc8s: | First... TI99 13 62 SYA eoeoesscc 
CHASE DLOOM) see. coo. Soe ae.) oad ee OLA O4 21 07 OO OF is ne Aare 
Beauty Pledge .\.2-. 366... | Second.| 101 84 16 84 85, O0}|) Gat ee eee 
OnOle pert ae see cae oe ese | Second.| 104 91 | S121 83:70) | eae 
NOMA Perec er ens cee CML & | First -.| 68 68 14 15 DAS aoe eee 
TBS CEL ATG ess ies 8 AE eae | First .-| 78 39 18 55 59) (S4u ee see 
Mamitonvbelllese acc ee oe | Third ..| 78 78 9 48 69: 30R4 See 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Za 


ComPARATIVE Proritrs DERIVED FROM THE SALE oF CREAM.— 


( Continued.) 
Amount of | Ameunt of 
sss ata | eat | Peniter eey 
NAME OF COW. aiilacke: ti selling selling |cream ore cheese es 
tation. cream, cheese. selling selling 
cheese. cream. 
Rosette Ford ...-.. et ree Second.| $109 15 $18 73 $100 42sec sh eee 
Oriol ome oe saciciae Soke eg esd First .. 84 37 16 75 67, 62 |Geaeeee ee 
Countess Flavia .....-...-.| Second. 91 92 16 66 75-26 nas eee 
Junietta Peerless .......... Second. 58 55 2 06 5649) | csc ete 
Mantonrbelle: 225.526 22. First .. 56 31 4 91 BIT 40)etas eee 
Missumlowr oun </scscos «22s Third.. 58 20 1 ta 20 BO “OO) ves snes 
Countess Flavia ......----. Third... 89 94 17 38 F256 | eaeee eae 
Ariailigy 42 5S ae ei et First .. 60 01 9 82 BOO: ese aeeaee 
Nanton) Belle). 22 ccc. k5.. Sere Second. 57 90 1 45 5Ga4 5h keer seers 
ROSetbe Ord: 2-22. 0-3 soc First .. 72 53 9 30 GS, QSu lie ee 
Madame select...<- <<<. Second. 89 72 ib7¢ aly 72) DDyil rostooaereies 
JO TCG 8 a Second. 59 36 4 54 ae BO) Nec cae ee 
Barbara Allen) <scces< Soe’ Second. 72 22 3 78 68.446 ae ee 
Countéss' Flavia 2... 3.2222: First .. 88 05 12 86 7 23) | Atoee eee 
Betsey 1 Oh se coc0-0 = =<n)ne1- 5 First .- 56 68 4 42 52-26 eeiccetees 
MasrieiGth 2.02. .ce.<2> =~ Third... 60 82 5 55 5D pase ae 
Sell mselecthyosea ceo ee oe = BES tats GoraSi|Pecesens- Gay AS) linseseciece 
Aubert) Carol c<sseseeossee Second. 77 63 9 85 yar he Wi tenemos = 
uur tes oe eke ek First .. 42 50 45 UO IY ) ay ae Se 
Wisswilows5th..\ciccce secu s Second. 42 14 13 42001 | asec eee ee 
MUSSPRLOWio bhi < cc< sc cacecs Fourth. 59 22 4 37 BEB 5i|) ocean oem 
Alibertisi@nrolee. (2505s 5c6 First .- 68 22 2 70 652521) eeeee eee 
Barbaravwien joscccc. ess) Pirst 2 70 93 6 50 64.43). |) 32 soe ee 
Genevie’s Gift, ........-... Second. 59 63 6 39 P55 30027, WS De aa ACE 
WGN OWE eerie ee ae oaeeeets First .- 43°23 51 ADD Nike ene 
GHG OED LOOM. s 5c cseee First .. 64 33 5 66 58)67;)| osteeee 
MISSEE OW DUN 's< Ss, <cn.cscic ssc First .. 53 39 3) BY/ SOMO) |e aseneerse 
Marr oierG hhyeeen ssieieso acc First .- 38 06 il TGs 39ST) aes 
A CHOEWIE SGuihby <<ciecac soe c es First .. 39 30 1 93 SiO enema 
ere ci at, Second. 40 07 | 5 apa\ 3 adonlideana ee 
* Loss. 


The following statements summarize the data presented in the 
foregoing table: ; 

1. In no case did the profit from selling cheese equal that 
gained from selling cream. 

2. The excess of profit from cream over that from cheese varied 
from $37.37 to $100.42. The profit derived from selling cheese 
averaged $9.79, while that from cream averaged $72.52 for each 
period of lactation. Hence the sale of cream gave $62.73 more on 
an average than did the sale of cheese. For each dollar of profit 
derived from the sale of cheese, the sum of $7.40 in profit was de- 
rived from the sale of cream. 


24 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE. 


SUMMARY. 
1. Basis or CALcuLaTIONs. 


(a) Cost.—The food-cost of products alone is considered. 

(6) Value of Milk.—The value of the milk is based on the 
amount of total solids in milk, allowing 94 cents a pound for milk- 
solids, which is equivalent, on an average, to 24 cents a quart for 
milk or 1.28 cents a pound. 

(c) Value of Butter—The butter is caleulated to contain 85 per 
cent. of fat and an average price of 25 cents a pound is placed on it- 

(dq) Value of Cream.—The cream is calculated to contain 20 
per cent. of fat and an allowance of 20 cents a quart is made for it. 

(e) Value of Cheese—The price for cheese is placed at 10 cents 
a pound for cheese about one month old. 

(f) Method of Calculating Profit—A deduction is made from 
the gross profit (the difference between the value of the product and 
its food-cost), amounting to 124 cents for each 100 pounds of milk, 
representing the amount of feeding and fertilizing materials taken 
away from the farm in the case of selling milk and cheese. A 
smaller but proportionate reduction is made in the case of cream. 


9. AVERAGE Prorits DertveD FRom Sextiing Mirk AnD ITs 
Propvucts FoR ONE Periop oF Lactation. 
(a) From Cheese, $9.79. 
(6) From Muk, 19.80. 
(c) From Butter, 25.64. 
(d) From Cream, 72.52. 


3. THe Amount or Prorir Gatnep in Seviinc Mirx anp irs. 
Propucts In oNE ForM ovER OTHER Forms, 
(a) Butter over milk, $5.84 profit. 
(b) Milk over cheese, 10.00 profit. 
(c) Butter over cheese, 15.85 profit. 
(d) Cream over butter, 46.88 profit. 
(e) Cream over milk, 52.72 profit. 
(7) Cream over cheese, 62.73 profit. 


4, CoMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF Prorirs DERIVED FROM SELLING 
MiLk anv irs Propucts. 
(4) Ratio of profit of milk to butter, 1: 1.30. 
() Ratio of profit of cheese to milk, 1 : 2.02. 


‘ Rh iit ode f I. 


| 
New YorK i aati EXPERIMENT STATION. 25 


te Ratio of profit of cheese to btitter, i : 2.62. 
(d) Ratio of profit of butter toeream,—1_: 2.83. 
(e) Ratio of profit of milk to cream, 1 : 3.66. 
(7) Ratio of profit of cheese to cream, 1 : 7.40. 


VIII. Comparative Field-tests of Commercial Fertilizers Used 
in Raising Potatoes. 


SUMMARY. 


I. Object and Plan of Investigation— The object of the work 
was to compare ten different brands of commercial fertilizers used 
in raising potatoes. Potatoes were planted in 26 plots containing 
about one-eighth of an acre each. In the use of one brand, the 
fertilizer was put on in quantities equivalent to 1,000, 1,500 and 
2,000. pounds an acre, being applied both broadcast and in the row. 
In all other cases, the fertilizer was applied in the row in quantities 
‘equivalent to 1,000 and 2,000 pounds an acre. 

II. Soil. The soil was a sandy loam underlaid with sand and 
gravel. For five years previous it had been used in raising clover 
and timothy without appligation of fertilizers. 

Ill. Composition of Fertilizers Used.— In the fertilizers used, 
the nitrogen varied from 3.27 to 4.50 per cent. ; the available phos- 
phoric acid, from 5.85 to 8.37 per cent.; and the potash, from 6.15 
to 11.55 per cent. 

IV. Amount of Fertilizing Constituents Applied on One 
Acre.— Nitrogen was applied in quantities varying from 32.7 to 90 
pounds an acre; available phosphoric acid, from 58.5 to 167.4 
pounds; and potash from 61.5 to 231 pounds. 

V. Yield of Potatoes——(a) In every instance, the use of fer- 
tilizers increased the yield of potatoes, the increase varying from 5.4 
to over 81 bushels an acre. (b) The use of 2,000 pounds of fer- 
ilizer an acre did not always increase the yield over that produced by 
the use of 1,000 pounds. (¢) The increased application of fertilizer 
usually increased the proportion of marketable potatoes. 

VI. Relation of Yield of Potatoes to Cost of Fertilizer Used.— 
(a) The value of the crop at 50 cents a bushel varied on the different 
plots from $75.30 to $116.55. (b) Each bushel of potatoes due to 
increased yield from use of fertilizer cost from 26.2 cents to $4.35. 
(c) In the most favorable case, the extra yield of potatoes, due to 
the use of fertilizer, was worth enough to pay for the fertilizer 


26 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


and leave $13.34 in addition. In the most unfavorable case, the 
increased yield was insufficient by $29.05 to pay for the fertilizer 
used. (d) In no ease did an application of 2,000 pounds of fertilizer 
an acre produce as economical results as did the use of 1,000 pounds ; 
and, in most cases, the use of the higher quantity was attended with 
loss of money. 

VIL. Comparison of Applying Fertilizers Broadcast and in 
fow.— Better results were obtained by applying the fertilizer in 
the row, when smaller amounts of fertilizer were used. When 2,000 
pounds of fertilizer an acre were used, better results came from 
applying broadcast. 

INTRODUCTION. 


The growing of potatoes forms a very extensive and important 
part of the agriculture of Long Island. There are connected with 
this industry several conditions which are peculiar to the locality. 
The soil is more or less light in character, and fertilizers tend to 
leach easily. Hence, to grow this crop successfully requires annual 
applications of fertilizers in fairly large quantities. The conditions 
present offer several questions of interest for study. Among such 
questions, the following may be suggested : 

What amount of fertilizing material in the form of commercial 
fertilizers can be used most economically ? 

What method of applying a fertilizer is attended with the best 
results 

Will the effects of the application of fertilizers continue through 
only one season or through more # 

Can any system of cultivation be introduced which will enable 
the farmer to raise potatoes more profitably with smaller applications 
of fertilizers ? 

A satisfactory investigation must involve a study of these and 
similar questions and must therefore be broad in its scope. The 
work undertaken during the past season is to be regarded only as a 
preliminary introduction to carrying out a more extended and com- 
plete series of experimental studies in the future. 

The investigation was undertaken in response to an urgent 
expression on the part of many representative farmers of Long 
Island. It was not possible to prepare plans early enough to make 
the experiments of this season hardly more than preliminary to more 
extended work during the coming seasons. 


~ 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 20 


The work of the season of 1895 has had for its object a compara- 
‘tive field-test of ten different brands of potato-fertilizers which are 
in common use on Long Island. Incidentally, a simple comparison 
was made between applying a fertilizer broadcast and in the row. 

The co-operation of Mr. Z. Hallock of Jamestown, L. I., was 
secured in carrying on the work. Mr. Hallock’s long, practical 
experience as a successful potato grower was an assurance that the 
work would be skillfully and conscientiously done. 

The detailed plans were made by the writer with the help of 
suggestions from Mr. Hallock and others. The work has been 
superintended on the part of the Station by Messrs. Lowe, Stewart 
and Sirrine. All details of labor have been performed by Mr. 
Hallock or under his immediate supervision and direction. 


CHARACTER AND Previous History or Solu. 


The field used for the experiments is located on the farm of Mr. 
Hallock, near Jamesport. The soil is a light loam from two to 
three feet deep. This is underlaid by sand and gravel which 
extend down more than fifty feet. 

In regard to its previous history, the field was last planted with 
potatoes in 1890, after which it was sowed with rye and seeded with 
timothy and clover. There was an excellent crop of clover in 1892 
and the field was mowed each season following. No commercial 
fertilizers were applied while the field was in grass. 


PREPARATION OF Sort FoR PLANTING. 


The field was plowed about April 1, 1895, and then lay until May 
1. The soil was then thoroughly worked each way with a Mason’s 
spading harrow and then with a smoothing harrow. It was then 
marked off with a sled marker in rows three feet apart. The field 
was divided into plots of three rows each, one row being left 
vacant between the adjacent plots. Each plot thus consisted of 
three rows thirty-three rods long. There were in all twenty-six 
plots. These were carefully staked off and numbered. 


Kinpos oF Fertizizers Usep. 
Ten different brands of fertilizers used were as follows: 
1. “ Riverhead Town Agricultural Society fertilizer,’ manufac- 
tured by Frederick Ludlam. 
2. “Special,” manufactured by Ellsworth Tuthill & Co. 


28 ReErortT oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


3. “ Potato fertilizer,” manufactured by Lister’s Agricultural and 
Chemical Works. 

4, “ Potato fertilizer,” manufactured by George B. Forrester. 

5. “No. 1 fertilizer,” manufactured by Hallock & Duryee Fer- 
tilizer Co. 

6. “ Potato fertilizer,’ manufactured by Acme Fertilizer Co. 

7. “Complete manure for potatoes and vegetables,” manufac- 
tured by Bradley Fertilizer Co. 

8. “ Wells & Hudson fertilizer,” manufactured by Bowker Fer- 
terlizer Co. 

9. “Red Brand,” manufactured by E. Frank Coe. 

10. “Champion No. 1,” manufactured by Moller & Co. 


APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS. 


Plots No. 1 and No. 26 were not fertilized at all. On plots 2 to 7, 
the Riverhead Town Agricultural Society fertilizer was used in 
quantities which were equivalent to 1,000 pounds, 1,500 pounds, and 
2,000 pounds an acre. On plots 2, 3 and 4, the fertilizer was ap- 
plied broadeast, while on 5, 6 and 7, it was applied in the row. 
With each of the other fertilizers, amounts were applied which 
were equivalent to 1,000 and 2,000 pounds an acre, and the applica- 
tion was made only in the row. 


Puiantine, Cuntivation, Ere. 


The potatoes were planted on May 3 and 4 with the Aspinwall 
potato-planter. On May 16 they were harrowed and again also on 
May 25. On June 1 the potatoes were grown enough to enable one 
to follow the rows and were cultivated with a Hudson’s Bicycle 
Cultivator. On June 6 and 7 they were cultivated again and hoed ; 
as alsoon June 12. On June 14 Paris green was applied. On June 
18 the ground was cultivated lightly on the surface, not over two 
inches deep. 

At this time the crop presented a good appearance. The plots 
with the smaller amounts of fertilizer looked better in most cases 
than did those with the larger amounts. Those plots in which the 
fertilizers were applied broadcast appeared better than those where 
the fertilizer was applied in the row. 

June 21 and 22 Paris green was applied again and the crop 
was. hoed. 


: 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 29 


On June 29 the crop was cultivated again, using a one-horse iron 
cultivator in place of the Hudson’s cultivator previously used. At 
this time the vines almost completely covered the ground, except 
where no fertilizer was used. 

On July 19 the late blight began to make its appearance, owing 
to the prevalence of extremely wet and warm weather. On July 22 
Mr. Stewart sprayed the potato-tops thoroughly with Bordeaux 
mixture. They were cultivated again at this time. On August 1, 
they were again sprayed. 

On August 20 and 21, the field was cultivated again and the 
weeds were hoed out. At this time the vines were mostly dead. 
Where they had not been sprayed, they were completely dried up. 

On September 3, the digging of the potatoes commenced. The 
potatoes were carefully sorted and weighed under the supervision 
of one of the representatives of the Station. The machine used for 
sorting the potatoes separated those less than 14 inches in diameter 
from the marketable ones. 

We will now consider in order — 

1. The composition of the fertilizers used. 

2. The amount of nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid used on 
different plots. 

3. The relation of the constituents of potato fertilizers to the 
amount of fertilizing materials removed by the potato crop. 

4. The yield of potatoes. 

5. Relation of yield of potatoes to cost of fertilizers used. 

6. Comparison of results in applying fertilizers broadcast and in 
the row. 

1. Tue Composition oF THE FeErtinizers Usep. 


In the table below we state the composition of the different ferti- 
lizers used, giving the manufacturer’s guarantee and the results of 
the Station’s analysis. We designate the different fertilizer simply 
by the name of the manufacturer. 


30 ReEpPorRT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


TaBLE SHowine Composirion oF FERTILIZERS. 


12 t: 

Per cent. jof aeailaple Per cent. 

FERTILIZER MANUFACTURED BY. |of BroEene ECs ae of seunel 

acid. potash. 
redericks lnudilammassenieseeece = ra eh ae 4 Cute 
Elisworth Tuthill & Co.........- } ie aan Ties baer 
ay 3.70 7.5 Ue Guaranteed. 
ASCOT BOS (ine naan ; 3.55 7.75 7.50 Found. 
ard § 3.70 5.50 10. Guaranteed. 
Geo. B. Forrester. ...--.--.----- ) 3.95 792 10.75 Wound! 
Z ‘ Ga FeO ie a Guaranteed. 
allockiceDuryees 1 scccci-a scr ) 3.87 8.06 11. Wound. 
Acme Fertilizer Co ...-+++++-++- ele sea ene cade a 
i 8. re : 
Bradley Fertilizer Co .-..--.---- ae a ey re ou pas 

9 ( 

Bowker Fertilizer Co ....--.---- ; oe aie fee Guarainee : 
Es 3.30 9- 6. Guaranteed. 
B. Prank Coe-..---.------------ {3039 8.35 6.15 Found. 
3.40 The 6. Guararteed. 
Moller & Co....---------+------ 3.27 6.04 6.71 Found. 


The nitrogen varied from 3.27 to 4.50 per cent.; the phosphoric 
acid from 5.85 to 8.37 per cent.; the potash from 6.15 to 11.55 per 
cent. 


2. Toe Amount oF FeErritizinc Constiruents Usep on DIFFER- 
ENT Purots. 


The amount of mixed fertilizer used on an acre is only a partial 
ecord of facts. In comparing different fertilizers, it is a matter of 
interest and importance to know how many pounds of nitrogen, 
phosphoric acid and potash were applied. In the table below we 
give this information in regard to each plot, basing the figures on 
one acre. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 31 


TABLE SHowrna Amount oF FrErRtTILIzZING ConstITUTENTS UseEp. 


° Pounds of avail- 
NUMBER OF PLOT. Ee ioER Garett apie PEOSP Lone nance a 
fertilizer. ee eeiigcr 407 fertilizer. 
Meera fies sa cuca ehekees: srevaiele: eis [hl Were ecstons sco. eullert eye tees 
are Tol Sse SHORE ciate) foers, dare Ul « 40 83.7 105.4 
SHS GID oc 6 OO E eee | 60 125.5 158 
2 RS aCUR Cho o CLAIR HONORS IARC Ice nene 80 167.4 910.8 
PAIN ote ers cid. Slehocc) diese ers'e os 40 83.7 105.4 
Gute Tach aie) elore eye: os lava whalereie 60 1QD20 158 
SMM hae <= eiye, s Goes 0's, 88a Save 80° 167.4 210.8 
BG cod 616.0 RECS ee 45 62.1 Ba s5 
Gi no SES AEA ee eee 90 124.2 231 
UO oc da clo CRIES oa ene By) 3) hue T5 
Deseret es, J tia dsolnle! day weet rfl 155 150 
EMMI atohar's cic chavchane crs aera) 39.5 To LOT 
Lo or GS Se are een ae 79 158.4 215 
Leo Aigeene les rae Sta abate, tare eaves 38.7 80.6 110 
1155 so (9 BRR CRORE CRC Raat 17.4 161.2 220 
1S 6 aioe Reva ahetovenssheters Pell 58.5 81.2 
WP real by cis, cia bet cele ¢ 66.2 1 IG 162.4 
LSE Ie Sys eiseche y Sie PRPS eee Rae SGe1 19.2 SGOT 
IS aiSaorerere RE Dialer bNa er ejerera a vere s Toot 158.4 193.4 
PADRE oneey thal o ciesels: o eteehs sia aie 26.1 97.8 ig ae 
MEE sien s- o06% sis Ge '0.6 Shavenenerere 52.2 195)..6 142.4 
DMMP ie lok cic dct ahcile: orelatonelecaie 32.9 83.5 Ge 
WI} 6 Go Chon AICO MGIC Te 65.8 167 123 
Aer isiintes oP Sich oi, aie 0) ecovatsi a¥ei oleia' 4 5 Lt’ 60.4 a fee | 
DEIR rect Sci ore tus owls Gale e's 65.4 120.8 134.2 
FEBS 6 6" Orci aS IO ROO. DORON EG SOO CICT AMER SECA ee a IRIS EP ADRS eM See ar 7 


An examination of the foregoing data shows: 

1. That the amount of nitrogen in 1,000 pounds of different 
fertilizers varied from 26.1 to 45 pounds. 

2. That the amount of available phosphoric acid varied from 
58.5 to 97.8 pounds in 1,000 pounds of different fertilizers. 

3. That the amount of potash varied from 61.5 to 115.5 pounds 
in 1,000 pounds of different fertilizers. 

The fertilizers used are all supposed to be specially adapted for 
potatoes, but we see considerable variation in composition. They 
vary the least in nitrogen between the highest and lowest amounts 
of this kind of plant-food contained in them. They vary a little 
more in the amount of available phosphoric acid contained in 
in them ; while, in potash, the highest one contains nearly twice as 
much as the one containing the lowest amount of potash. These 


382 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


rather wide variations in the amount of plant-food supplied by dif- 
ferent “specials” suggest that manufacturers are still quite far from 
agreeing upon an ideal formula for potatoes, if, indeed, such an 
ideal formula is possible. 


8. Toe Revation or THE ConstITUENTS oF PoTATo-FERTILIZERS 
To THE AmMouNT oF MatTErIALs REMOVED BY THE Porato Crop. 


How many pounds of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash are 
removed from one acre by a crop of potatoes yielding 200 bushels ? 
According to calculations based on the most available data at hand, 
a crop of 200 bushels of potatoes would take from one acre of soil 
from 30 to 35 pounds of nitrogen, from 20 to 25 pounds of phos- 
phorie acid, and from 60 to 65 pounds of potash. 

Comparing these figures with the amounts of fertilizing con 
stituents contained in 1,000 pounds of the various fertilizers used, 
we find that the nitrogen in no cases runs below the amount required 
for the crop, while in some cases it is somewhat in excess. These 
fairly large quantities are justified, if we assume that the soil itself 
furnishes little nitrogen or that all of the nitrogen applied is not 
completely taken up by the crop. 

In the case of phosphoric acid, we find that the amount supplied 
in 1,000 pounds of the mixed fertilizers used was in every case more 
than twice as much as that consumed by the crop and in some eases 
was more than three times as much. Whileit may be well to apply 
phosphoric acid considerably in excess of the amount used by the 
crop, it would appear that too great an excess for economy is often 
used. This, however, is a question which may well be studied 
in our future investigations. 

In the case of potash, the amount used by the crop was considera- 
bly less than that supplied, but the difference was not nearly so great 
as in the case of phosphoric acid. 

It will thus be seen that when we use as much as 1,000 pounds of 
a good potato-fertilizer we are supplying plant-food rather more 
than sufficient to meet the demands of the crop. And it would 
follow, on theoretical grounds, that amounts applied in excess of 
this, even on poor soils, would not meet with profitable returns. 


4. Tue YIELD or PorarToEs. 


We will next consider the yield of potatoes in reference to the 
amount of fertilizers used, and also the proportion of culls and 
marketable potatoes. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 33 


Pounds of 

J Amount of | yieig of | Marketable Pownce 

No.of] xIND OF FERTILIZER USED. | fertilizer | potatoes [Potatoes for| 199 pounds 
plat. used per per acre. 100 pounds at manenttad: 

acre. of unsorted 
potatoes, | Potatoes. 
Pounds. Bushels 

Th |lON@G: 6. -cise See ons oBocapee None. : 83.8 16.2 
2 | Frederick Ludlam .-.---.-.-.--. 1,000 197.3 88.4 11.6 
8 | Frederick Ludlam ..-..-....-.. 1,500 188 .4 91.0 9.0 
4 | Frederick Ludlam -.......-.. 2,000 216.3 91.6 8.4 
5 | Frederick Ludlam .-.-.--. dees 1,000 207.5 91.0 9.0 
6 | Frederick Ludlam ...---.-.... 1,500 197-1 91.6 8.4 
| wmrederick udlam ...2.----"- 2,000 199.8 92.3 Ua 
8 | Ellsworth Tuthill & Co...-. 1,000 180 &8.9 ijles) 
9 | Ellsworth Tuthill & Co..... 2,000 183.3 92.6 7.4 
MUMIMIATSLOL: SPOS 25 =. 051 tcis'sls oe == 1,000 193.4 89.2 10.8 
ie PISOL pDLOS: os 2252. Jee soos 5 2,000 219.2 92.6 7.4 
pap lblonresber - + S25 =2h)s 2c. 1,000 204 92.0 8.0 
om | MEOMNONUCL). << Jetesic sen nocess 2,000 169.4 92-3 Hat! 
14 | Hallock & Duryee ...-..--.- 1,000 194.5 vleo 8.5 
15 | Hallock & Duryee)--=2-..-5- 2,000 187.5 90.5 9.5 
16 | Acme Fertilizer Co-.--...---- 1,000 189.8 90.6 9.4 
17 | Acme Fertilizer Co.----..... 2,000 196.3 92.0 8.0 
TSS] Sa] BST UE eae aS RE ae 1,000 WB 90.5 9.5 
NOME TAIeY eeisccis ciace nial: stiles sa 2,000 191.4 ple (ahs) 
BUM sow ketietecm assays soccer 1,000 156.9 89.5 10.5 
PP BOW KOR). Soe. bodies aes esci 2,000 158.4 O1E9 8.1 
2m RY. Brank Coe~ s2k.ce 2s.5-/2 5-1 1,000 200.5 91.5 85 
Zomshednrank Coe. .223 Jee 2,000 233.1 92.0 8.0 
DAM Moller d\\Co.2 122025. 2223. 1,000 201.8 93.0 7.0 
DOM | MOlLeT Weil CON. os as alesis set = 2,000 187.9 91F> 8.5 
DOMPPNONO = asetos =e he = oh Seis tise None. 152.5 89.9 10.1 


The data embodied in the foregoing table appear to justify the 
following statement of results : 

1. In every instance the use of a fertilizer increased the yield 
of potatoes. This increase varied from 5.4 to over 81 bushels per acre. 

2. The use of 2,000 pounds of fertilizer an acre produced a 
larger crop in some instances and a smaller one in others than did 
the use of 1,000 pounds an acre. The largest increase of yield in 
any one case was 83 bushels more (plot 23) by the use of 2,000 
pounds than by the use of 1,000 pounds. In one case the larger 
application gave 35 bushels less (plot 13). It was noticed that on 
the plots where the larger amounts of fertilizer were used, the 
potatoes came up unevenly and in some cases not at all. This was 
undoubtedly due to the fact that the seed-potatoes were injured by 
contact with the fertilizer. 

3. The increased application of fertilizer generally produced a 
larger proportion of marketable potatoes. The proportion of 
marketable potatoes varied from 83.5 to 93 per cent. of the entire: 

3 


84 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


yield. The proportion of culls was largest on plot 1, where no 


fertilizer was used; though on plot 26, where no fertilizer was 
used, the proportion of marketable potatoes was larger than on 
plot 1. In most cases the fertilizer increased the marketable quality 
of potatoes even when it did not affect the yield in bushels. 


5. Revation oF YIELD oF Portators To Cost oF FERTILIZERS 
UseEp. 


The essential point to be considered is the cost of production. 
The increase of yield may be misleading. We must know how 
much it costs us to increase our production before we can determine 
whether the increase is made at a profit or loss. 

In the following table, we give the cost of fertilizer used for each 
bushel of potatoes produced and also the cost for each bushel pro- 
duced as compared with the plots on which no fertilizer was used. 
We call the average yield of plots 1 and 26, 1514 bushels, this being 
the yield where no fertilizer was used. 


Increased 
Cost of fer- number of | Cost of each Valero . 
t Cost of fer- tilizer for bushels of | bushel of po- t 50 Gain or loss 
No. of | tilizer used | each bushel | potatoes re- | tatoes result- ae from use of 
plot. | on one acre. | of potatoes | sulting from | ing from use paahe r fertilizer. 
produced. | useof fertil- | of fertilizer. Wee 
izer. 
Cents Bushels. Cents 

1Fs| SASS Sec Reo eee Ses set Matin Seo een MEO AS a8 ey $7530 (sos -cseeee 
2 $14 66 8.31 45.8 32.0 98 65 $8 29 
3 21 99 13.09 36.9 59.6 94 20 *3 54 
4 29 32 15.27 64.8 45.2 108 15 3 08 
5 14 66 7.96 56.0 26.2 103 75 13 34 
6 21 99 12.55 45.6 48.2 98 55 81 
7 29 32 16.50 48.3 60.7 99 90 Opa 
8 14 25 8.72 28.5 50.0 90000) 34 see 
9 28 50 16.22 Sal ates 89.6 91 65 *12 60 
10 17 00 9.88 41.9 40.6 96 70 3 9d 
abit 34 00 19.85 67.7 50.2 109 60 *15 
12 19 00 10.48 D2AO 36.2 102 00 5 25 
13 38 00 24.35 1729 212.9 84 70 *29 05 
14 16 50 9.08 43.0 38.4 97 25 5 00 
15 33 00 19.80 36.0 91-7 93 75 *15 00 
16 girs) 10.41 38.3 45.7 94 90 1 65 
17 35 00 20.00 44.8 78.1 98 15 *12 60 
18 17 50 oD 42.2 | 41.5 96 85 3 60 
19 35 00 20.58 39-9 | 87.7 95 70 *15.05 
20 15 00 10.80 5.4 277.7 78 45 *12 30 
21 30 00 21.30 6.9 435.0 79 20 *26 55 
22 18 00 10.00 49 .0 37.0 100 25 6 50 
23 36 00 Ug (sex/ 81.6 44.1 116 55 4 80 
24 16 00 8.92 50.3 31.8 100 90 9n15 
25 32 00 1OBTS 36.4 87.9 93795 *13 80 
GM eeials Seescloe | Mets, 2. @ Sree eta Nec itciod> SianeT |) Beemer yee 1G 25 eee ee 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 35 


From the foregoing table we can make the following summarized 
statement : 

1. The cost of fertilizer for each bushel of potatoes produced 
varied from 7.96 cents on plot 5 to 24.35 cents on plot 13. In no 
case was the increase of yield proportionate to the amount of fer- 
tilizer used when more than 1,000 pounds an acre was applied. 

2, There was in every case an increased yield due to the appli- 
cation of fertilizer. This increase varied from 5.4 bushels on plot 
20 to 81.6 on plot 23 over the yield on the unfertilized plots. 

3. The cost of the increased yield due to the use of fertilizers 
varied from 26.2 cents (on plot 5) to $4.35 (on plot 21) for each 
bushel of potatoes produced in excess of the yield of the unferti- 
lized plots. 

4. The money value of the crop at 50 cents a bushel varied 
from $75.30 on plot 1 to $116.55 on plot 23. 

5. If we calculate the amount of money received for extra yield 
of potatoes due to the use of fertilizers and compare this amount 
with the money expended for the fertilizers used, we find that on 
plot 5 there was the greatest gain, amounting to $13.34 in yield 
over the cost of fertilizer used. In other words, the extra yield was 
enough to pay for the fertilizer and $13.34 more. From this 
amount there was a variation down to an actual loss of $29.05 (on 
plot 13); that is, on this plot the extra yield of potatoes due to the 
use of fertilizer was insufficient by $29.05 to pay for the fertilizer 
used. In no ease did an application of 2,000 pounds of fertilizer 
produce as economical yields as did the application of 1,000 pounds. 
In every case except two (plats 4 and 23), the use of 2,000 pounds was 
attended by actual loss. 


6. Comparison oF Resutts in Appiyinc FeEertinizeErs Broapoast 
AND IN THE Row. 


On plots 2, 3 and 4 the fertilizer was applied broadcast, while on 
plots 5, 6 and 7 the applications were made in the row. The 
amounts of fertilizer applied are given below. 


36 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE. 


“Taste SHowina Comparison or Dirrerent Meruops or APPLY- 
ING FERTILIZERS. 


Pounds of fer- Bushels of 

NUMBER OF PLOT. tilizer applied Sr atiehil me five! on pro- 
Dees: She a reeMahators ekgueasin. ore ote 1,000 | Broadcast.... oie 
Dy ieee de aes ies Sev stoieiniay steers 1, 0005) In- row... 2.2.2)" 2S 
SS eR SATA ae eae A eae 1,500 | Broadeast.... 188.4 
IEA ES isneit suatete Gila Aineks 1500) laasrow ie re 197.1 
ss CAS RRC A PRS Pot 2,000 |-Broadcast.... 216.3 
Ts GLE AO Si ia ton es 2. 000M) Imcrow s-sest 199.8 


From a comparison of the foregoing data, it is seen that better 
results were obtained with the smaller amounts of fertilizer when 
the fertilizer was applied in the row. On the other hand, when 
2,000 pounds of fertilizer were used, better results were obtained 
from applying it broadcast. This is undoubtedly due to the fact 
that a large amount of fertilizer applied in the row comes more or 
less into contact with the seed-potatoes and injures their germinating 
power. It was apparent on most of the plots where the larger 
amounts were applied that the potatoes came up more or less uneven 
and some failed altogether to come up. 

It remains for us to ascertain in the future to what extent the 
fertilizers used in excess remain available in the soil. It also remains 
for us to try similar experiments upon lighter soil. There is some 
reason for believing that there is too much neglect in keeping 
abundance of humus in the soil, especially where the soils are of the 
character common on Long Island. It is quite probable that fer- 
tilizers can be used most economically in smaller quantities than half 
a ton an acre, provided the soil is kept supplied with humus. These 
points, however, can be definitely settled only by our future work. 

In, conclusion, it is suggested by way of precaution that these 
results of our preliminary experiments must not be regarded as con- 
clusive upon any of the points tested. Different results might have 
been obtained on a soil differing in character and history from the 
one used. The present results are rather to be regarded as helpful 
suggestions for future lines of investigation. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ent, 


IX. The Chemistry of Plants, Plant-foods and Soils. 


I. Tue Constituents oF Pants. 


Chemical Elements.—All matter is composed of about seventy 
different chemical elements. A chemical element is any substance 
which cannot, by any known means, be separated into two or more 
different kinds of matter. Yor example, gold is an element, 
because, in whatever manner it may be treated, we cannot get any- 
thing out of it but gold; pure gold contains nothing but gold. So 
nitrogen is an element, because, as far as we able to find out, it con- 
tains only one thing, that is, nitrogen. Similarly, carbon, sulphur, 
potassium, oxygen and iron are elements. 

Just as the twenty-six letters of our alphabet are combined in 
various ways to form the words of a whole language, so these seventy 
elements or simple substances, constituting nature’s alphabet of mat- 
ter, are capable of being united to produce all the different chemical 
compounds that go to make up the countless forms of matter. The 
number of different combinations possible between these seventy 
elements is practically infinite. 

Elementary Composition of Plants——When we state what 
elements any substance contains, we give its elementary composition. 
For example, sugar contains the elements, carbon, hydrogen, and 
oxygen ; this is a statement of the elementary composition of sugar. 
So, when we state what elements a plant contains, we give its ele- 
mentary composition or analysis. The term ultimate composition 
means the same as elementary composition. We will now consider 
the elementary composition of plants. 

The exact number of different kinds of plants growing on the 
earth has never been definitely ascertained; but the number prob- 
ably exceeds 200,000. Of this large nnmber, only a few have been 
subjected to careful chemical analysis, and yet so uniform in all its 
great variety are nature’s methods of working and building, that we 
can quite safely say that, so far as the elementary composition of 
plants is concerned, little remains to be learned. Chemical analysis 
shows that, ef the seventy elements known to exist, only fourteen 
are essential to produce all the different forms of vegetable life. 

While all plants contain certain chemical compounds in common, 
such as cellulose, albuminoids, etc., it may be that each plant con- 
tains in some one or all of its parts one or more chemical compounds 
peculiar to itself, so that there may be as many distinct chemical 


88 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


compoundsin the vegetable kingdom as there are different species of 
plants. This, of course, can not be known absolutely until all plants 
in existence have been carefully analyzed ; but, whether the number 
of different chemical compounds in the vegetable kingdom bea few 
thousand or a few hundred thousand, we know that they are almost 
entirely made up of fourteen elements, and these, therefore, form 
the chemical alphabet of the vegetable kingdom, all the different 
vegetable compounds, like words from letters, being formed by the 
union of two or more of these elements. 

The fourteen elements which are regarded as being necessary to 
the perfect growth and development of every plant are the follow- 
ing: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulphur, 
Chlorine, Silicon, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium, 
and Sodium. The element fluorine is of frequent occurrence in very 
small quantities ; and the following elements are of rare or doubtful 
occurrence: Aluminum, barium, bromine, cobalt, copper, iodine, 
lead, lithium, nickel, rubidium, tin, titanium, and zinc; but their 
occurrence is a matter of curiosity rather than of practical import- 
ance, for, unlike the fourteen named above, they seem in no way to 
be necessary to plant life. 

To chemical analysis we owe all that we know about what plants 
contain or are made of. Eighty years ago not a single vegetable 
substance had been accurately analyzed; and, although, in the thirty 
years following, much was learned about the different elements con- 
tained in plants, it was not until after the investigations of Liebig 
that our knowledge of the chemistry of plants progressed with any 
satisfactory degree of rapidity 

Classification into Air-Derived and Soil-Derived Elements.— 
The elements that are necessary to the growth of plants may be 
divided into two quite distinct classes, which have important and 
marked differences. These two classes are: (a) Air-derived or 
organic elements. (b) Soil-derived or inorganic elements. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 39 


(a) Air-Derived Elements. (b) Soil-Derived Elements. 
Carbon. Phosphorus. 
Hydrogen. Sulphur. 
Oxygen. Chlorine. 
Nitrogen. Silicon. 

: Calcium. 
Tron. 
Potassium. 
| Sodium. 
Magnesium. 
Manganese. 


It is usual among writers on agricultural chemistry to call these 
classes organic and inorganic elements, but this use of these words 
is extremely inaccurate; for any element may be either organic or 
inorganic, according ‘as it is or is not a part or product.of an organ- 
ized body. Oxygen, as it exists in the air, is inorganic matter; but 
when, through vital processes, it becomes part of an animal or plant, 
it is organic. 

These two classes of elements differ in three important particulars, 
as follows: 

first. The elements of the first class are derived exclusively from 
the air, either directly or indirectly ; while those of the second class 
come exclusively from the soil. 

Second. Air-derived elements disappear, for the most part, in the 
form of gases, when a plant is burned; while the soil-derived ele- 
ments, usually the smaller part, are left in the form of a residue or 
ash, upon which further heating will not have any effect. Some 
earbon and oxygen and nitrogen are always found in the ash, while 
slight quantities of chlorine, sulphur and phosphorus are apt to be 
driven off by heating. The two elasses of elements are, therefore, 
not so sharply defined in this regard as they are in respect to the 
sources from which they come. 

Third. These two classes differ very noticeably in regard to the 
quantities in which they are present in plants. Thus, the air-derived 
elements constitute, at least, ninety-five per cent of the whole veg- 
etable kingdom, while the soil-derived elements occur in small quan- 
tities, varying from a fraction of one per cent up to ten per cent., or 
even more in some cases. Because the soil-derived elements occur 


40 Report OF THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


in small quantities, it does not follow that their presence is of less 
importance ; in their absence, vegetation would disappear. 

We will now consider each of these elements in order, and men- 
tion briefly some of the more important characteristics of each; but. 
before doing this, it is desirable to explain the meaning of two or 
three chemical terms which we shall have occasion to use. ) 

Classification into Acid-forming Elements and Metals.— 
Of the fourteen elements which are found in plants, some are 
spoken of as non-metallic elements or acid-forming elements, because, - 
in certain combinations, these elements form well-known acids. The 
other elements are known as metallic elements or metals. 


(a) Acid-forming Elements. (6) Metals. 
Carbon. Calcium. 
Hydrogen. Potassium. 
Oxygen. Sodium. 
Nitrogen. Tren. 
Phosphorus. Magnesium. 
Sulphur. Manganese. 
Chlorine. 

Silicon. 


Acids and Salts.—(a) An acid is a compound containing an 
acid-forming element combined with hydrogen and oxygen, or in 
some cases, with hydrogen alone. The following examples will 
serve to illustrate: 

Nitrogen with oxygen and hydrogen forms nitric acid (aquatortis). 

Phosphorus with oxygen and hydrogen forms phosphoric acid. 

Sulphur with oxygen and hydrogen forms sulphuric aced (oil of 
vitrol). 

Ohlorine and hydrogen form hydrochloric acid (muriatie acid). 

(b) A Salt is a compound formed by putting a metal in the place 
of the hydrogen of an acid ; that is, an acid differs from a salt 
simply in having a metal where the acid has hydrogen. Every acid 
has a salt corresponding to it. For example, as stated above, nitric 
acid consists of nitrogen and oxygen and hydrogen. Now, if we 
put the metal potassiwm in the place of hydrogen we have a com- 
pound containing 

Nitrogen and oaygen and potassium (in place of hydrogen). This 
compound is the potassiwm salt of nitric acid and is called potas- 
sium nitrate or nitrate of potash. Again, 


/ 
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 4t 


Phosphoric acid consists of phosphorus and oxygen and hydrogen; 
in place of hydrogen put one of the metals, as calciwm, and we have 
a compound containing 

Phosphorus and oxygen and calcium (in place of hydrogen), which 
is the calcium salt of phosphoric acid and is called calcium phos- 
phate or phosphate of lime. 

Similarly, if a metal, as magnesium, is put in the place of the 
hydrogen of sulphuric acid, we have the magnesium salt of sul- 
phurie acid or magnesium sulphate, familiar to us as Epsom salt. 
If in hydrochloric (muriatic) acid, we put some metal as sodium in 
place of the hydrogen, we have a compound consisting of sodium 
and chlorine, which is the sodiwm salt of hydrochloric acid and is 
ealled sodium chloride, sometimes muriate of soda, familiar to us as 
common salt. 

The word ‘‘salt”’ as used in chemistry applies to a great number 
of compounds, and many of the substances we have to deal with in» 
speaking of fertilizers are chemical salts; that is, substances formed 
by putting some metal in place of the hydrogen of some acid. 

Carbon.—(«) /mportance.—The element carbon may be called 
the central element of all animal and vegetable substances ; for there 
is not a living thing, from the smallest cell to the giant tree, which’ 
does not contain carbon as a necessary constituent. That all vege- 
table and animal substances contain carbon can easily be shown by» 
simply heating them sufticiently, and thus causing them to blacken> 
or char. When, for example, wood is heated, the different elements 
of which it is composed are driven off in one form or another, but 
the carbon is the last to go, and remains behind as a black substance 
or charcoal, unless heated higher, when it disappears or burns up. 

(b) Occurrence.—Carbon usually occurs in nature united in com- 
pounds with other elements. Thus, most products of plant life con- 
tain carbon combined with the elements hydrogen and oxygen ; such 
are starch, sugar, and cellulose or woody fibre. Carbon combined 
with oxygen occurs in the air in the form of carbon dioxide, com- 
monly called carbonic acid gas. Carbon, when combined with 
ogygen and some element such as calcium, occurs in the form of 
carbonates ; for example, marble, limestone, and chalk are chemically 
known as calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime. 

Carbon by itself or in the free condition, that is, not united with 
any other elements, is familiar to us in several different forms; the 
most common of these are (1) diamonds; (2) graphite, which is used 


42 Report of THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


in the manufacture of lead-pencils; (8) ordinary wood-charcoal ; (4) 
lamp black; (5) animal charcoal; (6) mineral coal. Excepting dia- 
mond these forms of carbon are more or less impure, containing 
some other things mixed with the carbon. 

Hydrogen.— (a) Occurrence.—The element hydrogen is nearly 
always found combined with other elements. It combines with 
oxygen to form water. Hydrogen also occurs in most animal and 
vegetable substances, such as various kinds of wood, fruits, ete., in 
which it is combined with the elements, carbon and oxygen. Hydro- 
gen is always present in all kinds of acids. 

(6) Description.—Hydrogen, in the uncombined form, is a gas 
that resembles air in that it has neither color, smell, nor taste. 

Oxygen.— (a) Occurrence.—Oxygen is the most abundant of all 
the elements. The compounds which contain no oxygen are few in 
number. Oxygen forms nearly one-half of the crust of the earth; 
eight-ninths of water; about one-fifth of air; and one-third of all 
animal and vegetable matter. 

Oxygen occurs in the air uncombined with other elements. 
Oxygen, combined with the elements carbon and hydrogen, or with 
carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, is found in substances which go to 
make up animals and vegetables. 

(b) Description—As might be inferred from knowing that 
oxygen in the uncombined state forms part of the air, oxygen is a 
gas having no color, taste or smell. 

Oxygen is a very active substance from a chemical point of view. 
It tends to unite with nearly all of the elements. In all forms of 
burning, the oxygen of the air is simply uniting with other ele- 
ments. Thus, in a coal fire the oxygen unites with the carbon of 
the coal. The heat is produced by the union of the two elements. 

Nitrogen.— (@) Occurrence.—Nitrogen occurs in nature in the 
following forms: 

(1) As a constituent of az. 

(2) In the form of ammonia. 

(3) In the form of nitric acid and nétrates. 

(4) In various other forms in plants and animals. 


(1) Nrrrocen ry Arr.— Nitrogen, uncombined with other elements, 
forms about four-fifths of the air. Since the nitrogen in the air is not 
combined, we can perceive its properties for ourselves, and our obser 
vation shows us that it isa gas, which has neither color, taste nor smell. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 43 


(2) Nrrroeen 1x Ammonta.—Nitrogen combined with the ele- 
ment hydrogen forms ammonia. Ammonia is present in the air in 
very small quantities. Ammonia is formed when vegetable and 
animal substances containing nitrogen decompose. 

Ammonia is a colorless gas, and it is this gas dissolved in water 
which is familiar to us as ammonia water or “ Spirits of Hartshorn,” 
and which causes the peculiar odor of “ hartshorn.” 

Ammonia unites with different acids and forms salts somewhat as 
metals do; these salts we call ammonium salts, compounds which 
do not generally have any odor like ammonia. Thus, ammonia 
combined with sulphuric acid forms ammonium sulphate, commonly 
ealled sulphate of ammonia; ammonia, combined with hydrochloric 
acid, forms ammonium chloride, sometimes called muriate of 
ammonia, also known as sal ammoniac. 

(3) Nirrogen iy Nrrrates.—Nitrogen, combined with hydrogen 
and oxygen, forms nitric acid or aqua fortis. If in nitric acid a 
metal as sodium, for example, takes the place of hydrogen, we have 
formed a sodium salt of nitric acid or a nitrate, called sodium 
nitrate, or nitrate of soda. 

When animal and vegetable substances decompose in rather warm, 
moist places, the nitrogen is changed into nitrates. This change of 
the nitrogen of organic matter into nitrates is caused by germs called 
bacteria, which are very small living vegetable organisms, and 
which exists everywhere in enormous numbers. The process is 
known as “ netrification.” 

(4) Nirrocgen 1n Animats and Prants or Orcanic Nirro- 
@EN.—Nitrogen, combined with the elements, hydrogen, carbon 
and oxygen occurs in plants and in animals. Such substances for 
example are the casein or curd of milk, the gluten or gummy portion 
of wheat, the fibrin of blood, the white of egg, ete. When such 
compounds decompose, the nitrogen is first changed into ammonia, 
and then, under proper conditions of warmth, moisture and access 
of air, into nitric acid or nitrates. The nitrogen existing in ani- 
mals and plants is generally called organic nitrogen. 

(b) In what Forms Nitrogen is Useful to Plants.—Plants can 
use nitrogen in three different forms, viz. : 


(1) As nitrogen gas or uncombined nitrogen. 
(2) In the form of ammonia. 
(8) In the form of nitrates. 


44 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


All plants can not use nitrogen in any of these three forms equally 
well, but each form is found specially suited to certain kinds of 
plants as will be noticed: 

(1) Nrrrogen Gas usep By Piants.—Although we have nitrogen 
gas or uncombined nitrogen existing in the air in enormous quantities, 
still the number and kinds of plants which can use the nitrogen of 
the air is not large. In general, those plants which are called 
leguminous, such as the bean, pea, clover, alfalfa, ete., can take un- 
combined nitrogen from the air. Upon the roots of such crops are 
found certain lumps or warts or tubercles. These tubercles contain 
large numbers of micro-organisms derived from the soil and these 
micro-organisms have the power of bringing the nitrogen of the air 
into such combinations as the plant can use. 

(2) Nirrocen or AMMONIA USED BY Pxrants.—The leaves of 
some plants have the power of absorbing ammonia directly from 
the air and obtain nitrogen in this way, but only in very small quan- 
tities. Some plants obtain nitrogen from ammonium salts through 
the soil, but in general, the compounds of ammonia are changed into 
nitrates in the soil before being used by plants. 

(8) Nirrocen or Nrrrares vsep By Prants.— The largest 
part of the nitrogen obtained by most plants is taken up by their 
roots from the soil in the form of nitrates ; that is, nitric acid com- 
bined with some metal, as sodium or potassium. As already stated, 
most of the nitrates used by plants are formed by changing into 
nitrates ammonia compounds and organic substances in the soil by 
the process called nitrification. Hence, nitrogen, in the form of 
nitrates, is the most available form for most plants; that is, it can 
be most readily taken up and used by plants. 

Phosphorus. — (a) Description.— Phosphorus, when uncom- 
bined with other elements, is a yellowish, waxy-looking, solid sub- 
stance. It is soft and can be cut as easily as ordinary beeswax. It 
is very poisonous. It takes fire very easily and, therefore, has to 
be kept under: water. When phosphorus burns, it simply unites 
with the oxygen of the air, forming a compound which contains 
oxygen and phosphorus; this compound of oxygen and phosphorus 
is commonly called phosphoric acid. 

(b) Occurrence.— Phosphorus is always found in nature com- 
bined with other elements. It ozcurs combined with oxygen and 
calcium (or lime) and this compound is called calciwm phosphate or 
phosphate of lime. - It also occurs in soils as phosphate of magnesia, 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 45 


phosphate of alumina and iron. Calcium phosphate or phosphate 
of lime is found in some minerals and in the bones of animals. 

(ce) Importance of Phosphorus Compounds.— The phosphates, 
like the nitrates, are found everywhere in the soil and are of. great 
value in their relations to plants. The phosphates found in the 
bones are taken into the animal body in the food. All plants used 
as food contain small quantities of phosphorus compounds which 
they get from the soil. The phosphates taken into the body are 
partly given off in the excrement and urine. 

Sulphur.— (@) Occurrence.—Sulphur uncombined with other 
elements, is found near voleanoes. Combined with other elements, 
sulphur is found in a great many minerals. Sulphur is also found 
in vegetable and animal products, combined with the elements 
carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. The properties of the element 
sulphur are too well known to need any description. 

(6) Compounds.— When sulphur is combined with hydrogen 
and oxygen in certain proportions it makes sulphuric acid, com- 
monly called od of vitrol. When the hydrogen of sulphuric acid 
has its place taken by any metal, a sulphate is formed. For example, 
when the metal potassium takes the place of the hydrogen of. the 
sulphuric acid, a salt is formed known as potasiwm sulphate, com- 
monly called sulphate of potash; from sulphuric acid and the metal 
calcium is formed the salt caleiwm sulphate, commonly known as 
sulphate of lime. 

Chiorine. — (a) Description. — Chlorine, when not combined 
with other elements, is a greenish-yellow gas, having a very suffocat- 
ing odor. The gas is very poisonous and has very active chemical 
power. : 

(6) Occurrence—Uneombined chlorine is never found in nature. 
We commonly know chlorine only in its compounds. Chlorine 
combined with hydrogen forms hydrochloric or muriatic acid. Chlo- 
rine combined with any metal forms chlorides commonly known also 
as muriates. For example, chlorine combined with the metal sodiwm 
forms a compound which is called sodiwm chloride or chloride of 
sodium, or muriate of soda; and this sodium chloride is the common 
salt familiar to us in every-day experience. Chlorine combined 
with the metal potassium forms potassium chloride commonly called 
muriate of potash. 

Silicon.— Oceurrence.—Silicon, next to oxygen, is the most abun- 
dant element in nature. It does not occur uncombined with other 


46 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


elements. Silicon combined with oxygen forms a compound com- 
monly called sé/éea. Quartz and sand are nearly pure silica. 

Silicon combined with oxygen and several of the metallic elements, 
such as sodium, potassium, calcium, etc., forms compounds which 
are called sélzcates. The feldspars are silicates ; clay is a silicate. 
Ordinary glass consists of a mixture of silicates. 

Calcium.— Oceurence—The metal calcium is always found in 
nature combined with other elements. The compounds of calcium 
are ordinarily known as lime compounds, because calcium, when 
combined with oxygen to form a compound known as calcium oxide, 
was called lime, and this calcium oxide or lime was supposed to be 
present in calcium compounds. 

Calcium combined with oxygen and carbon forms a compound 
which is known as caletwm carbonate or carbonate of lume. Lime- 
stone, marble, chalk, eggshells and coral consist of calcium carbonate 
or carbonate of lime. Calcium and sulphuric acid form a compound 
known as calcium sulphate or sulphate of ime; gypsum and plas- 
ter of Paris are familiar forms of calcium sulphate ; itis often called 
simply “ plaster.” 

Calcium combined with oxygen, as already noted, forms calcium 
oxide, which is commonly known as lime or quicklime. This is 
made by burning some form of calcium carbonate, as limestone, 
oyster shells, coral rock, ete.; the carbon dioxide (carbonic acid) is 
driven off by the heat, and calcium oxide or quicklime remains. 

When quicklime is exposed to the air, it slowly absorbs moisture 
and carbon dioxide and is changed back into calcium carbonate. 
When quicklime is changed into calcium carbonate (carbonate of 
lime), the lime is said to be ar-slackhed. 

Potassium.— Occurrence.—The metal potassium is never found 
uncombined in nature. It is a constituent of many minerals. The 
decomposition of these minerals give rise to the presence of potas- 
sium compounds everywhere in the soil. It is taken up by plants; 
and when vegetable material is burned, the potassium remains 
behind, chiefly as potassium carbonate. When wood-ash is treated 
with water, or “leached,” the potassium carbonate is dissolved out, 
forming “lye,” and this, evaporated to dryness, leaves impure potas- 
sium carbonate, which is commercially known as potash. 

In using the term potash in connection with fertilizers, potassium 
oxide is always meant. The compounds of potassium are commonly 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 47 


called potash compounds, because it was formerly supposed that 
potassium oxide or potash was present in all of them. 

Potassium combined with chloride forms potassium chloride or 
chloride of potash or muriate of potash, ete. Potassium and sul- 
phuric acid form potassium sulphate or sw/phate of potash. Potas- 
sium and nitric acid form potassium nitrate, also called nitrate of 
potash and saltpeter. 

Sodium.— Ocewrrence.—Sodium occurs in nature mostly in com- 
bination with the element chlorine in the form of sodiwm cholride 
or common salt. It is found everywhere in the soil, but usually in 
small quantities. Sodium and nitric acid form sodiwm nitrate or 
nitrate of soda, commonly known as Chili saltpeter. 

Magnesium, Iron and Manganese.—These elements, especially 
magnesium and iron, are present as essential constituents of plants. 
They exist in various forms of combination with other elements. 


2. CLASSIFICATION AND DerFIniTION oF TERMS USED IN CoNNECTION 
witH FERTILIZERS. 


A Fertilizer may be defined as any substance which, by its addi- 
tion to the soil, is intended to produce a better growth of plants. 

The materials which come under the head of fertilizers are 
numerous in kind, and different both in form and the manner in 
which they act. 

The following tabulated classification, while not strictly accurate 
in every respect, will serve to give a good general idea of the num- 
ber and relations of the terms used in speaking of fertilizers : 


( Stable manure. 

Refuse vegetable matter. 

Green crops for plowing under. 
Cotton-seed. 

Muck, marls, ete. 


La Complete or 


1. Natural . 


general. 
b. Incomplete 
or special. 


OR 


Commercial, 
NUTRITIVE. 2. Artificial. 


Chemical, or 
Prepared. 


de 
| 


FERTILIZERS 


OR Gypsum. 


II. InprrReEctT ( Lime. 
STIMULANT. (Salt, ete. 


These terms are, in general, loosely and indiscriminately used, as 
their meaning is often misunderstood; and so an attempt will be 


°48 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND. CHEMIST OF THE 


made here to define iets in accordance with the best usage of the 
terms. 

A Direct Fertilizer as one that contains elements of plant-food, 
which are available at once, that is, which can be taken up and used 
-immediately by plants. 

' The term Available is applied to plant-food which is soluble, that 
is, in such a condition that the roots of the plant can take it up 
readily in solution. 

Plant-food is Unavailable, when it is in an énsoluble form, so 
that the roots of the plant fail to take up any part of it. A large 
proportion of plant-food present in the soil is unavailable, but by the 
action of air, water, carbonic acid, etc., it is gradually changed to 
soluble or available forms, which the plant can take up and use. As 
will be noticed later, phosphoric acid in the form of imsoluble eal- 
cium phosphate or phosphate of lime is unavailable as plant-food, 
but when converted into a superphosphate or soluble calcium phos- 
‘phate, it becomes available. Unavailable plant-food is potenteal 
food or food in reserve. ~ 

_ An Indirect Fertilizer 7s one which does not furnish to the soil 
any needed plant-food and which may not be plant-food at all, but 
which is characterized by the way in which vt acts on the matter al- 
ready in the soil, changing more or less of it from unavailable plant- 
food to an available form. For example, lime, gypsum, salt, etc., 
are indirect fertilizers, as they are generally used by farmers. 
Later some attention will be given to the action of some of the 
most familiar indirect fertilizers. They are commonly used by 
farmers, not because the elements they furnish are lacking in the 
soil, but because they can act upon unavailable plant-food and render 
it available, or because they may have some beneficial influence 
upon the mechanical condition of the soil. 

Natural Fertilizers include the solid and liquid excrement of 
animals, all kinds of vegetable refuse, green crops for plowing 
under, cotton-seed, mucks, marls, etc. 

Artificial Fertilizers are also known by such names as commercial 
fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, etc., and are artificial preparations 
or mixtures of fertilizing materials sold under trade names. The 
fertilizing materials used in making these mixtures include the 
substances found in natural deposits and by-products of numerous 
industries, which are obtainable by farmers only through the 
channels of trade. Some substances which might be classed as 


| 


mre a " 7 
. yo i ‘ - - 
ms ? : 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 49 


natural fertilizers, such as cotton-seed meal and tobacco stems, are 
also included among the materials of artificial fertilizers. 

Complete Fertilizers, known also as general Jertilizers, are those 
which contain nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. 

Incomplete Fertilizers, also called special fertilizers, are those 
which contain only one or two of the three constituents, nitrogen, 
phosphorie acid and potash. 

There is a common practice among farmers and dealers of eall- 
ing all commercial fertilizers “ phosphates,” regardless of whether 
they contain any phosphates at all or not. The practice is clearly 
objectionable, because a phosphate is not the only fertilizing con- 
stituent presented in commercial fertilizers,—in some cases it may 
be entirely absent. The term “superphosphates” applies truth- 
fully to many commercial fertilizers, but even these can not be 
correctly spoken of as simply ‘ phosphates.” This common usage 
of the term “phosphate” for any form of fertilizer emphasizes 
the fact that there has been a tendency to overestimate the value 
and importance of this constituent, resulting in large applications of 
it without regard to the needs of soil or crop. 


/ 3. THe Revations oF THE DirrERENT ELEMENTS OF PLANTS TO 
FERTILIZERS. 


Carbon.— We know that carbon must be an important element in 
plant-food, since it forms nearly one-half of the solid portions of 
plants. Notwithstanding the fact that carbon forms so large a_por- 
tion of plants, it has no importance as an active food constituent of 
direct fertilizers. This statement may appear strange and the ques- 
tion may be asked, “ Why is not carbon to be regarded as an essen- 
tial constituent of direct fertilizers?” The answer is that the ear- 
bon of plants comes from the carbon dioxide (carbonic acid gas) of 
the air, and the air furnishes an inexhaustible and available supply 
of this substance. We do not, therefore, need to add carbon to the 
soil in order to supply the needs of plants. However, some forms 
of carbon possess value as ¢ndirect fertilizers. When vegetable or 
animal matter undergoes decomposition in the soil more or less ecar- 
bon dioxide is formed. Thisis taken up by the soil-water and acts 
asa solvent, changing unavailable into available forms of plant-food. 

Hydrogen and Oxygen.—As already stated, water is formed by 
the union otf two gases, hydrogen and oxygen. These elements are 

4 


50 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


supplied to plants in the form of water. Growing plants contain a 
larger amount of water than of any other constituent. More or less 
of the oxygen and hydrogen of the water is separated in the plant, 
and in this way plants secure the hydrogen and oxygen which they 
need to build up their tissues. In this manner water acts as a direct 
Jertilizer. The water is supplied to the soil by rains; from the soil 
it is taken into the plant through the roots. In regions adapted to 
agriculture, plants receive all the hydrogen and oxygen needed, and 
usually much more, from the rains. Therefore, these elements are 
not regarded as important parts of fertilizers. 

When water is supplied to plants by irrigation, it can very prop- 
erly be called a fertilizer, and an extremely important one. 

Nitrogen.— Experiments have shown that nitrogen is essential 
to the growth of plants; that the quantities of nitrogen available as 
plant-food are very small; that nitrogen is one of the first elements 
in the soil to be used up; that, of all fertilizing elements, nitrogen 
is and always has been the most expensive. 

Phosphorus.— The fact that phosphorots compounds are abso- 
lutely necessary for the maturity of plants indicates that phosphates 
are essential to complete fertilizers. Soils become deficient in avail- 
able phosphates quite rapidly, especially in grain-growing regions. 

Sulphur.— Sulphur is known to be an essential constituent of 
plant-food. 

So far as known, plants take it up and use it in the form of 
sulphates. Asa rule, there appear to be in all soils amounts of sul- 
phates sufficient to supply indefinitely all the demands of crops. 
As the quantity of sulphur used by plants is very small, soils do not 
readily become exhausted of this element. Therefore, we do not 
need, in general, to add sulphur compounds to the soil. Calcium 
sulphate (sulphate of lime) and potassium sulphate (sulphate of 
potash) are often present in commercial fertilizers, but they are 
generally used not on account of the sulphur they contain. Some 
forms of sulphur compounds render a soil barren, when present in 
any considerable quantity. 

Chlorine.— While chlorine is known to be an essential constituent 
of plant-food, the circumstances which require its addition to the 
soil appear extremely rare, except in some cases where it may be 
used for an indirect benefit. It is added to fertilizers in consider- 
able quantities in the form of potassium chloride (muriate of potash) 
but this is largely because this happens to be the cheapest form in 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 51 


which potash can usually be obtained. It_is the effect of the potash, 
not of; the chlorine, that is desired. An excess of compounds of 
chlorine in soils renders them barren. 

Silicon, in the form of silica and silicates, is abundant in all soils, 
and does need special attention in connection with fertilizers. 

Calcium.—All plants require calcium or, as it is more commonly 
called, lime. Most soils appear to contain an inexhaustible supply’ 
of this’element, and only in exceptional cases does it need special 
attention in connection with furnishing a supply of plant-food. Cal- 
cium is not, therefore, regarded as an essential constituent of a direct 
fertilizer, but some of its compounds are known to be valuable 
under certain conditions as indirect fertilizers. 

Potassium.— Experiments show that when potassium (or potash) 
compounds are lacking in the soil, the plant suffers greatly, though 
it does not‘necessarily die. The development of the woody parts 
of plants and the fleshy portions of fruits seems to be largely 
dependent on the influence of potassium compounds. As potash is 
taken up by vegetation, most soils under constant cultivation sooner 
or later become deficient in potash, and this loss must be supplied 
by means of fertilizers. Therefore, potassium (potash) compounds 
are regarded as essential constituents of direct fertilizers. 

Sodium in the form of sodium chloride (common salt) is found 
in small quantities in all soils. While it appears as a regular, though 
small, constituent of plants, it is generally held that it is not a neces- 
sary constituent of plant-food, and that the requirements of plants 
do not call for the addition of sodium compounds to fertilizers. In 
the case of nitrate of soda, it is not the sodium, but the nitrogen in 
the form of nitrate, which gives the compound its value as plant- 
food. It merely happens that the nitrate can be furnished most 
cheaply in this form. The application of sodium chloride as an 
indirect fertilizer has been found, under some conditions, to be 
attended with beneficial results. 

Magnesium is a necessary constituent of plants, but, so far as 
known, it rarely needs to be added to a soil. There are some mag- 
nesium compounds existing as impurities in the German potash salts, 
and when these latter are used, some magnesium is added to the soil 
incidentally. 

Iron, though used by plants in very small quantities, is an essen- 
tial constituent of plant-food. It is rarely, if ever, absent from 


52 ReEpoRT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


cultivable soils,and hence does not need to be considered in con- 
nection with commercial fertilizers. 


4. Tue Sprcirio Action or Dirrerent ELements or Pxiant-Foop 
upon Pants. 

The question is often asked in connection with the different con- 
- stituents of plant-food regarding the function each performs in 
plant growth. It is well known that each element contributes to the 
building of definite compounds contained in the plant, and that each 
has one or more special offices to fulfill. While the specitie action 
and functions of the different elements are not clearly understood 
in all details, much is known, and we now present a brief outline of 
the facts relating to this subject, so far as known. 

Carbon is a constituent of nearly all the compounds, except 
water, found in plants, such as starch, fibre, sugar, fat or oil, 
albuminoids, acids, ete. Hence, its function is to supply its necessary 
part of the material found in such compounds. The carbon dioxide 
is taken into the leaves of plants, and in the presence of sunshine is 
decomposed, its carbon uniting with other elements to form various 
compounds, its oxygen being largely returned to the air. 

Oxygen, next to carbon, is the most abundant element found in 
plants, and there are very few compounds occurring in plants which 
do not contain more or less oxygen. The chief function of oxygen 
is to supply the various compounds of plants with the needed por- 
tion of this material. Plants require oxygen about as much as do 
animals. Green plants can not flourish without a supply of oxygen. 
The absence of oxygen prevents the germination of seeds. Con- 
siderable quantities of oxygen are absorbed from the air by the 
opening buds of trees. More or less oxygen in the soil is necessary 
for the active life of roots. In the act of flowering, the absorption 
and chemical action of oxygen in the blossom is so marked, in some 
eases, as to develop sufficient heat to be measured by a thermometer. 

Water (Hydrogen and Oxygen).— In the combination of oxygen 
with hydrogen in the form of water, these two elements perform 
important functions. In the first place, nearly all the hydrogen 
found in the different compounds of plants comes from water. 
More or less of the oxygen is also supplied this way. In addition 
to furnishing materials with which to build other compounds, water 
acts as a carrier within the plant in transferring from one part of 
the plant to another, as needed, the various products contained in 


Se 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 53 


the plant, just as the blood in the animal body carries to every por- 
_ tion the nutriment adapted to each organ and part. 

Nitrogen.—The influence of nitrogen in its various forms upon 
plant growth is shown by at least three striking effects. 

First. The growth of stems and leaves is greatly promoted, while 
that of buds and flowers is retarded. Ordinarily, most plants, at a 
- certain period of growth, cease to produce new branches and foliage, 
or to increase those already formed, and commence to produce 
flowers and fruits, whereby the species may be perpetuated. If a 
plant is provided with as much available nitrogen as it can use just 
at the time it begins to flower, the formation of flowers may be 
checked while the activity of growth is transferred back to and 
renewed in stems and leaves, which take on a new vigor and 
multiply with remarkable luxuriance. Should flowers be produced 
under these circumstances, they are sterile and produce no seed. 

Second. The next effect of nitrogen upon plants is to deepen the 
color of the foliage, which is a sign of increased vegetative activity 
and health. 

Third. Another effect of nitrogen is to increase in a very marked 
degree the relative proportion of nitrogen in the plant. 

Phosphorus.— Experiments have shown that plants will die 
before reaching maturity, unless they have phosphoric acid com- 
pounds to “feed upon. Phosphates appear to perform three distinet 
functions in plants. 

first. They aid in the nutrition of the plant by furnishing the 
needed quantities of phosphorus. 

Second. They aid the plant, in some way not well understood, 
to make use of or assimilate other ingredients. Phosphorus is 
found in the seeds of plants, and, as already stated, a plant does 
not come to maturity and so does not produce seeds, unless phos- 
phates are present in the soil for the plants to feed upon. The 
liberal application of available phosphate compounds appears to 
hasten the maturity of plants. 

Third. Certain forms of phosphates render the albuminoids 
sufficiently soluble to enable them to be carried from the growing 
parts of plants to the seeds, in which they accumulate in quantity. 

Sulphur is required by plants in order to produce the albuminoids 
and many of the vegetable oils, such as those contained in horse- 
radish, mustard, turnips, onions, ete. Otherwise, it is not clearly 
known what functions sulphur may perform in plant development. 


54 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE ° 


Chlorine.—The function of chlorine in connection with the 
development of plants is not satisfactorily settied. There are some 
reasons for believing that some of the compounds of chlorine, 
especially the potassium chloride (muriate of potash), are instru- 
mental in transferring starch from the leaves, where it is formed, to 
the flower and fruit. 

Silicon.— It is an unsettled question as to what silicon does in 
plant growth. Some have thought that its functions might be to 
give stifiness to slender stems in the case of such plants as grasses, 
sedges, etc., but there are some serious objections which interfere 
with the complete acceptance of such a proposition. 

Calcium forms a part of several compounds found in plants. Its 
chief function appears to be that of strengthening cell-walls. It is 
often found united with different acids forming calcium (or lime) 
salts. Thus, in beet leaves, we find the salt calcium oxalate. In 
what specific way it otherwise affects the growth of plants, we do 
not vet know definitely. 

Potassium compounds are essential to the formation and trans- 
ference of starch in plants. Starch is known to be first formed in 
the leaves of plants, after which in some way it becomes soluble 
enough within the plant-cells to enable it to pass through the cell- 
walls gradually and later to be carried into the fruit,jwhere it 
accumulates and changes back to its insoluble form. It is well 
established that potassium compounds are intimately connected with 
the formation of starch in the leaves and with its transference to the 
fruit. No other element can take the place of potassium in per- 
forming this work. For the carrying of starch a minute amount 
of calcium (lime) and chlorine appears to be needed in addition to 
the potassium. Potassium compounds are important on account of 
their influence upon the development of the woody parts of stems 
and the fleshy portions of fruit. Again, potassium compounds are 
present in those plant juices, which are rather sour; in these 
cases, the potassium is combined as an acid salt with such acids as 
citric, malic, tartaric, oxalic and other acids. 

Iron is essential to the formation of the green-coloring-matter of 
plants called chlorophyl. In the absence of iron, leaves lose their 
green color and become pale or white and no starch is formed. 

Magnesium closely resembles calcium in many ways, but can not 
replace it in plants. Magnesium appears to be associated with nitro- 
genin the formation of protoplasm; it also appears to have some 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 55 


effect upon the formation of the green coloring-matter or chloro- 
phyl of plants. 


5 Tue Revations oF THE DirrereENT ELEMENTS oF Puant-F oop 
. To SoILs. 


General Composition and Origin of Soils.—Of the fourteen 
elements necessary to perfect plant growth, ten come exclusively 
from the soil, as previously indicated. These have already been 
described, and we do not need to give further attention to them in 
this place. The soil-derived elements, though forming on an aver- 
age only about five per cent. of the whole vegetable kingdom, are 
of the utmost interest and importance to the farmer; for, while the 
atmosphere is in itself entirely beyond his control, he can, through 
the medium of the soil, influence the amount of air-derived con- 
stituents taken up by plants. 

Soils consist of decomposed rocks mixed in varying proportions 
with organic matter called humus, formed by the decay of animal 
and vegetable substances. The principal part of the soil was once 
solid rock, and the first step toward the formation of soil was the 
powering of the rock. The conversion of.rocks into soil has been 
accomplished by means of various agencies, such as heat and frost, 
moving water and ice, chemical action of airand water, and the in- 
fluence of animal and vegetable life. The value of a soil for agri- 
cultural purposes depends largely upon the original material from 
which it was made, and upon the state of fineness to which it has 
been reduced. 

Food Constituents and Mechanical Constituents of Soils.— 
The constituents of soils can be divided into two general 
classes, which we will call (a) food constituents and (b) mechanical 
constituents. 

(a) Food constituents include the ten soil-derived elements which 
are essential tothe development of plants. They may be divided 
into two kinds, avadlable and wnavailable food constituents. 

The food constituents of the soil are avaélable when they are 
soluble ; that is, when they are in such forms as the plant can take 
in and use. They are wnavailable when they are in an insoluble 
‘condition and can not be used at once by the plant. 

(6) The mechanical constituents of the soil include (1) clay, (2) 
sand, and (8) humus. These act as a mechanical support to plants 
and as indirect fertilizers. 


56 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


(1) Clay has the power of absorbing and retaining a large amount 
of water, thus preserving a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil. 
Clay has the power also of holding ammonia and some mineral 
salts and again giving them up to plants. Clay, therefore, acts on 
the available elements of the soil as a sort of regulating material, 
retaining or yielding them by turns as the earth passes from a state 
of drought to one of excessive moisture. 

(2) Sand serves, when mixed with clay, to diminish its compact- 
ness and makes it more porous and permeable to the air. 

(8) Zumus is the organic matter in the soil formed by the decay 
of animal and vegetable matter. It is brown or black in appear- 
ance ; leaf-mold, swamp-muck and peat are varieties of humus, differ- 
ing in appearance according to the condition of their origin and 
formation. The decay of roots, the plowing under of sod and stubble, 
and the application of manure cause the formation of humus in the 
depths of the soil. The composition of humus is somewhat doubt- 
ful. Itis probably avariable mixture of several substances. Humus 
is extremely valuable as an indirect fertilizer, for the following 
reasons : 

First. Humus absorbs water much more extensively than any 
other ingredient of the soil, and thus promotes moisture of the soil. 

Second. Humus aids in the decomposition of the mineral matters 
of the soil, changing unavailable into available plant-food. 

Third. Humus fixes ammonia in the soil, so as to prevent it from 
being carried off by the rains; it afterwards gives up this ammonia 
to plants. Hummus is, therefore, a very desirable constituent of the 
soil, and the beneficial effects of stable-manure and green manure 
are often doubtless due,in no small degree, to the abundance of 
humus which they furnish to the soil. 

Fourth. Humus improves the mechanical condition of heavy soils 
by making them lighter, more porous and less adhesive. ‘It also is 
helpful on sandy soils, serving to bind together the loose particles of 
soil, enabling it to retain moisture and preventing excessive leach- 
ing of plant-food. 

Amount of Plant-food in Soil_—_The proportion of plant-food 
even in a fertile soil is comparatively small. One thousand pounds 
of a good soil may contain : 

Phosphoric Acid, 14 Ibs. 
Nitrogen, 14 Ibs. 
Potash, 2 lbs. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 57 


Some soils may contain larger quantities than these. But when 
we consider the total amount of plant-food in one acre of soil, the 
amounts appear large. 

While the weight of soil in an acre of different kinds of iand 
varies, we may take the average weight of dry soil in one acre to 
the depth of nine inches as approximating about 3,000,000 to 
8,500,000 pounds. One acre of soil containing the proportions of 
plant-food given above would, therefore, contain the following 
aggregate amounts: 

aerite Nitrogen, 4,500 Ibs. 
Phospherie Acid, 4,500 Ibs. 
Potash, 6,000 Ibs. 

A large portion of the plant-food in the soil is not available. The 
character of the soil affects very considerably the available condition 
of the plant-food. For example, a sandy soil is rendered fertile by 
a smaller amount of plant-food than is a clay soil, owing, in part to 
the greater development of roots in a sandy soil, and, in part, to the 
different condition in which the mineral food exists in the sandy 
soil. The insoluble condition of plant-food in the soil prevents its 
rapid loss by leaching. 

Loss of Fertilizing Constituents from the Soil. — Without 
going into a detailed explanation in regard to the causes, we will 
consider briefly the extent to which the three chief forms of plant- 
food are liable to be lost from soils. 

(a) Phosphoric Acid in Phosphates—The ordinary form of 
calcium phosphate being insoluble in water, is not, to any appre- 
ciable extent, removed from the soil by the drainage water. The 
soluable form of caletum phosphate would probably be lost to some 
extent in drainage water, were it not for the fact that it is quickly 
changed in the soil to the “reverted” or less soluble form and, in 
this “reverted” condition, the phosphate is not apt to be carried 
away in drainage water. 

(b) Nitrogen Compounds.— Since ammonia compounds and 
nitrates dissolve easily in water, is there not danger of their being 
carried away in drainage water from the upper soil out of reach of 
the plants? Experiments have been made to settle the question, 
and results indicate that ammonia compounds are largely retained 
in the soil. WVitrates are apt to be washed out and lost in the case 
of bare fallow land ; but, when the soil is covered with vegetation, 
there is little or no loss, for the reason that the roots of growing 


58 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


plants absorb nitrogen very readily. Some nitrogen may be lost also 
by organic matter in the process of decay, escaping into the air as 
free nitrogen. 

(c) Potash in Potassium Compounds is not apt to be lost to any 
extent in drainage waters, since most soils have the power of chang- 
ing soluble forms of potash into forms less soluble, which are 
gradually redissolved and given up for the use of plants. 

In addition to the preceding statements, it may be said, in general, 
that loss of plant-food is greatest in sandy soils; the coarser the 
sand, the greater the loss, other conditions being the same. Clay 
and humus have very marked power in retaining plant-food. 

Relations of Plants and Soils.— We have seen that a very small 
part of the soil furnishes the most important constituents of plant- 
food. The soil also performs other functions than furnishing 
plant-food. We can summarize as follows the general offices which 
the soil fulfills in its relation to plants: 

First. The soil acts as a mechanical support for plants ; the roots 
of the plants penetrate the soil downwards and sideways, and brace 
the plant firmly to its upright position. 

Second. The soil furnishes directly all the soil-derived elements 
used by the plant, and is thus immediately connected with the 
nutrition of plants. In addition, the soil serves as a medium for 
conveying to the plant a considerable portion of the air-derived 
elements. 

Third. The soil contributes to the development of plants by modi- 
fying and storing the heat of the sun, by regulating supplies of 
food, and, in various ways, by securing those conditions which must 
be present and unite to produce the fully developed plant. 

fourth. The soil acts like a’sponge to hold water for the use of 
plants. 

Analysis of Soils.—It is ordinarily supposed that a chemist has 
only to make an analysis of a soil in order to tell just what the soil 
needs and what elements should be added to it to make it most pro- 
ductive. What chemical analysis does actually tell is what elements 
are present in the soil and in what quantities they are present; it 
does not tell whether the elements are available as plant-food, and 
it is just this point which one should know in order to supply to a soil 
what is needed. Few agricultural chemists to-day place unlimited 
confidence in the chemical analysis of a soil to find out its needs in 
the line of plant-food. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


ot 
> 


X. Description of Materials Used as Fertilizers. 
ite Forms OF PLANr-Foop EssENTIAL TO FERTILIZERS. 


In the absence of iron in the soil, plants turn yellow and cease to 
grow; other elements, as chlorine, sulphur, ete., are essential to the 
complete development of a plant. But these elements are used by 
plants in very small quantities, and, moreover, they occur abun- 
dantly everywhere in soils, as already indicated. Therefore, it is 
unnecessary to supply these elements artificially to soils, and we do 
not need to consider them in connection with fertilizers. The 
elements of plant-food which experience most often shows to be 
lacking in soils are these three: 

Nitrogen, Potassium (contained in potash compounds) and Phos- 
phorus (contained in phosphoric acid compounds or phosphates). 


2. StioLant or [nprrect FERTILIZERS. 


A Stimulant or Indirect Fertilizer is one which does not in itself 
furnish directly to the soil any needed plant-food, but whose chief 
-value depends upon the power it possesses of changing unavailable 

into available forms of plant-food. The stimulant or indirect fer- 
tilizers which have been most commonly employed are lime, gypsum 
and common salt. 

Gypsum or Land Plaster, known also as calcium sulphate or sul- 
phate of lime, has been much used in fertilizing crops. Its value is 
due to its action as an indirect fertilizer. There has been much 
difference of opinion as to the manner in which gypsum acts. 
Probably it acts in at least three different ways, as follows: 

First. It has the power to form compounds with ammonia, in 
which the ammonia is no longer in danger of loss by evaporation. 
This power of fixing ammonia is probably of little value when 
plaster is applied to the surface of the soil, but it may be of much 
value when scattered over a heap of fermenting manure, and 
moistened with water, when it will retain the ammonia which would 
otherwise escape. For the same reason, plaster is useful to distri- 
bute about stables, so that it may mix with the manure. 

Second. lt has been shown recently that gypsum in some manner 
aids the process of nitrification, by which ammonia and the nitrogen 
of organic matter are converted into nitric acid and nitrates. 

Third. Gypsam acts upon the insoluble forms of potash and 
some other elements of plant-food, converting them into soluble 


60 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


and available forms which plants can readily take up and use. 
This is probably the most important effect of plaster as an indirect 
fertilizer. 

In whatever way gypsum may act, it is well established that it is 
of value when applied on certain soils to certain crops, such as 
clover, peas, lucern and similar plants. All forms of superphosphate 
contain more or less gypsum, as will be explained later. 

Quicklime.—Quicklime or burnt lime or calcium oxide, com- 
monly called lime, is known to be valuable as an indirect fertilizer. 
It produces changes in both the physical and the chemical character 
.of soils. It changes the mechanical condition of soils by loosening 
heavy clay soils and also by holding together and giving body to 
light sandy soils. Freshly burned lime acts chemically upon soils 
by decomposing vegetable and mineral matter already present in the 
soil and changing them into forms which are available as food for 
the plant. Thus, lime acts upon insoluble mineral substances con- 
taining potash, soda, etc., and converts them into soluble forms 
which plants can use. Lime aids in the decomposition of animal 
and vegetable matter, such as vegetable mold, stable manure, etc., 
and tends to convert them into available plant-food. In this change 
from insoluble to soluble forms, any food not taken up by plants 
during the season may be washed away before another season and 
thus lost. In using lime, care should be taken not to use too large 
quantities, and ordinarily it is best to use it in connection with | 
liberal applications of nutritive fertilizing substances. Lime can be 
used to advantage on freshly drained swamp lands and also on lands 
newly cleared. 

Common Salt has an indirect fertilizing value which is mainly 
due to the fact that it has the power of changing unavailable forms 
of plant-food, especially potash, into available forms. 

Danger in using Stimulant Fertilizers.—It should be kept 
in mind that these stimulant fertilizers are not used for the plant- 
food contained in them; hence, as used, they do not furnish needed 
plant-food. The chief value of their use lies in the fact that they 
ean change unavailable into available forms of plant-food. It can 
readily be seen that, when stimulant fertilizers are used exclusively 
for a term of years, the soil each year loses nitrogen, potassium and 
phosphorus compounds, which are not replaced. The inevitable 
result of such treatment is the exhaustion of these important food 
constituents from the soil. This affords an explanation of the 


ae 


~~ 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 61 


question often raised now as to why the application of land-plaster 
does not give such results in crop yields at present as in former 
days. When Jand-plaster was the only fertilizing material added 
to soils for years in succession, it. was possible to produce increased 
crops, so long as there were in the soil. enough compounds of nitro- 
gen, potassium and phosphorus to be rendered available by the 
action of the land-plaster. When, therefore, these forms of plant- 
food were largely removed, there was nothing for the land-plaster 
to act upon, in order to increase the supply of available food 
material. The land-plaster furnished no needed food but simply 
helped the crops to use up more rapidly the store of plant-food 
present in the soil. 


-8. Nourririve og Direct Ferrinizing Materiats. 


Nutritive or Direct Fertilizers contain forms of plant-food, 
which contribute directly to the growth and substance of plants. 
Such materials may contain either nitrogen or potash or phosphoric 
acid compounds, or any two, or all three of these forms of nutriment. 
We shall consider these various materials under the following heads: 

(a) Commercial fertilizing materials containing nitrogen com- 
pounds. 

(b) Commercial fertilizing materials containing phosphoric acid 
compounds. 

(c) Commercial fertilizing materials containing potash compounds. 

(d) Farm-produced fertilizing materials. 


This division is not sharply defined, since one material may con- 
tain more than one form of nutriment; however, in most cases, 
each kind of material contains some one of the three forms of plant- 
food in much larger proportions than any other form. Owing to 
the value of farm-produced manures and to the importance of calling 
special attention to their value, we treat this subject under a separate 
head in connection with the forms of materials used in commercial 
fertilizers. 


(a) Fertilizing Materials Containing Nitrogen Compounds. 
The various materials which are used to furnish nitrogen in com- 
mercial fertilizers are derived from three general sources, which we 


can indicate as follows: 
(1) Mineral nitrogen compounds. 


62 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


(2) Vegetable nitrogen compounds. 
(5) Animal nitrogen compounds. 


(1) Commercial Fertilizing Materials containing Mineral 
Nitrogen Compounds. 


The forms of mineral compounds containing nitrogen, most com- 
monly found in the market, are nztrate of soda and sulphate of am- 
monia. Much less common are nitrate of potash and muriate 
(chloride) of ammonia. 

Nitrate of Soda, known alsoas “ Chili saltpeter,” is found in large 
deposits which have been formed in the rainless regions of Chili and 
Peru. As it is mined, the nitrate of soda is quite impure, the chief 
impurity being common salt. Before being sent to market, it is 
purified, and the form in which farmers purchase it generally con- 
tains from 95 to 96 per cent. of real nitrate of soda. Stated in 
another way, 100 pounds of good commercial nitrate of soda contain 
from 151 to 16 pounds of nitrogen. 

Sulphate of Ammonia is formed from waste materials produced 
in the manufacture of illumimating gas. This is the most highly 
concentrated form of nitrogen commonly found in the market. 
One hundred pounds of sulphate of ammonia contain about 25 
pounds of ammonia, which is equivalent to about 20} pounds of 
nitrogen. 


(2) Commercial Fertilizing Materials Containing Vegetable 
Nitrogen Compounds. 


While nitrogen may be supplied by many forms of vegetable 
matter, only a few substances of this kind are used in commercial 
fertilizers, chief of which are cottonseed-meal, castor-bean pomace 
and tobacco stems. 

Cottonseed-Meal is the product formed by removing the oil 
from the seed by pressure, after which the material is dried and 
ground. It has been used at the South mainly for fertilizing pur- 
poses. One ton of cottonseed-meal contains about 140 pounds of 
nitrogen, 60 pounds of phosphoric acid and 40 pounds of potash. 
It is valued highly as a food for cattle, and, when thus fed, prac- 
tically all of the fertilizing value is recovered in the manure. When 
it can be purchased at a moderate price, it makes a valuable fertili- 
zer to be applied directly to the soil. The hulls of the cottonseed 
.also possess considerable fertilizing value. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 63 


Castor-Bean Pomace is a by-product of castor-oil factories ; it is 
made by about the same process as that used in producing cotton- 
seed-meal. As a rule, it has less fertilizing value than cottonseed- 
meal, one ton containing about 110 pounds of nitrogen, 40 pounds 
of phosphoric acid and 20 pounds of potash. 


8) Commercial Fertilizing Materials Containing Animal Nitro- 
g 
gen Compounds. 


Probably the larger proportion of the nitrogen occurring in com- 
mercial fertilizers is furnished by animal matter in one form or 
another. This material comes mainly from slaughter houses, ren- 
dering works and fish-oil factories. The following list contains 
most of the substances of animal origin commonly used: Azotin or 
ammonite, dried blood, dried fish, fish-scraps, ground fish, hair, 
hoof-meal, horn-dust, leather-scraps,. nitrogenous guanos, tankage, 
wool-waste, ete. 

Azotin or Ammonite consists of dried and ground meat, tendons, 
membranes, etc., from which fat has been extracted. It usually 
contains over 10 per cent. of nitrogen along with 3 or 4 per cent. of 
phosphoric acid. 

Dried Blood consists of blood obtained from slaughtering animals; 
it is prepared for market by evaporating, drying and grinding. The- 
color varies with the degree of heat employed in drying, ranging 
from red to black. That from hogs is usually more red than that 
from cattle. One hundred pounds of dried blood contain from 10 
to 15 pounds of nitrogen. 

Dried Fish, Fish-Scraps, and Ground Fish consist of refuse 
from fish-oil works; it is dried and ground for market. /t is 
more valuable according as it is finer and drier. Dried. ground 
fish, of good quality, contains from 7 to 8 per cent. of nitrogen, 
together with as much or more phosphoric acid. 

Hair is obtained from slaughter-houses; it is oft mixed with 
dried blood and other forms of animal matter. % contains about 
15 per cent. of nitrogen. 

Hoof-Meal and Horn-Dust are by-producS containing 10 to 
15 per cent. of nitrogen and about 2 per ce. Of phosphoric acid. 
They are sometimes treated with superheate Steam or with sulphuric 
acid, the treatment rendering the nitroge’ Compounds more readily 
-available. 


- 


64 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Leather-Scraps and Leather-Meal are waste products of vari- 
ous factories. When treated with superheated steam and dried or 
roasted, they can be very finely ground. - Roasted, finely ground 
leather is used to adulterate dried blood, having much the same 
appearance. The use of these materials in commercial fertilizers is 
forbidden by law in this State, except the fact be stated on the 
package. 

Meat-Scraps, Tankage, etc., are slaughter-house refuse, dried 
and ground. It differs from azotin and ammonite in usually con- 
taining more bone and, hence, more phosphoric acid. Good tank- 
age contains 10 per cent. or more of nitrogen and often 10 per cent. 
or more of phosphoric acid. 

Nitrogenous Guanos are formed in dry regions. The Peruvian 
guano was rich in nitrogen, containing 7 per cent. or more, mainly 
in the form of sulphate of ammonia. Guanos of this kind have 
largely disappeared from the market. 

The following table gives the approximate quantities of nitrogen 
contained in various fertilizing materials: 


Taste Giving APPROXIMATE Amount oF NirRoGEN IN FERTILIZING 


MATERIAL. 
Pounds of nitro- 
MATERIALS CONTAINING NITROGEN. Average per j|genin 2000 pounds 
cent. of nitrogen. of material. 
(1) Mineral materials. 
NimErate Olam Ona seo) Ss aan cise see sees 25 to 26 500 to 520 
Nitratejoh potash. 3522055. oe eames meee 18 to 14 160 to 280 
Nitratevonsod avs. <) 365652. 2 So ssh seas cee ees 154 to 16 310 to 320 - 
wl phateota mm oniaz-=seee—. feteeecepeaaeecee 19 to 204 380 to 410 
(2) Vegetable materials. | 
Wotuomxeedinmicallc oo cacti ee ea 6 to 7 120 to 140 
Castor ben POMACE. S232 5a sB- see eee eee Heston 2G 100 to 120 
Topacco sthys. J... -1 2. a-5 UE See SS Tee 2 to 24 40 to 50 
(3) Animal materg]s, 
BAU UTM ed UNIV © TNT apr TP Re erie ooo 2 ere Mer eS 10 to 12 200 to 240 
Wriedibloodee sm) se Aeon ile 10 to 15 200 to 300° 
Ded sis bias e cle eee Rue ee a aareee as TiubOWnS 140 to 160 
Jali? SQ SAS eames Cor Cane caine oi TC ease ies awa as ana 14 to 16 280 to 320 
Hoormeal, horn dust\ ue ian s ye) ey 10 to 15 200 to 300 
Leather scraps, leathet\yeaq) __.. 22.22... Times 140 to 160 
IMG AILISGLUPS [ojo -\=)-\orm ii ee ell os baal 10 to 12 200 to 240 
Nitrogenous Suan OS=\--\-— Ne ee ee ie bOURS 140 to 160 
Oleomargarine refuse ----\ ee 10 to 12 200 to 240 
Tankage ..--------------- Pk CARE IEA YL Tt0, 9 140 to 180 
WiC OE WaASLO creat i= -,ai=1n'si> rm miim) ha ae ee i LOMO 


100 to 120 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. _ 65 


(0) Fertilizing Materials Containing Phosphoric Acid Compounds. 


Phosphoric acid is generally found in combination with lime 
(calcium), forming, at least, three different compounds, viz. : 

(1) Insoluble phosphate of lime. 

(2) Soluble phosphate of lime. 

(3) Reverted phosphate of lime. 


(1) Insoluble Phosphate of Lime. 


This is known under several other names, as “insoluble calcium 
phosphate,” “normal calcium phosphate,” “ tri-calcium phosphate,” 
“bone phosphate of lime,” ete. 

This form of calcium phosphate is called insoluble because it 
does not dissolve in water. 

It is found in nature in large quantities in several minerals, which 
will be noticed later. It also constitutes about 85 per cent. of the . 
ash or inorganic matter of bones. It is also contained in the excre- 
ment of animals, as in guano, ete. 

-Insoluble phosphate of lime is found everywhere in the soil. 
However, in this form, calcium phosphate has the least value for the 
farmer, because it is not easily dissolved and can not, therefore, be 
taken up and used by plants, except very slowly. To make the 
insoluble phosphate available for plants so that they can take it up, 
the insoluble phosphate must be converted into some form which is 
soluble, that is, which dissolves in water. This can be done by 
treating it with sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol). 


(2) Soluble Phosphate of Lime. 


This is known under several other names as “acid phosphate of 
lime,” “acid calcium phosphate,” “ acid phosphate,” “ superphosphate 
of lime,” “superphosphate,” ‘‘ mono calcium phosphate,” ete. It 
is not found naturally occurring. 

As indicated above, the soluble calcium phosphate is made by 
treating insoluble calcium phosphate with sulphuric acid. By this — 
treatment, a portion of the calcium is removed from the phosphate 
and unites with the sulphuric acid, forming calcium sulphate or 
sulphate of lime, in addition to the soluble phosphate. This mix- 
ture of the soluble phosphate and sulphate of calcium is known as 
“superphosphate of lime.’ The phosphate in this form, being 
easily soluble in water, can be readily taken up by plants and is, 

5 


66 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


therefore, of great value as a fertilizer. The sulphate of lime is also 
known to have value as a fertilizer. In plain superphosphate of 
lime, there are generally formed about 116 pounds of sulphate of 
lime for each 100 pounds of soluble phosphate of lime. The value 
of superphosphates depends upon the amount of soluble phosphate 
contained in them. 


(8) Reverted Phosphate of Lime. 


Reverted phosphate of lime is known also as “reverted calcium 
phosphate,” “precipitated phosphate of lime,” “ di-caleium phos- 
phate,” “‘ citrate-soluble phosphate,” ete. 

When soluble phosphate of lime is allowed to stand for sometime, 
it will happen under certain conditions that some of the soluble 
phosphate is changed into a less soluble form of phosphate. This is 
not the same form as ordinary insoluble calcium phosphate above 
described; tor a reverted phosphate, while insoluble in water, can 
be readily dissolved by weak acids or by water containing carbonic 
acid or salts of ammonia. Since the soil and plant roots generally 
contain acids sufliciently strong to dissolve reverted phosphates, 
phosphoric acid in this form is generally regarded as very nearly 
equal to soluble phosphates in value as a fertilizer. The term 
“reverted” was introduced to express the fact that the phosphoric 
acid in this form had once been soluble in water but that it had 
“reverted” or “ gone back” to a form insoluble in water. 

The reverted form of phosphoric acid is often found in small 
quantities in connection with insoluble phosphates, and in larger 
amounts, in guanos; it is also found to a considerable extent in 
bones and other forms of organic matter. 

Summary.—Of the forms of phosphate of lime which are used as 
food for plants, we have 

First, the ordinary insoluble phosphate of lime, which can be 
changed by treatment with sulphuric acid into 

Second, the soluble phosphate of lime, and this, on standing, may, 
under certain conditions, undergo change, forming 

Third, the reverted phosphate of lime, which is insoluble in pure 
water but soluble in the acids of the soil and plants and in water 
containing carbon dioxide. 

The soluble andreverted forms of phosphoric acid, taken together, 
are called available phosphoric acid. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 67 


‘Cue mca Dirrerences or 18 Taree Puosrnares or Live. 


: 


Calcium. | Phosphorus.} Oxygen. Hydrogen. 


Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent, 
Insoluble phosphate of lime -. 
Insoluble calcium phosphate -- 
Normal calcium phosphate. . -- 38.7 20.0 41.3)" | 20 eae 
‘Tri-caleium phosphate..-..--.. 
Bone phosphate of lime, ete... 


Soluble phosphate of lime -.-.- 
Acid phosphate of lime -.----- 


Superphosphate of lime-...-.-.- alv/e| 26-5 54.7 ted 
Mono-ealcium phosphate. ..--- | 

Acid ealeium phosphate, ete -- 

Reverted calcium phosphate -- c 7 

Precipitated phosphate of lime. ae 22-00 47.0 0.8 


We notice the following points of difference in composition : 
First. The insoluble phosphate of calcium contains the largest 
amount of calcium, the smallest amount of phosphorus, the smallest 


amount of oxygen and no hydrogen. 


Second. The soluble phosphate of calciwm contains the smallest 
amount of calcium and the largest amount of phosphorus, oxygen 
and hydrogen. 

Third. The reverted calcium phosphate contains amounts of eal- 
cium, phosphorus, oxygen and hydrogen which are intermediate 
between the other two forms. 

With regard to phosphorus, which is the most valuable element 
in these phosphates of lime, the soluble phosphate of lime contains 
most of this element; the insoluble phosphate of lime the least; 
and the reverted phosphate is second in regard to the amount of 
phosphorus contained in it. 

Having called attention to the different kinds of compounds in 
which phosphoric is found, we are now prepared to consider more 
intelligently the different materials in which the phosphoric acid 
compounds of commerce are supplied for fertilizers. The materials 
which furnish the greatest proportion of phosphoric acid used in 
making fertilizers are the following: Bones, bone-ash, bone-black, 
bone-meal, phosphatic guano, rock-phosphate, superphosphates, 
‘Thomas slag, ete. 


68 Report or THE ActTING DirRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Bones.—Bones consist of two quite different kinds of material. 
The hard portion consists mostly of calcium phosphate or phosphate 
of lime, and constitutes from one-half to three-fifths of the weight 
of the bone. The remaining portion consists largely of a soft, flesh- 
like substance called ossein, or, more commonly, gelatin. It is dis- 
tributed throughout the entire mass of bone and is rich in nitrogen. 
When bones are burned, the nitrogenous matter is driven off and 
only the mineral portion or phosphate of lime remains. Bones, 
such as are used in making commercial fertilizers, contain 4 to 5 per 
cent. of nitrogen and from 20 to 25 per cent. of phosphoric acid, 
equivalent to 45 to 55 per cent. of phosphate of lime. 

Bone-Ash.—<As the name implies, bone-ash is made simply by 
burning bones in the open air. The nitrogen is, of course, driven 
off and lost in burning, and the chief constituent is insoluble eal- 
cium phosphate, equivalent to 30 to 35 or more per cent. of phos- 
phoric acid. | 

Bone-Black, known also as bone-charcoal, is extensively used 
in refining sugar. After it has been used several times, portions 
become useless for refining purposes and are then sold as fertilizer. 
Bone-black is made by heating bones in closed vessels, the air 
being excluded. By heating bones in this manner, the fat, water, 
and nitrogen are removed from the bones; and the bone-black 
remaining consists mainly of insoluble calcium phosphate and 
earbon or charcoal. The presence of the carbon hinders the 
decomposition of the phosphate, so that it is, in this form, not 
readily available as food for plants. Good bone-black may contain 
30 or more per cent. of phosphoric acid. 

Bone-Meal goes under various names, such as ground bone, bone- 
flour, bone-dust, ete. We find in the market raw bone-meal and 
steamed bone-meal. Raw bone-meal contains the fat naturally 
present in bones. The presence of the fat is objectionable, because 
it makes the grinding more difficult and retards the decomposition 
of the bone in the soil, while fat itself has no value as plant food. 
When bones are steamed, the fat is removed and the bone is more 
easily ground. Moreover, the chemical nature of the nitrogen com- 
pounds appears to be changed in such a manner that the meal 
undergoes decomposition in the soil more rapidly than in case of 
raw bone. The presence of easily decaying nitrogen compounds in 


bone hastens, in the process of decomposition, to dissolve more or. 


less of the insoluble phosphate. Bone meal should contain from 3 


re 


Ya 
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 69 


to 5 per cent. of nitrogen and from 20 to 25 per cent. of phosphoric 
acid; about one-third to one-fourth of the latter appears to be in 
readily available condition. Raw bone-meal generally contains 
somewhat more nitrogen (1 or 2 per cent.) and rather less phos- 
phoric acid than steamed bone-meal. 

The fineness of the meal affects its value; the finer the meal, the 
more readily available is it as plant-food. On account of the in- 
creased demand for bones for various purposes, and on account of 
their increasing value, there is considerable tendency to adulterate 
bone-meal with such substances as lime, gypsum, coal-ashes, ground 
oyster-shells, ground rock-phosphate, ete. 

Phosphatic Guanos, or Rock-Guanos.—Guanos generally con- 
sist chiefly of the dung of sea-fowls, though the term is applied to 
other animal products. They are generally found in beds resembling 
earthy deposits. The guanos which are called phosphatic contain 
little or no nitrogen. Their phosphoric acid is generally in the form 
of insoluble phosphate of lime, iron and alumina. These guanos 
come mainly from certain islands in the Pacitic ocean, and from 
Caribbean sea and West India islands. The amount of phosphoric 
acid in different guanos is very variable, ranging from below 15 to, 
over 30 per.cent. 

Rock-Phosphates are known under several different names, 
which generally designate the localities from which they come, as 
South Carolina Rock, Florida Rock, Tennesee Rock, West India 
Rock, ete. Other forms of mineral phosphates are known under 
the names of Apatite, Coprolite and Phosphorite, which are found 
in various places in America and Europe, and some of which are 
used in making commercial fertilizers. However, the greatest 
source of supply of phosphoric acid is the phosphate rock of our 
Southern States. The rock-phosphates are extensively used in 
making superphosphates. When ground toa very fine flour-like 
powder, rock-phosphates are called “ floats.” Rock-phosphates con- 
tain usually from 25 to 30 per cent. of phosphoric acid, and some as 
much as 35 or 40 per cent. 

Superphosphates are known under several different names, 
such as acid phosphate, dissolved bone, dissolved rock, dissolved 
bone-black, etc. Superphosphates are formed by treating some 
form of insoluble phosphate of lime, as rock-phosphate, bone, bone 
ash, ete., with sulphuric acid. By this treatment there are formed 
soluble phosphate of lime and gypsum (sulphate of lime) in nearly 


Wi aioe A att Sas 


h 


70 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


equal proportions. Owing to their comparative cheapness and 
abundance, rock-phosphates are more often used in making super-_ 
phosphates than bones, bone-ash or bone-black. The value of a 
superphosphate depends upon the amount of soluble phosphate of 
lime present in it together with the amount of reverted phosphate 
of lime. The amount of soluble phosphoric acid compounds in 
superphosphates varies with the kind of phosphate used in making 
superphosphate, and also with other conditions which we need not 
mention here. Good quality of dissolved bone contains 12 to 18 
per cent. of soluble phosphoric acid. Dissolved bone-black contains 
from below 15 to over 17 per cent. of soluble phosphoric acid. 
Superphosphate made from rock-phosphate may contain from 12 to 
18 per cent. of soluble phosphoric acid. 

Thomas Slag is more familiarly known as odorless phosphate. 
It is also known under several other names, such as basic iron slag, 
Thomas scoria, phosphate slag, ete. This is a comparatively new 
source of phosphoric acid compounds. It is a by-product formed in 
the manufacture of iron and steel from certain kinds of iron ore 
containing phosphorus compounds. In the process phosphate of 
lime is formed, which is ground to a fine powder. Odorless phos- 
phate is insoluble in water but is somewhat soluble in.ammonium 
citrate solutions and its phosphoric acid is, therefore, available to 
some extent. The samples of odorless phosphate which we have 
analyzed at this station generally contained between 19 and 20 per 
cent. of total phosphoric acid, with 6 to 7 per cent. of available 
phosphoric acid. The practical results coming from the use of this 
form of phosphoric acid compounds have been varied, often being 
most excellent and again very indifferent. 

In the table following, we give the amounts of different forms of 
phosphoric acid found in different phosphate materials : 


Th 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


Sen ees te coer 


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72 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


(¢) Fertilizing Materials Containing Potash Compounds. 


The more common sources of potash compounds for use as fer- 
tilizers, found in the market, are the following: Carnallite, cotton- 
seed hull ashes, green-sand marl, kainit, krugite,muriate of potash, 
nitrate of potash, sulphate of potash, sulphate of potash and mag- 
nesia, tobacco stems, wood-ashes, ete. 


Carnallite is one of several products, containing potash com- ~ 


pounds, which come from the mines in and around the town of 
Stassfurt, northern Germany. The supply of potash compounds of 


various kinds seems practically inexhaustible. Carnallite contains 


from 20 to 22 per cent. of muriate of potash, equivalent to 13 to 14 
per cent. of actual potash, together with chloride of magnesia and a 
very small amount of sulphate of potash and magnesia. It is essen- 
tially a mixed chloride or muriate of potash and magnesia. The 
material is generally purified and concentrated before reaching 
market. 

Cottonseed Hull Ashes were produced in the south at the cotton- 
‘seed-oil factories where the hulls, after being removed from the 
cottonseed, were used as fuel. Such ashes contain from 15 to 25 
per cent. of potash,in addition to from 7 to 10 per cent. of phos- 
phoric acid. They formed a very valuable fertilizer and were much 
used south in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers. This 
material is not commonly found now. 

Green-Sand Marl of New Jersey contains, on an average, about 
5 per cent. of potash, which is in an insoluble form, and is, there- 
fore, slow in acting as a fertilizer. 

Kainit is the most common product of the German potash 


mines. It is a mixture of several different compounds, containing — 


23 to 26 per cent. of sulphate of potash, equivalent to 12 to 14 per 
cent. of actual potash, together with about 35 per cent. of common 
salt, some sulphate and chloride of qua nesie and a small amount of 
gypsum. 

Krugite is a low-grade potash compound obtained from the 
German potash mines. It contains from 14 to 16 per cent. of sul- 
phate of potash, equivalent to 8 to 9 per cent. of actual potash, 
together with considerable gypsum, sulphate of magnesia and 
some salt. 

Muriate of Potash, also a product of the Stassfurt mines, is 
the main source of supply of potash for commercial fertilizers in 
our market. As taken from the mine it varies in purity, but is 


Pe 


‘ 


New Y¥orK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. f(s: 


purified and concentrated for market. The muriate of potash most 
common in the market contains 80 to 85 per cent. of this product, 


which is equivalent to 50 to 53 per cent. of actual potash. <A still 
more concentrated form, containing 95 to 98 per cent. of pure 
muriate, is sometimes found in the market. 

Nitrate of Potash, commonly called saltpeter or nitre, is a most 
valuable fertilizing material for potash and nitrogen also. The 
demand for its use in the manufacture of gunpowder makes it too 
expensive to use commonly as a fertilizer. It is found in the 
market as “crude” nitrate of potash, containing about 44 per cent. 
of actual potash, and also as “double refined” nitrate of potash, 
containing about 46.5 per cent. of actual potash. 

Sulphate of Potash is a product of the German mines. Strictly 
pure sulphate of potash contains about 54 per cent. of actual potash, 
but the product found in the market is of variable composition and 
purity. The highest grade form of commercial sulphate of potash is 
90 to 95 per cent. pure and contains from 48 to 51 per cent. of actual 
potash. Low-grade sulphates of potash contain as little as 30 per 
cent. of actual potash, together with more or less sulphate of magnesia 
and common salt. 

Sulphate of Potash and Magnesia is known also as double 
manure salts or simply as double potash salts. This material comes 
from the German mines, and contains 48 to 52 per cent. of sulphate 
of potash, equivalent to 26 to 28 per cent. of actual potash. It also 
contains 32 to 36 per cent. of sulphate of magnesia. 

Tobacco Stems contain from 6 to 7 per cent. of potash and 
about 2 per cent. of nitrogen. They are ground fine and often used 
in making commercial fertilizers. 

Wood-Ashes contain more or less potash, which is present chiefly 
in the form of carbonate. The amount of potash in commercial 
wood-ashes varies from below 4 to over 7 per cent., the average 
being under 5 per cent. Wood-ashes also contain between 1 and 2 
per cent. of phosphoric acid. The amount of potash in wood-ashes 
depends upon a variety of conditions, such as the kind and age of 
wood, the method of burning, and especially the way in which the 
ashes are stored. Where ashes have been exposed to the weather 
or leached, they contain much less potash, often only 1 or 2 per 
cent. Ashes from lime-kilns and brick-kilns are generally so mixed 
with refuse matter as to possess little value for use as fertilizers. 


74 Report or Tor ActTiING Director AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Coal-ashes possess little value for the potash contained in them, for 
it is very small. 

Below we present a tabulated summary, showing the amount of 
potash contained in different commercial fertilizing materials, 


TapLE Giving ApprRoxIMATE Amount oF Porasa In FEeRTILIzING 


MATERIALS. 
Pounds of actual 
MATERIALS CONTAINING POTASH. aetna teenie 
terial. 

Cami gibii@, $45 ese SS SSeS ee RSE eno ESA aer OSH Arr AS ae 13 to 14 260 to 280 
Soeomseed-npll AShests 0. c's lols w cic ae ots Cele ale more 15 to 25 300 to 500 
PRESEN ees teehee ail iconic rotten te oi atre evant 12 to 14 240 to 280 
TSR ETB EU is ea SES ae er eda 8 to 9 160 to 180 
Muriate of potash (80 to 85 per cent). .----.------ 50 to 53 1000 to 1060 
Mitratesof mopasiye (24 tel eS) ee 43 to 44 860 to 880 
Sulphate of potash (low grade) ....-..-.--..---.- 28 to 30 560 to 600 
Sulphate of potash (high grade) .....-.-.--..--.- 48 to 51 960 to 1020 
Sulphate of potash and magnesia ......-....----- 26 to 28 520 to 560 
Wastemnrom ipowderwrorks (sj 2 0222 ee se 16 to 18 320 to 360 
Wood-ashes Cunleached))..02 2255022) see sess 4to 8 80 to 160 
Niood-ashes (leached) hss. .2 2 cee cls soe lto 3 20 to 60 


~~ 


(ad) Farm-Produced Fertilizing Materials. 


Economic Value of Farm-Manures.—A fair estimate of the 
fertilizing value of the manure annually produced by the farm 
animals of the United States places the sam at the enormous figure 
of over two thousand million dollars, This estimate is based on the 
number of farm animals and on the amount of nitrogen, potash, and 
phosphoric acid excreted in their manure. The values given to 
these forms of plant-food are those commonly assigned to them in 
the form of commercial fertilizers. A similarly conservative esti- 
mate would place the value of the farm-manures produced annually 
in New York State at one hundred million dollars. It will thus be 
readily seen that the farm-produced manures assume an economic 
importance which has not been accorded them by the average 
farmer. 

Definition of Stable or Farmyard Manure.—Stable or farm- 
yard manure consists of the solid and liquid excrements of animals 
fed upon the farm, mixed with straw and waste products of the farm. 

Variation in Composition of Farm-Manures.—The composi- 
tion of stable-manure varies greatly, depending on several conditions, 
among which the following may be mentioned : 


As New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 15 


(1) The kind and age of the animal producing it. 

(2) The quantity and quality of the food eaten. 

(8) The character and amount of material used for litter. 
(4) The length of time the manure has been kept. 

(5) The manner in which it has been cared for. 


Influence of Kind of Animal on Manure.—(J/orse Manure 
is difficult to mix thoroughly with litter on account of its being 
very dry. It is called a ‘‘hot” manure, because, on account of its 
loose texture, it easily undergoes decomposition or fermentation, 
producing a high degree of heat. On this account it is very liable 
to lose more or less of its nitrogen in the form of ammonia. It 
should have very careful treatment in respect to the litter used and 
also in the application of preservatives. Horses are usually fed with 
greater uniformity in respect to character of food than other farm 
animals and there is, therefore, greater uniformity in the composition 
of horse manure. The urine of horses is particularly rich in nitro- 
gen and potash. 

Sheep Manure is quite dry and is commonly the richest of farm- 
produced manures. Like horse manure, it undergoes fermentation 
easily and is classed asa “hot” manure. It is similarly very liable 


to lose ammonia. 


Pig Manure varies greatly in composition, but is generally rich, 
containing considerable water. In decomposing, it produces little 
heat and is, therefore, called a “cold”? manure. 

Cow Manure contains as a rule, less fertilizing materials than 
any of the preceding manures. It contains a large amount of 
water, and, in decomposing, generates little heat. 

Poultry Manure contains a comparatively large amount of all 


the different forms of plant-food, being especially rich in nitrogen 


and potash. It undergoes fermentation readily and loses nitrogen 
unless properly treated with absorbeuts or preservatives. 

Influence of Age of Animal on Manure.—A young, growing 
animal requires and retains in its body a greater quantity of nitro- 
gen, potash, and phosphoric acid compounds than does a grown 


‘animal. Therefore, manure from a young animal is of less value 


than that from amature one. Full-grown animals, not varying in 
weight, excrete essentially all the fertilizing constitutents taken 
into the body in the food. In the case of growing animals and cows 
in milk, from 50 to 75 per cent. of the fertilizing constituents of 


dé = 


76 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


the food passes into the manure; in the case of fattening or work- 
ing animals, from 90 to 95 per cent. 

Influence of Food upon Manure.—In the case of any one class 
of animals, the value of the manure is, as a rule, more dependent 
upon the kind of food than any other one condition. It is a serious 
but not uncommon mistake among farmers to suppose that the pro- 
cess of animal digestion adds something to the food. While the 
food materials are changed more or less completely and appear in 
the dung and urine in forms different from those existing in the 
food before it was eaten, and while these forms are, in general, more 
available as plant-food than the forms existing in the original food, 
still there can be in the excrement no more nitrogen, potash, phos- 
phorie acid, ete., than there was in the food eaten, and, in most 
cases, as will be noticed later, there is some loss of fertilizing 
materials. 

feelative Value of Fertilizing Materials in Different Classes of 
fioods.—The amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in ma- 
nure depends upon the amount of these materials in the food. From 
the table given below, it can be seen that concentrated food, such as 
meat-scrap, cottonseed-meal, linseed meal, and wheat bran must 
yield richest manures. Next to these foods, would come leguminous 
plants, such as clover, alfalfa, ete. The cereals, such as wheat, oats, 
corn, ete., would follow third. Root crops would come last. 


Taste SHowinc APPROXIMATE FERTILIZING VALUE OF SOME 
JommMon Foops. 


Value of nitro-|Value of phos-| Value of pot- |,20t@! ferti- 
KIND OF FOOD. Beni 3000. Leite eeia | ah ie Sau0h fete ee 

pounds. in 2000 pounds. pounds. pounds. 

MieatiSerape ey Sei ok ik Lene $33 00 SAHOO Maceo ees $35, 00 
Gottonseed=mealesee ee yo a 21 20 3 00 $1 80 26 00 
Iinseed-meal ss eases ee ee 16 50 1 80 1 40 19 70 
Giiitben-mealy (eves ea oe see 15 00 30 D 15235 
ATE arbi rsymie C2 eg al st Te 8 00 2 90 1 60 12 50 
Clover hay ((red))7 eae 22 6 20 40 2 20 8 80 
Alfa fay sayici 6) 2 Ae ae eee ne 6 50 50 1 70 8 70 
NIT iG RR Se LE AE 7 10 90 60 8 60 
(OVA SI5 ee oc DEIR er ASU era 6 20 80 60 % 60 
Connemealere's. So Ske ease 4 75 60 40 Has 
Dimothy-hay..ac 3.) seen 3 75 55 90 5 20 
Wytheattstranw 2) osnsccheckese 1 80 15 50 2 45 
pilept oa ees ord kes Miata Rn ee eau snail 1 50 30 20 2 00 
Corniensila@me. 262 lees 85 10 35 1 30 
MPC TMUT SaaS ee ee cree) eos Pe 55 10 40 1 05 


New York AGRICULTURAL- EXPERIMENT STATION. TE 


It will be readily seen that of two foods costing the same price 
and having equal feeding value, it is economy for the farmer to use 
that one which contains the largest amount of fertilizing materials. 

Amount of Fertilizing Materials of Food Recovered in Manure. 
— Genera'ly speaking, manure produced from working or fattening 
animals contains from 90 to 95 per cent. of the fertilizing constitu- 


~ ents contained in the food. Manure made from cows in milk and 


young, growing animals contains from 50 to 75 per cent. of the 


_ fertilizing constituents contained in the food. In the ease of 


animals which are neither increasing in weight nor giving milk, the 
amount of fertilizing materials in the manure will be exactly equal 


to that contained in the food eaten. The foregoing statements pre- 


suppose that all the dung and urine are saved, a supposition which 
is not often true, considering the manner in which stable-manure is 
commonly treated. 

The Digestibility of Food and Its Manurial Value.— The solid 
excrement of animals consist largely of the undigested portions of 
food; these undigested portions are mostly insoluble and, therefore, 
not readily available as plant-food. ‘The urine contains those por- 
tions of food which have been digested; its constituents are all in a 
soluble form and readily available as plant-food, and, therefore, 
more valuable than the insoluble fertilizing materials contained in 
the solid excrement. It therefore follows that the more digestible 
a food is, the larger is the proportion of its fertilizing constituents 
that will appear in the urine, and the greater will be the value of 
the plant-food in the manure produced. 

The Use of Litter.— Litter is used in stables primarily to furnish 
a clean and comfortable bed for animals. In connection with the 
manure, it is used to absorb the liquid portion of the manure, thus 
preventing loss by drainage. The presence of litter mixed with 
manure makes the manure easier to handle, tends to check and 
control its decomposition, and in some cases influences both the 
physical and chemical action of the manure. The materials com- 
monly used for litter are usually not rich in fertilizing materials. 
The use of too much litter diminishes the relative value of the 
manure and adds to the cost of handling. Enough should be used 
not only to absorb and retain the urine, but also to absorb any 
ammonia formed in the process of decomposition. 

Fermentation of Manure.—Causes. It is a familiar experience 
of every farmer that fresh stable-manure, when left in a heap, com- 


- ‘ U ~ i yt Fa 
} ‘ Ahan a Ne ti 


78 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


( 


mences very soon to ferment or undergo decomposition. In this : 
process the vegetable matter used as litter and the excrements pass 


through several changes. The fermentation is caused by minute 
living organisms, and varies according to the kind of organisms at 
work. Some will flourish only in the presence of an abundant 
supply of air, others will thrive only away from air; some require 


much moisture, others little, etc. According to circumstances, then, 


one kind or another will flourish, and the fermentation taking place 
will vary according as it is caused by the action of one kind of or- 
ganism or another. 

Conditions —The more important conditions influencing the 
character of fermentation in manure are the following: (1) tem- 


perature, (2) moisture, (3) the amount of air supplied as regulated by 


looseness or compactness of manure heap, (4) the composition of the 
manure, and (5) the kind of preservatives added. 

Manure ferments more quickly at higher temperatures. Where 
air is supplied freely, as on the outside of the heap, the temperature 
may rise as high as 150° F. or even higher. The most favorable 
temperature seems to be about 130° F. On the inside of the heap, 
where the supply of air is very limited, a slower form of fermenta- 
tion occurs and the temperature rarely goes above 95° F. 

If a manure heap is too loose, the fermentation is too rapid. The 
result is that the humus forming material is destroyed and large 
proportions of nitrogen escape as ammonia. If, however, the ma- 
nure is too compact, the fermentation may be so slow as not to de- 
compose the manure enough for its most effective use in the soil. 

The amount of moisture in mannre is an important factor in con- 
trolling the rapidity of fermentation. The addition of water causes 
reduction of temperature and a corresponding slowless of fermenta- 
tion. Water, when added in sufficient quantities, also fills up the 
pores of the heap and serves to exclude air, thus retarding the most. 
active form of fermentation. 

Manures which are rich in soluble nitrogen decompose more read- 
ily than others which contain less soluble nitrogen. Thus urine de- 
composes much more rapidly than solid excrement. 

Changes Produced by Fermentation.—The principal changes 
that take place in the more common methods of fermentation or 
“rotting”? of manure may be briefly outlined as follows: (1) The 
carbon of the manure combines, to a greater or less extent, with the 


oxygen of the air, forming carbon dioxide (carbonie acid gas), which 


So 


pM baa) anny esas OS aia al Oe Ca Ze 
EN Sn ak oY ’ ris 
AY, iy 


* ‘ee ced ee » ~ } 
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SraTIon. 79 


escapes into the air. (2) The nitrogen combines with hydrogen to 
form ammonia. If the manure heap is dry, the ammonia combines 
with carbon dioxide, forming ammonium carbonate, which may 
escape into the air and be lost to the manure. If the heap is kept 
moist, certain organic acids are formed by the decomposition of the 
organic matter, and the ammonia, as fast as it is formed, unites with 
these acids, producing ammonia salts which readily dissolve in water 
but which do not escape as gases into the air. (3) Considerable 
water is driven off from the manure by the heat which is produced 
in the process of fermentation. | 

Difference between Fresh and Fermented Stable-Manure—¥rom 
the foregoing it would follow that fresh stable-manure differs from 
fermented or “rotted” stable-manure in the following respects: 
The fresh manure contains (1) more water, and (2) more carbon than 
the fermented manure; while (3) both contain the same amount of 
potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen, provided the process has been. 
carefully managed. In “rotted” manure, (4) the nitrogen is in a 
more available form as plant-food ; the same is also true of the potash 
and phosphorie acid. 

Loss of Fertilizing Materials in Stable-Manure.—There are 
two principal ways in which stable-manure commonly loses some of 
its fertilizing constituents: First, by improper methods of fer- 
mentation, and second, by leaching. In regrad to the first point, 
more or less nitrogen is lost by allowing manure to ferment without 
sufficient moisture ; especially is this apt to be true in the case of 
horse manure, which decomposes very rapidly. A strong odor com- 
ing from a mannre heap indicates that a wasteful fermentation is 
taking place. Only nitrogen compounds can be lost by vaporiza- 
tion. By leaching there will be a loss not only of nitrogen com- 
pounds but of potash and phosphoric acid also. The common 
method of storing farmyard-manure for several months under the 
eaves of the barn often, if not generally, results in a loss of one-third 
or more of the fertilizing constituents by leaching; and, moreover, 
the materials thus leached out bv rain are the more easily soluble 
portions of the manure and hence the more valuable portions. The 
manure made by farm animals of New York State each year may 
safely be estimated as having a value of $100,000,000, and probably 
quite one-third of this amount is lost as a result of wastefulness in 
not caring properly for it. 


Ni \ 


80 Report or THP ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Care and Preservation of Farm-Manures.—In caring for farm 
manures, the main object is to prevent the loss of compounds con- 
taining nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid. From what has been 
said above in connection with the sources of loss of fertilizing 
materials in farm-manures, it can be seen that the sources of loss 
can be avoided by absorbing the liquid manure, by regulating the 
process of fermentation and by protecting the manure from leach- 
ing. We will consider briefly some of the ways in which these 
objects can be accomplished. 

The use of litter absorbs the liquid manure, preserves it to some 
extent from immediate decomposition, and also holds more or less 
of the ammonia produced by fermentation, thus preventing its 
escape into the air. Of the materials in common use peat has the 
largest power of absorbing and holding liquids; peat-moss comes 
next; spent tan and saw-dust follow; then come straw and similar 
materials. It has been given as a safe rule to follow that the litter 
should at least be equal to one-third of the dry matter of the food 
consumed. The following daily amounts for different animals have 
been suggested : Sheep, three-fifths of a pound of litter; cattle, 9 
pounds; horses, 6} pounds. In addition to using litter, it is wise 
to use some other materials for absorbing and preserving the 


manure. Among such materials are gypsum (land-plaster), kainit, 


acid phosphate, ete. 

Gypsum (land-plaster) has the power of holding ammonia and 
preventing its loss. It must, however, be moist in order to be 
effective. The best way to use gypsum is to sprinkle it on the 
moist dung or urine. Stables in which the excrements are properly 
treated by this means are noticeably free from offensive odors, as a 
rule. 

Kamit sprinkled upon manure tends to check fermentation and 
also to attract and hold moisture. One precaution .should be 
observed in the use of kainit ; it should be kept from under the feet 
of animals, since injury may result to the feet of animals treading 
on it. It is, therefore, best applied to fresh manure and covered 
with litter. 

Acid Phosphate contains a considerable proportion of gypsum 
and, to this extent, its action is like that of gypsum. The soluble 
phosphate in the acid phosphate tends to unite with ammonia and 
prevent its loss and also to check fermentation. 


Fe Pena 


fi ; Moker i : 
a ‘ i 
~~ \ 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Sie 


A mixture of acid phosphate and gypsum is strongly recom- 
mended by some, using them in about equal proportions. 

For average animals, the following amounts of different preser- 
vatives may be used daily for each individual : 


| 
< For one For one For one For one 
KIND OF PRESERVATIVE. horse: pense pie. sheep. 
Pounds. Pounds. Ounces. Ounces. 
Gypsum (land- Sa SSebeSicosegase 1% 13% 416 34 
Acid phosphate. - apoeey ee a il 1% 3 21, 
Lo be) OS eee 114 1y 4 314 


When a mixture of superphosphate and gypsum is used, take 
one-half or one-third of the amounts indicated above. One great 
advantage in using acid phosphate or kainit is that one is adding to 
the manure an important form of plant-food, in which the manure 
is naturally deficient. The price at which one can get these mater- 
ials must determine whether their use is economical or not. 

Mixture of different manures, such as cow and horse manures, 
is advantageous, since one undergoes fermentation slowly and the 
other rapidly. When mixed, the conditions of moisture are more 
easily controlled. 

Whether stable-manure is stored in sheds, or in cellars or is pro- 
tected in some other way, it is important to observe the following 
precautions: (1) The manure should be spread out uniformly ; 
(2) its interior should be protected against the access of air; (8) it 
should be kept always moist, but not too wet ; (4) it should te pro- 
tected from sunshine; (5) it should be protected from leaching ; 
(6) some form of preservative should be used in the stables in addi- 
tion to litter. 

Liquid and Solid Manure.— It is not an uncommon belief among 
farmers that urine is worthless for fertilizing purposes, if we may 
judge anything from the too general practice of allowing the liquid 
excrements to run to waste through the barn floor. One has only 
to glance at the composition of the solid and liquid excrements of 
different animals as given below to see that the liquid is, in most 
cases, very much more valuable than the solid portions. Not only are 
the proportions of nitrogen and potash greater, asa rule, in the liquid 
excrement than in the solid, but, as already noticed, the fertilizing 
constituents of urine are entirely soluble and therefore more readily 
available for plant-food than the constituents of solid excrements. 

6 


L ie | “ad » 4 >, . gear (PAE BS Al ee Be ad 
j ¥ : te ; 5 ; f Ay de i 


ie at Lay 


82 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE © 


TABLE SHOWING APPROXIMATE ComposITION oF Sotip anp Liquip 


MANURES. 
NITROGEN. PHOSPHORIC ACID. | PorasH. 
Solid. Liquid. Solid. Liquid. | Solid. Liquid. 
COWS) Aes soe isis siete cs 0.29 0.58 OP Tiere ae ee | 0.10 0.49 
IEIGINGR oe setac ee aces st 0.44 1.55 (OA) Ly g) parse ei 0.35 1.50 
To) 02) Sy oye ee URy et ae i ea 0.55 1295 0.31 0.01 0.15 2.26 
PSV ALiD ES Aye oy CU ER a 0.60 0.43 0.41 0.07 0.13 0.83 


TABLE SHOWING APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF MIXED STABLE 


MANURE. 

Pounds |Per cent.} Pounds of Pounds 
Ter con of nitro- | of phos- | phosphoric Fer beter of potash 

aa genin | phorie |acidin one} 9 P°Y | in one 

8 one ton. acid. ton. Bite ton. 

NG GAS pee alae ia Sas ers ei hue 0.4 | 8 0.2 4 0.4 8 
(GMEALES eee NN 0.75 15 0.4 8 0.75 15 
Ln 0.50 10 | 0.25 5)’ 0.50 tee ao 


XI. The Purchase and Use of Fertilizers. 


One of the questions, most commonly addressed to us by farmers 
seeking information, is, “‘ What fertilizer will give me the best 
results for this or that crop?” It is, of course, impossible to give 
any definite answer to such a general question involving, as it does, 
so many different conditions, none of which is clearly known. .The 
composition and physical properties of the soil, the extent and man- 
ner in which it has been previously cropped and fertilized, the kind 
of crop one wishes to grow, all these conditions need to be known 
and, even then, it will require some special experimenting on the 
part of the farmer to determine what forms and amounts of fer- 
tilizers he can use most economically. The present almost universal 
method employed by farmers in this State in selecting fertilizers is 
to select some brand of complete fertilizer that has been recom- 
mended to him by some neighbor or dealer. He has no clear ideas 
regarding the condition of his soil, and the needs of different crops. 
He thinks that he must have more fertilizer in order to secure better 
crops and he buys blindly. Under such circumstances, it is safest, 
as a rule, for a farmer to select a complete fertilizer. However, in 
so doing, he may be throwing money away by purchasing what his. 


. 


~ New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 83 


soil and crop may not need, for only one or two of the three chief 
fertilizing constituents (nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid) may 
be needed ; and, indeed, it may be that some physical condition of the 
soil is wrong and that plant-food of any kind is not really needed at all. 

In selecting fertilizers for use, we need to consider several im- 
portant questions, such as the following: 

1. Under what circumstances a fertilizer should be used. 
What constituents of plant-food are needed. 
In what forms it is best to buy such plant-food as is needed. 
. What amount of each fertilizing constituent is needed. 
. Specitic mixtures for different crops. 

6. Which is more advantageous, to purchase complete fertilizers 
or to purchase separate ingredients 4 

7. To what extent home-mixing is practicable. 

8. Special suggestions in connection with the purchase of separate 
ingredients. 

9. Methods and seasons of applying fertilizers. 

10. The most advantageous methods of using farm-produced 
manures. 


OR oY bo 


1. UnpER wHat CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD A ComMERCIAL FER- 
TILIZER BE USED. 


One must resort to the use of commercial fertilizers when he has 
exhausted all of the resources of the farm in producing his own 
fertilizing materials and finds that the use of commercial fertilizers 
will result in increased crops and profit. When the farmer’s crops 
can not get from the soil as much nitrogen, potash and phosphorie 
acid as they need, snd when the manure made on the farm can not 
supply the constituents in sufficient quantity, then one may resort 
successfully to the use of commercial fertilizers. 

However, one must distinguish between lack of plant-food in the 
soil and other conditions which prevent good crops, for lack of food © 
is not the only cause that makes crops suffer. In some soils there is 
insufficient porosity, which causes the developement of the roots to 
be checked. Lack of moisture, caking of soil, retention of stagnant 
water, deficiency of humus, lime, ete., unfavorable weather and 
other conditions may interefere with the healthy growth of plants 
and thus cause diminished crops, even when the plant has within 
reach all the food it needs. Under such circumstances, the unfavor- 
able conditions wust be removed to secure good crops, which, 


Weve, * 


84 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


according to the demands of special cases, may be done by irrigating, 
draining, deep culture, better ploughing, harrowing, hoeing, marling, 


mucking, ete. It may often happen that the soil contains an abund- © 


ance of plant-food, most of which is still unavailable. Under such 
circumstances an effort should be made to bring this food into an 
available condition as rapidly as the plants can use it, and this may 
be done by an improved system of tillage, together with the appli- 
cation of such indirect fertilizers as have the power to inake insolu- 
ble plant-food available, to which attention has already been called. 

It will thus be seen that it is not always so simple a matter to 
tell when one should use commercial fertilizers. But the general 
rule will be to use them when their use is attended with increased 
profit coming from increased crops. 


9. Wuat Constituents oF Puant-Foop ARE NEEDED. 


When it has been clearly settled that a soil needs the addition of 
plant-food in order to grow crops more successfully, the question at 
once presents itself as to what kinds of plant-food are required. 
Does some form of nitrogen need to be supplied, or is it phosphoric 
acid that is needed, or is it potash? It may be only one, it may be 
some two, or it may be all three of these constituents are necessary 
to grow crops to the best advantage. How can we ascertain what 
kind of plant-food is required ? 

Analysis of Soils.—It was formerly thought that an analysis of 
the soil would answer this question beyond doubt. But it is now 
known not to be especially helpful except, perhaps, in a negative 
way by making known the fact when there is little or no plant-food 
in the soil. A chemical analysis may show an abundance of plant- 
food in the soil, and yet this may be mostly unavailable, a fact 
which is not readily ascertained by our methods of chemical analysis. 
Again, there may be an abundance of nitrogen, potash and phos- 
phorie acid compounds in the soil in an available condition, and yet 
the soil may be unproductive from lack of humus, from need of 
proper drainage, from lack of porosity, or from some other cause 
which affects the mechanical or physical condition of the soil in 
such a way as to unfit it for plant growth. Again, we may put upon 
an acre of soil an amount of fertilizing constituents that will 
greatly increase the crop, and yet an analysis of the soil before and 
after the application will show no appreciable difference in the 
quantity of plant-food present in the acre of soil. However deli- 


/ 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 85 


cate may be the methods of chemical analysis, the methods of plants 
are still more delicate and plants are able to show differences in soil 
where chemical analysis distinguishes none. 

Indications of Needs of Soil Afforded by Crops.—It is im- 
possible to give any fixed rules which will cover all cases and 
enable a farmer to tell without any experiment on his part what food 
constituents his soil lacks. In a general way, the crops them- 
selves may give some valuable suggestions. 

(a) Asa rule, lack of nitrogen is indicated, when plants are pale- 
-green in color, or when there is a: small growth of leaf or stalk, other 
conditions being favorable. 

(b) A bright, deep-green color, with a vigorous growth of leaf 


‘ or stalk, is, in case of most crops, a sign that nitrogen is not lacking, 


but does not necessarily indicate that more nitrogen could not be 
~used to advantage. 

(c) An excessive growth of leaf or stalk, accompanied by an 
imperfect bud, flower, and fruit development, indicates too much 
nitrogen for the potash and phosphoric acid present. 

(d) When such crops as corn, cabbage, grass, potatoes, etc., have 
a luxuriant, healthful growth, aw abundance of potash in the soil 
is indicated ; also, when fleshy fruits of fine flavor and texture can 
be successfully grown. 

(e) When a soil produces good, early maturing crops of grain, 
with plump and heavy kernels, phosphoric acid will not generally 
be found deficient in the soil. 

Such general indications may often be most helpful, and crops 
should be studied carefully with these facts in mind. 

Experiments in Ascertaining Needs of Crops.—In order to 
ascertain with greater certainty what food elements are lacking in 
the soil, the surest way is for each farmer to do some experimenting 
on his own soil and crops. Apply different kinds of fertilizing 
materials in different combinations, using for example, potash com- 
pounds alone in one place, phosphoric acid compounds in another, 
nitrogenous materials in another. Then different combinations can 
be made on other portions of the crop. Some portions of the field can 
be left without application of any kitid. The results can then be 
studied in the yield of crop. It is generally found that the appli- 
cation of phosphoric acid gives excellent results on fields which 
have long been cropped with grain without keeping up the supply 
of plant-food. In other places, it is found that best results are 


P ' 
86 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


j 


obtained with application of potash compounds. And many cases 
require a liberal supply of all three forms of plant-food. In carrying 
on such field-tests, several difficulties may be met. The season may 
frequently be such as to interfere seriously with the favorable action 
of the fertilizing materials applied. Thus, a serious drouth may 


counteract all other conditions and prevent a satisfactory yield. | 


The difference of mechanical condition of the soil on the same farm 
or even in the same field may prevent a fair comparison of the action 
of different kinds of fertilizing materials and elements. But, 


notwithstanding such difficulties, valuable suggestions will be gained - 


from an experimental study of one’s soils through the behavior of 
the crops. 


3. In Wuar Formsis it Best to Buy PLant-Foop? 


We have previously seen that we can obtain nitrogen in several 
different forms, such as nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dried 
blood, tankage, fish-scrap, etc. Similarly we find in the market 
_ phosphoric acid obtained from several different sources, and we also 
find several different potash compounds. When we come to use 
fertilizing materials as a source of plant-food, we must decide which 
specific forms we shall apply. To illustrate, in applying some form 
of nitrogen, shall we use nitrate of soda, or sulphate of ammonia, or 
dried blood or fish-scrap? Shall we use as our source of phosphoric 
acid bone-meal, dissolved bone, acid phosphate, dissolved bone-black 
or Thomas slag? Shall we apply muriate of potash, or sulphate of 
potash or carbonate of potash? What principles are there to guide 
us in making the best choice ? 

In deciding what form of material to use for plant-food, we 
should be guided by 

(1) The availability of the plant-food, 

(2) The preference, if any, shown by different plants, and 

(3). The comparative economy possible in purchasing different 
materials. 


Availability of Different Forms of Plant-Food.—As a rule, 
commercial fertilizers are used for the purpose of increasing the 
single season’s crop to whichghey are applied. Most farmers plan 
to give to each succeeding crop by itself the plant-food it needs, and 
to avoid supplying any one crop with more material than it can use 
to best advantage. This is especially true of those who do not own 
the farms which they work and who plan each years’ work 


——— a 


‘ / “ ‘ 
New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 87 


by itself without reference to the future. Under such cir- 
cumstances a farmer desires to use those forms of fertilizing 
materials which will be taken up most quickly and completely 
by the crops. On the other hand, the farmer who owns 

his land frequently desires to use materials, the plant-food of which 
will be utilized gradually by crops and which will last through several 
seasons. It will thus be seen that if one desires a fertilizer which 
will act at once and be largely used up by the present crop, then he 

will need to purchase his plant-food in forms different from those 
purchased by the man who desires more lasting benefits, extending 
through several seasons. 

We will now consider the relative rapidity with which different 
forms of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash are available for the 
use of plants. 

WLitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda acts most quickly upon 
plants. Under favorable conditions, its influence upon the plant 
may be seen within twenty-four hours after its application. In the 
form of sulphate of ammonia, nitrogen acts less rapidly than in that 
of nitrate of soda, but more quickly than in such forms as dried 
blood, meat-scrap, ete. Nitrogen in the form of bone dust, ground 
Jish, and bone meal become available still less rapidly than in the 
form of dried blood. In the forms of wool waste, ground leather, 
and similiar materials, nitrogen becomes available with extreme 
slowness. 

Potash in the form of carbonate, as in ashes, acts more rapidly 
than in the form of sulphate or muriate. Mauriate acts with a little 
greater rapidity than sulphate, but the difference in availability 
between the different forms of potash is not nearly as strongly 
marked as in the case of the different forms of nitrogen. 

Phosphoric Acid, in the form of soluble phosphate of lime (acid 
phosphate, superphosphate) acts most rapidly. It acts less rapidly 
in the form of reverted or precipitated phosphate of lime, and least 
rapidly in the insoluble form, such as ground rock. According to 
the weight of evidence, soluble phosphoric acid, whether made 
from bones, bone-black, or rock, has the same effect and value as 
plant-food, so far as the soluble phosphoric acid is concerned. 

The following tables will serve to give a general idea regarding 
the length of time fertilizing constituents in some different forms 
will remain in the soil, or, in other words, regarding the relative 
availability of the different forms of fertilizing constituents : 


, 


\ 


88 Report or THP ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


OL 06 0& OV 0S 09 
00 00 OL 06 0& OV 
00 00 00 OL 0G OS 
00 00 00 OL 06 O& 
00 Or 06 0& OF 0g 
OT 0G OS OF 0S 09 
OV SP 0S 09 OL 08 


00 00 00 Or 0& 09 
00 00 OL 06 OS OF 
00 00 00 00 06 O& 
00 00 00 g OT 06 
00 00 00 Or 06 0g 
00 00 00 OL 0¢ 09 
ST 06 O& OV 09 GL 


00 00 OT 06 0§ 09 
00 00 OL 06 0€ Ov 
00 00 00 00 06 O§ 
00 00 00 g OL 06 
00 00 OL 06 0S 0g 
00 00 Or 0% O& 09 
GG Gg Si SS G9 08 
9 g V € G qT 


Sato OO HH INE O Ht 


CV ACD 1D SH OD 1 1 


‘sIvoXk XIS 4S. JO YORE JO pus oy} 
48 poJsneyxoun [10s oy Ul SULU;VUEI “yUOd 10g 


[saved ut] 
peysneyqxg 


Be ee oes wees ee eet ee meee ns pew ne wees cane wees osae ececs apenas sce 2 Ouuin 


“MAZITILYHA AO ANIM 


‘wnoT fing paynayjng uo 


> a 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 89 


Sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, sulphate, nitrate and muriate 
of potash are generally held to be entirely exhausted by the crops 
grown the season of their application. 

Preferences Shown by Plants for Different Forms of Food.— 
It is a fact of great interest and importance that one form of a fertil- 
izing constituent is preferred by some plants to the same constituent 
in another form. This preference is indicated by greater yield or 
better quality of product or by both. Thus, wheat seems to give 
better results when nitrogen is applied in the form of nitrate of 
soda than in any other form. Spinach has been found to do better 
with sulphate of ammonia than nitrate of soda, while the reverse is 
true of asparagus. The quality of tobacco is injured by potash in 
the form of muriate and, hence, only sulphate should be used for 
fertilizing purposes. The quality of sugar beets and of potatoes 
appears to be better when sulphate of potash is used, while peach 
trees are said to prefer the muriate. 

Much investigation in this interesting field remains yet to be 
made. The facts now known are meagre, but so far as known they 
should be utilized. Whenever a plant shows any marked prefer- 
ence for any special form of food, we should supply that die ticular 
form if practicable. 

Economy in Purchasing Different Forms of Plant-food.— 
Other things being equal, we can effect considerable saving in pur 
chasing fertilizing materials by a careful selection based upon a 
study of market values. 

The most expensive form in which nitrogen is usually purchased 
is that of sulphate of ammonia. When high-grade sulphate of 
ammonia sells for $70 a ton, each pound of nitrogen in it costs 
about 17 cents. When high-grade nitrate of soda sells for $45 a 
ton, each pound of nitrogen in this form costs about 141 cents. As 
between these two forms, the nitrogen of one is nearly 3 cents a 
pound cheaper than the nitrogen of the other, and it will, therefore, 
be found more economical to use nitrate of soda rather than sulphate 
of ammonia, when special circumstances do not require the use of 
the latter. Dried blood, containing 13 per cent. of nitrogen, at $40 
a ton furnishes nitrogen at an approximate cost of 143 cents a 
pound. The nitrogen in fish-serap may cost somewhat less. In 
such forms as wool-waste, ground leather and hair, nitrogen may be 
purchased at much less, but these forms are not economieal when 
anything like quick returns are desired. 


WN NS mR ’ es hic %, < one i By ie 
th ; ata 


90 Report or THE ACTING Dineoten AND CummisT or THE 


The cheapest possible manner in which farmers ean ae their 
crops with nitrogen is by means of such plants as clover. These 
plants, as previously explained, can supply themselves with nitrogen 
from the air, and can thus store up nitrogen for future use in the 
soil, Nitrogen supplied in this way can be made, to a considerable — 
degree, to take the place of the nitrogen of commercial fertilizers, 
and at a greatly diminished cost. By such means the use of the 
most expensive of fertilizing materials can be greatly diminished 
and much saving effected. 

Soluble phosphoric acid can in general be more cheaply pur- 
chased in the form of dissolved rock than in the form of dissolved 
bone or bone-black. 

Muriate of potash costs less than sulphate, and is, therefore, 
more economical when its use answers one’s purpose. With the 
exception of a few crops, like tobacco, sugar beets, and potatoes, 
muriate of potash can nearly always be used to advantage. Potash 
in the form of carbonate, as found in wood-ashes, is apt to be some- 
what expensive. When ashes contain 5 per cent. of potash and 2 per 
cent of phosphoric acid and cost $10 a ton, each pound of potash 
costs about 8 cents, while in the form of muriate of sulphate, the 
cost would be about one-half. It is easily conceivable, however, 
that on certain soils the use of ashes might prove economical, owing 
to their indirect action on the soil. The only way of telling with. 
absolute certainty whether ashes will prove more economical than 
other forms of potash is to make an actual trial. : N 

In applying fertilizers, bulk is often desirable, but in purchasing 
commercial fertilizers, the object should be to secure as nvuch nitrogen, 
potash and phosphoric acid in available forms as possible for one 
dollar, instead of as many pounds as possible of fertilizer, regard- 
less of the amount of plant-food contained in it. This is partic. 
ulary applicable to mixed fertilizers, which at present form the great 
bulk of fertilizers sold in this State. Since there is smaller bulk to 
handle in mixing, a smaller number of packages for holding, and, 
consequently, less weigth and freight, it is, as a rule, more economi- 
cal to purchase fertilizers in their more concentrated forms. For 
illustration, it is more economical to purchase one ton of a high- 
grade fertilizer than three tons of a low-grade fertilizer, one ton of 
tbe former containing the same amount of plant-food contained in 
three tons of the latter; because, in making the latter, three times 
as much labor is involved in mixing the goods, three times as many 


ATL MOON Pe OS ROT eke De eae Te ee ie ARTUR, die 
st, Ae 9 y 4 , 


' e A; rm. t 9 a : 
-., New Yore AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 91 


packages are required and three times as much freight must be paid, 
all for the same amount of plant-fcod. 


4, Wuatr Amount oF Eacu Frrtiuizinc Constrruent 18 NEEDED. 


Inseparably connected with the question of what elements of 
plant-food are needed is the question, ‘“ How much of each element 
is needed?” Perhaps, the question more often asked than any ° 
other relates to the quantities in which fertilizers should be applied. 
Granting that we know fairly well whether we need to use nitrogen, 
or phosphoric acid or potash compounds, or some combination of 
these, how can we ascertain how much to put on an acre of land? 
This question is quite as complicated as the preceding one. A 
variety of conditions must be considered. If we knew how much 
available plant-food there were in an acre of soil, and how much the 
growing crop would require, the matter would be comparatively 
simple, provided the mechanical condition of the soil was satisfac- 
tory. The form of fertilizing material used would also need 
consideration. 

There are two extremes which we must strive to avoid. On the 
one hand, we can assume that the supply of food in the soil is fairly 
abundant and make only small additions, thus running the risk of 
using too small amounts for growing a good crop. On the other 
hand, we may assume that the supply of food in the soil is decidedly 
deficient and put on quantities of fertilizing material sufficient in 
itself to grow a good crop. In this case, we run the risk of putting 
on more than the present crop needs. If we can not hit upon the 
desired medium, putting on amounts that will grow the best erop 
most economically without leaving too much plant-food over, it is 
better to make the mistake of putting on too much than too little. 
While only individual experimenting can determine in each ease 
how much nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid can be used to best 
advantage, we can give some suggestions that may be helpful asa 
guide. We will, therefore, consider some of the conditions which 
determine the amount of fertilizer to be employed in raising creps 
most economically. 

How Can We Determine the Amount of Available Plant- 
Food Present in the Soil?—As previously pointed out, this can 
not be satisfactorily determined by a chemical analysis of the soil. 
It can really be done only in an indirect way and even then only 
approximately ; and that is by comparing the behavior of crops 


e 


92 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


oe 


upon untreated portions of soil with the same crops on other por- 
tions of the same soil treated with different quantities of fertilizing 
materials. 

The Kind of Crop Grown.— It is a well-known fact that differ- 
ent crops need different quantities of nitrogen, potash and phos- 
phoric acid compounds. If we know with a fair degree of accuracy 
how many: pounds of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid a crop of 
any kind will remove from the soil, then we have fairly definite 
knowledge of the amounts of different forms of plant-food to apply 
to the soil to insure a crop. If we could not depend upon the soil 
to furnish any plant-food, then we should use, at least, the amounts 
of fertilizing materials removed by one crop. 

In the following table, we give the number of pounds of nitrogen, 
phosphoric acid and potash used by different kinds of crops grown 
on one acre of land. The yields have been made variable within 
fairly wide limits so as to cover most cases found in actual experi- 
ence. ‘The calculations are based upon the most reliable analyses 
available. 

In studying this table, we must keep in mind that the figures do 
not in every case represent the amount of plant-food removed from 
the soil. Thus, with clovers, beans, peas and other leguminous 
crops, a portion of the nitrogen is obtained from the air and hence 
we need to apply less nitrogen in the form of fertilizer than appears 
to be called for by the table. In the case of fruits, like apples, 
pears, plums, etc., it will be found safe often to apply larger quanti- 
ties than the table calls for, because the figures in the table do not 
indicate the demands made by the tree in increasing its growth : 


93 


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‘aYOY ANG) NO NMOU*) d0ou() ANG) NI CAUNTV.LNOS) STVINALV Jy ONIZTILLA 41O LNOOWW 


94 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


An examination of the foregoing table justifies the assertion, 
when we consider all the conditions, that the smallest amounts of 
plant-food we can expect to use on an acre of land with any satis- 
factory results are the following: 

10 pounds of nitrogen. 
15 pounds of available phosphoric acid. 
20 pounds of potash. 


To state this in another form, the foregoing amounts of nitsogen 
would be contained in 200 pounds of a fertilizer having the follow- 
ing composition : 

Nitrogen, 5 per cent. 
Available phosphoric acid, 7} per cent. 
Potash, 10 per cent. 


This would be regarded as a high-grade fertilizer and on some 
soils an application of 200 pounds an acre would be considered large, 
while on others it would be entirely insuflicient. The above rule 
will probably be found fairly safe to follow in fertilizing average 
crops, when we know nothing at all in regard to soil or crops. 


5. Sprorric Mixtures ror DirrErRENT Crops. 


We will now consider under a separate head in a more specific 
manner the quantities of different forms of plant-food that can be 
applied to advantage to one acre of land for different crops. 

We must make it clearly understood at the start that no rigidly 
fixed formulas can be given for any one crop on all soils. The 
question of quantity of application and of proportion must always, 
in the very nature of the case, remain more or less a matter of in- 
dividual experiment. Every field is constantly changing in the 
extent and character of its needs. The farmer must constantly 
study results and let the experience of one year suggest to him his 
plan for the year following. With this preliminary precaution, it 
may be of interest to consider briefly what has ordinarily been the 
method of procedure in determining the proportions of nitrogen, 
phosphoric acid and potash in making fertilizers for different crops. 

In making formulas, it was first proposed to make the formula 
correspond to the analysis of the plant. This method was prac- 
ticed for some time, when it was found that there was already in 
the soil more or less available plant-food and that fertilizing material 
was often applied where one or more constituents could be omitted 


/ 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 95 


or reduced in quantity. It was then suggested that soil analysis 


should form the basis of determining the needs of the soil in differ- 


ent crops, but this failed to produce satisfactory results. The 


formulas at present used by many have been based, in part, upon 
the composition of the plant and, in part, upon the actual field-tests, 

The amount of nitrogen called for by analysis of plants is gen- 
erally reduced, because we can depend upon the soil to furnish a 
considerable amount. In case of leguminous crops, the amount of 
nitrogen which we need to supply can be reduced toa small fraction 
of what the plant will use, because such crops can draw their main 
supply of nitrogen from the air. 

The amount of soluble phosphoric acid is originally increased 
above what plant analysis calls for, because the solubility is more or 
less decreased after the fertilizer comes into contact with the soil. 

The formulas given in the pages following have been drawn 
from such various sources as could be considered reliable. 

In will be noticed that, in giving the amount of fertilizer materia] 
to put on one acre of land, a variable rather than a fixed amount is 
given. To illustrate, instead of prescribing 100 pounds of nitrate of 
soda for a certain crop, we give the amount as “ 100 to 200 pounds.” 
This means that, if the land is in good condition, 100 pounds may 
answer, but if in peor condition, more should be used up to 200 
pounds. Thus, it will be seen that even with the most specific 
directions that can be given, much must be left to the individual for 


_ experiment. 


The materials which are given for use in the following pages are 


_ assumed to have a fairly definite composition and our calculations are 


based on the following conditions of composition : 

(1) Nitrate of soda, 95 to 96 per cent. pure, containing 16 per 
ent. of nitrogen. 

(2) Dried blood, containing 10 per cent. of nitrogen. 

(3) Sulphate of ammonia, containing 20 per cent. of nitrogen. 

(4) Stable-manure, containing .5 per cent. of nitrogen. 

(5) Bone-meal, containing 20 per cent. of total phosphoric acid, 
one-half being calculated as available during first season on applica- 


tion ; also containing 4 per cent. of nitrogen. 


Whenever bone-meal is used in a mixture, allowance should be 
make for its nitrogen and so much less of other forms of nitrogen- 


materials used. 


96 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


(6) Dissolved bone, containing 15 per cent. of available phos- 
phoric acid and 3 per cent. of nitrogen. 

(7) Dissolved bone-black, containing 15 per cent. of available 
phosphoric acid. 

(8) Dissolved rock, containing 1% per cent. of available phos- 
phoric acid. 

(9) Muriate of potash, 80 per cent. pure, containing 50 per cent, 
of potash. 


(10) Sulphate of potash, 90 to 95 per cent. pure, containing 50° 


per cent. of potash. 
(11) Kainit, containing 12 to 13 per cent. of potash. ; 
(12) Wood-ashes, containing 5 per cent. of potash. 


ALFALFA. 


a 


Pounds for 


RII) OTE. Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


Per cent. 


0 to 60 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
5 to 50 lbs. sulphate of ee or 


3 
j 25 
Nitrogen ....... 1; 5 to 10 50 to 100 lbs dried blood ; 
iy 
3 
2 


000 to 2,000 ibs. stable pai 

00 to 600 Ibs. bone-meal; or 

00 to 400 lbs. dissolved bone-meal or 
bone-black ; or 

3) 250 to 500 lbs. dissolved rock. 

1) 80 to 160 lbs. muriate ; or 

2) 80 to 160 Ibs. sulphate ; or 
3) 38 
4) 8 


phoric acid--- 8 | 30 to 60 


a Sede een Me dees 25 to 650 Ibs. kainit ; or 


00 to 1,600 lbs. wood-ashes. 


{ ( 
(- 
Ae 

( 

_ Available phos- f 
( 

( 

‘ 

LC 


Suggestions.— Like clover, alfalfa needs only small applications 
of nitrogen, because it can obtain nitrogen from the air. A liberal 
supply of phosphoric acid and potash compounds needs to be ap- 
plied from time to time, the application being made preferably in 
the fall or early winter. Lime needs to be present in the soil in 
liberal proportions. When deficient, it can be applied in the form 
of ground limestone, chalk or mar! at the rate of one to three tons 
an acre, and preferably two or three years before sowing crop. 


97 


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98 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Suggestions.—Excessive application of nitrogen compounds to 
apple orchards is to be avoided because it favors rank growth of 
tree at the expense of fruit. Fruit trees in bearing require annual 
application of fertilizers for best results. Applications may be made 
in fall or spring. 


ASPARAGUS. 
Per cent. Foundsifor Pounds of different materials for one acre. 
me Pees (1) 120 to 240 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or 
Nitrogen ...-..- | 20 to 40 | 4 (2) 200 to 400 Ibs. dried blood ; or 
Pt | (3) 4,000 to 8,000 Ibs. stable manure. 
. (1) 300 to 600 lbs. bone-meal; or 
pee le. pues: 7 | 30 to 60 | J (2) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved bone-meal or 
P ne bone-black ; or 
| (3) 250 to 500 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
(1) 70 to 140 Ibs. muriate ; or 
- (2) 70 to 140 lbs. sulphate ; or 
Potash .-....-.. 9 | 35 to 70 | 4 (3) 300 to 600 Ibs. kainit : or 
(4) 700 to 1,400 lbs. wood-ashes. 


Suggestions.—Stable manure may be applied every two or three 
years in the fall after removing plants, and also every year a dress- 
ing of phosphoric acid and potash. Nitrate of soda is applied to 
best advantage in the spring, just as the shoots begin to appear. 


BARLEY. 


Pounds for 


eueaered Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


Per cent. 


(1) 75 to 150 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
, (2) 50 to 120 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or 

Nitrogen ....... 4) 12 to 24 (3) 125 to 250 Ibs. dried blood; or 

(4) 2,500 to 5,000 Ibs. stable manure. 


Available phos- bes 200 to 400 Ibs. bone- meal; or 


phorie acid 7 | 20 to 40 (2) 150 to aut Ibs. dissolved bone or bone- 


black ; 
(8) 175 to 350. lbs. dissolved rock. 
(1) 50 to 100 Ibs. muriate; or 
(2) 50 to 100 lbs. sulphate ; or 
(3) 200 to 400 lbs. kainit; or 
(4) 500 to 1,000 lbs. wood-ashes. 


otashccns ose 8 | 25 to 50 


Suggestions. —Excess of nitrogen as found in stable manure is to 
be avoided, because the quality of the grain may be injured. 


New Yor«K AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 99 


BEANS. 


Per cent.|/Pounds for) Pounds of different materials for one acre. 
one acre. 


30 to 60 lbs, nitrate of soda; or 

25 to 50 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia ; or 
50 to 100 lbs. dried blood; or 

1,000 to 2,000 lbs. stable manure. 

1) 300 to 600 Ibs. bone meal ; 


Nitrogen ....-.. 1] 5 to 10 


phorie acid... 7 | 380 to 60 foaua black ; ‘or 


Available phos- i 
\ 3) 250 to 500 Ibs. dissolved pan 
( 1) 70 to 140 lbs. muriate ; 
2) 70 to 140 lbs. sulphate ; “a 
3) 300 to 600 Ibs. kainit; or 
4) 700 to 1,400 lbs. wood ashes. 


Suggestions.—The formula given above applies to beans grown 
for the seeds. When beans are grown to be eaten green, as for 
string-beans, three or four times as much nitrogen should be applied 
as for example 100 to 200 pounds of nitrate of soda for one acre; 
this is applied preferably in three or four portions at different times 
rather than all at once. The extra application of nitrogen will 
develop the foliage and pods and retard ripening. 


BEEtTs. 


Per cent.|Pounds for) Pounds of different materials for one acre. 
one acre. 


—— — 


(1) 120 to 240 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
(2) 100 to 200 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or 
(3) 200 to 400 lbs. dried blood ; or 
(4) 4,000 to 8,000 Ibs. stable manure. 
(1) 250 to 500 Ibs. bone meal or 

) 175 to 350 Ibs. dissolved bone or 

bone black ; or 

3) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
1) 70 to 140 lbs. muriate; or 
2) 70 to 140 lbs. sulphate ; or 
3 
4 


Nitrogen: .-..--- 5 | 20 to 40 


Available phos- 
phorie acid... 6 


Lo 
ou 


Potash .....-.-. 9 | 35 to 70 ) 300 to 600 Ibs. kainit; or 


) 700 to 1,400 lbs. wood ashes. 


| 
to 50 Re 
\ 
| 


(2 
( 
( 
( 
( 
( 


Suggestions.— W hen beets are grown for sugar, potash is preferably 
used in the form of sulphate. In growing beets for garden or feed- 
ing purposes, somewhat less nitrogen can be used. 


100 Report oF THD ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THB 


Per cent. 


Nitrogen 


Available phos- 
phorie acid. -- 


Potash 


BLACKBERRIES. 


Pounds for 


Sretacra: Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


100 to 200 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 

75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or 

150 to 300 lbs. dried blood ; or 

3,900 to 6,000 Ibs. stable manure. 

300 to 600 lbs. bone-meal; or 

200 to 400 lbs. dissolved bone or bone- 
black; or 

250 to 500 lbs. dissolved rock. 

80 to 160 Ibs. muriate; or 

80 to 160 lbs. sulphate; or 

300 to 600 lbs. kainit; or 

800 to 1,600 lbs. wood-ashes. 


15 to 30 


30 to 60 


40 to 80 


BuckwHEAtT. 


Per cent. 


Pounds for 


natacrel Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


Nitrogen 


Available phos- 
phoric acid. -. 


90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 

75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or 

150 to 300 lbs. dried blood; or 

3.000 to 6,000 Ibs. stable manure. 

300 to 600 lbs. bone-meal; or 

200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved bone or bone- 
black ; or 

) 250 to 500 lbs. dissolved rock. 

1) 70 to 140 lbs. muriate; or 

(2) 70 to 140 lbs. sulphate ; or 

(3) 300 to 600 lbs. kainit; or 

(4) 700 to 1,400 lbs. wood-ashes. 


(2) 
15 to 30 (3) 
(4) 
(1) 
30 to 60 |2 (2) 
(3 
( 


[ 
| 


35 to 70 


CABBAGE. 


Per cent. 


Nitrogen 


Available phos- 
phoric acid. .-. 


Potash 


Pounds for 


andlacce: Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


(1) 250 to 500 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 

(2) 200 to 400 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia; or 

(3) 400 to 800 lbs. dried blood; or 

(4) 8,000 to 16,000 lbs. stable mauure, 

(1) 700 to 1,400 lbs. bone-meal; or 

(2) 500 to 1,000 lbs. dissolved bone or 
bone-black ; or 

(3) 600 to 1,200 lbs. dissolved rock. 

(1) 180 to 360 Ibs. muriate ; or 

(2) 1x0 to 360 1hs. sulphate; or 

(3) 700 to 1,400 Ibs. kainit; or 

(4) 1,800 to 3,600 Ibs. wood-ashes. 


40 to 80 
70 to 140 


90 to 180 


we 
| 
| 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 101 


CARROTS. 


Pounds for A q . 
Per cept jue ACLOS Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


1) 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
: 2 2) 75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or 
Nitrogen ....... 8 | 15 to 30 |4 (3) 150 to 300 Ibs. dried blood ; or 
4) 3,000 to 6,000 Ibs. stable- -manure. 
1) 350 to 700 lbs. bone-meal ; or 
2) 250 to 500 Ibs. dissolved bone or 
bone-black ; or 
3) 300 to 600 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
1) 80 to 160 lbs. muriate ; or 
2) 80 to 160 lbs. sulphate ; or 
3 
4 


phorie acid... 7 | 35 to 70 


Potash .......-. 8: | -40 to 80°! 4 (3) /300 £0 600 Ibs, kainit's or 


) 800 to 1,600 lbs. wood-ashes. 


fi 

\e 

Available phos- | 
\ 

( 

li 


Suggestions.—When stable manure is used, it is preferably ap- 
plied to the land the preceding year. 


CAULIFLOWER. 


Same as for cabbage. 
CELERY. 


Per cent Poungs for Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


(1) 250 to 500 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or 

(2) 200 to 400 lbs. sulphate of ammonia jor 
(3) 400 to 800 Ibs. dried blood ; or 

(4) 8,000 to 16,000 lbs. stable- manure. 

(1) 500 to 1, 000 Ibs. bone meal ; or 

j (2) 350 to 700 Ibs. dissolved boae or bone- 
3 

el 

(2 

(3 

(4 


Ve 


40 to 80 


ol 


Nitrogen ....... 


Available phos- 


phorie acid... 6 | 50 to 100 black ; or 


) 400 to 800 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
) 180 to 260 Ibs. muriate; or 

) 180 to 260 Ibs. sulphate ; or 

) 500 to 1,000 lbs. kainit; or 

) 1,300 to 2,600 Ibs. wood ashes. 


Ouashy. ohse< 8 | 65 to 130 


Suqgestions—On muck soils the amount of nitrogen may be 
decreased and that of potash increased. The direct application of 
stable-manure has been found often to produce rusty celery. 


102 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 103 


CLOVER. 


Same as for alfalfa. 


Corn. 


ee 


Pounds for 


mer cent. one acre. 


Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


ee Se 


60 to 120 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or 
0 to 100 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia ; 


Nitrogen -.----- 


bo 


10 to 20 


5 
or 
100 to 200 Ibs. dried blood ; or 
2,000 to 4,000 Ibs. stable manure. 
250 to 700 Ibs. bone-meal; or 


0 
phorie acid... 7 | 35 to 70 250 to 500 lbs. dissolved bone, ete. ; 


rN 
Available phos- | 


or 

300 to 600 lbs. dissolved rock. 
) 60 to 120 lbs. muriate ; or 

) 60 to 120 Ibs. sulphate ; or 

) 250 to 500 lbs. kainit ; or 

) 600 to 1,200 lbs. wood-ashes. 


(1 
Putanh 2c... - 2. 6 | 30 to 60 tS 


Suggestions.— The nitrogen may be applied to advantage in the 
form of stable-manure, especially if the soil is at all lacking in 
humus. 

For sweet corn, somewhat larger amounts of nitrogen may be 


applied. 
CUCUMBERS. 
‘Per cent. Fannie oe Pounds of different materials for one acre. 
(1) 180 to 360 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or 
(2) 150 to 300 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia ; 
Nitrogen ..----- 4 | 30 to 60 or 
(3) 300 to 600 Ibs dried blood ; or 
(4) 6,000 to 12,000 Ibs. stable manure. 
Available phos- J (1) 500 to 1,000 Ibs. bone meal; or 
phoric acid. Fl 6 | 50 to 100 |2 (2) 350 to 700 lbs. dissolved bone, ete, ; ot 
\ (3) 400 fo 800 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
(i 130 to 260 Ibs. muriate ; or 
; r (2) 130 to 260 Ibs. sulphate; or 
Bapest enn ----- | . | Goretay i 500 to 1,000 Ibs. kainit : or 
(4) 1,300 to 26,000 Ibs. wood-ashes. 


EE eee eG an 

Suggestions.— Too much nitrogen is to be avoided as there will 
be a tendency to excessive erowth of vines, and the fruit will be 
less firm and more likely to decay. Sulphate of ammonia will 
often give better results than the more quickly acting nitrate of 


104 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


soda, as the period of growth will be longer and the yield larger. 
Stable-manure, when used, is preferably applied in fall, followed by 
sulphate of ammonia in the spring. The potash may be applied in 
the fall. The phosphoric acid may be applied one-half in the fall 
and the rest in the spring. 


CURRANTS. 
, Pounds for 4 5 
Per cent. nicer Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


(1) 60 to 120 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 

(2) 50 to 100 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia; or 
(3) 100 to 200 Ibs. dried blood ; or 

(4) 2,000 to 4,000 lbs. stable ene: 


{4 250 to 500 Ibs. bone-meal ; 


Nitrogen ...--.. 21) 10 to 20 


Available phos- 
phoric acid. -- 


o 

bo 
OO 
(a> 
co) 

O14 
So 


(2) 175 to 350 Ibs. dissolved peace etc.; or 
(3) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved rock. 

(1) 80 to 160 Ibs. muriate ; or 

(2) 80 to 160 lbs. sulphate ‘ 3 OL 
( 
( 


3) 320 to 640 lbs. kainit ; or 
4) 800 to 1,600 lbs. wood-ashes. 


Botashiecs arse. 8 | 40 to 80 | 


Ea@e-PLant. 
Per cent. Pounds for Pounds of different materials for one acre. 
piece 
| (Ore 240 to 480 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
hea (2) 200 to 400 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or 
SHED Soe 4 | 40 to 80 |, (3) 400 to 800 Ibs. dried blood; or 
(4) 8,000 to 16,000 Ibs. stable manure. 
Available phos- fD 500 to 1,000 lbs. bone-meal; or 
phorie acid. -. 5 | 50 to 100 |< (2) 350 to 700 Ibs. dissolved bone, ete ; or 
16) 400 to 800 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
his) 180 to 360 Ibs. muriate; or 
(2) 180 to 360 lbs. sulphate; or 
Potash ~-2------ 9 | 90 to 180 | 5 (3) 700 to 1,400 lbs. kainit;’ or 
(4) 1,800 to 3,600 lbs. wood-ashes. 


te 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


105 


Fruax. 


Per cent.|Pounds for 


Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


one acre. 
(1) 60 to 120 lbs. nitrate of soda ; or 
cis Aa (2) 50 to 100 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia; or 
Nitrogen....---- 3 | 10 to 20 (3) 100 to 200 Ibs. dried blood ; or ; 
(4) 2,000 to 4,000 Ibs. stable manure. 
Aeailanla ah (1) 250 to 500 lbs. bone meal; or 
Thorid a cha a5 8 | 95 to 50 |J (2) 175 to 350 Ibs. dissolved bone or bone- 
a7 a black; or 
(3) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
( (1) 60 to 120 lbs, muriate ; or 
(2) 60 to 120 Ibs. sulphate ; or 
Potash ........- 9 | 30 to 60 |4 (3) 250 to 500 Ibs. kainit ; or 
(4) 600 to 1,200 lbs. wood ashes. 
GoOosSEBERRIES. 
Same as currants. 
GRAPES. 
Per cent.|Pounds for Pounds of different materia!s for one acre. 
one acre. 
(33 50 to 100 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
A (2) 40 to 80 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or 
Nitrogen ..-.... 2| 8 to 16 |» (3) 80 to 160 Ibs. dried blood; or 
(4) 1,600 to 3,200 lbs. stable manure. 
: (1) 300 to 600 lbs. bone meal; or 
sur el Se Bail (ae a f (2) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved bone, ete.s 
ow or 
| (3) 250 to 500 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
(1) 90 to 180 Ibs. muriate ; or 
|; (2) 90 to 180 Ibs, sulphate; or 
Potash .....-..- 11 | 45 to 90 | (3) 350 to 700 Ibs. kainit ; or 
| (4) 900 to 1,800 Ibs. wood-ashes. 
Suggestions.—Much of the nitrogen can be supplied by growing 


clover between rows and turning under. 


Excessive use of stable- 


manure is believed to produce a growth of weakened vitality, not 


able readily to withstand attacks of fungous diseases. 


Once in a 


few years lime may be applied to advantage. 


‘(06 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


GRaAss FOR PASTURES. 


eee ——————————————————— 


Pounds for 


one ners Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


Per cent. 


(1) 90 to 180 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or 

(2) 75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or 
(3) 150 to 300 lbs. dried blood; or 

(4) 3,000 to 6,000 Ibs. stable-manure. 

1) 300 to 600 lbs. bone-meal ; or 

) 200 to 400 lbs. dissolved bone, etc. ; or 
) 250 to 500 lbs. dissolved rock. 

) 80 to 160 lbs, muriate; or 

) 80 to 160 Ibs. sulphate ; or 

) 275 to 550 lbs. kainit ; or 

) 800 to 1,600 lbs. wood-ashes. 


Nitrogen 2 ease 2] 15 to 30 


phoric acid. .- 8 | 30 to 60 


Available phos- J 
L 


2 
3 
i 
2 
3 
4 


otasheecescscs 10 | 40 to 80 


SSS ae SS 


Suggestions.—It is probable that the droppings from animals 
will furnish most of the nitrogen needed, but pains should be 
taken occasionally to run some kind of smoothing harrow over the 
ground to distribute the droppings evenly. 


Grass FoR Lawns. 


Pounds for 


cnelacre Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


Per cent. 


(1) 120 to 240 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
; (2) 100 to 200 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or 
Nitrogen ....... 5 | 20 to 40 3 200 to 400 Ibs. dried blood; or 
‘4) 4,000 to 8,000 lbs. stable manure. 
Available phos- (1) 250 to 500 lbs. bone-meal ; or 
phoric acid . .. 6 | 25 to 50 12 175 to 350 lbs. dissolved bone, ete.; or 
(3) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
(1) 60 to 120 lbs. muriate; or 
(2) 60 to 120 lbs sulphate ; or 
(3) 250 to 500 Ibs. kainit ; or 
(4) 600 to 1,200 lbs. wood-ashes. 


Robashvesscceoner | 8 | 30 to 60 


— = —— 


Suggestions.—As a more specific mixture, we suggest the fol- 
lowing: 100 Ibs. nitrate of soda, 100 lbs. bone-meal, 100 Ibs. acid 
phosphate (dissolved rock), and 100 Ibs. muriate of potash an acre. 


g New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 107 


Fs 


Grass FoR MEApows. 


Pounds for : . 
Per cent. BiG RCrS. Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


) 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 

) 75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; 
INtirogens.s see 4 | 15 to 30 or 
) 150 to 300 Ibs. dried blood; or 

) 3,000 to 6,000 lbs. stable-manure. 

) 300 to 600 Ibs. bone- -meal; or 

2) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved bone, ete. ; or 
) 250 to 500 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
ya 
) 
) 
) 


) 

| 

t 
Available phos- 

phorie acid... 7 | 30 to 60 


0 to 140 lbs. muriate ; or 
70 to 140 lbs. sulphate ; or 
275 to 550 lbs. kainit; or 


(a! 
Pojashe..-.-4-- 9 | 35 to 70 C 
(4) 700 to 1,400 lbs. wood- ashes, 


Suggestions.— The fact can not be too strongly emphasized that 
meadows from which the grass is cut year after year should be 
regularly fertilized every year in a liberal manner. 


Hops. 


Pounds for ; : 
‘Per cent. one acre. Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


(1) 120 to 240 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or 

(2) ae 200 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; 

Nitrogen ....... 3 | 20 to 40 | 

(3) 200. re 400 lbs. dried blood; or 

(4) 4,000 to 8,000 Ibs. stable- manure. 

(1) 350 to 700 Ibs. bone- meal; or 

phorie acid... 6 | 35 to 70 |< (2) oe to 500 lbs. dissolved Done, etc. ; or 
(3) 275 to 550 Ibs. dissolved rock. 

(1) 200 to 400 Ibs. muriate; or 

(2, 200 to 400 lbs. sulphate; or 

(3) 800 to 1,600 Ibs. kainit ; or 

(4) 2,000 to ‘4, 000 Ibs. wood- ashes. 


Lie) eee | 12 100 to 200. 


Available phos-| F 
| 
| 


108 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Horst Rapisa. 


Nitrogen’ = 222-2 


Available phos- 
phorice acid... 


Potash o=-5. 2... 


Per cent. 


Pounds for 
one acre. 


Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


15 to 30 


25 to 50 


35 to 70 


(() 90 to 180 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or 
Q (2) 75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or 
(5) 150 to 300 lbs. dried blood; or 
(4) 3,000 to 6,000 Ibs. stable manure. 
( (1) 250 to 500 lbs. bone-meal; or 
(2) 175 to 350 Ibs. dissolved bone, ete.; or 
(3) 200 to 400 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
(1) 70 to 140 Ibs. muriate ; or 
(2) 70 to 140 lbs. sulphate ; or 
(3) 275 to 550 lbs. kainit ; or 
(4) 700 to 1,400 lbs, wood-ashes. 


Nitrogen ==-1- 


Available phos- 
phoric acid... 


Potashyieee o.2 


Per cent. 


LErrucr. 


Pounds for 
one acre. 


Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


40 to 80 


50 to 100 


75 to 150 


(1) 250 to 500 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 

(2) 200 to 400 lbs. snlphate of ammonia; or 
(3) 400 to 800 Ibs. dried blood ; or + 

(4) 8,000 to 16,000 lbs. stable manure. 

(1) 500 to 1,000 Ibs. bone-meal; or 

(2) 350 to 700 Ibs. dissolved bone, etc.; or 
3) 400 to 800 Ibs. dissolved rock. 

1) 150 to 300 !bs. muriate ; or 

2) 150 to 300 Ibs. sulphate; or 

3) 600 to 1,200 lbs. kainit; or 

4) 1,500 to 3,000 lbs. wood-ashes. 


Suggestions.— When lettuce is grown under glass, use about half 
as much nitrogen and a half more phosphoric acid and potash than 
indicated above. 


MItiet. 


Same as for meadow grass. 


MvuskKMELONS. 


Same as for cucumbers. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


109 


Nursery StTook. 


t. Pounds for 


Per cent. | “one acre. 


Nitrogen ....-... 3 | 10 to 20 
Available phos- 

phoric acid. -- 6 | 25 to 50 
Potast ene. =. 7 | 30 to 60 


——--—- 


Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


to 120 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 

to 100 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or 
to 200 lbs. dried blood ; or 

,000 to 4,000 lbs. stable manure. 

250 to 500 Ibs. bone-meal; or 

175 to 350 Ibs. dissolved bone, ete. ; or 
200 to 400 lbs. digsolved rock. 

60 to 120 lbs. muriate; or 


) 240 to 480 Ibs. kainit; or 
) 600 to 1,200 Ibs. wood-ashes. 


Suggestions.— Excess of nitrogen produces a rapid but weak 


growth of wood. 


Oats. 


Pan cent: Pounds for 


one acre. © 


Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


Nitrogen 


Available phos- 
phoric acid... 


| 20 to 40 


Je) 


| 30 to 60 


5 to 150 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 

0 to 120 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or 
20 to 240 lbs. dried blood; or 

,900 to 5,000 Ibs. stable manure. 

00 to 400 lbs. corn-meal; or 

40 to 280 Ibs. dissolved bone, ete. ; or 
160 to 320 lbs. dissolved rock. 

) 60 to 120 Ibs. muriate; or 

2) 60 to 120 lbs. sulphate; or 

3) 250 to 500 lbs. kainit; or 

4) 600 to 1,200 lbs. wood-ashes. 


7 
6 
1 
2 
2 
1 


( 
| 
q 

t 
{ 


Pounds for 


Per cent. one acre. 


Available phos- 


phoric acid... 55 to 110 


Potash 80 to 160 


Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


1) 270 to 540 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or 

2) 225 to 450 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or 

3) 450 to 900 lbs. dried blood; or 

4) 9,000 to 18,000 lbs. stable manure. 

1) 550 to 1,100 lbs. bone-meal; or 

2) 385 to 770 lbs. dissolved bone, ete.; or 
) 450 to 900 lbs. dissolved rock. 

1) 160 to 320 lbs. muriate; or 

2) 160 to 320 Ibs. sulphate ; or 

3) 650 to 1,300 Ibs. kainit ; or 

4) 1,600 to 3,200 Ibs. wood-ashes. 


110 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Suggestions.— Fresh stable-manure is to be avoided on account 
of weed-seeds and also a tendency to favor the growth of onion 


maggots. 
planting onions. 


injures the keeping qualities of onions. 


Stable-manure is preferably used in soil two years before 
An excess of nitrogen delays the ripening and 


sulphate of ammonia; 


dissolved bone, etc. ; or 


PARsnIPs. 
Per cent. Pounds tor Pounds of different materials for one acre. 
(1) 120 to 240 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
(2 100 to 200 lbs. 
Nitrogen ....... 3 | 20 to 40 or 
(3) 200 to 400 lbs. dried blood; or 
(4) 4,000 to 8,000 ibs. stable-man ure. 
Available phos- (1) 550 to 1,100 lbs. bone-meal ; or 
phorie acid... 9 | 55 to110 |< (2) 375 to 750 Ibs. 
(8) 450 to 900 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
‘ (1) 100 to 200 lbs. muriate; or 
(2) 100 to 200 lbs. sulphate; or 
Potash =.-.-.--.. 8 | 50 to 100 |4 (35 400 to 800 Ibs. kainit ; or 
)4) 1,000 tu 2,000 Ibs. wood-ashes. 


Suggestions.— Stable-manure, when used, is preferably applied 
during preceding year. 


PEACHES. 


‘Per cent.| 


| 


Pounds for 
one acre. 


bo 


Nitrogen 


Available phos- 
phoric acid ... 


Potash 2s428-< 


15 to 30 


) 280 to 


3 
(4) 
1 
2 
8 
1) 110 to 
) 


€ 


ANN AEN AON GEGEN 


3 
4 


) 

) 110 to 220 lbs. 
) 450 to 900 Ibs. 
) 1,100 to 2,200 Ibs. wood-ashes. 


Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


1) 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
2) 7 i 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; 


) 150 a 300 Ibs. dried blood; or 
8,000 to 6,000 lbs. stable manure, 
) 400 to 300 lbs, 
560 Ibs. 
) 820 to 640 Ibs. 
220 lbs. 


bone-meal ; or 
dissolved bone, ete. ; 
dissolved rock. 
muriate ; or 
sulphate; or 
kainite ; or 


or 


Suggestions.— Much of the nitrogen may be furnished by rais- 
ing leguminous crops between the rows of trees and turning 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. i fa 


under for green manure. It is claimed that large applications of 
potash enable the trees more readily to withstand the disease known 
as “peach yellows.” 

PEARS. 


Same as for apples. 


Pras. 


Same as for beans. 


Suggestions.— When peas are raised for picking green, larger 
amounts of nitrate of soda can be used to advantage. 


Pius. 


Same as for cherries. 


PoratTors. 
Per cent. Pounds for Pounds of different materials for one acre. 
{oR 180 to 360 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
Nitrogen ....-.-.. 4 | 30to 60 |< (2) 150 to 300 1bs. sulphate of ammonia; or 
‘ \.(3) 300 to 600 Ibs. dried blood. 
Available phos- (1) 400 to 800 Ibs. bone-meal ; or 
phorie acid... 6 40to 80 J (2) 275 to 550 lbs. dissolved bone, etc. ; or 
(3) 825 to 650 lbs. dissolved rock. 
ie 130 to 260 lbs. muriate; or 
Ratashe.s--- 9 | 65 to 130 |< (2) 130 to 260 lbs. sulphate} or 
‘les 20 to 1,040 lbs. kainit. 


Suggestions.—The use of stable-manure appears to favor the 
growth of potato-scab. When used, stable-manure should be applied 
to a preceding crop. Wood-ashes are also reported to favor the 
attack of the scab. It is commonly held that sulphate of potash 
produces potatoes of better quality than does muriate. The testi- 
mony on this point is conflicting. 


Pumpkins. 


Same as for cucumbers. 


QUINCES. 


Same as for apples. 


112 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


RanpisHEs. 
Per cent.|P ue on Pounds of different materials for one acre. 
( (1) 90 to 180 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or 
SA ; z | (2) 75 to 150 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia; or 
ee 3 | 15 to 30 |» (3) 150 to 300 Ibs. dried blood; or 
(4) 3,000 to 6,000 Ibs. stable manure. 
Available phos- j 350 to 700 lbs. bone meal; or 
phoric acid. .. 7 | 35 to 70 |< (2) 250 to 500 Ibs. dissolved bone, etc. ; or 
( (3) 280 to 560 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
( (1) 90 to 180 lbs. muriate ; or 
} (2) 90 to 180 lbs. sulphate ; or 
Potash -....-.-- 9 | 45 to 90 |< (3) 350 to 700 Ibs. kainit; or 
(4) 900 to 1,800 lbs. wood ashes. 
RASPBERRIES. 
Per cent. pa Pounds of different materials for one acre. 
| (1) 75 to 150 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
; (2) 60 to 120 lbs. sulphate of ammonia ; or 
Nitrogen -.----. 2 | 12 to 24 | (3) 120 to 240 Ibs. dried blood; or 
(4) 2,400 to 4,800 ths. stable manure. 
Available phos- {> 400 to 800 lbs. bone meal; or 
phorie acid. -. 7 | 40 to 80 |< (2) 280 to 560 lbs. dissolved bones, etc.; or 
18) 320 to 640 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
(1) 120 to 240 lbs. muriate; or 
(2) 120 to 240 Ibs. sulphate ; or 
Potash --...---- 10 | 60 to 120 | (3) 480 to 960 Ibs. kainit; or 
(4) 1,200 to 2,400 lbs. wood ashes. 
Rye. 


Same as for oats. 


Suggestions.— Nitrogen is preferably applied in the form of 
nitrate of soda rather than stable manure. Excessive use of nitro- 
gen should be avoided. 


SorGHUM. 


Same as for corn. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


113 


SprNacu. 


Per cent. 


Nitrogen ...---- 
Available phos- 
phorie acid... 7 


Potash ss: = 5-- | 5 


ole to | 30) 
55 to 110 


40 to 80 


Pounds for 
one acre, 


Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


1) 90 to 180 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 

2) 75 to 150 lbs. sulphate of ammonia 5 or 
3) 150 to 300 Ibs. dried blood ; 

) 3,000 to 6,000 Ibs. stable manure, 

) 550 to 1,100 lbs. bone-meal; 

2) 375 to 750 Ibs. dissolved ee etc.; or 
3) 450 to 900 lbs. dissolved rock. 

) 80 to 160 Ibs. muriate ; or 

) 80 to 160 Ibs. sulphate ; or 
3) 
) 


320 to 640 Ibs. kainit; or 
800 to 1,600 lbs. wood ashes. 


SQUASHES. 


Same as for cucumbers. 


STRAWBERRIES. 
Per cent. Fenner Pounds of different materials for one acre. 
} — 
Coe 150 to 300 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
, (2) 125 to 250 Ibs. sulphate of ammonia; or 
Nitrogen -..-.-. 3 | 25 to 50 |4 (3) 250 to 500 Ibs. dried blood; or 
(4) 5,000 to 10,000 lbs. stable manure, 
Available phos- (1) 550 to 1,100 Ibs. bone-meal ; 
phoriec acid... 7 | 55 to 110 |< (2) 375 t 0 750 Ibs, dissolved pone. ee ; or 
(3) 450 a8 900 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
| oy 140 to 280 Ibs. muriate ; or 
2 (2) 140 to 280 Ibs. sulphate ; or 
Potash. ......... 3, |; R0:to 140 | (3) 550 to 1,100 lbs. kainit; or 
| (4) 1,400 to 2 800 Ibs. wood ashes. 
ToBAcco. 
Per cent. Fonnds for Pounds of different materials for one acre. 
( (1) 180 to 360 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
a ae ) (2) 150 to 300 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or 
Nitrogen -....-. 4 | 30to 60 19 300 to 600 Ibs, dried blood; or 
; (4) 6,000 to 12,000 lbs. stable manure, 
Available phos- (1) 500 to 1,000 Ibs. bone- meal ; 
phoric acid... 6 | 50 to 100 |< (2) 350 to 700 Ibs. dissolved fone, ete.; or 
(3) 400 to 800 Ibs. disso!ved rock, 
; (1) 166 to 320 lbs. sulphate; or 
Potash -.....--- 10 | 80 to 160 ; (2) 1,600 to 3,200 Ibs. wood-ashes. 


8 


114 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Suggestions.—Stable-manure may advautageously be applied to. 
preceding crop. Potash should be used only in form of sulphate. 


ToMATOES. 


SS aS SSS 


Pounds for 


mriainoral Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


Per cent. 


(1) 150 to 300 lbs. nitrate of soda; or 
: (2) 125 to 250 lbs. sulphate of ammonia; or 
Nitrogen’. ------ S iaraooe (3) 250 to 500 lbs. dried blood ; or 
(4) 5,000. to 10,000 lbs. stable-manure. 
(1) 350 to 700 lbs. bone-meal ; or 
2) 250 to 500 lbs. dissolved bone, ete. ; or 
3) 


Available phos- 
phorie acid... 6 | 35 to 70 |< ( 
(3) 280 to 560 lbs. dissolved rock. 
( 


(2) 80 to 160 Ibs. sulpliater or 
Potash -- 2 see 7 | 40 to 80 |4 (3) 390 to 640 Ibs. kainit; or 
(4) 800 to 1,600 lbs. wood-ashes. 


TURNIPS. 


Same as for beets. 


W ATERMELONS. 


Same as for cucumbers. 


WHEAT. 


: | 


Pounds for 
one acre. 


) 75 to 150 Ibs. nitrate of soda; or 
) 
) 
) 


Per cent. Pounds of different materials for one acre. 


7 

60 to 120 Ibs. sulphate of amnmonia ; or 
120 to 240 Ibs. dried blood ; : 
2,400 to 4,800 Ibs. stable-m: an nae 


if 
9 
Nitrogen .....-. | 4 | 12 to 24 3 
4 
1) 200 to 400 Ibs. bone-meal ; or 
2) 
3) 
il 
2) 


phorie acid... 7 | 20 to 40 140 to 280 lbs. dissolved hone, ete.; or 
| ) 160 to 320 Ibs. dissolved rock. 
) 25 tu 50 lbs. muriate ; or 
25 to 50 lbs. sulphate ; or 
3) 100 to 200 lbs. kainit; or 


4) 250 to 500 lbs. wood- ashes. 


ft 
( 
( 
| {i 

Available phos- | fQ) 
J ( 

L( 

( ( 

} (2) 

le 

( 


Rotasheesee ceo i) el2etoned 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 115. 


6. Wuich 18 MORE ADVANTAGEOUS, TO PurcuasE CoMPLETE: 
Fertitizers oR TO PurcHasE SEPARATE INGREDIENTS / 


The question of home mixing of fertilizers is now being much: 
discussed. Not a few farmers have adopted the plan of purchasing 
unmixed ingredients and mixing them at home. When a farmer 
once tries this method, he rarely purchases a ready-mixed complete: 
fertilizer after that. It is pertinent in this connection to consider: 
poth sides of the question, both the advantages and disadvantages: 
of purchasing unmixed fertilizing ingredients. 

Economy.—The average retail price of aton of mixed fertilizer 
is from $8 to $10 above the market value of its unmixed ingre- 
dients. Taking the 232 different brands of fertilizers collected’ 
during the spring of 1895, we find the average retail selling price 
to have been $31.43, while the unmixed materials would have cost 
about $22, leaving a difference of about $9.50. In other States the: 
difference is found to be as high as $10 or more. This difference: 
represents the cost of mixing, freight, profit, ete. It is readily seen. 
that a portion, at least, of the difference can’ be saved by purchasing 
unmixed ingredients. Many farmers who have done their own 
mixing, estimate that the mixing costs them 75 cents a ton on an. 
average. 

Definite Knowledge of Materials Used.— When separate 
materials are purchased, the farmer can more closely ascertain 
whether his goods are what they claim to be. Ground leather can- 
not be passed for nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, ete. In 
mixed goods it is not easy to detect inferior articles. The chances: 
are that the farmer will get better materials in unmixed than in 
mixed goods, although this would not be true in dealing with the: 
most reliable manufacturers. 

Variation of Mixture to Suit Different Crops.—By careful 
observation and experiment the farmer can change his mixture 
so as to adapt it more nearly to the needs of his crops and soil. 
Manufacturers claim. to manufacture goods which are specifics 
for different crops. But it is noticed that the special mixtures 
for the same crop, as made by different manufacturers vary 
quite as much as do mixtures for different crops. For illustra- 
tion, taking 40 different potato-manures sold in this State, we 
find that they vary in nitrogen from 1.50 to 6 per cent.; in available 
phosphoric acid, from 4.75 to 11 per cent.; and in potash, from 2.50 


116 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


to 11.50 per cent.; and yet each claims to be exactly adapted to the 
needs of the potato crop. We have met with instances where the 
manufacturer used the same formula as a special for different crops 
whose needs were quite unlike. It is safe to say that, without any 
experience, the farmer can hit the needs of his soil and crops by 
mere guess quite as closely as do some of the complete fertilizers. 
The farmer can ascertain what particular forms and quantities of 
materials are best suited to his needs. 

Educational Value.—There is little of educational value in using 
an unknown mixture. To purchase intelligently unmixed fertilizing 
materials will ultimately lead in most cases to a well-grounded 
knowledge of the science of agriculture. One will seek to know 
what the different forms of plant-food are, what they do, from what 
sources they can be obtained, and how he can use them to best 
advantage. He will become to some extent an investigator, and 
will, of necessity, take a deeper interest in his work. His entire 
system of farming will be lifted toa higher plane and his more 
intelligent labor will yield more profitable results. 

The chief disadvantages connected with purchasing separate 
materials are the following: (1) On small purchases little or no 
reduction of price is made. This may often be true, but in such 
cases it is easily possible for farmers to combine and order larger 
lots. In the large dairy sections of the state this may be especially 
true. (2) It is claimed that, owing to lack of proper facilities, the 
farmer cannot make mixtures that will be even and fine. So far as 
actual results go, it is found that farmers can and do make mixtures 
which are, on an average, very satisfactory in their practical work- 
ing as compared with mixtures of manufacturers. 


7. To Wuat Extent Home-Mrxine 1s PRACTICABLE. 


The conveniences needed to do one’s own mixing are the follow- 
ing: A tight barn floor, or earth floor that is hard, smooth, dry and 
under cover; platform scales, shovel, iron hand-rake or hoe and a 
sand-sereen. Farmers are advised, if they do their own mixing, not 
to attempt to treat bones or rock with sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol) 
but to purchase their superphosphate from the manufacturer. 

The advantages connected with having the mixing of fertilizers 
done at a factory are the following: First, the mixing is apt to be 
more thoroughly done at the factory. Second, the factory should 


oe 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1A 


be able to do mixing in large quantities more economically, since it 
has all facilities required. As a rule, it costs the farmer from $2.50 
to $3.00 to have the mixing and rebagging done at a factory for 
each ton of materials. 

When the farmer prefers to purchase separate materials and do 
his mixing at home, the following suggestions may be helpful: If 
one has purchased the different materials in the right weights, such 
as he wants to use for mixing, then no weighing is necessary, as he 
has simply to mix all the materials he has. If he makes different 
mixtures, then the different materials should be weighed accurately. 
If the material is at all lumpy, it should be sifted with a sand screen, 
the lumps separated and then pulverized before being added to the 
pile of fine material. When the materials have been thus prepared, 
the most bulky material is spread out upon the floor in an oblong 
pile that varies from 6 to 10 inches in depth. The top is leveled off 
and then a layer of the next material is put on, not quite so thick, and 
so on until the different constituents have been added to the pile, 
care being taken to make such material cover the one under it evenly 
over the whole surface. Then, one should commence at one end and 
shovel over the pile, reaching clear to the bottom every time. After 
mixing well, the mixed portion is passed behind. When the whole 
pile has been treated once in this way, then the mixed pile is leveled, 
swept up around the edges and again treated in the same manner. 
This process should be repeated three or four times. Any lumps 
noticed at any time should be thoronghly broken up. If greater 
thoroughness is desired, the mixture may be sifted or screened before 
sacking. It is convenient to weigh into sacks which will hold from 
100 to 150 pounds. One. should take great pains to purchase his 
materials in finely powdered and perfectly dry condition, if he plans 
to mix the materials at home. 


8. SprectaL SvueceEstions Retatiyne tro tHE PURCHASE OF 
SeraRaATE Ferrrinizinc INGREDIENTS. 

In addition to what has been already stated, there are some other 
suggestions which it is well to heed in connection with the purchase 
of separate fertilizing materials. 

Purchase High-Grade Materials.—It will almost invariably be 
found more economical to purchase high-grade fertilizing materials. 

In applying fertilizers, bulk is often desirable, but in purchasing 
commercial fertilizers, the object should be to secure as much nitro- 


118 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


gen, potash and phosphoric acid in available forms as possible for 
one dollar, instead of as many pounds as possible of fertilizer, re- 
gardless of the amount of plant-food contained in it. This is 
particularly applicable to mixed fertilizers, which at present form 
the great bulk of fertilizers sold in this State. Since there is smaller 
bulk to handle in mixing, a smaller number of packages for holding, 
and, consequently, less weight and freight, it is, as a rule, more 
economical to purchase fertilizers in their more concentrated forms. 
For illustration, it is more enconomical to purchase one ton of a 
high-grade fertilizer than three tons of a low-grade fertilizer, one 
ton of the former containing the same amount of plant-food con- 
tained in three tons of the latter; because, in making the latter, 
three times as many packages are required and three times as much 
freight must be paid, all for the same amount of plant-food. 

Fineness and Dryness of Fertilizers Important.—Fertilizers 
can not, as a rule, be in too finely powdered condition nor can 
they be too dry. With many materials, bone for example, the 
availability as plant-food is directly dependent upon the fineness 
of division. Two commercial fertilizers containing the same 
amount of plant-food in the same forms may differ considerably in 
respect to the availability of that food and, consequently, in re- 
spect to their agricultural value, if one is coarsely and the other 
finely ground. Excessive moisture in fertilizers is undesirable 
on several grounds. First, the larger the amount of moisture, 
the smaller will be the amount of plant-food ina ton. Second, 
excess of moisture causes the particles to stick together and is 
likely to result in caking and in clogging when used in drills. 
Third, an excess of moisture favors the decomposition and loss of 
nitrogen in many forms of organic matter. This is shown by the 
fact that some fertilizers give off a very offensive odor if allowed to 
become damp, while they are comparatively free from disagreeable 
odors if they are thoroughly dry. A strong odor in a fertilizer is an 
indication that organic matter is decomposing and nitrogen is being 
lost and indicates weakness and loss rather than strength as a 
fertilizer. 

Taking Advantage of Fluctuating Prices.—By watching the 
market variations, it is possible to save more or less. It often hap- 
pens that lower prices prevail during that part of the year when 
the farmer has most leisure. In any case, where home-mixing is 
practised, it should be done before the beginning of the busy season. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 119 


Making Club-Fertilizers.—In some towns farmers club together 
and purchase their separate ingredients, each one doing his own 
mixing himself. In other cases the club decides upon a definite 
formula and sends out specifications to manufacturers for furnishing 
the same already mixed and sacked, letting the contract to the lowest 
responsible bidder. One of the most successful instances of this sort 
is the Riverhead Town Agricultural Society of Long Island. They 
have found that a fertilizer containing 4 per cent. of nitrogen, 8 per 
cent. of available phosphoric acid and 10 per cent. of actual potash 
is well adapted to their conditions for growing potatoes. They 
require the nitrogen to be distributed in three different forms, one- 
half being fish-serap; one-fourth, nitrate of soda; and one-fourth, 
sulphate of ammonia. The potash must be in form of muriate. 
For the season of 1895 they were able to get 1,200 tons of this mix- 
ture made at $29.32 a ton. Commercial fertilizers of similar com- 
position sold for $36 to $40 at the same time. The actual saving 
affected by the members of this club amounts to not less than $10,000 
a year. 

Where to Purchase Unmixed Materials.—Any large manufac- 
turer of fertilizers will generally fill orders for separate ingredients. 
Farmers are advised to write to three or four different firms and get 
their prices. In comparing price, one should take into consideration 
the question of freight. The schedule of prices given later may be 
used as a general guide in regard to what one should pay for different 
forms of materials. 

Farmers will find their chief difficulty in knowing in what forms 
and quantities to order separate fertilizer constituents. 

The suggestions found in the preceding pages giving this infor- 
mation in regard to our more common crops will be fonnd helpful. 

Below is given a list of manufacturers who are willing to sell un- 
mixed goods direct to farmers. A few firms indicate their prefer- 
ence of selling through local agents where these are already estab- 
lished. 

Armour & Company, 205 La Salle St., Chicago, Ill. 

H. J. Baker & Bro., 93 William St., New York City. 

Bowker Fertilizer Co., 48 Chatham St., Boston, Mass. 

Bradley Fertilizer Co., 92 State St., Boston, Mass. 

Brown & Gilman Fertilizer Co., 118 South Delaware Ave., 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

Chicopee Guano Co., 140 Maiden Lane, New York City. 


120 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., 81 Fulton St., New York City. 

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 

Eastern Farm Supply Association, Montclair, N. J. 

Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., 185 Lock St., Syracuse, N. Y. 

Geo. B. Forrester, 169 Front St., New York City. 

Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Rutland, Vt. 

Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., Mattituck, L.I., N. Y. 

Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, Newark, N. J. 

Frederick Ludlam, 108 Water St., New York City. 

Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Oo., 143 Liberty St., New 
York City. 

Maryland Fertilizing and Manufacturing Co., 30 So. Holliday 
St., Baltimore, Md. 

Robert L. Merwin, 88 Wall St., New York City. 

Munroe, Lalor & Co., Oswego, N. Y. 

North-Western Fertilizer Co., Union Stock Yards, Chicago, II]. 

Pacific Guano Co., Rochester, N. Y. (or New York City.) 

Moro Phillips Chemical Co., 1381 South Third St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Rasin Fertilizer Co., 35 Chamber of Commerce, Baltimore, Md. 

Standard Fertilizer Co., Farlow Building, State St., Boston, Mass. 

Swift & Company, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, III. 

Ellsworth Tuthill & Co., Promised Land, L. I. 

Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., 2 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 

M. E. Wheeler & Co., Rutland, Vt. 

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., 81 Fulton St., New York City. 


9. Meruops AND SxEasons oF AppryInc FERTILIZERS. 


The method to be used in applying a fertilizer depends primarily 
upon the efficiency with which the constituents of the fertilizer are 
distributed most thoroughly and uniformly throughout the portion 
of soil where the plant roots are. The effect of a fertilizer is lost 
so far as it does not reach the plant roots. Pains must be taken to 
secure even and complete distribution of fertilizers on or iu the soil, 
since it is desired to have the food reach every plant in the field. 
In order to distribute small quantities of concentrated fertilizers 
over a broad area, it is well to dilute by mixing with some such sub- 
stance as dry earth, road-dust, sifted coal-ashes or sand. 

Drilling and Broadcasting.—As between applying fertilizers 
with the drill or by broadcasting, the best results are given some- 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 121 


times by one and sometimes by the other method, according to the 
crop and special conditions. Labor is saved by using the drill, while 
the best ultimate results appear more often to come from broadeast- 
ing, ploughing or harrowing in accordance to circumstances. When 
a fertilizer is especially needed by a crop in its earliest stages, there 
is ‘advantage in drilling it in with the seed. When concentrated 
fertilizers are to be distributed broadeast, it is desirable that they 
should be somewhat diluted. 

Distribution of Soluble Fertilizers.— Materials which are readily 
soluble can be scattered over the surface. After the first fall of rain 
they distribute themselves throughout the soil very completely and 
uniformly. Such materials are nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, 
soluble phosphates and soluble potash salts. These materials are 
preferably used in case of top-dressing. 

Distribution of Fertilizers not readily Soluble.— Materials 
which are not readily soluble are preferably well mixed through 
and beneath the soil. Thus, dried blood, bone-meal, fish-scrap and 
similar materials are best placed at greater or less depth beneath 
the soil, because under these conditions they become soluble more 
rapidly and are retained more surely by the soil. 

Time of Application.— Fertilizers which dissolve easily and 
diffuse through soil rapidly, and which are not readily retained by 
the soil, are best applied only when the crop is ready to utilize 
them. If put on too early, there is danger of their being leached 
from the soil and carried more or less beyond the reach of the plant 
and thus lost. Nitrates and, to a less extent, ammonia compounds 
come under this precaution. Hence, it is not wise ordinarily to 
apply guano, ammonia compounds or nitrate of soda in the fall, 
except in climates which have a dry fall and winter. Their appli- 
cation should be deferred until spring. In wet springs, ammonia 
compounds are preferably applied rather than nitrate of soda; or, if 
nitrate of soda is used, loss may be avoided by making several small 
applications, instead of one at the start. Care should be taken, 
however, not to make applications of nitrate of soda too late in the 
season, as the maturing of the crop will be retarded and there will 
be an excessive growth of stems and leaves. 

Fertilizers which do not dissolve readily or which do not diffuse 
through the soil rapidly are better applied to the land before the 
crop commences its growth. To this class belong stable-manure, 


122 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


bone-meal, dried blood, tankage, cottonseed-meal, ground rock, and 
to some extent, soluble phosphates and potash compounds. 


Special Precautions.— In applying highly concentrated com- 


mercial fertilizers, it is wise to prevent the fertilizer coming in 
contact with the seeds or foliage of plants. , 

Fertilizers containing ammonia compounds should not be mixed 
with wood-ashes, lime, or Thomas slag (odorless phosphate), since 
some of the ammonia is likely to be lost. 

On soils of loose texture and small retentive power, it is best to 
use, for the most part, those forms of fertilizers which are not too 
easily soluble, in order to make as small as possible the losses occa- 
sioned by heavy rains. Animal and vegetable materials are espe- 
cially suited for such eases. 


10. Tar Most Apvantaqgrous Mrtruops or Ustna FARM-PRODUCED: 
MANuvurREs. 


Under this head we will discuss some of the more common points 
relating to the use of stable-manure in its application to different 
soils and crops. 

Exclusive and Long-continued Use not Advised.— The aver- 
age farm-produced manure is a one-sided fertilizer, being excessively 
rich in nitrogen in comparison with potash and phosphoric acid. A 
ton of good stable-manure contains : 

10 pounds of nitrogen, 
.5 pounds of phosphoric acid, and 
10 pounds of potash. 


Now, if we compare these proportions of plant-food with those 
found in different plants or with commercial fertilizers which are 
successfully applied to different crops, we are readily impressed with 
the one-sided character of stable-manure as a nitrogenous plant-food. 
Where there is in the soil a sufficient amount of available potash 
and phosphoric acid to balance the excess of nitrogen furnished by 
the application, then most excellent crops are secured by the exclu- 
sive use of stable-manure. But it must be evident that, under such 
treatment, the crops each year take from the soil more potash and 
phosphoric acid than is replaced by the stable-manure. Hence, 
each year the available supply of these two constituents in the soil 
becomes less ; and, when they are insufficient to balance the nitrogen 
applied, then crops become smaller and further exclusive applica- 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 123 


tions of stable-manures fail to produce the results once secured. It 
is, therefore, easily possible to exhaust a soil by long-continued, 
exclusive use of stable-manure; and this is just what has occurred 
on many farms in this state. 

Stable-Manure Supplemented by Commercial Fertilizers.— 
In order to use our farm-produced manures to the best advantage om 
the average soil as found at present in this State, we need to supple- 
ment them with commercial fertilizers containing available phos- 
phorie acid and potash. To give a roughly approximate idea, we 
might say that for every ton of stable manure applied, it would be 
well to use with it from 50 to 100 pounds of acid phosphate and 
from 25 to 50 pounds of high-grade muriate or sulphate of potash. 
This is best accomplished in the manner described on page 81. 

Use of Fresh Manure.—The statements below apply to fresh 
manure containing only small amounts of coarse litter. It appears 
to be the prevailing belief both in theory and practice that best re- 
sults are ordinarily secured by applying stable-manure to the soil in 
as fresh condition as possible. Mixed with the soil, fresh manure 
decomposes readily, having its own constituents made more available 
as plant-food, and, morever, rendering available some of the insoluble 
plant-food previously in the soil. In this way losses from destrue- 
tive forms of fermentation, leaching, etc., are mainly prevented. 

Fresh manure gives better results than rotted manure on heavy 
clay soils, when one desires to lighten the condition of the soil. 
However, when one desires direct fertilizing action promptly, fresh 
manure gives sufficiently quick returns on light soils, becoming 
available as fast as the plant needs it, if the season is not too dry. 
On heavy clay soils, manure decomposes slowly and the constituents. 
of fresh manure may not become available as fast as needed. On 
this account, it may happen that on heavy soils little benefit is seen 
from the application of fresh manure until the second season after 
its application. 

In dry hot seasons an excessive application of fresh stable-manure 
tends to “‘ burn out” the soil, this tendency being more noticeable 
in light than in heavy soils. 

Fresh manure hasatendency to favor rapid growth of foliage and 
stems at the expense of fruit and grain. It is, therefore, more suit- 
able for grasses, forage plants and leafy crops than for grains. 

Such crops as potatoes, sugar beets and tobacco appear to be in- 
jured in quality by the direct application of stable manure. It is 


124 Report or THE AcTING DirEcTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


advised in such cases to apply the manure in the fall previous to the 
spring in which the crops are to be put in, thus allowing time for a 
considerable amount of decomposition. 

When fresh stable-manure contains much coarse, undecomposed 
litter, it is better not to apply it until the coarse portion has become 
more or less decomposed. 

Use of Rotted Manure.—In rotted manure, the fertilizing 
constituents, as‘a whole, are in readily available form for the use 
of plants. Such manure is less bulky and more easily distributed 
than fresh manure. It is also less likely to promote the too rapid 
growth of stems and leaves as in the case of fresh manure. For 
the improvement of the mechanical condition of a soil, the best 
results come from using rotten manure on light soils. It must, 
however, be remembered that on such soils there is more or less 
danger that some portion of the valuable fertilizing constituents 
may be leached out and lost. On this account it is found advisable 
to apply such manure to light soils only a short time before it is 
needed by the crop. In general, rotted manure is better adapted to 
spring applications. It is better to apply rotted manure on light 
soils at frequent intervals in small amounts. 

In warm, moist climates, it makes much less difference whether 
the manure is applied in fresh or rotted condition. In cold climates, 
however, the use of decomposed manure is preferable. 

Methods of Application.—Three methods of applying manure 
on the field are in common practice. We will briefly consider each 
of these: 

(a) Applying in Heaps. 

By this method the manure is distributed in heaps over the field 
and permitted to lie some time before being spread. This method 
is objectionable for several reasons. The labor of handling is in- 
creased ; there is danger of loss from decomposition and leaching ; 
the manure is not uniformly distributed, the spots beneath the heaps 
being more thoroughly manured on account of the leaching. Stor- 
ing manure in very large heaps is less objectionable, provided the 
heap is carefully covered with earth and not allowed to lie too long. 

(6) Applying Broadcast. 


By this method the manure is spread more or less completely and ~ 


evenly on the field, being plowed in at once or allowed to lie some 
time on the surface. This is preferably practiced on the level field, 
where there is little danger from surface washing. In late fall and 


_ 


Ff LIBRA! Y Ur 


| ee 
Rhode Island | 
NEw 2 Gee oe E EXPERIMENT STATION. 125 


early spring, there is likely to be very little loss of nitrogen. Ona 
loose soil, thereamay-be-loss-from-leaching, if the-manure is spread 
long before the crop is put into the soil; but in average experience, 
this is not apt to be considerable. This method has the advantage 
of uniform distribution as the liquid portion is evenly by degrees 
mixed with the soil. When the manure is leached of its soluble 
nitrogen compounds, it does not decompose so readily. On this 
account it is well, in case of light or porous soils, to plow the manure 
in as soon as spread. 

In regard to the depth at which manure should be plowed in, 
it is safe to say that in very compact soils, the depth should not be 
greater than 4 inches, while in lighter soils the depth may be 
increased. It is important that the manure be near enough the 
surface to allow access of sufficient moisture and air, in order that 
decomposition may not be too much delayed. 

(c) Applying in Row. 

This method has the advantage of placing the manure where it 
will reach the plant most quickly and of enabling one to use smaller 
amounts than in broadeasting. It is especially applicable for forcing 
some garden crops. Rotted manure gives good results when used 
this way. 

XII. The Arithmetic of Fertilizers. 


When we desire to know the amount of nitrogen, potash and 
phosphoric acid contained in different forms and materials or to 
make up formulas from materials of known composition, or to de- 
termine the commercial value of any single material or of any 
mixture, it is necessary to go through various mathematical pro- 
cesses, most of which are comparatively simple and easily under- 
stood. So many inquiries have come to us on questions involving 
simple calculations, that it is thought advisable to present a some- 
what systematic consideration of some of the more common prob- 
lems met with. Some calculations, which it might be desirable to 
use at times, involve more knowledge of chemistry than can be 
given in a simple treatise of this kind. 

Before taking up a consideration of the mathematical details we 
will make a brief explanation of the different terms used in ex- 
pressing fertilizer guarantees and analyses, because an accurate 
knowledge of such terms is important, especially in making com- 
mercial valuations and in planning formulas. 


126 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


We shall, therefore, consider under the general head given above 
the following topics: 

1. Explanation of terms used in stating guarantee-analyses of 
fertilizers. 

2. Total constituents of fertilizers. 

3. Commercial valuation of fertilizers. 

4, How to ealeulate amounts of materials to be used. in making 
home-made fertilizers. 


1. ExpLANATION oF TERMS USED IN STATING GUARANTEE- ANALYSES 
OF FERTILIZERS. 


In examining the guarantee-analyses of different manufacturers, 
we find much variation in the terms used. Some forms are simple, 
stating only the most essential points, while others are complicated 
and confusing to the average farmer. We propose here briefly to 
explain all the different forms which are apt to be met. The fol- 
lowing list contains most of the terms used in stating manufacturers’ 
guarantee-analyses : 


Nitrogen is expressed as 
(a) Nitrogen, (b) ammonia, (c) nitrogen equal (or equivalent) to 
ammonia. 


Phosphoric Acid is expressed as 
(a) Phosphorie acid, (b) soluble phosphoric acid, (c) reverted 
phosphoric acid, (d) precipitated phosphoric acid, (e) avail- 
able phosphoric acid, (f) soluble and available phosphoric 
acid, (g) insoluble phosphoric acid, (h) total phosphoric 
acid, (i) phosphoric acid equal (or equivalent) to bone 
phosphate of lime. 


Potash is expressed as 
(a) Potash, (b) potash (actual), (¢) potash s. (or sul.), (d) ee 
(soluble), (e) potash as sulphate, (f) potash equal (or equiv- 
alent) to sulphate of potash, (g) sulphate of potash, (h) 
potassium oxide. 


Nitrogen. 


(a) Witrogen is a gas and, in this form, can not be used in fertil- 
izers. Therefore, whenever we speak of nitrogen in fertilizers, we 
do not mean that nitrogen exists in them as simple nitrogen. As 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 127 


previously stated, the nitrogen in fertilizers isalways combined with 
other elements and may be present in one or more different forms ; 
(1) in the form of nitrates, as nitrate of soda; (2) in the form of 
ammonia compounds, as sulphate of ammonia ; and (3) in the form 
of organic matter, animal or vegetable, as dried blood, meat, tobacco 
stems, etc. Chemical analysis according to official methods does not 
attempt to ascertain and state in which form or forms the nitrogen is 
present in a fertilizer. 

When, therefore, nitrogen is expressed in an analysis or guarantee 
simply as “nitrogen,” it refers to the entire amount of nitrogen 
present without regard to the particular form or forms in which it 
is present. 

(6) Ammonia consists of nitrogen combined with hydrogen. A 
pound of nitrogen will form more than a pound of ammonia, be- 
cause the ammonia formed from a pound of nitrogen will contain 
that pound of nitrogen plus the necessary amount of hydrogen added 
to form ammonia. The chemical relations of nitrogen and ammonia 
are such that 14 pounds of nitrogen, will unite with exactly 3 pounds 
of hydrogen, and will, therefore, produce just 17 pounds of 
ammonia; or 1 pound of nitrogen will make 1.214 pounds of 
ammonia. 

Manufacturers very commonly express the amount of nitrogen in 
the equivalent of ammonia, probably for the reason that, expressed 
as ammonia, larger figures are obtained than would be, if expressed 
as nitrogen ; and the fertilizers appear to farmers to contain more 
nitrogen. This method is not in accordance with present legal 
requirements, and farmers should know that “nitrogen” and 
“ammonia” are not the same thing, since one pound of ammo- 
mia contains only about erght-tenths of a pound of nitrogen. 

(ce) Nitrogen equal (or equivalent) to Ammonia is a form of 
expression which simply means that the nitrogen is stated not as 
nitrogen but as ammonia. 

It would be better on every account if all guarantees stated simply 
nitrogen and never mentioued ammonia at all. Asa matter of fact, 
compounds of ammonia are quite uncommon in commercial fer- 
tilizers, because nitrogen in this form is the most expensive and 
therefore least used. Strictly speaking, the term ammonia should 
never be used except when sulphate of ammonia or some similar 
compound is present in the fertilizer. 


128 Report oF THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Phosphoric Acid. 


(a) Phosphoric Acid, as used in connection with fertilizers, is a 
compound containing phosphorus and oxygen, which in fertilizers is 
found never by itself, but in combination with line. Phosphoric 
acid stands for a certain amount of phosphate of lime. We may 
say roughly that one part of phosphoric acid is equivalent to about 
two parts of phosphate of lime. But we know that phosphoric acid 
exists in several different forms. (See page 65.) 

(0) Soluble Phosphoric Acid represents the amount of phosphate 
of lime that dissolves easily in water. As explained already, soluble 
calcium phosphate is formed by treating with sulphuric acid some 
form of insoluble calcium phosphate, such as bones, bone-ash, South 
Carolina rock, ete. The phosphate thus formed is readily soluble 
in water. 

(c) Reverted Phosphoric Acid is formed from soluble phos- 
phoric acid under certain conditions into which we need not 
inquire here. Suffice it to say, that the soluble compound of phos- 
phoric acid often changes, to some extent, on standing into’a form, 
which, while less soluble, is still quite readily available as plant-food. 

(d) Precipitated Phosphoric Acid is simply another name for 
the reverted form. 

(e) Available Phosphoric Acid includes both the soluble and 
reverted forms of phosphoric acid, because both forms are available 
for the use of plants. 

(f) Soluble and Available Phosphoric Acid is an expression 
which means the same as available. 

(g) Insoluble Phosphoric Acid represents that form of phosphate 
of lime which is insoluble in water and which is of least value for 
agricultural purposes. 

(h) Total Phosphoric Acid represents the entire phosphoric acid 
compounds without regard to the forms in which they exist. The 
total phosphorie acid is, therefore, the sum of the soluble, reverted 
and insoluble forms, or, to state it in another way, the sum of the 
available and insoluble forms. 

(i) Phosphoric Acid equal (or equivalent) to Bone Phosphate of 
Lime is an expression which usually means nothing more or less 
than insoluble phosphoric acid. The expression is apt to be mis- 
leading, as it appears to imply that the phosphoric acid is derived 
from bone. It is applied probably to ground rock even more often 
than to bone. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 129 


Potash. 


(a) Potash, as used in connection with fertilizers, always means a 
compound containing potassium and oxygen, known as potassium 
oxide. Potash or potassium oxide is never found as such in fertil- 
izers, but chemists use this form of expressing the results of analysis 
as a convenient standard for reference. Fertilizers generally con- 
tain potash in such forms as sulphate of potash, muriate of potash 
or carbonate ef potash. Instead of stating the amount of sulphate, 
muriate or carbonate of potash present in a fertilizer, its equivalent 
amount is stated only in the form of potash in giving the results of 
analysis. 

(6) Potash Actual is simply another expression for potash, as dis- 
tinct from the sulphate, muriate, ete. 

(ce) Potash S. (or Sul.) means sulphate of potash. This is quite 
often used by manufacturers in giving guarantees. It is very mis- 
leading and, when used, is evidently employed for the purpose of 
making purchasers think that it is actual potash. One pound of 
potash is equivalent to 1.85 pounds of sulphate of potash; and so, in 
stating a guarantee as sulphate, the manufacturer makes it appear 
that his goods contain more potash than they really do. 

(2) Potash Soluble represents the amount of potash that dissolves 
in water and is available for the use of the plants. The different 
forms of potash commonly used in fertilizers are readily soluble in 
water. 

(e) Potash as Sulphate means simply sulphate of potash. 

(7) Potash equal (or equivalent) to Sulphate of Potash is an 
expression which means simply sulphate of potash. When the 
potash is present as muriate, this expression should never be used. 

(g) Sulphate of Potash signities, or should signify, that this com- 
pound is actually present in the fertilizer and there is no muriate of 
potash present. 

(h) Potassium Oxide means the same as potash or actual potash. 


2. Torat ConsTITUENTS OF FERTILIZERS. 


If we add together the figures representing the different constitu- 
ents of a fertilizer (the nitrogen, the total phosphoric acid, and the 
potash), we shall find, as a rule, that the sum amounts to only 20 or 
30 per cent. or pounds per hundred. The question often arises, 
“Why does the sum of the constituents inthe analysis of a fertilizer 

9 


130 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


amount to only 20 or 30 per cent. and what is the remaining portion, 
amounting to 70 or 80 per cent. made up of?” A few illustrations 
will, perhaps, suffice to make the matter clear. 

High-Grade Fertilizers.—Taking a fairly high-grade fertilizer, 
we find by analysis that it contains : 


IN(TM OST BeBe eS Sosa do cbdSadcosnD Gade soscud 4 per cent. 
Available phosphorie acid ..--....---.--..--.- 8 ui 
Insoluble sf Le ee RO ESOS aIe Oe 2 ee 
JELO) FAS] ANA oe ee oh ae eye mc Oran 8 


If the nitrogen comes from dried blood or meat, it will take about 
10 pounds of such material to furnish 1 pound of nitrogen. Since 
there are 4 per cent. of nitrogen, or 4 pounds of nitrogen in 100 
pounds of fertilizer, it will take 40 pounds of dried blood to furnish 
this amount of nitrogen. The amount of bone and sulphuric acid 
necessary to make a phosphate containing 8 pounds of available 
phosphoric acid and 2 pounds of insoluble phosphoric acid would 
amount to about 40 pounds. If the potash is present in form of 
high-grade sulphate, about 20 pounds of such sulphate would be 
required to be equivalent to 10 pounds of potash. Tabulating the 
foregoing figures, we have the following: 


Pounds 

Dried blood required to, furnish 4 pounds of nitrogen...--.........---.-- 40 
Bone and sulphurie acid required to furnish phosphates containing 8 

pounds of available and 2 pounds of insoluble phosphorie acid.----... 40 

Sulphate of potash equivalent to 10 pounds of potash......-.........-- 20 

Ce ee ee ee Se SC ee eM een Ieee CaS ye em ie ee Ane e na oes a6 e 100 


In a fertilizer of this character, we can easily account for the 
entire amount of material. 

Low-Grade Fertilizers.—Taking now a low-grade fertilizer, we 
find its composition to show: | 


IN Tiler O PEN aeys ears e cai cisix ais eveiniwcmvave ioe eRe reat 1 per cent. 
Available;phosphoric ‘acid. cc. 20S52.0 5 ae bn 7 
fms oluib le ys scp saestasee lie ck Caverns Jen Sp ce ana Dna 
OLAS IY sae escent aera SNe Gis repnie ares eee chap er alpen 


We will suppose that the nitrogen and phosphoric acid come from 
the sources as indicated above and that the potash comes from 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 1614 


kainit, 8 pounds of kainit containing 1 pound of potash. Then we 
can tabulate our statement as follows : 


Pounds 
Dried biood required to furnish 1 pound of nitrogen..--...----....--...-- 10 
Bones, etc., required to furnish 5 pounds of available and 1 pound insolu- 

PER BROS DI GEO Hatt Gmememe aces kes =<. case scene eee ac ae a yet 24 
Rainin equivalent to pound of potash. 220.2. 62 Sot ects locas eee 8 
LUIS ATE Gt Gl Doc ooce Se See eee BEEN gn: Shr Bnc MEMO. Set ea ie Maer eean ss 58 

WEL 3 an conoid bedidonndeabopeee Gabbes pode Dob Condon be doBseaseane 100 


We could, of course, vary the sources of materials used and get 
other figures, but these illustrations serve to give a fair idea of what 
a hundred pounds of a fertilizer may be made, and why a state- 
ment of analysis does not account for more than 20 or 30 pounds of 
fertilizing materials in a hundred pounds of fertilizer. 


CoMMERCIAL VALUATION OF FERTILIZERS. 


What is a Commercial Valuation of a Fertilizer ?— The com- 
mercial valuation of a fertilizer consists in estimating the approxi- 
mate value or money-cost of the essential fertilizing ingredients 
(nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash) in one ton of fertilizer. 

In making a commercial valuation of a fertilizer, one uses either 
the figures given in the guarantee-analysis or preferably the figures 
given in the Station’s analysis, as a basis for calculation. This 
enables one to know how many pounds of nitrogen, of phosphoric 
acid and of potash there are in one ton of fertilizer. 

The prices to be used in calculating a commercial valuation are 
furnished in a schedule prepared annually by experiment stations. 
This price-list for the year 1895 we give below. 

Prices of Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash Adopted by 
Experiment Stations.— The trade-values in the following schedule 
represent the average prices at which, in the six months preceding 
March the respective ingredients, in the form of unmixed raw 
materials, could be bought at retail for cash in our large markets, 
Boston, New York and Philadelphia. These prices also correspond 
to the average wholesale prices for the six months preceding March, 
plus about 20 per cent. in case of goods for which there are whole- 
sale quotations. 

It must be kept in mind that these trade-values are changing 
from time to time. In the fertilizer bulletins, which are issued not 
less often than twice a year, we always give the latest trade-values 


182 ReporrT-or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


adopted. Whenever in the following pages reference is made to 
the price-list, consult the latest. 


1895. 
Cents per lb. 

Nitrogen)ingammonia) Salts oe.) seee eee eecter amie ents ealoe eee 18% 
Nitrocenugmemibrates:. ---\-\e- eset =i ciate eects) eee eee 15 
Organic nitrogen in dry and fine-ground fish, meat and blood, and 

mehich-crade mixed /fertiizersen eit eee eee eee ees eee 1614 
Organic nitrogen in cottonseed-meal and castor-pomace.-...---..---- 12 
Organic nitrogen iu fine-ground bone and tankage......-..-------- 16 
Organic nitrogen in fine-ground medium bone and tankage.. ...--- 14 
Organic nitrogen in medium bone and tankage.........-...------- 11 
Organic nitrogen in coarse bone and tankage..-.-..--.....---.---- 5 
Organic nitrogen in hair, horn-shavings and coarse fish-scraps. -.-. 5 
Phosphoric acid, soluble iniwater-s.--. ces sce cee eee eee eee eeee 6 
Phosphorie acid, soluble in ammonium citrate .........--.-----.-- 54g 
Phosphoric acid in fine bone and tankage.........----.-----...---- 1 EE 
Phosphoric acid in fine medium bone and tankage. ..--..-.---...-- 41g 
Phosphoric acid in medium bone and tankage......--...---.------ 3 
Phosphoric acid in coarse bone and tankage. .........-...----.---- . 2 
Phosphoric acid in fine-ground fish, cottonseed-meal, castor, po- 

MEK) EMAL WOODEN No Seen gsdsso so6seG eded o4ooc8 soocon Soca soe 5 
Phosphoric acid insoluble in ammonium citrate, in mixed fertil- 

WAS Ws Seca ap oon CaO BES OAIe SNbr SoseNE Goosen Go OSUCGdSGooseGeds oo0c 2 
Potash as high-grade sulphate, in forms free from muriates (chlor- 

Ides vingasheswietes sane eet isee ace elaclon ceetieee cecil ieee eerie 54% 
Potash mnuamMmrlateeesssaeeecss cece nice ascinaee seks ee el-reete arte 46 
VALUATION oF Frrtitizinc INGREDIENTS IN Foops. 

Organic mitrogenee ea ase seen sere ol ele ela elena 15 
Phos phonievacldeseseecse a seieeas celes aa eee ee eee ee eee eee 5 
IROTNGS Baad SA coos he dese Seno ea cc 5500 oS Ge cobdesd csbabeadsdéhs sqases 9) 


In mixed fertilizers, organic nitrogen is reckoned at 164 cents a 
pound, the price of nitrogen in raw materials of the best quality, 
insoluble phosphoric acid is reckoned at 2 cents; potash is rated at 
41 cents, if sufficient chlorine be present in the fertilizer to combine 
with it to make muriate ; ifthere is more potash present than will 
combine with the chlorine, then this excess of potash is reckoned at 
54 cents per pound. 

Valuation and Cost of Fertilizers——The total cost (to the 
farmer) of a ton of commercial fertilizer may be regarded as con- 
sisting of the following elements: (1) Retail cash cost, in the 
market, of unmixed trade materials; (2) cost of mixing; (8) 
cost of transportation; (4) storage, commissions to agents and 
dealers, selling on long credit, bad debts, etc. While the total 


Ct an. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. i135 


cost of a fertilizer is made up of several different elements, a 
commercial valuation includes only the first of the elements enter- 
ing into the total cost, that is, the retail cash cost in the market of 
unmixed raw materials. 

Valuation and Agricultural Value.—The agricultural value of 
a fertilizer depends upon its crop-producing power. A commercial 
valuation does not necessarily have any relation to crop-producing 
value. For a particular soil and crop, a fertilizer of comparatively 
low commercial valuation may have a higher agricultural value ; 
while for another crop on the same soil or the same crop on another 
soil the reverse might be true. 


Smipte Rute ror Cancunating APPROXIMATE CoMMERCIAL V 4LUA- 
TION OF FERTILIZERS. 


Multiply the per cent. of nitrogen by 3 and add to the product 
the figures representing the per cent. of available phosphoric acid 
and of potash. The sum expresses in dollars and cents the approxi- 
mate commercial valuation of the fertilizer. 


Example.—A fertilizer contains 


INTUTE $6 ce GSS Sto bE Sse SEHD HES onoebesoe HS40o6 4.13 per cent. 
Available phosphoric acid........-..-.-.------ 8.52 per cent. 
Ghasheemsysccine cestesitat tes ee satis pyets olan O04. percents 
4.13 (per cent. of nitrogen) multiplied by three, equals..........-.-.-- $12.39 
Seon (peucent or available, phosphoric acid) a. 2 -ca.~ = -s.acte dsj Se ois 1 BOOS 
ROA Sa GVELIGEMUNOLIPOLASH))= smo 50. co ao ees bt antesesiaeisie boca sesetannslee MOL Oe. 
Otel MMELRLONG hye oe a 2)h2) so etree isterse aaj see Shake esjam seieeies else oe Metpol ao 


If a fertilizer contains only one or two of the three essential fer- 
tilizing ingredients, the rule can be applied in a moditied form. In 
ease of fine bone-meal, use the total phosphoric acid in place of the 
available in making the calculation. 

While this rule is not exact, it gives results that are fairly accu- 
rate and has the great advantage of simplicity. It does not take 
the insoluble phosphoric acid into consideration at all. 

For the benefit of those who desire a more exact method of cal- 
culating the commercial valuation of fertilizers, we give below a 
more detailed rule. But previously we give methods for calculating 
from one compound to another, and also methods for making valua- 
tions of unmixed fertilizing materials. 


1384 Report ofr THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Routes FoR CaLcuLaTING FROM ONE CoMPoUND INTO OTHER 
Compounps. 
(a) Compounds Containing Nitrogen. 

(1) To change ammonia into an equivalent amount of nitrogen, 
multiply the amount of ammonia by 0.82. 

(2) To change nitrogen into an equivalent amount of ammonia, 
multiply the amount of nitrogen by 1.21. 

(8) To change nitrate of soda into an equivalent amount of 
ammonia, divide the amount of nitrate of soda by 5. 

(4) To change nitrate of soda into an equivalent amount of nitro- 
gen, divide the amount of nitrate of soda by 6. 

(5) To change nitrogen into an equivalent amount of nitrate of 
soda, multiply the nitrogen by 6. 

(6) To change sulphate of ammonia into an equivalent amount of 
ammonia, divide the amount of pure sulphate of ammonia by 4. 

(7) To change ammonia into an equivalent amount of sulphate of 
ammonia, multiply the amount of ammonia by 4. 

(8) To change nitrate of potash into an equivalent amount of 
nitrogen, divide the amount of nitrate of potash by 7.2. 


(0) Compounds Containing Potash. 


(9) To change muriate of potash into an equivalent amount of 
actual potash, multiply the amount of muriate by 0.63. 

(10) To change actual potash into an equivalent amount of 
muriate of potash, multiply the amount of actual potash by 1.6. 

(11) To change sulphate of potash into an equivalent amount of 
actual potash, multiply the amount of sulphate of potash by 0.54. 

(12) To change actual potash into an equivalent amount of sul- 
phate of potash, multiply the amount of actual potash by 1.85. 

(13) To change nitrate of potash into an equivalent amount of 
actual potash, multiply the amount of nitrate of potash by 0.46. 

(14) To change actual potash into an equivalent amount of nitrate 
of potash, multiply the amount of actual potash by 2.15. 


Ruies ror Maxine Vatuations oF Unmrixep FeErrimizine 
MATERIALS. 
(a) Materials Containing Nitrogen. 
(1) Sulphate of Ammonia. Rule. Multiply the given per 
cent. of ammonia by 0.82 and this product by the price of one 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 135 


pound of nitrogen in the form of ammonia (see price list on page 
132.) Multiply this product by 20. 

Example: A sample of ammonium sulphate tests 24 per cent. 
ammonia; what is its commercial valuation ? 

24 (per cent. of ammonia) X 0.82 = 19.68 per cent. of nitrogen. 

19.68 « 181 cents = 364 cents, value of nitrogen in 100 lbs. of 
ammonium sulphate. 

364 cents x 20 = $72.80, value of nitrogen in one ton of am- 
monium sulphate. 

(2) Witrate of Soda. ule. Multiply the test per cent. of 
nitrate of soda by 164 and this product by the price of one pound of 
nitrogen in the form of nitrates (see price-list on page 132). 
Multiply the last result by 20. 

Example: What is the valuation of one ton of nitrate of soda 
which tests 98 per cent. ? 

“ Nitrate of soda testing 98 per cent.’? means that in every 100 
pounds of material there are 98 pounds of pure nitrate of soda. 

0.98 x 164 = 16.17 per cent. nitrogen in nitrate of soda. 

16.17 x 15 cents = 2424 cents x 20 = $48.50 a ton. 

When the per cent. of nitrogen is given, then the first step is 
omitted. 

(0) Materials Containing Phosphoric Acid. 


Rule. Multiply the given amount of available phosphoric acid 
by the price of one pound of soluble phosphoric acid (see price-list 
on page 132) and the result by 20. 

If the amount of insoluble phosphoric acid is given, multiply this 
by 40 and add to foregoing amount. 

Example: What is the commercial valuation of one ton of dis- 
solved bone-black testing 16 per cent. of available phosphoric acid ? 

16 x 6 cents = 96 cents x 20 = $19.20 a ton. 

If this sample were known also to contain 2 per cent. of insoluble 
phosphoric acid, then 

2 x 40 cents = 80 cents and $19.20 + 0.80 = $20. 


(ce) Materials Containing Potash. 


(1) Sulphate of Potash. Rule. Multiply the test per cent. 
sulphate of potash by 0.54 and the product by the price of one 
pound of potash in the form of sulphate (see price-list on page 132). 
Multiply this product by 20. 


136 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


* 


Example: What is the commercial valuation of one ton of sul- 
phate of potash which tests 50 per cent. (low-grade) sulphate ? 

50 x 0.54 = 27 per cent. of actual potash. 

27 x 54 cents = $1.42, value of 100 pounds of sulphate of potash. 

$1.42 x 20 = $28.40, value of one ton of sulphate of potash test- 
ing 50 per cent. sulphate. 

Example: What is the valuation of one ton of sulphate of potash 
which tests 95 per cent. (high-grade) sulphate of potash ? 

95 x 0.54 = 51.3 per cent. of actual potash. 

51.8 x 54 cents = 269 cents x 20 = $53.80 value of one ton of 
sulphate of potash testing 50 per cent. sulphate. 

When the per cent. of actual potash is given, the first step can be 
omitted, and the per cent. of actual potash multiplied by the price 
and then by 20. 

(2) Muriate of Potash. Rule. Multiply the given per cent. 
of muriate by 0.63 and the result by the price of one pound of 
potash in the form of muriate (see price-list on page 132). Multiply 
this result by 20. 

Example: What is the valuation of one ton of muriate of potash 
testing 85 per cent. muriate ? 

85 xX 0.63 = 53.55 per cent. of actual potash. 53.55 X 44 cents 
— 941 cents X 20 — $48.20 a ton. 


Sreconp Meruop ror Making ComMERcCIAL VALUATIONS oF MrIxED 
Frrtivizincg MATERIALS. 


ftule. Multiply the given per cent. of each constituent (nitrogen, 
phosphoric acid and potash) by its iia add the products and 
multiply the sum by 20. 

Example: What is the valuation of one ton of a commercial fer- 
tilizer having the humauaiss: ae antee-analysis ? 


Nitrogen... .-.- Weel crainteeisineinsciaa/ste ALO! S WPelconite 
Available e Phosphor rene eree eis escola eee UOwLO) taimes 


_ Potash - Bae cet eiciele lola oats a el oes ee On (LORD) as 


In each case where a guarantee-analysis gives two figures, always 
use the lower, because the law takes only the lower guarantee into 
consideration. 


2 (per cent. nitrogen) 1614 cents (price of 1lb. nitrogen) = 0.33 cents. 

8 (percent. av. phos. acid) x 6 cents (price of 1 lb. av. phos. acid) = 0.48 

3 (per cent. potash) X 5 cents (price of 1 lb. potash) == Osta ers 
Total value of 100 pounds of fertilizer = O:S6p pc 


0.96 cents +420 = $19.20 a ton = 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. is Fi 


When the nitrogen is given in the form of ammonia, first change 
to equivalent of nitrogen (see (1) page 134) and then follow above 
rule. 

When the potash is given in the form of sulphate, first change to 
equivalent of actual potash (see (11) page 134) and then follow rule. 


4. How to CatcuLtateE Amounts or MATERIALS TO BE USED IN 
Maxine A Home-Mape FErRTILIzEerR. 


There will probably be little demand for information in regard 
to quantities of different materials to be used in making home-made 
fertilizers, since the subject is treated in a specific manner on pp. 
96-114. But it will, at least, be of interest to learn how different 
materials may be put together to make up a given formula. 

Suppose that we desire to make a mixture containing 


INTEROP Olas selina ae aise e Sats sec cicees Sern eo clone eee ay ek Cente 
AvatlablempnospnoriG BC... eee ee ciels sie annie einai So aoe 
Potashsacmperc acs sioet = cece cnyan anise noes oles acieiepeafon as Otay 


Suppose, in addition, that we have on hand for our purpose the 
following materials : 

Nitrate of soda containing 16 per cent. of nitrogen. 

Acid phosphate containing 15 per cent. of available phosphoric 
acid. 

Muriate of potash containing 50 per cent. of actual potash. 

How many pounds of each of these materials shall we take to 
make one ton of a mixture having the composition given above ? 

To contain 4 per cent. of nitrogen, the ton must contain 80 
pounds. The material which we use contains 16 pounds of nitrogen 
in 100 pounds, and hence 500 pounds of nitrate of soda would be 
required to furnish 80 pounds of nitrogen. 

To contain 8 per cent. of available phosphoric acid, the ton must 
contain 160 pounds. Our material contains in 100 pounds 15 
- pounds of available phosphoric acid and hence 1067 pounds of acid 
phosphate would be required to furnish 160 pounds of available 
phosphoric acid. 

To contain 10 per cent. of actual potash, the ton must contain 
200 pounds. Our muriate of potash is one-half actual potash and 
hence 400 pounds of muriate would be required to furnish 200 
pounds of actual potash. 


138 Report orf THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


We should, then, have the following amounts of materials to be 
used for one ton of fertilizer : 


500 pounds nitrate of soda 
1067 pounds acid phosphate 
400 pounds muriate or potash 


1967 pounds of these mixed materials furnish the 
amount of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid we need for one 
ton of our formula. How shall we make the mixture up to one 
ton? We simply add 33 pounds of sand or other inert matter as a 
“filling,” and we thus obtain one ton of a fertilizer having the 
composition given above. 

By adding one more ton of filling, we should have two tons of a 
fertilizer of the following composition : 


INHER OM a AU) ete ltt wees SAS Gepeia eae SNe ele theese eee 2 per cent. 
Av allablexphosphOric ACids i240 Suk Seheieel eae me A | ie 
DESO ete as BaP 1.4.2. ors ae, 8 Lata actors wave taaah eg ame a Santas 


By way of further illustration, we add several formulas and the 
details of their make-up. 


No. 1. Hieu-Grapxr.— (Complete). 


—-— ea 


| Pounds of 
Pounds of | available | Pounds of 
KIND OF MATERIAL. Pounds He MERE in | phosphoric | potash in 
material. material. acid in material. 
material. 
Dissolved boneyblack. -ccs.- aces cose CASO |i nies a8 Hare LAOS Ors haba ipemeer 
Dissolved bone: mealies 20525 eee 500 1225 SSAOne ey Leer eee 
WricdebDloG ditions: okie ae cie em see 200 200s) \ Asse aD ae Eee ees 
INTETACOKOLISOGS 24a tc so cetera 200 Sos ON Seer e er eee eee 
Sulphate of ammonia: ..---.-....-:2 10u 20.5 ai VEEN Vive Pes pe 
Munate,or potash. sans ccsesccis sce ae 200) ih) Se Sas peetose 100.0 
Sulphate of potash-22 2). Jae22h.. ck TOOK HT Re ASE he ie eee 50.0 * 
Pounds of materials. ---...---.-- 2,000 85.0 207.0 150.0 
ROT COM Gee es nats ote aaa aero oe ieee 4.25 10.35 7.50 
| 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 139 
No. 2. Meprum-Grapr.—( Complete.) 
Pounds of 
Pounderog Pounds of | available | Pounds of 
KIND OF MATERIAL. ‘Winterial nitrogen in | phosphoric | potash in 
2 material. acid in material. 
material. 
Dissolved bone-black..---......----. M2000 sess sas 20L: 0 WWeeene cere 
LUD RASC) S odie co. con Gee uORO eM oae Bose 500 35-0 HOLM RSE cere 
IND ERATELORISNOU temecciceic toes cote le see 100 TOSOH8 Nance ek it Ra ae 
IMUnALeOfpOtasbs. sec. ocec cscs. 200 b eiseaasae esas se =i 100.0 
Pounds of material ....-...-.-.. 2,000 51.0 254.0 100.0 
IRS CGI Ges COS OSE ee eee 2.55 12.70 5.00 
No. 3. Lowrer-Grapvr.—( Complete.) 
Pounds of 
Pourdsot Pounds of | available | Pounds of 
KIND OF MATERIAL. material, | Ditrogen in phosphoric | potash in 
z material. acid in material. 
material. 
Dissolved South Carolina rock ..---. PT 600:))).-2s-=--- D2AQEON|® ose cers ee 
Mmedteround: fish-s555.5 55-225. -5-- 150 10.5 I AU ec seaiccc 
INTinaberOtmsOUd ace ee ccs selects cose. 100 VGHO > fe arate see |) eee 
Muniateiof potash... ...2 220. 2.0258 150) sssesscs>|0 Sa. 28 75 
Pounds: of material --..s-<..2.. 2,000 26.5 252.0 75 
REM COILER ERC t nce cose ee eee 1.32 12.6 Set 
No. 4. Higuty AmmontaTeD Bone SuPERPHOSPHATE. 
Pouiids/of|, aeailapie''Ponadene 
so Vv un oO 
KIND OF MATERIAL. Bounds of nierogeri in Se oaphoric pataeld in 
materia. | material. acid in material. 
material. 
Dissolved bone-meal......-.-.------. 1,300 32.5 2277 Bil coer toate 
INSEMALOIOL ROOR onc... 2 cots ee sles scion 200 32-0). lyon erece eel eee 
Sulphate of ammonia........-....-- 200 ATO) |p iioesatcreen eos 
idrreal jeltiver | Ae Ske Ss ae eee ae ee 100 10-0. *|.23ees Se eee 
NUIOCSHA reer sass accGeln wacese 200 14.0 162 ORR lpesseeee ce 
Poundsyommaterialls.s..... 2-2. 2,000 129.5 PNG Ga Wo ae pee 
LER Th, SEOs Ee ene ee ace eae 6.48 ROS Re een wee ty 


———— 


140 Report or tHe AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


No. 5. Orpinary AmMonIATED Bone SuPERPHOSPHATE. 


KIND OF MATERIAL. 


Dissolved bone-black......-.-..-..--.-- 
INttrateomsod ate. 3c eee 
DY aXe GUS) as As ae et a ete 


Pounds of 


material. 


Pounds of 


Pounds of 
available 


Pounds of 


nitrogen in | phosphoric | potash in 


material. 


acid in ma- 
terial. 


material. 


No. 6. Orpinary AMMONIATED MINERAL SUPERPHOSPHATE. 


Pounds of 
Poundstol Pounds of | available | Pounds of ~ 
KIND OF MATERIAL. material, | Ditrogen in phosphoric | potash in 
; material. acid in material. 
material. 
Dissolved South Carolina rock. -.--... S005 access 21020") | eee 
INGA TeLOn SOAs. cee ecosees cose 100 1630): |\eeee ee ase eee 
Sulphate of ammonia--.-.-..--...---- 100 20.5); [ce See eee 
Pounds'of material. ----- --=222 2,000 36.5 210: 04.) Zeaeeieses 
IB CTACOMUP oreo ake ae re eke eo oe hae ee 1.83 13250 a See see 
No. 7. Comprere Fertiztizer Hien ry Puospuoric Actp. 


KIND OF MATERIAL, 


Keystone concentrated phosphate. -- 
Dissolved South Carolina rock. ...--- 
Dissolved bone mesless- sess oo. 5 see 
Dred eiShyse oss see ee eeites = ceases 


Manik ye OM Meee toss caste ewecte scse <a 


Pounds of material:...---.)--- —-- 
IRELCCON bo ae ae Ne eee ae 


Pounds of 
material. 


Pounds of 
nitrogen in 
material. 


Pounds of 
availabie 
phosphoric 
acid in 
material. 


Pounds of 
potash in 
material, 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


KIND OF MATERIAL. 


Dissolved South Carolina rock 
Cotton-seed hull ashes 
Muriate of potash 


Pounds of material 
Per cent 


eet ee ee eee eee 


KIND OF MATERIAL. 


Keystone concentrated phosphate. - - 
Dissolved bone black 


Pounds of material 
Per cent 


KIND OF MATERIAL, 


Dissolved South Carolina rock 


Odorless phosphate (Thomas slag 
meal) 


Pounds of material 


141 
No. 8. SuPERPHOSPHATE WITH Mucxu PorasuH. 
121 ds of ae P ds of 
Pounds of | Pounds o available ounds o 
: nitrogen in | phosphoric otash in 
material. material. B aad in Patera 
material. 
eo TESOO errant 3 195.0) |) ee 
HOOKS Sate eo 3725 100 
200 uw Reset aaa cos etoce 100 
ZOO eciee rats or 2321.5 200 
aan apse retl| tmataise te tale 11.63 10.00 
No. 9. Hiagu-arape Priarn SupERPHOSPHATE. 
P ds of Penn 12: ds of 
Pounds of | Pounds o. available ‘ounds o 
. nitrogen in| phosphoric} potash in 
material. | “jnaterial. F acid in material. 
material. 
600N | asteeee 228200 eee eee 
TOD Seon ANOSOR Re Steeewe 
Sees MOOS Se eee oss 105.0 ova ares 
DA000 eee ase 452° 0): |e eee 
BS ee aes ae 2260 Bb tavccte ete 
No. 10. Lower Grapre PLAin SUPERPHOSPHATE. 
12 ds of Fania P ds of 
Pounds of | Pounds o available ounds 0 
: nitrogen in | phosphoric} potash in 
material. material. acid in material. 
material. 
as oe 1,900) s.21.2.\) 18020. aon 
SOOR Nets <4 2 160: 0: ||) S2saeeeee 
DOOM an cs ate are 340 0)8 eens 
Boop Eee 41 eee L700 en eae ae ee 


Per cent 


142 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


XIII. Average Composition and Value of Different Fertilizing 
Materials and of Farm Crops. Tabulated Compilation. 


In the tables following, we print a compilation of data, showing 
the manurial composition and value of a large number of different 
kinds of materials. The different kinds of materials given are tabu- 


lated and presented under the following heads: 


nt 


. Materials used in fertilizers. 
. Hay and dry coarse fodders. 
. Green fodders. 

. Straw, chaff, leaves, ete. 

. Roots, bulbs, tubers, ete. 

. Grains and other seeds. 

. Mill products. 

. Fruits. 

. Vegetables. 


Oo OT oO Oo FP &F WO 


pan 
=) 


. Dairy preduets. 


pot 
ty 


. Farm animals. 


pier 
ko 


. By-products and waste materials, 


145 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


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144 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


145 


Hay anp Dry Coarsrt Fopprrs— Green Foppers. 


2. Hay and Dry Coarse Fodders. 
Alfalfa 
Bildenmeilotesess loss sel- cles ssa === 
Buckwheat (Japanese) 
IBUIDLELG Op sae ee sca’ = ins snsim eee o= <= 
Camontopsg(dty))s--+ 5205. ..1---- ce <- 
Clover (alsike) 
lover (Bokhara)).). 2 < -so0. ct cec- se 
Clover (crimson) 
Clover (mammoth red) 
Clover (medium red) 
ROTOWET CW MIGC) iat so Vain oie ec cincieyecinis aie 
Corn fodder (with ears).-...---.-.--- 
Corn stover (without ears)..---..---- 
Cow-pea (whole plant) 
Daisy (white) 
Daisy (ox-eye) 
anc arianvoeTass, < sco acsn=\-05 20s < 
AGwMANInVe-CTASS) sees s55 so s-criscee 
PIMerOMASS ie aehe sce lose aceic a cbas 
Kentucky blue grass.----....-..-.-- 
INGHGOWHLOSCUOQ.<s'scces acs oes eons 
Migadowstoxtalle <<< <5 -o-ise-0)-0c ce al 
Miedeonassesrer=coscsco stoic Seas 
Orchard grasses 
Perennial rye-prass!.-..-...-..------ 
RG CUO Deane te ain oy alain ieiaia =| sroicinvetuieoiet= 
Rowen of mixed grasses 
Salt marsh hay 
Semin AS See ee ee eee 
Soja bean (whole plant) ...-...-.-... 
Tall meadow-oat grass.......-..---- 
PRIMO UR BNA, selon sscice ciasins oi aeinie 
Metchrand) Gats®. << sone c son sas es 
Yellow trefoil 


3. Green Fodders. 
JE ee See Se eee ee 
BUG WhOab) is 2cecc nc csis tases eee 
WHOVERA(AISIKG)). 2=-2/--a\soooececarasick 
Clover (crimson) 
Olen Ee (CRef ee Canoe 
Clover (white) 
Corin 10h), 22 ee eee ae 
Corn fodder (ensilage)...--.---.---- 
(COR) DE CAC Sec one nee Bete EEE ere 
MDG WGOM es sess se oo nies asic Siecle oc cis Seek 
FELOT SGA GAN ee a rorcinsaicla <iawrrninye dicldots 
Hungarian grass (German millet) - -- 
IMGHOOW-PTARS s+ oo-~ sacs crea ccc cous 
MONG G; (COMMON) fess ais < cicin ce ses 
Mallet (Japanese) js... ------ -----< 
Mixed pasture grasses. ...-..-...---- 
Oat-fodder 
Peas 


Pounds of 
nitrogen in 
one ton. 


PEE Ee ONWOwW 
RPOoOAaNON Oe 
ore eon kit ort ak) 


41.8 


He bo NPONDWNNNNWhHNb bb 
ORPNNRODSCOANWNOCWMOWDOOCSCSCAS 


bt 


=a 


To eho 
SCHODMDONDAWNUUIOHK COHKOS K 


CONAN DORAPANNARONE 


= 


Pounds of 

phosphoric 

acid in one 
ton. 


Se ee Yee 
SoOr Ww OO 


DWOIRMNOSWHODH 


et 
GUC PE F+ OO =2 CO . ' ‘ ’ ' ' ’ ' ‘ ’ . 
DOW EPHOONNNNOMDOOSOHROCCOMDHROCOSCOHEASOUBDONNOAD 


i 
DBoonwn 


WN FE PWWWOWh hw bob bo bobo 
AAADOWDONWARBOCNWOCOCAONWwa 


Pounds of 
potash in 
one ton. 


=~—SOWONWDOD SD 
COCORRPONOCKOONONKSOO 


RO RODS DD NDR CS OOS OE ose 


OUD) CLOTS MH OOD 


29.2 


_ 
ADP OO, OF 


WD RODNWOORANEAMDNHMORNW 


Hee 


H 
RPAUDONWR NHS 


= 


Approxi- 
mate fer- 
tilizing 
valuation 
of 2,000 
pounds. 


$8 80 
9 10 
9 05 
4 25 

14 90 
9 70 


5 55 


VQSOVMOONH SOO 
coonucooone 


DUNO OOO P APO DION 


WNWWNNWNR WR Rebbe bo bo 


146 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Srraw, Cuarr, Leaves, ero.— Roots, Burzss, Tusrrs, erc.— 
Grains AND OTHER SEEDS. 


Pounds of Te toe 
Pounds of || CUNGS O | Pounds of ||, “Bec ters 
nitrogen in Deemed meet ma eh te 
one ton. one ton. one ton. of 2,000 
pounds. 
3. Green Fodders— (Concluded). 
Prickleyicomitey,....2-ssjeassc- -2 2 8.4 2.2 15.0 $2 10 
Riye-foddeOrieenins «<a hoes nnlscce se 6.6 3.0 14.6 1 85 
Rye-grass (Italian).........---...--- 10.8 5.8 22.8 3 05 
Rye-grass (perennial)....--..-..--.- 9.4 5.6 22.0 2 80 
HEnradellarsee ss asc eeeemiscetesisee 8.2 2.8 8.4 1 80 
SO} Hel OH) Ml Godan sOee OSE SE BEES Booc 5.8 3.0 10.6 1 55 
Ore hum ese sacle eens cence e 8.0 1.6 6.4 1 60 
eumothysrrasseseceaeeeaceiaeciasee 9.6 5.2 15.2 2 45 
WMetchlandwoatsecwes cance cect 4.8 1.8 15-9 1 60 
RYMVEMUpINne sa. oSo.de ys taweesecanae 8.8 7.0 34.6 3 40 
iellowslapin@its- o- toss see sees 10.2 2.2 3.0 1 +0 
WOLD Tame AAS aan Gneecatooneodsesoo 10.0 4.4 23.2 2 90 
4. Straw, Chaff, Leaves, ete. 
Barley. chia ties catem eerie elena 20.2 5.4 20.0 4 30 
IBALL OY <SULBWi «cinic=laicraeleieieinl= e\el='= 21 == 26.2 6.0 41.8 | 6 30 
Beaneshelistpeerce sseee eae scree one 29.6 11.0 27.6 6 35 
Buckwheab-aullls << 52a eis -n< amie 9.8 1.4 10.4 2 05 
Buckwheat-stlaw-- cose --coe soe 26.0 12.2 48.2 7 10 
Cabbage leaves (air-dried) ......---- 4.8 15.0 34.2 3 20 
Cabbage-stalks (air-dried) .-.-..---- 3.6 21.2 69.8 5 10 
Carrots (stalks and leaves) ....----- 10.2 4.2 7.4 2 10 
(Camn=CO Ns sAabsocoscnsoes H6g5u6 os6GcC 10.0 2 12.0 2 15 
Com=hulis sas eacoossincacicmetees 4.6 0.4 4.8 0 95 
OWS eects ce eens sacias occ cinerea els 50.6 35.0 40.0 11 35 
OakMleavesentece. ssc toteccescsee se 16.0 6.8 3.0 2 90 
Ost=chatiee rete cies sie soeto see nSeee 12.8 4.0 20.8 3 15 
Oat-Strawe-cesseacceeceriee scecieee 12.4 4.0 24.8 3 30 
Rea-shellsiceces + celoos ce etece meee 27.2 11.0 27.6 6 00 
Pea-straw (cut in bloom)..---..----. 45.8 13.6 46.4 9 85 
eA-Suraw (TPO) <2-/tosis 22 aon ae eee 20.8 20 20.2 4 50 
Potato stalks and leaves-.--...--..--- 9.8 1.2 1.4 1 60 
RV O-SULAWieo ni o< see tence asco neesss 9.2 5.6 15.8 2 45 
Sugar-beet stalks and leaves....--.-. 7.0 1.4 3.2 1 30 
Turnip stalks and leaves........--.- 6.0 2.6 4.8 1°25, 
Wiheat-chathetece: wo cess soc cce cscs 15.8 14.0 8.4 3 50 
Wiheat-stralwsevocsience aclsce ce selects 11.8 2.4 10.2 2 40 
5. Roots, Bulbs, Tubers, ete. 
Beetsn(@ed) aes ccc ect oesses aeleeee 4.8 1.8 8.8 1 25 
[Beeuis) (Guile) See ase WE OSE A Be eS ease 5.0 2.0 10.0 1 35 
Beets (yellow fodder).......-------- 3.8 1.8 9.2 110 
Warrotsheeeree sess eh eee teie acess 3.0 2.0 10.0 1 05 
IMamcoolds) 2 2e2' 22 ace someone sans! 4.0 2.0 8.0 1 10 
Botatoesy.. esha ease eee eee ee el 4.2 1.5 10.0 1 20 
Rubabavas eevee week sneer ee ece 4.0 2.5 10.0 1 20 
PDUTMIP Sie sisters s oee ee ener es se 4.0 2.0 8.0 1 10 
6. Grains and Other Seeds. 
Ban) Oypict sachsen e cieiate ae eiaeice acistnss 40.0 15.0 12.0 7 35 
IBCANS se esnisae econ Se celcceslemoees 80.0 24.0 24.0 14 40 
Buckwheatiiesciscecesece nse. sce 28.8 8.8 4.2 5 00 


ee 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 147 


Mitt Propuctrs — Fruits — VEGETABLES. 


ake : 

Pounds of ce ree 

ices phosphoric eka pee tilizing 

one ton. Bale mt one one ton. Meirine 

pounds. 

- 6. Grains, ete.— (Concluded). 
@onnykemelsweeeeeiee acc ocls'stei-i-1- see 36.4 14.0 8.0 $6 55 
Corn kernels and cobs, cob-meal .... 30.0 12.0 8.8 5 55 
IRON MUDCU|6- SS 6oS45r Sosboaeeeobeeses 50.0 35.0 20.0 10 25 
Win SOON s es a eels ce cisese wale sicicie 64.0 26.0 20.0 11 90 
LTS) 6 eee 110.0 17.5 23.0 18 50 
MiMetmeOMmmMONe. = somes coess oces/-= = = 45 .0 18.0 920 8 10 
Milletewapanesee. <-> ——<,.----- jenene 35.0 14.0 8.0 6 35 
(OPUS 3563805 SSCs eo eee eee ere 40.0 16.0 12.0 7 40 
ERS Ree aae clo cidsics Mac kee etic cide sic 85.0 25.0 25.0 15 25 
E@ ho debe SU SUS Be See Se SD coe C er eas 35.0 16.0 11.0 6 60 
Moje eAMSes saeco aie oe cls caisicse as 105.0 33.0 40.0 19 80 
Sorghum ssa 2) seoae are cca sccs,ccse 30.0 16.0 8.5 5 75 
Wheat, spring.---.-...-- aces ne lola 47.0 16.0 10.0 8 35 
RVReat AWiINbOE Ss se jcunee sna aoe snes 45.0 15.0 10.0" 8 00 
7. Mill Products. 
Werm=m Gallas epoca esas sicio tenes se 35.0 13.0 9.0 6 35 
Worm-and-cob-meall -- s- =. -----4-=-6 - 28.0 12.0 10.0 5 30 
Groundgbarl eye caso acne - stem atl siiaia 31.0 13.0 7.0 5 65 
GrOUNOsORES sae Sac cot tesce assets cies 37.0 15.0 12.0 6 90 
TES Ey (eave ee ene tee AD 60.0 16.0 20.0 10 80 
Wer OMe sac oe a arcals Gwe eeelereis Se Se 34.0 i7/a) 13.0 6 60 
Wheat flour ----.---:.--...--------- 44.0 11.0 11.0 7 70 
8. Fruits. 
AN DIOR eacin sale cee sinccjcisieaam cici= assis 2.6 0.2 4.0 60 
PSPUIC OLR As icisis sisi aaj -inicioiwicis ss atesiciocin Bas 1 6.0 95 
I CKDOINICS|,<7=~ <5) sfc once cosjsionisis 3.0 2.0 4.0 1 05 
(heEnlGSs sae he a= cee wae se cress 3.6 1.2 4.0 80 
AGUA DOS pee a aeyeresia <2 osc s\oajcisie'eciatce stioie 3.2 1.8 5-5 85 
1RORTES) 6 SOB CES aS ee etme aie a eS 2.0 0.6 126 40 
IMS aset eae See Seaiee coc dicta 3.6 0.4 5.0 80 
[NGS Ga oS SSS BES ee eee eee 3.2 1.4 6.2 85 
VAS POOLLIGS sas) ss ja!s Sac vaieis «oo oietoinisi= 3.0 10.0 7.0 1 30 
Strawiberll es s-- 222 osesacie sccsessices 3.0 2.2 6.0 85 
9. Vegetables. 

PAS PATSO US SHQMIS wc 5 oboe vin wo cio cass sies 6.0 1.6 6.0 1 30 
IBGGtS TCM! cece ccc te scoes assess ce 5.0 2.0 9.0 1 30 
CONOR EE Saeeeb cadeecdbes cosece seas 7.6 2.2 9.0 1 70 
WOTKOUN pescisc kis oo sits socayewionae mess 322 2.0 10.0 1 10 
@auliMowerys-.s5- basemen te ceiss ose 2.6 3.2 7.2 90 
WHGHMIDOIS fcc sae ote aoc victinsireciseisse 3.2 2.4 4.8 85 
Iforse-ragish) Toot. <-- << <.-se--4-5-5- 7.2 1.4 23.2 2 30 
Meth Og sao. ea eats c2.cccjacieclaostace 4.6 eA! 7.4 1 15 
QUION Se seeees stace ss se te ccc cc cssecces 2.8 1.0 2.0 55 
PATS UPR eee ee oe cuiscose le duemeuase ; 4.4 4.0 Its. 1 50 
BOSS VOandOiedte sce) sjo cic cies casas 71.6 16.8 20.2 12 60 
Reasmwoole plants. -lc----1-- cs ace 50.0 12.0 40.0 10 10 
Pumpkins, whole fruit ......-...---- 2.2 3.2 2.0 60 
Rhubarb, stems and leaves...------- 2.6 0.4 7.2 75 
SPINACH esas se eke ce ceiele 2 sisSeiseni 10.0 3.2 5.4 1 95 
Sieeu COMMICOBS a secic oie ss cine) asic me's 4.2 1.0 4.4 90 
Dweeu Com DUSKS!)-\ccisece sasse a6 =e 3.6 1.4 4.4 85 


148 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Datry Propvucts—Farm Anrmats—By-propucts AND WASTE 


MarTerrAts. 

Pounds of zante Bae 

ounds 0 mate fer- 

Funds ef | phosphoric | Pugs of | "ting 

one ton. eciduwene one ton. eee 

pounds. 

9. Vegetables — (Concluded). 
Saveet corm kernels. i. 0. .. lao jee 9.2 That 4.8 $1 70 
Sweeucormistallks) 22.202 2eoc- eemeeee 5.6 2.8 8.2 1 40 
Momatoes winuitee sons - 242 escin eee 3.2 1.0 5.4 80 
Momatoessavines |: S225 05504 eee 6.4 1.4 10.0 1 55 
10. Dairy Products. 
Biber eas. sas ccs suos seen a ete tee 220u} Lees Seer sates 30 
Buttermilk | eee. cl ses oc cee 10.0 3.0 2.0 07/55 
Cheese, whole-milk_.-=.2) 22... 525. 75.0 15.0 6.0 12 30 
Cheeses half-skime sun. +2 os. cs ante ns 105.0 15.0 6.0 16 380 
Cheese, separator-skim --.../....-.- 150.0 15.0 6.0 23 5D 
ren ett se RaW a AN 10.0 3.0 2.0 1 75 
IME ee) of Se ele aay les a 10.0 6.0 3.5 2 00 
Skamlem ile eerie scenes scieree Gee 10.0 7.0 4.0 2 05 
AWWA Olen chee store io eins. Nove baiots siete 2.5 6.0 3.0 85 
11. Farm Animals 
ISICE SoS S Bek SISO REE A Atsert cee tra ae 72.0 8.6 10.4 11 75 
Caley ae Me Sacro cicresse see cea we seen 50.0 27.6 5.0 9 15 
OS jae are = Sta He ee So ee 53.2 37.2 3-5 10 00 
Gee aical atsine: cer ae nee sake Save ees 40.0 9.0 18 0 7 35 
SHEED eee ree eee ree ee eee 45.0 24.5 3.0 8 15 
12. By-products and Waste Materials. 

AD ple=pOMAGe ese snes creases ceseee 4.6 0.4 2.6 85 
Buckwheat middlings. --....--...--- 28.0 14.0 7.0 5 25 
Cormn=Copsie ee cae eee neces seeker 10.0 1.2 12.0 2 15 
Cottonseed hulls...-...-%..--2-- 2.22 15.0 3.6 21.6 3 50 
Cottonseed-meal..-.----- oh ee 133.0 54.0 36.0 24 45 
Glucose refuse (starch feed)... wisi 52.4 6.0 3.0 8 30 
Gluten-meal . Spiele lace eee 100.0 6.5 1.0 15 40 
ECan et I 32.6 20.0 10.0 | 6 40 
Hop refuse - Sawaal mas 20.0 4.0 2.0 3 30 
Linseed- meal, old process. wear atelaietere 110.0 33.0 27.0 19 50 
Linseed-meal, new process...-..--.- 115.0 37.0 28.0 20 50 
Malt sprouts «-....2--2+202020 20005 (ale 29.0 33.0 13.15 
Oat-bran . Data iaie 2 tie aerate 45.0 22.0 13.0 8 50 
Rye-bran. - A Neh Ree mE EM 46.5 | 46.0 28.0 10 65 
Rye- middlings .- : Bees 37.0 25.0 16.0 7 60 
Spent brewers grains, dry... ak aa ed 61.0 25.0 31.0 11.95 
Spent brewers Statue RViehieg =. boc 18.0 6.0 1.0 3 05 
Wiheatabranysss: 26 fsemesieccie cle ts 55.0 58.0 32.0 12 75 
Wheat-middlings - Ree ee sleeve 53.0 19.0 | 12.5 9 50 


= 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 149 


XIV. The New York Fertilizer Law and its Meaning. 


The legislative enactment in regard to the purchase and sale of 
fertilizers in this State became a law on May 24, 1890. Its execu- 
tion was placed in the charge of the Geneva Experiment Station, 
which, in July, 1890, organized the work and began active oper- 
ations. ‘The first prosecution begun under the provisions of this 
law was successful in the County Court, but, on appeal to the 
Supreme Court, was thrown out on account of a technical defect in 
one portion of the law. This defect was remedied by an amend- 
ment which became operative May 9, 1894. The Station was, 
therefore, unable to carry out prosecutions under the law of 1890, 
and the first opportunity to execute, in this respect, the provisions 
of the amended law came with the samples collected in the summer 
and fall of 1894. 

During the summer and fall of 1894, 165 samples of fertilizers 
were collected, out of which eleven brands fell so far below the 
guaranteed analysis as to call for prosecution on the part of the 
Station. These cases were distributed as follows: two each in 
Oneida, Monroe and Yates counties; one each in Erie and Albany 
counties; and three in New York city. The witnesses of the 
Station appeared before different grand juries and succeeded in 
securing several indictments. The goods in these cases showed a 
deficiency, expressed in money value, varying all the way from 
$1.50 to $6 per ton. Two brands were deficient in potash alone; 
five in phosphoric acid alone; one in both potash and nitrogen ; and 
three in both phosphoric acid and nitrogen. . 

Since July, 1890, there have been collected and analyzed over 
2,300 samples of commercial fertilizers. There are now on the 
Station books the addresses of over 120 firms doing business in this 
State. Of these there are 53 firms whose goods are manufactured 
in other States. 

Since October, 1890, there have been published 16 fertilizer bul- 
letins containing 660 pages. Of each of these an average of more 
than 15,000 copies has been distributed among the farmers of this 
State, making an aggregate of 11,000,000 pages. 

In June, 1895, the following circular was sent to all manufac- 
turers of fertilizers selling goods in this State : 

We desire to call your special attention to some points regarding 
the New York Fertilizer Law, about which there appears to be 
more or less confusion in the minds of manufacturers and dealers. 


150 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


First. Form or STATEMENT oF GUARANTEE-ANALYSIS. 


1. Nitrogen.—In a guarantee-analysis, the law permits statement 
in the form of ether nitrogen or ammonia, or in both forms at 
once. 

2. Phosphoric Acid.—In order to comply with section 1 of the 
law, two forms of phosphoric acid must be stated in a guarantee- 
analysis, both soluble phosphoric acid and available phosphoric acid. 

To give only available phosphoric acid, or to give only total phos- 
phorie acid is a clear violation of the provisions of the law, provided 
other forms are present. There is nothing in the law to prevent 
the statement of reverted phosphoric acid, or insoluble phosphoric 
acid, or total phosphoric acid im addition to the soluble and avail- 
able forms; but these two latter forms, soluble and available phos- 
phorie acid, must both be stated when present. 

3. Potash.—In a guarantee-analysis, potash (K,O) soluble im dis- 
tilled water must be given. 

There is no provision which would prevent one expressing the 
equivalent of potash (K,O) in the form of sulphate or muriate of 
potash 7m addition to potash (K,O); but, if only one form is given, 
it must always be that of potash (K,O) soluble in distilled water. 
To state only the amount of sulphate of potash or muriate of potash, 
or to use alone such expressions as “ potash s.” or “ potash sul.” is a 
clear violation of the provisions of the law. 

4. Suggested Form of Statement of Guarantee-Analysis.—For 
the sake of uniformity and simplicity, we suggest to manufacturers 
of fertilizers the following form of statement of guarantee-analysis 
as one which will be accepted by this Station as conforming with 
the provisions of the law: 


INMMROG ANAS 54 He SoSseeeaosodcos Se - per cent. 
Solublemphosphorictacid 2 sassaceesaceee cect acres a 
Awl blepmosphoric, LCG sears aelealsaeloloe/ st Haley Mi 


Tole (UO) se s5h5 Gono eeacsocsesaue sesooRds £2. oasis sé 


In place of nitrogen or in addition to it, may be given the 
amount of ammonia equivalent to nitrogen in a fertilizer. 

The other forms of phosphoric acid (reverted, insoluble and 
total) may be added. In case no available phosphoric acid is pres- 
ent, then total alone may be stated. 

The equivalent of potash (K,O) in the form of sulphate or muri- 
ate of potash may be stated in addition. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 151 


Omission to state the guarantee of any constituent will be inter- 
preted as meaning that that constituent is not present in the fer- 
tilizer and it will be so stated in our future bulletins. 


Srconp. VARIABLE Limits IN STATEMENT OF PERCENTAGE 
CoMPOSITION. 


In the interest of clearness and simplicity, we suggest that 
manufacturers give only the one figure representing the lower 
limit of guarantee instead of stating a lower and upper limit. 
Several manufacturers have voluntarily adopted this system already. 
Hereafter, in our publication of guarantee-analyses, we shall state 
only the lower limit, because this is the only figure officially recog- 
nized by us as representing the guarantee. 


Tuirp. Name or MANUFACTURER ON PACKAGES. 


The law says in section 1: ‘A legible statement of the analysis 
of the goods and oF THE PERSON, FIRM OR CORPORATION WHO HAVE 
MANUFACTURED THE SAME, Bhall be on or attached to each package of 
fertilizer offered for sale for use in this State. 

We have recently found numerous violations of this clearly stated 
provision of the law, no name of manufacturer being given. 
Agents will be held responsible for handling goods whose packages 
are not properly marked, when such goods are manufactured by 
parties residing outside of the State. 


Fourtu. GuARANTEE-ANALY8IS ON SMALL PACKAGES. 


A special investigation by our agent shows that it is a universal 
practice to omit altogether stating any guarantee-analysis on pack- 
ages of fertilizers put up in small quantities of a few pounds or 
less, especially such a8 are sold for use on house-plants. This isa 
clear violation of the law and in all such cases found by our agent 
in the future the law will be strictly enforced. 


Firra ANNUAL STATEMENT. 


Attention is called to the second section of the law, which pro- 
vides that manufacturers and certain agents “ shall between the first 
and twentieth days of July, a each year, furnish the Director of 
the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, a 
list of the commercial fertilizers they manufacture or offer for sale 


152 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


for use in this State, with the names or brands by which they are 
known on the market, and the several percentages of nitrogen or its 
equivalent of ammonia, or phosphoric acid, both soluble and availa- 
ble and of potash, ete.” 

We call the attention of the manufacturers of fertilizers to these 
provisions of the law and ask their co-operation in helping us to 
earry them out effectually. It is the intention of the Station to 
prosecute vigorously all such violations of the law as those alluded 
to above, whenever they come to our knowledge. We shall regard 
it as a favor if any one will call our attention to violations of the 
law which come within their knowledge. 


By order of the Board of Control, 
L. L. VAN SLYKE, 
Acting Director. 


New York State Fertilizer Law. 
CHAP. 437. 


An Acr for the protection and education of farmers and manu- 
facturers in the purchase and sale of fertilizers. 


Approved by the Governor May 24, 1890. Passed, three-fifths being present. 


This act was amended by 


CHAP. 601, LAWS OF NEW YORK. 


Aw Acr to amend chapter four hundred and thirty-seven of the 
Laws of eighteen hundred and ninety, entitled ‘An act for the 
protection and education of farmers and manufacturers in the 
purchase and sale of fertilizers.” 


Became a law May 9, 1894, with the approval of, the Governor. Passed, 
three-fifths being present. 

Chapter 437 as amended by chapter 601, Laws of New York, 
reads as follows: 

Amendments are in italics. 


§ 1. All commercial fertilizers which shall be offered for sale, to 
be used in this state, shall be accompanied by an analysis stating 
the percentages contained therein, of nitrogen or its equivalent of 
ammonia, of soluble and available phosphoric acid, the available 
phosphoric acid either to be soluble in water or in a neutral solution. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 153 


of citrate of ammonia as determined by the methods agreed upon 
by the American Society of Agricultural Chemists, and of potash 
soluble in distilled water. A legible statement of the analysis of 
the goods and of the person, firm or corporation, who have manu- 
Jactured the same, shall be printed on or attached to each package 
of fertilizer offered for sale for use in this state, and where fertilizers 
are sold in bulk, to be used in this state, an analysis shall accompany 
the same, with an affidavit that it is a true representation of the 
contents of the article or articles. 

§ 2. Manufacturers residing in this state, and agents or sellers of 
fertilizers made by persons residing outside the limits of this state, 
shall between the first and twentieth days of July, in each year, 
furnish to the director of the New York State Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station at Geneva, a list of the commercial fertilizers they 
manufacture or offer for sale for use in this state, with the names or 
brands by which they are known on the market, and the several 
percentages of nitrogen or its equivalent of ammonia, of phosphoric 
acid, both soluble and available, and of potash either single or com- 
bined, contained in said fertilizer, as called for in section one of this 
act. Whenever any fertilizer or fertilizing ingredients are shipped 
or sold in bulk, for use by farmers in this state, a statement must be 
sent to the director of the New York State Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station at Geneva, giving the name of the goods so shipped, 
and accompanied with an affidavit from the seller, giving an analysis 
of such percentage guaranteed. 

§ 3. Whenever a correct chemical analysis of any fertilizer offered 
for sale in this state shall show a deficiency of more than one- 
third of one per centum of nitrogen or its equivalent of am- 
monia, or one-half of one per centum of available phosphoric 
acid or one-half of one per centum of potash soluble in distilled 
water, such statements shall be deemed false within the meaning 
of this act. This act shall apply to all articles of fertilizers offered 
or exposed for sale for use in the state of New York, the selling 
price of which is ten dollars per ton or higher, and of which they 
are part or parcel, and of any element into which they enter as fer- 
tilizing materials, among which may be enumerated nitrate of soda, 
sulphate of ammonia, dissolved bone black and bone black undis- 
solved, any phosphate rock, treated or untreated with sulphuric or 
other acids, ashes from whatever source obtained, potash salts of all 


154 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


kinds, fish scraps, dried or undried, also all combinations of phos- 
phorie acid, nitrogen or potash, from whatever source obtained, as 
well as every article that is or may be combined for fertilizing pur- 
poses. 

§ 4. All manufacturers or dealers exposing or offering for sale in 
this state fertilizers containing roasted leather or any other form of 
inert nitrogenous matter shall, in legible print, state the fact on the 
package in which the fertilizers are exposed or offered for sale. 

§ 5. Every person, firm or corporation violating any of the pro- 
visions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall upon 
conviction thereof, for the first offense be punished by a fine of not 
less than fifty dollars, nor more than two hundred dollars, and for 
the second offense by double the amount, in the discretion of the 
court ; such fines to be paid to the officer whose duty it is to enforce 
the provisions of this act, to be used by him for that purpose, and 
to be accounted for to the comptroller. 

§ 6. The Director of the New York State Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station at Geneva is charged with the enforcement of the 
provisions of this act, and shall prosecute in the name of the people 
for violation thereof ; and for that purpose he may employ agents, 
counsel, chemists and experts, and the court of special sessions shall 
have concurrent jurisdiction to hear and determine charges for 
violating the provisions of this act committed in their respective . 
counties, subject to the power of removal provided in Cue one 
of title six of the code of criminal procedure. 

§ 7. And the said Director of the New York State Agricultural 
Experiment Station at Geneva, or his duly authorized agents, shall 
have full access, egress and ingress to all places of business, factories, 
buildings, cars, vessels, or other places where any manufactured 
fertilizer is sold, offered for sale or manufactured. Such Director 
shall also have the power to open any package, barrel or other thing 
containing manufactured fertilizer, and may take therefrom sufh- 
cient Pitiplene and whenever any such fertilizer is so taken for 
samples, it may be divided into different portions, and one or more 
portion sealed in such a way that it can not be opened without upon 
examination giving evidence of having been opened to the person 
sealing the same, and delivered to the person from whom said sample 
is taken, and to any other person that may be agreed upon, by the 
said director, or his agents, who takes the same and the person from 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 155 


whom it is taken, which portion so delivered may upon consent of 
the parties be delivered to a chemist for the purpose of being 
analyzed other than the chemist employed by said Director. 

§ 8. The sum of twenty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as 
may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the 
treasury not otherwise appropriated, to be used by said Director of 
the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva, 
as shall be authorized by the board of control thereof, in enforcing 
the provisions of this act. Said sum shall be paid to said Director 
by the treasurer upon the warrant of the comptroller, upon vouchers, 
to be approved by the comptroller, in such sums and at such times 
as said Director may require, who shall file a statement for what 
purposes he desires the same. 

§ 9. Agents, representatives or sellers of manufactured fertilizers 
or fertilizing material made or owned by parties outside of this state, 
and offered for sale for use in this state, shall conform to the pro- 
visions of this act, and shall be subject to its penalties, and in all 
particulars shall take the place of their non-resident principals. 

§ 10. Chapter two hundred and twenty-two of the laws of eigh- 
teen hundred and seventy-eight is hereby repealed. 

§ 11. This act shall take effect immediately. 


156 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


XV. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers Collected during the 
Spring of 1895. 


SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 


During the spring of 1895, there were collected 260 samples of 
commercial fertilizers, representing 232 different brands. 

Of these 232 different brands, 221 contained nitrogen varying in 
amount from 0.65 to 12.25 per cent. The average of all the 
guarantee-analyses was 2.70 per cent. of nitrogen, while the average 
amount found by the Station analysis was 2.79 per cent. 

There were 200 brands which contained available phosphoric acid, 
varying in amount from 0.95 to 19.14 per cent. The average 
amount of available phosphoric acid found by Station analysis ex- 
ceeded the average guarantee-analyses by 0.62 per cent., the average 
of all the guarantee-analyses being 7.97 per cent. and the average 
actually found being 8.59 per cent. 

There were 205 brands which contained potash, varying from 0.53 
to 32.44 per cent. The average amount of potash found by our 
analysis exceeded the average guarantee-analysis by 0.45 per cent., 
the average of all the guarantee-analyses being 4.90 per cent., and 
the average actually found being 5.35 per cent. 

The retail price of the brands analyzed varied from $13 to $150 
a ton and averaged $31.43. 

Of the 232 different brands collected, 136 were below the manu- 
facturer’s guarantee-analysis in one or more constitutents, in amounts - 
varying from 0.01 to 3.78 per cent. 

The amount of nitrogen was below the guarantee-analysis of the 
manufacturer in 73 brands, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 3.24 
per cent. and averaging 0.36 per cent. In 44 of the 73 brands, the 
deficiency was less than 0.25 per cent.; in 10 brands, it was over 
0.25 and below 0.50 per cent.; in 11 brands, it was over 0.50 and 
below 1 per cent. ; in 6 brands, the deficiency was over 1 and below 
2 per cent.; and in 2 brands, it was over 3 per cent. 

The amount of phosphoric acid was below the manufacturer’s 
guarantee-analysis in 56 brands, the deficiency varying from 0.06 to 
3.78 per cent. and averaging 0.66 per cent. In 20 of the 56 brands, 
the deficiency was less than 0.25 per cent.; in 13 cases, it was above 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 157 


0.25 and below 0.50 per cent.; in 11 brands, it was above 0.50 and 
below 1 per cent.; in 7 brands, the deficiency was above 1 and below 
2 per cent. ; in 3 brands, it was above 2 and below 3 per cent. ; and 
in 2 cases, it was above 3 per cent. 

The amount of potash was below the manufacturer’s guarantee- 
analysis in 41 different brands, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 
3.56 per cent. and averaging 0.57 per cent. In 14 of the 41 brands, 
the deficiency was below 0.25 per cent.; in 10 brands, it was above 
0.25 and below 0.50 per cent. ; in 13 brands, it was above 0.50 and 
below 1 per cent.; in 2 brands, the deficiency was above 1 and below 
2 per cent.; and in 1 brand it was over 3 per cent. 


RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


MANUFACTURER. 


Acme Fertilizer Co., 


Acme Fertilizer Co., 


Acme Fertilizer Co., 
Maspeth, L. I.) 


Alafia River M. L. Co., 
Syracuse, N. Y. 


Albert, H. & E., 
Biebrich, Germany. 


Albert, H. & E., 
Biebrich, Germany. 


Albert, H. & E., 
Biebrich, Germany. 


Armour & Co., 


Armour & Co., 


Armour & Co., 


Armour & Co., 


n 
vo 
Trade name of Locality where <= 
brand. sample was taken.| .2 5 
3 
2) 
Acme Fertilizer | Parkville. 1,778 
Maspeth, L.I.| No.1. 
| 
Acme Fertilizer | Parkville. ee) 
Maspeth, L. I.) No. 2. 
Potato fertilizer. | Bridgehamp- 1,881 
ton. 
Florida ground 
pone and pot- Syracuse. 1,904 
ash. 
Highly concen- 
trated horti- | New York city. | 1,891 
cultural ma- 
nure. 
Highly concen- 
trated special | New York city. | 1,892 
garden ma- 
nure. 
Highly concen- Mes 
ated feaik New York city. | 1,893 
tree manure. 
All soluble. Oswego. 2,022 
Chicago, Il. 
Ammoniated 
Oswego. 2,021 
Chicago, 11.| bone and pot- 
ash. 
: Bone and blood. | Oneida. 1,926 
Chicago, Il. Oswego. 2,020 
Pure bone meal. | Oswego. 2,023 
Chicago, Il. 
Raw bone meal. | Oswego. 2,024 


Armour & Co., 
Chicago, II. 


REPORT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 159 
LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE SPRING OF 1895, 
chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 
yee cavalleule otal nde ateewoldule Retail sell- 
100 pounds of phosphoric phoric acid | potash in 100 | ing price 
ebay (ey aes a omeeace | euaae ot | eee ae 
Guaranteed. 3.70 Shed eee cs 9 
Found. 3.44 6.15 8.01 9.89 $35 00 
Below guarantee. 0.26 1.85 
Guaranteed. 4.95 SF = ua i eee 
Found. 3.70 5.52 7.72 5.24 35 00 
Below guarantee.| 1.25 2.48 
Guaranteed, SL OUn eee see 7 9 
Found. 3.31 5.85 9.18 8.12 36 00 
Relow guarantee. 0.88 
Guacanbeodse, |v Gist li. ‘secon 16 3 
Found. 5.45 15.47 3.53 22 00 
Below guarantee. 0.53 
Guaranteed. 12 13 13 21 
Found. 11.33 14.23 14.44 19.84 150 00 
Below guarantee. 0.67 } 1.16 
Guaranteed. 13.25 11.50 11.50 26 
Found. 12.25 11.438 11.43 25 .32 120 00 
Below guarantee. 1.00, 0.07 0.07 0-68 | 
Guaranteed. 6 18 18 36 
Found. 5.97 19.14 19.14 32.44 120 00 
Below guarantee. 0.03 3.56 
Guaranteed. 2.90 8 11 4 
Found, 3-30 7.67 12.29 3.58 392 00 
Below guarantee, 0.33 0.42 
Guaranteed. 2.05 6 8 1.10 
Found. 2.35 6.48 10.27 1.60 26 00 
Below guarantee. 
Guaranteed. Saul a Wee 10 
Found. 5.60 6.50 13.60 27 00 
29 00 
Below guarantee. 0.15 
Guaranteed. 2: 90) i iusceses 22.90 
Found. 2.28 7/430 26.70 29 00 
Below guarantee. 0.62 
Guaranteed. SEOs tare 22 
Found. 3-96 6.84 25.81 30 00 


160 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resuirs or ANALYSES oF ComMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by 


i 
Oo 
2 
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. cance oanee 8 5 
s 
a 
Armour Packing Co., Beef bone fine | Oneida. 1,941 
Kansas City, Mo.} ground. 
Armour Packing Co., Blood and bone. | Oneida. 1,940: 
Kansas City, Mo. 
Armour Packing Co., Fine ground beef | Oneida. 1,931 
Kansas City, Mo.} bone. 
Baker, H. J. & Bro., Complete cab- | Parkville. 1,781 
New York city.) bage manure. 
Baker, H. J. & Bro., Complete potato | Parkville. 1,780 
New York city.| manure. 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated dis- | Lyons. 2,009: 
Boston, Mass.} solved bone. 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Farm and gar- | Rome. 1,908 
Boston, Mass.} den phosphate. 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Hill and drill. Orient. 1,852 
Boston, Mass. 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Hill and drill. Lyons. 2,011 


Boston, Mass. 


Bowker Fertilizer Co., 
Boston, Mass. 


Potato and vege- 
table manure. 


Bowker Fertilizer Co., 
Boston, Mass. 


Stockbridge man- 
ure for potatoes 
and vegetables, 


East Williston. | 1,832 


Bowker Fertilizer Co., 
Boston, Mass. 


Sure crop. 


Lyons. 2,008 
Jamaica. 1,816. 
Lyons. 2,010 
Cazenovia. 1,945. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 161 


LECTED IN New York State Durine tHE Spring or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 
ee oeeeaeononaoeaqoaqoqqoaqaeaeeee—e—e—e—e—e—e—e—ee—e—eeseSeS a 


Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 
nitrogen in available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 
100 pounds of phosphoric | phoric acid potash in 100 | ing price 
fertilizer acid in 100 Ibs.| in 100 pounds pounds of per ton. 
: of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. fertilizer. 
Guaranteed. B98.) Sage 25.20 
Found. 3.78 9.02 23.04 $26 00 
Below guarantee. 2.16 
Guaranteed. BRIO) |e te eee 14.65 
Found. 5.52 7.79 13.72 26 00 
Below guarantee. 0.67 0.93 
Guaranteed. 3.34 9 25 
Found. 2.42 13.99 28.34 27 00 
Below guarantee. 0.92 
Guaranteed. 4.70 ts eee a 
Found. 4.58 6.24 6.24 7.89 38 00 
Below guarantee. 0.12 
Guaranteed. 3.30 Bae THT a a 10 37 00 
Found. 3.46 6.26 6.26 10.84 
Guaranteed. 1.65 8 10 2 28 00 
Found. 2.09 8.86 Pr) 2.48 
Guaranteed. 1.65 8 10 
9 © 
Found. 1.82 6.96 11.68 2.28 29 00 
Below guarantee. : 1.04 
Guaranteed. 2.50 12 2 
9» © 
Found. 2.24 10.61 13253 2.42 39 00 
Below guarantee. 0.26 
Guaranteed. 2.05 8 10 2 30 00 
Found. 2.29 8.08 11.19 rerfal 
Guaranteed. 2.50 8 10 4 
Found. 2.48 9 86 12.90 4.47 33 00 
35 00 
Below guarantee. 0.02 
Guaranteed. 3.30 6 8 tf 
Found, 325Z 8.92 10.22 6.94 36 00 
45 00 
Below guarantee. ye 0.06 #2) 
Guaranteed. 0.83 8 10 1 25 00 
Found. 1.09 10.06 14.09 1.42 


162 


REPORT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutts oF ANALYSES oF CommeErciAL Frrtimizers Cot- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


MANUFACTURER. Trade pene or Locality where 


sample was taken. 


tion 
number 


Sta 


Bradley Fertilizer Co., 
Boston, Mass. 


Bradley Fertilizer Co., 
Boston, Mass. 


Bradley Fertilizer Co.,* 
Boston, Mass. 


Bradley Fertilizer Co., 
Boston, Mass. 


Bradley Fertilizer Co., 
Boston, Mass. 


Bradley Fertilizer Co., 
Boston, Mass. 


Bradley Fertilizer Co., 
Boston, Mass. 


Chemical Company of Canton, 
Baltimore, Md. 


Clark’s Cove Guano Co., 
New York City. 


Clark’s Cove Guano Co., 
New York City. 


Clark’s Cove Guano Co., 
New York City. 


Clark’s Cove Guano Co., 


New York City. 


Ammoniated dis- | Rome. 
solved bones. 

Complete ma- ane 
nure for pota- | Flatlands. 
toes and veg- 
etables. 

Complete  ma- 
nure for pota- | Canastota, 
toes and veg- 
etables. 

Farmers’s new | East Williston. 
method. 

Niagara  phos- | Lyons. 
phate. 

Patent super- 
phosphate of Greenport. 
lime. 

Potato manure. East Williston. 

Ammoniated 
bone super- Skaneateles. 
phosphate. 

Atlas bone phos- | Moravia. 
phate. 

Bay State fertil- | Moravia. 
izer. 

Defiance com- | Utica. 
plete fertilizer. | Moravia. 

Great Planet | Flatlands. 


“A” manure. 


_ 
© 
oS 
~ 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


163 


LECTED IN New York Strate Dourine THE Spring or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Pounds of 
available 
phosphoric 


Pounds of 
nitrogen in 
100 pounds of 


fertilizer. of fertilizer. 


Pounds of 
total phos- 


Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


Pounds of 
water-soluble 


phoric acid in} potash in 100 


acid in 100 lbs.| 100 pounds of 
fertilizer. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guarauteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 


Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


pounds of 
fertilizer. 


Retail sel- 


ling’ price 


per ton. 


$29 00 


36 00 


33 00 


26 00 


36 00 


33 00 


28 00 


164 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resvutts or ANALysis OF CommMeERcIAL Ferrtinizers Cot- 


Composition of fertilizers guaranteed by 


manufacturers, and as found by 


| 


E 
MANUFACTURERS. Trade name or brand. ieee £ A etna s 2 
3 
A 
Clark’s Cove Guano Co., | Great Planet ‘‘B”) Flatlands. 1,788 
New York City.) manure. 
Clark’s Cove Guano Co., King Philip Alka-| Utiea. . 1,896 
New York City.| line guano. Canastota. 1,939 
Unicorn ammoni- ; 
Clark’s Cove Guano Co. : _| Utiea. 1,898 
New York City. ee Say 0 Moravia. 1,962 
phate. 
Coe, E. Frank, pee PLE OUTS Cazenovia. 1,948 
NowiVork Cit bone super-phos- 
Wy J: phate. 
Coe, E. Frank, Dissolved bone. | Skaneateles. 2,033 
New York City. 
Coe, E. Frank, Exeelsior potato} Parkville. 1,777 
New York City.| fertilizer. 
Coe, E. Frank, Gold brand Excel-| Orient. 1,842 
New York City.) sior guano. 
Coe, E. Frank, Heals ten ERE MT yon, 1,995 
New York City. Tyas tomas 
D phate. 
Coe, E. Frank, Red brand Exeel-| Parkville. | 1,776 
New York City.) sior guano. | Orient. 1,841 
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., | Ammoniated bone 1,972 
Buftalo, N. Y.| super-phosphate | Medina. 
a : Ammoniated rac- 
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., : p | 1,986 
P tical s -phos- : z 
Buffalo, N. Y. phate! ae PONOS"| Medina, 
; : Ammoniated| p 
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co. | Jamaica 1,817 
g wheat and corn Medina 1 o71 


Buffalo, N. Y. 
! 


phosphate. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


165 


LECTED IN New York State Durine THE SprineG or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


: P d ee ds of to-| P ds of 

Pounds es ae Atlale real ios: y water-colenie 

tr Eakin of i phosphoric | phoric acid in| potash in 100 

Oe ailis OF fer | acid in 100 lbs. | 100 pounds of | pounds of fer- 

tulizer. of fertilizer. fertilizer. tilizer. 

Guaranteed. 4.95 5 7 7 
Found. 4.76 6.23 7.45 8.43 
Below guarantee. 0.19 
Guaranteed. 115) 6 7 3 
Found. 1.44 6 46 9.60 5305: 
Guaranteed. 1.85 8.50 10 2.25 
Found. 1.93 8.78 12-135 2227 
Guaranteed. 1.00 9 10 1 
Found. i138} 10.49 13.85 135) 
Guaranteed. (SRA TE irate et Je 
Found. 13.62 16.12 
Guaranteed. 2.50 8 9 
Found. 2.88 8.23 8.93 8.93 
Guaranteed. 2.50 8 6 
Found. 2.39 8.68 10.69 5.92 
Below guarantee. 0.11 0.08 
Guarauteed. 165 8 9 1.35 
Found. 2.08 9.63 12.60 T2832) 
Below guarantee. 0.03 
Guaranteed. 3.30 9 10 6 
Found. 3.18 8.45 9.28 5.90 
Below guarantee. 0.12 0.55 0.10 
Guaranteed. 2.90 10 iil it 
Found. 3.01 9.86 10.95 1.20 
Below guarantee. 0.14 
Guaranteed. 0.83 8 | 9 1 
Found. eae: Sail. 10.32 1.38 
Guaranteed. 2.05 10 11 1.60 
Found. Paw. 0) 10.05 11222 1.89 


Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


Retail sell- 
ing price 
per ton. 


$37 00 


30 00 


24 00 
17 00 
38 00 
32 00 
27 00 
36 00 
35 00 
30 00 


24 00 


35 00 
28 00 


166 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resvutts or ANALYSES OF ComMMERCIAL FrrRtiILtizers Cot- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by mauufacturers, and as found by 


———— 


Darling, L. B. 


5 
Q 
MANUFACTURERS. Trade name or brand.| 0c ts vas thie, 38 
oS 
a 
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., | Cereal phosphate.} Scriba. 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Crocker fertilizer & Chemical Co., | Hanlon Brothers, | Medina. 1,969 
Buffalo,N. Y.| special phos- 
phate. 
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., | New rival am- | Albion. 1,985 
Buffalo, N. Y-| moniated super- 
phosphate. 
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co. Onion, celery and | Canastota. 1,934 
Bufialo, N. Y-| potato fertilizer. 
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., Potato, hop and | Jamaica. 1,818 
Buffalo, N. Y. tobaceo phos- 
phate. 
‘Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., | Special bean fer- | Medina. 1,970 
Buffalo, N. Y. tilizer. 
Crocker Fertilizer & Chemical Co., | Special potato | Medina. 1,973 
Buffalo, N. Y.| manure. Seriba. 2,027 
Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Fruit and vine, Seriba. 2,026 
Portland, Me. 
Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Guano. Seriba. 2,025 
Portland, Me. 
Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Seeding-down fer-| Rome. 
Portland, Me.| _ tilizer. 
Cumberland Bone Phosphate Co., Super-phosphate. ; Southampton. 
Portland, Me. Rome. 
Fine ground bone.| New Suffolk. 


Below guarantee. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 167 


LECTED IN New York State DvrineG THE Spring or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 


Pounds of 5 P 
P . available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 
WWOponnde of ee phoric acid ae ” ing price 
Ae acid in 1 s. ounds 0 ounds o per ton. 
fertilizer. [oF fertilizer. fertilizer. Forilizen. 
Guaranteed. 8 9 3.24 
Found. 8.94 11.38 3°75 |.5 wounee 
Guaranteed. 10 1a 8 
Found. 9.79 10.75 9.11 25 00 
Below guarantee. 0.21 
Guaranteed. 10 11 if 26 00 
Found. 10.22 12.59 1.81 
Guaranteed. 
Found. 
Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed, 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


168 Report or THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutts oF ANALYSES OF ComMeERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by mannfacturers and as found by 


MANUFACTURER. 


Eastern Farmers’ Supply Association, 
Montclair, N. J 


Eastern Farmers’ Supply Association, 
Montclair, N. J. 


Trade name or brand. 


Eastern Farmers’ Supply Association, 
Montclair, N. J. 


Eastern Farmers’ Supply Association, 
Montclair, N. Y. 


Eastern Farmers’ Supply Association, 
Montclair, N. J. 


Eastern Farmers’ Supply Association, 
Montclair, N. Y. 


Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., 
Syracuse, N. Y. 


Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., 
Syracuse, N. Y. 


Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., 
Syracuse, N. Y. 


Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., 
Syracuse. N. Y. 


Locality where 
sample was taken. 


Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., 
Syracuse, N. Y. 


Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., 
Syracuse, N. Y. 


Cabbage manure. | Jamaica. 

Corn and grain | Jamaica. 
manure. 

Farm manure. Jamaica. 

Long Island spe- | Jamaiea. 
cial. 

Market garden | Jamaica. 
manure. 

Potato manure. | Jamaica. 

Fair and Square. | Syracuse. 

Lot No. 10. Skaneateles. 

Lot No. 4. Skaneateles. 

Lot No. 5. Skaneateles. 

Reaper brand. Syracuse. 

Standard am- Syracuse. 


moniated bone 
phosphate. 


number. 


Station 


2,030 


2,031 


2,032 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


169 


LECTED IN New Yorx Strate Durine tHe Serine or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


Results ecpressed in parts per hundred. 


—_ 


f 124 ls ef | Poundsofto-| P Is of ; 
Eaeeseent available elie. waterealaple Retail sell- 
Be Pe igate phosphoric | phoric acid | potashin 100] ing price 
Pertilic 5 acid in 1001bs. | in 100 lbs. of | pounds of fer-| per ton. 
PE ee of fertilizer. | fertilizer. tilizer. 
Guaranteed. 4.95 5 6 5 
Found. 4.94 By) 6.55 5.33 $34 00 
Below guarantee. 0.01 | 
Guaranteed. 3-30 9 10 5.50 
Found. 3.39 9.26 9.66 5.14 32 00 
Below guarantee. | 0.36 
Guaranteed. 2.50 10 a1 2.50 
Found. 2.80 10.75 11.27 2.45 29.50 
Below guarantee, 0.05 
Guaranteed. 3.48 7.50 8.50 8 34 00 
Found. 4.92 7.60 9.33 9.88 
Guaranteed. 3.30 7 8 7 
Found. 3.39 6.41 8.39 10 32 00 
Below guarantee. | 0.59 
Guaranteed. 2 50 6.50 7.50 6 
Found. 2.57 4.52 9.70 3.57 29.50 
Below guarantee. 2.43 
Guaranteed, 2.50 7 8 0.54 
Found. 2.99 6.49 9.67 O253 26 00 
Below guarantee. 0.51 0.01 | 
Guaranteed. Zig Salt arse ees 17 00 
Found. 12.26 13.02 
= eae Comal PG 
Guaranteed. 14.15 14.89 18 00 
Found. 
Guaranteed. MORRT ie wees 5 | as 
Found. 9353 LOS 5.94 | 23 00 
Below guarantee. 0.47 Mo 
Guaranteed . 1.65 5.50 7.50 4.30 
Found. 1.22 5.65 8.01 3.45 26 00 
Below guarantee. 0.48 0.85 | 
Guaranteed. 0.383 9 gill 3.25 
Found. 0.65 10.07 11.72 3.01 24 00 
Below guarantee. 0.18 0.24 


170 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resuutts or ANALYSES OF ComMERCIAL FrERriuizErs Cot- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by 


z 
: 2 
MANUFACTURER Pree | seem aeaae 
3 
n 
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co. Standard special | Syracuse. 1,960 
Syracuse, N. Y.| formula. 
; ; Home-made bone 
Finster, John, TaN Eagle phos- Rome. 1,906 
Wiel ate phate. 
Forrester, Geo. B., Complete cab- | Bensonhurst. 1,785 
New York City.| bage manure. 
Forrester, Geo. B., Complete potato | Bensonhurst. 1,784 
New York City.|} manure. Jamaica. 1,805 
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., General garden | Flatbush. Iss) 
Rutland, Vt.} special. Southold. 1,848 
Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co CHRONO Rue aia Mattituck 1,874 
y Mattituck ONY. ers’ club fertil- , 
Dr izer. 
are Sa fe 
Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., Lupton’s potato | Mattituck. 1,865 
Mattituck, N. Y.| manure. 
Haliock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., Mattituck fertil- | Mattituck. 1,864 
Mattituck, N. Y.}  izer. 
Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., No. 1 for pota- | Mattituck. 1,861 
Mattituck, N. Y.| toes. 
Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., No. 2. for cab- | Mattituck. 1,862 
Mattituck, N. Y.| bage. 
Phelps cabbage, ae 
Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., grain and veg- | Flatlands. 1,793 
Mattituck, N. Y.| etable  fertil- 
; izer. oe 
Phelps challenge 
Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., brand, grain} Jamaica. 1,821 
Mattituck, N.Y.) and vegetable 
i fertilizer. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found, 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found, 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guarantced. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 
Guaranteed. 


Found 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 171 
LECTED IN New York Strate During THE Spring or 1895. 
Results expressed in parts per hundred. 
SS 
Pounds of | Pounds of | Pounds of 
Sloped available total phos. | water-soluble | Retail sel- 
{to pounde of |, usPHONE, | phonic acid in| potash In 100| ling. price 
fertilizer. of fertilizer. fertilizer, ertilizer. BOP nee 
0.83 8 10 DES 
0875 TEGO 8.86 1.28 $23 00 
0.08 Re 0.33 on 0.87 
2.50 8 9 2 
0.78 8 11.12 1.18 25 00 
eye 0.82 
4.50 i A ee? 6.50 38 00 
5.24 7.23 1.23 9.67 
3.70 Heb yess 10 37 00 
o290 ede | Tes 10.66 38 00 
3.30 Ce | Sire aa 8 
3.60 6.60 leak 7.93 34 00 
36 00 
0.07 
4.10 olny Allah papier oesate ees 10 
3.87 7.55 8.17 11.18 29 00 
0.23 0.45 
Sea) Hal (ik acer ee So tdi 9 
3.12 6.70 T32 10.19 32 00 
0.18 
SSO MAGS 5 7 28 00 
3.58 4.68 5.32 fe26 
3.30 a ti 9 33 00 
3.87 8.06 8.21 10.99 
4.10 CG RES | er ime See 
4.31 iol 7.70 5.64 33. 00 
0.36 
ae 7 
6.74 6.64 36 00 
0.36 
6 
6.33 33 00 


Found. 


Below guarantee. 


172 


ReEporT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resvuts or ANALYSES OF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


HB 
- : oO 
: 2 
T Trad Locality where | 
MANUFACTURERS. m prand ane eariple os taken.| 2 : 
3 
D 
Phelps Challenge aie 
Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., brand potato | Flatlands. Lge 
Mattituck, N. Y. vegetable fer- 
tilizer No. 2. Ge 
Hallock & Duryee Fertilizer Co., Special garden | Mattituck. 1,863 
Mattituck, N. Y.| fertilizer. 
Hendrickson, Isaac C., High grade fer- | Jamaica. 1,803 
Jamaica, N. Y.| _ tilizer. 
Hendrickson, Isaae C., Long Island fer- | Jamaica. 1,804 
Jamaica, N. Y. tilizer. 
, Ammoniated : 
Hess,8.M. & Bro., , bone. super- Bridgehamp- 1,885 
Philadelphia, Pa. phosphate. ton. 
Hess, 8. M. & Bro., Ground bone. Bridgehamp- 1,884 
Philadelphia, Pa. ton. 
Hess, 8. M. & Bro. Keystone (us, | Mathiinck.) ” linen 
Philadelphia, Pa. phosphate. 
Hess, 8S. M. & Bro., Potato and truck | Southold. 1,851 
Philadelphia, Pa.| manure. 
Imperial Guano Co., regs lag Pe || ollie: 1,823 
Norfolk Vasiy cio eee 
? toes and truck. 
Imperial Guano Co., Quick top dress- | Hollis. 1,822 
Norfolk, Va. ing for spinach. 
Imperial Guano Co., 7 per cent. guano ; Flatbush. 1,783 
Norfolk, Va.) for potatoes. Hollis. 1,824 
Imperia] Guano Co., 10 per cent. | Flatlands. 1,782 
Norfolk, Va.) guano. Hollis. 1,833 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


LEcrtED IN New York State Dvurine THE Sprine or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


\ 


173 


Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 
nitrogen in available | total phos- | water-soluble; Retail sel- 
CO ier or | PHOREI rr, | Have seid ia | oraeh in 100) tne Gate 
“ys idl nas 0 ids . 
fertilizer. of Wertilizer fertilizer. vertiliver: x 
Guaranteed. 3.30 Fe aE ee 7 ilipe 
< ad [rs } 
Found. 2.83 5.49 ».88 10.08 $36 00 
Below guarantee. 0.47 
Guaranteed. 3.30 APR | Os eae 2 33 00 
Found. 3.47 TL 11253 2.01 
Guaranteed. SOUR pty Wo oe 8 
Found. 2.00 4.87 8.44 12.93 35 00 
Below guarantee. 1.30 
Guaranteed. 2.50 GUE ig eee see 6 
9 
Found. 2.45 3.31 8.57 4.86 30 00 
Below guarantee. 0.05 2.69 1.14 
Guaranteed. 1.65 SRD | Oi eer Z 2 
Found. 1.61 9.53 10.47 2.24 
Below guarantee. 0.04 
Guaranteed. DEE) Pm Te eee 18 
Found. 2.87 5.88 24.52 Foie Sa 
Guaranteed. 0.83 8 10 1 26 00 
Found. il ssl7/ 11.42 12.18 1.26 
Guaranteed. 2.50 Seen ie eres 6 
Found. 2.28 8.81 9.54. 6.39 33 50 
Below guarantee. 0.22 
Guaranteed. 3.70 / tis, 
Found. 4.27 6.93 7.88 7.45 35 00 
Below guarantee. 0.07 
Guaranteed. 8.20 5 7 3 
Found. 8.18 4.77 5.65 3.94 46 00 
Below guarantee. 0.02 0.23 
Guaranteed. 5.75. TOs Oy eg ee 7 
Found. 5.90 6.54 8.25 Ti6S sR OF Bese 
42 00 

Below guarantee. 0.46 
Guaranteed. 8.20 i oa aaSse 3 
Found. 8.90 5.60 6.35 ADAG hh PP Sa REee 

ieee 46 00 
Below guarantee. 0.20 0.40 


174 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutts oF ANALYSES OF ComMMEROIAL FERTILIZERS 


Cot- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


—— 


MANUFACTURERS. 


Trade name or brand. 


Liebig Manufacturing Co., 
Carteret, N. J. 


Dissolved bone 
and potash. 


———— 


Liebig Manufacturing Co., 
Carteret, N. J. 


High grade bone 
and potash. 


— 


Liebig Manufacturing Co., 
Carteret, N. J. 


Liebig Manufacturing Co., 
Carteret, N. J. 


Potato and corn 
ammoniated su- 


per-phosphate. 


Sun ammoniated 
super-phosphate. 


Locality where 
sample was taken. 


Morayia. 


Moravia. 


Lyons. 


Lyons. 


Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, 
Newark, N. J. 


Animal bone fer- 
tilizer, special 
L. I. brand. 


New Suffolk. 


Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, 
Newark, N. J. 


Cauliflower and 
cabbage fertil- 
izer. 


Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, 
Newark, N. J- 


Celebrated ground 
bone. 


<= 


Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, 
Newark, N. J. 


Corn fertilizer 


No. 2 


Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, 
Newark, N. J. 


Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, 
Newark, N. J. 


Potato fertilizer 
No. 2 


Potato manure, 


Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, 
Newark, N. J. 


i 


Lister’s Agricultural Chemical Works, 
Newark, N. J. 


Standard pure 
bone super-phos- 
phate of lime. 


Success. 


a 


Jamaica. 


New Suffolk. 


Orient. 


Lyons. 


j Jamaica. 


Orient. 


Lyons. 


New Suffolk. 
Cazenovia. 


Station 
number. 


i 


~~ 


1,876 
1,949 


co 
for) 
ae 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 175 


LECTED IN New York State Dourine tHe Spring or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


Poundsof ni-| Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 
trogen in 100 available total phos- | water-soluble Retail sell- 
Beoranor | BueeDione, | pore sold, | Dotest is 00) tng uxice 
ee of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. Vortilizes E 7" 

Guaranteed. LO WR) xt’ 2 $22.00 
Found. 14.61 16.16 2.96 
‘Guaranteed. Olea. Looe ces 3 22.00 
Found. 12.02 15.30 4.93 
Guaranteed. 2.90 6 7 6 
Found. 2.87 8.31 9.03 6.41 35.00 
Below guarantee. 0.03 ms 
Guaranteed. 0.83 10 11 t 23.00 
Found. meee) 11.14 12.28 2.23 
‘Guaranteed. 1.80 QEQ5} li. © -acisoes 4 32.00 
Found. Dee 9.97 11.96 4.42 
Guaranteed. ¢- 3.70 TESOL eri eiee. cee i 
Found. 3.63 8.19 9.10 7.69 35.00 
Below guarantee. 0.07 
Guaranteed. 22 70h wall asta. 12 30.00 
Found. 2.84 6.23 14.12 
‘Guaranteed. 1.80 G22 Db aren niaeoseies 4 30.50 
Found. 2.24 10.17 11.95 AD 
‘Guaranteed. 1.80 9.25 ceeeee 4 32.00 
Found. 241 10.06 11.78 4 
Guaranteed. 3.70 EDOM a taiessose uf 3DL00; 
-Founa. 3.76 7.63 8.86 7-56 34.50 
‘Guaranteed. 2.35 10 eres 1.50 
Found. 2.36 9.25 12.50 2.25 30.00 
Below guarantee. 0.75 
-Guaranteed. 1225 9750) ihe. srsd2 2 29.00 
Found. 1.34 9.5 12.37 2.29 24.00 


176 Report or tHe ActTING DirECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resuitrs of ANALYSES OF ComMMERCIAL FrErtiLtizErRsS Cot- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


H 
o 
2 
MANUFACTURER. Trade name or brand. nee eee FE 
S 
pias 
Lister’s Agricultural Works, Vegetable com- | Orient. 1,855 
Newark, N.J.} pound. 
Ludlam, Frederick, A. B. F. brand. Calverton. 1,858 
New York city. 
Ludlam, Frederick, Cereal brand. Moravia. 1,959 
New York city. 
Ludlam, Frederick, Dragon’s tooth | Woodhaven. 1,828 
New York city.| brand. Moravia. 1,957 
Ludlam, Frederick, Kainit. Bridgehampton. 1,880 
New York city. 
Riverhead Town . 
Ludlam, Frederick, Agricultural Northville. 1,869: 
New York city.| Society for- 
mula. 
Ludlam, Frederick, Sickle brand. Moravia. 1,958 
New York city. 
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano | ‘“‘A” brand man- | Orient. 1,843 
Company, ure. 
New York city.| 
x Ammoniated dis- 
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano solved bone | Cazenovia. 1,947 
Company, and potash. 
New York city 
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano | Cabbage and | Jamaica. 1,815 
Company, cauliflower Mattituck. 1,871 
New York city. manure. 
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano | Complete man- | Jamaica. 1,814 
Company, ure for light 
New York city.| soils. 
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano | Fruit and vine | Canastota. 1,938 


Company, 
New York city. 


manure. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


LECTED IN New York State DvurinG THE SPRING oF 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


Guaranteed. 


Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


177 


acid in 100 lbs.| in 100 pounds 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Retail sell- 
ing price 
per ton. 


$34 50 


32 00 


26 00 


38 00 
40 00 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


14 50 


29 00 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


23 00 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


178 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resvutts oF ANALYSES OF ComMeRCIAL FERTILIZERS 


CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


H 
Oo 
; 2 
MANUPACTURER, Hengepmae or Loony eee 
oS 
Z 
Mapes Formula ana Peruvian Guano} Potato manure. | Cazenovia. 1,946 
Company, 
New York City. Abi 5) See 
Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano} Potato manure, | Flatlands. 1,790 
Company, L. I. special. 
New York City. iat 
Maryland Fertilizer and Manufactur-| Globe complete | Lyons. 1,997 
ing Co., manure. 
Baltimore, Md. ee 
Maryland Fertilizer and Manufactur-| Linden su per-| Lyons. 1,998 
ing Co., phosphate. 
Baltimore, Md. ‘i 
Miller Fertilizer Co., Dissolved South | Moravia, 1,951 
Baltimore, Md.|_ Carolina bone. 
Miller Fertilizer Co., Fine ground bone.) Moravia. 1,950 
Baltimore, Md. 
Miller Fertilizer Co., Harvest Queen. | Moravia. 1,955 
Baltimore, Md. 
Miller Fertilizer Co., Hustler p hos- | Moravia. 1,954 
Baltimore, Md.} phate. 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,| Buffalo fertilizer. | Lyons. 2,008 
Buffalo, N.Y. 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,) Buffalo guano. Rome. 1,910 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,| Buffalo guano. Lyons. 2,002 
Buffalo, NY. 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,| Cyclone bone | Albion. t | 1,980 


Buftalo, N. Y. 


meal, 


———— SC 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


179 


LECTED IN New York Strate Durine THE Spring or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of f 
nitrogen in available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 
100 pounds phosphoric | phoric acid in potashin100 | ing price 
pefextilizer acid in 100 lbs.| 100 pounds of | prunds of per ton. 
2 * | of fertilizer. fertilizer. fertilizer. 
Guaranteed. 3.70 8 8 6 
Found. 3-71 8.98 10.01 7-33). Vee 
Guaranteed. 3.30 Gray ie eek ee 7 37 00 
Found. 3.39 6.10 8.25 feo 
Guaranteed. ass 9 10 1.50 28 00 
Found. 1.54 10.02 10.26 2.29 
Guaranteed. 8.75 9.75 2.25 26 00 
Found 9.97 12.10 2.56 
Guaranteed. AVES F) IW te tee 
‘Found. 14.87 16.08 To08 
Guaranteed. Dani vec see. 15 
Found. 2.36 4.36 14.02 30 00 
Below guarantee. 0.14 0.98 
Guaranteed. 1.00 10 11.50 2.25 95 00 
Found. 1.08 10.03 13.33 2.45 fe 
Guaranteed. 0.83 9 10 QpoD 24 00 
Found. 1.01 9.79 10.76 2.58 
Guaranteed. 1.85 9 10 1.50 
Found. 1.85 8.86 10.60 1.74 30 00 
Below guarantee. 0.14 
Guaranteed. 2.05 9 10 1.50 
Found. ent 8.25 9.88 2.02 28 00 
Pelow guarantee 0.75 
Guaranteed, 0.83 10 11 | 
Found. 1.00 9.47 11.09 ol 30 25 00 
Below guarantee. 7 0.53 
Guaranteed. 250 lie, uaa 22 
Found. 3.75 6.70 24.43 are 


180 Report oF THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutts or ANALYSES OF CommERCcIAL FrertmizErs Cot- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by 


bi 
oO 
A 2 
MANUFACTURERS. sraepineaneeny |, Local eae 
3 
a 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co., Fee hop aud Calverton. 1,859 
Buffalo, N. Y eer ieee 
; ; phate. 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co., Fopate, bop pe Rome. 1,909 
Buffalo, N. Y. sersmageme Ds #2 
} phate. 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,| Special bean fer- | Albion- UEC: 
Buffalo, N. Y.| — tilizer. 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,| Special potato | Albion. 1,987 
Buffalo, N. Y.| fertilizer. 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co.,| Vegetable bone | Calverton. 1,860 
Buffalo, N. Y.| fertilizer. Lyons. 2,004 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizer Co., Nake eis: and Albion. 1,978 
ButlowN. Wal, Do, peace 
bia Mage phate. 
Mittenmaier, Louis & Sons, Pride of America. | Rome. 1,905 
Rome, N. Y. 
Moller & Co., Champion No. 1. | Canarsie- 1,796 
Maspeth, L. I. 
Moller & Co., Champion No. 1. | Southold. 1,846 
Maspeth, L. I.| . 
Moller & Co., Champion No. 2. | Southold. 1,797 
Maspeth, L. I. 
Munroe, Lalor & Co., Canada hard- | Skaneateles- 2,034 
Oswego, N. Y. wood ashes. 
National Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated ) ¢outhold. 1,850 


Bridgeport, Conn. 


bone 
phate. 


phos- 


nnn ee EEE IEEE SIUESSSI EERE USIERS nS SSESSS SSSR 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 181 


LECTED IN New York Strate Dourine THE SPRING or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


. 2 

Pounds of | "available | total phos-_ | water-soluble | Retail sell- 

100 pounds of phosphoric : phoric acid in| potash in 100 | ing price 

Be ces ¢ [Oa a oa peanae ot poundsot | ea 
Guaranteed. 2.50 8 9 6 
Found. 2.48 8.81 10.11 5.18 $32 00 
Below guarantee. 0.02 0.82 
‘Guaranteed. 2.05 8 9 4 
Found. 1.85 8.10 9.49 3.60 39 00 
Below guarantee. 0.20 0.40 
Guaranteed. 0.83 10 il 4 
Found. 1.06 8.21 10.36 5.11 25 00 
Below guarantee. } 179 
Guaranteed. 1.65 8 10 8 31 00 
Found. 1.72 Sali 9.91. 8.02 

/ 
Guaranteed. 4.10 & 5 
Found. 3.76 9.68 11.45 4.25 37 00 
35 00 

Below guarantee. 0.34 0.75 
Guaranteed. 1.25 9 10 2 
Found. 1.24 9.01 10.70 ILM) 24 00 
Below guarantee. 0.01 0.01 
Guaranteed. PeGoR a WB 6 3 
Found. 0.77 1.78 3.24 3-61 28 00 
Below guarantee. 0.88 2.36 
Guaranteed. Bac Mie weseeae 7 6 
Found. 3.27 5.65 8.67 6.71 37 00 
Relow guarantee, 0.03 
Guaranteed. Seay we ase ces 9 
Found. 3.10 5.36 8.26 6.90 32 00 
Below guarantee. 0.20 0.74 
Guaranteed. ASTOR ay eae 7 5 
Found. 3.39 ayels) 8.73 seayi 37 00 
Below guarantee. 0.71 
eer) Molen.) 7408)! ate 
Guaranteed. 1.65 at 9 2 29 00 
Found. 1.81 10.81 11.82 2.49 


182 


RePorRT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutts or ANALYSES oF ComMmeERcIAL FERtTILIzERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as g uaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


ne 
o 
A = 
MANUFACTURER. Tea OE, ame ee 
s 
2 
National Fertilizer Co., Chittenden’scom-| East Marion. | 1,840 
Bridgeport, Conn.| plete fertilizer. 
National Fertilizer Co., Chittenden’s root | Queens. 1,827 
Bridgeport, Conn.| fertilizer. 
National Fertilizer Co., Fish and potash. | Mattituck. 1,872 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Horseshoe brand | Lyons. 1,996 
_ Chicago, Ill.| fine raw bone. 
Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Banos hse Lyons. 1,999 
Chicago, Ill. phate. 
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Domestic. Locke 2,016 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Golden Sheaf. Locke 2,017 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Great Value. Locke. 2,018 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., High farming fer- | Locke. 2,015 
Buffalo, N. Y.|  tilizer. 
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Potato and to- | Locke. 2,019 
Buffalo, N. Y.| bacco. 
Oneonta Fertilizer Co., Economical man- | Earlville. 1,944 
Oneonta, N. Y.| ure. 
pi RE A | Ret 
Oneonta Fertilizer Co., 1,948 


Oneonta, N. Y. 


Potato manure. | Earlvile. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 183 
LECTED IN New Yorxk Srate Dourine THe Sprinae or 1895. 
chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 

: TE d f P ds of, 124 d f 
eee availaole fGtal BDOR: scataraolenis Retail sell- 
inde’ of Beenie phone Bele porsal in rt ing price 
ate a i s ton. 
fertilizer. of forilizen! ‘of fortiliser:, vortilizer: ee a 
Guaranteed. 3.30 8 10 6 
Found. 3.65 7.63 9.88 6.77 $34 00 
Below guarantee. 0.37 
Guaranteed. 3.30 8 10 6 35 00 
Found. 3.67 8 10 6.04 
Guaranteed. 2290U. . aucaeers 8 4 28 00 
Found. 3.06 4.84 8.61 Bevo 
Guaranteed. SESOD |i t ieee 22 31 00 
Found. 4.15 4.99 23.69 
Guaranteed. 1.65 6 9 26 00 
Found. 1.70 T22 11254 | 
Guaranteed. 1.65 8 9 1.08 27 00 
Found. 1.94 8.53 8.87 1.24 
Guaranteed. 1-25 ai 8 1.90 
Found. . eG, 7.96 8.40 1.87 25 00 
Below guarantee. 0.03 
Guaranteed. 0.83 6 a 1.08 24 00 
Found. eal 6.98 Tat A!) 1.16 
Guaranteed. 1.85 8 9 2.45 Sigg 
- Found. 2223 7.21 8.88 2.67 29 00 
Below guarantee. 0.79 
Guaranteed. 2.50 6 7 4.32 
Found. 2.76 6.70 7.79 3.95 31 00 
Below guarantee. 0.37 
Guaranteed. 1.65 5 6 5 
Found. D2 S220 9.84 4.90 | 30 00 
Below guarantee. 0.10 
| 
Guaranteed. 3.70 7.50 8 Nee. 42 00 
Found. Bate 8.27 8.27 7.69 | 


184 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutts or ANALYSES OF ComMeERCIAL FErRtTrILIzERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by 


D 
2 
: 8 
MANUFACTURER. Beene ener: | Locals ga ealeae 
3 
a 
Oneonta Fertilizer Co., Success. Earlville. 1,942 
Oneonta, N. Y. 
Pacific Guano Co., Nobsque guano. | Oneida. 1,928 
New York City. 
Pacific Guano Co., Soluble Pacific | Oneida. 1,927 
New York City. guano. 
Phipps. Wm. W. & Co., Dissolved bone. | Albion. Oe 
Albion, N. Y. 
Eagle brand am- 
Phipps, Wm. W. & Co., moniated dis- | Albion. 1,976 
Albion, N. Y.} solved bone 
with potash. 
Tagle brand po- 
Phipps, Wm. W. & Co., tato, corn, fruit | Albion. 1,975 
Albion, N. Y.| and vine fer- 
tilizer. eas 
Eagle brand 
Phipps, Wm. W. & Co., super - phos- | Albion. 1,974 
Albion, N. Y.;} phate, with 
potash. 
Preston Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated bone} Queens. 1,825 
Greenpoint, L.I.} super-phos- 
phate, 
Preston Fertilizer Co., Potato fertilizer. | Queens. 1,826 
Greenpoint, L. I. 
Quinnipiac Co., Dissolved bone | Oneida. 1,922 
New York City.| and potash. 
Quinnipiac Co., Market garden | Jamaica. 1,808 
New York City.| manure. 
Quinnipiac Co., Mohegan brand. | Oneida. 1,921 


New York City. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


LECTED IN New York State Dorina THE Spring oF 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


185 


P. aalat Pounds of Pounds of Pounds o 
niieoe a ee available total phos- | water-soluble} Retail sell- 
100 pounds of | Pa RN | ean ccnds | Poourae oe | ing,price 
“ys acid in ey a ounds o er ton. 
fertilizer. of fertilizer. | of fartilizer. Tortilicer: P 
Guaranteed. 0.83 9 11 1 $27 00 
Found. 1.99 9.87 10.11 1.6 
Guaranteed. Tas 8 9 2 28 00 
Found. TL 8.21 10.79 2.08 
Guaranteed. 2.05 8 10 1.50 
Found. 1.85 8.20 10.41 2.39 32 00 
Below guarantee. 0.20 
Guaranteed. | 17.10 17.50 
Fonnd. 16.87 17-05 20 00 
Below guarantee. | 0.23 0.45 
' Guaranteed. 0.83 | ) 11 2 
Found. 0.87 15.60 15.60 1.94 28 00 
Below guarantee. | 0.06 
Guaranteed. 2.05 8 9 ‘dl 
Found. 2.06 8.69 11.56 6.50 36 00 
Below guarantee. 0.50 
Guaranteed. 11 13 2 24 00 
Found. 13.80 15.63 2.06 
Guaranteed. 2.50 Ce hes Sh (eta ee ee Dy) 
Found. 2.48 8.40 9.80 5 41 30 00 
Below guarantee. 0.02 0.60 
Guaranteed. 3.30 re ee 7 
Fonnd. 2.85 8.16 12.10 6.08 35 00 
Below guarantee. 0.45 0.92 
Guaranteed. TIC) ot > SAY | a i eae 25 00 
Found. 10.71 13.59 2222 
Guaranteed. 3.30 8 9 ze 
Found. 3.20 8.56 10.52 7.30 35 00 
Below guarantee. 0.10 
Guaranteed. 0.83 9 10 a 
Found. 1.34 7.91 10.35 3-15 28 00 
Below guarantee. 1.09 


186 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutts or ANALYSES OF CommeErcIAL Frrtitizers Cor- 


GUE Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by 


K 
Oo 
Trade na Locality wh a's 
MANUFACTURERS. brand a Semple wae’ ‘akon! s 5 
oS 
D 
Quinnipiae Co., Potato manure. | Southold. 1,844 
New York City. 
Read Fertilizer Co., Farmers’ friend. | Southold. 1,849 
New York City. 
Read Fertilizer Co., Farmers’ friend | Lyons. 2,006 
New York City.| superphosphate. 
Read Fertilizer Co., High grade farm-| Canastota. 1,936 
New York City. ers’ friend. : 
Read Fertilizer Co., J. H. Devin’s fer- | Utica. 1,895 
New York City. tilizer. 
Read Fertilizer Co., N.Y. State super-| Moravia. 1,953 
New York City.) phosphate. 
Read Fertilizer Co., Practical potato | Lyons. 2,005 
New York City.| — special. 
Read Fertilizer Co., Prime wheat fer- | Skaneateles. 2,035 
New York City.)  tilizer. 
Read Fertilizer Co., Standard phos- | Moravia. 1,952 
New York City.| phate. Lyons. 2,007 
Read Fertilizer Co., Vegetable and | Canastota. 1985. 
New York City.| vine fertilizer. 
Reese, John 8. & Co., Concentrated | Oneida. 1,929 
Baltimore, Md.| potato special 
manure. 
Reese, John S. & Co., Pilgrim fertilizer.| Oneida. 1,930 


Baltimore, Md, 


eo 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


LECTED IN New York Strate Dourine THE Spring or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


Guaranteed. 


Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee - 


Gnarauteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


187 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 


Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Below guarantee. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


‘ 


Below guarantee. 


Pounds of Pounds of 
available water-soluble | Retail sell- 
phosphoric potash in 100| ing price 
acid in 100 lbs. pounds of per ton. 
fertilizer. fertilizer. 
6 5 
Seo 6.62 $33 00 
49 
7 
64 7.80 33 00 
36 
2 
.87 2.28 30 00 
13 
0 
aa Dhan) eae 
"0.26 
2 
-68 2255 23 00 
2 
9.18 2.31 25 00 
3 
4.90 7.04 30 00 
0.96 
4 
8.31 3.76 929 00 
0.24 i 
4 25 00 
8.15 4.10 26 00 
8 
5.47 8.20 
0.53 
7.50 
3.47 8.01 36 00 
z 
6.50 2.92 
0.08 


188 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutrs or ANALYSES OF ComMMERCIAL FrErRtILIizERs CoxL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


MANUFACTURER. 


Trade name or 
brand. 


Locality where 
sample was taken’ 


Shoemaker & Co., Swift-sure bone | Riverhead. 
Philadelphia, Pa.| meal. 
Swift-sure super- ; 
Shoemaker & Co. : Riverhead. 
’ Philadelphia, Pa.| Phosphate for 
potatoes. 
Standard Fertilizer Co., rAC?sbrand: Oneida. 
Boston, Mass. 
Standard Fertilizer Co., Bone and potash.| Oneida- 
Boston, Mass. 
Standard Fertilizer Co., Complete  ma- | Bridgehampton. 
Boston, Mass-| nure. Oneida. 
Standard Fertilizer Co., Empire State. Oneida. 
Boston, Mass. 
Standard Fertilizer Co., Hop special. Oneida. 
Boston, Mass. 
Standard Fertilizer Co., Fptateg gree Bridgehampton. 
Boston, Mass. pe Oneida. 
izer. 
Standard Fertilizer Co., Standard fertil- | Oneida. 
Boston, Mass. izer. 
Standard Fertilizer Co., Standard guano. | Oneida. 
Boston, Mass. 
Stappenbeck, H., Bone superphos- | Utica. 
Utica, N. Y.| phate. 
Swift & Co., Ground steamed | Oneida. 


Chicago, Ill]. 


bone. 


Station 
number. 


1,894 


1,933 


Ss 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 189 


LECTED IN New York Sratre Durine THE Sprina or 1895. 


- chemical analysis at this Station. Result expressed in parts per hundred. 


Padndsio£ Pounds of Pounds of Pounds o 
' aeons available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 
. Oo pounds of | Phosphoric | phoric acid | potash in 100 ing price 
+). aci Ale | u ds 
fertilizer. | CP fertilizer. | of fertilizer. | ‘fertilizer. gli 
Guaranteed. ATO} |, he ft ase 20 
Found. 5.79 7.76 22.04 $32 00 
Guaranteed . 2.50 Sry NRT! 5c aus 5 33 00 
Found. 2.15 8.46 14.19 7.14 
Guaranteed. 0.83 7 9 if 24 00 
Found. 107 7.50 8.69 2.93 
Guaranteed. 9 12 2.50 
Feund. 9.59 12 22 9 54 23 00 
Guaranteed. 3.30 8 9 a 
Found. 3222 8.02 10.28 7.69 38 00 
38 00 
Below guarantee. 0.08 
Guaranteed. 0.83 4 10 8 33 00 
Found. 1.65 GLTd 6.94 10.25 
Guaranteed. 1.65 8 9 4.30 
Found. 2:23 5.97 9.10 7.34 32 00 
Below guarantee. 2.03 
Guaranteed. 2.05 8 9 3 36 00 
Found. 2.24 8.81 10.72 SED 35 00 
Guaranteed. 2 05 8 10 2 
Found. GAS 7.66 10.24 Paral 31 00 
Below guarantee. 0.34 
Guaranteed - 1.00 8 10 2 
Found. 0.87 8.02 9.62 2.87 27 00 
Below guarantee. OAS 
Guaranteed. 2.05 Ose Ii i er 2 
Found. 2.01 11.74 Ue} 2.36 25 00 
Below guarantee. 0.04 
Guaranteed. Ce ee 24 ote 
Found. 3.29 6.76 25.61 30 00 
Below guarantee. 0.01 


190 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resvutts oF ANALYSES OF ComMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS 


Co.- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and found by - 


Promised Land, N. Y. 


u 
i?) 
2 
Trad Localit h 
MANUFACTURER. “brand. | sample was taken. | 25 
s 
a 
Swift & Co., Pure bone tank- | Albion. 1,981 
Chicago, Ill.| age- 
Swift & Co., Pure raw bone | Oneida- 1,932 
Chicago, fll. meal. Albion. 1,982 
Tavender Soap Co., Concentrated | Utica. 1,899 
Utica, N.Y. tankage. 
Thomas, I. P. & Son Co., : i pares Jamaica. 1,810 
Philadelphia, Pa. phate. 
Thomas, I. P- & Son Co., Normal bone | Jamaica. 1,809 
Philadelphia, Par phosphate. 
Thomas, I. P- & Son Co., Potato manure. | Jamaica. 1,811 
Philadelphia, Pa. Greenport. 1,838 
‘Thomas, I. P. & Son Co., Tip top raw bone | Greenport. 1,839 
Philadelphia, Pa. phate. ears 
Thompson & Edwards Fertilizer Co.,| Blood and bone | Lockport. 1,967 
Chicago, Ill. animal guano. 
Thompson & Edwards Fertilizer Co.,} Pure fine ground | Lockport- 1,966 
Chicago, II]- bone. 
Thompson & Edwards Fertilizer Co.,| Vegetable and | Lockport- 1,968 
Chicago, Ill.| potato grower. 
Tuthill, HE. & Co., Ground scrap. Greenport. 1,857 
Promised Land, N- Y. 
Tuthill, E. & Co., No. 1 fertilizer. | Northville. 1,868 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 191 


LECTED IN New York Strate Dvurine THE Sprine or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


P ds! of Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 
‘shee 9 available total phos- | water-soluble! Retail sell- 
100 Set oF phosphoric | phoric acid in| potash in i100 | ing price 
fectiliz S OF | acid in 100 Ibs.} 100 pounds of pounds of per ton. 
erulizer. | of fertilizer. | fertilizer. fertilizer. 
Guaranteed. = AOE ita = ese iby 
Found. 6.31 6.53 16.85 $31 00 
Below guarantee. 0.15 
Guaranteed. SOR ie a bose 23 30 00 
Found. - 4.05 5.37 25.42 33 00 
Guaranteed. 4.10 2 8 2 
Found. 1.07 0.95 3.40 1.07 25 00 
Below guarantee. 3.03 1.05 4.60 0.93 
Guaranteed. . 1.65 SEBO eee 2 
Found. ST 9.25 11.14 3-22 39 00 
Below guarantee. 0.28 0.25 
Guaranteed. ill S250 io ote eee 1.50 
Found. 0.98 | 9.25 10.49 2.39 98 00 
Below guarantee. 0.04 
Guaranteed. "2.50 “41-24 6 35 00 
Found. 2.60 10.26 6.47 36 00 
Guaranteed. 2.50 LOPS Fa fe aeseee 2.15 
Found. 3.04 9.33 11.238 3.94 36 00 
Below guarantee. 0.67 
Gnaranteed- eS aliiicin etree 10 
Found. 2.11 5.03 16.75 27 00 
Below guarante: | 3.24 
Guaranteed. DESOMImi eer otce 22 
Found. 2.67 6.22 19.76 27 00 
Below guarantee. 2.24 
Guaranteed 2.50 6 14 3.25 
Found. 1.40 4.10 14.81 2.85 32 00 
Below guarantee. Ua, 1.90 0.40 
‘Guaranteed. $20) lparateen =e 6 
Found. 8.55 3.66 6.28 27 00 
‘Guaranteed. 4.10— SAM WL leceace 10 
Found. 3.86 8.15 9.15 9.74 32 00 
Below guarantee. 0.24 0.26 


192 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resvutts or ANALYSES oF ComMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by 


Hu 
o 
2 2 
MANUFACTURER. Pec meer || Lean eee 
J @ 
n 
Tuthill, E. & Co., Special fertilizer-| Greenport. 1,856 
Promised Land, N. Y- 
Tuthill, E. & Co., Webb’s potato| New Suffolk. | 1,878 
Promised Land; N. Y. fertilizer. 
Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., Cabbage manure.| Flatbush. 1,795 
Philadelphia, Pa- Hollis. 1,820 
Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., Potato manure. | Flatbush. 1,794 
Philadelphia, Pa- Hollis. 1,819 
Tygert-Allen Fertilizer Co., Special potato | Southold. 1,847 
Philadelphia, Pa- manure. 
Walker Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated Albion. 1,984 
Clifton Springs, N. Y- phosphate. 
Walker Fertilizing ©: Potato and vege- | Albion. 1,983 
Clifton Springs, N. Y- table grower. 
Wheeler, M. E. & Co., Grass and oats | Oneida. 1,924 
Rutland, Vt- fertilizer. 
Wheeler, M. E. & Co., High grade corn | Oneida. 1,923 
Rutland, Vt- fertilizer- 
Wheeler, M. E. & Co., High grade po- | Oneida. 1,925 
Rutland, Vt. tato manure. 
Williams & Clark Feitilizer Co., Americus brand | Flatlands. 1,789 
New York City-|high grade special.| Jamaica. 1,806 
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Potato phosphate-| Jamaica. 1,807 
New YorkCty- Southold. 1,845 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


193 


LECTED IN New York Strate Durine THE Sprine or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


Results expressed in parts per hundred- 


ale d f Pound f ie ds of 
Pounds a rutable fotal poe: SatcEOtnie Retail sell- 
eee if f phosphorle | phoric acid in| potash in 100| ing price 
al a of Fel acid in 100 lbs./100 pounds of} pounds of | per ton. 
Laas of fertilizer. fertilizer. fertilizer. 
Guaranteed. 4.10 Seagy || Mote, Aare: 10 
Found. 4.49 6.21 8.26 11.55 $28 00 
Below guarantee. i'76) 
Guaranteed. 3.30 Cat shen » RAS 8 
Found. 4.00 6.36 (ete) 9.09 29 00 
Below guarantee. 0.64 
Guaranteed - 3.30 7 9 5 36 00 
Found. 3.63 8.46 10 5.28 35 00 
Guaranteed. 3.30 6 9 9 36 00 
Found. 3.40 6.53 7.19 9.04 35 00 
Guaranteed. 2.05 GPiliee te eens 6 31 00 
Found 2.18 Teal 8.58 Weald 
Guaranteed ie 1265 8 
Found. 1.65 UftcOnl Meme Soto 1 
9.84 1.51 ze 80 
Below guarantee. 0.13 
Guaranteed. 2.50 Cree See 7 
Found. 2.34 5.54 8.06 6.32 28 00 
Below guarantee. 0.16 0.46 0.68 
Guaranteed. LOM. foes. 2 
Found. | 10.92 14.03 2.11 26 00 
Guaranteed . 1.65 Se li i eee 2 39 00 
Found. 1.86 8.12 10.78 2.37 x 
Guaranteed. 2.05 8 9 BTS 39 00 
Found. 1e97)| 9.11 10.54 Aaic 
Below guarantee. 0.08 | 
Guaranteed. oD i 8 34 00 
Found. 2.97 ve 9.84 6.99 40 00 
Below guarantee. 0.75 | ‘ ir 
Guaranteed. 2.50 6 7 6 
Found. 2.72 | 5.85 9.20 deos 34 00 
33 00 
Below guarantee. 0.15 


et 
te 


194 Report of THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutts oF ANALYSES OF ComMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CorL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


i 
o 
2 
Trade nameor Locality wh 
MANUFACTURER. brand. i pane Pasta 85 
SE 
3 
Zell Guano Co., Dissolved bone | Canandaigua. | 1,992 
Baltimore, Md. phosphate. 
Zell Guano Co., Electric phos- | Canandaigua. | 1,991 
Baltimore, Md.| phate. 
nt 
Zell Guano Co., Hop manure. Canandaigua. | 1,993 
Baltimore, Md. 
Zell Guano Co., Potato grower. Moravia. 1,956 
Baltimore, Md. 
Zell Guano Co., Special compound| Canandaigua. | 1,994 
Baltimore, Md.| for vegetables. 
Not given. Animal fertilizer, | Greenport. 1,835 
“A” brand. 
Not given. Animal fertilizer, | Greenport. 1,836 
‘(B” brand. 5 
Not given. Animal fertilizer, | Greenport. 1,837 
“aC. brand: 
Not given. Carpenter’s special] Jamaica. 1,813 
fertilizer for cab- 
bage. 
Not given. Carpenter’s special] Jamaica. 1,812 
fertilizer for peas 
and beans. 
Not given. Carpenter’s speeial| Jamaica. 1,890 
fertilizer for po- 
tatoes. 
Not given. Grain, special] Honeoye Falls-| 1,938 
Woz 


ee 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 
' 


LECTED IN New York State During THE Spring or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


195 


Pounds of ni-| Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 
trogen in 100 | _@Vailable total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 
pounds of fer- phosphoric | phoric acidin| potash in 100} ng price 
Gilizor acid in 100 Ibs. | 100 pounds of pounds of per ton. 
‘ of fertilizer. fertilizer. fertilizer. 
Guaranteed. 13 15 
Found. 15.51 16.48 $20 00 
Guaranteed. 10 12 2 22 60 
Found. 12.11 14.99 2.44 
Guaranteed. 10 12 8 
Found. 12.66 13.54 1.34 26 00 
Below guarantee. 0.66 
Guaranteed. 0.83 8 10 4 24 60 
Found. 1.02 8.62 10.51 7.08 rs 
Guaranteed. 2.50 8 10 4 35 00 
Found. 3.16 9.28 10.05 at2 2 
Guaranteed. 2EOO0 i | Vescisce 10 7 36 00 
Found. 2.91 8.56 13.26 8.25 
Guaranteed. ShRUF Wa scence 10 5 
9 
Found. 3.09 es 13.52 6.19 36 00 
Below gnarantee. 0.61 
Guaranteed. ALD Seo eee 8 10 
9 D) 
Found. 3.19 5.82 10.87 9.42 36 00 
Below guarantee. 0.91 a 0.5 
Guaranteed. | 4.50 i a a 6.50 
Found. | 3.34 8.02 10.43 7.18 Be 
35 00 
Below guarautee. | a6 
Guaranteed. } 2.50 8 10 2, 
Found. 2.54 10.20 13.36 2.60 30 00 
Guaranteed, 3.70, a eee 6.50 
Found. 3.19 eb) 12.29 6.77 sie 
} oo 00 
Below guarantee.) 0.51 z 
Guaranteed. 0.83. Can Riis oe: = 4 
Found. 0.79 8.60 9.67 4.91 96 00 
0.04 0.40 


Below guarantee. 


t 


196 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resvutts or ANALYSES OF ComMERCIAL FrErRtTILizERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


Trade name or 


MANUFACTURER. Brande 
Not given. Grain special 
No. 2. 
Not given. Special potato 
manure. 
Star raw bone 
Not given. superphos- 
phate. 
Not given. The Victor spe- 


cial formula. 


Locality where 
sample was taken. 


Honeoye Falls 


Honeoye Falls. 


East Williston. 


Cutchogue. 


number. 


1,829 


1,873 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 197 
LECTED In New Yorx Strate Dorine tHe Serine or 1895. 
chemical analysis at this Station. Results ecpressed in parts per hundred. 

P Pounds of | P dsofto-| P ds of 

POnADe oF ne Lvallable “tal nhc WEtelablible Retail sell- 

evoide: of | Phosphoric | phoric acid | potash in 100| ing price 
Guaranteed. 0.84 Tak. TAs Soe: ee 5 $26 00 
Found. 1.02 Tat 9.34 6.89 
Guaranteed. 2.50 Pea B ye ie « tees OFT ee Oe Zi 
Found. QT 6.73 8.41 8.09 36 00 
Below guarantee. 0.33 0.27 
Guaranteed. SOUL ene 8 10 
Found. 33518) 3.24 9.05 4.33 33.00 
Below guarantee. 0.17 5.67 
Guaranteed. 3.30 One, eee 8 
Found. 3.04 10.29 10.29 8.72 35 00 
Below guarantee, 0.26 


198 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


XVI. Analyses of Fertilizers Collected During the Fall of 1895. 


SumMArRyY oF Resuuts or ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZERS COLLECTED 
Duorine THE Fatt or 1895. 


During the fall of 1895, there were collected 288 samples of com- 
mercial fertilizers, representing 182 different brands. 

Of these 182 different brands, 133 contained nitrogen varying in 
amount from 0.10 to 5 per cent. The average of all the guarantee- 
analyses was 1.60 per cent. of nitrogen, while the average amount 
found by the Station analysis was 1.75 per cent. 

There were 181 brands which contained available phosphoric acid, 
varying in amount from 5.56 to 16.81 per cent. The average amount 
of available phosphoric acid found by Station analysis exceeded the 
average guarantee-analysis by 0.85 per cent., the average of all the 
guarantee-analyses being 9.12 per cent. and the average actually 
found being 9.97 per cent. 

There were 153 brands which contained potash, varying from 0.55 
to 49.02 per cent. The average amount of potash found by our 
analysis exceeded the average guarantee-analysis by 0.33 per cent., 
the average of all the guarantee-analyses being 2.75 per cent., and 
the average actually found being 3.08 per cent. 

The retail price of the brands analyzed varied from $16 to $48 a 
ton and averaged $26.70. 

Of the 182 different brands collected, 76 were below the manu- 
facturer’s guarantee-analysis in one or more constituents, in amounts 
varying from 0.01 to 2.91 per cent. 

The amount of nitrogen was below the guarantee-analysis of the 
manufacturer in 27 brands, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 1.15 
per cent. and averaging 0.18 per cent. In 24 of the 27 brands, the 
deficiency was not greater than 0.25 per cent.; in 1 brand, it was 
over 0.25 and below 0.50 per cent.; in 1 brand, it was over 0.50 and 
below 1 per cent.; in 1 brand, the deficiency was slightly over 1 per 
cent. 

The amount of phosphoric acid was below the manufacturer’s 
guarantee-analysis in 33 brands, the deficiency varying from 0.02 to 
2.91 per cent. and averaging 0.58 per cent. In 14 of the 33 brands, 
the deficiency was less than 0.25 per cent. ; in 10 cases, it was above 
0.25 and below 0.50 per cent.; in 2 brands, it was above 0.50 and 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 199 


below 1 per cent. ; in 2 brands, the deficiency was above 1 and below 
2 per cent. ; in 3 brands, it was above 2 and below 3 per cent. 

The amount of potash was below the manufacturer’s guarantee- 
analysis in 30 different brands, the deficiency varying from 0.01 to 
1.55 per cent. and averaging 0.43 per cent. In 14 of the 30 brands, 
the deficiency was below 0.25 per cent.; in 5 brands, it was above 
0.25 and below 0.50 per cent.; in 7 brands, it was above 0.50 and 
below 1 per cent.; in 4 brands, the deficiency was above 1 and 
below 2 per cent. 


200 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS COL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by 


—— 


E 
2 
F 2 
MANUFACTURER, mig aeinoigs iy Toca eee 
3 
a 
. Florida ground | Johnsonburg. | 2,252 
fia R I. L. Co. i 
5, aa as ta Syracuse, INE Yes bone Su BO ic 
ash. 
Allentown Manufacturing Co., Complete bone | Fayette. 2,114 
Allentown, Pa.| phosphate. 
Allentown Manufacturing Co., Lehigh phos- | Fayette. 2,113 
Allentown, Pa.| phate. 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Acid phosphate. | Le Roy. 2,185 
Boston and New York. Wyoming. 2,204 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Alkaline bone. Romulus. 2,053 
Boston and New York. 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated dis- Wes Biree 
Boston and New York.| solved bone. Wharsane: 2190 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Farm and garden | Le Roy. eige 
Boston and New York.| phosphate. 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Fresh ground | Warsaw. 2,188 
Boston and New York.} bone. 
‘ 2 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Hill and drill. Boe aia 
. =) 
Boston and New York. aa 27187 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Kinne’s selected | Ovid. 2,070. 
Boston and New York.| fertilizers. 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Lawn and garden | Binghamton. 2,144 
Boston and New York.| dressing. Batavia. 2,260 
Stockbridge ma- 
Bowker Fertillzer Co., nure for flowers | Syracuse. 2,097 


ani divs moealel 
fruits. 


Boston and New York. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 201 


LECTED IN NEW YORK STATE DURING THE FALL OF 1895, 


chemical analysis at this Station, Results expressed in parts per hundred. +t) 


| 
: A iz ds of |P ds of to-| P ds of 
SU ance erailable el Poet ea or-aOlinle Retail sell- 
heat orf phosphoric | phoricacidin} potash in 100 | ing price 
Er tilize ®l | acid in 100 lbs. | 100 pounds of | poundsof fer-| per ton. 
eda of fertilizer. | fertilizer. tilizer. 
GnarantecuMmeerini wl mwet}) “ese. 16 3.50 
Found. 5.60 18.20 2.91 $24 00 
Below guarantee. 0.59 Iw“ F 
Guaranteed. 1.65 12 16 2 
Found. 1.40 9.09 15.54 2.23 33 00 
Below guarantee. 0.25 2.91 
Guaranteed. 0.80 ul 8 2 
Found. 0.74 C)SCes 14.47 0.55 27 00 
Below guarantee. 0.06 . 1.45 
Guaranteed. 11 13 22 00 
Found.  .- 13.44 15.79 
Guaranteed. ; 11 12 1 
Found. 10.91 16.22 | 1.19 24 00 
Below guarantee. 0.09 | 
Guaranteed. 1.50 8 10 2 
Found. 1.26 8.53 14 2.07 29 00 
28 00 
Below guarantee. 0.24 | 
Guaranteed. 1.60 shoe te] Sap eoeeaee | 2 cp 
Found. 1.43 7.87 13.81 1.93 27 00 
Below guarantee. 0.17 0.13 | 0.07 
Guaranteed. 2.50 5 18 
Found. 2.60 13.28 19.46 
= | 
Guaranteed. 2 8 10 2 30 00 
Found. 2 8.39 iil atts: 2.54 35 00 
___ 30 00 
Guaranteed. 1 9 11 2.50 
Found. 0.94 9.70 13.80 2.60 23 00 
Below guarantee. 0.06 
Guaranteed. 3.25 6 8 5 
Found. 3-75 (Shh 9.47 4.95 48 00 
Below guarantee. | 0.05 
Guaranteed. 2.50 6 tf 4 42 00 
Found. 2.66 10.64 | 12.80 5.38 


902 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


1 


Resutts oF ANALYSES oF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


Hu 
Oo 
‘ 2 
MANUFACTURER. ae Peers [LE 
oS 
77) 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Stockbridge spe- | Batavia. 2,259 
Boston and h New York.| cial. 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Sure crop. Waterloo. 2,052 
Boston and New York. Farmer. 2,072 
Batavia. 2,257 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Tecumseh O IO Warsaw. 2,189 
Boston and New York Bowe Dos ; 
x ‘| phate. 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Tobacco grower. | Syracuse. 2,099 
Boston and New York. 
Bowker Fertilizer Co., Tobacco phos- | Syracuse. 2,098 
Boston and Nee York. phate. 
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Acid phosphate. | Warsaw. 2,196 
Boston, Mass. 
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Alkaline bone. Geneva. 2,036 
Boston, Mass. 
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Ammoniated dis- | Waterloo. 2,042 
Boston, Mass.} solved bone. Warsaw. 2,194 
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Dissolved bone. | Warsaw. 2,195 
Boston, Mass. 
Bradley, Fertilizer Co., Farmers’ new | Geneva. 2,038 
Boston, Mass. method. Le Roy. 2,181 
Warsaw. 2,192 
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Fruit and vine. Geneva. 2,039 
Boston, Mass. 
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Niagara phos- | Waterloo. 2,041 
Boston, Mass.| phate. Attica. 2,242 


aaa 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 203 
LECTED IN New York Strate During tHE Farr or 1895. 
chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 
J 
. iP ds of 42 ds of 1e ds of 
Fou sake available fotal phow! water solunl Retail sell- 
ie alot phosphoric | phoric acid | potashin 100 | ing price 
Nereiinen acid in 100 lbs.| in 100 pounds | pounds of per ton. 
. of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. fertilizer. 
Guaranteed. 3.25 6 8 Tie 
Found. 3.70 7.57 10.96 6.97 $40 00 
Below guarantee. 0.03 
‘Guaranteed. 0.75 
Found. 0.68 8 10 1 26 00 
9.50 12232 1.07 24 00 
Below guarantee. 0.07 26 00 
Guaranteed. th 3) 
Found 14.34 14.87 
Guaranteed. 2.50 7 9 4 42 00 
Found. 2-71. 9.88 12.93 4.24 
Guaranteed. 1.25 8 9 1.10 35 00 
Found. 1.37 9.40 11.34 1 37/ 
‘Guaranteed. 10 11 20 00 
Found. 11.89 12.50 
“Guaranteed. 11 12 2.45 
Found. 10.69 13.76 2.96 25 00 
Below guarantee. 0.31 
Guaranteed. 1.65 {i 8 1 
Found. 1.61 7.96 10.67! AB) a eee 
30 00 
Below guarantee. 0.04 
Guaranteed. 12 13 22 00 
Found. 12.44 14.93 
Guaranteed. 0.80 8 10 py 3) 28 00 
Found. 1.09 8.71 1Oz3L | 2.28 24 00 
28 00 
Guaranteed. 2.05 | 8 10 5.40 
Found. 2.15 8.31 12.59 -20 39 00 
Below guarantee. 1.20 
‘Guaranteed. 0.80 Tf 8 gO) | es Se eee 
Found. 0.81 7.34 10.19 1.28 23 00 


204 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resvutts or ANALYSES OF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by mauufacturers, and as found by 


Boston and New York. 


and potash. 


o 
2 
: Trad Locality wh 8 
MANUFACTURER. er on) eee Sea 
8 
D 
va Patent super- | Geneva. 2,037 
Bradley Fertilizer Co., al phosphate of | Le Roy. 2180 
CB OR eos Aslimes Warsaw. 2,193 
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Sea fowl guano. | Attiea. 2,243 
Boston, Mass. 
»_—____ 
: K y ie 
Chemical Co. of Canton, ae aoe peeciat Groton. 2,14t 
: < ra ) 9 7 
Baltimore, Md. grass. Perry. 2,230 
| 
Chemical Co. of Canton, Resurgam guano.| Perry. 2,228 
Baltimore, Md. 
a 
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Alkaline bone. Perry. 2,213 
Boston and New York. 
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Atlas bone phos- | Perry. 2,214 
Boston and New York. phate. 
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Bay State. MacDougall. 2,109 
Boston and New York. 
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Defiance com- | Union Springs. | 2,121 
Boston and New York.| plete manure. | East Avon. 2,291 
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Great Planet “A” | Owego. 2,159 
Boston and New York.| manure. 
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., King Philip al- ; MacDougall. 
Boston and New York.| _kaline guano. 
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Potato phos- | Owego. 
Boston and New York.) phate. East Avon. 
Clark’s Cove Fertilizer Co., Triumph bone | Union Springs. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 205 


LECTED IN New York Srate Durine THE FA or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 
available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sel- 
phosphoric | phoric acid in| potash in 100} ling price 


Pounds of 
nitrogen in 


100 ds of ae : _ 
fertilizer.” "oftorilizer: | fevalizer.” | Eonitzer. | P* “™ 
‘Guaranteed. 2.05 8 10 1.50 $31 00 
Found. 2.05 8.90 11.85 2.02 27 00 
32 00 
Guaranteed. 2.05 8 10 1.50 28 00 
Found, 2.22 8.48 10.95 1.56 
Guaranteed. i 0.80 9 11 P 
Found. 0.99 10.29 12.86 1.81 26 00 
25 00 
Below guarantee. f 0.19 
Guaranteed. Oy hres oO | ee 2 
Found. j 1.50 9.03 11.98 1.92 26 00 
Below guarantee. 0.08 
Guaranteed. 1 8 9 2 24 00 
Found. 1.06 8.49 10.59 2.39 
‘Guaranteed. 13 14 16 00 
Found. 13.31 14.43 
Guaranteed. 2.45 9 10 2 
Found. 2.36 9.56 111-55 215 31 00 
Below guarantee. 0.09 
Guaranteed. 0.80 6 8 2 26 00 
Found. 1.02 9.63 12.27 2.64 25 00 
Guaranteed. 3.30 8 9 fl 
Found. 3.36 8.50 10.03 6.31 42 00 
Below guarantee. 0.69 
Guaranteed. i155) 6 V7 3 27 00 
Found. il als 6.12 8.40 3.19 
Guaranteed. 2.45 6 7 5 36 00 
Found PHATE 6.73 9.60 5.27 35 00 
Guaranteed. “Tan 7 23 00 


2 
Found. 11.56 13.62 2.48 


206 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutts or ANALYSES OF ComMMERCIAL FerErtinizErs Coi- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


5 
r 2 
MANUFACTURER, mat cream Merete |e 
e 
nD 
; Aurora. 2,118. 
E. Frank Coe Co., a bee Alkaline bone. Wiarsnie 27197 
zs : Daws. 2,287 
E. Frank Coe Co., Dissolved bone | MacDougall. 2,110 
New York.} and potash. Daws. 2,289 
E. Frank Coe Co., Matchless grain See orden 
New York.| fertilizer. fa 2 y 
Daws. 2,288 
Ralston’s Knick- | Aurora. 2,117 
E. Frank Coe Co., ees erbocker phos- , 
‘| phate. 
E. Frank Coe Co., Soluble bone. MacDougall. 2,112 
New York. 
Standard grade 
E. Frank Coe Co., amm oniated MacDougall. sul 
New York.| bone super- 
phosphate. ie eh 
: XXV ammoniat- } Aurora. 2,120 
E. Frank Coe Co., New Mork ed bone super- | Warsaw. 2 199 
‘| phosphate. 

: 1: ‘ : Ammoniated | Cato. 2,124 
Crocker Fertilizer ands y Hous ae bone super- | Elba. 2) 266 
oe ry phosphate. 

ie) TEE aR en eee evan ee Bane pene SD 
“3 : Ammoniated | Perry. 2, 225: 
Crocker Fertilizer fod Ebeucal Oey scactical fae Ribas 27973 
Sea tia per-phosphate. 
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemieal Co., A a, oniated | West Fayette. 2,065 
Buffalo. N.Y. wheat and corn | Le Roy. 2,169 
i phosphate. Perry. 2,223 
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,) Bone black. Batavia. 2,261 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,| Cereal p hos- | Lima. 2,306 


Buffalo, N. Y. 


phate. 


I New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


207 


LEcTEeD In New York State Durine THE Fat or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


P. dslot Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 
‘ounds 0 available total phos- | water-soluble| Retail sel- 
Aepound ont Phosphoric phorie acid in potash in 100 ling price 
uw) id in 1 4 S ton. 
Reriilizers 0) oe peeuiizer |i tertiizer | |) fertiliser, |) 07 Som 
Guaranteed. 1 9 ala $26 00 
Found. 1.14 10253 12.98 26 00 
25 00 
Guaranteed. 12 15 
Found. 12.08 14.33 24 00 
22 00 
Below guarantee. 
Guaranteed. 0.65 ala 12 
Found. 0.87 10.85 14.06 24 00 
24 00 
Below guarantee. 0.15 23 00 
Guaranteed. 1.50 9 27 00 
Found. ileal 10.45 12.76 
Guaranteed. 13 15 Te 
Found. 12.98 15.12 17,00 
Below guarantee. 0.02 
Guaranteed. 1.60 8 29 00 
Found. 1.73 10.35 12.29 
Guaranteed. il 8 i) i! 24 00 
Found. 1226 11.60 13.62 1.18 24 00 
Guaranteed. 2.90 10 11 1.08 
Found. 2.13 10.81 11.26 1.45 1 00 
- 30 00 
Below guarantee. 0.17 
Guaranteed. -82 8 8 1 25 00 
Found. 1.05 8.95 10.90 ag, 24 00 
Guaranteed. 2 10 131 1.60 
Found. 1.82 ae OZ 12.21 1.98 30 00 
28 00 
Below guarantee. 0.18 28 00 
Guaranteed. Gia ine |) xe 20 50 
Found. 16.81 16.81 
| 
Guaranteed. 0.83 | 8 8 3.24 | 
Found. 1.10 | (aa5 11.38 5.67 | 25 00 
0.65 


Below guarantee. 


208 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutts oF ANALYysES oF CommerRcIAL FERTILIZERS 


CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


Hi 
One 
2 
Trade name or Locality where a 
MANUFACTURER. brand. camila wean g 3 
s 
s 
Crocker Fertilizer and Cae Ce Crocker’s phos- | Geneseo. 2,317 
uffalo, N. Y. phate. 
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,| Muriate of potash.| Batavia. 2,262 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
| ay ee : : New rival ammo-| West Fayette. | 2,063 
Crocker Fertilizer and Cee niated super-| Le Roy. | 2” 168 
edt phosphates Perry. 2,224 
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.) POU. )9P, 30") Elba. | 2,272 
Buttalo, N- Y. phate. 
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,| Special potato] Perry. 2,227 
Buffalo, N. Y. manure. 
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co.,| Universal grain| West Fayette. | 2,064 
Buffalo, N. Y.| grower. 
Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Co., Vegetable bone Perry. 2,226 
Buffalo. N.Y super-phes- ) 
Crate ee a) phate. 
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Phenix. Attica. 2,238 
Syracuse, N. Y. 
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Soluble bone. Attica, 2,237 
Syracuse, N.Y. 
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Sueard ammo") Syracuse. 2,086 
Gopncnsen Na niated bone- 
y i: sie phosphate: 
Farmers’ Fertilizer Co., Standard special] Syracuse. 2,087 
Syracuse, N. Y. formula. 
Florida Manufacturing Co., Hrortda ee be sa Syracuse. 2,088 
Syracuse, N.Y.) 33, P Attica. 2,236 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


LECTED IN New Yor«k State Durine tHe Fay or 1895. 


209 


chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of : 
nitrogen in available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 
100 pounds of phosphoric | phoric acid | potash in 100 | ing price 
fertilizer acid in 100 lbs.| in 100 pounds | pounds of per ton. 
; of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. fertilizer. 
Guaranteed. 1223 10 ui 1.76 
Found. 1.38 10.14 12.35 1.92 $28 00 
‘Cimim Sii@elest we TE Me Me ee | ee es ii bill SI) bee Ee Sete 
Found. 49.02 43 00 
Guaranteed. 1.20 10 alal 1.60 2s re 
Found. 1.36 10.14 12/21 1.86 ae 
26 00 
Guaranteed. 2 10 11 3.20 30 00 
Found. 2.18 10.29 11.41 3.40 
Guaranteed. 3.70 8 9 5.40 
Found. 3.45 8.36 8.67 6.59 38 00 
Below guarantee. 0.25 
Guaranteed. 0.82 7 8 2.70 
Found. 0.99 6.64 10.22 Salle 26 00 | 
Below guarantee. 0.36 
Guaranteed. 5 6 7 5 OL 
Found. 5 6.16 6.91 6.84 40 00 
‘Guaranteed. 1.25 Car ey “Ses 1.60 
Found. 0.10 6.97 Uaale/ 2.81 23 00 
Below guarantee. 1.15 
Guaranteed. 6 7.50 1 
Found. 6.37 6.56 2.89 21 00 
Guaranteed. 0.80 alat 3.25 
Found, 0.79 8 12 11.34 4.10 
Below guarantee. 0.01 0.88 
Guaranteed. 0.80 8 10 25 
Found. 0.72 7.97 10.45 2.32 
Below guarantee. 0.08 0.03 
GiTEA HO aire (a0 | ee | a 16 3.25 
Found. Wee 14.43 AOS |pMie Asay. Se 
20 00 
Below guarantee. 1.57 


14 


210 Report or tHE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutts oF ANALYSES OF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS 


Cot- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by. 


5 
2 
7) TT aT d L lit: h [=] a 
MANUFACTURER, Pag emerpere|, touley a Mae 
; os) 
a 
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., English wheat | Elba. 2,268 
New York.| grower. Oakfield. 286 
: a ae ; Oats, buckwheat 
Great Eastern Fertilizer ea is and seed tenis (oon: 2,314 
j lizer. 
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Pure fine ground | Syracuse. 2,094 
New York.| bone. 
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Soluble bone and | Syracuse. 2,091 
New York.} potash. 
| , 
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., peecale, Mas Syracuse. 2,093 
New York. fertilizer: Avon. 2,313 
Great Eastern Fertilizer Co., Wheat special. Pyrpens: pices 
New York. Broa yi 
Oak field. 2,284 
George L. Harding, Special potato | Binghamton. 2,145 
Binghamton, N. Y.;| manure. 
: ‘ Keystone dis- | Le Roy. 2,164 
S. M. Hess & Bros., PE CIA eve: solved bone | East Avon. 2)296 
SOME PATA, be phosphate. Batavia. 2,274 
C. C. Hicks, C. C. H. soluble | Penn Yan. 2,332 
Penn Yan, N. Y.} bone. 
C..C. Hicks, Standard guano. | Penn Yan. 2,321 
Penn Yan, N. Y. 
C. C. Hicks, Yates county fer- | Penn Yan. 2,323. 
Penn Yan, N.Y.|  tilizer. 
F. N. Isham, Enreka. Avon. 2,312 


Avon, N. Y. 


«Sg Sa 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 211 
LECTED IN New York State Dering THE FAut or 1895. 
chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 
SS OS 
& Pounds of Pounds of 12{ ds of 
i Lenin oe available total phos- pratercolnule Retail gell- 
tei rarer ce lege gt, |Rusrie sera 2a | otaai ity ta ae 
A arboreg : ds o Der ; 
fertilizer. of fertilizer. fercilizer: Fertilizer. Ge 
Guaranteed. 0.82 9 2 
Found. 0.95 11.80 1.82 $23 00 
23 00 
Below guarantee, 0.18 
Guaranteed. 0.80 9 4 
Found. 0.80 9.66 4.18 28 00 
Guaranteed. 1.65 22 
Found. 1.38 28.03 
Below guarantee. 0.27 
Guaranteed. 10 
Found. 9.73 
Below guarantee. 0.27 
Guaranteed. 2.05 BET ab QO eat eS eae enue eee 
Found. 2.28 8.43 30 00 
Guaranteed. 1.65 oly Os |S Ue VEE ise be] | Rest ! 
26 00 
Found. 1.72 8.48 25 00 
Guaranteed. 3.10 6.25 
Found. 3.62 7.97 30 00 
—_——— eas 
Guaranteed. 0.80 gh sae 
Found. 1.10 11.95 26 00 
Guaranteed. 14 
Found. 15.32 16 00 
Guaranteed. F 1.25 10 il 3 
Found. 1.39 11.86 13.14 | 2.66 95 00 
Below guarantee. 0.34 
Gnaranteed. 0.80 | 9 11 3 iL 
Found. 1.01 9.12 11.67 | 321 25 00 
Guaranteed. 10 Tio 3.50 | 
Found. 12.95 13.20 | B20) 21 00 
Below guarantee. 0.27 


912 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutrs or ANALYSES oF CommeErcIAL FeErtTILIzERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


u 
oO 
2 
MANUFACTURER, Tradenameor | Locality where | 58 
a 
a 
Lazaretto Guano Co., fea dis- | Romulus. 2,068 
Baltimore, Md. Hee ome 
phosphate. 
Lazaretto Guano Co., Dissolved bone | Romulus. 2,067 
Baltimore, Md.| phosphate. Lima. | 2,307 
Lazaretto Guano Co., _ | Kinne’s selected | Ovid. 2,071 
Baltimore, Md. Fertilizer. 
ian ebi —_ 
Lazaretto Guano Co., New York Stand- | Romulus. 2,069 
Baltimore, Md. ard No. 1. 
Liebig Manufacturing Co., Dissolved bone. | Moravia. 2,123 
Carteret, N. J. 
Liebig Manufacturing Co., F. and F. bone | Moravia. 2,131 
Carteret, N. J.| and potash. 
Liebig Manufacturing Co., Aigh-grade bone | Moravia. 2,180 
Carteret, N. Je and potash. 
Lister Agricultural Chemical Works Ammoniated | West Fayette. | 2,059 
Newark, N. J| dissolved bone | Syracuse. ,09 
»““* "| phosphate. Batavia. 2,255 
Lister Agricultural Chemical Works,| Animal bone and | West Fayette. | 2,061 
Newark, N. J. potash. 
Lister Agricultural Chemical Works,| Dissolved bone | Le Roy. 2,167 
Newark, N.J.| black. 
Lister Agricultural Chemical Works,| Perfect fertil!zer. | Le Roy. 2,165 
Newark, N. J. Elba. 2,267 
Lister Agricultural Chemical Works,| Standard pure | Fowlerville. 2,316 


Newark, N. J. 


bone. 


a. > . 
; * 
4 i sk 
. 
- 
oy 


4 


i 


4 
. 
hd 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 213 


LECTED IN New York Strate During tHE FAtt or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


monnds'ot Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 
nitrogen in available total phos- |water-soluble | Retail sel- 
100-pounds of |, 047s F 100 Ibe,| 100 pounds of | Ppounde of | iuer boas 
oye 8 $0 ” 
fertilizer. of fertilizer. fertilizer. Fertilizer. mah 
Guaranteed. 13 14 3 
Found. 15.70 15.70 3.07| 919 00 
Guaranteed. 14 15 17 50 
Found. 16.16 16.79 18 00 
Guaranteed. 1 9 10 2.50 23 00 
Found. 1.01 10.02 10.96 2.60 
Guaranteed. 1.65 9 10 2 24 00 
Found. 1.76 LOZIOS IN ee 2.40 
Guaranteed. 1b tA eeee ae 
Found. 14.59 15.79 18 00 
Guaranteed. SMe ey | wheeees 5 
Hound. 14.16 15.40 5.08 oy 
Guaranteed. LOM RR Bees 5 
Found. 9.86 13.07 6.68 22 00 
Below guarantee. 0.14 
Guaranteed. 1.81 9 11 1.50 30 00 
Found. 1.70 8.61 12.02 1.80 
28 00 
9 
Below guarantee. 0.11 0.39 28 00 
Guaranteed. 10 11 3 = 
Found. 10.29 11.60 3.44 el. 
Guaranteed. ESR La ae ee 
Found. 12.58 14.41 22 00 
Below guarantee. : 0.42 
Guaranteed. 1.24 9.50 11250) | 1.50 
Found. 1.41 8.81 12.62 PABA L 25 00 
24 00 
Below guarantee. 0.69 
Guaranteed. 1.65 10 12 1.30 
Found. PARA 9.95 12.26 2.01 30 00 
Below guarantee. 0.05 


214 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resuits or ANALYSES oF CommeErctaL Frrtiiizers Cot- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by 


Fe 
o 
2 
Trade name or Locality where = 5 
MANUFACTURER. brand. sample aie taken.| .2& 
s 
a 
ister Agricultural Chemical Works,| U.S. phosphate. | Attica. 2,240 
Newark, N. J. 
7 D} 
Lister Agricultural Chemical Works,| Suecess. West Taye: ae 
Newark, N. i | Syracuse. 2,096 
% Batavia. 2,256 
Frederick Ludlam, A. B. F. brand. | Magee. 2,050 
New York. Wyoming. 2,206 
70 9 Oz 
Frederick Ludlam, | Cereal brand. het Be oi 
he a . Ci) 
New works Wyoming. 2,207 
Frederick Ludlam, Sickle brand. Farmer. 2,075 
New York.| Magee. 2,048 
Fewinuty , Cato. 2,128 
Michigan Carbon Works, Homestead bone- | 7° REE 9°95 
Detroit, Mich.) black. a eeln@ Se, eles 
yi | Le Roy. 2,179 
| 
Michigan Carbon Works, Homestead po- | Freeville. 2,142 
Detroit, Mich.| tato grower. 
Miller Fertilizer Co., Seneca county | MacDougall. 2,058 
Baltimore, Md.| — special. 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing) Bean special. Elba. 2,265 
Company, 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
i D) 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing) Buffalo fertilizer. Poca, BiGee 
Company ae 9’9 
2 Buffalo, N. Y. East Avon. 2,293 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing) Buffalo guano. Romulus. 2,054 
Company, Perry. 2,218 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing) Cyclone bone- | Perry. 2,215 
Company, meal. Attica. 2,235 


Buffalo, N. Y 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


LECTED IN New YorkK State Durine THE Fay or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


215 


Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


Paandsrot Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 
nitrogen in available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 
ASS OE ed ee I 
fertilizer. | Of fertilizer. | fertilizer. Peruiiizorse tae 
Guaranteed. 1732 Uf 8 By 
Found. Ue sy, 6.68 9.67 2.74 $25 00 
Below guarantee. 0.32 
9.50 
Guaranteed. 1.24 9.29 11.50 2 cea 
Found. 1.61 12.21 2.18 26 00 
0.21 i 
Guaranteed. 1.65 8 10 2 
Found. 1.00 7.93 14.03 1.80 30 00 
28 00 
Below guarantee. 0.65 | 0.07 0.20 
Guaranteed. 0.80 8 10 1 a e 
Found. 0.97 LOE 14.89 | 15 S 
25 00 
10 
Guaranteed. 12.61 12 ue 22 00 
Found. 17.28 ea) 24 00 
& 
Guaranteed. 1.85 GEA GB enw toe oe 1.50 a oe 
Fonnd. 2.45 9.85 2.01 27 00 
Guaranteed. 1.35 | Si hie ee 3.50 34 00 
Found. 2.11 | 10.18 10.90 | 3.91 
Guaranteed. 0.80 | 10 12 4 
Found. 0.80 | 10.63 11.99 3.90 27 00 
Below gnarantee, 0.10 
Guaranteed. 0.80 10 11 4 
Found. 09h 9.84 10.79 4.04 24 00 
Below guarantee. | 0.16 
Guaranteed. 1.80 9 10 1.50 30 00 
Found. 1.84 | 8.57 10.14 es Dill 
24 00 
Below guarantee. | 0.43 | 0.29 27 00 
10 
Guaranteed. 0.80 | 9.70 | 11 il 
Found. 0.90 | Me 22 PAG 
0.30 | 
Guaranteed. GI ool yeaa 22 28 00 
Found. 3.90 11.56 23.26 30 00 


216 Report or THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resvutt or ANALYSES OF ComMMERCIAL FeErtTIuIzERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


| be 
ov 
. 2 
MANUFACTURER, | Tndenameor | Loony where | 2 
| Ss 
| a 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing Potato, hop and | Waterloo. 2,047 
Co., | tobacco phos- | Attica. 2,233 
Buffalo, N. Y.| phate. Kast Avon. 2,297 
em Rendering and Fertilizing Veretable pone. | Attica: 2,234 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Milsom Rendering and Fertilizing) Wheat, oats and | Waterloo. 2,045. 
Co., barley phos- | Perry. 2,217 
Buffalo, N. Y. phate. Alexander. 2,245, 
Niagara Fertilizer Co., Wheat and corn | Waterloo. 2,044 
Buffalo, N.Y.) producer. 
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Domestic. Sempronius. 2,137 
Buffalo, N. Y. Oakfield. 2,278 
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Golden sheaf. Sempronius. 2,136 
Buffalo, N. Y. Oakfield. 2,279 
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Great value. Sempronius. 2,135 
Buffalo, N. Y. Oakfield. 2,280 
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., High farming. Oakfield. 2,277 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Potato and tobac-| Sempronius. 2,134 
Buffalo, N. Y.| co fertilizer. Oakfield. 2,282 
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Standard fertil- | Oakfield. 2,276 
Buffalo, N. Y.|  izer- 
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Special hop A. Oakfield. 2,281 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Special wheat | Oakfield. 2,283 


Buffalo, N. Y. 


manure. 


Found, 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


_ Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found. 


Guaranteed. 
Found, 


Below guarantee. 


9.50 
9.76 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 217 
LEecTED IN New York State Dvurine tHe Farr or 1895. 
chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 
yey ds of 12 ds of ie ds of 
ronan available nies paleDeolune Retail sell- 
Becca reese) eerie RS, | POdAel tn 10) ae 
sy: 1d 1 e s unas Oo er ton, 
fertilizer. of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. yartilizer: r 
Guaranteed. 2.05 | 8 9 cree 226 
Fonnd. 1.98 8.93 10.82 3.93 | 2 00 
26 00 
Below guarantee. 0.07 0.07 alg 
Guaranteed. 4.10 8 9 5 30 00 
Found. 4.31 8.54 9.33 5.95 
Guaranteed. 25 9 10 2 97 00 
Found. 15S 8.97 10.24 2.47 22 00 
Below guarantee. 0.03 et 
Guaranteed. 1223 8 9 MENG 26 00 
Found. 1.46 8.12 10.62 2.75 
Guaranteed. 1.65 8 9 LE08s! Fao esas 
Found. 1.91 9.03 10.16 1.54 27 00 
Guaranteed. 1225 a 8 L290 ier ae 
Found. 1.50 8.15 8.84 2.07 25 00 
Guaranteed. 0.80 6 7 L08) | eee 
Found. 1.14 6.99 7 (sar 1.48 23 00 
Guaranteed. 29 00 


38 00 


218 


Resutts oF ANALYSES OF 


REPORT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


ComMeERcIAL FeErtinizers Cot- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


H 
Oo 
Trad Locality wh g 
MANUFACTURER. “brand. | sample was taken, 25 
4 
mM 
Pacific Guano Co., Ammoniated dis- | Warsaw. 2,191 
New York.| solved bone. 
Pacific Guano Co., Dissolved bone | Le Roy. 2,172 
New York.} and potash. 
A. Peterson, Penfield stand- | Penfield. 2,163 
Penfield, N. Y.| ard fertilizer. 
Moro Phillips Chemical Co., Farmers’ phos- | Lima. 2,300 
Philadeiphia, Pa,| phate. 
Moro Phillips Chemical Co., Guaranteed] Willow Creek. | 2,116 
Philadeiphia, Pa.| guano. 
Moro Phillips Chemical Co., New Jersey po-| Cato. 2,126 
Philadelphia, Pa.| tato manure. Lima. 2,304 
Moro Phillips Chemical Co., Soluble hone| Willow Creek. | 2,115 
Philadelphia, Pa. phosphate. 
Moro Phillips Chemical Co., Special fertilizer. | Cato. 2,125 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Moro Phillips Chemical Co., Special formula. | Mt. Morris. 2,320 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Moro Phillips Chemical Co., Standard phos- | Lima. 2,302 
Philadelphia, Pa.| phate. 
Pottstown Iron Co., Odorless phos- | Lima. 2,301 
Pottstown, Pa.| phate. 
Quinnipiac Co., Ammoniated dis- | Cee Ae 
New York. solved bone. Wy oming. 2 202 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


219 


LECTED In New York Strate Dourine tHe Fatt or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


‘ 


P devo Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 
seaae uy available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 
Min powiids phosphoric phoric poe in potest in 100 ing price 
of fertilizer. pear ere ; fertilizer Fertile: Pa 
Guaranteed. 2 10 2 
Found. 1.97 8.75 12.62 2.15 $30 00 
*Below gnarantee. 0.03 0.25 ‘ 
Guaranteed. 10 2 
Found. 1255 ib 1.24 
13.94 18 00 
Below guarantee. 0.76 
Guaranteed. 2.50 8 12 4 30 00 
Found. 2.70 11.06 14.41 5.26 
Guaranteed. 0.80 8 1 20 00 
Found. 110 9.17 10.37 1.64 
Guaranteed. 125 9.25 10.25 1.40 
Found. 1.09 9.50 10.19 1.88 25 00: 
Below guarantee. |_ 0.16 
Guaranteed. 1.65 6 7 9 30 00 
Found. 2.06 7.87 8.81 W1e32 32 00 
Guaranteed. 14 15 
Found 14.99 15.38 19 00 
Guaranteed. 3; 1.85 9 10 
Found. 2.01 8.69 9.65 4.75 28 00 
B43) 
Below guarantee. 0.31 
Guaranteed. 0.20 OWEN TIS 0 oe 2.45 95 00 
Found. 0.80 11 1-81 4.37 | a 
Guaranteed. i 9 i131 2.50 
Found. a a by 6.56 7.86 ata 24 00 
Below guarantee. 2.44 1.33 
GUAcAnteeas. 4 eWitye: ode Wintel cbse 20 
Found. 5.73 20.94 18 00 
Guaranteed. 1.64 9 10 2 2 a 
Found. 2-31 9.86 13.50 2.12 26 00 


220 


REPORT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resvtrs oF ANALYSES «oF CommeERcIAL  FErRtTILIzERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by 


u 
x0) 
2 
7 Trad Loealit h 
MANUFACTURER. reaare er, noel ae 
fos) 
A 
Qninnipiae Co., Climax. Oakwood. 2,104 
New York. Wyoming. 2,200 
Quinnipiac Co., Dissolved bone | Oakwood. 2,106 
New York. and potash. 
Mes 7 Oakwood. 2,107 
Quinnipiac Co., ea ie ep cere and Flemingville. 2160 
SA chase ahs Wyoming. 2,201 
Quinnipiac Co., Mohawk. Oakwood. 2,103 
New York. 
Quinnipiac Co., Nobsque guano. | Le Roy. Pde Wiz | 
New York. 
reer C Pacific guano, Taw 2.176 
Quinnipac Co., ees AGB Nba y nee e Roy. we 
SWE OL: potasb. 
Quinnipac Co., Potato manure. | Oswego. 2,154 
New York. 
Quinnipac Co., Potato phos- | Oswego. 2,153 
New York.| phate. Flemingville. | 2,162 
Quinnipac Co., Quinnipiac phos- | Wyoming. 2,203 
New York.| phate. 
Quinnipae Co., Soluble dis- | Oakwood. 2,105 
New York. solved bone. 
Read Fertilizer Co., Acid phosphate. | Syracuse. 2,089 
New York. 
pie ete ses Lice 
Read Fertilizer Co., Dissolved bone | Syracuse. 


New York. 


phosphate. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


221 


LEcTED IN New York Srate Durine tHe Fatt or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


P atyate Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 
ferowen 4 available total phos | water-soluble | Retail sell- 
teen a e| phosphoric | phorie acid | potash in 100| ing price 
* f eet SOF! sacidin 1001bs.| in 100 pounds | pounds of per ton. 

SEAS of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. fertilizer. 
Guaranteed. 1 8 9 2 
Found. 1.40 7.97 10.94 2.28 $27 00 

24 00 
Below guarantee. 0.03 | 
Guaranteed. 10 ital Z 
Found. 10.47 13.18 2.15 | 24 00 
Guaranteed. L365) 10 1 a a 
Found. 2.08 9.20 13 65 1.40 25 00 
Guaranteed 0.80 7 8 1 
Found. 1.26 8.27 10.07 1.46 25 00 
Guaranteed. 1.40 8 9 2 25 00 
Found. le52, 8.67 11.98 2.20 
Guaranteed - 1.65 9 10 1 22 00 
Found. 1.87 10.52 12.44 2.63 
Guaranteed. 2.50 6 a 5 37 00 
Found. 2.64 6.33 9.24 5.25 d 
Guaranteed. 2.05 8 9 3 35 00 
Found. 2.25 8.91 12.42 3.28 35 00 
Guaranteed. OOH OT et Pate See 10 2 28 00 
Found. 2/65 10.20 12275 2.50 
Guaranteed. 12 13 
Found. 14.52 15.11 20°00 
Guaranteed. 10 12 17 00 
Found. 10.13 a Gea! J 
7 a 12 14 
uaranteed. 10.80 13.96 

Found. 20 00 
Below guarantee. 1.20 


222 


Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


2ESULTS OF ANALYSES OF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by 


rs 
o 
Trade name or Locality wh ee 
MANUFACTURER. brand. Sai faker ‘= 5 
oe 
| a 
Read Fertilizer Co., Farmers’ friend. | Syracuse. 079 
New York. Lima. 2,299 
Read Fertilizer Co., Leader guano. Syracuse. 2,080 
New York. Wyoming. 2,212 
Read Fertilizer Co., N.Y. State super-| Syracuse. 2,081 
New York.| phosphate. 
Read Fertilizer Co., Prime wheat fer- | Syracuse. 2,282 
New York.| _ tilizer. Wyoming. 2,211 
} 
Read Fertilizer Co., Pure ground | Syracuse. 2, 085 
New York.} bone. 
Read Fertilizer Co., Samson fertilizer.) Syracuse. 2,083 
New York. 
Read Fertilizer Co., Soluble bone, Syracuse. 2,090 
New York. 
Qupeaens 9 
Read Fertilizer Co., Standard phos- ace Bune 
New York. phate. Wyoming. 2,210 
Jobn S. Reese & Co., Challenge crop | Niles. 2,138 
Baltimore, Md.| = grower. Johnsonburg. | 2,249 
Crown bone and | x. 2 
John S. Reese & Co., . potash phos- Niles. 2,189 
Baltimore, Md, phate. Johnsonburg. | 2,248 
John S. Reese & Co., Elm bone phos- | Niles. 2,140 
Baltimore, Md.|_ phate. 
John S. Reese & Co., Pilgrim. Owego. 2,152 
Baltimore, Md. Perry. 2,221 


ig 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 223 


LECTED In New York State Dorine tHE Fay or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred, 


Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 
Pat OE BT available total phos- | water-soluble} Retail sell- 
8 phosphoric | phoricacidin} potash in 100| ing price 


ie eh of acid in 1001bs.| 100 pounds of ;} pounds of per ten. 


fertilizer. fertilizer. fertilizer. 
‘Guaranteed. 2.05 9 11 2 $30 00 
Found. 2222 10.16 11.45 2211 28 00 
‘Guaranteed. 0.80 7 8 2 25 00 
Found. 1.06 8.13 9.12 3.94 24 00 
| 
“Guaranteed. 1.35 9 u 2 28 00 
Found. 1.48 9.22 10.41 2.25 
‘Guaranteed. 1.65 8 9 4 28 00 
Found. 1.74 8.37 9.56 4.09 29 GO 
Guaranteed. DAS) We ie eee I 22, 
Found. 1.20 | 14.72 29.92 32 00 
Below guarantee. 0.25 
Guaranteed. 2.50 8 9 5 
Found. 2.47 8.11 9.20 5.78 35 00 
Below guarantee. 0.03 
Guaranteed. , 16 17 | 
Found. 13.96 18.06 | 24 00 
Below guarantee. 2.04 | 
Guaranteed. 0.82 8 10 4 28 00 
Found. 0.99 8.44 9.60 | 3.99 26 00 
Below guarantee. - 0.01 2-00 
Guaranteed. 0.£0 8.50 1125 2 25 00 
Found. 0.96 8.87 Wed52 2.96 27 00 
Guaranteed. 12 13 ye 2 
Found. 14.24 15.79 | 1.70 23 00 
24 00 
Below guarantee. ee vt OSS 
Guaranteed. 14 | 17 18 00 
Found. 15.16 | 16.90 
Guaranteed. 1.25 6.50 | 7.50 | es | 
Found. 1.20 8.49 13.96 | 3.55 30 00 
| 26 00 
Below guarantee. 0.05 


224 ReEePorRT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resvutts or ANALYSES OF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- 


. Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by 


MANUFACTURER. 


Trade name or 


Locality where’ 


John 8S. Reese & Co., 


John S. Reese & Co., 


John 8. Reese & Co., 


Springfield Fertilizer Co., 


Springfield Fertilizer Co., 


Springfield Fertilizer Co., 


Standard Guano Co., 


Standard Fertilizer Co., 


I. P. Thomas & Son Co., 


I. P. Thomas & Son Co., 


I. P. Thomas & Son Co., 


I. P. Thomas & Son Co., 


brand. sample was taken. 
Potato special | Johnsonburg. 
Baltimore, Md.| manure. 
Potato phosphate.) Oswego. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Special alkaling | Perry. 
Baltimore, Md.| phosphate. 
; Atlas bone phos- | Binghamton. 
Springfield, O.| phate. 
Glcbe bone phos- | Binghamton. 
Springfield, O.| phate. 
Soluble bone | Binghamton. 
Springfield, O.} phosphate. 
Standard guano. | Corfu. 
Boston, Mass. 
W. E. Lowe’s 
Seas Geneseo. 
wheat, oats and 
PUEDE barley fertilizer. 
Alkaline bone. Marcellus. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Improved super-) Binghamton. 
Philadelphia, Pa.| phosphate. 
Potato and to- | Binghamton. 
Philadelphia, Pa.| mato manure. 
Wheat and grass | Marcellus. 
Philadelphia, Pa.| compound. 


2,150 


2,275 


2,318 


ee ke TDOTTA ES FT 


Rhode 


islay hig 


f 


PAE ae i 


agtn eho Snani0s 225 
New Yor ABNEO PEAR Ey 
LECTED IN New York Sratp During THE FALL oF 1895. 
chemical analysis at this Station. “Results expressed-in-parts per_hundred. 
ie ds of Pounds of Pound f 
Pounds of ayaDabl6 total pie: Wataraolnbie Retail sell- 
100 Sere of TE iG poo peid boven at ao ing price 
pds.| in ounds [s) ton. 
fertilizer. Of fertilizer. of fertilizer. vartilizer. ere 
Guaranteed. 2.90 CO Pees 7.50 = 
Found. 3.42 5.56 7.76 9.54 $35 00 
Below guarantee. 0.94 
Guaranteed. 2.05 8.50 9.50 6 
Found. 2.47 9.73 10.92 5.19 35 00 
Below guarantee. 0.81 
Guaranteed. 10 12 1 20 00 
Found. 13.58 14.94 1.01 
Guaranteed. 1.65 Seer Masse. 2.15 34 00 
Found. IATL 9.23 10.94 Wear 
Guaranteed. 2.05 LORS te? aasece 2 36 00 
Found. QT 11.02 13.58 2.84 
Guaranteed. 1 6.50 7.50 3 
Found. 1.02 7.05 8.62 2.47 30 00 
Below guarantee. 0.53 
Guaranteed. i 8 10 26 00 
Fonnd. 1.24 8.17 10.37 2.22 
Guaranteed. OG IPL ere eee O22D 22 00 
Found. 11.03 1210 a) 2 
Guaranteed. Ore eta 1.50 
Found. 12.16 13.87 1.42 23 00 
Below guarantee. | 0.03 
Guaranteed. 0.42 12 14 25 00 
Found. 0.51: 12.09 ibys; 
Guaranteed. il 9 10.50 | 6 36 00 
Found. 1.31 11.15 13.54 | 6 
Guaranteed. 0.80 | 10 11 1 26 00 
Found. 1.14 | 10.70 12.38 | 1.29 


226 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutts or ANALYSES oF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers and as found by 


I 
Oo 
’ Trade n Locality wh re 
MANUFACTURER. “brand. | sample wastaken,| 85 
s 
a 
Yearsley’s acidu- 
Tygert-Allen Co., Hater . Owego. 2,157 
. : ni puos- 2 
Philadelphia, Pa. phate. 
Tygert-Allen Co., Yearsley’s stand- | East Avon. 2,294 
Philadelphia, Pa- ard, 
Walker Fertilizer Co., Economical bone | Owego. 2,156 
Clifton Springs, N. Y. phosphate. 
Walker Fertilizer Co., Ontario. Le Roy. 2,178 
Clifton Springs, N. Y.- 
Walker Fertilizer Co., Pure ground | Le Roy. 2,186 
Clifton Springs, N. Y.] bone. 
Walker Fertilizer Co., Victoria bone. Owego. 2,155 
Clifton Springs, N. Y. 
pee : apeae % Americus ammo- : 
Williams & Clark Beet ee niated super- Avon. 2,308 
‘ phosphate. 
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Americus special | Avon. 2,309 
: New York. potato. 
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Genesee valley | Avon. 2,311 
New York.} special. 
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., Royal hone | Le Roy. 2,175 
New York.| phosphate. 
ne aap Universal am- 
Williams & Clark Fertilizer Co., 2 = Johnsonburg. | 2,251 
ye moniated dis- 2 ‘ 
New York. colsca bone! Avon. 2,310 
Wheeler, M. E. & Co., Bonnaire ays Trumansburg. | 2,077 
Feat lene aN fertilizer. 
Wheeler, M. E. & Co., Grass and oats | Trumansburg. | 2,076 


Rutland, Vt. 


fertilizer. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


227 


LECTED In New York Srate Dourine tHe Farr or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. 


Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


Poundsof ni- Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of ‘ 
trogen in 100 available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 
pounds of | PHROEPHe | Pita counds | "pounds of. | pertton, 
fertilizer. of fertilizer. | of fertilizer. Fertilizer. R : 
Guaranteed. Ve OU Ri eee 
Found. 15.78 16.15 $20 00 
Guaranteed. RO UR ait! ame 
Found. 13.80 110 19 00 
Guaranteed. 0.80 11 13 1 
Found. 0.85 10.57 12-22 1.59 28 00 
Below guarantee. 0.43 
Guaranteed. LOPS teres see 4 
Found. 9.70 1a 3.98 22 00 
Below guarantee. 0.30 0.02 
Guaranteed. Sale a bbe eet 21 
Found. 4.38 6.29 21.22 28:00 
Guaranteed. 0.80 8 10 1.50 24 00 
Found. 0.85 8.30 9.90 1.86 
Guaranteed. 2.45 9 10 2 
Found. 2.43 9.43 11.68 PZ) 29 00 
Below guarantee. 0.02 
Guaranteed. 2.45 | 6 7 5 35 00 
Found. 2.76 7.21 10.73 5-55 
Guaranteed. 10 11 5 
Found. 10.99 12.61 3.45 26 00 
Below guarantee. 1.55 
8 

Guaranteed. il i 12.08 2 
Found. 1.42 7.49 2.12 26 00 
Guaranteed. 1.65 8 10 2 | 29 00 
Found. 1.83 9.86 13.46 2.29 27 00 
Guaranteed. 13 15 | 
Found. 12.91 14.12 oF 00 
Below guarantee. | 0.09 | 

| 

| 
Guaranteed. 11 13 2 ; 
Found. 11.47 14.39 2.55 ae 00 


228 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Resutts oF ANALYSES OF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS CoL- 


Composition of fertilizers as guaranteed by manufacturers, and as found by 


5 
MANUFACTURER Trade name or Locality where 2 
; brand. sample was taken:| .£ 3 
a 
a 
Wheeler, M. E. & Co., Royal wheat | Romulus. 2,066 
New York.| grower. Wyoming. 2,205 
Zell Guano Co., Dissolved bone | Cato. 2,129 
Baltimore, Md.| phosphate. 
Zell Guano Co., Economizer. Mac Dougall. | 2,056 
Baltimore, Md. 
Zell Guano Co., Fruit tree invigo- | Mae Dougall. | 2,055 
Baltimore, Md. rator. 
Zell Guano Co., Genesee fertili- | Mac Dougall. | 2,057 
Baltimore, Md. zer. 
Zell Guano Co.. Special potato | Fowlerville. 2,315 
Baltimore, Ma. fertilizer. 
Zell Guano Co., Wilson’s special | Le Roy. 2,182 
Baltimore, Md.| No.1. 
Zell Guano Co., Wilson’s special | Le Roy. 2,184 
Baltimore, Md.| No. 2. 
Zell Guano Co., Wilson’s special | Le Roy. 2,183 
Baltimore, Md. No. 3. 
Not given. pa : special | Lima. 2,305 
s 5 ; 9 
Not given. eee ‘ special | Lima. 2,303 
Special fertili- | Geneseo. 2,319 


Not given. 


zer. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 229 


LECTED IN New York Stare Durine THE Fact or 1895. 


chemical analysis at this Station. Results expressed in parts per hundred. 


Pounds of Pounds of Pounds of 


penne ot available total phos- | water-soluble | Retail sell- 

100 porate of phosphoric phoric acid in| potashin 100 | ing price 

Partizan acid in 100 Ibs | 100 pounds of ounds of per ton. 

‘ of fertilizer. fertilizer. ertilizer. 

Guaranteed. 0.80 8 9 2 $23 00 
Found. 1.04 9.53 10.49 2.09 
Guaranteed. 14 15 18 00 
Found. 14.80 16.12 
Guaranteed. 0.80 9 ral 1 26 00 
Found. 1.01 10.60 12.93 2-17 
Guaranteed. 10 12 8 26 00 
Found. Tab saly/ 12.97 SENS 
Guaranteed. 2.05 8 10 2 
Found. 1.99 10.61 12.23 2.39 30 00 
Below guarantee. : 
Guaranteed. 3125 6 8 8 
Found. 3-21 7.52 10 95 8.13 40 00 
Below guarantee. 0.04 
Guaranteed. 0.80 8 10 4 23 00 
Found. 0.80 9.10 12.59 4.29 
Guaranteed. 10 12 4 
Found. 9.88 12.86 4.45 21 00 
Below guarantee. 0.12 
Guaranteed. 14 11s 17 00 
Found. 14.29 15771 
Guaranteed. 0.80 9 10.24 4 
Found. 0.86 9.01 MIE55 3.45 26 00 
Below guarantee. 0.55 
Guaranteed. 0.80 3 10.50 4 
Found. 1.10 7.40 9.46 6.62 26 00 
Below guarantee. 60 | 
Guaranteed, 1 9 1Gl 2.50 
Found. 1.39 7.05 14.35 1.98 24 00 
Below guarantee. 1.95 0.52 


\ 


{ 


230 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


XVI. Gifts to the Station. 


ALMOND. 


United States Division of Pomology, Washington, D. C., hard 
shell sweet. 
APPLES. 


March 28. Erwin Lord, Pompanoosue, Vt., twelve cions each of 
Alice, Old Garden, Lombard, Erwin Lord, Windsor, Hazen Pippin, 
Houghton Sweet and Lord erab. 

April 4. United States Pomologist, Washington, D. C., cions of 
Albemarle, Newby and Perry. 

April 19. M. F. Pierson, Seneca Castle, N. Y., cions of Princess 
Louise. 

April 22. O. W. Rich, Atlantic, Iowa, cions of Soulard crab. 

April 25. J. V. Cotta, Nursery, Ill., two cions each of Ficke and 
Milwaukee. 

April 27. United States Pomologist, Washington, D. C., two 
cions of Baxter. 

April 27. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., one Barry. 

January 5. George H. Andrews, Clarkson, N. Y., cions of 
Monroe. 

April 8. Amos Daniels, Chittenango, N. Y., cions of Wheeler, 
Nos. 3, 9, 33, 36, 38, 41, 48 and 44. October 5, cions of Nos. 45 
to 79 inclusive. 

November 26. Charles Hand, Mountainville, Orange county, N. 
Y., cions of Barton. 

APpRIcor. 


April 27. The Lovett Co., Little Silver, N. J., two each of Bon- 
goume and Hubbard. 
March —. Prof. T. Minami, Sapporo Agriculture College, Japan, 
Anzu. 
Bran. 


March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Dwarf Golden 
Wax, Best of All, Saddle Back Wax, New Stringless Green Pod 
Bush, New Champion Bush, Round Yellow Six Weeks, Improved 
Rust-Proof Golden Wax, Kidney Wax, New Prolifie German Wax, 
New Black Eye Wax. 

March 3. A. N. Jones, Newark, N. Y., Jones No. 71, Wax Bush. 


/ 
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 231 


BEET. 


March 2“. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Early Blood 
Red Turnip, Danish Improved Sugar, Dark Stinson, Early Egyptian. 


BLACKBERRY. 


April 26. Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va., Maxwell. 
April 11. E. A. Riehl, Alton, IIl., Piasa. 


Broccot.t. 


March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 East Thirty-fourth street, New 
York, N. Y., San Isadore. 


CARROT. 


March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Improved 
Long Orange, New Forcing No. 1387, Danvers or Half Long 
Orange, Early Scarlet Horn, New Extra Dark Moss-curled Parsley 


CAULIFLOWER. 


March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Best Early. 


CELERY. 


March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 “East Thirty-fourth street, New 
York, N. Y., De Candolle, F. E. Rudman & Brother, 182 North 
Clinton street, Rochester, N. Y., Golden Heart. 


CHERRY. 


April 4. United States Pomologist, Washington, D. C., cions of 
KEsel Kirsche, Rupp and White Bigarreau. 

April 10. Starke Brothers, Louisiana, Mo., one tree of Abesse 
d’Oignies. 

August 7. United States Department of Agriculture, Division of 
Pomology, Washington, D. C., No. 9211 seedling cherry buds. 

August 1. United States Department of Agriculture, Division of 
Pomology, Washington, D. C., Esel Kirsche buds. 

August 8. United States Department of Agriculture, Division of 
Pomology, Washington, D. C., Rupp buds. 

August 9. G. H. Andrews, Clarkson, N. Y., Yellow Waif: buds. 

August 10. W. F. Heikes, manager Huntsville Nursery, Hunts- 
ville, Ala., two trees Esel Kirsche. 


232 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


November 11. W. & T. Smith, Geneva, N. Y., per Edward 
Smith, two trees each of the following varieties on Mahaleb stock : 
Black Tartarean, Coe Transparent, Dyehouse, Early Richmond or 
Kentish, English Morello, Governor Wood, Late Duke, Mont- 
morency, Napoleon ; and two trees each of the following varieties on 
Mazzard stock: Black Tartarean, Coe Transparent, Dyehouse, 
Engtish Morrello, Montmorency, Napoleon. 


Corn. 


March 2. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Early Ford- 
hook. 

CucuMBER. 

March 20. W. A. Burpee, Philadelphia, Pa., Fordhook Improved 
White Spine, Early Green Prolific, Early Russian, New Improved 
Chicago Pickle. 

March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 East Thirty-fourth street, New 
York, N. Y., White Japanese Climbing. 


CURRANT. 

March 17. Geo. Coote, Corvallis, Oregon, cuttings native Oregon 
black currant. 

April 26. D. Brandt, Bremen, Ohio, Yellow Utah. 

October 28. R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada, Moore Ruby. 

November 2. S. D. Willard, Geneva, N. Y., five Moore Ruby, 
tive White Imperial. 

November 11. W. & T. Smith, Geneva, N. Y., per Edward 
Smith, five Gondouin. November 19, five Cherry and five Versail- 
laise. 

November 20. E. Y. Teas, Irvington, Ind., five one-year plants 
of Knight’s Improved. 

November 27. Albertson & Hobbs, Bridgeport, Ind., one plant of 
Albertson & Hobbs, No. 1. 


Drweerry. 
March 26. J. W. Austin, Pilot Point, Denton Co., Texas, six 
plants, Austin Improved. 
April 22. C. C. Maynard, Kincaid, Kansas, six Maynard. 
ENDIVE. 


March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 E. Thirty-fourth street, New 
York, N. Y., Sant Angelo. 


~ New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 2a0 


GoOoOSEBERRY. 


April 19. Storrs Harrison Co., Painesville, O., one Carmen. 
April 27. The Lovett Co., Little Silver, N. J., two Oregon. 
Jumbo. 
May 1. R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada, London, Cossack, Hairy 
Green, Green Ocean, Lofty. 
GRAPE. 


March 18. Geo. Coote, Corvallis, Oregon, cuttings of native grape. 

April 1. A. F. Rice, Griswoldsville, Ga., Superb, one three-year 
vine. 

April 5. J. R. Johnson, Dallas, Texas, one Columbian. 

April 18. T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, two each of Presley 
(formerly Pres. Lyon), Eumedel, R. W. Munson, Long John, Gold 
Coin, Chambrill, Bell, W. B. Munson. 

April 15. T. S. Hubbard Co., Fredonia, N. Y.; two each of Bril- 
liant, Eaton, (Rog. 14) Gaertner. 

April 19. P. R. DeMuth, Connellsvilie, Pa., three vines Helen 
Keller. 
May 1. H. M. Woodward, 717 Napoleon St., Rockford, Ill., two 

Regal. 

May 1. J. A. Putnam & Son, Fredonia, N. Y., two Lucile. 

May 18. Prof. John Craig, Experiment Farm, Ottawa, Canada, 
two Emerald. J. E. Lord, Pompanoosue, Vt., two cuttings of 
Lord Favorite. 


KoOHLRABI. 


March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 East Thirty-fourth St., New 
York, N. Y., Giant of Modiea. 


LETTUCE. 


March 2, W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Dwarf White 
Heart, New Cabbage, No. 3835. 

March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 East Thirty-fourth St., New 
York, N. Y., Albano, Genezzans. 

October 28. A. Luther, Leeds, Jackson Co., Mo., Luther, one 
packet forcing lettuce. 

F. E. Rudman & Brother, 132 N. Clinton St., Rochester, N. Y., 
Keene, forcing lettuce, one packet. Big Boston, forcing lettuce, 
one packet. 


234 ReEepPoRT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


MiscELLANEOUS. 


February 1. John J. McGowan, Forest Home, N. Y., one No. 7 
McGowan nozzle. 

March 18. George Coote, Horticulturist, Experiment Station, 
Corvallis, Oregon, Thimble Berry, native Oregon species ; native 
Oregon Rose plants. 

March 22. J. H. Gregory & Son, Marblehead, Mass., several 
packets of seeds. 

March 26. Frost & Co., Rochester, N. Y., Polygonum Sagalinese 
two small roots (Sacaline). 

March —. Prof. T. Minami, Sapporo Agricultural College, Japan, 
No. 7 Chestnut, cultivated ; No. 8 Chestnut, wild; No. 9 Walnut, 
wild. 

April 18. C. Schaefer, Rutlidge, Helidon, Queensland, Australia, 
seeds as follows: Grass (Paspalum Galmarra), Bailey; the Russell 
river grass ; Oyas Media (one fruit); Bunya Pine, one seed; Cassia 
Brewsteri, F. & M., several seeds; Mezoneurum Brachycarpum ; 
Vitex, var lignum vite, two fruits; Lance Wood ? (three nuts) ; 
Parkinsonia Aculeata, commonly called Jerusalem Thorn or Bird of 
Paradise Tree, several seeds; a native Raspberry of Queensland, 
several fruits; Vitis Opaca, F. & M., seeds. 

April 24. C. E. Brown, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Rhubarb, Carl- 
ton Club, received through G. H Hicks, assistant botanist, Wash- 
ington, D. C. 

July 26. John G. Schumaker, 189 Montague street, Brooklyn, N. 
Y., one-horse power vineyard sprayer. 

April 27. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., one Rosa 
Setigera. 

April 27. The Lovett Co., Little Silver, N. J., quince, two 
Fuller. 

May 4. A. Blane & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., two Stanley berry, 
Rubus Capenses; one Spirzea, Anthony Waterer; one Golden May- 
berry, one Logan berry, May 20. 

May 24. C. W. Ward, Queens, N. Y., Carnations, twelve plante 
each, William Scott, Storm King, Stuarts. 


MuskKMELON. 


March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Melrose, Tip 


Top, Nutmeg, Cannon Ball, Acme or Baltimore. 


P< 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 235 


OKRA. 


March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., New Lady 
Finger. 
ONION. 


~ March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., White Globe, 
New Gigantic Gibralter, New Queen, Red Globe, Yellow Globe 
Danvers, Yellow Dutch, Giant Yellow Rocca. 


PEACH. 


April 30. The Rogers Nursery Co., Moorestown, N. J., two 
Blood, Dwarf Japan. 

May 4. W. W. Hilborn, Leamington, Ontario, Canada, two 
Tyhurst. 

August 7. United States Department of Agriculture, Division of 
Pomology, Washington, D. C., York Pearl. 

September 27. H. Wiard, Syracuse, N. Y., buds of Wiard. 

October —. R. G. Chase Co., Geneva, N. Y., Chase (Chase's 
Early Free), three trees. 

November 27. A. Pullen, Milford, Delaware, one year trees on 
peach roots; five each of Capt. Eads, Conkling, Champion, Crosbey, 
Elberta, Globe, Hill’s Chili, Hynes’ Surprise, Lemon Free, Sneed, 
Susquehanna; two each of Columbia, Alexander, Amsden June, 
Beer’s Smock, Bishop’s Early, Chinese Free, Crawford’s Early, 
Crawford’s Late, Early Rivers, Foster, Hale’s Early, Mountain Rose, 
Moore’s Favorite, Ola Mixon Free, Picquett’ Late, Prize, Redcheek 
Melocoton, Reeves’ Favorite, Salway, Stevens’ Rareripe, Stump the 
World, Wager, Wheatland, Yellow St. John. 

Five June buds of Triumph on peach roots. 


PEAR. 


March —. Professor T. Minami, Sapporo Agricultural College, 
Japan, No. 1 cions Taihei, No. 2 cions Koga, No. 3 cions Kinriu. 

April 10. Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Mo., one Koonce. 

April 27. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., Dorset, Lady 
Glapp, Oliver des Serres, Bon Chretien Fred. Baudry, Madam 
Heminway. 

September 18. T. G. Clark, Tyre, Seneca county, N. Y., buds of 
Seneca. 


236 Report oF THE AcTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


November 2. J. T. Macomber, Adams, Vt., Grand Isle, Dr. 
Hoskins. 
PRAs. 


March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Echo, Renown. 
April 18. Delano Moore, Presque Isle, Aroostook county, Me., 
one packet Maud 8. 
Perper. 


March 22. Charles Schwake, 404 East Thirty-fourth street, New 
York, N. Y., Elephant’s Trunk, Columbus. 


Pium. 


March —. Professor T. Minami, Sapporo Agricultural College, 
Japan, Hadankyo, yellow long; Hadankyo, yellow round. 

March 4. Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, Calif., Giant Prune and 
Wickson Plum. 

April 4. United States Pomologist, Washington, D. C., Yellow 
Aubert, Moldovka, Hungarian. 

April 10. Howard E. Merrill, Geneva, N. Y., five General Hand 
on Myrobolan stock. 

April 10. Stark Brothers, Louisiana, Mo., one each of Chabot and 
Gold, and April 20, one Splendor prune. 
’ April 27. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., two Dunlap on 
Myrobolan. 

April 27. Van Dusen Nursery Co., Geneva, N. Y., five General 
Hand on Horse, and 100 Horse plum stock. 

April 27. J. F. Hunt, Kendaia, N. Y., two Hunt’s- No. 1 on 
Myrobolan stock. 

May 14. 8. D. Willard, Geneva, N. Y., two Willard plum on, 
peach roots, and 100 Myrobolan plum stock. 

April 9. R. G. Chase, Geneva, N. Y., 100 Mariana stock. 

August 4. C. L. Watrous, Des Moines, Iowa, buds of following 
varieties: Rockford, Wood, Baker or Stoddard, Wayland. 

August 9. T. C. Maxwell & Brothers, Geneva, N. Y., Early 
Rivers buds. 

August 10. M. F. Pierson, Seneca Castle, N. Y., Miller’s Superb 
buds. 

August 24. Stark Brothers Company, Louisiana, Mo., buds of 
Red June, a Japanese sort. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 237 


PuMPKIN. 


March 2. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Winter Luxury. 


- RapisH. 


March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Golden Dres- 
den, New Bright Breakfast, New White Forcing, French Breakfast, 
Earliest Carmine Olive-shaped, Extra Early Scarlet Turnip, White 
Tipped Scarlet Turnip. 

RaAsPBERRY. 


March 18. George Coote, Horticulturist, Experiment Station, 
Corvallis, Oregon, Black Cap Native. 

April 17. W. C. Gault, Ruggles, Ohio, six Gault. 

April 20. Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del., twelve Miller. 

April 19. Storrs Harrison Co., Painesville, Ohio, one Gault. 

April 25. Albertson & Hobbs, Bridgeport, Ind., six Wade. 

April 26. W. D. Barns & Son, Middlehope, N. Y., five of Red 
variety grown in vicinity of Middlehope, and six each of Cromwell 
and Palmer. 

April 27. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., six Thomson 
Early. 

April 27. C. G. Velie, Marlboro, N. Y., six Marlboro. ° 

April 27. The Lovett Co., Little Silver, N. J., Conrath, All 
Summer. 

April 27. Birdseye & Son, Hopewell, N. Y., Shaffer’s Collossal, 
from one year and two year bushes; Ohio, from one year, two year 
and four year bushes; Gregg, from one year and three year bushes ; 
Tyler, from one year, two year and three year bushes. 

May 1. I. F. Street, West Middleton, Ind., Telataugh. 

May 1. R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada, Seedling Reds, No. 6, 7, 
13 and 17. 

November 9. C. H. Koch, Middlehope, N. Y., six No. 1 Red, six 
No. 2 Viking. 

November 13. S. H. Loomis, Geneva, N. Y., Geneva Pride. 

November 15. R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada, Whyte No. 6, 7,13 
and 17. 

May 4. A. Blane & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. one Strawberry- 
raspberry . 

October 23. W. C. Gault, Ruggles, Ohio, six black Gault. 


238 Report OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


SquasH. 
March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Hubbard. 


STRAWBERRY. 


March 18. George Coote, Horticulturist, Experiment Station, 
Corvallis, Oregon, native species from coast of Pacific Yaguina Bay, 
Lincoln county, and one from foot hills, Coast Range, Willamette 
Valley. 

April 10. R. 8. Cole, Harmans, Md., 25 Tubbs. 


April 10. Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del., strawberry seedlings 
Nos. 1, 5, 8, 9, 12 and 25. 

April 21. M. Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, William Belt, 
Staples, Margaret. 

April 24. Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del., 25 Thompson (Lady 
Thompson). 

April 25. W. D. Barnes & Son, Middlehope, N. Y., 25 Thompson 
(Lady Thompson). 

April 26. Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va., 12 Earliest, 12 
America, 12 Edith, 12 Thompson No. 101, 12 Enormous, 12 
Thompson No. 100. 

April 27. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y., 25 Williams. 

April 27. Birdseye & Son, Hopewell, N. Y., 25 Canada Wilson. 

April 29. E. B. Stevenson, Lowville, Ontario, Canada, 25 Maple 
Bank. 

April 29. D. B. Garvin & Son, Wheeling, W. Va., unnamed 
strawberry. 

May 1. E. J. Hull, Olyphant, Pa., Hulls No. 3. 

May 3. W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Md., 12 Allen. 

May 1. W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Md., Enormous, Bissel, Col- 
umbian. 

May 1. H.S. & A. J. See, Geneva, Pa., 12 each of See Nos. 
5, 4 and 3. 

May 17. E. J. Hull, Olyphant, Pa., Hull’s No. 4. 


Tomato. 
March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., Fordhook 
First. 
February 5. West Virginia Station, F. William Rane, Horticul- 
turist, Rane’s Seedling. 


ees 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 239 


February 5. Hoover & Moore, Antler’s, Garfield county, eae 
Seedlings Nos. 1, 2, and 3. 
October 29. F. Ohatfield, Sennett, Cayuga county, N. Y. , Early 
Forcing, Eureka. 
TURNIP. 


March 20. W. A. Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., New Kashmye. 


XVIII. Newspapers and Periodicals Presented to the Station. 


Acker & Gartenbau Zeitung, Milwaukee, Wis. 
Agricultural Epitomist, Indianapolis, Ind. 
Agricultural South, Atlanta, Ga. 

Albany Weekly Journal, Albany, N.Y. 
Allegan Gazette, Allegan, Mich. 

American Agriculturist, New York, N. Y. 
American Cultivator, Boston, Mass. 
American Dairyman, New York, N. Y. 
American Grange Bulletin and Scientific Farmer, Cincinnati, Ohio. 
American Grocer, New York, N. Y. 
American Horticulturist, Wichita, Kans. 
American Stock Keeper, Boston, Mass. 
American Veterinary Review, New York, N. Y. 
Baltimore Weekly Sun, Baltimore, Md. 
Canadian Entomologist, Fort Hope, Canada. 
Canadian Horticulturist, Toronto, Canada. 
Clover Leaf, South Bend, Ind. 

Country Gentleman, Albany, N. Y. 

Dairy World, London, England. 

De Ruyter Gleaner, De Ruyter, N. Y. 
Detroit Free Press, Detroit, Mich. 

Every Week, Angelica, N. Y. 

Farm and Dairy, Ames, Iowa. 

Farm and Fireside, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Farm and Home, Springfield, Mass. 

Farmer and Trucker, Berkley, Va. 

Farmers’ Advocate, London, Canada. 
Farmers’ Guide, Huntington, Ind. 

Farmers’ Home, Dayton, Ohio. 

Farmers’ Magazine, Springfield, I]. 

Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa. 


240 Report oF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


Farm Life, Rochester, N. Y. 

Farm Poultry, Boston, Mass. 

Farm, Stock and Home, Minneapolis, Minn. 
Fruit, Dunkirk, N. Y. 

Geneva Gazette, Geneva, N. Y. 
Gleanings in Bee Culture, Medina, Ohio. 
Grange Visitor, Charlotte, Mich. 
Hoard’s Dairyman, Fort Atkinson, Wis. 
Homestead, Des Moines, Iowa. 
Horticultural Gleaner, Austin, Tex. 
Horticultural Visitor, Kinmundy, Til. 
Industrial American, Lexington, Ky. 
Iowa Weather Crop Service Review, Des Moines, Iowa. 
Ithaca Democrat, Ithaca, N. Y. 

Jersey Bulletin, Indianapolis, Ind. 

Ladies’ Home Companion, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Live Stock Journal, London, England. 

Long Island Farmer, Jamaica, N. Y. 

Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer, New Orleans, La. 
Market Garden, Minneapolis, Minn. 

Maryland Farmer, Baltimore, Md. 

Mirror and Farmer, Manchester, N. H. 

Montana Fruit Grower, Missoula, Mont. 

Monthly Weather Review, Washington, D. C. 

National Dairyman, Kansas City, Mo. 

National Nurseryman, Rochester, N. Y. 

Nebraska Bee-Keeper, York, Neb. 

Nebraska Farmer, Lincoln, Neb. 

New England Farmer, Boston, Mass. 

New York Farm and Fireside, Springfield, Il. 

New York Farmer, Port Jervis, N. Y. 

Northwest Pacific Farmer, Portland, Oregon. 

Oregon Agriculturist, Portland, Oregon. 

Peninsula Farmer, Federalsburg, Md. 

Poultry Monthly, Albany, N. Y. 

Practical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Prairie Farmer, Chicago, Ill. 

Progressive South, Richmond, Va. 

Southern Cultivator, Atlanta, Ga. 

Southern Planter, Richmond, Va. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 241 


Southern States, Baltimore, Md. 

Sugar Beet, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Sugar Planters’ Journal, New Orleans, La. 
Utah Church and Farm, Salt Lake City, Utah. 
Vermont Farmers’ Advocate, Burlington, Vt. 
Village Record, West Chester, Pa. 

Western Plowman, Moline, II]. 


XIX. Rules of the Station Governing Gratuitous Chemical 
Analysis for Private Persons. 


The idea prevails to a greater or less extent that this Station em- 
ploys its chemists for the purpose of making chemical analysis of 
any and all materials sent here-by any one residing in this State. 
This is a mistake. Our chemists are employed mainly to do the 
analytical work which our regular investigations necessitate. The 
work thus called for is very extensive, probably greater than that 
done at any other experiment station in the United States. We 
make annually about 25,000 chemical determinations in connection 
with our regular investigations. These investigations are planned 
so as to benefit the largest possible number of farmers. We have, 
therefore, to exercise care, in order to prevent work for individuals 
from interfering with the work which is done for the farmers in the 
State at large. When we consider that there are nearly 400,000 
farmers in this state, it can easily be seen that, if chemical work 
was done for any considerable number of individual farmers, our 
regular work would be completely stopped with our present 
force of chemists. It is hoped that in the near future we can 
make arrangements to do promptly a larger amount of chemi- 
eal analysis for individuals. There is a feeling on the part of 
some that they pay taxes to support this Station and that, there- 
fore, they have the right to ask to have chemical work done for 
them gratuitously. When we consider that each farmer of the 
State pays less on an average than one cent a year toward the 
support of our entire work, and that requests for chemical work call 
for time and materials which cost the State many times that sum, it 
- can be clearly seen how little ground the individual has for claiming 
the right to demand special work for himself. Many requests for 
chemical work are to satisfy mere curiosity and the work, if done, 

16 


242 RePorRT OF THE ACTING DIRECTOR AND CHEMIST OF THE 


would do nobody any good. Others are entirely foreign to agricul- 
tural interests and often of a purely private commercial character. 

In order that there may bea clear understanding in regard to this 
matter, the Board of Control has considered it necessary to make 
the following rules . 


Rule I1—Ohemical work that does not relate directly to agricul- 
tural matters can not be undertaken at all. 


Rule Il.— Before sending to the Station samples of anything 
for analysis, private parties should jirst state the nature of the 
work they wish to have done and the reasons for having it done. 
Information can then be given as to the advisability of doing the 
work. All such work, if done at all, is done gratuitously, and the 
Station must, in every case, decide whether the importance of the 
work is sufficient to justify the expenditure of time and materials 
that may be required. Undoubtedly, many who ask the Station to 
make gratuitous analyses for them do not fully understand the large 
amount of time a satisfactory analysis of almost any substance re- 
quires and do not realize to what extent compliance with their 
wishes would interfere with our regular work. 


Rule IIT.—In deciding what chemical work it can or can not 
do, the Station always plans to consult the benefit of the greatest 
number. Preference will always be given to the work promising 
information that is for the benefit of the larger number of individ- 
uals. 


Rule IV.— Any chemical work which is for private commercial 
interests can not be undertaken. Such work properly belongs to a 
private professional analyist, and the State should not be asked to 
do such work. 


ule V.— A complete analysis of any soil or mineral can not be 
undertaken except in rare cases. Analysis of water must generally 
be regarded as foreign to our work. Analysis in suspected cases of 
poisoning, adulteration of drugs, etc., can not be undertaken here. 


Rule VI.—The determination of fat in milk will be undertaken 
at any time. In such cases the milk should be sent to the Station as 
quickly as possible; a small amount of potassium bichromate may 
be added as a preservative. An examination of foods for animals 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 243 


will be undertaken when circumstances justify and our regular work 
permits. 


Rule VII.— The analysis of commercial fertilizers and fertil- 
izing materials for private parties will be undertaken only on the 
following conditions: (1) The brand of fertilizer must be one that 
has not been collected and analyzed by the Station within one year. 
(2) The fertilizer must be sampled in accordance with instructions 
furnished by this Station. (8) Blanks describing the fertilizer must 
be filled out; these will be furnished on application. (4) The 
samples must be taken by consumers from stock of present season 
and from lots of not less than one ton. (5) All such work for 
private parties can be done only after the regular Station work in 
carrying out the provisions of the State Fertilizer Law is completed 
each season. lence, analyses for single individuals may be under 
the necessity of waiting some months for a report, since the regular 
work of the Station in carrying out the provisions of the Fertilizer 
Law can not under any circumstances be interrupted or delayed. 


REPORT 


OF THE 


eon CU Lr UR Sie 


S. A. BEACH, Horricurrvrisrt. 
WENDELL PADDOCK, Assistanr Horricutturist. 


REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST. 


By 8S. A. BEACH, HorticuLtTuristT. 
WENDELL PADDOCK, Assistant. 


Horticultural investigations at this Station in 1895, were con- 
ducted chiefly along the following lines: 

1. Testing fruits. . 

2. Origination of new fruits for the purpose of securing improved 
sorts. 

3. Investigation of several subjects pertaining to forcing vegetables. 

4. Comparison of different lines of treatment in combating some 
plant diseases of economic importance. 

Some attention has been given to a comparison of new spraying 
devices with those already on the market. A report on this subject 
was given in the annual report for 1894, and in Bulletin 74, so it is 
proposed to defer a further report till next season. 

Considerable time has been devoted to station correspondence on 
horticultural topics, to preparing the annual report and various 
bulletins, and to addresses on horticultural subjects, which were 
given in various parts of the state. The Horticulturist addressed 
the Western New York Horticultural Society, Rochester ; Grange 
organizations at Lodi, Brockport, Billsborough and Stanley; Farmers’ 
Clubs at Hall’s Corners and Clarence Center, and Farmers’ Institutes 
at Medina, Penn Yan, Penfield, Albion, Pittsford, Skaneateles, 
Wellsburg and Horseheads. Exhibits of fruit were made at the 
State fair, and at various county or district fairs. 

The following bulletins on horticultural topics were issued in 
1895: 

No. 84. Spraying pear and apple orchards in 1894.* 

No. 86. Treatment of common diseases and insects injurious to 
fruits and vegetables. 


* The texts of this bulletin was published in the annual report for 1894. The text of the other 
bulletins appear, with few alterations, in this report. 


948 Report oF THE HorvIcuLtTuRISt OF THE 


No. 88. I. Forcing lettuce in pots. 
II. Mushrooms as a greenhouse crop. 
No. 91. I. A new strawberry. 
II. Notes on strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and 
dewberries. 
No, 95. Currants. 


In all this work Mr. Paddock has constantly rendered such willing 
and trustworthy assistance that it is a pleasure to here make acknowl- 
edgment of his faithfulness and efficiency. He has continued the 
investigations of the previous year with raspberry anthracnose. The 
bulletin on the treatment of diseases and insects injurious to fruits and 
vegetables, and the strawberry, raspberry and blackberry bulletins 
issued during the year, are chiefly his work. During the year he has 
addressed the following meetings: Farmers’ meetings at Southhamp- 
ton, Mattituck, Southold, Huntington and Port Jefferson in Suffolk 
county ; Minneola, Queens county; Thiells and Suffern in Rockland 
county ; Newburg, Orange county; Brewster, Putnam county; Mount 
Kisco and White Plains, Westchester county; West Bloomfield, 
Ontario county, and a Grange meeting at Manchester, Ontario county. 


SprctAL Work IN THE SECOND JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 


In addition to other work the Horticulturist has had, as in 1894, 
the general direction of the special investigations in the second judi- 
cial department, subject to the director’s approval. This department 
includes Long Island, Staten Island and the counties of Rockland, 
Orange, Dutchess, Putnam and Westchester. 

During the winter of 1895, a series of twelve Farmers’ Meetings 
were held, reaching localities in six counties. At these meetings 
addresses were given by members of the Station staff and other 
specialists. Agricultural or horticultural topics of local interest 
were discussed. A stereopticon was employed in illustrating the 
different forms of insects and fungus diseases, spraying machinery, 
etc. In most places these meetings were well attended and were 
generally considered instructive and valuable, as well as interesting. 
Informal meetings were held in several localities during the sum- 
mer, at which topics pertaining to injurions insects and plant diseases 
were discussed by members of the Station staff. 

The Entomological investigations have been carried on by Mr. V. 
H. Lowe and Mr. F. A. Sirrine, and Mr. C. F. Stewart has given 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 249 


his attention to the study of plant diseases and remedial treatment 
for the same. Detailed accounts of the work of these specialists 
are found in their annual reports published in this volume. An 
account of Mr. Paddock’s experiments in treating leaf blight and 
fruit rot of cherries in Orange county is combined with a report of 
similar treatment of plum orchards at Geneva by the Horticulturist. 

A co-operative field test of different brands of commercial fer- 
tilizers for potatoes was conducted in Suffolk county by Dr. Van 
Slyke and the results of the test were published in Bulletin 93. 

Two circulars designed to give information about destructive 
insects were issued so as to call attention to these pests just before 
they were expected to appear. Circular No. 1, by F. A. Sirrine, 
treated of the cabbage maggot and No. 2, by V. H. Lowe, treated 
of the corn worm. Circular No. 3 issued to the press May 15, 
1895, gave a brief account of the progress of the work. Besides 
these circulars the following bulletins were issued : 

Bulletin 86, by S. A. Beach and W. Paddock, on Treatment of 
Injurious Insects and Fungous Diseases. 

Bulletin 87, by F. A. Sirrine, on The San Jose or Pernicious 
Scale. 

Bulletin 93, by Dr. L. L. Van Slyke, on Comparative Field-Test 
of Commercial Fertilizers used in raising potatoes. 


I. TESTING FRUITS. 


In testing fruits a systematic record is kept for each variety 
showing for each year the time of blossoming, the period of mar- 
ketable condition and the yield. Descriptions are made of the fruit 
its keeping qualities are noted, especially in case of winter fruits, 
and other features of interest or importance are noticed such as the 
habit of growth, liability to disease, condition of the plants, ete. 

These records are useful not only in determining the merits of 
new varieties as compared with old standard sorts, but the notes on 
the period of blossoming are also valuable in helping to decide what 
varieties may be used for planting with other desirable varieties that 
set fruit imperfectly or not at all when standing alone. It is well 
known that strawberry growers must mingle imperfect flowering 
varieties with perfect flowering varieties in order to secure proper 
fertilization of the blossoms. It has recently been shown at this 
Station that some kinds of grapes likewise need to be mingled in 


250 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


planting. For a more complete discussion of this subject the reader 
is referred to the article on “ Fertilization of Flowers in Orchards 
and Vineyards” in the annual report of this Station for 1894. 

Published descriptions of the varieties, accounts of their origin and 
introduction, reports as to their value in other localities and other 
observations of interest are kept on slips of paper arranged in alpha- 
betical order after the manner of a card index so as to be readily 
accessible for reference. The results of the tests of blackberries, 
dewberries, raspberries and strawberries are issued each year. This. 
season a bulletin on currants has been published and it is proposed 
to prepare bulletins of gooseberries, grapes, stone fruits and 
pomaceons fruits as fast as the time available for this purpose 
permits. 

Collections of fruits true to name are annually exhibited at the 
State Fair and at various county or district fairs throughout the 
State. These exhibitions are of considerable educational value in 
that they give opportunity to examine the fruit of many new or 
little known varieties and to compare them with standard sorts 
grown under similar conditions. 

Some idea of the extent to which the testing of fruits is carried on 
at the Station may be formed from the following statement of the 
number of varieties of the different fruits that were grown and 
fruited here during 1895. These figures are exclusive of varieties 
received for fall planting, Station seedlings, novelties like the Stanley 
berry and Mayberry, and fruits that are little grown, such as mul- 
berries and huckleberries. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 251 


Taste I. Numper or VARIETIES OF Fruits Grown and NuMBER 
FRvuIteD AT THIS STATION IN 1895. 


2 Number | Number 
KIND OF FRUIT. fruited. grown. 


Pomaceous Fruits. 


BABIES cue eee meee S claim tie lo es 2 onisSales snap ses | 210 427 
Site le eines fap - Cina. = = = a prigge B mina en = = 23 30 
PELE Rd ee tein ys et Se ed ee 38 02 
OIG OR ie na cine = = is = os 222 wenses eens denis 5 10 
Stone Fruits. 
PAULING tT (PR ee ti ae cic bes Sinie ole sinlayd wie eroieroCreremrevo Seine, |e elapeienere iel=Isis ak 
Wrmegpeiee == 22-0 o 32 See ee oss Sita ce wee 11 20 
HR LRRICR Me fee foes foal roees hoe eo bdde mates cae 22 43 
RPTENINTE Steere een ae ee eee tae es oe wiele Scicial lt eters were mtete se 2 
Sata Ete a ons oe Wows Sbiae Mare 2 ates wctate o aires Se ye 49 111 
Plime 2 3 Ui ee es Sees Sa eae 119 204 
Small Fruits. 

ERD TGS 44be Gos Bo salen So0ane ones onpecoeatoEese caommace 200 234 
( CT ees RA BLO SER Et Sia es A Ss Se 36 40 
(GHOTERI NERA GPSS eekee 6 Goes RSE Se a ee CS Oe R eee 197 219 
TE ilexcl ee bye SS re hee ee ge ee es 24 39 
MG WIGGENI Gaetan ates ea eae eoleoc tens soe eos me cicicei- 4 6 
IRECMINEIINIEK Se cogoleaee Saso nS cea cB obeeH eaeaaoumecrs 74 88 
SEEM ELET GSH ecco hae tone ne cea ce sere sete ce ese 91 138 

Theta is ee a SRR 1,103 1,714 


AppLEs AND Cras APPLES. 


The varieties of apples and crab apples thus far received for test- 
ing at this Station, with few exceptions, have been top-worked on 
young bearing trees of Baldwin or Rhode Island Greening. In a 
few cases they were worked on some other variety. In several 
instances root grafted or budded trees of the variety to be tested 
were planted. Many old varieties have been admitted to the orch- 
ard for the sake of comparison with new or little known sorts. 

Grafting into the orchard varieties which were received for test- 
ing was commenced in 1883, and additions have been made in suc- 
ceeding years till at present there are four hundred and twenty- 
seven kinds of apples and thirty kinds of crab apples growing at 
the Station, a total of four hundred and fifty-seven kinds. 

Many of the kinds first introduced are now bearing from a few 
fruits to five or six bushels or more per tree. Two hundred and ten 
kinds of apples and twenty-three kinds of crab apples fruited here 
in 1895, making the total number fruited that year two hundred 
and thirty-two. Notes on a few of these varieties are given below, 


252 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


based on their records at this Station. Some of them may do better 
elsewhere than they have done here; others may not do so well. 
This report is not put forth asa final statement of the merits of 
these fruits, but simply shows their records thus far at this Station. 


Notes on Varieties. 


In the following pages Synonyms and temporary designations of unnamed 
sorts are printed in italics. 


Aunt Ginnie.— Prom Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, NV. Y., 
1883.— Tree a moderately vigorous, upright grower. Fruit medium 
to large, oblate, slightly conic, obscurely ribbed ; skin yellow, nearly 
overlaid with streaks and splashes of bright red; cavity broad and 
deep, heavily russetted ; stem medium ; calyx small, nearly closed ; 
basin shallow, broad and corrugated. Flesh white, coarse, sub-acid, 
aromatic, good in flavor and quality; core very large. Season, 
October. It was top-worked on a young bearing tree in 1883 and 
bore its first fruit four years later. In several succeeding seasons it 
gave alight yield. Its first fairly good crop was produced this 
season, when it bore two bushels. 


Downing Winter Maiden Blush.— (ions from EF. M. Buechly, 
Greenville, Ohio, 1887. It bore its first fruit last season. Fruit 
large, roundish, slightly oblate; skin pale greenish yellow with a 
blush where exposed, and sprinkled with numerous white dots; 
stem short and thick, set in a medium cavity; calyx closed ; basin 
broad, shallow and slightly corrugated. Flesh white, firm and 
crisp, moderately juicy, fine grained, mild sub-acid; quality good. 
Season, November to late winter. Tree moderately vigorous, 
upright. 

Golden White.—A Russian apple received from T. H. Hoskins, 
Newport, Vermont, in 1888. It was top-worked on a young bear- 
ing tree and bore its first fruit six years later. Its growth has been 
weak so far. Fruit medium size, oblate inclined to conic, ribbed 
and peculiarly flattened at the base; color greenish yellow tinted and 
streaked with bright red in the sun, sprinkled with many large 
light dots; calyx half open; basin large, irregular and corrugated ; 
stem small, inserted in a small and shallow cavity; flesh white with 
a faint salmon tinge ; moderately juicy, sub-acid, quality fair, season 
September. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 253 


Heidorn.—A Russian apple received from T. H. Hoskins, New- 
port, Vermont, in 1888, and topworked on a bearing tree. It bore 
its first fruit this season. Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, 
slightly conic; skin of an unattractive dull purplish-red color. Calyx 
closed, set in a shallow corrugated basin; stem short; cavity deep 
and narrow. Flesh white, fine grained, sweet, poor to fair in flavor 
and quality. Season first of August here, but said to be a Septem- 
ber apple in northern Vermont. The tree is a slow grower and only 
moderately vigorous. 

Jacobs.—Jacobs’ Winter Sweet. Received from CharlesS. Jacobs, 
Medford, Mass., in 1888, with whom it originated. It was top- 
worked on a young bearing tree and bore its first fruit five years 
later. Tree a good vigorous grower of spreading habit. Fruit, 
medium to very large, roundish oblate; skin light yellowish 
green, with numerous large greenish dots; occasionally specimens 
are seen with a faint blush. Stem small; cavity broad, deep, and 
slightly russeted; basin rather broad and deep; calyx small, half 
open. Flesh white, crisp, sweet, rather coarse; quality good. Sea- 
son November to late winter. The indications are that it will be 
productive and a valuable acquisition to the list of winter sweet 
apples. Yield this season five bushels. 

Jonathan Buler.— From Benjamin Buckman, Farmingdale, 
Illinois, 1889.— It was top-worked on a bearing tree, and yielded 
its first fruit five years later. Fruit above medium size, oblate; skin 
light greenish-yellow, mottled and splashed with dark red, or some- 
times reddish brown, and dotted with numerous small brown dots; 
stem small, inserted in a very broad, shallow, shghtly russeted cavity ; 
basin broad and deep, slightly irregular; calyx medium, open. 
Flesh white, mildly sweet, moderately juicy, fair quality. When 
cooked it keeps its shape like a sweet apple. Season, November and 
December, but like Fameuse, carefully handled specimens may be 
kept through the winter. See nothing in it to make it worthy of 
dissemination in this State. The tree is a free grower, vigorous, 
and somewhat spreading. 

Landsberger Reinette.— Cions received from T. H. Hoskins, 
Newport, Vermont, in 1888, and top-worked on a bearing tree. Its 
bore its first fruit in 1894, and in 1895 gave a large yield for so 
young a tree. Fruit medium to large, conic or oblate-conic; skin 
smooth, yellow, dull red on the exposed side washed and striped 
with dull carmine ; stem medium ; cavity deep and russeted; calyx 


254 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


open; basin wide, rather shallow and corrugated. Flesh nearly 
white, rather fine grained, mild sub acid, good quality for desert 
use, but too mild for cooking purposes. Its season may be said to 
begin with October, but like Fameuse, specinens may be kept till 
spring, though not in the best condition. Tree vigorous, inclined 
to be spreading. 

Northwestern Greening.— /vrom George J. Kellogg, Janesville, 
Wisconsin, 1888.— Yielded its first fruit in 1894, and gave a good 
yield in 1895. Tree a free grower, inclined to spread. Fruit 
medium to large, oblate inclined to conic; skin pale yellow when 
ripe ; stem medium, inserted in a deep cavity ; calyx closed, set in 
an abrupt, moderately shallow basin. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, 
aromatic, mild sub-acid, good flavor and fair quality. Keeps in 
good condition until March. Has not enough acidity to be as desir- 
able for culinary use as other varieties of its season. 

Ornament de Table.— From Benjamin Buckman, Farming- 
dale, Illinois, 1889.—It was top-worked on a bearing tree, and 
produced its first fruit in 1894. ‘Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit 
medium size or above, roundish oblate, attractive in appearance ; 
skin yellow, sprinkled with russet and light dots, and streaked and 
blushed in the sun with light red; stem small, set in a moderately 
deep, symmetrical, russeted cavity; basin broad, rather abrupt, moder- 
ately deep; calyx closed; flesh nearly white, rather coarse, tender, 
mildly sweet; quality good. Season, October to February. As a 
desert fruit it is not as desirable as some other varieties of the same 
season. 

Prolific Sweeting.—A Russian variety received from T. H. Hos- 
kins, Newport, Vermont. Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate ; 
skin pale yellow, sprinkled with whitish dots and russet specks. 
Stem medium set in a deep cavity. Calyx closed with segments 
reflexed; basin wide, shallow and corrugated. Flesh white, fine 
grained, mildly sweet. Season August. Topworked in 1888, it 
bore its first fruit in 1895. Tree moderately vigorous and upright. 

Rome Beauty.—/aust’s Rome Beauty.—This variety was first 
received here in 1883. In 1889 it was received under the name of 
Faust’s Rome Beauty. The tree is vigorous, spreading, begins to 

‘bear young and is very productive. Fruit attractive in color, me- 
dium or above, roundish-conical. Skin yellow, striped and shaded 
with red and sprinkled with light dots. Flesh tender, sprightly, 
sub-acid, good in flavor and quality. When cooked at its prime it 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 255 


is nearly equal to Northern Spy in flavor and quality and has a fine 
color. It cooks evenly and quickly. Season November to March. 

Smelling.—A Russian apple received from T. H. Hoskins, New- 
port, Vermont, in 1888, and topworked on a bearing tree. It bore 
its first fruit five years later. Fruit medium to large, oblong conie, 
obscurely ribbed; skin greenish yellow, largely covered with dark 
red and splashed with carmine, and sparingly dotted with small, 
light dots, Stem slender, scarcely projecting from the narrow, very 
deep, slightly russeted cavity ; basin abrupt, moderately wide, corru- 
gated ; calyx half open. Flesh rather coarse, sub-acid, good flavor 
and quality. Season August. A handsome apple. The tree has 
as yet made only a weak growth. 

Switzer.—A German variety received from T. H. Hoskins, New- 
port, Vermont, in 1888. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium 
size, roundish oblate. Skin pale yellow, at first nearly white, and 
beautifully blushed with light red, making it very attractive in 
appearance. Calyx closed; basin shallow, sometimes corrugated. 
Stem short, set in a narrow, shailow cavity. Flesh white, fine- 
grained, tender, moderately juicy, mild sub-acid, good to very good 
in flavor and quality. Desirable either for dessert or culinary use. 

It was topworked on a young bearing tree in 1888, produced its 
first specimens of fruit in 1894 and in 1895 gave a large yield for 
so young atree. Prof. Budd* calls it a hardy tree for cold climates 
and reports that when grown in northern localities, if carefully 
handled, it may be kept till winter. 

Stump.—Top grafted in 1883, it produced its first fruit seven 
years later. Tree vigorous, upright grower. Fruit medium size, 
roundish conic; skin pale yellow, beautifwlly striped and shaded 
with red; flesh firm, crisp, tender, sub-acid, mild in flavor. Season 
last of August and first of September. It begins to ripen a few 
days later than Chenango Strawberry. The fruit is borne on short 
spurs close to the limbs. Tree productive. One of the handsomest 
late summer or early fall apples. 

Williams (Favorite).—A dessert fruit that should be more widely 
known. Its symmetrical form and deep red color make it an 
attractive apple in market. It is also desirable for home use, as it 
is good in flavorand quality. The tree makes moderate growth and 
- is a good bearer. 


* Bulletin lowa Agricultural College, Revised list of Fruits, &c., 1885 : 12, and Bulletin on 
Notes on Apples &c., 1890 : 18. 


\ 


256 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Yield of Apples and Crab Apples in 1895.—The following 
tabulated statement of the yield of apples and crab apples in Station 
orchard No. 2, in 1895, permits of a comparison of the yield for this 
year with the yield in former years as given in previous annual 
reports. It also permits of a comparison of the different varieties _ 
as to their yield in 1895. The statement shows which of these trees 
were planted and which were grafted on bearing stock, and gives 
the orchard age of each. The varieties have not all been planted 
or grafted the same length of time and some have been bearing for 
several years while others are just beginning to bear. For this 
reason the orchard age is given so that a more correct comparison 
of the varieties may be made, and the yield is not given in bushels 
but is stated by using the adjectives few, fair, good, large, or very 
large as the case may be. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


bo 
Or 
=) 


Taste II, SHowrna (1) Yrevp-1n 1895; (2) Numper or Yxars 
Since Eacu Varitery was Tor-workepD on A Young BEARING 
TREE, oR SINCE IT WAS PLANTED, AND (3) Season oF RIPENING 


at GENEVA. 


Note.—The following abbreviations are used to denote the pean oe ripening : 


early summer ; S., for summer ; E. F., for early fall ; 


W.., for winter, and L. W., for late winter. 


F., for fall ; 
Sy nonyms are printed in ieee. 


E. S., for 


for early winter ; 


ORCHARD 
AGE. : 
= 
Ss 
_ NAME. Yield in 1895. | 3 & 
MN sds 
pela | g 
es | & 3 
& Oy n 
mreabateal Reinette.". ..2.......-. Very large} 12 KE. W. 
BAMESDE ANCL EE 52) xs > it pee tend wyefsy tia's''s 050-7 Shes ews. cvse (ee F. 
American Newtown Pippin, see 
Green Newtown Pippin. ..:..| 2.25.2... Bi egal oa 
Amos Jackson........... sa Saes seer airy. 2. 6 BW 
BAUM AMAR TIG ESS ¢ hy2.. syne re 2 «20:0, oe 1 See ewes as 11 ie 
PeemeeWEA WADGET. ac ec + weir eeie His Large 6 1 We 
RPE OTIOMGAL eevee ws ee Large 6 F. 
Pea eMeBeC HA OXANGEPS... +s) an sicis h bsisisnses = abliscee lid) Se 
28 aS Pane ee Few (t 8. 
semen Herne seo Osta KOE os.4.. s/aru.s | ote as sis 's + [lo 2 silieis rece et ae 
LEG 2 SE ae ay a eae Very large} 7 8. 
i) EG Good"... 5.| 12 F. 
EEemeRee,. SWODLY ‘OUNCE « °. 2,0 «)\p els) ores.6 +6 |\eeeds shore: ostllonetekoats 
v, UTIP TIT NS [ives CG) oe ee Good ( F. 
Bovumnores) vppin, see. Ben Wavis.| .. . «ss,0ss |. = >| ++ <x foes see 
PaHmore Aved, See ene Davis! <. | 4. 2) <s-0 5 alls 0010 | aiere wllametaeie 
Baltimore Red Streak, see Ben 
MB AVIS: 2%. 2s. 5 sy ‘ Ee eee a eee etek a or ee 
BEMMOTOOOOSKOO.... 0... woe eee wns oe Ch ee es ee Li BS: 
Belle de Boskoop..... Ren eh ee Large (fa EK. W. 
Belle Fleur, see Yellow Bellflower ......... | <2 ed 
Bell's Early, see Sops of Wine...| ......... Brrcbee |) 2. 
Joi ct 2 ree Very large 12. |e ae 
Benninger .......... eal ble cce\n means Very large} 6|....| EF 
Bennington, see Sops of Wine....| .........|..-- aaah lan cteost 
ont eee |...) Hew eee 
Boston Fusset, see Roxbury Russet) ......... Page ec (ove a 
Brooke's Pippin, see Green New. | 
Pail) Vpn ean: .... «| io x eiclelpne oAbeanbis RAE Ren OR: 


. 17 


258 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


/ 


Taste SHowine THE YIELD oF AppLes, Erc., 1n 1895 — (Continued). 


° 


ORCHARD 
AGE. 4 
Es : 
NAME. | Yield in 1895. | 32 & 
re oo é 3S 
Srownlee Jreusset. 6.02. Seo cote Hew. i. .". 12 Lewes 
Hsamekonae ama!) 02). 2 2 ae. eye batela oe Bee sen. 7}. 0) eae 
Buckley, see Chenango Strawberry ©. 0). qed ee - |. 3-7 ene 
Byer’s Best, see Buckingham slave enel So hag Wie beached ticle |e) eae 
Carolina Red Streak, see Ben Davis} ......... sG)-0)| a eels 
Cayuga Red Str eak, see Twenty 

MOU Ocak hbnatdiaten daareins acc poe teva redeeval| tee noel NE Pon Wren Serie es, 
MU aA ANTI ie scic rare ste egaiiale gusts neers air tooe if Wwe 
@anuda: Keimette cies en eis the Hvar eee if AW 
Chenango Strawberry ............. Very eh 12 8 

Coleman, see Twenty Ounce... 20.2)... oe sree 
CUO ROCA EE ree ase rc eben Car Rac Mair’ ner vig’ 8 
POM ReMi dace 8. Oe ra eile ewes Fair tees 6 De We 
wee IMIG We oy age ease es ie in i aes Cane Very large| 12 Lawes 

Cooper's  fedling, see Cooper 

SUES 2 apie ce RA bart en MAG ESSE, | aia! 4 patel EES Ales een 

Count Orloff, see Grosece Selenka 

AGEUNORE 8c che nema sit shone c ee can oe eee eae cat Aaa 
AD caxcnsbr OTHVOTIA SF Skis Sacrenste tain ace Good’! 12 a a ae 
Czar Thorns) ..< ewes octets pamiiartan Good... 5. 11) ae 
Delaware ei utiss Malt urea te crohns ace aire tT eae 

Delaware Winter, see Delaware..| ......... ae 

Delaware Ped ener see Del- 

REVERE ES ist d ik fot ba cei i aos lanes recast » cals ae Oe eee 
Wickaneonis! :siy Vs Ane ea se Good 22) ).'T 17a eae 
MOTE MAROON oie). . aa die Het aes 310 Few..... 6. | eee ae 

Dodges Early Fed, see Sops of 

PWimtess pale So nes a ee RG Ses Bh a ee 
Downing Winter Maiden Blush..... Fair nce 8 We 

Duchess of Oldenburg, see Olden- 

UTE ajo CARER ots Wink Ue ER e Ae Se ceeeeme mee al eae) tote 
Dudley Winter. Sates G02 oer nas Mew raun: 3 | AGA 
DTU a\eee ate Webmin ay Sy, ME vse Gooderxnieie EWE 

Early French Reinette, see Early 

Harvest 2). iifoee her. ok Sie Ree es alec al 
Barly Harvest 2. is/. ete 8 > cigs art 4 eee 12 Kk. 8 
Bary. FRAPS foo. Wag yd eaten eae Very large eS 
Barly Strawberry. .':)-! ita ween ((ewrtstet | 12 E S$ 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


259 


TasLE SHowrne THE YIELD oF APPLES, Evc., ry 1895 — (Continued). 


NAME. 
Paloemetved: Streak. 2.0600... et | 
PAIR eh esi ee ne | 
KiomePippin::..... Ha eenaieteete 


mperor Alexander, see Alexander, 
English Golden, see "Golden Russet 
English Golden Russet, see Golden| 
Russet 
RRO E TSO 6 cies Siz do. 0+ <a a9e ares | 
Enormous 
Lirnest Pippin, see Ohio Pippin. . 
feopas. Spitzenburg....2o). 0.6... 2. | 
BRA UTIOTS 5555 Sh as as a ie 0g ein td tot 
7 Eo NG ie CS NS ee ea | 
ICE 2 eae ee er 


« we & 9/0) Olle! ©; (eo; lof ut er =+ w 650 ee 0 0) ee 


2) 2) SO 
Fall (Queen, see Haas...........| 
Fall Queen, see Buckingham..... 

Fall oe So 3 cS ARR SE ek ae 


Fausts Rome Beauty, see Rome 
JEST ATI he IRR Ae eae | 
Ferdinand 
Flory 
Frank, see Chenango Strawberry. 
French Pippin 
Gardener's Apple, see Mother. . 
et oh oso ad be mentel bow 
Gideon, No. 7 
G2) 00 21 ee oe 
CARTE GU IRs 13 Ce hai a a ea 
Gillett’s Seedling, see Rome Beauty. 
Brine ExNCOM A tata dag cA. bs a iar 


eho (eo. oF Ue ak eof 68 ofa! sc) 6 we) Ye ‘oe 9) ©, © 


= f=) Wiehe) ee te ois (0) ee) fa) 19) 10° fe tale 


é 

: a 
Yieldin i895. | -~ 2 5 

rats : rc] 

rel Z| § 

e=|a| é 
Good "s L. W. 
Good 6 L. W. 
Good 6 Jose be 
Pew. .cict\) Raanvelk pea 
(are ys oe 7 E.S 
PS Beavassmak) ladies WwW. 
Large. 6 Ae 
Few... ‘6 W.. 
Hewes cs 6 F, 
Very large} 12 Ek. W. 
Very large} 12 1 
es eS ate i Sieve) Ay Me 
Rais. oom. 12 oe 
Good 6 E. F. 
Good. 6 E. W. 
Bow ax shir Oe oom Wie 
Very large} 7 F 
Bew...c.| 5 Las 
diarge ou) oD [yeaa RA. 
Very large) 7 S. 
Mewes nk 7 S. 
Me wis eae AT + | DOT eae oes eae 
i. Pes y. Ue Fs 7 ee 
Good ly L. W. 
Good 12 Na he 
Rewind 2 er E. F. 


¢ 
260 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


TasLE Suowine THE YIELD or Apres, Erc., 1 1895 — (Continued). 


ORCHARD 
AGE. 
g 
S 3 g 
NAME. Yield in 1895. | 3% 2 
Se oe 
Fe | 38 8 
ag/ a | 3 
eB? | a B 
\ TYCO Ns aS RR oSo  Rea Few...... {if 
Pecamammother << )asta hae be eee Targe,.,...:|, 7 |. .ceaane 
Grand Sultang 0%. 6.5 0a dete oe ewe 12 12...) aes 
AEA MEMBLOUE (5 gi Svein? nysiesdy eave aa Fait aie TR eee 2) 
Gray Apple, see:Pomme Grise: S|. a. e aden eee 
Green Newtown Pippin ...)....js¥ 20. airy. A) eeereed ie DA 
Green Winter Pippin, see Green 
Ne wlownueip pin: wea te te ca oe Benne arene Pee acer 3 
Green Vandevere, see Vandevere.| ......... oi 6 2 6: he, eee eee 
GrmesiGoldeni: jyivs.s ly: . Meee Good \ 2.) (a) ees 
Groskce Selenka Gruner........... Heyw.))..26% 12) oe.) ee 
Gg.0s Pomierjsee Haas.) .5, 3c sel cclsexteee MPR Recess 
eee Oe cA B's ye MEAL on Seale can Good)... E. W. 
PAE ORG OBO? of: 301 3, ve WAN ch oe Gl, ase hargertery eat F. 
Pelee le saa Se ste hierba Lk i i dat Larges) set F. 
PETC TE  24 F yee an eae a Lo el, Hew aee ef 8. 
TS esy Fn Ma bi chen Sut veld Hes, Sen Verylarge! 6 E. 8. 
JEL OI CTIG RE eR Be ae Persie Rc He EAR Very large) ty ie. eae 
Hominy, Seo Sops ol Wane 22.08 5/4. Caney ea ee oats | eas ene 
AGEs Ob Onse,. Bee, Eadgesy cc 13, Winehiee fas Alnor ciel ee 
MONAT, < NOrt!s 0 occu de eor ae Bair here T |. 5: ese) eae 
Hower or House, see Fall Wine ..|...........-|..-- «a6 a\| eee 
Howe's Russet, see Roxbury Russet.| .........|...- » le) oS 
SEMI UT adc Oohess gM kata occ CR Maar 12), 22 ve 
Hurlbut Stripe, see Hurlbut... - | ie.dekdaweleee« «ee 
Jackson Apple, see Chenango Straw- 
GTI 6s ai8 iin oo: bin cove Seauey a RYH foie LAY neh LCA RE er 
ICO) 01S SRV 11: Oo. 2 ar Very large) Wiice cae 
Jacobs Winier Sweet, see Jacobs.) |)... ck cine aia | Gea |o ae 
Jenmiton, see: Ralls Genet: . : 2 2).6).| sss le oye see oboe ee 
Janette, see Ralls Genet’... 2.4.) .e/ineceticeiie le ee 
DIETBEy sO WCCLUIO nur ey eral ets s ciara sys Large...2..) 12 |) eae 
Sewebty, Fine, Wed. vce. ga ke mcs ele Haire ck Tsay (ae 
SUTRA EIMATIO e cie \i lads! syedobea tiny. <Vehcheh netee Large.*.....] )2 3 Se 
Jonathan, Baler... celiac oe Litman Lode egy fs el st 
auicy, Krimtartar,, ciel oes a. oe ATA aie pee TA aes 
July Apple, see Primate......... 


_ July Pippin, see Early Harvest .. ee Ci 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


261 


TasLE SHowING THE YIELD or Apptes, Erc., ry 1895 — (Continued). 


ORCHARD 


NAME. Yield in 1895. | ge S 
hee be 
ie 
e"| a | a 

ll US Owe tis 32. Hac 6 Bel 
Be TCeMING oe ee seers ewes. ae moe ed yok: ee 
MMIPIOCS PCT. te tle ne wees BSW sicher G2) ee aed 
aes Few..... 12 8. 
nKentucky Pippin, see Ben Davis.|*.....22.2).... [eee | ene 
Kentucky Queen; see Buckingham.) 2... 2.5). oe | ne eee 
TER BA eee ae Large 12 Ek. F 
ieug Apple, see Tompkins) King..| .........).5..). sleet sean 
King of Tompkins County, see 
Piipaerares Fest Oho teed, vanes tock one sno. 0| = « ovaialens re us SPR he oetee oc 
GS ee a i Large 5 We 
cha) (se OW ss « 12 WwW: 
Lady’s Blush, see Maiden Blush..| ......... stitutes ieee ee ee 
1 OD CDS RES a RSW oa: do: EOWs 
Landsberger Reinette.............. Very large} 7 F. 
Lo SIT) SG Se nae Large mT Le We 
- Large Yellow Bough, see Sweet 
RTE oho. cittans CRO AN he bos ono, ale ces a) armen 
' Large White Juneating, see Early 
T6281) Sy. Sei Rena rae ea ee ea 2 att | hats tp Coenen 
LOE ELE BA a aa Bares t c S. 
Wetman Deaby ces". os ew se Hew st! 5 S. 
and see Uwenty Ounce: 70.02.) i.e. oe. fe PP peas Coed #3 
© ELE HG, GIs A RO Net A Sg a Very large] 7 }. F. 
Beerrme ve S01 2 ee ee os fs GiGod Sie FT |). bio eee 
ME Osis oko we iedete ce ces Very large| 7 S. 
Lymavs Pumpkin Sweet, see 
MEMRBLAEDOWECL,. . < Satee ae a loays vedye 34 5's" os =| aaa 
Matortved Streak. ......3..00...: aes 2. 7 [vse 
Parmer IIG Ns. i ed ae Large 12 jel 
Pbstpiete estes os.) 5 2. fade tie pe Good 5 F, 
1 TU Eat | SS A rr | Good i 5. Ws 
Marietta Russet, see Roxbury 
aPC tires Sense etal etl we Yacnss. = pacers |) oie oo aha /oha of = eet ege pce 
Blvd Chico; Rea Fldag. 6. o) a SR ee 8 =o een 
IRE SILENL. 2s ites cite ate Se Larees toc Rea E. W. 
emenan White :....9 au... .. Very large} 7 |. W. 
eg S85 St CALS re S| Dewitens: 12 Wie 


262 


REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Tas LE SHOWING THE YIELD oF Appuys, Ero., in 1895 — (Continued). 


— 


NAME. 


2D KEINE Te eR AIRE oye). 
PNVGMAWETO;. s aiv's'eials.e wiele cyarghne see 
Michigan Beauty, see Shiawasse 
Beauty 
Milding 
Milligen 
Missouri Pippin 
Molly Whopper, see Fallawater. .. 
VE SGOT lc ge RR es AA So 
Moon. 
MOORE SS WEL. b onic Sekt ole eters we 
Morgav’s Favorite, see Twenty 
Ounce . 
Moshier. 


ee 
wihe)e, ie) en of, ©) fe, ©) e).0| ©! 0) ee 1) 0)'6 @ 0 oe) age re 
Cr 


CE ee eC Cay CYC) Cet) AC Yue nc yt Yk Yet Ta 
oie.) (6) (6iie'16, 810 ee) jeiewe) eo) Le)! 6, ©) (=4'e/ (ele 1e, ) 


Oe Je lols) @ (eo ie © 0) 0 ie (© fe 2 0 (0 (e:/e, (0 


© (8)' ©) 1008 0:76, .0! (6) 00) 0 (aig: ie: coe, @ 14) '@) \ei) 0: 0) 50 


Mountain Pippin, see Fallawater . 
Musk Spice, see Fall Wine....... 
Mzensk . 
Nelson 


Ce 


oe eylef «| te) 6) 6, 16) / 6) <0.e) 0; © 18, oa @ jose) aie cele) fe 


New Brunswick, see Oldenburg. . 


Newman “Seedling. .-59. 2 eekins wee. 


Newtown Pippin, see Green New- 
town Pippin 
New York Pippin, see Ben. Davis 
Nodhead, see Jewett Fine Red... 
North American Best, see Primate 
Northern Sp 
North Star, see Dudley Winter. . 
Northwestern Greening............ 
Norton's Melon, see Melon....... 
No. 21 Voronesh, see Y ellow Calville 


2 fa) je jet eclelenia Velke we. ee e):0 e's 


Gye) (©) = \e,/@, 0 Vee] fee) ee ©) (es) §w 0) © 


Wo. 228 Dept, see Vochins Crimean 
No. 238. 
Occident 
Ohio Pippin . 

Ohio Wine, see Fall Wine 


«) ©, (0 6 08 0 ©) © (e (©. 0) 0) 0| \e) || \@ © (0: © «/\e fe .6) 10 


see e eee 


ae nition Me rore Ee ae Very large 
EF 


ORCHARD 
AGE. . 
a. 
a a 
Yield in 1895. | 3 2 
Bas = e 
E=| 3 2 
ag} 3 3 
ont cs RD 
aaa ys a 7 S. 
Rare 12 E. W. 
jas eas ee : oe ae 
Bair 396 "6 W. 
Fairs te ff Neal 
vay 4 a aa «lo an Ee ee 
Few....2 6 cee 
Kew. emee 5 
Pairs IN 7 (jones: 
Few. sual E. W. 
Latge) {| 7 (ae, ee 
Good; 2.) 6 LL: We 
ne Nee | Oe : es ae als z a 
Fow. do eae 
Larges.) 0/7 | ose 
tac cae : ee 4. E ae 
5 ENN tas ae ee 
Alba eee 12 L. W. 
Large fi eee rea 


‘ 


\ 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


263 


TasLe SHOWING THE YIELD or Apptes, Ero., 1x 1895 — ( Continued.) 


NAME. 


Ontanto 2... ..... 3 ee ie oe 


Ornament de Table 


immerse UR ee ons 


Palmers Greening, see Washington 


> ig LT nee 


Parry White 
Peck Pleasant 


Petersburgh Pippin, see Green 
Newtown Pippin 


eIKCeN ene Ss 2A ck RN 


Pound, see Fallawater 


ore ee eee eee 


Pound Sweet (Red)... 50.2.2... ... 


Pound Sweet, see Pumpkin Sweet 
Powers, see Primate 


Prince’s Harvest, see Early Harvest 
Prolific Sweeting 


wie) (ehef's) is) a) 8) ¢e) ee 


Prussian, see Twenty Ounce..... 


Pumpkin Russet 
Pumpkin Sweet 
Putnam Russet, see Roxbury Russet 


Queen Ann, see Mother......... 
Queen, see Buckingham......... 


Ralls Genet 


Rambo 


Red Beitigheimer 
Red Cheek Pippin, see Monmouth. 
Red Juneating,see Early Strawberry 


«6 (gba! ee es (oe) e) s 


fed Pippin, see Ben Davis...... 


Red Russet 


Red Transparent 


Red Vandervere, see Vandervere. . 


Reimette a fewille @ Acuba, see 


Acuba-Leaf Reinette.......... 


ORCHARD 
AGE. 


s 
Yield in 1895. 3f & 
a eue ¢ 
se| 3 5 
as| gi 8 
i= Ay nN 
aired Sa Oe cl eee 
Rew trey 12 L. W. 
Fair 270: 6 ead 
Panty es): 11 1 NS Shy 
Verylarge| 6 |..../ E. F. 
Large’. 2252) 36s ae 
Good ....| 12 Be el 
Very large| 7 yoke 
call ae eae ig Bae ta ay 
ae is - Are he a woe 
Faire: .) (@ |esaue L. W. 
Large 12 E. 8. 
Pairs cl % lye E. F. 
Very large| 12 |....| ras 
Very large| 12 NSA 
Ses eagle 5 eta aig eC 
Good 12 EoWe 
Few . 12 ES. 
Large 12 EH. E: 
ee Pe ae ee vis as = 
ERIE SecA 2 el aa 


264 


Taniy Suowine THE YIELD or AppuEs, Erc., ry 1895 — (Continued). 


REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


NAME. 


nee Bre offen tan os ASA RDeMS tact eee 


Rhodes Orange 
ROMMOMIDCAUOY. ou. =i. o4 <i nai: pinsebya de 
COTA Met. (clr oP isch, ty ies cose 


HivorsinariyeEVUBEEL).'-) 45,0 spender 4.<.2: snes 50 
Damir bawrence sv h ives, iace Uked os ae 
IMG MOIGETED GS) ores soe ssuccastt cua cuts eee 
PU OUR PUN ye ts hore WA ene wake cimnees 
Sassafras Sweet, see Haskell aie, 


PCOULMVAIEOR: 2 ctaisca 6 xe ete cs . 


RUDI ci otc oc vs doge aes Groeten 
milnewasse Beauty... .ic..2ie cleo bis cuss 
Suna AemMprA les cub! vwks wees cae te 
OBC MMA Le sith ohh Viele Sacta ek aie ae 
BS ud tte OTC ST is bee) Sang RRS co cn to 


SG PIORE TG | ROR DA SN rr oo iy ge 


SUTTLID OF Mare gegen eee Mrs EIR ERAL 1a een 
Sate arehig yk. veh hues ele 6g 
pummercked-Calville. 3%). .c2eaaae 
SSIMIATMETMEROSE 60), 50s 2 cic tin's maatamaeee a x 


Sutton Beauty, see Sutton ....... 
SS TESS aI Por. Re | 


Thaler, see Yellow Transparent... 
JEON UG a I a eg aed 
MobiasH ap pin 245. 2iceu seks akon eam 
Monap las Raa 30, isd dorers vse 
SE TGLIEY Sa eR ne pane EEN AA IU 


Season at Geneva. 


elects 


eo [ie «ele ey 


SAA SS 


-ORCHARD 
AGE. 
86 
Yield in 1905, | $5 
bo a 
Gale 
BE |B 
Hewrse. : lees 
aS Stile seri Hel 
Very large} 12 |. 
Large....| 6 
Very large| 12 
Very large| 7 
Fewets! 21) (Dale 
Very large! 12 
Very large] 12 
lO hipaa 7 
aU ae 7 
Pair oes ff 
Very large] 6 
Few res iowa, 
Very large} 12 |. 
Bair 2 sor foal 
Very large} 7 |. 
Large ®...| L25e 
Very large} 6 |. 
Very large} 7 |. 
Very large} 12 |. 
Large.) tale 
Rewer ian 
Few. eda 
Very large| 12 |. 
Few . 7 
Very lar we (ous 
Few . De.. 
Very large ibs 
Maines Sc 12 
Haines 12 
eins TAs 
Good 1D eee 
Mains hing pee i 
Large aL Be Wha 
Good 12 | q | 


bef tod bed be be 
aaa 


aa 


HAH 


Ee 


I = 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 265 


Taste Suowinc THE YIELD oF Appies Evc., 1x 1895 — (Continued). 


ORCHARD 
AGE. 2 
NAME, Yield in 1895. - $ & 
Be? | 7 
Wamelliay No Core......... 6... wee Goods .| Gils Ta We 
MWoehing @rimean ............0.--- Very large| 7 |.... S 
MER oa ae tea Few ..-.-.-. 12): ee We 
Walbridge, see Edgar Red Streak.) ...... ported s Sieg Rai Mich at 
Seemisee Howard... 02.00.03. 2348: Few ..:.:>. Td DS 
Washington, see Sops of Wine ...| ....----- ier alelf ete toe ae 
Washington Royal ............+-.: Larges .).|) > (seas ae 
Washington Strawberry ..........- Very large} - 7 |--..) E78. 
Watermelon, see Melon.........-| .--+++++> saa kta e aie eee 
Weal eliyi st) Mec fees eee Barge. c[) Th eee, ee 
resterm: POaUty cu ade es =e fant e Fair? «+... To Wer dctel OR 
Wieceler WVGL SOE ESR Few..... Br peice tal ed eens 
White Canada Pippin.............. Rew iii 22 Sa ania fee Jk 
Werte Doctor... 5-4. He oe Large. 2 [> 6°} .-c.0| We 
(Wn al a0) a eee Very large| 7 |....| S. 
White Pippin”. 2.6 0.0508 8 6. eo es Good... | 12 1.4 ee 58: 
White Vandevere, see Vandevere.| .....-.-- NA Aes he fo 
Williams’ Early,see Williams...| ........- write a lsieae ee 
SMathame ({Pavorite). 2. ois 2. pe Good: x01 19s |S 
iamebrince 0.2200. oe Large --..|- - 6: |) 22) 8: 
Williams’ Red,seeWilliams ......| ...------ MET eee iy or 
Wine Apple, see Twenty Ounce ..| .-..-: Peolvewstsceeeseem 
Pym bets. ieee ke bo eek Few .:5.. {>| Dap Ags 
\ ithe £09 Oe A ae ee a Large . «<<; 12) | 35 32) We 
Winter Blush, see Fallawater ....|.-......-- MEE esac p< 
‘Winter Queen, see Buckingham....| ......... thal ake ee 
Bea INGira whe ee Bae 6. « Hew env" aes fej 
BEAT? c's eae hee ee = em tl rea | 25) 
Meliow: Bellflower. ..0i.0 02.4.2... 5 - Barges... | £23) Ws 
mmr OaLVile . Shop eaarah deere I Very large| 7 S. 
PIR OVCRL, ys... 0 sc shorn ialelaae Good'..3 2. |) a WV 
fellow viransparent......-..../.,,.. Very large} 7 By 8: 
ORM aONIle.. 3. 52) Lewes ees Kes, Reape 6 Ee 
gmc anpeRIAL hoo.) oe ee as Very large) 7 1 We 


Seven varieties which fruited are not included in the above list 
because they were borne on older trees. Including these the total 
number of apples fruited in 1895 is 210. 


266 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Taste SHowine THE YIELD oF AppxEs, Ero., in 1895 — (Concluded). 


ORCHARD 
AGE. i 
z : 
NAME, Yieldin 1895. | 32 S 
e | & a 
Cras APPLES. 
doomed ayes bes wie yyehe ay Ste ieee Maine 7 Amel 
ema INCA lan 6) coi ie thee la oop « Geeloneds Hairige ee 6 ais) 
ROTC NCOP oe betes biota eye Oxagnbencmrecsians oe Very large| 7 Wes 
CRT PAR a ce AT co Few..... 12 Sihekeewve 
Dba NAONG) Fe  eeIRRP s Pe, A eesy Good 7 |e 
EU KGRIRION i. ieie 4/ecnlasaeh oss s Buia theta Largeses yond “oped fe 
CT OACOTURONOR Dina, oo shes i a Cal oreiehe ae Very large| 7 Agi 
OOTP OER NE os 2) Soe Sha ea ale Taree ret | AEE 
ESL BAIN Re ed, elt cocBonss By ha lovee Large: -.). 12 opt 
Mieedliyeppey eerie oe den oa certs ce cate anes Very large) 7 | Aaa 
ate Mellow asiberianyiaiie2). 2. Haat 2) eee Thi ote era 
PMH IT ONES) Ure) c care, GadetanetS iveles «pa Large! 2.01). ie alee 
PTE RANE LAs Seca Gh uted RUS pieces es Kaira ase 7 Ae ie 
PMS OLAM Nee te hic) Uh ye a wre & dels Few Genus ‘( AC Hae 
Montreal beauty... ..:).....4- 34 eisjreis Fewy ic o8 TOW. lee eae 
ODIO ae ap ae Ss Marge) iy:'..Ark2 F. 
ecal@lmaporialls ©)... eave lew e. « ors Very large} 7 EK. F. 
RptCLA OER La IN oi sa aye uhbielo owe we nie Very large| 7 Haoik: 
HvecupoIeRlaM: ji 4's \a)s\./6.0, nye, 0 cee hee Ree Large 2...) 7 Kok: 
RC PMCCUMN OT uals cas hesen susie ay > hie SRR Very large] 7 dy 
PorammeenGant Moo hea wie eels Ronee Hewes... 12 Hy 
Bare elle 8 fe) oupturs! cio Apel Hew is2¥. cc if S. 
Whitney ( Whztney Wo. 20)......... Large 12 S. 


Total number of crab apples fruited, twenty-three. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 267 


PEARS. 


List of pears in Station orchards in 1895, not including Station 


seedlings. 


Angouleme. 
Anjou. 

Anna Nellis. 
Ansault. 

Arkansas Mammoth. 
Assomption. 
Autumn Bergmot. 
Ayer Wo. 1. 
Bartlett. 
Bartseckel. 
Bessemianka. 

Bezi de la Motte. 
Bon Chrétien Fred Baudry. 
Bordeaux. 

Bose. 

Boussock. 
Brandywine. 
Brignais. 

B.'8. Fox. 
Buffum. 
Centennial. 
Chinese Sand. 
Cincincis. 

Clapp Beauty. 
Clapp Favorite. 
Clairgeau. 

Cocklin. 

Cole. 

Colonel Wilder. 
Columbia. 

Comet. 

Comice. 

Congress. 

Craig. 

Crow Choice. 
Daimyo. 

Dana Hovey. 
Dearborn Seedling. 
Delices de Louvenjal. 
Dewey Premium. 
Directeur Alphande. 
Dix. 

Dr. Farley. 

Dr. Reder. 


Dorset. 

Dula. 

Early Bergamot. 
Early Harvest. 
Easter Beurre. 
Ellis. 

TE, NOAA: 
Exeitier. 
Fitzwater. 

Flat Bergamot. 
Flemish Beauty. 
Fondante de Bihorel. 
Fortunée Boisselot. 
Frederic Clapp. 
Gakovsky. 

Gans. 

Gansel Seckel. 
Garber. 

Giffard. 
Goodale. 
Hosenschenck. 
Howell. 

Idaho. 

Japan. 

Japan Golden Russet. 
Jaques Molet. 
Jones. 

Josephine of Malines. 
Kieffer. 
Kingsessing. 
Kinsman. 
Koonce. 
Kurskaya. 

Lady Clapp. 
Lamartine. 

Late Bartlett. 
Lawrence. 
Lawson. 

Le Conte. 
Limbertwig. 
Lineoln. 

Lincoln Coreless. 
Little Gem. 
Longworth No. 


268 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THR 


Lucrative. President Drouard. 
Lucy Duke. Ravenwood. 
Macomber No. 6. Raymond of Montlaur. 
Madam Appert. Refreshing. 
Madam Heminway. Reliance. 

Madam Millet. Ritson. 

Madam Treyve. Rutter. 

Madam Von Siebold. Saint Crispin. 
Manning Elizabeth. Seckel. 

Marie Benoist. Seneca. 

Marshall. Sheldon. 

Maurice Desportes. Shull 

Miriam. Souvenir d’Esperen. 
Mount Vernon. Superfin. 
Nickerson. Theresa Appert. 
No. 489. Tyson. 

Old Crassane. Urbaniste. 

Oliver Des Serres. Van Cott. 

Ontario. Vermont Beauty. 
Osband Summer. Victor. 

Passans du Portugal. White Doyenné. 
P. Barry. Wilder Early. 
Peffer. Winter Bartlett. 


Peffer No. 3. 


Pitmaston Duchess. 


Winter Nellis. 


Youngken Favorite. 


Pound Zuckerbirn. 
Total 140 
QUINCES. 
List of quinees in Station orchards in 1895: 
Borgeat. Missouri Mammoth. 
Champion. Rea. 
D’ Alger. Santa Rosa. 
Fuller. Sweet Winter. 
Meeche Prolific. Van Deman. 
Total 10 


APRICOTS. 


In 1884, apricots were first planted at this Station for the purpose 
of comparing the different varieties. They were set in a fertile, 
rather heavy clay loam, retentive of moisture and imperfectly 
drained. It is generally conceded that the first essential to suc- 


cessful apricot culture is a thoroughly drained soil and probably the 
location of this first planting of apricots is partly accountable for 
the fact that not one of the nineteen varieties then planted lived 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 269 


-more than seven years. But the trouble has not been wholly due 
to the soil, for after the drains were put in good working order other 
trees died because of the tmperfect union of stock and cion. Death 
of trees from this cause is more frequent with apricots than with 
any other orchard fruits with which I am acquainted. . 

For several years after 1884, efforts were made to fill the vacant 
places as fast as the trees died, and even to extend the area of the 
planting somewhat, but in the location first chosen the results have 
not been encouraging. As previously stated none of the first 
planting are alive to-day except the Black or{Purple apricot, and this 
does not belong to the same species as the common apricot. The 
Russian apricots belong to the same species as the common apricots. 
The claim has been made that they are hardier than the common 
apricots and the experience with them at this Station tends to sup- 
port this claim. In 1888 and 1889, several varieties of Russian 
apricots were planted and they have done better than the common 
apricots planted in the same orchard under similiar soil conditions 
and subject to similar care. Plums in the same orchard have been 
longer lived and much more fruitful than apricots growing under 
similar conditions, thus furnishing another illustration of the fact 
that not all locations in which plums succeed are suitable for apricots. 

By consulting the following tables a comparison may be made of 
the average length of life of common apricots, Russian apricots and 
plums which have been planted in orchard No. 4, during the six years 
from 1884 to 1889, inclusive. In these lists no account is taken of 
the trees which died within a year after they were set because they 
never became fully established, neither is any account taken of 
those which were removed on account of accidental injury. 


Common Apricots. (Prunus Armeniaca.) 


Average Ave Total Total years 
WHEN PLANTED. piantea, years actually years possible years actu- podaible to 
lived. to live to 1895.| ally lived. live to 1895. 
NI SS4 eee cis 15 4.13 12 62 165 
ibe ee Aenea eee eee 2 5.50 11 aly! 20 
ASSGieiacaamee as 9 5.22 10 47 81 
ee Ardoede seas case 4 4.25 8 17 28 
Potale.c nce eee So eae | 137 | 294 
AVeraCosVeRrs acuuaillyelIVEd, <2! 2.6 50 sinus Cecisbe) bs coe ceimen 4 4.56 
AVELAlO VERLS POSSIDIONUOIVG™s -.-\oo- ss ~ cele aioe se ae nin cise 9.80 


Per cent. of possible years actually lived.-.................. 47 


270 RePoRT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Russian Apricots. (Prunus Armeniaca.) 


A Average Total Total y 
WHEN PLANTED. ated pede cially years poceivle years actu- Eeablet) 
: lived. to live to 1895.| ally lived. ive to 1895. 
Ie eaSecoseas aose 5 6.20 8 31 35 
1889 ceaseless ee 3 5.66 7 17 18 
Totally eos-ic nas cod areas Sr eos A ae 48 53 
Average years actually lived). 2225.0 Joe eo eae eee 6.00 
Average years possible to lives -s22 2 to - oo cjsc- one oan ~ alone 6.63 
Per cent. of possible years actually lived -.........--...---.. 91 


Common Prums. (Prunus Domestica.) 


¥ A A Total Total 
WHEN PLANTED. aeaioae pears aerually years possible years actu- pOESipIe ie 
; lived. to live to 1895.| ally lived. live to 1895. 
Se SEO ASS eerie ere ill 10.76 12 183 204 
ASS hie ee tek 14 11.00 afatt 154 154 
i ete pees CURSE Bee 32 8.00 8 256 256 
Pe AS ee ee 5 7-00 7 35 35 
otaleeeeeses-= Sen Wy Wedecasae: I Sdogdsee 628 649 
Average years actually lived .--.-----. 2. <2 22 2228 oe oe 9.24 
Average years possible to live. .... SLL SLE ee setae yam 9.54 
Per cent. of possible years actually lived ......-....----.---- 97 


In this case the Russian apricots have been nearly twice as reliable 
under the existing conditions as the common apricots have, for they 
have lived 91 per cent. of their possible time, while the common 
apricots have lived but 47 per cent. of their possible time. The 
plums have lived 97 per cent. of their possible time, showing a very 
small mortality, although the list of varieties planted contains some 
that are commonly considered not very hardy. The tables show 
that in 1888 a planting of both common and Russian apricots was 
made. Up to the present time the common apricots which were 
planted in 1888 have lived 61 per cent. of their possible time while 
the Russians have lived 94 per cent. of their possible time. 

The total number of common apricot trees which were planted in 
Station orchard No. 4 from 1884 to 1889, excepting those that died 
within a year after they were planted and those that were accident- 
ally injured, is thirty, of which three still live. Making. the same 
exceptions the number of Russian apricots planted during this period 
is eight, of which six are still living; and the number of common 
plums is sixty-eight, of which sixty-five are still alive. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 271 


PRODUCTIVENESS. 


The Russian apricots have given as large or larger yields than the 
common apricots so far as tested here. The following isa statement 
of the yield of the surviving trees in 1895 when they bore their 
first crop. Some of the trees have borne a few fruits in previous, 
years and five pounds were borne by Early Moorpark in 1893. 


NAME, 


When planted. as pounds 


Common APRIcoTs. 


BanlveWOorpatke ssi). 2 ve sss Ss es 1886 15 
Reece earl ye. sar mt :. hatter Cesc 1886 10 
psa (2) icine ined ao ear e y cM en MECN R cn 1888 0 
Russtan Apricots. 
WA Le anippetta tnt erate ih ec oie an ec 1888 45 
HBSU LG (6 hpi 1 11) (ee A See Ue eae 1888 20 
Catliaeineree ne re ot og Lm nee tse 1888 20 
Cri DR 8 IE a eae eT Calin 1888 10 
Galdone ities sts. 250) ale ste Soke 1889 45 
GOLDER EE WSSUDTE Te 5 icc Bucs oS Snes 1889 30 


None of the Russian apricots that we have tested compare favora- 
bly with the common apricots either in appearance or quality. They 
generally rank from small to medium in size. In habit of growth 
the trees are much like the common kinds, but the leaves are nar- 
rower, as may be seen by comparing plates II and III with plate IV. 
Should they prove hardier than the common apricots they will be 
desirable for home use in localities where better kinds do not thrive, 
for they ripen before the early peaches and give a pleasing variety 
to the list of mid-summer fruits. It is not to be expected, however, 
that they will ever be of much commercial value. 

The best in quality of the kinds fruited here in 1895 is the Gibb, 
but, as shown above, the tree bore a light crop and on this account it 
may have developed finer fruit than it would have done had the 
tree borne as heavy a crop as did the others. Descriptions of the 
apricots that fruited here in 1895 are given below. 

Alexander.—A Russian variety. Tree a vigorous upright grower ; 
new shoots quite red, leaves with globose glands. Fruit small, 
slightly oblong ; suture is somewhat obscure and extends half round ; 


272 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


skin light yellow; flesh slightly darker than the skin, not firm, very 
juicy, sweet but not sprightly. Stone medium size. Season last 
of July. 

~ Black or Purple.—An old variety quite distinct from the common 
apricots and belonging to the species prunus dasycarpa. (See 
plate I.) Tree not as free a grower as the other sorts ; young shoots 
_more slender ; leaves narrower. Fruit medium size, nearly round; 
skin dull reddish purple in the sun, covered with a slight down. 
Flesh a deep red toward the outside, but tinged with yellow next 
the pit, to which it adheres somewhat; juicy; inferior to common 
apricots in quality. Season middle of August. 

’ Budd.—/J/. LZ. Budd. A Russian variety. Tree upright, vigor- . 
ous. Fruit small, oval, slightly flattened, sides unequal, suture 
deep, extending half-round ; skin golden yellow, tinged with red on 
the exposed side; flesh bright orange, darker than the skin, juicy, 
fibrous and coarse ; pit comparatively large. Moderately productive 
this year. Season first of August. 

Catherine.— A Russian variety. Tree an upright, vigorous 
grower. Fruit small, nearly round ; suture half-round and ends in 
asmall point at the apex. (See plate 2). Skin light orange color 
when fully ripe, splashed with red on the exposed side; flesh darker 
than the skin, a fine bright orange color, juicy, sweet and melting 
but somewhat stringy. Quality good for a Russian. Pit large. 
Season, first of August. 

Early Moorpark.— (See illustration, figure 1.) This is one of the 
old varieties that is much esteemed. Tree vigorous and productive. 
Fruit of good size and excellent quality. Ripens here about the 
middle of July. . 

Gibb.— A Russian variety; vigorous, upright. Leaves have 
globose glands. Fruit below medium, roundish with obtuse apex ; 
suture somewhat obscure, extending half round. (See plate 3.) 
Skin very light yellow. Flesh yellowish, juicy, moderately firm, 
nearly sweet, good quality and does not adhere to the medium sized 
stone. Season, last of July. 

Golden Russian.— Tree a good grower. Leaves have few globose 
glands. Fruit below medium, roundish, slightly obovate; suture 
not deep, extending half round, skin light greenish yellow with fine 
bloom. Flesh golden yellow, tender, very juicy, rather coarse, 
semi-cling. Pit rather large. Ripens here about August Ist. 


‘yooudy yavdioow Ajiey —"L wuOdT YT ‘Vy ALY Id 


PLATE I.— Black Apricot. 


PuaTe II.— Catherine Apricot 


Puate III.—Gibb Apricot. 


PLate I1V.—Large Early Apricot. 


Ny 
i 


i 4 
ay Mero 
¢ a9 Vhs 


oN ", 
: Nt j a 
‘< 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 273 


Golden Iussian.— Received here as Golden Russian, but is not 
identical with the variety above described. Tree a strong grower, 
upright. Fruit below medium, roundish oval with decided suture 
from base to apex, usually extending a little beyond the apex. Skin 
nearly smooth, orange colored. Flesh deep orange, juicy, sweet, 
moderately firm, rather coarse and stringy, fine flavored. Pit rather 
large and free. 

Large Early.— One of the standard sorts of common apricots. 
Fruit highly colored, orange with bright red cheek. Flesh sweet 
and excellent. Freestone. Ripened this season the last of July. 
Plate IV is reproduced from a life size photograph of this variety. 


List of Apricots Grown at the Station in 1895. 


Common APpRIcots. 
De Coulange. 
Early Moorpark. 
Harris. 

Large Early. 

Oullin Early. 
Shense, (Acme). 
Shipley (Blenheim). 
Smith Triumph. 
Victor. 

Uvyadale 


Rvusstan Apricots. 
Alexander. 
Budd, (J. LZ. Budd). 
Catharine, 
Gibb. 
Golden Russian. 
Golden Russian. 
Mere ro. yo. ye PS nas wis aoe. 6 


JAPAN APRICOTS. 
Bougoume. 
. Hubbard. 
Japan. 
BCL A ei ti s\0's so 1 seeps aaa ae bts DER se 3 
13 


, 


274 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Prunus dasycarpum. 
Black, (Purple). 


THE LUTOVKA CHERRY. 


In July, 1895, the following circular was issued to all names on 
the Bulletin list of this Station : 


Among the new or little known cherries received at this Station in recent 
years, the Lutovka is one of the most promising of the late sour varieties. It was 
imported from Europe about twelve years ago by Prof. Budd of Ames, Iowa, who 
says itis much grown in Poland and in Silesia, as a road-side tree. It was first 
planted at the Station in 1888. So far as observed, it is not catalogued by any 
nurseryman in this state, although it is grown to some extent in western nurs- 
eries. It appears to be worthy of extended trial as a late sour cherry. Buds 
will be distributed to persons in this state who make written requests for them 
immediately. The requests will be filled in the order they are received as long 
as the supply lasts. Of course but a few buds can be given to each person. Buds 
will be sent out soon after the tenth of August. Applications received after the 
present supply is exhausted will be placed on file and the buds sent next year, 

DESCRIPTION.—Tree of Morello type, a vigorous grower, young branches 
rather slender; fruit firm, good quality, sprightly acid, as large as English Mo- 
rello or larger, more nearly round, very similar to that variety in color, but the 
fiesh is not so dark as that of English Morello; clings tenaciously to the long 
stem. So far as tested here the tree has proved to be very productive, ripening 
its fruit as late as, or later than, the English Morello. 


Address 


N. Y. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, 
Geneva, N. Y> 


In response to this cireular so many requests were received for 
cions that the supply was soon exhausted. The names of applicants 
from this State who could not be supplied with cions in 1895 have 


been placed on file and it is expected to mail them cions in August, 
1896. 


GRAPES. 


Some of the newer varieties of grapes which have fruited in the 
Station vineyards are described below; comment is also made on a 
few older and better known grapes, and references are given to the 
reports of varieties which have been noted in previous publications 
of this Station. 


i 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 275 


The botanical classification of a variety is indicated by an itali 
cized abbreviation of the name of the species to which it belongs.* 

A hybrid is indicated by an “ X” separating the names of the 
species of which it is the offspring ; thus vin. X. Lab. indicates a hybrid 
of vinifera fertilized by Labrusca. When it is known to which of 
the two species the female parent belongs, this parent is named first. 

When a hybrid is more closely related to. one species than to any 
other this relationship is indicated by an “ X” following the name 
of the species to which it is most closely related ; thus “ Zab. X ” 
shows that the hybrid is most closely related to the Labrusca species. 

The names of the species represented in a hybrid are also fre- 
quently given in parentheses following the name of the hybrid; 
thus, Bailey (Zaé., Zin., vulp.), indicates that the three species 
named are represented in the parentage of this variety ; Brighton 
Lab. X (Lab., Vin.), indicates that Brighton is a hybrid of Zabrusca 
and vinifera, with more of Labrusca than of vinifera blood. 

Synonyms are printed in italics and inclosed in parentheses. 

Alexander Winter.—From S. R. Alexander, Bellefontaine, 
Ohio, 1892. Vine vigorous. Bunch medium size, imperfectly 
filled and containing many small seedless berries clearly indicating 
imperfect fertilization of the flowers. The fully developed berries 
are medium to large in size, reddish purple with lilac bloom. Pulp 
tender, sweet, excellent in flavor and quality. It has been tested 
as to its self fertility and the results show that it is capable of set- 
ting some fruit of itself but that it can not be relied on to form per- 
fect clusters when standing alone. Even when standing in a mixed 
vineyard it has failed to set perfect clusters. It was briefly noticed 
in the report of this Station, 1892: 613. 

Alice—From Ward D. Gunn, Cedar Hill, Ulster Co., NV. Y., 
1889. This variety was noticed in the report of the Station for 
1892: 613 and 1893: 617. The report now given is based on 
observations of the past four years at this Station. 

Vine vigorous and moderately productive. Clusters medium or 
above, moderately compact, shouldered. The different clusters are apt 
to vary considerably in time of ripening. Beginsto ripen about with 
Concord and may be kept into winter. Berries are not very uni- 
form in size but vary from small to medium or above and are pale 


*The following abbreviations are used, viz.: Lab. for Labrusca, L., the wild Fox grape ; vin. 
for vinifera, L., the cultivated grape of Europe ; Lin. for Lincecumii, Buck., the Post-oak 
grape ot Texas; Bourg. for Bourquiniana, Mun., and rup. for rupestris, Scheele, the Rock or 
Sand grape of Western Mississippi Valley and Texas. 


276 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


red with lilac bloom. Skin rather thick and tough. Pulp juicy, 
somewhat vinous, tender, good quality and good flavor, slightly 
foxy. It is self fertile and capable of setting fruit satisfactorily 
when standing alone. It bears a marked resemblance to Diana in 
foliage, habit and fruit. 

This variety is now being introduced by Mr. Fred E. Young, 
Rochester, N. Y. 

America.—Lin. X rup. From T. V. Munson, Denison, Tewas. 
1892. Clusters medium to large, shouldered, compact, conical ; ber- 
ries medium size, nearly round; skin thin, purple-black with blue 
bloom ; leaves purplish ; fibres remain attached to the pedicle when 
it is separated from the fruit; pulp tender, breaking, moderately 
juicy, nearly sweet, vinous, with a pronounced flavor; juice dark 
purple. Possibly a good wine grape but the highly colored juice is 
objectionable in a dessert fruit. It bore its first fruit this season. 
So far as tested here it is not capable of setting fruit when standing 
alone, butin a vineyard of mixed varieties it has formed an abund- 
ance of perfect clusters. Prof. Munson with whom it originated 
reports that it is perfect in fertilization in Texas. It was briefly 
noticed in the Station report 1892: 614. 

Arkansaw.— Lab. rom Joseph Hart, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 
1893. Cluster medium or above, moderately compact, net shoul- 
dered. Berry medium size with little or no bloom, pale dull green 
~ mottled or thinly covered with red and spotted with red dots, giving 
it a unique appearance. Its peculiar color is probably the only 
character that has brought it into notice. Were its color either red, 
yellow or purple, it is doubtful if the variety would ever have been 
propagated. The pulp is rather tough, sweet, foxy, fair in flavor 
and quality. It appears to be vigorous and productive, but has not 
been tested long enough to determine these characters. 

Bailey.— Lin. X (Lin. Lab. vin.) Bunch large, long, cylindrical, 
moderately compact; berries slightly ovate, black with blue bloom ; 
pulp moderately tender, releasing the seeds readily, pure flavored, 
sprightly, vinous, good quality. Season evidently a little later than 
Concord, almost as late as Catawba this year. Vine vigorous. 
Received from T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, in the fall of 1892, 
and produced its first fruit this year. See, also, report of this 
Station for 1892: 614. 

Bertha.— Prom United States Pomologist, Washington, D.C, 
1892. Parentage unknown. It bore its first fruit this season. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 277 


Vine vigorous ; foliage healthy ; clusters medium or above, compact ; 
berries medium size; skin pale green color with white bloom ; pulp 
moderately tough, sub-acid ; quality fair to good. Since it is fully 
self-fertile, it can set fruit satisfactorily, even when standing alone. 

Big Extra.— Lin. X (Lin., Lab., vin). A seedling of Post Oak 
X Triumph, received from T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, in the 
spring of 1892. It boreasmall amount of fruit this season. Buneh 
large, compact, cylindrical, slightly shouldered ; berry nearly round, 
dark purple with blue bloom; pulp tender, juicy, and of good 
quality. Vine vigorous. 

Big Hope.— Lin. X (Lin., Lab., vin). A seedling of Post Oak 
X Triumph, originated by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, and 
received here in the spring of 1892. It bore its first fruit this 
season. Bunch medium or above, moderately compact; berries 
medium, reddish purple with blue bloom; pulp rather firm, moder- 
ately tender, releases seeds readily, vinous, good flavor and quality. 
Ripened this year with, or a little before Catawba. 

Brown.—From W.B. Brown, Newburgh, N.Y., 1893. Bunch 
medium size, moderately compact, cylindrical; berries somewhat 
oval; it leaves dark purple fibres attached to the pedicle; skin 
black, with thin blue bloom; pulp moderately tough, good flavor 
and quality ; juice slightly colored. Season early, about with Hart- 
‘fort or a little earlier. Vine vigorous; foliage healthy. Resembles 
Hartford in fruit but not in foliage. 

Campbell. See Early Golden. 

Carman.—JZin. X (Lin., Lab., vin). A seedling of Post Oak X 
Triumph, originated by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas. Cluster 
medium size, cylindrical, rather loose ; berry medium or above, nearly 
round, purplish black with blue bloom; skin thin, tough ; juice col- 
ored ; pulp moderately tender, good flavor and quality, somewhat 
vinous, nearly sweet. Ripen a little before Catawba. Vine very vig- 
orous and capable of fruiting satisfactorily when standing alone. Foli- 
age good, received here in the spring of 1892 and bore its first fruit 
in 1895. 

Chandler.—Zab. A chance seedling received from N. M. 
Chandler, Ottawa, Kansas, in the spring of 189%. Bunch medium 
to large, compact; berry medium to large; skin greenish white, 
tinged with faint yellow, tender, cracks easily; pulp juicy, sweet, 
vinous, good quality, fair flavor. Vine fairly vigorous, productive, 
and capable of setting fruit satisfactorily when standing alone. Do 
not think it worthy of dissemination, at least in this locality. 


278 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THR 


Colerain.— Lab.“ From G. W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio, 1892. 
A seedling of Concord. Bunch medium, conical, moderately 
compact, attractive; berry medium or above in size, pale green 
with white bloom; skin thin, tender, with occasional brown punctate 
dots; pulp sweet, tender, juicy, good quality and flavor, somewhat 
vinous. A good grape. Vine vigorous, capable of setting fruit satis- 
factorily when standing alone. Foliage good. Ripened this season 
about with Worden. Briefly noticed in Station Report 1892: 618. 

Cortiand.— Zab. From EF. C. Pierson, Waterloo, N. Y., 1892. 
This proves to be identical with Champion. The variety is a seed- 
ling of Concord X Hartford that was originated by M. F. Cleary, 
Cortland, N. Y., about 1863. Mr. Cleary still has the original vine 
in his possession. He named the variety Cortland. The Bushberg 
Catalogue, 1895: 102, states that prior to 1873 it had been dissem- 
inated in the vicinity of Rochester, N. Y., under the name of Early 
Champion, and in the vicinity of Montreal it beeame known as the 
Beaconsfield. Prior to this it was grown in the vicinity of Bing- 
hamton, N. Y., and was propagated and sold by T. S. Hubbard, 
Fredonia, N. Y., under the name of Tallman. It is capable of 
setting fruit satisfactorily when standing alone. 

Dr. Collier.—( Big Ped) Lin. X, (Lin. vin., Lab.). From T. V. 
Munson, Denison, Texas, in the fall of 1892. Clusters medium to 
large, rather loose, sometimes shouldered. Berries medium or — 
above, reddish purple, with blue boom, leaving red fibres at- 
tached to the pedicles; pulp tender, juicy, vinous, nearly sweet, 
agreeable flavor, good quality ; colored juice. Sets fruit imperfectly 
when self-fertilized and so should be planted with other kinds that 
blossom with it. Briefly noticed in Station Report, 1892 : 620. 

Dr. Hexamer.—Lin. X, (Lin., Lab., vin.). A seedling of Post 
Oak X Triumph, originated by T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, and 
sent to the Station in the fall of 1892. Clusters rather loose and 
spreading, medium or above in size. Berry medium size ; color 
purple-black with blue bloom. Pulp tender, moderately juicy, 
nearly sweet, good quality but with strong Post Oak flavor; juice 
dark red. Much like America in foliage, size, color, flavor and 
quality of fruit. In mixed vineyards it sets fruit satisfactorily but 
it can not set fruit when standing alone. 

Early Golden.— (Campbell). This variety was first named Camp- 
bell, but since Mr. George W. Campbell has introduced a new 
grape under the name Campbell’s Early, this one has been renamed 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 279 


by its originator, Professor Munson, and is now called Karly Golden. 
It produces beautiful large clusters of medium sized white berries, 
but ripens too late for this locality, being somewhat later than 
Catawba. It is capable of setting fruit satisfactorily when standing 
alone. See, also, Station report 1892: 616, and 1893: 619. 

Early Victor.— From Bush and Son and Meissner, Bushberg, 
Mo., 1893. Vine moderately vigorous; bunch medium or below, 
compact; berry medium, round, black with blue bloom; red fibres 
are left with the pedicle when the berry is detached ; pulp juicy, 
mildly sweet, rather tough, releases seeds readily, fair flavor and 
quality. Ripens about with Moore’s Early. 

Edmeston No.1. Lab. A Concord seedling originated by D. G. 
Edmeston, Adrian, Michigan, and received from him in the spring 
of 1892. Bunch medium size, moderately compact; berry medium 
to large, dark purple with blue bloom ; pulp moderately tough, juicy, 
_ vinous, nearly sweet, good quality; vine vigorous; foliage good. 
Ripened about with Concord this year or a little earlier. Capable 
of setting fruit satisfactorily when standing alone. 

Essex.— (eoger’s No. 41.) Lab. X vin. A black grape of good 
quality, which ripens at about the same season as Concord. Bunch 
medium. size, with large berries. Vine vigorous and productive 
when planted in a mixed vineyard. The blossoms are not capable 
of setting fruit of themselves, and therefore should be planted with 
other varieties that blossom at the same time. 

Esther.— Lab. From G. 8. Josselyn, Fredonia, N. ¥., 1892. A 
seedling of Concord. Vinea moderate grower, productive. Cluster 
medium or above, moderately compact; berry medium to large, 
nearly round; skin thin and tender, somewhat liable to crack, pale 
yellow covered with thin white bloom and sparsely dotted with 
brown dots; pulp moderately tough, juicy, sweet; somewhat vinous, 
very good flavor and quality. It drops from the cluster somewhat. 
The vine is capable of setting fruit satisfactorily when standing alone. 

Rockwood.— Lab. From George S. Josselyn, Fredonia, N. Y¥., 
1892. <A seedling of Concord, vigorous and self-fertile. Bunch 
medium or above, rather long, conic moderately compact, shouldered ; 
berry medium size, round, purple-black with thin blue bloom ; pulp 
nearly sweet, juicy, agreeable flavor, vinous, good to very good qual- 
ity. Skin thin, moderately tender. Its season is about the same as 
that of Moore’s Early. 

Roger's No. 13. Lab. X vin. Vine unproductive here although 
it is self-fertile. Clusters rather small and loose or imperfect. Ber- 


280 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


ries have foxy odor and flavor, are medium to large, very dark red, 
almost black, with blue bloom. Pulp meaty, rather tender, sweet, 
moderately juicy. Season about with Concord or later. Do not 
consider it of sufficient value to pay for cultivation. | 

Rogers No, 24. Lab. X vin. Vine very vigorous, productive and 
capable of setting fruit satisfactorily alone. Bunch handsome, 
large, sometimes well shouldered, moderately compact. LBerries 
have a fine, light red color with lilac bloom. They are large and 
nearly round. Pulp rather tough, juicy, good quality, nearly sweet 
but apt to remain acid near the seeds. The pulp does not readily 
release the seeds. Concord season or later. 

Victoria. Lab. From. T. S. Hubbard Co., Fredonia, N. Y., 
1892. A seedling of Concord originated by the late T. B. Miner, 
Linden, Union Co., N. J. Vine fairly vigorous ; foliage moderately 
healthy ; cluster medium to large, moderately compact ; berry pale 
greenish yellow with white bloom ; skin rather tender; pulp moder- 
ately tough, moderately juicy, vinous, good flavor and good quality. 
Capable of setting fruit satisfactorily alone. Ripened in 1895 a 
little earlier than Concord. 

Wheaton. (Bourg., Lab.) A seedling of Delaware, originated 
by Daniel W. Babcock, Dansville, N. Y. It was received at the 
Stationin the spring of 1892. Bunch small, compact, not shoul- 
dered ; berries about the size of of Delaware, pale yellow with white 
bloom ; pulp tender, releases the seeds readily, nearly sweet, juicy 
good flavor and quality. Season about the same as that of Moore’s 
Early. Shows no superior merit as far as tested here. Its small 
size is against it for a white market grape. 

Witt. Zab. <A seedling of Concord, received at the Station in 
1892. It produced its first fruit in 1895. Clusters medium size, 
moderately compact; berry medium size or above, pale yellow ; pulp 
tender, juicy, vinous, nearly sweet, good flavor and quality. Vine 
not very vigorous; foliage moderately healthy. Has not as yet 
shown any points of superiority over well known varieties. 


CURRANTS. 


Several varieties of currants were planted for testing at this Sta- 
tion as early as 1882, the year that experiment work was inaug- 
urated here. These varieties were all well known standard sorts 
and included five red, one white and five black kinds. Specimens 
of the wild currant of the western prairies, ibes aureum, Pursh, 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 281 


sometimes called Missouri Large Fruited, and of the wild currant of 
our woods that bears dull black fruit and resinous dotted leaves, 
Ribes floridum, WHer., were also planted. Additions have been 
made to this collection from time to time till the list of varieties 
now grown at the Station includes eighteen red, six white and ten 
black kinds, one kind with red and white striped fruit, three black 
fruited kinds of the species Ribes aurewm, Pursh, one of the wild 
black Pibes foridum, Pursh, and one of the Oregon species /2zhes san- 
guineum, Pursh ; besides these there are fifty-three Station seedlings, 
including twelve hybrids, nineteen pure Fay seedlings and twenty- 
two pure White Grape seedlings, making ninety-three kinds in all. 

It is interesting to note that new varieties are constantly being 
added to the list of currants in cultivation. Previous to 1891 the 
Station list contained but two kinds that might be classed as new 
varieties, viz., Fay and Caywood’s unnamed white seedling. Since 
1891 fifteen additions have been made to the list besides the Station 
seedlings and all of these fifteen kinds are new, several of them not 
having been as yet named or introduced. 

Currants are grown at this Station on a southern slope with soil 
consisting of a rather heavy clay loam and clay subsoil. It is well 
drained by lines of tile about two rods apart. The bushes are set 
four feet apart in the row and the rows are from six to seven feet 
apart. In the fall a forkful or two of stable manure is given to each 
bush, which in the spring is turned under quite shallow, or cultivated in 
as soon as the ground is tit to work. The ground is cultivated two or 
three inches deep near the plants and somewhat deeper midway be- 
tween the rows at the first cultivation, after which shallow cultivation 
is continued till August, keeping the surface well stirred and free 
from weeds. In the fall the bushes are pruned by removing the 
five-year-old canes, the broken branches or those that droop to the 
ground, and all but one or two of the new shoots of one season’s 
growth. The canes are not always removed after their fifth season’s 
growth, but should they still appear very vigorous and well filled 
with buds they are permitted to remain longer. No unvarying rule 
can be followed in pruning, yet it is thought that usually a cane 
reaches its greatest productiveness during its fourth and fifth seasons. 
With this treatment the currants have made satisfactory growth and 
have yielded abundantly each season. 


282i > REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


RED CURRANT. 


Ribes rubrum, L. 


The commonly cultivated red currant is a native of northern 
Europe and northern Asia. A form of this species is also found in 
the northern part of the United States and in Canada,* but, so far as 
I know, this wild American form has no representatives among culti- 
vated varieties. In Europe the cultivation of the currant dates 
back to the middle ages, and the cultivated red currants are varie- 
ties of European origin or seedlings of them which have been pro. 
duced in this country. 


DersorrPtion OF VARIETIES. 
Notr.— Italics are used to designate synonyms and unnamed seedlings. 


Cherry.— Bush vigorous, stocky and compact in nursery. The 
young plants are upright but with age they tend to become more 
spreading. It has a tendency to grow a single stalk and does not 
sucker as freely as do most other kinds. There is also a noticeable 
tendency to have imperfect buds at or near the end of shoots, especi- 
ally on bearing plants. Sometimes two or three joints near the end 
of the shoot have no buds. Thisis one feature that distinguishes the 
Cherry from the Versuaillaise. It bears its fruit quite close to the 
wood on short stemmed clusters so that it usually costs more to pick 
this than it does other varieties. The clusters are rather short, about 
two inches long. 

The fruit frequently varies from small to large in the same 
cluster but averages large. It is not so uniform insizeas Fay. The 
color is a fine, bright red, much like that of Red Dutch. Berry 
thin-skinned, juicy and fine flavored. On account of its attractive 
color and large size it sells well for dessert use and it is also liked 
at canneries. It is generally conceded to be one of the most pro- 
ductive of the large currants. Season early. 

Eclipse —From H. S. Anderson, Union Springs, VN. Y¥., 1892. 
Bush a vigorous, upright grower. Bunches medium length, two and 
a half to three inches long. (See Plate V, figure 2.) Fruit varies 
from small to large. It has comparatively mild acid pulp for a red 
currant. Color good, somewhat lighter than Fay. It is not yet in 
full bearing here so that we are not prepared to say how productive 
it is. 


*Torrey and Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1, 150. +De Candolle. Origin of Cultivated Plants, 277. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 283 


-Fay.—Bush vigorous but not quite as strong a grower as Cherry. 
Its canes are somewhat spreading and not always strong enough to 
remain upright when weighted with fruit. The clusters vary from 
two and a half to four inches long. The cluster stems are long, 
leaving enough room between the wood and the fruit to make it 
easy to gather. (See plate V, figure 4.) The berries vary from 
medium to very large, averaging large. They are quite uniform in 
size, of a good color, darker than Red Dutch. Pulp less acid than 
that of Cherry. It has not been so productive at this Station as 
have Cherry, Victoria, London Red or Prince Albert. Its average 
yield for the last three seasons has been four and seven-tenths pounds 
per bush. 

This variety is said to be a seedling of Cherry or Victoria that 
originated in 1868 with Lincoln Fay, Portland, Chautauqua Co., 
N. Y. It was introduced about twelve years ago and is now quite 
generally known. Its clusters are long and attractive, filled with ° 
large fruit, making it desirable for market where there is a demand 
for currants for dessert use. It is liked at canning factories for 
making jelly or jam on account of its large size, thin skin and rich, 
juicy pulp, but it is more profitable to grow other more prolific 
sorts, such as Prince Albert, for this purpose. 

Gloire de Sablons.—Bush upright, vigorous, but only moderately 
productive. Bunches short. Fruit small. Remarkable only for 
the color of the fruit which is white, striped or splashed with red. 

London Red.—Short Bunched ed. Bush vigorous, upright and 
very productive. Clusters short with a very shortstem. (See plate 
VI, figure 6.) Fruit medium to large, nearly the same color as Red 
Dutch and similar to it in quality. During the last three years it 
has ranked second in average yield per bush among the varieties in 
full bearing at this Station. 

Mills No. 20. From C. Mills, Fair Mount, N. ¥.,1891. Bush 
vigorous, somewhat spreading. Bunches medium length, two to three 
inches long. (See plate V, figure 3.) Fruit medium to large, more 
uniform in size than Cherry. Color fine, lighter than Cherry and 
darker than Prince Albert. Pulp not quite so acid as that of Red 
Dutch. It ranked second in productiveness this year but it has not 
been tested here long enough to justify a general report as to its 
productiveness. Mr. Mills reports that it is a seedling of Versail- 
laise crossed by Red Dutch. 


284 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Millis No. 22. From Chas. Mills, Fair Mount, N. Y., 1893. 
Mr. Mills reports that this is a seedling of Versaillaise crossed by 
Red Dutch. .The bush is moderately vigorous, somewhat spreading. 
Clusters two and a half to three incheslong. (See plate VII, figure 
9.) Fruit has a good color, lighter red than Fay. Berries are 
usually large, but vary from small to very large. Pulp less acid 
than that of Red Dutch. The variety has not been fruited here long 
enough to justify a report as to its productiveness, but it appears to 
be very productive. 

Mills No. 28. From Chas. Mills, Fair Mount, N. Y., 1893. 
Mr. Mills reports that this isa seedling of Versallaise crossed by Red 
Duteh. The bush is moderately vigorous, somewhat spreading. 
Clusters good size, three to three and a half inches long. Fruit 
medium size, dark red color, mild flavored. It has not been fruited 
here long enough to justify a report as to its productiveness. 

Mills No. 29. From Chas. Mills, Fair Mount, NV. Y., 1893. 
Mr. Mills reports that this is a seedling of Versallaise crossed by Red 
Dutch. Bush a vigorous upright grower. Clusters short. Fruit 
averages large but varies from small to large. Somewhat darker 
than Mills 22 but brighter and better in color than that variety. 
Good flavor, excellent quality. Has not fruited here long enough 
to justify a report as to its productiveness. 

North Star.—Hrom Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City, Minn. 
and FE. Moody & Sons, Lockport, NV. ¥.,1892. Bush vigorous, 
upright or somewhat spreading. Bunches medium length, (see 
plate VI, figure 7), color good, much like that of London Red or 
Red Dutch. Fruit will probably average large with good cultiva 
tion but varies from small to large. Pulp comparatively mild acid. 
It has not been tested here long enough to justify a report as to its 
productiveness. 

Prince Albert.— Bush vigorous, even more upright than Red 
Dutch. Of all the varieties that are in full bearing here, this has 
given the largest average yield per bush during the last three years, 
though one year it took second rank, being exceeded in yield by 
London Red. Prince Albert has long been valued as a late variety. 
It is well liked at canneries because of its good size, thin skin and 
large percentage of highly flavored juice. Bunches short to medium 
in length. (See Plate VII, figure 12.) Fruit medium to large, 
rather pale red, making it less attractive in color than Fay. The 
young plants make a rather slow, short growth but with age the 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 285 


bush becomes strong and upright. On account of the slow growth of 
the young plants some prefer to propagate them by mound layering, 

Red Cross, Moore No. 23.— From Jacob Moore, Attica, NV. Y., 
1893. Mr. Moore states that this is a cross of Cherry by White 
Grape. Bush vigorous, upright. Bunch medium length. (See 
Plate VI, figure 8.) Fruit medium to very large, averaging large. 
- Color good, somewhat lighter than Cherry. More acid than White 
Grape but milder than Cherry. Season somewhat later than Cherry. 
Has not been fruited here long enough to justify a report as to its 
productiveness. Green’s Nursery Co., Rochester, N. Y., now con- 
trols this variety. 

Red Dutch.— This is one of the old well-known standard sorts. 
Bush a strong grower, rather tall, upright, with comparatively 
slender shoots. Clusters about three inches long. Fruit has a fine, 
dark red color and sprightly acid flavor. Berries vary from small 
to large but average medium. Productive. 

Ruby Castle. From F. Ford & Son, Ravenna, O., 1892. This 
variety was obtained from Canada several years ago by Messrs. Ford 
& Son, under the name, Ruby Castle, which it now appears is a 
corruption of Raby Castle, which is one of the synonyms of Vic- 
toria. Ruby Castle is a strong, upright grower, like Victoria, with 
clusters two and a half to three inches long; similar to Victoria in 
size and color. (See Plate VII, figure 10.) The buds are shaped 
like Victoria and have the same chracteristic bluish gray color. I 
should eall the two identical. 

Storrs & Harrison Co. No. 1— From Storrs & Harrison Co., 
Puinesville, O., Nov., 1892. Bush moderately vigorous, upright. 
Bunches medium size, two to three inches long. JBerries small to 
medium or above, averaging below medium. Much like Red Dutch 
in color but with less acid pulp than that variety. The variety has 
not been tested here long enough to justify a report as to its pro- 
ductiveness. 

Versaillaise.—A vigorous, somewhat spreading grower. It is 
so similar to Cherry in wood, habit of growth and character of fruit 
that many hold that the two varieties are identical. As grown 
here, the Versaillaise is less productive than Cherry and is 
inclined to have a longer bunch (see Plate V, figure 1), and rather 
darker red fruit. The tendency of the shoots to “go blind,” that 
that is, to lack either the terminal buds or buds near the terminal is 
not so marked with it as with Cherry. 


286 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Victoria.—This is one of the most valuable of medium sized cur- 
rants. The bush is one of the strongest growers we have, upright 
and very productive. The buds have a peculiar bluish-gray color, 
quite characteristic of this variety, as is also the cluster of well 
formed buds at the end of the shoot. Foliage rather pale green. 
The fruit has a bright red color, and is medium or above in size. 
Clusters good medium length (see Plate VI, figure 5), pulp rather 
mild acid. The fruit is late in coloring and will keep on the bushes 
in good condition later than either Cherry or Red Dutch. 

Wilder.—From F. Ford & Sons, Ravenna, O., 1892. Bush 
vigorous, upright. Fruit medium to very large, averaging large. 
Notso uniform in size as Fay. (See Plate VII, figure 2.) Fine 
color, somewhat lighter than Fay, and remains bright and attractive 
till very late in the season. Flavor mild fora red currant. Quality 
good. It has not been fruited here long enough to justify a report 
as to its productiveness. 

This is a seedling of the Versaillaise. It originated about 
eighteen years ago with E. Y. Teas, Irvington, Ind., by whom it 
was named and disseminated to a limited extent as the Wilder, 
Mr. Teas’ stock was then purchased by Mr. 8. D. Willard, Geneva. 
N. Y., and the variety was then catalogued as President Wilder. 


Discussion oF VARIETIES. 


The yields of the red currants at this Station that are in full bear- 
ing may be compared by consulting the following table, which shows 
the average yield per plant in pounds for the last three seasons com- 


ined : 
Average yield 


Name. per plant. 
Cherryns cose oe clee eine oh eee be 2) 8 SS = eee 5.15 
BAY teen ica opllbveaisle ats ateroge mie se bein S wit se cisreln oe bate bas Hetero 4.70 
Gloireides: Sablons isc sc. cee me. ceca Nate e ee ose ec eeeaee 2.07 
omdon™ Red yas se os ae Se ee Fae ects eg (ee ese eee Eee 7.14 
Princes Alberto sesso Se ae eee a Fetes Oe eee eee 8.86 
Wa CLORTA Gee or: Eek Rise ere ao eictn Sac es ote clo cree ce ote eee 6.25 


Tt appears from this table that, for this locality at least, the Cherry 
is superior to Fay in productiveness and it still holds its place as one 
of the most desirable of the large fruited red currants for the com- 
mercial grower. Fay yields the longer bunches, more uniformly large 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 287 


fruit, and its fruit is more easily picked than Cherry, but it does not 
-make as satisfactory a bush nor give as satisfactory a yield. Both 
these varieties need to be marketed comparatively early. They will 
not remain on the bushes in good condition for shipping as late as 
will Victoria, Prince Albert or Wilder. As to the comparative value 
of different varieties for jam and jelly, Curtice Brothers Co., Roch- 
ester, N. Y., who operate a very extensive establishment for pre- 
serving and canning fruits, write us that Cherry currant is preferred 
for jam because it is thin skinned and juicy; but not so for jelly 
making, for the reason that it is necessary to evaporate away more 
of its juice to produce jelly than it is with some other varieties. 
The currant that is preferable, they say, is the largest one that hasa 
thin skin and is filled with rich juice or pulp, and they believe this 
is true of Fay and Prince Albert above other varieties. 

London Red, also called Short Bunched Red, is objectionable, on 
account of its short clusters and fruit close to the wood, but has the 
merit of being one of the most productive of the red kinds that have 
been tested here. It ripens about with Red Dutch. The Red Dutch 
was not included in the above list because the bushes under test 
were unsatisfactory. It is one of the best of the mid-season, 
medium-sized red currants. 

Prince Albert and Victoria are both valued as productive late 
currants. The former when well grown will pass for a large cur- 
rant. The fruit is paler and lessattractive than Cherry. Victoria 
is a good late currant, but it ranks only medium in size. 

Several of the apparently desirable newer varieties under test 
here have not been fruited sufficiently long to justify a report as to 
their yield. 


WHITE CURRANT. 


Ribes rubrum, UL. 


The commonly cultivated white currants belong to the same 
species as do the red varieties. They are grown chiefly for home 
use as the market demand for them is quite limitéd. The follow- 
ing is a list of the white currants in full bearing at this Station dur- 
ing the last three years, together with a statement of the average 
number of pounds per bush yielded during that time. There were 
five bushes each of Champion, White Grape and White Dutch and 
but one bush of Caywood Seedling: 


288 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Average yield 
per plant in 


Name. pounds. 
Caywood? Seedling 2. coe Nem oe alae eine e ieee eee 4.65 
Championeres tn scepeee ete ae ee eee erect Gee eee 5.00 
White Datchics.:.2.5 1) ase oe aac Saas cee eae sicle tiene es 6.19 
White ‘Grape. 2s 2oo 3. 5/ seea oe olen Sete nena Rk acetate 5.77 


In 1893 the bushes of White Grape were not in as good condition 
as could be desired. The average yield per bush for these varieties 
in 1894 and 1895 combined is: 


Yield per plant 


Name. in pounds. 
Caywood, Seedling: 3 ssctesk sds. ake Saccme ee eee eee 4.88 
Cham pionic 7. 05252 ws esieje cebicteisolelsisjamms one semisectes 3.09 
Minne utehy se oncaie seen. sock ae ee See MEENA Ee 5 5.59 
Wihiter'Grapercctsoo3 cn secre sie aes bac hoeieece ne aioe meee 6.86 


Description oF VARIETIES. 


Caywood Seedling—From A. J. Caywood & Son, Marlboro, 
NV. Y., 1888. Busha moderate grower with spreading or drooping 
branches; very productive. Fruit more acid than White Grape, 
good quality and attractive in appearance, being translucent, tinged 
with very pale’greenish yellow. Bunches medium size, about two 
and a half inches long. Berries medium to large, averaging large. 
(See Plate VIII, figure 14.) 

Champion.— Bush very tall, vigorous, upright. Bunches medium 
length. Berries fa shade lighter in color than White Dutch, not 
uniform in size, varying from small to large and averaging medium 
or below. Flavor mild. Inferior to White Dutch in productive- 
ness, appearance, flavor and quality. 

Marvin Seedling.—From D. S. Marvin, Watertown, N. ¥., 
1892. Bush a moderately vigorous, upright grower. Bunches 
above medium length, running from two and a half to three inches 
long. It is one of the largest white currants, the berries averaging 
larger than White Grape. Pulp mild, but more acid than White 
Grape. Color much like that of White Grape. It has not fruited 
long enough here to justify a report as to its productiveness. This 
variety is now controlled by J. C. Vaughan, Chicago, Il. | 

White Dutch.—This is an old, well-known standard variety. 
Bush a vigorous, upright grower and very productive. Bunches 
usually from two to three inches long. (See Plate VIII, figure 15.) 
Fruit not uniform, varying from small to large, but averaging 


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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 289 


medium size, translucent, slightly darker in color than White Grape. 
Pulp comparatively mild acid. Quality excellent. It begins to, 
ripen a few days earlier than most of the red varieties. 

White Grape.— Bush moderately vigorous, rather slender 
branches, somewhat spreading, productive. Bunches three to four 
inches long. (See Plate VIII, figure 13.) Berries quite uniformly 
large, but vary from medium to very large. Translucent, whitish, 
attractive in color, mild flavored, good quality. It has larger and 
better colored fruit than White Dutch, but is inferior to that variety 
in quality. 

White Versaillaise.— Received in November, 1893, from John 
Charlton, Rochester, N. Y., with the statement that it was received 
from France a few years ago. He characterized it as a stout, vigorous 
grower, more so than White Grape and other white kinds; bunches 
long, resembling Versaillaise in shape, character of bunch, ete. 

So far as tested here it is, as Mr. Charlton says, vigorous in growth 
and upright. The base of the cluster-stem has no fruit so that it is 
easily picked. Bunches three and a half to four inches long. The 
berries average large, a shade darker than White Grape in color. 
Pulp not quite so juicy, but about the same in acidity as White 
Grape. It has not been fruited here long enough to justify a report 
as to its productiveness. 


_EUROPEAN BLACK CURRANT. 
vibes nigrum, L. 

The black currant commonly cultivated in gardens for its fruit is 
indigenous to northern Europe and northern Asia. De Candolle* 
thinks its cultivation began before the Middle Ages. In botanical 
characters it is somewhat similar to the wild black currant of our 
woods, Pibes floridum, L’ Her., but readily distinguished from it by 
the strong odor of its branches, leaves and fruit, and by the greener 
flowers, smaller flower clusters and very small bracts. So far as I 
know the wild black currant just referred to is not cultivated for its 
fruit. It is quite distinct from the wild black currant of the prairies, 
the so-called Missouri or Buffalo currant, which will be referred to 
later. 

Description OF VARIETIES. 

A description of the varieties of the garden black currant that are 

growing at this Station is herewith given. 


* Origin of Cultivated Plants, 278. 
19 


290 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Baldwin.— Bush moderately vigorous and produetive. Fruit 
varies from small to large, averaging medium size. (See Plate IX, 
figure 15.) Flavor milder than that of Common Black. It is 
several days later than Common Black in ripening. 

Black Grape.— Ogden’s Black Grape. A vigorous grower, but 
one of the most unproductive kinds we have tested. Fruit varies 
from small to very large in size, with strong flavored acid pulp. 
(See Plate LX, figure 18.) 

Champion.— Bush vigorous, productive. Fruit varies from small 
to large, and averages above medium. (See Plate IX, figure 19.) 
Pulp nearly sweet and milder flavored than that of Common Black. 
A desirable variety. 

Common Black.— lack English, Bush very vigorous and pro- 
ductive. Fruit varies from small to large, but averages medium. 
(See Plate LX, figure 20.) Pulp rather acid and strong flavored. 

Linglish, see Common Black. 

Lee.—Lee’s Prolific. Bush dwarfish, moderately vigorous, pro- 
ductive. Fruit rather brighter in color than most kinds of black 
currants, varying from small to largest in size. (See Plate IX, 
figure 17.) Pulp acid and strong flavored. 

Naples.— Bush very vigorous, moderately productive. Fruit 
varies from small to large, and averages above medium size. (See 
Plate LX, figure 16.) Pulp rather acid with strong flavor. 

Prince of Wales.— Bush vigorous and very productive. This 
variety has given the highest average yield per bush for the last 
three years of all the black currants in full bearing at this Station. 
The fruit varies from small to large, is milder flavored than Common 
Black, and nearly sweet when fully ripe. Figure 21 shows a good 
cluster of Prince of Wales, life size. 

Saunders.—This was received here from Smith & Kernan, St. 
Catharines, Ontario, 1888, under the name of Saunders No. 1. Mr. 
Smith writes that it was named as a compliment to Prof. William 
Saunders, its originator, now director of the Central Experiment 
Farm at Ottawa, and has been sent out by the Ontario Fruit Grow- 
er’s Association under the name of Saunders. He also says that it 
is pretty well disseminated in Canada and he thinks that it ranks 
as high as any of the black currants for a market variety. 

As grown here the bush is vigorous and productive. The fruit 
varies from small to large, averaging medium or above. Pulp 
rather mild acid. In 1898 when the bushes had been set five 


= 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 291 


years, it ranked fifth in yield as compared with varieties that were 
set at the same time; in 1894, it ranked third and in 1895, second. 

Saunders No. 2.—From Smith & Kernan, St. Catharines, On- 
tario, 1888. This, like the Saunders, was originated by Prof. 
William Saunders. Since 1893 it has ranked seventh in yield each 
year and it does not appear to have sufficient merit to make it 
worth cultivating. Bush vigorous. Fruit varies from small to 
large, averaging medium. It is milder in flavor than Common 
Black and nearly sweet. 

Krom the following table a comparison may be made of the fruit- 
fulness of these varieties as grown here. It contains a statement of 
their average yield in pounds per bush during the last three years. 


Average yield per 


Name. plant in pounds, 
VLeweniy= 2,-5.0 ected aS ee se omansihe se ciclaa Minn eins tals Saveeeroe 3.87 
Binge (Ene scdat sesebooneodceuoat Obese Dp OSUEECeMASsopsas=se4 ~ 
(CEC TER/ UTNE Ch: Le SR ia PE Ee Se oe seem ay ig 
Commun BE Glics 6s 66 eB Se cae So EDO BO Een OE eS Secae sep Sans 4.58 
HUGO aire ee rey een eet: Man Rao oe sh eeitis sti nic oa chs aeeicS skiate 4.30 
INEWOIC Ee aaSs Bees See odo seen bres EaEelbeupeE codaEeorcaetnd mens 3.37 
TERIA IIE: Vin Chea stem Sonos a caSeao CoM eeemnec er cecebipE te Ss oenoc 5.45 
SERTDIT CLOTS tae oy etn ce see eet no a staparsles waynes Mepatdl mista vereoicteloucisneys 4.13 
GUNGCTBEN Ot nec aaa mean Sine See nee aoa See cece ccclaseines 3.04 


It will be noticed that as arule the average yield of black cur- 
rants per bush is less than the average yield per bush of standard 
varieties of red or white currants. The highest average yield per 
bush for the last three years is 8.86 pounds for the reds, 6.19 
pounds for the whites, and but 5.45 pounds for the blacks. The 
general average for the reds and whites combined, omitting Gloire 
des Sablons, which is cultivated only because of the color of its fruit, 
is 5.97 pounds per bush; see tables page 286 and page 288. For the 
black varieties grown in the same field and given similar treatment 
the general average for the same period is but 4.11 pounds per 
bush, or 1.86 pounds per bush less than the general average of reds 
and whites. This may be taken as a fair indication of the general 
difference in productiveness of the two classes of fruit, but it should 
be remembered that varieties in the two classes vary greatly as to 
productiveness, as has already been shown. With plants set four 


* The record of the yield in 18% is incomplete for Black Grape and Champion. The aver- 
age yield per plant for 1893 and 1895 combined is 2.15 pounds for Black Grape and for Cham- 
pion is 4.28 pounds. 


bo 


92 Report oF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


by six feet apart there are 1815 plants to the acre, and a difference 
of 1.86 pounds per bush amounts to 3,395.9 pounds per acre. It 
appears from the above calculation that one would need to secure 
from one and a half to two cents more per pound for black than for 
the best varieties of red currants in order to secure equally good 
returns per acre. There is a limited demand for black currants in 
some markets and they are grown to some extent on a commercial 
scale. 


NATIVE BLACK CURRANTS. 
Ribes aureum, Pursh. 


The wild black currant of our woods has already been referred 
to in comparing it with the European black currant. So far as I 
know this species is not cultivated for its fruit. It bears dull black 
fruit, which is rather insipid. It begins to ripen usually the last 
week in July, being somewhat later in season than the ordinary 
garden currants. 

There is a black currant native to the western prairies that has 
been introduced to garden culture to some extent. It is known as 
the Missouri currant, Buffalo currant, Golden currant, etc. It is 
sometimes planted in dooryards as a flowering shrub. It bears an 
abundance of yellow flowers, of spicy fragrance, and yellow or black 
fruits either singly or in leafy-bracted racemes. It is known to 
botanists as /?7bes aureum, Pursh. 

One of the most widely advertised varieties of this species is the 
Crandall currant which originated in Kansas and was introduced 
seven or eight years ago. Other varieties of this species which we 
have received for testing are Utah, Golden, Jelly and Yellow Utah. 


DeEscrIPTION OF Y ARIETIES. 
Crandall.— From F. Ford & Son, Ravenna, Ohio, 1889. Bush 


very vigorous, tall and upright. It is very unproductive as com- 
pared with cultivated currants of ordinary varieties. Its average yield 
per bush for the last three years has been less than a pound. The 
fruit has a thick tough skin that makes it objectionable for most 
culinary uses. The fruit varies from small to very large in size 
borne either singly or in small clusters with leafy bracts. Figure 22 
is from a life size photograph of good clusters of this variety. 

We have also received the Crandall from M. F. Pierson, Seneca 
Castle, N. Y., which differs somewhat from the Crandall sent here 


a 


ra Pa 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 293 
] 


by the introducers of this fruit, Messrs. Ford & Son. The fruit of 
the plants received from Mr. Pierson is frequently one-half to three- 
fourths of an inch long, broad towards the apex and tapering towards 
the stem, making it somewhat pear shaped, while the plants from 
Messrs. Ford & Son have fruit more nearly round. Both varieties 
have a strong tendency to sucker. Figure 23 is from a life sized 
photograph of good clusters from plants received from Mr. Pierson. 

Jelly.—_From R. H. Blair & Co., Kansas City, Mo., 1893. 


Replying to an inqury as to the origin of this currant Messrs. Blair 


* & Co. wrote March 25, 1893, as follows: 


“The Jelly currants were selected in western Kansas from 
acres of them growing on the prairies; but this variety being so 
much superior was selected. We have fruited them and they are 
yielding such heavy crops and fine quality for jelly, we think they 
will be an acquisition to the currant list, specially in the west.” 

As grown here the bush is tall, upright, with a tendency to form 
more fruit spurs and fewer suckers than the Crandall. Fruit usually 
borne in small clusters with leafy bracts. Berries medium to very 
large, some being three-fourths of un inch or more in diameter. 
Skin thick, tough, with a bluish black metallic lustre like that of 
Crandall. Pulp dark greenish yellow, seedy and with a peculiar 
flavor less agreeable than the flavor of white or red currants but 
more agreeable than that of the ordinary European black currants. 

Figure 24 is from a life-size photograph of good clusters of this 
variety. The fruit is more uniformly large than that of Crandall 
and the plants appear to be as productive as Crandall though not 
so productive as ordinary red or black currants. So far as we can 
judge from a limited experience with it, it is preferable to Crandall. 

While the varieties of the Missouri currant such as Crandall and 
Jelly, may have value in localities where the commonly cultivated 
currants do not thrive, as suggested in the letter of Messrs. Blair & 
Co., yet we do not consider them worthy of cultivation where ordi- 
nary currants can be grown. 

It is possible that in the course of time the improvement of culti- 
vated varieties of the Missouri currant may result in the production 
of late ripening fruit that will meet with sale in market because it 
does not come into competition with the kinds now commonly found 
in market. Considerable improvement will need to be made over 
existing varieties before currants of this class are grown extensively 
for market. 


294 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


PROPAGATION. 


Varieties of currants do not reproduce themselves true from seed 
and so when it is desired to increase the number of plants of a 
variety it must be done by division of the plant in some way. Some- 
times this is done in a small way by separating rooted canes from an 
old plant. In the nurseries, however, currants are propagated 
either by layers or by cuttings, the latter method bemg more com- 
monly practiced. 


PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS. 


Currants grow very readily from cuttings of young canes of a 
season’s growth. The cuttings may be made as soon as the wood is 
ripe and hard, which in this section is usually after the first of 
October, and set at once in nursery rows. Currant bushes that are 
sprayed and well cared for may hold their foliage till November, and 
so need to be stripped of leaves when the cuttings are made. It is 
thought that cuttings from ripe, hard currant wood, root more 
readily and give a larger percentage of plants than do cuttings from 
immature wood. Sometimes it happens that the currants lose their 
leaves by leaf blight very early in autumn. In such instances the 
growth practically ceases and cuttings may be made at any time 
thereafter when it is convenient. 

Many nurserymen make the cuttings early in the fall even when 
it is necessary to strip the leaves from the canes. They do this not 
because they think the immature wood is better than well ripened 
wood for cuttings, but because it is convenient to do the work then, 
so as to have it out of the way before the rush of work that comes 
with the fall delivery season. Then, too, when the cuttings are 
made and planted early in the fall and the weather proves favorable, 
they begin to root before winter sets in and so are ready to start at 
once into growth when spring opens. This insures a long season 
for growth and favors the production of stronger one-year plants 
than can be grown from cuttings set in the spring. 

Spring Setting.—lIf the cuttings are not to be set out till spring 
they are tied in bunches, properly labeled and buried in a pit in well 
drained soil and covered about six inches deep with earth. The 
bunches are set in the pit with the butts upwards so as to keep the 
top buds dormant till the cuttings are planted. They may be set as 
soon as the ground is fit to work in the spring, but it frequently 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 295 


happens that it is convenient to delay setting for some time after 
spring opens. In this case the pit should be covered with coarse 
manure or mulch of some kind while the ground is still frozen so 
that the soil covering the pit may be kept frozen and the cuttings 
kept dormant till the time when they are to be set. 

The cuttings usually are about eight inches long and are made 
from the new wood; that is to say, from the new growth of the past 
season. If they are to be buried in pits to keep them for setting in 
spring the bundles should be tied with wire or willows, for twine is 
— liable to rot and break. 

Soil and Cultivation.—The soil for growing the cuttings should 
be well drained and fertile, plowed from ten to twelve inches deep 
and thoroughly pulverized. A trench about eight inches deep is 
made with the spade, against the perpendicular side of which the 
cuttings are placed one and a half to two inches apart, and with the 
top buds just above the surface of the ground. A little earth is 
filled in and tramped very firmly around the base of the cuttings. 
This is one of the most important points in growing currant cut- 
tings, that the soil be made firm around the base of the cuttings, and 
it can not be done satisfactorily if the trench is filled before the earth 
is tramped. After this has been done the trench should be filled 
and the earth tramped again. If the cuttings are set in the fall they 
should be completely covered when the ground begins to freeze, 
using either earth, coarse manure or some other mulch to prevent 
heaving by the frost. The objection to covering with earth is that 
the cuttings are more liable’to be injured by the tools when they are 
uncovered in the spring than they are if covered with manure or 
straw. Should the cuttings be heaved or loosened by frost the 
ground should be tramped around them again after the frost has left 
the ground in the spring. 

During the growing season the ground should be kept well cul- 
tivated and free from weeds. When the branches begin to appear 
these should be pruned away to a height of three or four inches 
from the ground. The plants are commonly grown two seasons in 
the nursery row before being set in the permanent location for 
fruiting. Strong one-year plants are very desirable for setting and 
scrub stock three or four years old is not desirable: even though it 
be of larger size than the one-year plants. 


296 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


PRopaGATION BY LAYERS. 


When currants are grown from layers the old plants, called stools, 
are headed back so that they may send out numerous branches close 
to the ground. When the wood of the new growth has become 
somewhat hardened, in this section in June, the soil is thrown over 
the base of the new shoots a few inches deep so as to induce the 
formation of roots. In the fall the earth is drawn away from the 
stools, and the rooted shoots are cut off, leaving good eyes or buds 
on the stools from which to grow another crop of shoots the follow- 
ing season. The rooted shoots may either be planted in nursery row 
at once or kept till spring before planting. The cultivation and 
pruning is the same as that already described for cuttings. 


PRopaGAtIon From Sep. 


Currants may be propagated from seed but each plant thus se- 
cured is a new variety and the chances are that it will be in- 
ferior to the standard sorts already in cultivation. Some persous, 
however, take an interest in raising currants from seed with the 
hope of securing something worth introducing as a new variety. 
In some cases where this work has been done in an intelligent and 
systematic way, encouraging results are being secured as is shown by 
the promising seedlings that have been sent to this Station for test- 
ing in recent years. Brief accounts of some of these new kinds, 
together with illustrations of the fruit have been given on preced- 
ing pages. 

The following method of growing currants from seed has been 
employed at this Station: As soon as the fruit is ripe the seed is 
separated from the pulp and planted in shallow, well drained boxes. 
The boxes are set in open frames and allowed to remain unprotected 
till the following spring. The seeds begin to germinate rather early 
in the spring. The boxes are then weeded and watered if necessary 
to keep the seedlings in good growing condition. When the seed- 
lings are three or four inches high they are transplanted to an open 
frame or bed where they can be easily cared for during the rest of 
the season. The following season they are set in permanent position 
in field or garden. If they are being grown in large numbers it 
would be better to transplant them from the boxes to beds and the 
following year grow them in nursery rows thus having the plants 
two years old before setting them in permanent position for fruiting. 


ete 
y rt , 
thy | 
Yu 
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a, 
Wor 
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Hi 
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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 297 


At the end of the first season the plants usually are from two to 


eight inches high and unbranched. At the end of the second season 


vigorous ones are frequently found eighteen inches or more in 
height and with strong branches. During the third season’s growth 
fruit spurs may begin to develop. 

In preparing the boxes for the seed a layer of coarse gravel or 
potsherds is placed in the bottom of the box. The box is then filled” 
with soil consisting of one part rotted manure and two parts of good 
loam. If the loam is heavy it may be lightened by mixing with an 
equal measure of sand. In preparing the soil for growing the seed- 
lings the second year it is given a liberal dressing of well-rotted 
manure and then spaded and worked till it is mellow. 


Fietp AND GARDEN CULTURE. 


When grown for home use currants are too frequently neglected 
as to cultivation. Often they are allowed to stand in sod along 
fence rows, or under large trees where the ground is so crowded 
with the roots of other plants that the currants are necessarily 
too much occupied in a struggle for existence to give either abund- 
ant yields or large fine flavored fruit. When currants are grown for 
home use they should be given thorough cultivation the same as 
when grown for market. To this end it is always best to select a 
location where a horse cultivator can be used. 

In the fruit growing sections of New York currants are grown to 
some extent in field plantations by themselves but more frequently 
they are grown as a secondary crop in well cultivated orchards, 
especially in orchards of young trees or trees that do not completely 
shade the ground. Currants are also grown tosome extent in vineyards, 
being set between the trellises. Where the Kniffen system of train- 
ing grapes is followed currants are sometimes set between the vines 
under the trellis, the currants alternating with the vines, that is to 
say, a currant bush between two vines. In this position, however, 
the fruit is more liable to be spotted by the spraying mixture when 
the vineyard is sprayed than is the fruit on bushes set midway 
between the rows. 

Distance apart.— When set between vineyard rows the currants 
should stand five feet apart, although some advocate placing them 
as close as three and a half feet. Strong growing varieties need 
more room than the stocky moderately vigorous kinds. In orchards 
the currants should not be set nearer the trees than six feet. In the 


298 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


open field our practice has been to set them about four feet apart 
in the row with rows six feet apart. If they are to be cultivated 
both ways they should stand at least 5’x5’. There seems to be a 
difference of opinion as to the advisability of cultivating both ways, 
many good cultivators holding to the opinion that it disturbs the 
roots too much. Others believe that it lessons the cost of cultiva- 
tion more than enough to counterbalance any injurious effects on 
the plants. So far as I know no exact comparison of the two 
methods has been made. No doubt the mistake is frequently made 
of allowing the cultivator to run too deep close to the plant. In 
such cases when the cultivator is run both ways the roots would 
probably be disturbed enough to work more harm than good 
especially with shallow rooted kinds. 

Planting.—Before setting the plants the broken or bruised 
roots should be removed with a clean cut, since the clean cut sur- 
face will heal more readily than will the bruised or broken tis- 
sues. The roots have been much shortened in digging and pre- 
paring for planting and the tops also should be shortened by remov- 
ing enough branches to correspond with the amount of roots that 
have been removed. New branches will push out later in the 
season as fast as the new roots are able to support them. 

The plants should be set about as deep as they stood in the nur- 
sery or a little deeper, since the earth that is filled around them will 
settle somewhat after they are planted. After the hole is prepared 
for the plant the roots should be spread out, and covered a little 
with earth which should be tramped firmly around them. The hole 
is then filled and the earth again tramped firmly. . A thin layer of 
fresh, loose earth is added to retain the moisture and prevent the 
rapid evaporation that takes place when the surface of the earth is. 
hard and compact. 

Fertilization.— For currants the soil must be kept fertile in order 
to secure good growth of plants and consequent good crops of fruit. 
It is our practice to put a forkful or two of stable manure around 
each bush in the fall. On our clay loam this not only furnishes 
plant food but has a beneticial mechanical effect in loosening the 
soil. With this treatment abundant crops of fine fruit are secured 
every year. 

Mr. James R. Clarke, Milton-on-Hudson, N. Y., a successful 
grower of currants, in replying to an inquiry as to his method of 
fertilizing currants writes as follows: 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 299 


“T do not use stable manure on my fruit, as I consider fertilizer 
much better. The first three years after setting I use nothing but 
fine ground bone with a small amount of muriate of potash; on 
older bushes I add nitrogen in some available form. I think that 
one thousand pounds of fertilizer to an acre can be used to advan- 
tage on full bearing bushes, namely : 


600 pounds of bone. 

250 pounds muriate of potash. 

150 pounds nitrate of soda or that amount of ammonia in some 
other form.” 


An application of a thousand pounds per acre of this mixture 
would give from 120 to 150 pounds of phosphoric acid, from 40 to 
50 pounds of nitrogen and from 120 to 130 pounds of potash per 
acre. It is not to be supposed that the exact formula for com- 
mercial fertilizers that Mr. Clarke has found best adapted for his 
soil will also be the best formula for other kinds of soil in which 
currants are successfully grown, but it contains helpful sugges- 
tions for those who wish to use commercial fertilizers for currants. 
For a general discussion of the use of commercial fertilizers the 
reader is referred to Bulletin 94 of this Station. 

Cultivation.—As soon as the ground is fit to plow in spring it is 
our practice to work the manure, which was placed around the 
bushes the fall previous, into the soil by shallow cultivation near the 
bushes and somewhat deeper, perhaps three or four inches deep, mid- 
way between the rows. We believe that it is not well to disturb the 
roots by deep cultivation, especially near the bushes. 

After this first cultivation the ground is given frequent shallow 
cultivation till about the middle of August when cultivation ceases 
so that the growth may be checked and the wood well ripened be- 
fore freezing weather comes. 

Pruning.— In large plantations it has been found most satisfae- 
tory to permit currants to grow in bush form rather than in the tree 
form, as the old canes may then be removed when they become un- 
productive as they do after a few years, and their places may be 
taken by new canes that have been permitted to grow for this pur- 
pose. Then, too, if the trunk of a currant in tree form is broken off 
or injured in any way a new plant must be set in its place, but when 
several canes are permitted to grow as is the case when the plants 
are grown in bush form, the accidental breaking of a trunk does not 


300 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


cause the death of the whole plant, but its place is readily filled by 
permitting other canes to grow from the root. 

The tree form is well adapted to well-cultivated gardens as the 
plants may be pruned into more symmetrical, attractive shape as 
trees than as bushes. To grow currants in tree form it is simply 
necessary to remove all buds from the part of the cutting or layer 
that is put in the ground. This prevents the growth of shoots from 
below the surface of the soil and consequently no suckers are formed. 
The tree currants may be kept in symmetrical shape by annually 
cutting back the shoots of new wood leaving but two or three buds 
to the shoot. This may be done at any convenient time while the 
leaves are off. 

No definite rule can be given for pruning currants grown in 
bush form, for the kind and amount of pruning necessary is in 
each case determined by the condition and individual habits of 
growth of the bush to be pruned. In’general it may be said that 
during the first two or three years the bushes require but little 
pruning except to head back the new shoots so that the fruit spurs 
will develope all along the cane. Otherwise the fruit bearing 
branches and fruit spurs will be found mostly near the top of along 
cane. When this is permitted, especially with some varieties, such 
as Fay for example, the weight of the fruit is quite apt to bend the 
canes nearly or quite to the ground. 

Besides this heading-in to keep the bushes in shape the pruning 
consists of removing the broken branches or those that droop too 
closely to the ground, and removing the old wood after it has passed 
the age of greatest productiveness. Mr. S. Haviland, a practical 
fruit grower, of Marlboro, N. Y., has, I believe, correct ideas on this 
subject. He writes as follows: 

“J am particular about trimming currants the first five years 
from setting, cutting a few inches from the end of all the new 
wood. If you do not, the end buds being stronger will push out 
and all the others will die and the bush will soon be very tall, with 
few fruit buds. If ent back nearly all the other buds will start, 
forming a cluster of fruit buds at their base, thereby increasing the 
crop and keeping the bush low for a much longer time.” 

Insect and Fungous foes.—Fighting the insect and fungous foes 
has come to be one of the essentials of successful currant culture. 
Chief among the insect enemies is the so-called “currant worm” 
which is the larva of a sawfly. It has four wings and the female is 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 301 


somewhat larger than the common housefly, her body being mostly 
yellow. On warm days early in spring these flies appear and deposit 
their eggs in chains along the veins and midrib on the under side of | 
the leaf. In about ten days the eggs hatch into the minute white 
worms, or rather, larvee. These begin to feed on the leaves, grow 
rapidly and spread over the bushes, often stripping them of their 
foilage in a few days. As they grow they assume a light green color 
and at one stage they are covered with many black dots. When 
full grown they are about three-quarters of an inch long. These 
flies do not appear all at once and later in the season another brood 
is developed so that continual watchfulness is necessary to hold these 
insects in check. 

Early in the season before the fruit has attamed much size, London 
Purple or Paris Green may be used against these insects, but 
later it is better to use powdered hellebore, which may be applied 
even when the fruit is ripening without any fear of rendering the 
fruit unfit for food. These substances may be dusted on the foliage 
or applied in the form of a spray. We prefer the latter method, 
especially if there are very many bushes to be treated. When 
London Purple or Paris Green is used, mix at the rate of one pound 
of the poison to from one hundred and fifty to two hundred gallons 
of water. When hellebore is used mix at the rate of one pound to 
fifty gallons of water. The applications should be made as soon as 
the worms, or larvie, are discovered. 

The currant borer is the larva of a small bluish-black moth, hav- 
ing three bright yellow bands across the abdomen. There is but one 
brood a year of this insect. The moth lays the eggs on or near the 
buds and the larva bores down through the pith of the cane. 
Pruning and burning the infested canes in autumn appears to be the 
best known way of fighting this insect. 

The four-lined leaf bug, or yellow lined currant bug, is an insect 
that infests the leaves of the new growth. Slingerland advocates * 
the pruning and burning of the tips of infested shoots in autumn, 
jarring the insects into a dish of kerosene and water, spraying with 
kerosene emulsion, 1 to 5, as soon as the red young of the insect 
(nymphs) are seen in the spring. 

The leaf spot diseases are probably best controlled by spraying 
with Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 11 formula.+ According to Pammel’s 


* Bull. 58, Cornell Expt. Station, Oct., 1893. + See Bull. of this Station, No. 86: 110. 


302 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


experiments,* spraying should_begin soon after the fruit sets and 
continue at intervals of about two weeks till the fruit begins to color. 
To avoid spotting the fruit, no further spraying is done till the fruit 
is picked when one or two further applications are made. ~ 

So far as I have observed the leaf spot disease does not usually 
work much injury in this State before midsummer, so that two 
thorough applications of Bordeaux mixture, the first made as soon 
as the fruit is picked and the second about two weeks thereafter, 
will probably be sufficently to control the disease. This opinion is 
based on general observation and not on definite experiments. 

Leaf disease of black currants.— It should be remembered that 
the European black currants though not troubled by the currant 
worms (saw-fly larvee) which are so destructive to foliage of other 
currants, may be seriously affected with the leaf blight. Some- 
times they are nearly defoliated by it in late summer or autumn. 
Spraying with Bordeaux mixture has given good results in treating 
this trouble the same as in treating the leaf disease of red currants. 

Dying of canes.—In 1891, Mr. D. G. Fairchild’s attention was 
ealled to a dying of currant canes which was caused by a parasitic 
fungus which infested the cane. The disease was then reported 
from a district along the Hudson. During the past season a similar 
trouble, probably identical with that which Mr. Fairchild observed, 
has been reported to the Station by a fruit grower in the Hudson 
river valley. The diseased canes were submitted to Mr. F. C. 
Stewart of the Station staff in the second judicial department, who 
found mycelium very abundant in both pith and cambium. He 
has not yet determined the life history of the fungous parasite and 
has as yet no remedies to suggest. Dr. Halsted, Botanist of the 
New Jersey Experiment Station, in his annual report for 1894, 
page 327, speaks of fungi parasitic on currant canes, one a species 
of Wectria, and one a species of MHomostegia. He recommends 
cutting out the diseased parts. 

Preparation and application of remedies.— A more complete 
discussion of the preparation and application of Bordeaux mixture, 
Paris Green or London Purple, Hellebore, ete., is given in another 
portion of this report. 


BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES.. 


In common with many other plantations of blackberries in 
various parts of the State, the blackberries at this Station were 


* Pammel, L. H., Bull. 17, lowa Expt. Station, 419-421; Bull. 20, 716-718; Bull. 30, 289-291. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 303 


severely injured by the winter of 1894-5. Though the season has 
not been satisfactory, so far as the crop of fruit is concerned, yet it 
has been of value in indicating the hardiness of different varieties. 

‘The table below contains a list of the varieties of blackberries 
and dewberries grown at this Station in 1895, together with a 
statement of the per cent. of injury done to the canes by the 
winter : 


Taste III. Lisr or BLackBERRIEs Now GROWING ON THE STATION 
Grounps ToGETHER WITH THE PER CENT. THAT THE CANES WERE 
INJURED BY THE WINTER. 


Per cent of 


NAME. canes winter 
killed. 
Blackberries. 
EMMITT Neer N es eles Sa eee ke we eas 50 
PCE Site ait] Boer (0s Pe 20 ee 70 
ee eee Os Voth ea ae he ts OR Oreo wile, aud oa cio 55 
LET. 2s BR SRE DING IE ey as ne 75 
Ms eEVCRDEATING DTEG.o. 5 oir. gael oe epee wee ine 10 
CTE BNR 8 A Ra ele a a 15 
Mm ne sven seit e221 eRe oe SE sO 90 
Bee ead limADC RB ay 5 Clic laduce lets si" HalehgPamebaietsl Faia eae Woe 25 
emg Mammoth: (Thompson's) 5... «.:6,< ej oc, sisioeln se = 60 
COST bis SE PA Ri aie ne ate ea 20 
RTO eo se recs a's sa, eres bs tt « Qobeie 6 Soe 25 
ne DELLS a ale Gi OA Sl a Re ea 25 
LL aOUEINR, 2 OE SE I 25 
A eet ee om ha  einaruhe «chided! scesane 01%. 8.006 ene SION: 50 
“TOU AXES TEE] SO a Oe 50 
NUMERIC HO) [Gye or ais ctv NET tai sian. cvs ave les eos) Se este tors 25 
SOEUR HMM ahs fel So iio teh Po RMU Va gh oi eres aslo ote cinjelaiel a 10 
oo) SLE ETO aR Ste 3 Sk So a 60 
RMI Eta ti ha hic cf Sui din Mey dein Mis clade rcblals lel § 30 
ES tric. Se et icra cas cotal NOS enti Sk 25 
WU MUL No 6 oso. econ che. wibigvs ave hniéya. 8 bays 0 oo, orehes fake 
Peet? seo Fiote Sede tee We one toy nee enue 40) 
ORS Sy aged 2 a5 SA a ng Aa 60 
Dewberries. 
TT TR eT I a8 fo 20 a oe ea er \ 80 
Te Me Re EI ek. oie warm ae ree ee (ee 
MUMMIEEITNIUE orescence tantra ee: 6, soa dite chien tte 80 


f \ 
304 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


List oF BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES SET IN THE SPRING OF 1895. 


Blackberries. 
Maxwell. From Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va. 
Piasa. From E. A. Riehl, Alton, Ils. 


Dewberries. 
Austin. From J. W. Austin, Pilot Point, Texas. 
Maynard. From C. C. Maynard, Kineaid, Kansas. 


BLACK RASPBERRIES. 

Most of the black raspberries now growing on the Station grounds 
are young plants, and until they become better established their 
season and productiveness can not be determined. Notes on the 
newer varieties, or those that have fruited here for the first time 
are given below. 


Nores on VARIETIES. 

Babcock No.3. From D. W. Babcock, Dansville, N. Y.,1894 
Fruit very large, good black color, medium grains, fair flavor and 
quality. Promises to be a valuable sort on account of its size and 
productiveness. Canes killed back by the winter 15 per cent. 

Babcock No.5. From D. W. Babcock, Dansville, N. Y., 1894. 
Fruit medium to large, compact grains, moderately firm, juicy, 
sweet, very good quality, productive. Worthy of further testing. 
Was hurt but little by the winter. 

Babcock No.9. From D. W. Babcock, Dansville, N. ¥., 1894. 
Fruit small with small grains, good color and good quality. Too small 
to deserve further testing. The canes were killed back but 3 per 
cent. by the winter. 

Eureka.—/vom W. WN. Scarff, New Carlisle, O., 1898, and 
A. M. Purdy, Palmyra, N. Y., 1894. Fruit large to very large, 
good color, grains medium, firm, sweet, mild, fair flavor and quality. 
Canes were winter killed 15 per cent. Worthy of further testing. 
See remarks under Mohler. 

Hopkins.— From A. M. Purdy, Palmyra, NV. ¥., 1894. Canes 
were winter killed but little. Fruit large to very large, compact 
with medium grains, good color, sweet, good quality. 

Kansas.—/vom A. Hf. Griesa, Lawrence, Kansas, 1893. Fruit 
medium to very large but does not average large, many berries im- 
perfect this season; good color, medium size grains, seedy, firm, 
mild, sweet, good quality. Canes winter killed 25 per cent. Not 
as good as other varieties for this locality. 


tN 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 305 


Manwaring No.1. From C. H. Manwaring, Lawrence, Kansas, 
1893. Fruit small to medium, good black color, firm, mild sub-acid, 
good quality. Canes were killed back but very little by the 
winter. 

Mohler.—/70m D. M. Mohler & Co., New Paris, O., 1893. 
This variety received favorable notice in the reports of this Station 
for 1894 ; this season’s test confirms our former good opinion. Canes 
large and vigorous, killed back by the winter 25 per cent. Berries 
large, firm, good black color; very productive. Season early, 
ripened the majority of its crop between the dates of July 1 and 
12; first fruit was picked June 29; last picking July 23. Seems to 
be worthy of extended trial on account of its size, appearance and 
productiveness. ‘This variety is decidedly similar to Eureka but 
our Eureka has fruited only one season and we need to compare 
these two varieties more carefully before expressing an opinion as 
to whether or not they are identical. 

Palmer.—/rom C. Mills, Fairmount, NV. Y., 1894, and W. D. 
Barns & Son, Middle Hope, N. Y.,1895. Fruit medium to large, 
compact, firm; grains small, nearly sweet, good quality. A stand- 
ard variety in some localities. Winter killed but 5 per cent. 

Poscharsky, No. 8. From. F. W. Poscharsky, Princeton, Ills., 
1894. Fruit medium size with small compact grains, soft, sub-acid, 
good black color, good quality. Canes were injured by the winter, 
Not a promising variety. 

Poscharsky No.9. From F. W. Poscharsky, Princeton, Iils., 
1894. Fruit medium to large with small compact grains, moderately 
firm, mild sub-acid, good. Gives promise of being productive. 
Canes were injured but little by the winter. Deserves further 
testing. 

Poscharsky No.15. From PF. W. Poscharsky, Princeton, I lls., 
1894. Fruit medium size, grains small, firm, good color and qual- 
ity. Canes were uninjured by the winter. 

Townsend’s No. 2. From G. Townsend, Gordon, O., 1894. 
Fruit medium to large, firm, medium grains, somewhat seedy, 
sweet, very good quality. Canes were winter killed but 3 per cent. 


Insury By WINTER. 


Many varieties of raspberries were injured by the winter of 
1894-5, although they did not suffer so severely from this cause as 
20 


306 Report OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


did the blackberries. The following table gives a list of the black 
raspberries grown here in 1895 and the estimated per cent. of 


injury to the canes by the winter : 


Tasie LV. — List or Brack RAsPBERRIES GROWING ON THE STATION 
GROUNDS AND THE Per Cent. oF Injury THE Canres RECEIVED 


During tHe WINTER. 


NAME. 


mMeTiCany FVerDEarlOe .\.. 5. cess oy spe ee ee 
ATCC SS NALA AERA ih NO. 


COPD G TVET ae eNOS SRA PPE RRO IY AIUD: ne dt NEA NAR Prt. 


Hie leant IOS BEE VSAM OHI 2S SRR OLE): Ze ee 
WERIES SCCLIG Ss. slabeks yd SRY sete ENR E 
ISCO Re Sane RRL Es ae Ment x) eNDHNS ee TaN nse, a" 


LNT SECs, sph aaa Aad AAD ahi Merwe aieeieee TS Ushi dh erate Se 8 


EE OPURG ANOKA. srcsaclehi ists datet tue None sar eee 
ENTE SAS ae: Cre RIERtepaie teas OPM a gga: Ae 


POTD ACA isa. Aan, ot goties < oaabme crete: cigta beach tka at megeeaee 
Pepe ae sr 2 No 5 bs Aa a Ae nT auth acento aim ictal gh Aenea 
OSC EESIOU IN Os: Bra sa Suse wiaieegnaue oeiae Cis Nea te tera 
DROSCRUT SO IV Os Oh. Seen oS Oe Cee he et oe eine ene 
PeOSEROTSICY INO NLS \\s'..\ 30% SORE A Nea ae eee 
PSU B)LV OL Dh) aye belek. 8 0c" ig alauty nal Gets iiae BOS eee 


'S) Die Behe OER b AA RE CN ee ae UDR MP esata Sa Co Gas 
OBTUSE BINO: Dee RR eo eh els ste ee 


Per cent. of 
canes winter 
illed. 


bo 
Or 


fee fed 
(AES SS) 


bo OS 
WoOooon eo 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 307 


RED RASPBERRIES. 


. Nores on VARIETIES. 


Cline.—From G. W. Cline, Winona, Ont. A chance seedling 
of Jdeus type. Fruit medium size with medium to large grains, 
red’color, firm, sweet, good flavor and quality. Inferior to Turner. 
Evidently will prove to be very early. Plants not yet established. 

Harris.—From Z. H. Harris, Rochester, N. Y. This berry 
has received notice in previous bulletins and reports of this 
Stationgas a productive variety of very good quality. The canes 
are of the strigosus type, vigorous but not tall and need not 
be pruned. This season the fruit is of good size and quite 
firm, but not so good in quality as usual. The canes of plants that 
were set in 1889 were killed back 75 per cent by the winter but 
younger plants set in 1893 were injured but very little. It has been 
quite hardy heretofore. 

I, X. L.—Hrom C. Schlessler, Naperville, Ills. A chance seed- 
ling of unknown parentage. Canes vigorous, strigosus type. 
Berries medium size, grains medium to large, color dull light red, 
disposed to crumble, nearly sweet, good. 

Kenyon.— rom O. A. Kenyon, McGregor, Iowa. Strigosus 
type, moderately vigorous. Berries medium to large with large 
grains, dark red color, moderately firm, sub-acid, quality only fair. 

King.—From Cleveland Nursery Co., Rio Vista, Va. Canes 
vigorous, show evidence of /deus parentage. Fruit medium to 
large, fine bright red color; grains large, moderately firm, juicy, 
mild sub-acid, fair to good in quality. 

Loudon.—/vom FP. W. Loudon, Janesville, Wis. Canes vigor- 
. ous, strigosus type. Berry as large or larger than Cuthbert, inclined 
to conic, grains large with a suture, moderately firm, good red color, 
not as good quality as Cuthbert. 

Talbot.—(Zalbot Prolific) From M. J. Ellis, Norwood, Mass. 
Berries medium to large, with large grains, soft, juicy, mild acid, 
very good. Canes show evidence of /deus parentage, strong and 


vigorous. 


/ 


308 ReporRT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


- Taste V.—Sxowrne Rexative Propuctiveness, AND EARLY AND 
Late Yrevp or Rep Raspserries In 1895. 


| ce | 3. alee 
£9 3S i} 
Sed) ae ‘Biss Big 
3 $0) 10 cao 
a NAME. Bs | se | se | 
g £32, bs aoe 
fc 2 Ra Sy oa 
MPR MOM BED ST MerOis SiN RM ae es 1892 497 15 20 
PMO GINO OT co ye Sc bila Co ey shel ovaysects speripiler eye 1892 421 0 15 
SE ZOMNOIIA weit osc c)> 2 aksvsiiele we etees eles eve 1892 345 30 2 
SME TIGe OL Went. 0). 30 8 ce ci seine oe 1892 | 345 4 4 
Mm OEMS AME he Ee ee Se) 1892 332 0 24 
Dale doy ah CHUGH cians sepsis wee yas § 1892 | 327 4 19 
SUM PARENT. eater e te ioceiiev ate nis stte aye tops he ehese 1892 254 35 2 
(MINES. WV OOGIARG Si... tse 0% oe, 208 1892 188 6 13 
Se MBN OMPSOMG. tie seve ch crevetacporeeeonons 1892 165 15 5 
Ph ualbot (albot, Prolayie.) eiciols'. chr 1894 110 4 22 
STIMSON DeAUbY 6 ja 6. L086» eo 1893 | 109 12 6 
POMPE TANGY WING. 22 5 2%.) .\epe cies SS yale 1892 | 108 0 27 
POUGomins: Mo anes hee Ee 1894 90 0 _ 29 
PM PPINGUENGE 0) 45 rc Kira pane, sto Sv opsleiaralane, cust 1894 78 8 15 
NPERDENEINA TICE)... %.'< ccidsnnieocone sacle te sa era secre ate 1893 72 12 11 
IGEMN CARTE? 020. sco. 0 Sheena. umuork whet shoes 1892 64 14 3 
MMC YOM o's wena Sie as asic os ee eieisies 1894 55 T Fl 
Feaic uP Bere (2) gt dg te eM ee bee ee ADS 1893 46 11 30 
14 | Pride (Thompson’s Early Pride.) .| 1893 44 27 9 
OM EEDATTAS 3 joys in!s: wafers «sia fa vi canrtonene 1893 39 13 26 
EMME AOMI ewido sacks Sieve fee ce te spacs en edenees 1893 25 12 20 
MGA CINE, MALI RUR US arts hy Sees 1893 24 71 0 
= lll LU Ghee OF Pee sea ape Pere 0 a 1894 11 18 0 . 


Again consulting Table V, we find a list of eight varieties that 
yielded a fifth or more of their crop after July 26. These are classed 
together as late varieties. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 309 


| Taste VI.— Lare Rep Raspserrtes Rankep Accorpine To YIELD 
AFTER JULY 26. 


NAME: Date of tast | after | Total | Retbal 

; Ounces, | Ounces: sane 
VO OE OO piter ee tae wifsrcvs 5 2.8 )oin''s ermreyale August 5 84 | 427 1 
CULTS 5920 ei August 8 81 | 332 4 
TRRAMIYRVIUG. ci. selec ete es ee ....| August 8 29 | 108 ¥ 
RRR e Halos c's wale ce HOA August 3 26 90 * 
(DSL Le GO aE ens August | 24 | 110 “A 
Ree acc chin < p< 2), (siele, a5 '» 50 0) 6 _ August 5 14 46 138 
“Ls Dis SL Gaia arene iene | August 3 10 39 15 
, 2 2 ESIC Up MIS esi ea pein Eta August | 5 25 16 


*First crop. 


Superb takes first rank both as to total yield and to the amount 
of late fruit produced. Last season it stood third in rank as to 
total yield and seventh as to the amount of late fruit produced. 
Olathe has received favorable notice in previous reports of this 
Station as a productive late variety. It gave good satisfaction this 
season. The fruit is of good size, firm and attractive. 

The greater part of the crop of red raspberries ripened this season 
between the dates of July 9 and July 26. Table V shows that four 
varieties yielded a fourth or more of their crop before July 9. 
These may be called early for this season. 


Taste VII.—Earty Rep Raspserrizrs RanKED AccoRDING TO 
Turin YIELD BerorE JuLy 9. 


Yield before os : 
Naw Dare oars oy 6 
OPMOMEED So fis is ore «seis, 's Ss Lees June 29 102 345 Wie 
ic Sa Oe PRA June 29 90 254 | 6 
IU 2 Od June 29 Mi 24 | 17 
Pride (Thompson’s Early 
/ 2g 9 1K) Was oe, oa -.| July 1 | 12 44 14 


Pomona has always done well on our grounds. Turner is one of 
the standard berries. Cline was first fruited here in 1893, so that 


310 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


the plants have not become well established. It has not yet shown 
any points of superiority. Pride has done fairly well heretofore. 
Its fruit is of medium size, firm, good color and good quality. 


PURPLE RASPBERRIES. 


Among the purple raspberries the Columbian was the most pro- 
ductive. The plants produced their first crop this season, yet it 
ranks second in productiveness among the raspberries fruited, 
giving a yield of 540 ounces from a row 25 feet long. A similar 
area of Caroline yielded 633 ounces. Its manner of growth and 
fruiting is much Jike the Shaffer, but it is more vigorous and was 
injured less by the winter. As compared with Shaffer the fruit is 
larger, firmer, and a shade lighter in color. It yields a larger per 
cent. of its crop late in the season than does the Shaffer. 

This is a promising variety and is worthy of extended trial. 

Cardinal ranked second in productiveness among the purple ber- 
ries. Its canes were injured but little by the winter. 


YELLOW RASPBERRIES. 


The yellow raspberries are valuable for the home garden. Of the 
varieties fruited on the Station grounds the Caroline and Golden 
Queen are the most satisfactory as to yield. Caroline has always 
been productive here, and this year it gives the largest yield of any 
of the raspberries. 


List or RaspBerries SET IN THE SPRING OF 1895. 


All Summer. From Lovett & Co., Little Silver, N. J. 

Cromwell. From W. D. Barns & Son, Middlehope, N. Y. 

Gault. From W. C. Gault, Ruggles, Ohio, and Storrs, Harrison 
& Co, Painesville, Ohio. 

Marlboro. From C. G. Velie, Marlboro, N. Y. 

Miller. From Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del. 

Telataugh. From I. F. Street, Middletown, Ind. 

Thomson. From Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. 

Townsend’s No.1. From Geo. Townsend, Gordon, Ohio. 

Unknown Red. From W. D. Barns & Son, Middlehope, N. Y. 

Wade. From Albertson & Hobbs, Bridgeport, Ind. 

Whyte, No. 6. From R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. aLt 


Whyte, No. 7. From R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada. 
Whyte, No. 13. From R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada. 
Whyte, No. 17. From R. B. Whyte, Ottawa, Canada. 


MiscELLANEOUS. 


Japan Golden Mayberry. From A. Blane & Co., Phila., Pa. 
Logan Berry. From A. Blane & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Rubus Capensis. From A. Blane & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Stanley Berry. From A. Blane & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Strawberry Raspberry. From A. Blane & Co,, Philadelphia, Pa. 


STRAWBERRIES. 


The strawberries tested at this Station are grown in matted rows. 
Young plants set in the spring or fall are given thorough cultiva- 
tion through the first season. The following winter as soon as the 
ground freezes the beds are covered with a few inches of straw. 
They are given one cultivation in the spring as soon as the ground 
is fit to work. As soon as growth starts the straw is removed from 
the beds and placed between the rows. One or two inches of the 
straw is left on the beds to serve as a mulch to keep the berries 
from the ground. The soil is a stiff clay loam, well underdrained, 
and fertilized with stable manure. 

The difference between staminate and pistillate varieties of straw- 
berries is now quite generally understood, as is also the necessity of 
planting a staminate variety with the pistillate berries so that the 
blossoms of the latter may be fertilized. In the following notes on 
varieties, the staminate berries are designated by an “8S,” while the 
pistillate ones are marked “ P.” 


Notes on VARIETIES. 


Aldridge No. 25. 8. From Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del. 
Plants very vigorous, foliage good; fruit stems long; runners 
abundant. Fruit scarlet, medium to large, moderately firm, fair 
quality. Productiveness cannot be definitely stated but it does not 
rank high. 

*Allen’s No.5. P. From W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Md. 


Blossoms with Beder Wood. Dark crimson color. Among the 


*Varieties marked with a * were fruited in beds two years old. More complete descrip- 
tions of them may be found in Bulletin 76 of this Station or the Annual Report for 1894. 


312 ReporT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


varieties fruited here for the first time in 1894 it took first rank. 
When fruited this year in two-year-old beds it proved unsatisfac- 
tory. 

* Allen’s No. 6. P. From W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Md. 
Blossoms with Beder Wood. Dark scarlet color. Among the 
varieties fruited here for the first time in 1894 it ranked tenth in 


productiveness. This year it was unsatisfactory in two-year old | 


beds. 

* Allen’s No. 138. P. From W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Md. 
Blossoms with Beder Wood. Dark scarlet color. Unproductive in 
two-years old beds, although it took fifth rank as to productiveness 
in 1894 among varieties fruited for the first time. 

*Allen’s No. 14. P. From W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Md. 
Blossoms with Beder Wood. Good light searlet color. Moder- 
ately productive. 

Annie Laurie.—S. From IM, Orawford, Cuyahoga Falls, O. 
Fruit medium to large, oblate with Crescent tip, bright scarlet color, 
moderately firm, good quality. Foliage very vigorous ; fruit stems 
good ; runners abundant. Moderately productive; late. 

*Beauty.— P. Hrom J. H. Haynes, Delphi, Ind. Blossoms 
with Sharpless. Bright scarlet color. Retains its good reputation 
of last season. Among the varieties fruited in two-year old beds it 
takes second rank as to productiveness. 

Blonde.— 8. rom G. Cowing, Muncie, Ind. Frait medium 
to large, pale scarlet color, firm, poor quality. Foliage vigorous, 
stems good, runners abundant. Moderately productive. 

Bostonian.— P. Hrom B. Ff. Lincoln, West Hingham, Mass. 
Blossoms with Sharpless. Foliage vigorous; fruit stems good ; 
runners abundant. Fruit medium size, inclined to a neck; scarlet 
color, soft, fair quality. Among the varieties fruited here for the 
first time in 1895 it ranked fourth in productiveness. . 

* Brandywine. 8. Hrom EF. T. Ingram, Westchester, Pa. 
Moderately productive. Fruit dark scarlet color. | 

Brunette.— 8. From G. Cowing, Muncie, Ind. Fruit medium 
size, round to conic, color dark scarlet to crimson, quality good. 
Foliage vigorous; fruit stems good, runners abundant. Only 
moderately productive. 


*Varieties marked with a * were fruited in beds two years old. More complete descriptions 
of them may be found in Bulletin 76 of this Station or the A nnual Report for 1894. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ele 


* Bryant, Perkins No. 2. S. From Jackson & Perkins, New- 


ark, N. Y. Unproductive in two-year-old bed. Plants weak 


and run out. 

Charlie—P. From Cleveland Nursery Co., Rio Vista, Va. 
Fruit medium size ; fine scarlet color; firm; fair quality. Foliage 
vigorous, stems long, runners abundant. Ranks tenth in productive- 
ness among the varieties fruited for the first time this season. 

*Columbia.—S. rom West Jersey Nursery Co., Bridgeton, 
NV. J. Fruit pale crimson color. Poor quality. Unproductive. 

* Cyclone. S. From E. W. Cruse, Leavenworth, Kansas. Fruit 
medium size ; scarlet color; moderately productive. 

Dewdrop.—S. From B. F. Smith, Lawrence, Kansas. Foliage 
and fruit stems good; runners abundant. Fruit medium size, good 
searlet color, firm, good quality. Moderately productive. <A_ late 
variety. 

Eicholtz Seedling. From the U. S. Division of Pomology, 

Washington, D. C. Fruit medium to large, light scarlet color, 
firm, good quality. Folage vigorous; fruit stems long; runners 
abundant. This variety was only moderately productive this year 
but it is considered worthy of further testing. 

Equinox.—S. From Cleveland Nursery Co., Rio Vista, Va. 
Foliage moderately vigorous; runners abundant; fruit stems good. 
Fruit medium to large, unattractive, dull scarlet color, firm, poor 
quality. Among the varieties fruited for the first time this season 
this variety ranks second in productiveness. On this account it is 
considered worthy of further testing. 

Giant.— 8. From W. Y. Velie, Marlboro, N. Y. Foliage vig- 
orous, fruit stems good, runners abundant. Fruit medium to large ; 
light scarlet color; moderately firm; poor quality. Among the 
varieties fruited for the first time this season Giant ranked fifth in 
productiveness. 

Hadsel’s Seedling. P. From J. H. Hadsell, Bath, N. Y- 
Has not fruited yet. 

* Haynes’ 31. P. From J. H. Haynes, Delphi, Ind. Blos- 
soms with Beder Wood. Fruit medium size, deep scarlet color. 
Among the varieties fruited for the first time in 1894 it took second 
rank in productiveness. This season it stands fourth in productive- 
ness among varieties fruited in two-year-old beds. 


* Varieties marked with a * were fruited in beds two years old. More complete descriptions 
of them may be found in Bulletin 76 of this Station or the Annual Report for 1894. 


314 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Iowa Beauty.—_S. rom FE. J. Hi wll, Olyphant, Pa. Fruit 
medium to large; dark scarlet color ; moderately firm ; good quality. 
Moderately vigorous, fruit stems good, runners abundant. Only 
moderately productive this season, but it: is considered worthy of 
further testing on account of the size and quality of the fruit. 

Jay Gould.—P. from C. A. Green, Rochester, WW. Y. Blos- 
soms with Sharpless. Foliage very vigorous; runners abundant; 
fruit stems long. Fruit medium or below, good scarlet color, firm, 
good quality, unproductive this season. 

*Leader.—S. Hrom Wm. Parry, Parry, N. J. Fruit me- 
dium size or below. Plants weak and unproductive this season. 

*Luther._S. rom A. Luther, -Leeds, Jackson Co., Mo., 
Fruit medium size, scarlet color. Foliage weak and but few run 
ders, but it takes fifth rank in productiveness among the varieties 
fruited in two-year-old beds. 

* Manchester No.1. P. From Jackson & Perkins, Newark, 
NV. Y. Blossoms with Beder Wood. Fruit medium or above, 
scarlet color. Moderately productive. Plants are not very vigorous 
in two-year-old beds. 

Marshall._S. From L. J. Farmer, Pulaski, N. Y. Fruit 
medium to very large ; irregular in shape; good dark searlet color; 
firm; good quality. Plants vigorous, with large leaves, runners 
abundant, fruit stems good. Only moderately productive but con- 
sidered worthy of further testing on account of the vigor of the 
plants and the size and quality of the fruit. 

Marston.—P. From C. S. Pratt, Reading, Mass. Blossoms 
with Beder Wood. Foliage vigorous: fruit stems good; run- 
ners abundant. Fruit medium or below, scarlet, modet- 
ately firm, fair quality. Among the varieties fruited for the first 
time this season it stands first in productiveness. 

Mexican Everbearing.—S. rom B. M. Watson, Plymouth, 
Mass. Alpine type. 

Nan.—S. From T.J. Dwyer, Cornwall, N. ¥. Foliage good, 
runners moderately abundant; fruit stems good. Fruit medium to 
large, good scarlet color, good quality. Only moderately productive, 
but worthy of further testing. 

Ona.— P. From FE. J. Hull, Olyphant, Pa. Fruit medium or 
above in size; good scarlet color;,. moderately firm; fair quality. 


* Varieties marked with a * were fruited in bedstwo years old. More complete descriptions 
of them may be found in Bulletin 76 of this Station or the Annual Keport for 1894. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 315 


Foliage moderately vigorous, runners not abundant, fruit stems 
good. Blossoms with Beder Wood. In productiveness it stands 
sixth in rank among the varieties fruited here for the first time this 
season. 

Orange County.—P. rom EF. J. Hull, Olyphant, Pa.  Blos- 
soms with Beder Wood. Foliage vigorous, runners abundant, fruit 
stems good. Fruit medium to large; roundish oblate; light scarlet 
color; soft; good quality. Moderately productive. 

*Random.—S. rom G. W. Cline, Winona, Ontario. Fruit 
medium size; light scarlet color. Unproductive in two-year old 
bed. 

*Rich’s No.5. P. From EH. A. Rehl, Alton, Ills. Begins 
to blossom a few days before Sharpless. Fruit medium size, dark 
searlet color. Unproductive in two-year old bed. 

*PRich?s No.6. S. From EH. A. Rethl, Alton, ils. Plants 
weak and unproductive in two-year old bed. Fruit medium or 
above ; scarlet color. 

* Rush.— P. From Jackson & Perkins, Newark, N. ¥. Begins 
to blossom two or three days later than Beder Wood. Fruit 
medium size; dark scarlet color. Unproductive. 

* Saunders’ Success.— 8. rom A. Saunders, Sac City, Ia. 
Fruit scarlet, medium size. Unproductive last year, but this season 
it ranks eighth in productiveness among the varieties fruited in 
two-year old beds. 

* See No.1. S. From H. 8S. & A. J. See, Geneva, Pa. Fruit- 
medium or below; good scarlet color. Worthless this season in two- 
year old beds. 

*See No.2. P. From H.S. & A. J. See, Geneva, Pa. Blos- 
soms with Beder Wood. Fruit medium size; dark scarlet color. It 
retains its reputation for productiveness this year, standing sixth in 
rank among the varieties fruited in two-year old beds. 

*Sherman.—S. From J. H. Haynes, Delphi, Ind. Fruit 
medium size, bright scarlet color. A handsome berry but only mod- 
erately productive. 

* Shuckless.— P. From Hoover & Gaines, Dayton, Ohio. Fruit 
scarlet, medium size. Unsatisfactory in two-year-old beds. 

* Splendid.— 8S. From C. H. Sumner, Sterling, Ill. Fruit 
searlet color. Moderately productive this year the same as last. 


* Varieties marked with a * were fruited in beds two years old. More complete description 
of them may be found in Bulletin 76 of this Station or the Annual Report for 1894. 


316 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Sunny Side.— P. From C. S. Pratt, Reading, Mass.  Blos- 
soms about with Sharpless. Plants very vigorous, runners abund- 
ant, fruit stems good. Fruit medium to large; round to wedge 
shape; light scarlet color ; attractive ; moderately firm ; fair quality ; 
mid-season. Among the varieties fruited in one-year old beds it 
takes fourth rank as to productiveness. In 1893 it took first rank in 
productiveness and was mentioned as being worthy of further test- 
ing as a late market variety. 

Tennesee.— 8. rom W. T. Wood & Co., Richmond, Va. 
Fruit medium to large ; attractive ; bright scarlet color; moderately 
firm, fair quality. Foliage vigorous, runners abundant, fruit stems 
long, prostrate. It ranks third in productiveness among the 
varieties that fruited here for the first time this year. 

*Timbrell—_ P. Hrom E. W. Reid, Bridgeport, Ohio. Un- 
productive on our soil. 

White Novelty.— 8. Hrom B. M. Watson, Plymouth, Mass. 
A variety of Hragaria vesca ; bears small white fruit. 

Wilder No.5. P. From H,. A. Wilder, Akron, N. Y. Has 
not fruited yet. 

Wilder No. %. 8S. From H. A. Wilder, Akron, NV. Y. Has 
not fruited yet. 

* Wilson, Jr.—S. Hrom F. L. Lay, Hast Claridon, Ohio. 
Fruit medium size ; unattractive dark scarlet or crimson color. Only 
moderately productive. 

Youngs Seedling. 8. From R. D. McGeehon, Atlantic, 
fowa. Plants vigorous, runners abundant, fruit stems good. Fruit 
medium or above ; good light searlet color; moderately firm; poor 
quality. Moderately productive. 


* Varieties marked with a * were fruited in beds two years old. More complete descriptions 
of them may be found in Bulletin 76 of this Station or the Annual Report for 1894. 


Taste VIII.— List or STRAWBERRIES 


oF Earty AND Late Yr1rup oF Eacn Variety. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


FRvuITED 


317 


IN ONE-YEAR 
Oxp Beps, wirn A CoMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE PER CeEnrv. 


— 
CMO MATROORwWDe | Rank as to yield, 1895. 


NAME OF VARIETY. 


PePeML OS PEICLIPSE 2. 56 5 oe) ss: <iehalk,ae hss, <7 supke 2 P 
Bigaar (MCN «|: ..: 5. ese. stale eit aaeie ocatchegs P 
Rina s PAVOLILG os. ecie Cec wadeoieus ake S 
BIEN SIGE AEE RAC Pee one See eee P 
eA CLOU CO Mies tn. copies ask ody hava alah elaiters 1 2d 
BRET VV OU bcs coche o aee ot inven eas Ui S 
PEE SL OM ML aeeaieietnnet tate fees Gave oes ar ere eee ve.salie ts leg 
PTGUINOK | AMR a ere eA ie heals: fos al Eom ale Siete 8 
“NSH STSETT BOLL ke SIRS 28 Ca 9 CEO eee Ss 
eRe Har tte ete Mott folale oe, lb eel es carers le 
SELES cha EI ON 8 P 
SE eIMEMN Pele Shc aa ky oh G0 shoe Siow hss 3 dd hee sks 124 
LECUE TON CT aa RR 2 ee alee ene P 
PME MOL oe de ee Beets 3 AR oee cnteerhtie shall P 
LEC 5a ia ie Se A RS Oar Ae a a NS) 
SORTA e noone, Od SEE Oe eM one Soares P 
Prem aenS WNOM TS P22 BR ERI I SIND, P 
MM Nea ISN ee Se een 2 ESR ever ahs \obeteatas Ste c doin S 
PPO OR SS fecaianetly oii ut Sn taya-w Shas Big MaMa oh wey SS) 
2 PURLEY S 5 Se ee tere ee S 
ICR SBI Be Oe a anne en S 
JABS CUTS ES CACC | ten ee S 
APCS ORIN rar eh ors SPS 2 SE, doe coe silence Oa Be 
GOS NOL LOE. oe OIA ae i a od S 
TIE UPS NS COMUUTUG Aw eh s/alais ide ya veteta <!> ches, 3, 4/6% S 
SG hg SRR IRR Sar les reg Pp} 
1ST ON 5s gS igre ea eS Cay 6 Pe ee S | 
ole TEES AS IR A, ek 82 tn Se P 
Pee E MATITIOS.:). sso ae eee keh owls as.s S 
PEPIN OSL oo... Sn cl len ema dees obi. fees NS) 
LVS UIA OA ea De ed 8 
IC Nh | Sao a a re aes ° A ea FP. 
DUR eee NAc abo uid eRe ic. & ates ee S 
DIDI SETEC EY O18 Oe vic a ‘ws oo ale Seda 6 oha 5 6 sete S 
PELOPTAG ENG MT Ls. oto Ue cid BU See S 
Ciera te EONS ies ich a. ks,» ajageramaaya spa) ahem RP 


2) eae 
CASA Ree kc 
2. | a= | Ba 
gf |S | 32 
38 | gS | ee 
gs |22 | 
Peete 
320 | 14 6 
OF 0. Oaluale 
240 | 5 | 24 
994 | 0} 12 
917 nbs has 
210 | 15 3 
209 | 29 2 
206 | 0O| 16 
205 | 14 2 
199 | 10 2 
190 | 14 if 
167%: |. AOpiaats 
L6lshe O 0 
157, 5 0 eeO 
156 | 22 4 
145 |10| 14 
145| 6| 15 
127 | 15 5 
123 | o| 19 
118 | 0}, 12 
it7 |.0 596 
107 | 14 4 
106 0 6 
106 | 0 5 
105 | 5 | 10 
101 0 4 
100 | 33 0 
92 | 16 0 
86 | 0 4 
85 |.0!} 99 
TT ,; 32 0 
64 | 98 0 
BOO: ee AG 
35 0 | 0 


318 


Earty VARIETIES. 

Those varieties which yielded a considerable portion of their 
crop before June 16 may be called early. They are given below in 
the order of their productiveness. 


REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Taste [X.—Earty Varieties Ranxkep AccorDING To YIELD 
Berore June 16, 1895. . 


NAME. 


LOGUE AES StS ee a ar 


se) 06 \e © 6 6 © 8 © 6 6 0 86 © « © « vie ic 


Date of 
first 
picking. 


June 13 


June 13 


Yield before 
June 16, 
Ounces. 


Total yield 
1895. 


209 
156 
100 


Rank as to 
yield, 1895, 


T 
15 
25 


| June 12 


Marston gave the largest early yield and was the most productive 
variety fruited here for the first time this season. It is worthy of 
further testing. Lovett has been fruited here for several years and 
is only moderately productive of medium-size fruit. Nan fruited 
here for the first time this season. 


Late VARIETIES. 
By consulting table VIII only four varieties are found that yielded 
a fifth or more of their crop after June 29. These may be classed 
as late. They are given below in the order of their productiveness : 


Taste X.—Lare Varieties Rankep Accorpina To THEIR YIELD 
AFTER JUNE 29. 


| Date of | Yield after | Total yield 
NAME. last June 29. 1895. Rank as to 
| picking. Ounces. Ounces. | yield, 1895. 
Edward’s Favorite......... July 8 517 240 3 
Mid dlefields Ate icsc is eis eve oe July 8 32 157 14 
REAM AAI oic wraVie Toplevioge oksyslo\ age eueue July 8 31 117 20 
GCROSOURIN OMI Wein ts folee sce 008 | July 5 19 85 28 


Edward’s Favorite has received favorable notice in previous 
reports of this Station as a moderately productive variety. This 
season it takes first rank as a late variety and stands third in pro- 
ductiveness among the varieties fruited in one-year-old beds. Mid- 
dlefield has also received favorable notice in former reports. It was 
only moderately productive this season. Gandy is a popular late 
variety. It has been only moderately productive on our grounds. 


i] . i 
New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 319 


TapLe XI.—Y1evp or VARIETIES FRvuITED IN Two-yEAR OLp Bens 
Nn 1895, TogrrHrR Wire THE YieLp or Same Bens in 1894, 
Wuen Torey Were Bur Ont Year O1p. 


| 
rank as| Sie ofan as| diel of 

NAME. to yietn A ounces oe inounces Season. 
PRCAM Gi Vrercier ol Gn cope es = 1 ] 207 T| 142 | Late. 
TE Qi: "2 oie ean ee ee P 2 202 6 144 | Late. 
PigmestNO.3L. 3. os... |e 3 159 2 | 283 | Mid season. 
LU ea S 4 | 156 23 84 | Early. 
PIO cpdints so fea ee iP 5 148 3 196 | Mid season. 
Se CRE a Ss 6 141 13 129 | Mid season. 
7 20 1S SS re 8 T 115 11 133 | Mid season. 
Saunders’ Success ..... NS) 8 114 OT 33 | Mid season. 
Manchester No. 1...... 12 9 109 17 108 | Late. 
PRTC KUGSSr... 62 fe. aake, cave 8 10 87 22 92 | Late. 
il ere ees S Pe 19 20 94 | Early. 
PORTA 9 sz java, Peuae eld sine axe S 12 78 16 117 | Mid season. 
DPANGy WING . 2s... 5 S 12 78 18 | 107 | Mid season. 
VTS) 0 eae ar ) 13 75 9 | 139 | Mid season. 
ENN CT S, INOS LAyoe cicrsiave «0 124 14 69 14 127 | Mid season. 
DENTIST OU SS: cc tbuelevs cise ore 2 |e 15 66 26 14 | Late. 
Mererel sy NOs Gio. 's's'e's ss NS) 16 61 15 119 | Mid season. 
PER SYNOD. os we |e 17 58 5 147 | Mid season. 
JOG OL SAN OSE Ce ee P 18 51 4 187 | Late. 
TIO NI AS S/S hs = 0 s.'5,'05.s S 19 49 24 83 | Mid season. 
PANES INOS Dis. 2 <¥s bie dos 0. < 1B 20 37 1 312 | Mid season. 
Pa TCW TS) NOLO... 3 o so's 2.0 P 21 34 10 138 | Mid season. 
Molampia: 55 5/0. 6 os S 29 33 ? ? Mid season. 
veh i 8 23 a 19 96 | Late. 
Sine Wolop ft CE eee nee ea Ss 24 21 8 | 139 | Early. 
Bryant, Perkins’ No.2 .S 25 6 ? ? 


Several varieties that were fruited in one year beds gave a larger 
yield than any of the varieties in two-year old beds, a result in line 
with the common experience that the first crop from a bed of straw- 
berries is usually the best. The table shows that only five of the 
twenty-six varieties named in the list (19 per cent.) gave a better 
yield in the second season than they did the first, while many varie- 
ties deteriorated so much as to be unprofitable in two-year beds. 

The evidence of this table confirms the opinion formed after 
studying the tests of hundreds of new strawberries that have been tried 
at this Station, namely, that a large proportion of them ought never to 

-have been introduced into cultivation because they are inferior to 
well-known cultivated sorts. 


, ' 
320 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


The following varieties of strawberries now growing at this 
Station have not yet fruited here: 


Allen, Oregon No. 1, 
America, Oregon Vo. 2, 
Australian Everbearing, Robinson, 

Beecher, H. W., See’s Lo. 3, 

Bissel, See’s Vo. 4, 
Burnett, See’s Vo. 5, 

Canada Wilson, Slaymaker No. |, 
Columbian, Slaymaker No. 5, 
Earliest, Slaymaker No. 8, 
Eleanor, Slaymaker No. 9, 
Edith, Slaymaker No. 12, 
Enormous, Slaymaker No. 25, 
Hadsell’s Seedling, Staples, 

Hersey, Thompson (Lady Thompson), 
Hull No. 3, Thompson No. 100, 
Hull No. 4, Thompson No. 101, 
Maple Bank, Tubbs, 

Margaret, Viscomtesse Hericart de Thury, 
Mary, Weston, 

M Te William Belt, 
Omega, Williams. 


PRODUCTIVENESS OF GRAPES AS AFFECTED BY 
SELF-FERTILIZATION OF THEIR BLOSSOMS. 

Many kinds of grapes are unable to set fruit when standing alone, 
others are apt to produce abortive berries and imperfect clusters, 
while still others produce satisfactory clusters. Some of the kinds 
which can not set any fruit or which do not form satisfactory clus- 
ters when standing alone, are able to set fruit when their blossoms 
are fertilized by pollen from other varieties of grapes. So it hap- 
pens that some kinds of grapes do very well when they are mingled 
with other varieties, but when planted in blocks by themselves they 
either do not bear at all or the yield is unsatsfactory. 

It is amatter of practical importance to grape growers to know 
which kinds of grapes can set fruit satisfactorily when standing alone 
and which can not. Investigations on this subject were begun at 
this Station in 1892 and have been continued each succeeding season 
so far as time and opportunity permitted. Some account of this work 
is given in this Station’s reports 1892: 597-606. 1894: 636-648. 

The experiments thus far have been conducted solely in the Sta- 
tion’s vineyards. The method of investigation has been to cover 
the clusters of unopened flower buds with paper bags so as to exclude © 
all outside pollen. In 1895, 610 clusters distributed among 80 vari- 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 321 


eties were thus bagged. The result of the investigations for 1895 
are combined with the results obtained in previous years and 


given in the following lists: 
Note.—The character of the stamens is indicated by ‘‘1” if they are long, ‘‘s” if they are 


short, and “‘int.’’ if they are intermediate between long and short. 


In stating the parentage 


the male parent is named last and the female parent, that is, the vine which bore the seed 
from which the variety was grown, is named first. 


Self-fertile. 


Crass I. 


May be planted alone. 


Varieties named in this class can form practically perfect clusters 


of themselves 


haracter of 
stamens 


Species represented 


in parentage. 


NAME. Names of parents. 
+S) 
Ne PATA bTOSLA <2 -<eee cee Salemi tee en Sea 
eebertha soos 2. eee oe Unknown 25sec cae. 
HEC rOlony “Soe eee eae Delaware X Chasselas, de 
Fontainblew .---...---- 
IG eWelawares. co -eot eee Umknowmny: 2222 see so. 
PieDiamond =--sse2 65 Concord 2x¢ Tonaisees . es 
1| Early Golden (Camp- 

CLA ee eee eet ee Sed ae Tino ak: sere jens 
BE Gusset sce]. sees tet BWA ase ose seer ee ee 
li |) Tekerenlal a7 eS See eee hie et ee ee Sees ee 
LL |} Ae eS te aeteeae eg eet pa ee ea 
1 | Lady Washington ...}| Concord X Allen’s Hybrid 
1 | Leavenworth......-. Concorde se sce ee ee 
1) | hd Ea eS ee Winkmnowinleseccsecc co ceee 
11 WS (5 612) Rote a ee Wialt@Pemss sce sseesacees 

1| Marvin’s Seedling,} - 
Wihtties S46 eee) a2 25: Unknowns. s-nes-e 2-4 - 
1 | Marvy’s Favorite ..-.. Delawarerk to ress sc 
Miutilderysassctso 2 st. Delawanelssasseaee aie 
] | Metternich ......... Clinton X Poughkeepsie 
Lite0 Ra Me er Boerner ee a 
Ee leMOnroe sess tees ae Delaware X Concord..... 
1 | Moore’s Karly t.-.---- Concondinsa ae eyeeeaaess=- 
MeN e ara c-252.5- cick Concord X Cassady ..----- 
MMO PAl asses 2.5 eeee Ok EAnGleyg 26 Glace ss. -- 
1 | Poughkeepsie Red ...| Iona X Delaware or Wal- 
DOL ses cisscisehees s=.5 
I mEremuiss s+. 22-5. sabellanssias 2555 S555 3-2: 
iigbnoitaple:.....-22..,|, Hlvirgoe Perkins... 
IneRoenester ... 2 2... 42. Unknow ceases see 
Iehovers Nowl3)..-. ==. Mammoth Globe X White) 
Chasselasmieseete ee. o | 
1 | Rogers No. 24.......- Mammoth Globe X Black 
a Siam bunegte emcees <= 
1 | Rogers No- 32-...--.- Mammoth Globe X Black 
HamMmburoyoeeseeeisee-— 


Senasqua 
lrelegraph 


] 
1 
1} Winche 


11 (Green 


| Mountain). --..--.. 


Concord X Black Prinee .- 


lmknown cosss-ce ese eee 


Vin., Bourg., Lab. 


Bour 
Lab. 


Lab. 
Lab. 
Lab. 


Lab. 
Lab.- 


Bour 


q-, Lab. 


» vin. 
, vul. 
» (and 2). 


, Bourq- 


q., Lab., (and vin. ?) 


Bourq., Lab- 


vul-, 
Lab. 
Lab. 
Lab. 
Lab. 


Lab. 
Lab. 
Lab. 
La 
Lab. 
Lab. 
Lab. 
Lab. 
Lab. 


Lab. 


Lab., Bourq. 
, Bourq- 


, (and vin ?). 
, vin. 


, Bourgq- 


Sele 


b., (and ?)- 


» Vin. 
, Vin- 


7 Vai 
, vin. 


—s 
*Fur her testing m -y show that this variety belongs in Class I. 
+ Further testing may show that this variety belongs in another class. 


21 


322 


Partly Self-fertile. 


Crass II. 


REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


May be planted alone. 


The clusters of varieties named in this list are liable to be rather 
loose or unsymmetrical when self-fertilized, yet are perfect enough 


to market well. 


NAME. 


“Character of 
_ Stamens 


Agawam (Rogers 15). 


Brilliant 
Burrows Vo. 42c----- 
Carman 
Catawba 
Caywood No. 50..-.--- 
Centennial 
Champion (Cortland ) 
@handlersseecee see 
Clinton 
Colerain 
Concorde ess-e- aes 
Cottage 
Dianaviereemcesece ce 
Barly Ohioressactee== 
Edmeston No. 1.----- 
isimjounee a antaisaelo es 
(Blwicand?)------ --- 
Elvira 
Empire State....---- 
Esther 
| Glenfeld 
Golden Grain....-.--- 
Hartford 
Highland 
Hopican 
Illinois City. 
Isabella 
Isabella Seedling 
Iona 
Jefferson 
Jessica 


wee we eee eet wee 


were eee eet eee eee 


Ola Se Ase ee ae es 


Paragon 
Perkins 


— ee a a ae ee re ae ee a ee ee a a cl ce ee ee ce ee el — | 


Names of parents. 


Mammoth Globe X Black 


Post Oak X Concord..-... 
Lindley X Delaware. .-.- 
Concord X Jefferson 
Post Oak X Triumph .... 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Eumelan 
Coneord X Hartford. .--- 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Concordaescoteceee en eee 
Winknownes sass eee 
@oncordessseeece eee 
Catawba 
Unknown 
Concord 


we eee wee eee oeee 


Taylor 
Hartford X Clinton...--.. 
Concord 
Unknown 
Lindley X Delaware 


eee ee ee wee eee ee ee ee eee eee 


Concord X Jura Muscat. 
Unknown 
Unknown 


Catawba 


Unknown 
Lindley X Martha 
Unknown 
Muscat Hamburg X Crev- 


Hartford ex lonases-=-o5% 
Unknown 


ewer eee were eee 


Species represented in 
parentage. 


Lab., vin. 

Lab. 

Lin., Lab. 

Lab., vin., Bourq- 
Lab. 

Lin., Lab., vin. 
Lab. 


vul., Lab. 

Lab., vul-. 

Lab. 

Lab. 

Lab., vin., Bourg. 
Lab. 

Lab., vin- 

Lab., vin. 


Tab., vin.) 5. tae 
Lab. (and ?) 


Bourg-., Lab. 
Lab. 
Lab. 
Lab- 


*This variety may possibly belong in Class L 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


Crass II — (Concluded). 


323 


haracter of 
stamens 


is 
ee 


ee 


| 


NAME. 


Pocklington* help ie 
Rockwood. .-...----- 


Triumph 


Wersennes: <2 =. 5... 
Victoria 
Wheaton 
Worden 


eee ew ee ee eee 


Names of parents. 


Delawaxresnccs-nomeoaccoe 
Concord X Chasselas Mus- 

qué 
Catawba X ewstivalis -... 
Winkmnowmny eee ceeeeeee 
Concord eee eee eee 
DElIWanera meee cee seek 
Concord ynesoese oe wee 


Species represented in 
parentage. 


Lab. 

Lab. 

Lab., vin., vul. 
Lab. (vin ?) 
Bourg-., Lab. 


Lab., vin. 
Lab., west. 
Lab. 

Lab. 
Bourq-, Lab. 
Lab. 


*This variety may possibly belong in Class I. 


Partly Self-fertile. 


Crass III. 


Should not be planted alone. 


The varieties named in this class are capable of setting some fruit 
when standing alone, but their clusters are apt to be imperfect 


and 


unsatisfactory. 


Some of these varieties, like Eumelan, for 


example, rarely set any fruit when self-fertilized while others do 
nearly as well as some kinds in Class II. Whenever the kinds named 
below are planted they should be mingled with other kinds that 
blossom at the same time these do. 


Species represented in 
parentage. 


Dy 
ie 
8 : NAME. Names of parents. 
so 
tS) 
i PAtdPONnd ac kya). 35 So Seliger cree eee etree ohees 
sii Alexander: Winter...) Unknown)... 2252... - 
Ss | Amber Queen.......-. Marion X Black Ham- 
burgesses sass ot 
Sulpe@arlOyas = ciao. -t-- Bl vine, ivesacoa25..- 
I) Cantadaneee =o .i5 25: Clinton X} Black St. 
Peters ses seeds: 
lelp CanoniGusemmeecs yest oil) ctoc ence e ane seas 
aD als yyscece cee ce Gothe 3.5552 eae ees 2- 
eer. Collierssesence. 4. Post Oak X Concord. ..-- 
Dracut. Aum bernemeees poss o/s cea che oe ree eee 
ie Duchesss2-.. sees ane White Coneord X Dela- 
ware or Walter....-... 
1 | Early Market.-....... SIWAPS, .Laioo\- seen eeeees 
Seiebumelan’ S22 2222-252 Unknown 2st oe see eee 


a 


Vul., vin. 
Lab., vul. 


Vul., vin. 
Lab., vul. 
Lab., vin. 
Lin., Lab. 
Lab., (— 2) 


Lab-., Bonrq. 
Lab., vul. 
(Lab., vin ?) 


324 


REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Crass II — (Concluded). 


z 


Species represented 


GH 
° 
Be 
3 g NAME. Names of parents. in parentage. 
Sa 
.6) 
PG enevidececmcicsmsc i (Lab. X Muscat Alex.) 
WMO MNeagoaakcsaso5558 Lab., vin- 
1s GoldeDuste- ==. ---- Lindley X Delaware. -..-.- Lab., vin., Bourq. 
J || DS Seiigie S55 5baeeeseac Concord X Delaware....| Lab., Bourq. 
Ih |) INC@e areas GaGeteisses (Ral Oty: eecei see seers Vul., Lab- 
leleNorthern Muscadines| ess osac sees eee eee Lab. 
Ib |) Wien hartiteeeesass Sose WininoOnwiless Hs sesegs5es.]] Ibeilo- 
Crass IV. 


Self-sterile— Unable to Set Fruit Alorie—If Planted Should be Mingled 


with Other Varieties. 


The varieties named in this class, so far as tested at this Station, 
are not able to set fruit of themselves, although some of them may 


form abortive berries when self-fertilized. 


They may fruit quite 


well when mingled with varieties that blossom at the same time 
with them. 


haracter of 
stamens 


ce) 
DODHAeDYH DBD NDHD OD OD =e 


Species represented 


NAME. Names of parents. in parentage 
INGO) eeaance Saco Recal| eoagues SoooauneSSse 5 cobSSa||) snesesosoacos ebsoce cece 
Amiber sateen saccmet Taylorpetee sche gece cee. vul 
JNTABINCE) Serena sloasaonl| souoesooseeeb Gago espooonc Thins, GuUp= 


Aminia (Rogers 39) . .- 
Barry (Rogers 43) ..-- 


Blanco 


Se 


IBUIN Olivoce sees sc 


@levener S25 -- sees 2s 
Creveling 
Denison 
Dr Hexameneseeee ee 
Eaton* 
Hildoridosses- fae 
Elvibach 
Essex (Rogers 41) ---- 


Mammoth Globe X Black 

Hamburg 
Mammoth Globe X Black 

Hamburg 
Elvira X Triumph 
Concord X Diana Ham- 

bur 
Hartford X 

burg 
Unknown 
Unknown 
Moore’s Early 
Post Oak X Triumph ...- 
Concorda se eee 
Concord X Allen’s Hybrid 
Elvira X Bacchus. 
Mammoth Globe X Black 

Hamburg 


Black Ham- 


Lab., vin. 


Lab., vin- 
aie avaie 
Lab-, vin., vul-. 


Lab., vin. 


(vin., est. ?). 
Lab. 

Lin., Lab., vin- 
Lab. 

Lab., vin- 

vul., Lab. 


Lab., vin. 


* Further testing may show that this belongs in another class. 


New York AgricuyroraL Expert STATION. 


Crass LV — (Concluded). 


A 


a 


325 


j 


| 


NAME. 


Character of 
stamens 


Names of parents. 


Faith 
Geertner (Rogers 14) -. 


Grein Golden 
Hayes...... 
Herbert (Rogers Ad) 


VEWAbic soceonsres sens 
Juno 
Lindley (Rogers 9) --- - 


Salem (Rogers 53)<-.- 


White Jewel 
Wilder (Rogers 4) .... 


“ee 
ne ZOD Dn ann Da— Qa DD DeDD See me | 


Taylor 
Mammoth Globe X White 

Chasselas 
Taylor 
Concorde eee eee 
Mammoth Globe X Black 

Hamburg 
Unknown 
Delaware 
Delaware 
Mammoth Globe X White 


Chasselas'-/52-2/-. 5 ---5- 
Mamion's so. 25c% ceethaly eee Coesae Saat ore sae einee 
Massasoit (Rogers 3)..| Mammoth Globe X Black 
Ham bute wea] eerste 
Maxatawney -------. Unknownghea.- sa-ee cn ee 
Merrimack (Rogers 19)} Mammoth Globe X Black 
Elam bring geese eatin 
Montefiore .-....-.--- aylOT es jaeesses eine als: 
INOEWOOOi = asco aac Labrusea X Black Ham- 
OWE a. casateicletes icles 
ined) Bird <5...) <---1= Lindley X Champion .... 
litetst ISb ee cemces caee Black Eagle X ?.....---. 
Requa (Rogers 28 _-..| Mammoth Globe X Black 
Hamburoteessseeanae- 
TROTEPS INOS Bocecanese Mammoth Globe X White 
Chasselasts 222522. ~e- 
INOSCOO KM aac soeteisiord te Delaware X Martha ..... 
RVUStLOEpS ee eerese es Lindley X Martha ....... 


Mammoth Globe X Black 
HampUrg ioe ser cemicrs 
DPliviTeieNe te ye eee 
Mammoth Globe X Black 
Hamburg 


Species represented 
in parentage. 


vul., Lab. 


Lab., vin. 
vul., Lab. 
Lab. 


Lab., vin. 
Lab., vin- 
Bourq., Lab. 
Bourg., Lab. 


Lab., 
vul., 


vin. 
Lab. 


Lab., vin. 
Lab. 


Lab., vin. 
Vul., Lab- 


Lab., vin. 
Lab., vin. 
Lab., vin. 


Lab., vin. 
Lab., vin. 
Lab. Bourq- 
Lab., vin- 


Lab., vin- 
vul., Lab. 


None of the varieties in these lists that have short stamens can 


set fruit satisfactorily of themselves. 


Judging from these investi- 


gations short stamens in cultivated varieties of grapes are an indica- 
tion of partial or complete self-sterility and varieties having short 
stamens may be expected to prove unreliable unless planted near 
other kinds of grapes that blossom with them. 

It should also be noted that not all kinds of grapes that have long 


stamens ean set fruit of themselves. 


Most of the grapes mentioned 


in these lists that are unable to set fruit satisfactorily of themselves 


are hybrids. 


326 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


FORCING LETTUCE IN POTS. 


The following description of a method of forcing lettuce in pots 
that has been followed at this Station may be of interest to those 
who grow lettuce under glass, either in an amateur way or as a com- 
mercial product. 

The seed is sown in flats as usual, that is to say in boxes about 
twelve by ten inches and threeinches deep, or on the bench. When 
the plants are about two inches high they are transplanted to two 
inch pots. The benches are filled with soil, in which the pots con- 
taining the lettuce are plunged so that the tops of the pots are cov- 
ered with about half an inch of soil. 


PREPARATION OF SOIL. 


Soil for lettuce should not be too heavy, and as the soil which we 
use for potting is a rather heavy clay loam, sand is mixed with it in 
preparing it for the lettuce house. The potting soil is composed of 
three parts by measure of loam, one of manure and one of sand. 

The benches are six inches deep; the lower three inches being 
filled with well rotted manure and the upper three inches with 
potted soil prepared as described above. 

The soil in the pots is the same as that used on the bench except 
that it is sifted while that on the bench is not. <A little drainage 
material is put in the bottom of each pot. The plants are usually 
set on the benches about ten inches apart each way. ‘The roots soon 
fill the pot and grow out into the soil of the bench through the 
drainage hole in the bottom of the pot. Being thus buried in 
the soil the little pots do not dry out as rapidly as they would do 
were they exposed to the air. 


MARKETING. 


The plants may be marketed without disturbing their roots and 
for this reason they keep fresh for a longer time than do the plants 
whose roots are disturbed in preparing them for market. See 
Plate X. When the plant is ready for market it may be knocked 
out of the pot and the ball of earth containing the roots undis- 
turbed may be wrapped snugly in oiled paper. The earth will thus 
keep moist for a long time and furnish moisture to the plant 
through the roots which are imbedded in it. Local customers may 
be supplied with lettuce in the pots and the pots returned after the 
plants are taken from them. 


‘yod youroM B UL UWMOIS GONWIAT —'X ALVA 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. oot 


Grocers and other retail dealers readily appreciate the advantages 
of having lettuce grown in this way. It permits them to keep 
the lettuce on hand for a considerable length of time and still pre- 
‘sent it to their customers crisp, fresh and attractive instead of 
wilted and unattractive. 

The moment a pot is removed from the bench another may 
immediately be set in its place without waiting to clear the bench, 
or any portion of it, of the rest of the lettuce. The method thus 
proves economical both of time and space. 

This method will undoubtedly commend itself to growers who 
are forcing lettuce to a limited extent. Whether it can be 
employed to advantage by those who have extensive houses devoted 
to lettuce can be decided only by trial. 


AVE 
ARIETIES. 


The varieties of lettuce selected for forcing must, in general, be 
determined by the market demand, and it should be the aim of the 
grower to furnish what his market calls for, rather than what he 
may think it ought to have. The following varieties have been 
forced satisfactorily in the Station houses. 


Big Boston is a large head lettuce. It requires more room than 
most other kinds which we have forced. The plants are set a little 
more than ten inches apart each way. It isa rather slow grower ; 
pale green in color. One of the best large cabbage lettuces for fore- 
ing that we know. : 

Salamander is a light green, curled, cabbage lettuce not quite so 
large as Big Boston but more rapid in its: growth and very satisfac- 
tory when forced. Set plants ten inches apart each way. 

Drumhead is an upright, light green, slightly curled, early 
maturing, cabbage lettuce which forces well. It is not quite so 
large as Big Boston. Set plants ten inches apart each way. 

Henderson’s New York was tested for forcing this winter with 
good success. It is an upright, curled, cabbage lettuce of good size 
but not so large as Big Boston. Its color is rather dark silvery 
green when grown outdoors but it has a lighter color when forced. 

Grand Rapids is one of the best of its class for forcing. It does 
not mature quite so rapidly as some other varieties do. It is not a 
cabbage variety but forms a loose head. The leaves are much 


328 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


curled and of a pale green color. The plants are set ten inches 
apart. 

Hanson.—A curled variety of an attractive light color, that forces 
well. It is not a cabbage lettuce but forms a rather loose head. 
Plants are set ten inches apart. 

New Iceberg.—A handsome curled lettuce with paler foilage 
than Henderson’s New York and not so compact a head. It forces 
well. Set plants ten inches apart. 

Golden Ball is a dwarf cabbage lettuce, pale green in color, 
slightly tinged with yellow, making a very beautiful and attractive 
lettuce when fresh and well grown. It forces satisfactorily but 
does not head quite so early as the Golden Queen. Set ten inches 
apart. 

Golden Queen has less of the yellow tinge in its foliage than has 
the Golden Ball but it heads more rapidly than that variety. It is 
also a dwarf cabbage lettuce that forces well. Set ten inches apart. 

Prize Head forces well,but it belongs to the class having reddish 
brown leaves and on this account not commonly used for forcing, 
This variety is tinged with brown when young, but becomes 
lighter and has but a slight red tinge when mature. It is a curled, 
garnishing lettuce, quite attractive in appearance when fresh and 
well grown. It is not a cabbage lettuce, but forms a rather loose 
head. 

Other varieties that we have tried are on the whole no better or 
not so good as the varieties described above. Some do not come 
well from seed, or can not be relied upon for uniform results after 
they are transplanted. Some are less attractive in form or color 
than are those named above. Some have their leaves tco close to 
the soil so that they are liable to become soiled or blighted, thus 
injuring their appearance and making it necessary to trim them 
before sending them to market. Some are peculiarly subject to 
blight along the edges of the leaves. Those which are described 
above have all done well here, and include representatives of most 
of the different types of lettuce except the cos or romaine 
varieties. 

While the subject of forcing is thus under consideration a few 
hints on the care of a crop may not be amiss. 

1. The temperature should be kept down to from fifty to 
sixty degrees during the day and forty-five to fifty during the 
night. A higher temperature favors a more rapid growth, but the 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 329 


plants produced in a higher temperature have a tendency to a 
spindling growth, and to lack the crispness and compactness of 
lettuce grown in a cooler temperature. Plant lice become more 
troublesome in a higher temperature than in a moderately cool tem- 
perature. Extremes of heat or cold should be avoided, as also 
should rapid fluctuations from one extreme to the other. 

2. As much yentilation should be given as possible and still 
keep the temperature within the range just given. The crop suc- 
ceeds best when it is given plenty of fresh air. 

3. So far as possible water only on bright, sunny days, prefer- 
ably early in the day, when the houses may be ventilated freely 
so that the leaves, and especially the tender hearts, will soon dry. 
Water standing on the leaves a long time offers favorable condi- 
tions for the development of blight. Of course this caution does 
not apply where sub-irrigation is practiced. 

4, The aphis (green fly) should not be allowed to get estab- 
lished on the plants. . Just before the pot is plunged into the soil it 
is turned upside down and the under side of the leaves, as well as 
the upper surface, is dusted thoroughly with tobacco dust. The 
plants are not watered over head for three or four days afterward to 
avoid washing off the tobacco. About a week later they are dusted 
with tobacco again, taking especial care to cover thoroughly the ten- 
der foliage in the center of the plant. By free ventilation and keep- 
ing the temperature cool, and by watchful care of the plants, not 
waiting for the aphis to get established before fighting them, a let- 
tuce house has been run at this Station all winter without fumi- 
gating once. Fumigation should be used only as a last resort. 
Neglecting the ventilation, neglecting the heating and neglecting 
the cleanliness of the house and plants in general may be expected 
to lead rapidly to conditions where the only remedy is fumigation. 


SUMMARY. 

The growing of lettuce in pots is believed to have several advantages over 
growing it in benches, namely : 

1. Plants may be marketed without disturbing their roots, and so 
may be kept perfectly fresh for a long time, an advantage that is 
much appreciated by retail dealers. 

2. As soon as a plant is removed from the bench its place may be 
immediately filled with another potted plant, so that the entire 
bench room may be kept constantly occupied. 


330 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


The method may be briefly outlined as follows: 

The bench, six inches deep, is half filled with well-rotted manure, 
over which is spread three inches of soil. 

The soil is made of one part by measure of manure to three parts 
of rotted sod. Should the sod be from a heavy loam it is made 
lighter by adding one part by measure of sand to three parts of sed. 

The plants are transplanted but once and that is from the seed 
flats to two inch pots. 

The pots are plunged into the soil on the benches so that the tops 
are covered with nearly half an inch of soil. 

The distance between the plants on the bench varies with the 
variety, but is usually ten inches each way. 

Before the pot is plunged in the soil it is turned up side down 
and the under side of the leaves thoroughly dusted with tobacco to 
prevent attacks of aphis. The upper side of the leaves is then 
dusted with tobacco and about a week later the plants are dusted 
again, being especially careful to apply the tobacco thoroughly in 
the tender centres of the growing plants. 

As to the care of lettuce under glass it may be said that: 

The house should be kept at a cool even temperature, running a 
few degrees above fifty in the day and remaining at fifty or a little 
below at night. 

Sudden fluctuations from high to low temperature or vice versa 
should be avoided. 

The plants should have plenty of fresh air especially on sunny 
days when the temperature is high outside. 

When the plants are watered over head it is best to select a time 
when the foliage will dry quickly. Avoid watering so late in the 
day that the plants will not dry before night. 

The following varieties have forced well at this Station : 


Cabbage lettuce: 


Big Boston, large. 

Salamander. 

Drumhead. 

Henderson’s New York, curled. 
Golden Ball, dwarf. 

Golden Queen, dwarf. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 331 


Varieties forming loose heads : 


Grand Rapids, curled. 

Hanson, curled. 

New Iceberg, curled. 

Prize Head, curled, tinged with reddish brown. 


MUSHROOMS AS A GREENHOUSE CROP. 


Within the last two years many inquires concerning the growing 
of mushrooms have come to this Station, showing that in various 
parts of the State there is an increasing demand for information on 
this subject. At present many gardeners are not giving mushrooms 
the attention they deserve as a secondary crop for utilizing space 
under greenhouse benches. It is a crop particularly adapted for 
growing under benches, if the heat is not too great, or in cellars, or 
other dark apartments, for mushrooms develop readily in the dark as 
well as in the light. 

This article has been prepared for the purpose of giving an 
account of songe methods which have been successfully followed in 
growing mushrooms in the Station greenhouses, together with a few 
suggestions for the benefit of gardeners not familiar with the 
ordinary methods of growing this crop, who are looking for some 
profitable way of using the space under their greenhouse benches. 
The account does not pretend to be an exhaustive treatise on mush- 
room culture, neither does it present anything new to horticultural 
science. Those who wish to secure more detailed instructions than 
can be attempted here should consult some of the standard books on 
mushroom culture. 

The extent to which gardeners may engage in mushroom grow- 
ing with prospects of fair remuneration must depend largely on 
local conditions, chief among which is accessibility to a good mar- 
ket. Those who are inexperienced, either in growing or in market- 
ing this crop, should not attempt its cultivation on a very extensive 
scale till they have learned something about the business. Although 
good directions for growing mushrooms may be secured from 
an experienced neighbor, or from some reliable publication, it 
should be remembered that skill is born of training and experience, 
and can be imparted neither by printed page nor by word of mouth. 
In growing mushrooms, as in all other work connected with garden- 
ing, a certain degree of skill is essential to permanent success and 


332 . REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


this cannot be gained without experience. Sometimes even exper- 
ienced growers do not secure good results from their beds on account 
of poor spawn or failure of some sort in securing the conditions 
most favorable to the development of the crop. Faithful attention 
to what may appear to inexperienced growers to be trifling details, 
is essential to success. ‘The novice may consider these details unim- 
portant, but experience teaches the ,contrary and impresses the 
lessons so thoroughly that they are not forgotten in a day as may be 
the case with some point in printed instructions which he is 
following. 

Gardeners who are forcing vegetables in the vicinity of villages 
and small cities where mushrooms are seldom seen in winter market, 
will probably find that an effort to bring this luxury to the attention 
of their customers will result in a considerable demand for mush- 
rooms at paying prices. During the winter of 1893-4 all of the 
mushrooms that were sold from the Station greenhouses brought 
one dollar per pound in the local market and at this price the de- 
mand exceeded the supply. The beds yielded on an average about 
three-fourths of a pound per square foot of surface. Some idea of 
the market prices in New York city during the same period may be 
gained from the following quotations taken from Garden and 
Forest. 

December 27, 1893. One dollar per pound. 

April 11, 1894. Fifty cents per pound. Mushrooms are just 
now a little higher but all winter long the wholesale price has been 
steady at about fifty cents per pound. 

May 2, 1894. Mushrooms are now plentiful at fifty cents per 
quart. 

December 5, 1894. Mushrooms are in rather short supply and 
command $1.25 per pound. 

Mushrooms were grown in two of the greenhouses at this Station 
during the winter of 1893-4. In one, the main crop was tomatoes. 
It was heated with hot water, having two flow and two return pipes 
under the side benches, and no pipes under the center bench. The 
space under the center bench was used for the mushroom beds. The 
temperature was varied somewhat during the day to suit the differ- 
ent stages of development of the main crop, usually being kept 
between 60 and 70 degrees, Fahr. At night the temperature was 
kept as nearly as possible at 55 degrees, Fahr., but occasionally, on 
account of insufficient heating capacity, it dropped below 50 degrees. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. A954 


In growing mushrooms we prefer not to have the temperature drop 
below 50 degrees. . 

The other house was piped under the side benches in the manner 
just described for the tomato house, and in addition there was a 
single pipe around three sides of the center bench. This pipe was 
set on brick pillars, which raised it about two inches above the sur- 
face of the bed. See Plate XI. The temperature of this house 
was kept about the same as in the tomato house during the day and 
about five degrees higher than that house during the night. 

While a temperature of less than fifty degrees is not fatal to a 
mushroom bed, still it is commonly held that the crop does better if 
the temperature is kept above fifty degrees Fahr. When the bed is 
first spawned its temperature may run as high as ninety degrees. 
Spawning beds at even higher temperature has been successfully 
practiced, but we do not recommend the practice. Mushrooms 
have been successfully grown where the temperature of the houses 
runs up to seventy degrees or more in the sun, but, notwithstanding 
all this, it is generally conceded that the crop thrives best in a tem- 
perature of from fifty to sixty degrees, and that it delights in a cool, 
even temperature and in a moist, but not wet, soil. At less than 
fifty degrees the crop does not thrive, although the spawn in the 
soil may endure a temperature below freezing without being killed, 
for mushrooms grow wild in the fields in this climate. 


PREPARATION OF THE SoIL. 


In preparing the soil for the beds fresh horse manure was mixed 
with loam in the following manner: The fresh loam was piled in 
a shed, where it was sheltered at all times from rain, great care being 
taken to keep it from getting wet. The manure was secured each 
morning from the stables and taken to the shed. Here it was 
carefully mixed with the loam, using three shovelfuls of manure 
to one of loam, piled alternately in thin layers. It was kept 
in a separate pile for two days and then thrown into the general 
pile. This process was continued until the desired amount of 
soil was thus accumulated. Both the general and the separate 
piles were turned each day so as to thoroughly mix the soil 
and manure and also to prevent too rapid fermentation or too 
great heating. This process of mixing was continued each day till 
it was thought that there was no longer danger that it would heat too 


' 334 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


much, or fire fang, after being packed firmly in the bed. It will 
be noticed that when the prepared manure has reached the proper 
atage just referred to, and is ready for the bed, that it has lost most 
of its former rank odor, and although it is moist, it is not wet, and 
when wrung or twisted, leaves no stain on the hands. If the 
weather is quite cold it will not be necessary to turn the manure as 
often as once a day, but it may be left two or three days or perhaps 
longer. If the object of turning the manure be borne in mind 
there should be no difficulty in preparing it properly. The manure 
is turned to facilitate the eseape of steam or excessive moisture and 
to check too rapid heating. 


PREPARATION OF THE Ben. 


The beds, located under the center benches of the greenhouses 
as before stated, were inclosed with rough boards eight inches wide 
and one inch thick. The boards were set on edge and raised slightly 
above the floor so that with a bed ten inches thick the top of the 
bed would not extend much above the upper edge of the boards. 

Fresh manure was secured daily from the Station horse stables 
and mixed with soil as explained on a previous page. As fast as a 
sufficient amount of properly prepared manure accumulated it was 
at once taken to the greenhouse and a section of the bed about ten 
feet long was filled with it. The beds were seven feet wide. A 
layer of the prepared manure was spread evenly over the bottom of 
the bed to the depth of about three inches and this was then firmed 
by pounding with a brick. Simply pressing the manure does not 
make the bed as firm as desirable, neither does the bed need hard 
pounding, but it should be pounded enough to make it firm and still 
leave it somewhat elastic. In places where beds are located so that 
it can be done, the firming is done by treading with the feet, but 
for beds under greenhouse benches the method just described is a 
good one. 

After the first layer was firmed it was covered with a second 
layer of about the same thickness, which was also made firm by 
pounding. A third layer was then added in the same manner, 
making the bed about eight inches thick.. A thermometer was then 
buried in the bed and nothing more was done till the temperature 
ceased to rise above ninety degrees Fahr. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPRRIMENT STATION. 335 


SPAWNING THE Ben. 


After it was found that the temperature remained below ninety 
degree Fahr, the bed was spawned, using either the “French” 
spawn or the “English” spawn as desired. The French spawn is 
prepared in loose flakes, the English spawn is prepared in bricks. 
The spawn is imported by seedsmen from whom it may be obtained. 

The bricks from different sources are not always of the same size, 
but the ordinary weight for a brick is one pound and the dimen- 
sions are a little more than eight by five inches and one and a quar- 
ter inches thick. Sixteen of these bricks make a bushel. A brick of 
this kind is broken into a dozen pieces, nearly uniform in size, which 
are inserted in the bed about nine inches apart so that the top of 
each piece is at least an inch below the surface. The manure is 
then packed firmly over the pieces leaving the surface of the bed 
smooth as before. The flake spawn is used in a similar manner. 


CoaTING wiTH Sort. 


About two weeks after the beds were spawned they were coated 
two inches deep with fine mellow loam. Many gardeners prefer for 
this purpose loam taken from sod ground but commercial growers 
do not hesitate to use garden soil, or soil from plowed fields when it 
ismore convenient. The loam should neither be dry nor wet, but 
simply moist. The coating of loam is not applied till the spawn 
begins to spread in the manure. When the spawn begins to spread 
it can be seen like a filmy, white, or bluish white, mold growing 
from the pieces of brick or flakes that were planted, and extending 
into the surrounding manure. 

The beds were then covered with excelsior two or three inches 
deep to keep the surface of the soil from drying. A roof of heavy 
paper was made over the bed to protect it from the drip from the 
benches overhead. The strips were passed over a wire running 
under the centre of the bench and the ends were fastened to nails 
in the side of the bed by loops of twine. It is believed that this 
paper roof was of some advantage also in protecting the bed from 
draughts and helping to keep an even condition of moisture and 
temperature. 


WATERING. 


Whenever the surface of the soil commenced to look dry it was 
syringed with water, at 100 degrees, sufficiently to wet the soil. 


336 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Care was always taken that the surface of the bed should not get 
dry. When the bed was watered care was taken not to put on so 
much water that it would soak through into the manure below. 

The excelsior was rolled back so as to uncover the bed and the 
water was applied with a syringe, having a fine rose, after which the 
excelsior was returned to its place. The excelsior was some- 
times sprinkled to check evaporation from the surface of the bed 
and to help in keeping it moist. 


NirrRATE oF Sopa. 


After the beds began to bear they were watered twice a week 
with nitrate of soda dissolved in water, at the rate of an ounce to a 
gallon of water. It was applied ina fine spray in sufficient quanti- 
ties to moisten, but not to soak, the surface of the bed in the manner 
above described. 

Srconp CasING. 

When the beds were past full bearing and the production of 
mushrooms was on the decline, they were coated over again with 
fine mellow loam to the depth of half an inch or more. This second 
coating is simply pressed or pounded lightly so as to make the soil 
compact. In watering this coating the customary caution was used 
so as not to put on enough water to soak through into the manure 
underneath. After being treated in this way the beds frequently 
bear a considerable quantity of mushrooms before they become 
exhausted. 

% % * % % % x 

The foregoing account has not been given with the idea that it is 
the only way mushrooms can be successfully grown in green-houses 
but simply to set forth somewhat in detail one method which has 
been successfully followed. As indicated below the details may be 
varied somewhat to suit circumstances. 

Mixing loam with manure.—In preparing the manure for the 
mushroom bed it is not essential that loam be mixed with the 
manure. In the instance given above, fresh horse manure was 
secured each day and the loam was mixed with it to absorb the sur- 
plus moisture and the ammoniacal substances that might be rendered 
volatile during the fermentation of the manure. The soil also acts 
as a check to too rapid fermentation. — 

Many mushroom growers do not make a practice of mixing loam 
‘with the manure in this way. They throw the manure into a heap, 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Sab 


using urine-soaked straw. as well as the manure, and wetting those 
portions of the straw or manure which are very dry. This manure 
is turned in the manner before described, or even less frequently 
should the fermentation not be so rapid as to demand turning the 
heap every day. When the manure is in proper condition for the 
beds it is, as described for the mixture of manure and loam free from 
rank odors and excessive heat, and is moist without being so wet 
that wringing with the hands will leave any stain. It is then made 
into beds in the manner described for the mixture of manure and 
loam. Horse manure is much prefered for this purpose, though 
manure from other animals has been used successfully for growing 
mushrooms. If the manure is not perfectly fresh, it should, at least, 
be fresh enough to heat up rather briskly when thrown into heaps 
to prepare it for the beds. 

American Spawn.— Sometimes the question is asked whether or 
not spawn can be prepared in this country. Certainly it can, but it 
is usually cheaper to buy imported spawn than to prepare it. (See 
American Made Mushroom Spawn, 8. Edward Paschell, Gardening, 
Vol. I, p. 264 and Vol. III, p. 27). 

Keeping Spawn.— Spawn may undoubtedly be kept over from 
one season to another without perishing, but we greatly prefer to 
use fresh spawn. However well preparations may be made for 
growing mushrooms, good results can not be hoped for if the spawn 
is poor. While under favorable conditions spawn may be kept alive 
for an indefinite length of time, yet it is thought that freezing the 
spawn in the brick or flake will injure it, as will also keeping it in 
too moist an atmosphere. or these reasons it is best to get spawn 
from reliable dealers with their assurance that it is fresh. 

Coating the Beds.— Opinions differ as to the best time for put- 
ting the coating of loam over the beds after they are spawned. We 
prefer in greenhouse work to wait about two weeks or until the 
spawn begins to spread through the manure, before coating the 
beds with loam. 

Covering the Beds.—In the case described above, excelsior was 
used for this purpose because there was sutticient supply of it on 
hand and because it is clean; but ordinarily clean straw is used. 
When there is no danger of water dripping on the beds the roof 
over the beds may be dispensed with. 

Putting Beds near Hot Pipes.—Where heating pipes run 
under the benches the question may arise whether or not the tem- 

22 


338 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


perature under these benches would be so great as to interfere with 
the successful growing of mushrooms. The space under the center 
bench of one house at this Station was used for growing mushrooms 
as stated on page 333 and yet a single pipe about two inches above 
the top of the bed passed under three sides of this bench. It was 
a hot water pipe three inches in diameter. Sphagnum was packed 
in the bed immediately underneath this pipe and the bed was 
watered as often as was necessary to keep the surface moist. Under 
these conditions mushrooms were grown successfully very near to 
the pipes as shown in Figure 13, Plate XI, which is reproduced 
from a photograph of a portion of this bed. In this case the re- 
sults were quite satisfactory, showing that mushrooms may be 
grown under benches near heating pipes. At the present writing, 
during the winter of 1894-5, mushrooms are being grown at this 
Station under side benches, although the bed is built next to two 
flow and two return pipes for hot water, the pipes being three inches 
in diameter. An inch board back of the bed separates the bed 
from the pipes. The bed is about a foot wide and ten inches deep, 
enclosed with inch boards. 

While it is true that mushrooms may be grown next to heating 
pipes, yet space under benches where there are no heating pipes is 
preferable to a location where the heating pipes are in contact with, 
or in close proximity to the bed. 

Piching.—Mushrooms should be gathered as soon as the cap 
expands and while the gills are of a dull pink color. H left too 
long the gills become black and the mushrooms are not then so 
attractive and fresh looking as they are if picked soon after the cap 

expands and while the gills are still pink. 

As grown in beds mushrooms sometimes come up singly, but they 
very frequently grow up in groups or clusters so close together that 
great care must be taken in gathering the mature mushrooms not 
to disturb the immature buttons which are growing up with them. 
It has been found that it is better to break or twist off the mush- 
rooms at the surface of the soil rather than cut the stalks. With 
a little practice this can be done without disturbing the rest of the 
cluster. When the stalks are cut the stump that is left is liable to 
rot and spread the rot to the surrounding spawn, or buttons. 

Mushrooms are apt to come up in clusters, and it frequently 
happens that full grown specimens and buttons are so closely 
attached together that one can not be removed without taking the 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 339 


other with it. Examples of this kind are illustrated in figures 6, 8 
and 10, Plate XI. On this account the gathered mushrooms, 
although consisting mostly of freshly opened specimens, may also 
show all stages from buttons to fully expanded mushrooms. 

After the mushrooms are picked they are then sorted for market, 
so that each package will contain specimens nearly uniform in size, 
so that if a customer wants only large mushrooms he can get them 
without either taking small ones or sorting different packages, and 
if he wants buttons he can get them without taking fully developed 
mushrooms. If the mushrooms are well sorted and put in packages 
of a size adapted to the demands of the customers they need not 
be disturbed after they are packed till they reach the customer. 

Different stages in the development of mushrooms are shown in 
Plate XI. Figures 10,11 and 12 illustrate specimens of mature 
mushrooms. The upper expanded portion is called the ‘ cap,” 
from the under side of which are suspended the “gills,” like thin, 
delicate leaves, as shown on the under side of the cap in figures 
9 and 10. When the mushrooms are fresh the gills are of a dull 
pink color. The part which extends from the ground to the cap 
supporting the cap is called the “stalk.” On the stalk a short 
distance below the cap is a rather ragged ring, showing where the 
veil was attached to the stalk (see figure 10). The name “veil” 
is given to the thin covering which, in the button stage, extends 
from the circumference of the cap to the stalk, completely hiding 
the gills, as shown in figures 7 and 8. In figure 9 it will be noticed 
that the cap has expanded sufficiently to partly rupture the veil. 
From the time the mushrooms first appear above ground till the 
cap expands so as to break the veil they are called “buttons.” 
Buttons are shown in figures 1 to 8, and the stage intermediate 
between buttons and fully developed mushrooms is illustrated by 
figure 9. Figure 12 shows the upper side of a cap. 

The spores of the mushrooms correspond to the seeds of higher 
plants. In the case of the mushroom commonly cultivated these 
are borne on the gills. The spores may be collected in great num- 
bers by simply cutting the cap from its stalk and setting it gills 
downward on a piece of paper, where it is left for a few hours. 
On lifting it from the paper it will then be seen that an outline of 
the gills, made of fine dark colored powder, appears on the paper 
where the cap rested. This powder consists of the spores of the 
mushroom. It thus appears that the mushroom is the fruit of the 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI. 


Figures 1 to 8, Mushroom buttons. 


Figure 9, Mushroom showing the breaking of the veil by the 
expansion of the eap. 


Figures 10 to 12, Mature mushrooms. 


Figure 13 Mushrooms under greenhouse bench,’growing near hot 
water pipe. 
340 


Agaricus campestris, 


Figures 1 to 12 illustrate different stages of growth of the common mushroom, 


PuLate XI. 


‘adid 1098M-JOY B Wvod SuIMOIs SMIOOAYSN]Y “gl ANNOY —']X ALVId 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 341 


plant and bears the seed, while the real mushroom plant is the 
spawn that runs through the manure and soil, taking its nourish- 
ment from the organic matter it finds there. 


Musurooms as Foop. 


The scientific name of the commonly cultivated mushroom is 
Agaricus Campestris. As is commonly the case with fresh vege- 
tables, this mushroom contains a large per cent. of water, so that a 
pound fresh and uncooked shows on analysis much less food mate- 
rial than a pound of beefsteak. An analysis of the dry material 
shows that they contain a very high per cent. of nitrogenous com- 
pounds. In making up a bill of fare it should be remembered that 
they fall into the same general class of foods that lean meats or 
beans do. This is shown by the following analysis of mature mush- 
rooms and buttons of Agaricus Campestris made at this Station: 


Mature. Buttons. 
Maistre ss tees 2): 91.80 per cent. 90.33 per cent. 
Dry Matteri.aa.% 3): 8.20 per cent. 9.67 per cent. 
The dry matter contains : 
5113) eee a 12.37 per cent. 11.96 per cent. 
Nitrogen Total...... 9.43 per cent. 9.30 per cent. 
Nitrogen Albuminoid 5.01 per cent. 5.34 per cent. 
Albuminoids........ 31.31 per cent. 33.38 per cent. 
Haters sete cL eck 3.72 per cent. 3.19 per cent. 


With this analysis may be compared the following statements of 
the amount of albuminoids and fat in sirloin steak and beans: 


Sirloin Steak.* Beans.+ 
MoigiMEe es, cies ato, 4 60.00 per cent. 12.6 per cent. 
Dry, Matter 3. sxc os 40.00 per cent. 87.4 per cent. 
The dry matter contains : 
BABI os, 6 18 xn apie le ay 1.55 per cent. 3.54 per cent. 
Albuminoids....... 29.01 per cent. 26.43 per cent. 
[OO Glee ere eer 31.72 per cent. 2.28 per cent. 


Preparing MusHrooms For THE TABLE. 


Mushrooms are used to a comparatively limited extent in this 
country, and consequently many American cooks have had little or 


¥*U.S. Dept. of Agr., Farmers’ Bulletin No. 23, p. 26. 
+U.S. Dept. of Agr., Farmers’ Bulletin No, 23, p. 27. 


342 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


no experience in preparing them for the table. The following 
receipts are suggested : 

Baked Mushrooms.—Remove the skin and upper portion of 
stem; invert them and place bits of butter, with salt and pepper, 
upon them. Add water enough to prevent burning; place in a 
dripping pan and cover closely in order to preserve the flavor. A 
quick oven will steam them sufficiently in one-half hour, if the mush- 
rooms are of medium size. When done place them upon hot but- 
tered toast and serve on a hot water plate. 

Steamed Mushrooms.—Remove the skin from mushrooms and 
place them in a stew pan, with a cup of hot water poured over 
them. Season well with salt and pepper,and butter sufficient to 
brown them after the water has evaporated; then cover the stew 
pan and allow the mushrooms to cook till tender, adding more water 
if necessary. The cover is then removed and the water is allowed 
to evaporate. They brown very rapidly and require very close 
watching. 

The following method of preparing mushrooms for the table has 
the merit of preserving the aroma and flavor. It is taken from 
Cook’s Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms: 

Baked Mushrooms.—Lay the mushrooms, when wiped, sliced or 
otherwise prepared, in a shallow dish, sprinkle with salt and pepper, 
place a small piece of butter on each, cover closely with a plate and 
place in an oven so that they are cooked gradually and all of the 
aroma and fiavor is retained. Serve them hot in the same dish and 
without uncovering. 


RASPBERRY ANTHRACNOSE. 


A preliminary account is given of an experiment for the preven- 
tion of the anthracnose of raspberries in Bulletin No. 81 of this 
Station, and in the Annual Report, 1894: 574 and 684. It is 
there stated that a plantation of three acres of Gregg raspberries on 
the farm of Mr. S. A. Hosmer, Clifton, N. Y., was treated for the 
prevention of this disease. At one time the plantation consisted of 
twenty-five acres, and raspberries was one of the principal products 
of the farm. Of late years the crop has become unprofitable 
through the ravages of anthracnose, and the canes have been killed 
out until now but three acres remain. When these plants were first 
seen in the spring of 1894 they were very badly affected ; on nearly 
every cane were large diseased spots and scabs. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 343 


The plan of the experiment may be briefly outlined as follows: 
The first treatment was made before the leaf buds opened, so that 
stronger solutions could be used, without doing injury, than would 
be possible after the leaves had expanded. Solutions of different 
materials were used, so that a comparison might be made as to their 
effectiveness. Accordingly, the first three rows were sprayed with 
a solution of copper sulphate, three pounds to eleven gallons of 
water; the next three with a saturated solution of iron sulphate, 
while the next three rows were left untreated for comparison. This 
plan was continued throughout the plantation, with the exception 
of the last two rows, making in all eighteen rows treated with the 
copper solution, fifteen rows treated with the solution of iron sul- 
phate, and fifteen untreated or check rows. 

Early in the spring before the leaves started one of the last two 
rows was sprayed with a ten per cent. solution of sulphuric acid, 
and the other with a solution made up of ten parts of a saturated 
solution of iron sulphate to one part of sulphuric acid. After this 
time all treated rows were sprayed alike with Bordeaux mixture, 
using one pound of copper sulphate to make eleven gallons of the 
mixture. 

In 1894 the plantation was sprayed six times on the following 
dates: April 18th, May Ist, May 16th, May 30th, June 21st and 
August 9th. 

Notes taken at various times throughout the season show that the 
treatment was effective. The place was visited on November 22d, 
when it was found that the canes in the treated rows were nearly free 
from disease, while those that were not sprayed were still very 
badly affected. 

The plantation was given the same treatment throughout the 
season of 1895. The first spraying was given on April 26th, just as 
the leaf buds began to swell. The second treatment was begun on 
the 11th of May, but on account of rain it was not completed until 
the 13th; at this time the new canes had just begun to grow. On 
May 24th a third spraying was given; the largest of the new canes 
were now twelve to fourteen inches high. At this time it was noticed 
that the two rows which had been treated with sulphuric acid had 
been seriously injured by the application. A fourth treatment was 
given on June 10th. A few of the characteristic spots of anthrac- 
nose were now noticed for the first time on the new canes in the 
untreated rows, showing that the disease was spreading very slowly. 


344 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


June 24th the fifth treatment was made. It was again noted that 
the disease was spreading but little on the unsprayed plants, and 
searcely any could be found on the treated canes. As soon as the 
fruiting saason was over the old canes were removed from all the 
rows and the sixth spraying was given August 15th. 

Observations made on November 19th show that the canes in the 
sprayed rows were nearly free from disease, and since the removal 
of the old canes in August but comparatively little disease is to be 
found in the untreated rows. The extremely dry weather of the 
past season was unfavorable to the spread of most plant diseases. 
It has been Mr. Hosmer’s previous experience that the third year 
the crop would be much lessened, and the fourth year it would be 
almost an entire failure. Unfortunately for experimental purposes 
the past two seasons have been exceptions in this respect, and the 
gains resulting from the treatment are not as marked as could be 
desired. Although the fruiting canes in the sprayed rows had the 
advantage during the season of 1895 in being almost free from 
disease, yet the gain from the increased yield of the treated over the 
untreated rows was slight. 

The results obtained in 1894, clearly indicate that the anthracnose 
of black raspberries can be successfully combated with Bordeaux 
mixture. The least number of treatments necessary to do this have 
not been determined. In 1895, the rows that were sprayed with 
iron sulphate before the leaves expanded bore a larger amount of 
fruit than any of the other rows. Further experimenting however 
will be necessary to determine the value of the early treatment with 
strong solutions. It is certain that the sulphuric acid treatment is 
too heroic to be used on raspberries. 

As was stated above, the exact number of sprayings necessary to 
prevent the spread of anthracnose has not been determined, nor can 
it well be since no two seasons are alike, but from observations made 
during the past two seasons we feel warranted in making the follow- 
ing recommendations: Give the new canes three sprayings with 
Bordeaux mixture beginning when the largest of them are about six 
inches tall. Let the other applications follow at intervals of about 
two weeks. The spray should be directed at the young canes alone, 
since they are the only parts of the plants that need protection. The 
work must be thoroughly done and care must be taken that the 
Bordeaux mixture is properly made. When the disease is severe the 
old canes should be cut out and removed from the field as soon as 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 345 


the fruiting season is over. In any case it is to be presumed that 
the best of attention will be given to cultivation. 

Mr. Hosmer’s plantation will be treated during the season of 1896 
in the same manner as before, and the results obtained will be 
published at the close of the season. 


IV. TREATMENT OF COMMON DISEASES AND IN- 
SECTS INJURIOUS TO FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 


This subject is here discussed for the purpose of giving plain 
directions for treating some of the common diseases and insects in- 
jurious to fruits and vegetables in New York State, either by spray- 
ing or otherwise. It is composed of four articles, namely : 

1. Common Diseases and Insects Injurious to Fruits. 

2. Common Diseases and Insects Injurious to Vegetables. 

3. Common Diseases and Insects Injurious to Nursery Stock. 

4. Fungicides and Insecticides. 


By consulting the index the reader will readily find any subject 
that is here treated. The principal subjects in each article are pre- 
sented in alphabetical order and under each fruit or vegetable the 
diseases are first considered and then the insects. 

An account is first given of the common appearance or charac- 
ters of the disease or insect and of the injuries caused by it when- 
ever it is thought necessary to do so in order that the reader may 
know just what insect or disease is meant. Then a remedy or line 
of treatment is “recommended” or “suggested.” Nothing is 
“recommended” that has not proved good under trial. Remedies 
or lines of treatment are simply “suggested”? whenever they have 
not been tested sufficiently to permit of their being confidently 
recommended. Recommendations quoted from other authors are 
given simply on their authority. In describing the appearance of 
insects or giving their life histories Saunder’s Insects Injurious to 
Fruits has been freely consulted. Other authors are given credit in 
foot notes. 


1. Common Diseases AND Insects InsuRious To FRurts. 


Apple. 
Appr Soas.—Apple scab is the name commonly given to the 
dark rough spots that are frequently found on the surface of the 
fruit varying in size from small dots to large blotches that make the 


346 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


fruit one-sided, frequently causing it to crack open and rendering it 
especially liable to decay. Some varieties, like the Fameuse and 
Fall Pippin are particularly subject to this trouble; others, such as 
Maiden Blush, for example, are comparatively free from it. 

The scab is caused by a fungus which grows on the leaves as well 
as on the fruit. Attacking, as it does, both leaves and fruit, in many 
instances it undoubtedly causes a serious dropping of fruit that 
otherwise might develop into perfect specimens. There is a drop- 
ping of fruit soon after blossoming which is the result of the pro- 
cess of discarding the superflous fruits in the clusters. Thisis a 
natural occurrence with perfectly healthy trees, and should not be 
confounded with the later dropping which may be caused by insect 
or fungous attacks. 

The scab fungus may attack either the upper or under side of a 
leaf. When in an active condition it appears in spots like a very 
dark green velvety mould or spreads in irregular threads near the 
veins or over the surface of the leaf causing it to become crumpled. 
In connection with severe attacks the leaves turn yellow and fall in 
great numbers, a result for which the scab fungus is no doubt largely, 
though not always wholly, accountable. The fungus feeds on the 
leaf or fruit, causing the portion that is attacked to die. When the 
infested leaves do not fall the dead parts may become dried, break 
and fall away leaving the leaves ragged. If the fruit is not attacked 
too severely it will heal under the dead skin leaving a russet brown 
scar after the dead skin falls away. 

This somewhat lengthy description has been given that the reader 
may know just what disease is called “apple scab” and something of 
the nature of the injury it inflicts on apple foliage and fruit. 

Remedy.—As explained quite fully in Bulletin 84 of this Station, 
it has been determined that three treatments with Bordeaux mix- 
ture, 1 to 11 formula, will control this disease even in a very 
unfavorable season. The manner of preparing the Bordeaux mix- 
ture is given in article 4 on Fungicides and Insecticides. The 
treatments should be made as follows: 

1. After the buds break but before the blossoms open. 

2. As soon as the blossoms have fallen. 

3. From ten to fourteen days after the second treatment. 


Paris green or London purple may be used with the Bordeaux 
mixture in fighting injurious insects, as stated hereafter. The trees 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 347 


should not be sprayed while in blossom, for the spray may injure 
the delicate parts of the flower, and the poison may kill the bees 
and other insects that play an important part in fertilizing the 
blossoms. A 

Borrrs.—The insects known as borers are the larvie, or grubs, of 
beetles. The female beetle lays its eggs on the trunks of the trees, 
where they hatch in a few days. The larva at once gnaws its way 
into the sapwood, where it feeds on the tender wood next to the 
bark. One species lives in the tree three years. They may do 
great damage, especially to young trees, which are sometimes girdled 
and killed by them. The trees should be examined at least once a 
year, that the borers may be dug out and killed. This is done with 
a knife, or they may be killed by inserting a piece of copper wire 
into the hole. They should be looked for at the base of the tree or 
just below the surface of the ground. Their presence may be 
detected by the darker colored bark and by their castings. 

Bup Mors.—The adult insect is a small gray moth that lays its 
egos in the summer. The eggs soon hatch, and the larve at once 
form a web on the under side of the leaves where they feed. 
According to Slingerland, they pass the winter as half grown larvee 
in silken cases attached to the twigs. They come forth in the spring 
as small brown caterpillars, and begin their attacks as soon as the 
buds begin to unfold. 

The caterpillar works its way to the centre of the bud, where it 
feeds on the young leaves or flowers. Spray should be apphed to 
the trees when the buds begin to open,' for when the caterpillar is 
once inside the bud it immediately begins to form a covering by 
tying the leaves together with a web. When thus covered it is very 
difficult to reach it with the spray. 

Remedy.— Where an orchard is badly infested it will pay to 
spray with Paris green as the buds begin to open, using one pound 
for from one hundred and fifty to two hundred gallons of water. 
A second treatment with Paris green should be made within a few 
days especially if rain falls so as to wash off the first application. 
If it is desired to treat the trees for apple scab, Bordeaux mixture 
may be combined with the Paris green for either of the above treat- 
ments, but only one treatment with Bordeaux mixture for apple 
scab need be made before the blossoms open. 


1 Bulletin 50, Cornell Experiment Station: 27. 


348 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THD 


Canker Worm.—After the codling moth, the canker worm is 
perhaps the next worst insect enemy of the apple grower. There 
are two forms of this insect, known as the Spring Cankerworm and 
the Fall Cankerworm. They resemble each other in general ap- 
pearance, and in the injury that they do. Whenan orchard is badly 
infested nearly every leaf may be stripped from the trees. When 
left undisturbed the insects increase rapidly from year to year and 
do serious damage. The eggs of both species hatch when the buds 
are unfolding and the little worms at once begin feeding on the 
tender leaves. They are commonly known as loop worms, or 
measuring worms. When first hatched the worms are very small 
and of a light green color, so that they are not readily seen. They 
grow rapidly, and when mature are about an inch long, varying in 
color from light green to brown. They now drop from the trees by 
a thread and go into the ground, where they enter what is termed a 
resting stage. Most of the Spring Cankerworms remain in the 
ground in this form over winter and in the spring the mature insect 
emerges as a moth. The female is wingless and is slow and awk- 
ward in her movements, so that it is difficult to believe that she is 
related to the graceful flymg male. The moths come out of the 
ground in greatest numbers after the ground begins to get warm in 
the spring, but some of them appear before the snow has gone. 
After emerging from the ground, the females at once crawl up the 
trees to lay their eggs. 

In the case of the Fall Cankerworm the moths issue from the 
ground in the fall, when the female lays its eggs on the twigs. As 
mentioned above, the eggs hatch at the same time that those of the 
other species do, and the worms mature at the same time. 

Remedies.— The most practical way to combat this insect is to 
poison the worms. The infested trees should be sprayed with 
Paris green when the first leaves are expanding, as the little worms 
begin feeding at this time. It often happens that rainy weather in 
the spring of the year greatly interferes with spraying, by preventing 
the applications from being made when necessary, or if applied, a 
good share of the poison may be washed off the trees. In such cases 
the previous use of traps will be a valuable aid. If rain interferes 
seriously with the Paris green treatment it is suggested that kero- 
sene emulsion be tried, being careful to hit as many as possible with 
the spray. The number of treatments that will be necessary to con- 
trol this insect must be determined by the circumstances. When 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 349 


the trees are to be treated for scab, the Paris green may be com- 


bined with the Bordeaux mixture. 


As previously stated the female moth is wingless and must crawl 
up the tree if she deposits her eggs on the branches) Advantage 
is taken of this condition and traps aré used to prevent the female 
moths from ascending the tree. Cloth or paper bands five or six 
inches wide, made sticky with tar, printers’ ink or some other sticky 
substance, are fastened around the trunks of the trees. Care should 
be taken to leave no crevice under the band through which either 
the moths or the young worms might crawl. The bands must be in 
position to catch those moths which emerge on warm days in spring, 
sometimes before the snow is all gone and they must be examined 
every two or three days if necessary, smearing them afresh and 
keeping them in working condition. Bands of raw cotton or of 
wool have also been advocated for this purpose. 

In opposing this insect it should be remembered that prevention 
is better than cure and the trees should be sprayed regularly with 
arsenites each season as advocated for the codling moth and bud 
moth. Where an orchard has been allowed to become badly 
infested, probably more than one season’s work will be necessary to 
free it from this pest and all practical remedies should be used 
vigorously and thoroughly. 

Cast Bearer.—The larvee of this curious insect may be found in 
the spring attached to the twigs in what Saunders? describes as 
a pistol-shaped case. As the buds begin to swell, the insect com- 
mences to feed on them, often leaving nothing but the empty shell. 
Later on they move to the leaves and continue their depredations. 
Here they may be seen with their heads attached to the leaves on 
which they are feeding and the cases containing their bodies pro- 
jecting out from the surface of the leaves. 

Remedy.— In some sections of the State these insects have 
appeared in sufficient numbers to damage the foliage to a consider- 
able extent. In orchards where they are so numerous as this Paris 
green should be applied when the buds begin to open as recom- 
mended for the bud moth. If in addition to this treatment Paris 
green be used with Bordeaux mixture in the apple scab treatment 
this insect will probably be held in check. 

Codling Moth.— The adult insect is a small brown moth that 


2 Insects Injurious to Fruits, p. 115. 


350 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


flies mostly at night, so it is not commonly known. But we are all 
familiar with the work of its lavra, which causes the wormy 
apples. 

The moth first appears about the time the trees commence to 
bloom and soon begins ta deposit her eggs. About fifty eggs in all 
may be deposited by one insect. Later attacks may come from late 
appearing moths or from a second brood. The eggs begin to hatch 
in about a week after they are laid, so here we have a hint as to 
when the first spraying should be made. 

Remedy.— Paris green is sprayed on the young fruit to poison 
the insect before it eats into the apple. This insect is such a uni- 
versal pest, that where spraying is practiced to prevent the ravages 
of apple seab, Paris green is usually combined with the Bordeaux 
mixture, so that remedies for both pests are applied at the same 
time. At the second spraying for apple scab, applied when the last 
petals are falling from the flowers, Paris green is combined with the 
Bordeaux mixture. At the third spraying for apple scab, Paris 
green is again combined with the mixture. One pound of Paris 
green is used for from one hundred and fifty to two hundred gallons. 

If it is not thought necessary to spray forapple scab the Paris green, 
mixed with lime and water, can be applied alone at the time speci- 
fied above. But these two pests, the scab and the codling moth, 
are so universal, and the cost of making the mixture is so small, 
that it is by far the better practice to apply both remedies at once. 

Now to summarize: Where orchards are badly infested with 
cankerworm, bud moth or the case bearer, the trees should be 
sprayed with Paris green assoon as the leaf buds begin to unfold 
in the spring. For apple scap, spray the trees with Bordeaux mix- 
ture after the buds break but before the blossoms open as recom- 
mended on page 846. If the trees are infested with the canker- 
worm, bud moth, case bearer, codling moth, or any insect that chews 
its food, Paris green should be combined with each Bordeaux mix- 
ture treatment. 


Apricots. 


Fruit Ror.—This disease is more fully discussed under the sub- 
ject of Cherry Fruit Rot on a subsequent page. 

Lear Bricur.—The disease is caused by a fungus which also 
eauses the leaf blight on cherry and plum. The sdiseased portion 
usually drops out leaving a hole in the leaf. The apricot appears to 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 351 


drop the diseased parts of the leaf in this way more readily than 
cherries or plums, and so the foliage of trees that have been attacked 
quite severely appears as if riddled with holes. Where the disease 
is prevalent it is suggested that the treatment set forth under 
“ Cherry Leaf Blight” be given. 

Curcutto.—This insect causes great damage in apricot orchards 
by attacking the fruit, causing wormy fruit. Frequently a large 
part of the crop becomes infested and drops unless measures are 
taken to kill the beetles before they deposit their eggs in the young 
fruit. This is best done by jarring as recommended in the discus- 
sion of this insect under the heading of “ Plum Cureulio.” 

The other insects mentioned as attacking the peach are also liable 
to trouble the apricot. 


Blackberries. 


ANTHRACNOSE.—Same as Raspberry Anthracnose described on a 
subsequent page. 

Buieur.—Same as Blight of Raspberries described on a subse- 
quent page. 

Rosr.—Same as Rust of Raspberries described on a subsequent 


page. 


Cherry. 


Brack Kxyor—tThe black knot of cherry is said by good authority 
to be caused by the same fungus that causes plum black knot, the 
treatment of which is discussed on a subsequent page under “ Plum 
Black Knot.” 

Fruir Ror.—The rotting of the ripening fruit of cherries, plums, 
peaches and other fruits, frequently causes serious loss to the fruit 
grower. A fungus of the genus JJonzlia attacks the fruit and 
causes it to rot. The rotted fruit afterwards becomes covered with 
a gray powdery mould and frequently hangs to the tree till the next 
summer in a dried or mummy form. The gray powder consists 
of the germs of the disease which may be washed by rains, blown 
by winds or carried by insects to other parts of the tree, thus 
spreading the disease. The mummy fruits carry the disease 
over from one season to the next, and therefore the collecting 
and burning of these fruits appears to be a good sanitary measure. 
The fungus begins its attacks early in the spring, often destroying 
many of the blossoms. These decaying blossoms are blown about 
by the wind, thus spreading the infection. It also attacks the leaves 


352 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


and young twigs, but it is on the fruit that it commonly does the 
most damage. It attacks the fruit at any stage of its development. 
but spreads most rapidly when the cherries are nearly ready to pick. 
With warm, moist weather at this time, the disease spreads very 
rapidly, often nearly destroying a crop in a few days. Many of the 
cherries rot and fall to the ground while others dry, and hang to 
the branches over winter as stated above. The appearance of this 
disease on the plum is shown in Plate XII, Fig. 1. 

Remedy.— As in the case of the leaf blight described below we 
are only prepared to offer suggestions as to the orchard treatment 
against the fruit rot, as follows: 

1. Just before the blossoms open apply Bordeaux mixture 
1 to 11 formula. 

2. Just after the blossoms fall apply Bordeaux mixture as before 
with the addition of one ounce of Paris green for eighteen gallons 
of the mixture. The Paris green is used against the curculio which 
causes wormy cherries. 

3. Make a third application from ten to fourteen days after the 
second, using Bordeaux mixture and Paris green as before. 

If later applications are found necessary, use the ammoniacal solu- 
tion of copper carbonate, which contains less copper per gallon than 
the Bordeaux mixture and leaves less stain. Directions for making 
this solution and also the Bordeaux mixture are given in article 4 
on Fungicides and Insecticides. 

Lear Buicur.—See Plate XII, Fig. 2. This is a fungous disease 
which attacks the leaves of other stone fruits besides the cherry- 
On the cherry it frequently does considerable damage, in that it 
seriously injures the foliage or even causes it to drop from the tree, 
Some varieties, English Morello for example, appear to be more 
subject to this trouble than others. Treatment of this disease on 
nursery stock has been quite thoroughly investigated at this Station, 
but the treatment of orchards has not yet been as thoroughly investi- 
gated as is desirable. 

Remedy.— While it is known that the disease may be controlled 
by spraying with Bordeaux mixture, ! to 11 formula, the best time 
for treatment and number of treatments can as yet be only sug- 
gested. Let the first treatment be made as soon as the blossoms 
fall; the second about two weeks later, and the third just after the 
fruit is pick d. Should it be found necessary to spray when the 
fruit is nearly full grown, or ripening, use the ammoniacal solution 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 353 


of copper carbonate. Directions for preparing this and the Bor- 
deaux mixture are given in article 4 on Fungicides and Insecticides. 

OCurcuiio.—-This insect stings the cherries, causing the fruit to 
become wormy. It is the same insect as the plum curculio, and is 
discussed more at length under the subject of ‘“ Plum Cureulio,” on 
a subsequent page. 

Remedy.—The curculio is commonly opposed in cherry orchards 
by one or two applications of Paris green or London purple at the 
rate of one pound to three hundred gallons of water. Two or three 
pounds, at least, of unslaked lime should be added for every pound 
of the poison. Slake the lime and add to the mixture the same as 
in making Bordeaux mixture. The poison may be mixed with the 
Bordeaux mixture if desired, as stated on page 366. Make the appli- 
cation immediately after the blossoms have fallen and a second 
application about ten days later. 

Stue.—This insect also infests pear trees, and it is discussed more 
fully under the heading of “ Pear Slug” on a subsequent page. 
The remedies to be used are there given. 


Currant. 

Lear Spor.— Two of the fungous diseases which cause spotting 
of currant leaves have been successfully treated with Bordeaux 
mixture by Prof. Pammel.’ The spot diseases are usually seen to 
some extent each year and in some cases their attacks are so severe 
as to nearly defoliate the bushes. Judging from the experiments 
thus far tried, the spraying should begin soon after the fruit sets 
and continue at intervals of about two weeks till the fruit begins to 
color. One or two applications may be made after the fruit is har- 
vested if thought necessary. 

Worms.— The imported currant worm, which is the larvee of a 
sawfly, is the most injurious insect that feeds on the currant bush. 
The fly, as described by Saunders, resembles the common house-fly 
somewhat, the female being larger and the abdomen is mostly 
yellow. These flies appear early in the spring on warm days, and 
deposit their eggs on the under side of the leaf, in chains along the 
veins and midrib. The eggs hatch in about ten days, when the 
larvee appear as minute white worms. They at once begin to feed 


3 Bulletin 17, lowa Expt. Station, pp. 419-421 ; Bulletin 20, pp. 716-718. 
23 


354 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


on the leaves, grow rapidly and spread over the bushes, often strip- 
ping them of their foliage in a few days. As the worms grow they 
assume a light green color and at one stage are covered with many 
black dots. They are about three quarters of an inch long when 
full grown. 

Remedy.— As soon as the little worms appear, the bushes should 
be sprayed with hellebore, one ounce to three gallons of water. The 
spraying should be repeated as often as the worms appear in sufli- 
cient numbers to do damage. The insect has two broods and eare- 
ful watch for the little worms should be kept throughout the sum- 
mer to prevent the bushes from being defoliated. 


Gooseberry. 


Mirpew.— The mildew usually makes is first appearance on the 
young shoots and leaves. Here it will first attract the observer’s 
attention as a collection of some bright, frosty substance. On close 
examination it will be found to be composed of a mass of glistening 
white threads that spread rapidly under favorable conditions. The 
more mature portions of the fungus take on a dirty brown color. 
Later it attacks the fruit in a similiar manner. The threads often 
spread over the berries until they are entirely covered with a mass 
of brown felt-like mould, which renders them unsalable. 

European varieties, when grown in this country, are particularly 
susceptible to the attacks of mildew. Many of these varieties pro- 
duce very large, fine fruit and are so desirable both for home and 
market that they would be grown toa much greater extent than 
they now are, were it not for the attacks of this disease. 

It has been found at this Station that with proper attention to 
location, cultivation and pruning, the mildew may be successfully 
held under control by spraying with potassium sulphide. When 
setting out a plantation, a site should be chosen where the land is 
well underdrained and where there is an abundant circulation of 
air. Branches that droop close to the ground should be pruned 
back and the ground underneath kept free from grass or weeds, 
preferably by frequent shallow cultivation, otherwise by mulching. 

Remedy.— Spraying should begin early in the spring after the 
buds break and before the first ]eaves unfold, using one ounce of 
potassium sulphide for two gallons of water. This treatment is 
repeated at intervals of from seven to ten days depending on the 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 355 


amount of rain that comes to wash off the applications. After the 
fruit is marketed spraying is no longer resorted to although the 
mildew may continue through the season on the ends of growing 
shoots. Bordeaux mixture has not been compared with potassium 
sulphide as a fungicide for mildew to a sufficient extent to warrant 
an exact statement of their comparative merits, but so far as it has 
been used at this Station the results indicate that it is not as 
efficient as the potassium sulphide for this purpose. The potassium 
sulphide also has the advantage that it is easily prepared and leaves 
no stain. 

Worms.—The imported Currant Worm, which has already been 
described as injurious to currants, also attacks gooseberry foliage. 
It may be controlled in the way advocated for treating currants 
infested with it. See page 353. 


Grape. 


ANTHRAONOSE.—This disease attacks any tender portions of 
the growing vine. When the leaves are affected dark spots are 
first formed on their surface. As the disease advances these spots 
enlarge, and irregular cracks are often formed through the dead 
tissue. Frequently many of these small cracks run together, form- 
ing a long irregular slit through the leaf. Similar marks are formed 
on the tender shoots, though they are not so noticeable. When the 
fruit is attacked the disease is sometimes called bird’s eye rot. Cir- 
cular spots are formed on the surface of the berry. The spots may 
be of different colors and usually have a dark border; as the spots 
enlarge and eat in, a seed is often exposed in the centre. The berries 
do not rot, but the tissue becomes hard and wrinkled. Sometimes 
the disease girdles the stem of the fruit cluster cutting off the supply 
of sap from the grapes beyond the diseased line and causing them 
to shrivel and die. 

Remedies.—Anthracnose does not spread as rapidly as some 
other vineyard diseases neither does it yield as readily to treatment. 
When a vineyard is badly infested with anthracnose, it requires 
prompt attention and careful treatment to control the disease. In 
Austria and other portions of Europe, vines infested with anthrac- 
nose are treated early in the season, when the buds are swelling, but 
before the tips of the leaves unfold, with a warm saturated solution 
of copperas (iron sulphate) to which ten percent. of sulphuric acid 


356 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


has been added. Similar treatment was recommended for a vine- 
yard near Cayuga lake that was very badly infested with anthranc- 
nose in 1893. It was sprayed in the spring of 1894, with a saturated 
solution of copperas, without adding sulphuric acid, and afterwards 
was given the customary Bordeaux mixture treatment for other 
vineyard diseases. The owner writes that the vines are now quite 
healthy. Inasmuch as no untreated vines were left for comparison 
this can not be looked on as a satisfactory experiment, bnt this, and 
other similar cases, furnish sufticient evidence of the value of 
the copperas treatment to warrant the suggestion that vineyards 
infested with anthracnose be given the treatment as above 
described. It is hoped that careful tests of the value of this treat- 
ment in American vineyards may soon be made. 

Brack Ror.— This disease of the grape is quite prevalent in the 
Keuka lake region and along the Hudson river, but so far as known 
to the writer the Chautauqua region seems to be quite free from it. 
It may usually be seen first on the leaves where it forms circular, 
bright reddish brown, or pale brown, spots on which there appear 
later little black dots or pimples. Within the black pimples are 
developed the germs of the fungus which causes the disease. These 
germs are given forth and washed by rain, or blown by wind, to 
other leaves or fruit where they grow and form new diseased spots. 
In the fruit it also forms circular spots and develops black pimples 
like those formed on the leaves. The diseased fruit withers, turns 
black, and becomes hard and shriveled, clinging to the stems some- 
times till the following spring. The disease may also attack the 
green shoots. 

Remedies.— All diseased fruit should be taken from the vineyard 
since it is capable of spreading the disease the following spring. 
Trimmings from the fruit containing diseased berries ought not to 
be returned to the vineyard in the shape of compost as is sometimes 
practiced, since the diseased berries are liable to spread the black 
rot through the vineyard. 

This disease may be successfully controlled by thorough spraying 
if done at the right time. Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 11 formula, is 
used for this purpose. It is prepared as directed in article 4 on 
Fungicides and Insecticides. The applications are made as fol ows 

1. Just as the pink tips of the first leaves appear. 

2. From ten days to two weeks after the first spraying. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 357 


3. Just after the blossoming. 

4. From ten to fourteen days after the third treatment. 

5. If a fifth treatment is necessary let it follow the fourth after 
an interval of from ten to fourteen days. 

6. If a later treatment than the fifth is needed ammoniacal solu- 
tion of copper carbonate should be used as that is less liable to stain 
the fruit than the Bordeaux mixture. Directions for preparing it 
are found in article 4 on Fungicides and Insecticides. 

The number of the treatments will be governed by the weather 
conditions and the severity of the disease. If the vineyard is not 
badly diseased, and if there is not an excessive amount of hot, wet 
weather, four treatments may be found sufticient for all practical 
purposes. 

The early treatments are extremely important. 

Thorough treatment ts essential to success. 

Downy Mitprw.—In some grape growing sections of the State 
this is a very serious disease. It attacks nearly every portion of the 
vine. Its first appearance on the leaves, that will be noticed by a 
casual observer, is in dry, brick red spots on the upper surface. On 
the under side of the leaf the diseased area will be covered with 
the interlaced threads of the fungus. The red spots increase in 
size until in many instances the entire leaf dies and falls to the 
ground. It frequently causes the berries to turn dull brown and 
become soft and shrivelled. This appearance of it has been com- 
monly called “ brown rot.” The spores are found on the threads 
which issue from the under side of the leaves or from the stems or 
fruit, the whole giving when fresh a glistening white downy ap- 
pearance from which the disease takes its most common and prefer- 
able name of “downy mildew.” Later these parts of the fungus 
exposed on the surface assume a gray hue and so the disease has 
also been known as “gray rot.” Some varieties, like Delaware, 
appear to be quite susceptible to the attacks of the disease and none 
of the cultivated varieties are known to be exempt. 

Remedy.—It may be successfully treated in the manner just de- 
scribed for Black Rot. See p. 356. 

Powprry Mitpew.— Unlike many of our fungous diseases, the pow- 
dery mildew flourishes best during the dry weather of mid-summer. 
It usually begins its attack in June, though it may appear earlier 
and destroy many of the grape blossoms. Its name is descriptive of 


358 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


its appearance, as it forms dull white powdery patches on the young 
shoots and on the upper surface of the leaves. When the fungus is 
abundant it seriously checks the growth of the vines, by absorbing 
the nourishment that should have gone to their development. The 
berries may be attacked at any stage of growth and they are injured 
or destroyed in the same way as are the shoots or leaves. 

Treatment.—It may be successfully treated in the manner just 
described for the Black Rot. 

Summary.—The use of strong solutions of copper sulphate or 
iron sulphate is not recommended except in case of severe attacks of 
anthracnose as previously stated. fortunately, Bordeaux mixture 
has been found to be almost a specific and with the exception just 
named, the various prominent vineyard diseases are controlled with 
the one line of treatment advocated for Black Rot. See p. 356. 


Peach. 


Note.—Before discussing the diseases and insect enemies of the 
peach, attention should be called to the fact that the foliage of 
stone fruits and especially of the peach is peculiarly lable to injury 
from Paris green, London purple or copper in solution. For this 
reason the former should not be used stronger than one pound to 
about three hundred gallons of water and at least two or three times 
as much fresh slaked lime as poison should be used. It is doubtful 
whether more than two sprayings with Paris green or London pur- 
ple should be given even if diluted to the strength just stated. If 
Bordeaux mixture is used especial care should be taken to have an 
excess of lime in the mixture as directed in article [V on Fungi- 
cides and Insecticides. 

Frurr Ror.— This disease is more fully discussed under the sub- 
ject of “Cherry Fruit Rot” on p. 351. It is caused by the same 
fungus that causes ripe rot in cherries, plums and some other 
fruits. 

Remedies.— Chester* reports encouraging results in spraying 
with a solution of copper sulphate, one pound to twenty-five gal- 
lons of water, applied as a heavy spraying in spring “before the 
buds began to swell.” Previous to this the mummy fruits, relics of 
last year’s diseased peaches and still capable of spreading the dis- 
ease, were removed. A second spraying using, in one instance, 


4 Annual Report Del. Expt- Sta. 1893 ; 106-109. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 359 


eight ounces of copper carbonate mixed with one pound of ammonic 
carbonate and dissolved in forty-five gallons of water, was given 
just before the blossoms opened. Immediately after the blossoms 
fell the trees were sprayed with Paris green, one pound to three 
hundred gallons of water, to kill the curculio and after twelve days 
this treatment was repeated. About a month later the trees were 
sprayed with the mixture used in the second treatment. As a 
result of these sprayings the trees lost considerable foliage but the 
yield of good, sound fruit was much increased as compared with the 
untreated trees. Further experiments are necessary to determine 
the line of treatment that may be relied on to give the best results. 
Care should be used in spraying as noted in the first paragraph 
under the subject of the “ Peach.” 

Lear Curt.— This is a disease which causes the leaves to curl 
and drop early in the summer. It is caused by a fungus which 
lives within the twig as well as in the leaf. 

Remedies.— Some orchardists claim that good results have fol- 
lowed the use of Bordeaux mixture sprayed on the young foliage 
soon after the leaves appear. Careful experiments need to be con- 
ducted to determine the extent to which the disease may be pre- 
vented by spraying. Since the fungus infests the twigs it appears 
unwise to get cions or buds from trees that have shown the disease, 
although so far as known to the writer, it has not yet been demon- 
strated that the disease may be propagated by using diseased cions 
in budding or grafting. Note the first paragraph under the subject 
of the ‘* Peach” concerning spraying. 

Yerttows.— The best known treatment for peach yellows is to 
eut out and burn the diseased trees. The text of the New York 
State law on this subject is given on page 363. 

Borers.— The peach is subject to the attacks of more than one 
kind of borer. The trunks should be examined carefully in spring 
and fall and the borers removed with wire or knife. Their presence 
may often be detected by gummy exudations mixed with the cast- 
ings of the insect. 

Curcurto.— The plum cureulio sometimes is a serious pest in the 
peach orchard. Remedies for this insect are discussed under “ Plum 
Cureulio.” 

Pears. 

Buteut. Frre Bricur.— This disease shows itself in the dying 

of entire twigs, large branches or even the tree itself. It is generally 


360 _ REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


known under the name of ‘pear blight.” It is a bacterial disease 
that has long been known but whose real nature was first discovered 
by Dr. Burrill. It was afterwards studied very carefully at this 
Station, by Dr. Arthur,® and more recently by Mr. M. B. Waite, 
under the direction of the United States Department of Agri- 
culture. 

Remedy.— Although the cause of the disease is now known, no 
method of treating it has proved successful. The only thing that 
can be done is to cut out and burn the diseased parts as soon as the 
blight appears. This should be done promptly, for the disease 
spreads rapidly. The affected part should be cut below any dis- 
coloration, back to perfectly healthy wood. Buds cut from infested 
twigs and set in healthy stock may communicate the disease to such 
stock. 

Among other plants that are subject to the attacks of this disease 
may be mentioned the apple and the quince. 

Lear Buicut.— This is caused by a parasitic fungus which makes 
its appearance early in the spring. It is first found on the new 
leaves, where it appears as bright, reddish spots on the upper sur- 
face. These spots rapidly increase in size, and later the leaves turn 
‘brown and finally fall. It attacks the young twigs in the same 
manner and frequently kills many of them back. When the fruit 
is attacked the bright colored spots are first formed. These spots 
soon become dark colored, and spread out in every direction; the 
surface of the pear becomes rough where attacked by the disease, 
and at these places the growth is checked. Sometimes the fruit 
becomes cracked as it does when attacked by the scab. This disease 
appears to be more severe in States south of New York and in 
regions near the Atlantic coast than it is in the interior of the State, 
where it causes little damage except as a nursery disease. 

Remedy.— The treatment advocated for pear scab is also recom- 
mended for this disease when it appears in the orchard. 

Prar Scas.— This disease is caused by a fungus very similar, 
both in appearance and in the injury which it does to leaves and 
fruit, to the apple scab fungus. It robs the leaves of the nourish- 
ment which they are preparing for themselves and for the growth 
of the tree and fruit; it spots the fruit and in very severe attacks 
causes it to become one-sided, distorted or cracked. While it does 


5 See Annual Reports of this Station, 1884: 357; 1885: 241; 1886 : 275. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 361 


not kill the trees or branches as the blight may do, still it is believed 
- that no disease, year after year, causes so great loss in pear orchards 
of New York State as does the scab. Some varieties appear to be 
comparatively exempt from its attacks, while others suffer quite 
severely. With varieties which are thus injured by the attacks, it 
weakens the tree, it lessens the yield, it makes a large part of the 
fruit unsalable or of an inferior grade, and even the number one 
fruit sells for less in the market than it would were it free from the 
blemishes caused by the scab. It is also conceded that fruit free 
from scab keeps better and is handled easier than the fruit of the 
same variety blemished with scab spots. 

Remedy.—— The treatment of this disease is discussed quite fully 
in Bulletin 84 of this Station. It is the same as that recommended 
for apple scab. See p. 346. 

Bup Morn.— This eye-spotted bud moth, which attacks pears is 
the same as that which infests apple trees. It is also known as the 
bud worm. Treatment for it is given under apples. See p. 347. 

Case Brarrer.— This insect also infests apple trees and has been 
considered under apples. See p. 349. 

Coprine Mors.— This insect, which causes so much loss to apple 
growers by causing wormy apples, also attacks pears. It may be 
treated in treating scab as recommended under apples. See p. 350. 

Psyiia.— This is the name given to an insect which injures the 
tree by sucking its nourishment from the leaves. The insect when 
mature is nearly a tenth of an inch iong, the full grown wingless 
form being about half as long. Its presence is usually betrayed by 
the honey dew which is secreted by the young wingless forms of 
the insect. The honey dew afterwards becomes covered with a 
back mold giving the leaves, fruit, or branches on which it is found 
a black, unsightly appearance. The following statements and 
recommendations for treatment are based chiefly on Slingerland’s 
account® published in 1892. 

The adult is an active, four winged insect, resembling in minia 
ture a seventeen year locust or cicada. A number of broods of the 
psylla are produced during the summer, and the adults which live 
through the winter are distinct in form from the summer adults. 
They appear early in the spring and deposit their eggs which hatch 
in a few days and the little larvee or nymphs at once commence to 


6 Bulletin 44; Cornell Exp’t Station, Ithaca, N. Y, 


362 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


suck the juices from the young leaves and twigs. Where the 
nymphs are numerous they take so much nourishment from the 
trees that the new growth is seriously checked. The whole tree 
assumes a stunted, unhealthy appearance. The fruit crop of course 
is greatly lessened and, in some instances, trees have been killed. 
The first brood in the spring does the most damage. 

Remedy.— The insect is most easily killed in its young stages, so 
when the leaves are unfolding in the spring close watch should be kept 
for the appearance of the nymphs. They should be looked for be- 
tween the axils of the leaves and the stem, as they have a habit of 
collecting at such points. At the first appearance of the pest no 
time should be lost in spraying the trees with kerosene emulsion. 
For this purpose the emulsion may be used as weak as one part of 
the stock solution to twenty parts of water. The treatment should 
be repeated if more of the nymphs appear. 

When spraying with kerosene emulsion it is absolutely necessary 
that the spray hit the insects, as it is not a poison but kills by con- 
tact with their bodies. Therefore, the trees should be drenched, 
instead of simply coating the leaves over with the mist-like particles, 
as is one of the essentials in applying Bordeaux mixture. 

Srue.—The adult insect is a small, dark colored, four-winged fly. 
The slugs make their appearance in the latter part of May or early 
June. At first light in color, they soon become darker, and are 
covered with an abundance of slime. The slugs feed on the upper 
surface, skeletonizing the leaves. Leaves that are badly injured 
wither and fall, and where the insects are very abundant they cause 
serious injury. 

Remedies.— If upon examination it is found that the insects are 
likely to appear in sufficient numbers to cause much damage, no 
time should be lost in spraying the trees with Paris green. If the 
trees are being treated for fungous diseases the Paris green should 
be combined with the Bordeaux mixture. A second brood of this 
insect usually appears in August. The only thing to be done is to 
spray when the indications are that the slugs are numerous enongh 
to be injurious. On low trees they are sometimes treated with air- 
slaked lime or road dust, by throwing the dust or lime over the 
trees. 

Plum. 

Brack Kwor.—This disease causes swellings underneath the bark, 

finally rupturing it and developing a spongy texture covered with 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 363 


dark olive green mold. In this stage the summer spores are pro- 
duced which spread the infection to other trees. 

Late in the season the knot becomes hard with a black surface, 
which finally becomes covered with fine black pimples, inside of 
which are matured the winter spores. The winter spores escape 
late in the winter or early in spring, and serve to spread the disease. 
A more extended discussion of this disease is given in Bulletin No 
40 of this Station and in the Annnal Report for 1893 : 686. 

Remedy.—The best known remedy for this trouble is to cut out 
and burn the knots. They can be found most readily after the 
leaves have dropped in the fall. They should then all be removed 
before mid-winter so as to be sure of destroying them before the 
spores mature and escape. Early in the summer the new knots 
should be watched for and promptly removed and destroyed. The 
infection frequently comes from the knots on neglected plum or 
cherry trees along fence rows or in neighboring orchards. The 
black knot Jaw, a copy of which is herewith inserted, provides for 
the destruction of infested branches wherever found. In removing 
the knots the branch should be cut off three or four inches or more 
below where the knot appears, so as to remove the threads of the 
fungus that may extend down the branch to a considerable distance 
from the knot. The same disease also affects various wild plums 
and wild and cultivated cherries. It is rarely found on sweet 
cherries but sometimes is very destructive to the Morello class. 


New York Black Knot and Peach Yellows Law. 


§ 82. The prevention of disease in fruit trees.— No person 
shall knowingly or willfully keep any peach, almond, apricot or 
nectarine tree affected with a contagious disease known as yellows, 
or offer for sale or shipment, or sell or ship to others any of the 
fruit thereof. Nor shall any person knowingly or willfully keep 
any plum, cherry or other trees infected with the contagious dis- 
ease of fungus, known as black knot. Every such tree and the fruit 
of a tree infected with yellows shall be a public nuisance, and no 
damages shall be awarded for entering upon premises and destroy- 
ing such trees and fruit if infected with yellows or for cutting away 
the diseased part of any tree infected with black knot or altogether 
destroying such tree if necessary to suppress such discase, if done 
in accordance with the provisions of this article. Every person 
when he becomes aware of the existence of such disease in any tree 
or fruit owned by him, shall forthwith destroy or cause such tree 
or fruit to be destroyed or the infected part to be cut away. 


3864 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


§ 83. Appointment and duties of the agent of the commis- 
sioner of agriculture.— When the commissioner of agriculture 
knows and has reason to believe that any such contagious disease 
exists, or that there is good reason to believe it exists, or danger is 
justly apprehended of its introduction in any town or city in the 
state, he shall forthwith appoint a competent free holder of such 
town or city as his agent, who shall hold office during his pleasure 
and who shall within ten days after his appointment, file an ac- 
ceptance of the appointment, with the constitutional oath of office, 
in the office of the town clerk of the town. Such agent shall on or 
without complaint, whenever it comes to his notice that either of 
the diseases known as yellows or black knot exists or is supposed to 
exist within the limits of the town or city, proceed without delay to 
examine the trees or fruit supposed to be infected, and if the disease 
is found to exist, a distinguishing mark shall be placed upon the 
diseased trees. If the disease is the black knot, such distinguishing 
mark shall be placed on some affected part of the trees, or if in the 
judgment of such agent any such trees should be entirely destroyed, 
then the trunk of such tree shall be thoreughly girdled, and thereupon 
the owner notified personally, or by a written notice signed by such 
agent and left at his usual place of residence, or if a non-resident by 
leaving the notice with the person in charge cf the trees or fruit, or 
in whose possession they may be. Such notice shall contain a 
statement of all the facts found to exist, with an order to effectually 
remove and destroy by fire or otherwise the trees or parts of trees 
so marked and designated, within ten days, Sundays excepted, from 
the day of the service of the notice. In case of fruit so infected, 
the notice shall require the person in whose possession or control it 
is found, to immediately destroy the same or cause it to be done. 

$ 84. Proceedings in case of owner’s failure to destroy.— 
If any person shall refuse or neglect to comply with the order of 
such agent to remove and .destroy trees or parts of trees so marked 
by him, such agent shall cause such trees or parts of trees to be 
removed and destroyed forthwith, employing all necessary assist- 
ant for that purpose; and such agent or his employes may enter 
upon any and all premises within the town or city for the purpose 
of such removal and destruction. Such agent shall be entitled to 
compensation for his service under this and the preceding sections 
at a rate of two dollars for each full day spent by him in the dis- 
charge of his duties, and the necessary disbursements paid or 
incurred by him, which with the expense and removal and destruc- 
tion of any such trees or fruit’shall be a town charge. 


Fruir Ror.—The ripening fruit of plums frequently is destroyed 
by the fungus which attacks in a similiar way peaches, cherries and 
other fruits. The treatment of this fungus has already been dis- 
cussed under cherries, see p. 351. As stated there, this disease may 


PLATE XII. 


Fig. 27.—Cherry Leaf Blight, Cylindrosporium Padi. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 365 


attack the blossoms as well as the fruit. Under conditions favor- 
able to the disease at the blossoming season it may thus cause great 
damage to the crop. The manner in which it destroys the fruit of 
plums is illustrated in Plate XII, Fig. 1. 

Lear Brieur.—This disease also infests cherries and other stone 
fruits. Its appearance on plums differs somewhat in general from 
its appearance on cherries, in that while the tissue of some cherry 
leaves does not readily break away and drop the infested portion 
out, as illustrated in the largest leaf in Plate I, Fig. 2; in plums the 
diseased tissue is more liable to drop out, leaving the leaf riddled 
with holes as a result of the attacks of the fungus, as illustrated by 
the smaller cherry leaves in Plate XII. 

The treatment of this disease is discussed under cherries, see 
p. 352. 

Curcutio.— The cureulio does not confine its attacks to plums, 
but it usually infests plum orchards, and if left unmolested, often 
destroys an entire crop. 

The mature insect is a small, curiously formed, gray beetle. It 
passes the winter under the bark of trees, or under rubbish, and 
comes forth early in the spring to deposit its eggs in the young 
fruits commencing as soon as they are formed. It does this by 
puncturing the tissue and inserting the egg. After the egg is 
deposited, the beetle cuts a crescent-shaped groove around one side 
of the puncture, evidently to prevent the growing tissue from 
crushing the egg. The eggs hatch in a few days, when the little 
worm, or larva, at once commences to feed on the fruit, causing 
much of the infested fruit to fall while still young, and that which 
remains on the tree ripens prematurely and soon decays. 

Remedies.— It has been found that the beetles’ manner of pro- 
tection is to fall to the ground when disturbed. Here they curl up 
so as to resemble bits of bark. Advantage is taken of this habit in 
fighting the insect by a process known as jarring. The trees are 
jarred by three or four strokes with a padded crutch or mallet, and 
the insects are caught on sheets spread underneath the tree and 
destroyed. Where only a few trees are to be treated the sheets 
are laid on the ground. But when large orchards are to be treated 
the sheets are stretched over a light frame, so that they are con- 
stantly extended, and no time need be consumed in stretching them 
into position after the tree is reached. One form of these extended 
sheets for catching the curculio is made by Mr. Henry Lutts, 


366 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Youngstown, N. Y. The frame over which the sheet is stretched 
is suspended from the shoulders of the workman who does the jar- 
ring, occupying a position at the center of the sheet. The sheet 
slopes towards several tin cups in which the bugs are collected. 

The curculio catcher commonly used in the vicinity of Geneva 
is one made by Mr. J. B. Johnson, Geneva, N.Y. The frame over 
which the sheet is stretched is attached to a two-wheeled cart. The 
sheet slops downwards to the centre where an opening allows the 
bugs to be swept into a tin box underneath the sheet and between 
the wheels. A slit at one side allows the cart. to be run directly under 
the tree and two or three jars bring down the bugs which are swept 
into the box above mentioned, by means of a short handled broom. 
The cultivated ground is made smooth by rolling to prepare it so 
that the cart wheels will pass over it readily. 

Jarring should be begun as soon as the fruit sets and be continued 
as long as the cureulio are found in sufficient numbers to pay for 
jarring, which is usually for about three weeks. Early morning is 
the best time to do this work. Towards the middle of the day, 
‘ especially on bright days, they are more active and apt to fly. The 
beetle feeds on the plum leaves and for this reason spraying the 
trees with Paris green or London purple has been advocated. No 
doubt the insects may be killed to some extent in this way but the 
foliage of stone fruit trees is particularly liable to injury from Paris 
green or London purple so that these poisons must be used sparingly 
and much diluted. One pound of either may be used with about 
three hundred gallons of water, or mingled in the same proportion 
with Bordeaux mixture. In either case at least three times as much 
fresh slacked lime should be added as the weight of the poison. Should 
frequent rains come and wash off the poison from the foliage it would 
necessitate spraying again if spraying alone be depended on to fight 
. the insect, and the cumulative effects of the different sprayings 
would probably result in injury to the foliage. So while it is doubt- 
less true, that spraying against curculio may be practiced with good 
results, still in the light of evidence thus far presented on this sub- 
ject, we would prefer not to spray with an arsenite more than twice ; 
follow the spraying with jarring if it is found necessary. 


Quince. 


Buaur. Fire Buraut.—This is the same bacterial disease as the 
pear blight which is discussed on page 359. ' 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 367 


Frerr Spor.—Fruit spot and leaf blight of the quince are caused 
by the same fungus that causes pear leaf blight. When a fruit 
is attacked, numerous small black specks appear on the surface. 
As the spots increase in size they often grow into each other and 
form a large, dark, diseased area. The disease does not extend so 
deep into the tissue of the fruit as to make it entirely worthless, but 
the market value is greatly lessened. When the fruit is attacked 
before it has reached its full size, it often occurs that the quinces, 
like the diseased pears, are misshapen and undersized. Greater 
damage is done to the trees when the leaves are severely attacked. 
The loss of foliage in midsummer not only leaves the fruit unde- 
veloped but is a severe check to the growth and vigor of the tree. 

Remedy.—Favorable results in treating this disease with Bor- 
deaux mixture are reported. It is suggested that the treatment 
recommended for apple scab be used against quince fruit spot and 
leaf blight, making the first spraying when the blossom buds have 
appeared, the second just as the blossoms are falling, and a third 
about two weeks later. 

Lear Briiaur.— See Fruit Spot above. 

Rusr.— Judging from the unusual number of inquiries concern- 
ing this disease that were received at this Station in 1894 and from 
reports from other sources, quince rust was unusually prevalent last 
season. The rust is due to a fungus which becomes established and 
develops within the tissues of the quince branches or fruit. It 
causes knotty branches and peculiarly distorted fruit, on which 
there appear tiny fringed pits filled with orange colored dust, giving 
the diseased parts quite a brilliant appearance. 

In a different form this rust fungus attacks the red cedar and the 
common juniper, forming galls on their branches. In these galls 
are developed spores which, distributed by the winds to quinces, 
juneberries, hawthorns and apples, become established on these 
trees and cause the rust. Usually the rust is not abundant enough 
on quinces to cause serious injury. It is usually recommended that 
the cedar and juniper trees in the vicinity be destroyed, to prevent 
the breeding of the fungus on them, and that the rusted fruit or 
branches also be removed and destroyed. The former recommend- 
ation is not always practical, and whether the latter course will do 
any good has not been definitely determined. 

Borers.— These insects work under the bark, as described under 
apple borers, and are one of the most serious insect pests the quince 


368 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


grower has to contend with. The trunks of the trees should be 
examined carefully in spring and fall and the borers dug out. 

Various other remedies have been advocated from time to time 
but none of them take the place of the examination of the trunks 
and the removal of the insect as above advised. Mr. C. K. Scoon 
of Geneva, N. Y., finds that strips of tarred paper tied carefully 
around the trunk of the tree have given encouraging results as a 
preventive of attacks of borers. The strips of paper are about eight 
inches high, the lower end being covered with earth. The paper is 
tied firmly in place encircling the trunk and tied at the top so tightly 
that insects cannot pass between it and the bark. Should creases or 
crevices occur in the trunk under the paper, sticks or twigs are 
driven between the string and the paper so as to force the paper 
tightly against the bark. The trees are examined for borers the 
same as before. 

Coptine Morx.—This insect is the same as that which causes 
wormy apples and pears as previously described, see p. 349. It 
should be treated by spraying with Paris green or London purple as 
soon as the fruit sets, followed by one or two later applications at 
intervals of ten days, or even less if heavy rains fall in the mean- 
time. The poison thus used is also recommended for the curculio 
mentioned below. It may be combined with Bordeaux mixture 
when that is used against fruit spot and leaf blight, using one 
pound for from one hundred and fifty to two hundred gallons. 

Curcutio.—This insect, somewhat larger than the plum curculio, 
feeds on the quince and also deposits its egg in the fruit. The egg 
hatches and the larva burrows into the fruit, but according to Saun- 
ders does not enter the core. 

Remedy.—Spraying with Paris green or London purple as for 
the Codling Moth mentioned above, is recommended for trees that 
are headed quite low. This system of training is commonly adopted 
in large orchards and jarring such trees is a rather slow and expen- 
sive operation. No carts adapted for jarring quinces have yet been 
devised, so that thorough spraying with Paris green or London purple 
appears to be as effective as any treatment that has yet been tried. 


Raspberry. 


Anturacnosé.—This disease is very common to both raspber- 
ries and blackberries, but is most injurious to black raspberries. 
It lives over winter in the canes and begins its attack on the new 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 369 


canes when they are six or eight inches high. The first appearance 
of the disease is shown by minute spots that form on the tender 
shoots. These are at first grayish white in color, with a dark or 
purple outline. The spots rapidly enlarge and become darker 
colored. As the spots become more numerous and each one enlarges 
rapidly, they often grow into each other and form large blotches or 
seabs several inches long and extending nearly around the cane, 
effectually girding it. Thus it often happens that the fruit withers 
before it is ripe, because the disease has cut off the circulation, so 
that not enough sap ascends to keep the plant alive. In some locali- 
ties anthracnose is very destructive, many times killing out a planta- 
tion in a few years. It is oftener the case, however, that the disease 
is not so injurious, but remains in the plantation in an active state 
without the owner suspecting it, though he complains that his plants 
do not produce the crop that they once did. 

Remedies.— An experiment now being conducted by this Station 
tends to the conclusion that treatment with Bordeaux mixture will 
be successful. The exact number of sprayings that will be neces- 
sary to prevent the spread of the anthracnose has not yet been deter- 
mined, but we feel warranted in making the following recommenda- 
tions: Give the new canes three sprayings with Bordeaux mixture, 
beginning when the largest of them are about six inches tall. Let 
the other applications follow at intervals of about two weeks. As 
anthracnose is a disease more particularly of the canes, and the 
treatment is entirely preventive, the spray should be directed at the 
young shoots. An endeavor should be made to keep them coated 
with the mixture for the first few weeks of their growth. When 
the disease is severe the old canes should be removed and burned as 
soon as they have fruited. 

Buent.— Pear blight occasionally attacks raspberries and black- 
berries. The following account is taken from Bulletin No. 6 of the 
Ohio Experiment Station. 

‘¢ At the base of the canes, usually quite near the surface of the 
ground, occur brownish black patches from one-half inch to several 
inches long and extending completely around the cane. There are 
also smaller patches at the bases of branches, on the petioles and 
under the surface of the mid-veins of the leaves, which curl down- 
wards. The parenchymatous portion of the leaf does not seem to 
be attacked. These blackish patches differ from those caused by 
anthracnose in that the epidermis does not crack, and though black- 

24 


370 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


ish brown in color, they do not look dry. The discoloration extends 
to the sub-epidermal tissues. 

The row of Marlborough raspberry was most affected, the leaves 
were all curled over and the whole row looked as though blasted, 
On July 19th I sent a diseased cane of the Marlboro to Professor 
ede burrill.omChampaion: Nia) ante ay 

Again July 28th, Professor Burrill wrote: 

“Tt has now been satisfactorily determined that the disease of 
raspberry and blackberry canes showing wide dark discolorations of 
the bark without rupture of any kind is blight—‘ pear blight.’ I 
have formerly suspected this, now it seems certain. We have the 
same trouble, and this year more than I had seen before. The same 
stems frequently are spotted with anthracnose, but the two diseases 
are very distinct.” 

No treatment is recommended, but from what we know of attacks 
of blight on pear trees, it would seem to be the part of wisdom to 
eut out and burn the diseased canes as soon as they are noticed. 

Orance Rusr.—This fungus occurs in two forms or stages on 
the host plant, but the first stage is not commonly known. In the 
second stage the underside of the leaves are covered with a dense 
mass of orange colored spores, hence the name, orange rust. These 
spore masses rarely occur on the canes. Clinton states? that the 
fungus enters the very young underground shoots and grows up 
through the canes to the leaves. Since the disease grows within 
the canes and infection probably takes place at the root, it appears 
that any preventive treatment would be useless, other than destroy- 
ing the infested canes at the first appearance of the disease. They 
should be dug out and burned promptly as soon as the disease makes 
its appearance, as it spreads rapidly and is very destructive. The 
rust is quite common on wild plants, therefore any wild berries that 
may be growing in the vicinity of a plantation may serve as a source 
of infection and should be looked after accordingly. 


Strawberry. 


Lear Bricur.—This disease is also called strawberry “rust” or 
“leaf spot.” It frequently causes much damage by injuring the 
foliage so that the plants are incapable of perfecting a full crop of 
fruit even though a full crop has set, or as Thaxter states °, it also 


7 Bulletin 29, Illinois Experiment Station. 
8 Annual Rep. Conn. Exp’t Sta., 1889 ; 174. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 371 


attacks the fruit stems and hulls “cutting off the supply of nourish- 
ment from the berries and disfiguring them by the withering of 
the calyx.” 

When the spots first appear on the leaves they are of a deep 
purple color, but later they enlarge and the center becomes gray or 
nearly white. Portions of the infested leaves frequently assume 
bright red tints and when badly diseased finally wither and die. 

Treatment.— Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 11 formula, used as advo- 
eated by Hunn in the Annual Report of this Station, 1892: 682, 
gives beneficial results. When setting a new plantation be particu- 
lar to remove the diseased leaves before taking the plants to the 
field, or if the plants must be trimmed in the field the diseased 
leaves should not be left where they can communicate the disease to 
the new foliage as it grows out. The following treatment is then 
suggested : 

Spray the newly set plants soon after growth begins and follow 
with three or four treatments during the season as seems necessary. 
The following spring spray just before blossoming, and again in 
from ten days to two weeks. As soon as the fruit is gathered it isa 
good plan to mow off the foliage of badly diseased beds and burn it 
if the beds are to be fruited a second season. 

Gruss—The larvee of the May Beetle, a white grub, frequently 
does much injury to strawberries by eating off the roots. It is said 
that the insect lays its eggs chiefly in sod ground. These hatch into 
the larve or grubs which feed on roots of various plants till the 
third year afterwards, when they come from the ground in the form 
of May beetles. Since the grubs live in the ground till the third 
season after the eggs are laid, it is a good practice not to use land 
for strawberries till the third year after it was in the sod. 


2. Common Diseases AND Insects InsuRIous TO VEGETABLES. 


Bean. 


AntTHRACNOSE.—In many parts of the State the bean crop is 
severely injured by a disease known as anthracnose. It attacks the 
bean plant in all stages of its growth, and survives the winter in the 
beans themselves. The badly diseased beans can be readily told by 
the discolorations, which vary in size froma small spot to large 
pits and blisters. When such seed is planted the fungus begins to 


372 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


grow with the beans, and appears on the stems and seed-leaves as 
almost black spots of variable shape and size. These rapidly enlarge 
and may eat into the stems so as to entirely destroy the young seed- 
lings. When the infested plants are not destroyed in this way they 
continue to grow and spread the infection to neighboring plants. 
The disease attacks the under side of the leaves, causing dark spots, 
and shriveling and discoloring the veins and midribs. The damage 
which usually attracts most attention is that done to the pods and 
beans themselves. On the pods, small dark pits are formed with 
brown or red borders. At first small, they rapidly enlarge and be- 
come large irregular pits. When thus attacked, the pods are unsala- 
ble as snap beans, and the discolored beans are unfit for either mar- 
ket or seed. 

Remedy.—The following recommendations for treating this 
disease are based on experiments conducted on the Station grounds.° 

It will pay to pick over the beans so that no diseased seed shall 
be planted. 

After the seed has come up, go over the rows and pull up all of 
the diseased seedlings and destroy them. If they are left lying on 
the ground the fungus will mature its spores and thus continue the 
spread of the infection. 

About the time the plants have put out the third leaf, begin 
spraying with Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 11 formula. The method 
of preparing this mixture is explained in article 4 on Fungicides 
and. Insecticides. Spray again when enough more foliage has grown 
out to justify another treatment. Probably three or four treat- 
ments at least will need to be made. Whether this treatment will 
make the bean fodder harmful to stock is a point that has not yet 
been investigated. 

Wet weather is favorable to the development and ee of the 
disease. In infested fields the beans should not be cultivated when 
wet with rain or dew lest the germs of the disease be distributed 
rapidly and widely in this way. 

Werevit.—Dried beans are frequently found to be infested with 
the weevil, a small dark gray beetle that appears in the spring, many 
times being carried to the fields in the seed. The eggs are laid in 
the young pods. If the beans are picked while green, the eggs or 
larvee are, of course, destroyed, and no damage is done. When the 


9 See Bulletin No. 48, Dec., 1892. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ale 


beans are allowed to ripen, the grubs mature inside the bean. The 
grubs are transformed into beetles, within the bean, and these come 
forth from the stored beans usually in the spring. Several grubs 
may enter the same seed, so that the beans may be pierced with 
many small holes. The insect does not feed on the gerin of the 
beans so that infested beans may be used for seed, though they.do 
not produce as vigorous plants as do beans that are free from the 
weevils. 

Remedies.—Care should be taken that none of the insects escape 
from the stored beans, or that none are taken to the field in the seed. 
The weevils may be killed by exposing the infested seed to the fumes 
of carbon bi-sulphide. This is done as recommended in article 4 

on Fungicides and Insecticides. 


Cabbage. 

Apuis.—This insect is treated more fully in Bulletin 83 of this 
Station from which the following account is taken: Probably there is 
no better known cabbage pest than the cabbage aphis, also known as 
cabbage louse and “greenfly.” Many heads of cabbage are found to 
be filthy from the masses of lice on them. It is not an uncommon 
sight in the fields to see heads with the outside leaves dead and 
covered with the inflated skins of what have been parasitized aphids; 
above may bea few half-dead leaves covered with about an equal num- 
ber of parasitized and live aphids, while within the withy head are 
masses of perfectly healthy lice. This is especially true of Savoy 
varieties. Some gardeners have the idea that these varieties are more 
free from insect injury than other kinds. Observations indicate that 
this idea is simply due to an appearance contrary to the facts. Plant 
lice curl the leaves of all cabbage more or less. The Savoys furnish 
a natural protection for them. Any variety which forms a solid 
head rapidly will have the advantage over slow heading varieties. 

Treatment.— Nearly as many remedies have been recommended 
for this pest as for the cabbage worms. It should be remembered 
that plant lice are only killed by insectides which smother or kill by 
contact. None of the poisons will kill them. The best remedy is 
kerosene emulsion diluted with ten parts of water. It should be 
applied to the lower as well as the upper sides of the leaves. The 
treatment should be begun when the lice make their appearance, 
and the applications repeated as often as may be necessary to keep 
them in check. 


374 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


Maacor.—The cabbage maggot is very injurious in some locali- 
ties. The adult insect is a small fly that makes its appearance in 
the spring about the time the plants are set in the field. The fe- 
male deposits her eggs on the stems of the plants at, or just below, 
the surface of the ground. The eggs hatch in a few days, when the 
little maggots begin feeding in the roots of the plants. When they 
occur in large numbers on the same plant the roots are soon reduced 
to a decaying and foul smelling mass. 

Remedy.—Prof. Goff! of Wisconsin has devised what appears to 
be the most practical method of combating this insect. Small] cards 
of tarred paper are fastened tightly around the stems of the plants 
when they are transplanted so that the cards rest on the surface of 
the ground after the plants are set. The cards are cut from build- - 
ing paper with a tool made for the purpose. They are six-sided and 
abont three inches in diameter. A slit from one side to a star-shaped 
puncture in the centre permits the card to be fastened tightly 
around the plant. When properly applied the cards have proved 
very effective by preventing the fly from laying her eggs on the 
plants. 

Worms.—The worms that feed on cabbage are so common that 
every grower is familiar with them and especially with the damage 
they do. 

Remedies.— Numerous remedies to be used in fighting these 
pests are recommended each year. Poisoning with arsenic in some 
of its forms has given the best results. Paris green is commonly 
used. This may be applied in various ways; mixing the poison 
with flour or plaster and applying with hand-sifters has given good 
results. When the poison is applied ina spray it has not been 
satisfactory, for the reason that the liquid would not stick to the 
foliage. But it is now thought that this difficulty can be overcome 
by the addition of lime. In Bulletin No. 83 of this Station it is 
recommended that a spray mixture for poisoning cabbage worms 
be made as follows : 


Parisigreen or) Wondon purples--- 2... 52) = cnc selene ai 1 pound. 
dime. anslacked =)... 4)... -23 ace EL ALLS LIE Aa a eee ne ES eee 16 pounds. 
Wiaterk(topmake) -\-sa.sea> -yseecieacions see eeae ceases Haske st eeieeies 160 gallons. 


Slack the lime and add to the Paris green, with sufficient water 
to make one hundred and sixty gallons. For a more complete dis- 


10 Eigkth Annual Report, Wis. Expt. Sta. 169-173 ; also Bul. 78 Cornell Exp’t Sta. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. ato 


eussion of some of the cabbage insects, the reader is referred to 
Bulletin No. 83 of this Station. 


Celery. 


Center Bricut.— The soft rot of the centers of celery plants, 
which results from attacks of bacteria, has not yet been successfully 
treated by spraying. No further work has been done at this Station 
in treating this trouble since that reportedin Bulletin No. 51 and in 
the Annual Report of this Station for 1892. The suggestions there 
given are (1) to blanch with boards instead of earth during hot 
weather; (2) to leave neither the rotted refuse from stripping the 
plants nor the diseased plants on the fields where celery is to be 
grown; and (3) to keep the plants in an active growing condition 
from the time they are planted till marketed, by cultivation, fertil- 
ization and spraying for leaf-blight. 

Lear Sror Disrases.— These diseases are caused by fungi of 
different kinds. The investigations above mentioned showed 
clearly that plants may become infested in the seed bed before they 
are transplanted. ‘The experiments in treating the diseases were 
not conclusive, but led to the suggestion that the seedlings be 
treated with Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 1! formula, before transplant- 
ing. The treatment should begin soon after the seeds germinate 
and should be repeated often enough to protect the new foliage as 
it develops. Treatment in the field as soon as the plants are trans- 
planted, and afterwards at intervals of ten to fourteen days, is also 
suggested. Directions for making the Bordeaux mixture are given 
in article 4 on Fungicides and Insecticides. 

The investigations showed that celery sprayed this way was not 
at all injured for market purposes, as much copper being found in 
the unsprayed plants as in the sprayed plantsafter they were stripped 
ready for market. The very slight amount of copper found in both 
sprayed and unsprayed was sutliciently accounted for by the slight 
amount of copper present in the soil. In any case it would be nec- 
essary to eat a good many thousand heads of celery at one meal in 
order to introduce a serious dose of copper into the system. 

In the investigations referred to above it was found that one of 
the fungous diseases of celery not only spots the leaves but also 
attacks the seeds. It is therefore recommended that seed showing 
black specks over its surface be not sown without first submitting 


376 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


samples of it to someone competent to say whether or not it is 
diseased. If it is diseased it should not be used. 


Pea 


Weeviu.— The weevil that infests peas is quite similar to the one 
that attacks beans, but is somewhat larger. Its life history is the 
same, and the same treatment applies to this that has been given 
for the bean weevil. 

Tomato. 


Buiack Ror.— This disease is caused by the same black mold that 
attacks the potato causing what some have termed the early blight. 
It may attack the tomato vines, where it appears as dark spots. 
Nearly every grower is familiar with the black mold that attacks 
the fruit in all stages of its growth. It usually appears at the 
flower end which at first turns dark. If the tomato be cut in two 
more or less of the tissue will be found to be discolored. As the 
disease advances a dark velvety mould forms over the diseased area. 
The tomato clings to its stem until nothing is left of it but the skin. 

Rolfs reports" good results from treating the plants with Bor- 
deaux mixture, and recommends that the first treatment be applied 
when the flower buds begin to form. The treatment should be 
repeated at intervals of about two weeks. The number of treat- 
ments that will be necessary will depend on the prevalence of the 
disease. Howell reports in Bulletin 11, Section of Veg. Path., U. 
S. Dept. Agr., 1890, that one treatment when the first fruits were 
about three fourths of an inch in diameter, and two later treatments 


at interval of about two weeks were successful in controlling the 


disease. He used Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 32 formula. 


Potato. 


Briaut.—The disease whick for many years has had the distine- 
tion of being known as ¢he blight of potatoes is caused by a fungus 
that may be said to resemble in a general way the fungus that 
causes the downy mildew of the grape, although the two are not 
even classed in the same genus. It passes the winter in infested 
tubers where it may cause a discoloration beneath the surface which 
is best seen in the ring of darkened tissue near the cireumference 


when a slice is cut through the middle of such a tuber. When the 


11 Bulletin No. 21, Florida Experiment Station, 1893. 


som 


saan aa 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. aul 


diseased potatoes are planted the fungus spreads to the stems and 
leaves and there manifests itself in the dark brown withered parts 
of leaves or stems. It sends out mildew threads, commonly on the 
under surface of the leaf, and there produces spores which may be 
called the seeds of the disease, and which are distributed by wind 
and rain, thus spreading the infection. In warm, moist weather it 
spreads most rapidly, in fact so rapidly that fields where the dis- 
ease is present are frequently said to be “struck with the blight,” 
so sudden, apparently, has been its attack. The disease also spreads 
to the tubers, and thus attacking both vines and tubers it may ocea- 
sion very serious loss. If conditions are favorable it may spread 
rapidly early in the season but more commonly in this State it 
appears to do most damage after midsummer. 
Remedies.—Spraying for blight should be begun when the plants 
are six or eight inches high. Three and four sprayings with Bor- 
deaux mixture, 1 to 7 formula, making the first treatment as just 
stated and others at intervals of about two weeks, have been sufli- 
cient here to control this disease, and also the one next described. 
Macrosrortum.— This disease, caused by a species of black mold, 
has been called by some “ Early Blight,” because it is commonly 
found on early potatoes. It makes its appearance usually in June, 
and attacks the foliage. It may be known by the peculiar spots 
that it produces on the leaves. These have been described as target- 
shaped marks from the fact that a number of circles surround a 
common centre in such a manner as to represent a target in minia- 
ture. The affected portions of the leaves become dry and crisp. 
The disease spreads slowly, and has not been known to be as injuri- 
ous in this section as the blight first mentioned. The same treat- 
ment is used for this trouble as that given above for the blight. 
Porato Scas.— This disease is confined to the tubers, so its 
attacks are not noticed until the potatoes are dug. It causes the 
outer portion of the potato to become pitted, rough and corky, or 
“seabby.” In some localities this condition is thought to be caused 
by the larvee or grubs of the May beetle; hence the name “ grubby 
potatoes” is applied to them. But the attacks of the grubs are 
local, and their work can be told from the fact that they eat out 
rather deep grooves or furrows in the surface of the potatoes. 
Remedies.— Since this disease does not appear on any part of the 
plant above ground, any spray applied to the vines would be useless. 
The only way then to combat it is to improve the sanitary con- 


378 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


ditions. The first precaution to be taken is not to plaat on ground 
that is badly infested with the fungus. It has been demonstrated 
that the fungus may persist in the ground for several years, and in 
cases where the soil is known to be badly infested, no remedy of 
practical value is known. On some soils applications of lime or 
wood ashes appear to produce conditions favorable to the develop- 
ment of the disease.” 

Excellent results have been obtained in many instances by simply 
soaking the seed in a solution of corrosive sublimate (bichJoride of 
mercury). The seed may be soaked either before or after being cut. 
Corrosive sublimate is a poison and should accordingly be used 
with caution. One ounce is used for seven or eight gallons of 
water. It dissolves more readily in hot water and may then be 
diluted. It should not be used in metal, but in wood or earthenware 
vessels. The seed should be soaked for one hour and the same 
solution may be used again and again. After being soaked the seed 
should neither be put in contact with scabby potatoes nor in 
receptacles which have held scabby potatoes or seabby beets. With 
these precautions the seed may be kept any convenient length of 
time after soaking before it is planted. 

Manure from animals fed on uncooked scabby potatoes or beets 
is capable of communicating the scab t6 the potato crop for which 
itis used. For this reason manure of this kind should not be used 
for potatoes or beets. Scabby potatoes should not be used for seed 
since they are capable of communicating the disease to the new crop. 

Porato Brerte.—Every farmer is so familiar with the potato 
beetle that a description of it would be out of place here. It 
has been successfully combated for a number of years with Paris 
green. Formerly the poison was applied in the dry form, and with 
good results. But it is now considered much the better practice to 
apply it in the form of spray. This is especially true since the blight 
has become so universal, and remedies can be applied for both pests 
at the same time. The Paris green should be used whenever the 
beetles appear in sufficient numbers to be injurious. Usually it will 
be sufficient if the poison is mixed with Bordeaux mixture and ap- 
plied at the time the potatoes are to be treated for blight. 

Porato Frea Bertie.—This is a little shiny black beetle, about 
a quarter of an inch long, which attacks the potato and tomato vines 


12 Bulletin 30, R. I. Exp. Station. 


(seuor) ‘aingxim xnvepi0g qyim peAsads jea] 078j0d AyA[BoH (‘seuor) ‘sepieeq-Beq Aq u978e JBal 09BI0g 
"p DIA ‘eg DIA—'O BLVIg 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 379 


and also tobacco. Jones reports’ that the Bordeaux mixture as 
used against the blights prevents to some extent the attacks of this 
insect. Figure 3 illustrates the work of this insect on the potato 
leaf which may be compared with the healthy leaf sprayed with 
Bordeaux mixture illustrated in Fig. 4. For figures 3 and 4 we are 
indebted to Prof. Jones. 


3. Common Diseases AND Insects Insurtous 10 Nursery Stock. 
Apple. 

Powprery Mitpew.—Powdery mildew is seldom very injurious 
to apple stock in this locality. It attacks the leaves and young 
twigs, where it appears asa light powdery substance. When it is 
severe the seedlings may receive a serious check by the loss of foliage 
and the killing back of the young shoots. It usually makes its ap- 
pearance in the latter part of September. It issuggested that treat- 
ment be given, using Bordeaux mixture 1 to 11 formula, beginning 
in the fore part of September and repeating at intervals of about 
two weeks until two or three sprayings have been given. 

Aruis.—Either the green aphis or the woolly aphis may be treated 
as directed for cherry aphis below. ‘ 

Bup Morn.—In the nursery this insect is sometimes fought by 
pinching the infested leaves and thus killing the insect. Spraying 
early in the spring, the same as for the same insect in the orchard, 
is also suggested. 

Cherry. 

Lear Bricar.—The so-called leaf blight, or shot hole fungus, that 
has been described as being particularly destructive to plum and 
cherry trees in the orchard, often causes great damage in the nur- 
sery. The injury is due to the loss of foliage; the energy of the 
tree is exhausted in its effort to produce new leaves, so its growth is- 
impeded or remains nearly or quite at a standstill. 

Remedy.—Experiments conducted at this Station“ show clearly 
favorable results from treatment with Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 11 
formula. The number of treatments necessary to secure the best 
results have not been fully determined. Bordeaux mixture is pref- 
erable to any other remedy that has been tried for this trouble. It 
is suggested that three or four treatments be given, especially to 


18 Bulletin 40 Vt. Expt. Station : 25; Bul. 44, : 93--97, 
14 See Annual Report, 1892 : 654; 1893 : 688. 


380 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


young stock, beginning about the first of June and repeating the 


application at intervals of from ten to fourteen days. Directions 
for making Bordeaux mixture are given in article 4 on Fungi- 
cides and Insecticides. 

Tue Cuerry Apuis.—This little insect is one species of a large 
family, commonly known as plant lice. They are similar in size and 
form to common green plant lice, but are nearly black in color. 
They appear early in the spring and begin sucking the juices from 
the expanding buds. They multiply very rapidly and as growth 
takes place move to the new shoots and leaves, where they collect in 
large numbers, especially on the under side of the leaves, causing 
them to curl up so as to cover the lice and thus making it difficult to 
hit them with a spray after they have become well established. 
Since these insects suck their food they cannot be poisoned but 
must be killed by contact of the insecticide with their bodies. 

Remedy.—In fighting these insects close watch should be kept 
for their first appearance, so that they may be sprayed at once and 
not allowed to become established. The treatment should be re- 
peated as circumstances require. Kerosene emulsion diluted from 
twelve to fifteen times is commonly recommended for plant lice. If 
the leaves are cuiled so that the spray cannot reach the insects, dip 
the infested twigs in whale oil soap and tobacco tea, or in kerosene 
emulsion prepared as directed in article 4 on Fungicides and In. 
secticides. The mixture is poured into shallow pans and the twigs 
are bent over and dipped into it. 


ear. 

Lear Buicut.—The leaf blight that has been described as attack- 
ing the pear and quince in the orchard, often does great damage to 
nursery stock. The following account is based on investigations 
made at this Station.’ For some as yet unexplained reason the 
blight is more severe on seedlings than on budded or grafted stock. 
The disease attacks the leaves and causes many of them to 
drop off, and in some cases the tender part of the stock is killed 
back several inches. As soon as the leaves fall, new ones are at 
once pushed out. This process is very exhausting and where the 
attack begins early in the season, the seedlings may lose 
several sets of leaves during the summer. Where this occurs 


15 Annual Report of this Station, 1892; 652 


ee 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 381 


many of the seedlings die before winter sets in, and those that sur- 
vive the winter, are mostly too small to work the next season. On 
pear stocks in particular, where the blight has been severe, it attacks 
the green tips of the twigs. Here it forms small dark pits where 
the disease lives over winter and spreads the infection to the first 
leaves that appear in the spring. 

Remedy.—Encouraging results in treating this trouble on pear 
stock have been obtained in experiments at this Station. Bordeaux 
mixture, 1 to 11 formula, thus far has given best results. This 
treatment has also given good results in some of the Geneva, N. Y., 
nurseries. It is suggested that treatmnet be given as soon as the 
first leaves become fully expanded, following with other treatments 
at intervals of from ten to fourteen days, making five or six treat- 
ments in all. Similar treatment is recommended for pear seedlings, 
beginning as soon as the first leaves unfold. 

Bup Morn.—This insect, described as attacking apples also, is 
treated as described under apples. 

Siue.—This insect attacks the leaves, sometimes doing considera- 
ble injury. It may be fought by dusting with air slaked lime or 
spraying with Paris green at the rate of one pound to from one hun- 
dred and fifty to two hundred gallons of water. 


Plum. 


Lear Bricur.—This is caused by the same fungus which causes 
cherry leaf blight above cescribed. The remedies there advocated 
have given good results in treating plums. In 1893 trees making 
their second season’s growth from the bud were successfully treated 
with two applications of Bordeaux mixture, 1 to 11 formula, one given 
about the middle of June the other about the middle of July.” 
Directions for using this mixture are given in article 4 on Fun- 
gicides and Insecticides. 

Arnis, Pranr Licr.—Give same treatment as for plant lice on 
cherry as advocated above. 


Quince. 


Lear Buiaut.—This is caused by the fungus that causes pear leaf 
blight, the treatment of which is given above, on this page. 


16 Annual Report of this Station. 1893 ; 688. 


382 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


4, Funaicripes AND INSECTICIDES. 


How to Spray. 


For a discussion of nozzles, pumps and machines used in spraying 
the reader is referred to Bulletin 74 of this Station or Annual Re- 
port 1894; 687-706. In order that any spraying may be effective 
it must be thoroughly done. The workman should not hurry 
through with the job in an effort to see how many trees he can hit 
with the spray in a day, but should aim to apply the spray thoroughly 
and evenly over all the foliage. 

It isa mistake to think that when a nozzle is throwing a stream 
to a great distance and using up the liquid fast, that it is doing the 
best work. The Vermorel nozzle, which is considered the best, 
does its best work at from three to five feet from the nozzle. While 
it cannot force a stream to a great distance it throws a very fine 
spray, and is readily cleaned when it becomes clogged. For these 
reasons it takes first rank. 

Throughout the preceding parts of this discussion spraying with 
different mixtures has been recommended. The reader must not expect 
good results to follow the use of any of them unless the spraying be well 
done. The spraying may be done at the right time and the mixtures 
prepared correctly, but final success must depend upon thorough 
work in applying the spray. Thoroughness does not mean that the 
trees shall be drenched but that the spray shall reach every leaf. 
The ideal way is to have the spray settle in minute particles over the 
entire surface of all the foliage and dry there without running to- 
gether in drops and dripping from the tree. This idea can not be 
accomplished completely but it should always be worked for. 

In applying Bordeaua mixture or Paris green great care must 
be taken to keep the mixture thoroughly stirred otherwise the heavy 
parts of the mixture settle rapidly and the spray is not applied in 
uniform strength. To keep the mixture stirred an agitator should 
be kept constantly moving. One of the best agitators for this pur- 
pose is described in Bulletin 74 of this Station, p. 400, and Annual 
Report 1894; 701. 

In using such insecticides as kerosene emulsion, that kill by 
contact with the insect, the aim is to hit the insects and the foliage 
may be drenched if necessary to do this. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 383 
Fungicides. 


AMMONIACAL SotuTion oF Copprr Carsonate.—The formula 
usually given for making this solution is as follows: Dissolve five © 
ounces of copper carbonate in three pints of ammonia of 26° 
strength. When ready to apply, dilute with water so as to make 
fifty gallons. The undiluted solution may be preserved for some 
time in tightly closed vessels. 

Penny finds" that the use of the strong ammonia undiluted in 
dissolving the copper is wasteful and unsafe. He recommends the 
following method of making the solution : “To one volume of 26° 
Beaumé ammonia (the strong ammonia of commerce) add from 
seven to eight volumes of water. Then add copper carbonate, best 
in successive quantities, until a large portion remains undissolved. 
The mixture should be vigorously agitated during the solution and 
finally allowed to subside, and the clear liquid poured off from the 
undissolved salt. A second portion should then be made by treat- 
ing the residue of the former lot with more ammonia diluted as be- 
fore, then with the addition of fresh copper carbonate, in every case 
with vigorous stirring or agitation. The method of making in sue- 
cessive lots will result in a richer solution of copper, at least unless 
an unwarranted length of time be taken.” He finds that much less 
ammonia is required to dissolve a given amount of copper carbonate 
in this way than according to the method formerly followed of 
adding the strong, undiluted ammonia directly to the copper car- 
bonate. 

Borpeaux Mrxturr.—This is made of various strengths. Sue- 
cessful results have been obtained at this Station and elsewhere with 
the 1 to 11 formula, that is to say with a mixture using one pound 
of copper sulphate for eleven gallons, and this is recommended for 
most purposes. In treating potato blights better results have been 
obtained from a stronger mixture, using the 1 to 7 formula, that is 
to say, one pound of copper sulphate for seven gallons of the 
mixture. 

The formul referred to in this discussion may be given as follows : 


1 to 7 formula; One |b. copper sulphate; ¢ lb. lime, fresh 
slaked ; 7 gallons water. 


17 Bull. 22, Del. Exp. Sta. 


384 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


1 to 11 formula: One lb. copper sulphate; 2 Ib. lime, fresh 
slaked ; 11 gallons water. 

Preparation of Bordeaux Mixture.—Dissolve the copper sul- 
phate and dilute with from half to two-thirds of the required 
amount of water. Then add the lime in the form of thin white- 
wash, straining it if necessary to keep out particles that would clog 
the nozzle. Stir the mixture frequently and thoroughly as the lime 
is being added. Finally dilute to the required amount. 

Dissolving the Copper Sulphate.— For practical operations the 
copper sulphate may be dissolved in large quantities and kept on 
hand as a stock solution, as advocated in Bulletin No. 67 of this 
Station, p. 195. Such a solution should be kept covered to prevent 
evaporation, which would increase its strength and finally cause the 
copper sulphate to crystallize on the sides and bottom of the cask in 
which it is kept. It appears that for all practical purposes a solution 
containing two pounds of copper sulphate to one gallon of water 
may safely be used for a stock solution. Thus, one hundred pounds 
of copper sulphate dissolved in fifty gallons of water contains two 
pounds for every gallon of the solution, so that one gallon of such a 
solution contains enough copper sulphate to make twenty-two gal- 
lons of Bordeaux mixture of the 1 to 11 formula, or fourteen 
gallons of Bordeaux mixture of the 1 to 7 formula. 

If, instead of using the stock solution, copper sulphate is dis- 
solved each time the mixture is prepared, it is well to get the pul- 
verized copper sulphate instead of the crystals, as that dissolves 
more quickly. If the solution is wanted immediately, the copper 
sulphate may be dissolved in hot water. If it is to be dissolved in 
cold water, use a large amount of water and suspend it near the 
upper surface of the water, in a basket, coarse sacking, or any other 
receptacle through which water may pass readily. Copper sulphate 
should not be dissolved in iron vessels, as it corrodes them very 
rapidly. 

Buying Copper Sulphate.— It is best to buy copper sulphate in 
sufficient quantity to get wholesale rates, for it may be kept from 
season to season without injuring its value. 

Weighing and Straining the Lime.— When the mixture is used 
in power spraying machines with stationary nozzles it should be run 
through a sieve so as*to take out all particles that might clog the 
nozzles. When hand pumps are used straining will not be neces- 
sary if care is used in pouring the lime. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 385 


The amount of lime necessary to form the Bordeaux mixture was 
formerly determined by weighing, using two-thirds as much lime as 
copper sulphate, but by means of the color tests as explained below 
the necessity of weighing the lime is now obviated. 

Excess of Lime.—It is important that enough lime be added, 
otherwise the mixture may injure the foliage, while an excess of 
lime will not harm the foliage. 

Color tests.—Various color tests may be used for determining 
whether or not sufficient lime has been added to the copper sulphate 
solution to form the Bordeaux mixture, as explained in Bulletin 84 
of this Station. The one most commonly known is the potassium 
ferrocyanide test, which is used as follows: 

Pour the lime into the copper sulphate solution, stir the mixture 
thoroughly and then add a drop of the potassium ferrocyanide. If 
enough lime has been added the drop will not change color when it 
strikes the mixture, otherwise it will immediately change to a dark 
reddish brown color. More lime must then be added till the potas- 
sium ferrocyanide does not change color when dropped into the 
mixture. It sometimes happens if the mixture has not been thor- 
oughly stirred, that some of the copper sulphate in the bottom of 
the barrel has not yet been precipitated, while at the surface the 
mixture shows no color when the test is applied, so that after the 
mixture has been standing a few minutes the potassium ferrocyanide 
will again give the dark color, showing that not enough lime had 
been used. On this account it is best to add more lime after the test 
shows no change of color, thus insuring an excess of lime, which does 
no harm. A mixture with not enough lime in it will hurt the foliage. 

The potassium ferrocyanide, also known as the yellow prussiate 
of potash, is a poisonous substance. It is a yellow salt which readily 
dissolves in water, and a solution may conveniently be kept on hand 
inasmall bottle. The commercial form of the potassium ferrocy- 
anide may be used. A few cents should purchase enough to last 
through the season. 

Corrrer SutpHate Sotution.—As explained before, lime is added 
to the copper sulphate solution in making Bordeaux mixture, to pre- 
vent the solution from injuring the foliage or fruit, but in some 
eases the copper sulphate solution is used without the lime in 
making applications in the spring before the leaves put forth. Itis 
made by simply dissolving the copper sulphate in water and diluting 
to the required strength. In treating raspberry canes for anthracnose 

25 


386 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST OF THE 


before the buds open, we have used one pound of copper sulphate to 
eleven gallons of water, with good success. Do not prepare it in 
iron vessels. 

Iron SuLpHate, or Copperas, Soturton.—This solution will 
injure foliage and, like the copper sulphate solution, it is used 
only before the leaves put forth. It is commonly used as a satu- 
rated solution, that is to say, a solution made by allowing the water 
to take up all of the copperas that it is able to dissolve. This has 
been used against raspberry anthracnose and grape anthracnose 
before the buds open. 

Corrosive SusiimaTE Soxtvurion (BicHLtoripE or Mercury).— 
This substance is very poisonous and care should be taken in hand- 
ling it the same as in handling Paris green or London purple. The 
solution is used for soaking seed potatoes to kill the fungus which 
causes potato scab. One ounce of the corrosive sublimate is used 
for seven and a half or eight gallons of water. The seed is soaked 
for an hour in this solution. It dissolves more readily in hot 
water and may then be diluted to the required amount. It should 
be used, in wooden or earthen vessels, notin metal. The solution 
may be used over and over again. 

Porasstum SutpHipE Soivurion.—This solution has given good re- 
sults in treating gooseberry,mildew and various other mildews. It 
may be sprayed on the foliage at the strength herewith given, with no 
fear of injurious results. One ounce of the sulphide is used for two 
gallons of water. It dissolves more readily in hot water than in cold. 


Insecticides. 

Insects that chew their food are commonly fought by applying 
poison to their food. Among the prominent insecticides that are 
used in this way are Hellebore, London purple and Paris green. 

Insects that suck their food pierce through the skin of the foliage 
with their mouth-parts and suck the juices of the leaf so that they 
are not injured by poisons that may be applied to the surface of the 
portion of the plant on which they feed. Aphis and the pear psylla 
belong to this class of insects. Against such insects kerosene emul- 
sion is commonly used. 

The following insecticides have been mentioned on previous pages : 

Carzon Bisutpnipe.—The use of this substance is advocated for 
destroying the bean and pea weevils. It is highly explosive and no 
kind of fire or light should be allowed near it. It is a heavy, color- 
less liquid and the offensive fumes which it gives off are heavior 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 387 


than air. Care should be taken not to breathe them. In treating 
peas or beans with this substance it is placed in a shallow open vessel 
upon the peas or beans and allowed to evaporate, using it at the rate 
of about two small teaspoonfuls (two fluid drachms) to one cubic 
foot of space in the bin or receptacle that holds the beans or peas. 
It is well to cover the peas or beans with boards or blankets when 
they are being treated. Carbon bisulphide costs about ten cents per 
pound in fifty pound cans. 
Hetiesore.—Fresh white hellebore should be obtained. Mix one 
ounce in three gallons of water and apply for insects that chew. It is 
commonly used against the worms that infest currant and gooseberry 
foliage as it may safely be used even when the fruit is developing. 
Kerosene Emurston.—This is made by dissolving one-half pound 
of either common soap or whale oil soap, in one gallon of soft water. 
Heat the mixture and when boiling hot remove it from near the 
tire and add it to two gallons of kerosene. The whole is now 


thoroughly mixed by pumping continuously through a small force 


pump for from five to ten minutes. Mix until the ingredients form 
a creamy mass that becomes thick when cool and from which the oil 
does not separate. When using on foliage dilute with from ten to 
fifteen parts of waters; when used as a winter treatment it may be 
applied as strong as one part of the mixture to four parts of water. 
In diluting the stock emulsion first use three or four parts of boiling 
water and then dilute to the required strength. Soak off with paper 
any free oil that appears on the surface as it will work injury if ap 
plied to the plant. This emulsion is used to kill insects that have 
sucking mouth parts; it is not a poison but kills by contact. 

The emulsion causes rubber valves to swell and clog the tubes in 
which they work. Where rubber balls are used for valves they 
should be replaced with glass or marble balls when using the pump 
for kerosene emulsion. 

Lonpon Purrie.— This, like Paris green, is an arsenical poison 
and is used against insects in the same way that Paris green is, and 
about the same proportion. 

Parts Green.— This is used to poison insects that have biting 
mouth parts. It may be applied either in the dry form or ina 
spray. When the spray is used the Paris green may be combined 
with Bordeaux mixture, or it may be applied mixed with water. In 
either case the same amount of poison is used. For pomaceous, or 
kernel fruits, one pound of Paris green to one hundred and fifty or 


388 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURIST. 


two hundred gallons is commonly used. For stone fruits the 
mixture should be weaker, using one pound of Paris green to two 
hundred and fifty or three hundred gallons. When used with 
water, fresh slaked lime should be added to prevent injury to the 
foliage. Smith,’ in 1892, recommended an equal weight, while 
Sirrine, in Bulletin 83 of this Station, reeommends sixteen times 
as much fresh slaked lime by weight, as Paris green, for the purpose 
not only of preventing injury to the foliage by the Paris green, but 
also to make it stick to the foliage more firmly. 

_ Tosacco.— This is frequently used in greenhouses, and some- 
times in gardens in the form of tobacco dust, against soft bodied 
insects like plant lice. The plants are dusted thoroughly with it on 
the first appearence of the insects and before they get established 
on the leaves. As a tea or decoction it is also often used by nursery- 
men against the lice which infest plum, cherry and other nursery 
trees. Tobacco stems, or any other cheap form of tobacco, is 
steeped and to the liquid thus prepared is added whale oil soap at 
the rate of about one pound for from six toeight gallons. Tobacco 
differs much in its strength and before using this preparation of 
whale oil soap and tobacco it should first be tested on the foliage to 
see how strong it may be used without injuring the foliage. No 
other method of determining the best strength at which it may be 
used can be safely followed. The preparation, after being properly 
diluted, is poured into shallow pans and the infested twigs are bent 
over and dipped in it. The lice at first are found chiefly on the 
tender leaves at the growing tip. The leaves soon become curled 
so that it is impossible to hit all insects with a spray and therefore 
dipping seems to be the best remedy in such instances. If careful 
watch is kept for the first appearance of the insects spraying can no 
doubt be used effectively if done promptly and thoroughly. Kero- 
sene emulsion should then be used. It may also be used for dip- 
ping, diluted from twelve to fifteen times. Care should be taken 
that the emulsion is perfectly made and no free oil left floating on 
the surface, or the foliage will be injured by the oil. 

Wuate oi Soar.—This is used in solution chiefly against soft 
bodied insects such as plant lice. It is commonly combined with a 
decoction of tobacco as stated above, at the rate of a pound to about 
eight gallons. When applied alone without the tobacco it is used 
stronger, taking one pound of soap to four or five gallons of water. 


18 Bulletin 86:7, and Annual Report of New Jersey Exp’t Station, 1892 : 403. 


Re Ok 


OF THE 


Peres PA S S15) ANS 


WILLIAM P. WHEELER. 


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Se Wie 


REPORT OF THE FIRST ASSISTANT. 


By WILLIAM P. WHEELER. 


Similar work to that of the preceeding year, has been in charge of 
the first assistant during the year 1895. The-feeding of the dairy 
cattle has been superintended, as have also the feeding experiments 
with poultry and swine. Data concerning the yield and quality of 
crops from the field plats treated with crude chemicals were again 
collected. During the first few months of the year much time was 
spent in attending to part of the routine work connected with the 
general Station management. Some time has been occupied by a 
portion of the large amount of Station correspondence. Almost 
daily attention has necessarily been given to the feeding and care of 
live stock, but several farmer’s meetings were attended, and talks 
given upon subjects relating to poultry keeping. 


Cattle Feeding. 


The coarse foods used during the year for feeding milch cows 
have been, timothy hay, clover hay, mixed hay, mostly timothy 
and clover, corn silage, alfalfa fodder, oat and pea fodder, corn 
fodder, carrots and beets. The grain foods used have been, wheat 
bran, corn meal, wheat middlings, ground oats, linseed meal, O. P., 
cottonseed meal, gluten meal (‘‘ King”) and gluten feed. 

Three times a day, at 5 o’clock a. m., at about 11.30 a. m. and at 
5 o’clock, p. m., some coarse food has been given, either hay, silage 
or green fodder. Some mixed grain has always been fed separately, 
twice a day, morning and night, just before the coarse fodder has 
been weighed out to the cows. Milking has begun at 5 o'clock . 
a.m. and at 5 o’clock p. m. 

During January and February mixed hay was fed morning and 
night, and corn silage at noon. The mixed grain fed consisted of 
four parts wheat bran, two parts linseed meal, O. P., two parts cot- 
tonseed meal, two parts gluten meal and one part wheat middlings. 


392 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


During March timothy hay was fed morning and night, corn 
silage at noon, and a mixed grain, consisting of three parts wheat 
bran, three parts linseed meal, O. P., three parts cottonseed meal, 
three parts gluten meal, and one part each of ground oats, corn meal 
and wheat middlings. 

From April 1st to 15th clover hay was fed at night, corn silage 
morning and noon and a mixed grain containing five parts of wheat 
bran, three parts of linseed meal, O. P., two parts gluten meal, two 
parts corn meal and one part wheat middlings. For the latter half 
of the month carrots were fed in place of the corn silage. 

From May Ist to 15th clover hay was fed at night, corn silage 
morning and noon, and a mixed grain composed of four parts wheat 
bran, two parts cottonseed meal, two parts linseed meal, O. P., one 
part corn meal and one part wheat middlings. For the rest of the 
month alfalfa fodder was fed three times daily and a mixed grain 
composed of four parts wheat bran, three parts corn meal, and one 
part each of cottonseed meal, linseed meal O. P., and wheat 
middlings. 

From June 1st to 15th clover hay was fed at night, alfalfa fodder 
morning and noon. For the latter half of the month alfalfa fodder 
was fed at noon and corn silage morning and night. The grain 
mixture fed during the month was the same as that fed for the 
latter half of May. 

During July oat-and-pea fodder was fed morning and night and 
alfalfa fodder at noon. The grain mixture consisted of five parts 
wheat bran, two parts corn meal, and one part each of wheat 
middlings, cottonseed meal, linseed meal O. P., ground oats and 
gluten feed. 

For August the ration was the same excepting a very slight 
change in the grain, wheat bran being substituted for the one part 
of gluten feed. 

For the month of September the ration was corn fodder morning 
and night, alfalfa fodder at noon and a grain mixture which con- 
tained five parts wheat bran, three parts cottonseed meal, two parts 
linseed meal O. P., and one part each of corn meal, wheat middlings 
and ground oats. 

From the Ist to 15th of October corn fodder was fed three times 
daily. For the rest of the month clover hay was fed at night and 
beets morning and noon. The grain mixture fed throughout the 
month consisted of six parts wheat bran, three parts cottonseed meal, 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 393 


two parts linseed meal O. P., and one part each of wheat middlings 
and ground oats. 

During November corn silage was fed morning and noon, clover 
hay at night and the same grain mixture that was fed in October. 

For December it is intended to feed a ration of corn silage fed 
morning and noon, mixed clover hay fed at night and a grain mix- 
ture of six parts wheat bran, four parts linseed meal, O. P., and one 
part ground oats. 

Cows in approximately the same stage of lactation have been fed 
as nearly alike as possible, but the proportions of the different foods 
were varied somewhat according to the condition, appetite, and age 
of the individual. Two of the cows which are subject to a skin 
disease in hot weather, were fed for grain during the summer 
months a mixture of wheat bran and ground oats. For about six 
weeks or two months before calving, little or no grain has been fed. 
For about a week, sometimes for several weeks after calving, little 
grain other than bran and ground oats has been fed. 


Corn Silage for Milch Cows. 


Silage, especially corn silage, has been fed now for so many years 
by successful farmers, that there is little doubt of this food being 
used to advantage. Feeding experiments made at different Stations 
to determine the value of corn silage as compared with dried corn 
fodder, corn stover, and other foods, especially roots, have shown 
the silage to be not inferior in feeding value. A majority of the 
feeding trials have shown a slight advantage in favor of silage over 
other forms in. which the corn crop is usually fed, and generally 
greater profit in feeding silage than roots. The many inquiries 
however, relating to the value of corn silage, especially for milch 
cows, make it desirable to have as many additional data as possible 
from which to form opinion. 

The results from a number of feeding periods in different years 
when corn silage has constituted part of the rations, have been 
averaged and arranged to show any changes in the yield and compo- 
sition of milk accompanying changes in the food. Most of these 
records which follow have been prepared with the expectation of 
soon issuing them in a bulletin. The results which are reported 
were obtained from cows in the stage of lactation when a fair flow 
of milk of normal composition would be expected, and any general 


394 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THR 


change in the quantity or quality of the milk, besides the gradual 
change as the period of lactation advanced, might be reasonably 
attributed to the influence of the different foods. Individual records 
for each cow were kept, separate analysis of the milk being made. 
Only the average results are here given. As varying amounts of 
milk of differing quality were given by different animals the actual 
weights of the several constituents yielded by each cow were con- 
sidered in determining the average composition of all the milk. 

For the purpose of securing data, cther than those here reported, 
relative to the production of individual cows, it was necessary to 
feed a fairly constant proportion of grain at certain months of lacta- 
tion. On this account no results are here reported that have been 
obtained when coarse fodder only was fed without grain. The 
grain was fed in moderate quantities, but always separately from 
the coarse fodder, so that if any should be left at any time it could 
be weighed. Feeding and milking were arranged as mentioned on 
page 391. The hay and coarse fodders were fed in quantities likely 
to be entirely eaten, but account was kept of any food left. Only 
the weight of food actually consumed is given in the tables. In 
estimating the amounts of digestible constituents in the different 
foods, the average co-efficients of digestibility obtained in digestive 
experiments in this country and Germany were used. Whenever 
enough data were available the American co-efficients were used. 

In ealeulating the cost of the rations, wheat bran was rated at $18 
per ton, corn meal at $20, ground oats at $25, linseed meal, O. P., at 
$27, gluten meal at $25, wheat middlings at $20, cottonseed meal at 
$30, gluten feed at $18, and ground flaxseed at $60 per ton. All 
hay was rated at $10 per ton, corn stover at $6, corn silage at $3, 
clover silage at $3, roots at $3, and all green fodder at $2 per ton. 
These prices are some of them much higher than those at this time 
prevailing, but it is thought better to assume the one valuation for 
any food throughout all the trials extended over portions of four 
seasons- than to attempt to follow fluctuations of market price. 
Enough data are given’ to allow of recalculation, by any who may 
desire, of the cost of rations at other prices for foods than those 
stated. 

Table I gives the results obtained in feeding seven cows from 
November Ist to January 31st. These cows, all young, had been 
in milk on the average 3.9 months at the beginning of this trial, 
and were then of the average age of 2.4 years. 


\ 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 395 


During the month of November clover hay was fed morning and 
night, beets at noon, and a mixed grain (numbered 11) consisting of 
one part each of wheat bran and linseed meal O. P., and five parts 
each of corn meal and ground oats. The grain represented 51.1 
per cent. of the cost of the ration and supplied 44.2 per cent. of the 
total digestible nutrients. The beets represented 17 per cent. of the 
cost of the ration and supplied 15.1 per cent of the total digestible 
nutrients. 

For December mixed clover-and-timothy silage was fed at noon, 
clover hay morning and night and a grain mixture (No. 13) consist- 
ing of two parts wheat bran, four parts ground oats, five parts corn 
meal and one part linseed meal O. P. The grain represented 52.3 
per cent. of the cost of the ration and supplied 43.9 per cent. of the 
total digestible nutrients. The silage represented 15.1 per cent. of 
the cost, and supplied 18.2 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients. 

For the month of January clover hay was fed at noon, corn silage 
morning and night and the same mixed grain that was fed in De- 
cember. The grain represented 51.9 per cent. of the cost of the 
- ration and supplied 43.9 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients, 
The silage represented 27 per cent. of the cost and supplied 31.5 per 
cent. of the total digestible nutrients. 

There was an average gain in live weight per cow for November 
of 12 pounds, an average loss during December of 2 pounds and 
a gain during January of 5 pounds. The greatest daily average 
yield of milk for the first period was 25 pounds and the smallest 
14.8 pounds. The highest average percentage of fat was 6.41 and 
the lowest 3.35. For the second period the extreme average yields 
of milk were 23.4 pounds and 14.5 pounds, and the extremes in 
average percentage of fat 6.19 and 3.25, For the third period the 
extremes in daily average milk yield were 25.5 pounds and 13.8 
pounds, and in average percentage of fat 6.45 and 3.30. 

The change in the food from the first period to the second was 
principally one of clover-and-timothy silage for beets. The change 
in the grain, intentionally very slight, proved on analysis to be con 
siderable. The results for the first period are given here in the 
same table with others for convenience of reference hereafter in 
another connection than that relating to the effects of corn silage. 

In changing from the second period to the third when corn silage 
was substituted for the clover-and-timothy silage and part of the hay 
the cost of the ration was but ‘slightly increased, the amount of 


REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


396 


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397 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


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REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THR 


398 


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New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPPRIMENT STATION. 399 


digestible matter was about the same, the nutritive ratio but a trifle 
wider, and the fuel value not much changed. There followed a 
slight increase in the milk flow, and a slight decrease in the per cent. 
of fat, the amount of fat produced being about the same. No 
change of any consequence occurred in the cost of milk or of fat. 

The composition for each food used during the three months is 
given in the following tabulated form : 


REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THR 


400 


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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 401 


In table II are given the results of a feeding trial with eight cows 
from October 21st to November 30th. The average age of these 
cows was 3.2 years and they had been in milk on the average 9.5 
months at the beginning of this trial. 


From October 21st to 31st, mixed hay was fed three times a day and 
a mixed grain consisting of seven parts wheat bran, five parts ground 
oats, and three parts each of corn meal and linseed meal, O. P. The 
grain represented 44.6 per cent. of the cost of the ration and sup- 
plied 36.1 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients. 


~ From November Ist to 15th corn silage was fed at noon, mixed hay 
morning and night and the same mixed grain. The grain repre- 
sented 47.3 per cent. of the cost of the ration and supplied 35.7 per 
cent. of the total digestible nutrients. The silage represented 13.4 
per cent. of the cost and supplied 22.4 per cent, of the total digest- 
ible nutrients. 


From November 16th to 30th mixed hay was fed at night and corn 
silage morning and noon. The grain was the same as for the preced- 
ing period. The grain represented 51.4 per cent. of the total cost 
and supplied 36.4 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients. The 
silage represented 27.3 per cent. of the cost of the ration and sup- 
plied 42.2 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients. 


In changing from the first period to the second, when corn silage 
was substituted for part of the hay the amount of food digestible re- 
mained the same although the nutritive ratio was made slightly 
wider. The cost of the ration was somewhat lessened. A small in- 
crease in the milk flow and in the per cent. of fat in the milk fol- 
lowed the change and the cost of the milk and of the fat was some- 
what reduced. 

The second change to more silage and less hay made the nutritive 
ratio still wider, due to a lesser amount of protein digestible, there 
being little change in the amount of the other constituents. <A 
somewhat increased flow of milk followed the second change but 
there was a falling off in the per cent. of fat. The lower cost of the 
ration lessened the cost of the milk and fat produced. 

There was considerable gain in live weight during the first period 
and a small average loss during the two following periods. The 

26 


402 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


greatest daily average yield of milk during the first period was 24 
pounds and the smallest 8 pounds. The highest average per centage 
of fat was 6.21 and the lowest 3.05. For the second period the ex- 
tremes in daily average milk yield were 24.8 pounds and 7-7 pounds 
and inper centage of fat 6.51 and 2.96. For the third period the 
extremes in daily average milk yield were 24.3 pounds and 8.5 pounds 
and in per centage of fat 6.38 and 2.82.. 


403 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


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New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 407 


In table III the average results obtained with six cows ‘from 
December 1st to January 31st are given. These cows were of the 
average age of 3.3 years and had beea in milk on the average 9.2 
months at the beginning of the trial. 

During the month of December mixed hay was fed at night, corn 
silage morning and noon, and a mixed grain (No. 23) composed of 
six parts wheat bran, five parts ground oats, two parts linseed meal 
O. P., and two parts cottonseed meal. The grain represented 51.8 
per cent. of the cost of ration and supplied 34.4 per cent. of the total 
nutrients. The silage represented 27.5 per cent. of the cost and sup- 
plied 44.3 per cent. of the nutrients. 

During the month of January corn silage was fed at noon and 
mixed hay morning and night, the mixed grain being the same as 
for the preceding month. The grain represented 51.1 per cent. of 
the cost of the ration, and supplied 36.2 per cent. of the total 
nutrients, the silage representing 15.1 per cent. of the cost and 
supplying 25.9 per cent. of the total nutrients. 

There was an average gain in live weight per cow during Decem- 
ber of 82 pounds, and during January of 13 pounds. After the 
change from the first period when silage was fed twice a day and 
hay once, to the second, when silage was fed but once a day, not 
so much food was eaten, and the amount of dry matter in the food 
consumed was consequently less. The nutritive ratio remained the 
same, and there was no change in the cost of the ration. There 
was considerable decrease in the total amount of constituents digesti- 
ble and the fuel value was lower. The falling off in the milk yield 
was not much more than the normal. The higher percentage of 
fat made the amount produced about the same. There was consid- 
erable increase in the cost of milk, but little in the cost of fat. 

For December the greatest daily average milk yield was 24.2 
pounds and the smallest 9.4 pounds. The highest average per 
centage of fat was 6.27 and the lowest 3.15. For January the ex- 
tremes in daily average milk yield were 20.9 pounds and 8.9 
pounds and in average per centage of fat 6.30 and 3.46. 


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/ 


412 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE . 


In table IV are given the average results obtained in a trial with 
seven cows during February and March. The average age was 3.4 
years and the average time in milk was 5.5 months. 

During February corn silage was fed at noon, mixed hay 
morning and night, and a mixed grain (No. 24) composed 
of seven parts wheat bran, five parts wheat middlings, one 
part linseed meal, O. P. and two parts cottonseed meal. The grain 
represented 45.3 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the silage 16 
per cent. The grain supplied 35.0 per cent. of the nutritive sub- 
Stance and the silage 24.5 per cent. 

In March hay was fed at noon, corn silage morning and night and 
mixed grain the same as before. The grain represented 47.6 per 
cent. of the cost of the food and the silage 32.0 per cent. The grain 
supplied 34.4 per cent. of the total nutritive substance and the silage 
45.7 per cent. There was not much change in live weight during 
the trial, there being an average gain in February of four pounds 
and during March of but one pound. The change in the ration to 
more silage and less hay made but little reduction in the amount of 
dry substance, but there was an increase in the amount of digestible 
matter and the fuel value of the ration became somewhat higher. 
There was no change in the nutritive ratio. The cost of the ration 
was made a trifle less. There followed a falling off in the milk 
yield somewhat less than would be expected from the advance of 
lactation alone, and but very slight increase in the percentage of fat. 
There was little change in the cost of milk and fat produced. 

For the first period the greatest daily average milk yield was 30.1 
pounds, and the smallest 8.8 pounds. The highest average per- 
centage of fat was 6.16 and the lowest 3.03. For the second 
period the extremes in average daily milk yield were 28.1 pounds 
and 8.8 pounds, and in average percentage of fat 6.30 and 3.70. 


sal» al na a cli al tela 


413 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


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EXPERIMENT STATION. 


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REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


416 


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4 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 417 


In table V the data secured in a feeding trial with twelve cows 
during the months of November and December are given. | These 
cows averaged 3.5 years in age, and had been in milk on the 
average 4.4 months at the beginning of the trial. 

There were four periods of feeding, the ration being changed 
three times. The corn silage fed in the first period was replaced by 
a somewhat larger amount of beets in the second. In the third 
period there wasachange of grain, making the nutritive ratio 
narrower, and more beets were fed. In the fourth period corn 
silage was substituted in lesser amount for the beets of the third 
period. Owing toa limited supply of beets, the third period was 
two days shorter than any other. 

From November Ist to 15th, inclusive, mixed hay (mostly 
timothy), was fed at night, and a mixed grain (No. 28) composed 
of five parts wheat bran, three parts ground oats, and two parts each 
of linseed meal O. P., and cottonseed meal. The grain represented 
47.1 per cent of the cost of the ration, and the silage 36.4 per cent. 
The grain supplied 27.7 per cent. of the total nutritive substance, 
and the silage 56.1 per cent. 

From November 16th to November 30th, hay and grain were 
fed as in the preceding period, although in increased amounts, and 
beets were fed morning and noon. The grain represented 43.9 
per cent. of the cost of the ration, and the beets 40.4 per cent. 
The grain supplied 39.7 per cent. of the nutritive substance, and 
the beets 41.1 per cent. 

From December Ist to 13th, inclusive, beets and hay were fed as 
in the preceding period. The grain mixture (No. 29) was com- 
posed of five parts wheat bran, four parts linseed meal O. P. and 
one part each of ground oats, wheat middlings, and cottonseed meal- 
The grain represented 45.6 per cent. of the cost of the ration and 
the beets 38.9 percent. The grain supplied 37.0 per cent. of the 
total nutritive substance and the beets 44.0 per cent. 

From December 14th to 31st hay and grain were fed as during 
the first part of the month, the hay in somewhat smaller amount , 
and corn silage was fed morning and noon. The grain represented 
52.7 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the silage 32.6 per cent. 
The grain supplied 38.9 per cent. of the total nutritive substance 
and the silage supplied 45.0 per cent. 

During the month of November there was an average loss of 7 
pounds in weight and during December an average gain of 48 pounds- 

27 


REPoRT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


418 


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pair alll 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 4921 


: 
‘\ 


After changing from the first period to the second more food was 
eaten but there was less dry matter in the ration. The cost of the 
ration was much increased. There was a smaller amount of digesti- 
ble matter, although there was more digestible protein and the 
nutritive ratio was made narrower. The fuel value of the ration 
was noticeably less. Considerably more than the normal decrease 
in milk flow followed the change in food and the cost of milk and 
fat production was greater. 

For the third period the amount of each food was increased and 
a change in the grain made a narrower nutritive ratio. There was 
an increase in each food constituent and in the fuel value of the 
ration. The cost of the ration was made a little greater. There, 
followed almost no decrease in the milk flow and very slight 
increase in the cost of milk or fat. 

In changing to the fourth period of feeding the cost of the ration 
was much reduced, less grain and coarse food were eaten. Although 
the amount of dry matter in the food was not changed less was 
digestible. The nutritive ratio was a trifle wider and the fuel value 
was lower. There was about the normal falling off in milk, but the 
cost of milk and fat produced was considerably less. 

During the first period the greatest daily average milk yield was 
37.7 pounds, and the smallest 13.2 pounds. The highest average 
percentage of fat was 6.40 and the lowest 2.60. For the second period 
the extremes in daily average milk yield were 3.50 pounds and 12.3 
pounds, and in average percentage of fat 6.48 and 2.75. For the 
third period the extremes in milk yield were 38.9 pounds and 12.5 
pounds, and in average percentage of fat 6.18 and 2.51. For the 
fourth period the extremesin milk yield were 36.8 pounds and 11.8 
pounds, and in average percentage of fat 6.85 and 2.68. 

In the following table is shown the composition of each food. 


REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


422 


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New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 423 


In table VI are given the results of a short feeding trial in June 
with twelve young cows of the average age of 3 years. They had 
been in milk on the average 7.1 months. 

For the first half of the month corn silage was fed in the morn- 
ing, green alfalfa fodder at noon and mixed hay at night. The 
grain fed (No. 17) consisted of four parts wheat bran, four parts 
ground oats, five parts corn meal and two parts gluten meal. The ~ 
grain represented 52.4 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the 
silage and green fodder 24.6 percent. The grain supplied 38.3 per 
cent. of the digestible nutrients and the silage and green fodder 
37.7 per cent. 

For the latter half of the month, alfalfa fodder was fed morning 
and noon and hay at night. The grain was not changed. The 
grain represented 54.5 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the 
green fodder 21.7 per cent. The grain supplied 36.2 per cent. and 
the green fodder 40.9 per cent. of the digestible nutrients. 

During the latter period when alfalfa fodder was substituted for 
the silage, somewhat more food was eaten and there was in conse- 
quence a little more digestible matter. The cost of the ration was 
somewhat lessened. The nutritive ratio was made narrower. There 
was little change in the milk flow but the milk showed a lower per- 
centage of fat. There was little change in the cost of milk and a 
slight increase in the cost of fat. 

There was an average gain in weight of 21 pounds during the 
month. For the first period the greatest daily average milk 
yield was 22.6 pounds and the smallest 11.0 pounds, the highest 
average percentage of fat was 5.71 and the lowest 2.76. For the 
last period the extremes in daily average milk yield were 23.9 
pounds and 10.0 pounds and in average percentage of fat 6.17 
and 2.80. 


REporT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


424 


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428 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


In table VII are recorded the data obtained in a feeding trial ex- 
énding from November 1st to January 31st. The figures show the 
average from six cows 5.1 years old, and 5.7 months in milk on the 
average, November Ist. The beets of the first month’s feeding 
were replaced by corn silage in the second month, and for the third 
month less silage was fed and a change in the grain made. 

For the first month, November, mixed hay was fed at night and 
beets morning and noon. The mixed grain (No. 44) consisted of 
five parts wheat bran, two parts corn meal, two parts gluten meal 
and one part each of ground oats, wheat middlings, linseed meal 
O. P. and cottonseed meal. The grain represented 39.7 per cent. 
of the cost of the ration and the beets 38.9 per cent. The grain 
supplied 34.2 per cent. of the total nutritive substance and the beets 
41.5 per cent. 

For December the same hay and mixed grain were fed and corn 
silage took the place of beets. Of the cost of the ration the grain 
represented 40.2 per cent. and the silage 42.0 per cent. Of the 
total nutritive substance 30.9 per cent. came from the grain and 51.0 
per cent. from the silage. ; 

In January corn silage was fed at noon, mixed hay morning and 
night, and a mixed grain composed of four parts of wheat bran, two 
parts each of linseed meal O. P., cottonseed meal and gluten meal, 
and one part each of corn meal and wheat middlings. The grain 
represented 43.7 per cent. and the silage 22.5 per cent. of the cost 
of the ration. Of the nutritive substance the grain supplied 34.2 
per cent. and the silage 28.9 per cent. 

There was little change in live weight during the first period, the 
average loss in weight per cow being one pound. During the second 
period there was an average gain of 66 pounds, and during the 
last period an average gain of 40 pounds. 

In changing from the first ration to the second there was an 
increase of the total food and of every digestible constituent. The 
nutritive ratio was made wider and the fuel value increased. Less 
hay was eaten and but very little more grain, the change was mostly 
due to a larger amount of silage being eaten than had been of beets. 
‘The cost of the ration was slightly increased. There followed 
a noticeable increase in the milk flow and in the per cent. of fat in 
the milk. The cost of milk was somewhat lessened and also the 
cost of fat. 


——— 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


429 


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REPORT OF THE First ‘ASSISTANT OF THB 


430, 


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ac 


432 Report OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


By a change in the grain for the third period, when less silage 
was fed and more hay, the nutritive ratio was made narrower, alsoa 
little narrower than it had been in the first period. The total dry 
matter in the ration for the third period was no less, but there was 
less digestible matter and a little lower fuel value. The cost of 
the ration was somewhat increased. There was a diminution of the 
milk flow but much less than the normal and the percentage of fat 
was slightly increased. There was a small increase in the cost of 
milk and fat production. 

During November the greatest daily average milk yield was 31.2 
pounds and the smallest 14.9 pounds. The highest average percent- 
age of fat was 5.90 and the lowest 2.75. For December the ex- 
tremes in daily average milk yield were 33.1 pounds and 15.4 
pounds, and the extremes in average percentage of fat 6.15 and 3.00. 
For January the extremes in milk yield were 33.9 pounds and§13.2 
pounds and in percentage of fat 6.40 and 2.85. 

The composition of each food is shown in the following’ table: 


433 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


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434 REPoRT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


The data secured in a feeding trial extending from March 1st to 
May 15th are given in table VIII. The results are from eight cows 
which had been in milk on the average 3.2 months by March 1st 
and averaged 5.2 years of age. There was an increase April Ist 


in the amount of silage that had been fed during March and a ~ 


change in the grain and hay that made a “narrower” ration. A 
second change was made April 15th in which carrots took the place 
of the silage. On May 1st there was a change back to silage with 
some change also in the grain. 

During March corn silage was fed at noon, timothy hay morning 
and night and a mixed grain (No. 46) composed of three parts each 
of wheat bran, linseed meal O. P., cottonseed meal and gluten 
meal, and one part each of ground oats, corn meal and wheat mid- 
dlings. The grain represented 38.6 per cent. of the cost of the 
ration and the silage 25.8 per cent. The grain supplied 24.2 per 
cent. of the nutritive substance and the silage 38.2 per cent. 

From April 1st to 15th corn silage was fed morning and noon, 
and clover hay at night. The grain (No, 47) consisted of five parts 
wheat bran, three parts linseed meal O. P., two parts corn meal, 
two parts gluten meal and one part wheat middlings. Of the cost of 
the ration the grain represented 41.9 per cent. and the silage 40.7 
per cent. Of the total nutritive substance the grain supplied 29.3. 
per cent. and the silage 53.9 per cent. 

For the latter half of April carrots were fed morning and noon, 
clover hay at night, and the same grain mixture fed during the first 
half of the month. Of the cost of the ration the grain represented 
42.8 per cent. and the carrots 38.8 per cent. Of the nutritive sub- 
stance the grain supplied 40.8 per cent. and the carrots 35.0 per cent. 


From May Ist to 15th, inclusive, corn silage was fed morning 


and noon and clover hay at night. The grain mixture (No. 48) con- 
sisted of four parts wheat bran, two parts linseed meal O. P., two 
parts cottonseed meal and one part each of wheat middlings and 
corn meal. Of the cost of the ration the grain represented 43.7 per 
cent. and the silage 37.9 per cent. Of the nutritive substance the 
grain supplied 30.4 per cent. and the silage 50.7 per cent. 

During March there was an average gain in live weight of 29 
pounds. During April there was an average loss of 74 pounds. 
For the last period of the trial the average gain in weight was about 
15 pounds. 


a 


435 


NEw YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


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436 


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punod euo soJ | punod euo 10j | panod euo 103s nsuos pooy peuNsuoo pooy peuNsuod Pooy tod e38s0a8 | oseigae ! pooy = 
POOJ JO480D | POOF JO 4SOH | POOF JO9BOD |” Gorz-1078M | Gey 1oj@M | oadj-10yeM “PICs AW JO 4809 [BIO], 
jo spunog jo spunog jo spunog 
ace 


438 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


At the first change in the ration there was an increase in the total 
food, in the total digestible nutrients, and in the fuel value. The 
nutritive ratio was made narrower and the cost of the ration in- 
creased. There was a slight increase in the milk yield, in the per 
cent. of fat, and also in the cost of milk and fat production. When 
earrots took the place of silage in the ration for the third period, 
there was considerable falling off in the amount of dry matter in 
the food. There was no decrease in the amount of grain or of hay 
fed, and the principal changes in the composition of the ration were 
due to the unwillingness or inability of the cows to eat the quantity 
of carrots desired. There was little decrease in the amount of 
digestible protein although considerable in the amount of every 
other constituent. The fuel value was much lower and the nutritive 
ratio considerably narrower. The cost of the ration was somewhat 
reduced. There was a decided falling off in the milk flow—much 
more than the normal decrease, and the per cent. of each constituent 
in the milk was less. There was an increase in the food cost of 
milk and fat. Less water-free food, however, was consumed for an 
equal production of milk or fat, than during the preceding or follow- 
ing periods. 

For the third period there was a slight change in the make up of 
the grain mixture, but almost none in its chemical composition. 
Corn silage was substituted for the carrots of the preceding period. 
There was an increase in the amount of dry matter in the food and 
in the amount digestible of each constituent. The nutritive ratio 
was made wider and the fuel value much higher. The cost of the 
ration was a trifle lessened. There followed an increase in the milk 
flow with but little change in the composition of the milk. The 
cost of milk was somewhat reduced and also the cost of fat. 

For the first period the greatest daily average milk yield was 39.5 
pounds and the smallest 12.07 pounds. The highest average per- 
centage of fat was 6.32 and the lowest 2.98. For the second period 
the extremes in daily average milk yield were 40.1 pounds and 19.0 
pounds. The extremes in average percentage of fat were 6.00 and 
2.95. For the third period the extremes in average milk yield 
were 34.0 pounds and 17.9 pounds, and in average percentage of fat 
5.70 and 2.95. For the fourth period the extremes in daily average 
milk yield were 29.6 pounds and 18.2 pounds, and in average per- 
centage of fat 5.75 and 2.80. ; 

Each food used had the composition shown in the following table : 


439 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


, 


== a = — 


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“SONVISdAg AUC NI | 


440 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE | 
N “ 


t 


The data for two short periods in October and November which 
show the effect of another change of food from beets to corn silage 
are given in table[X. Eight cows were used that had been in milk 
on the average 7.3 months and were of the average age of 4.8 years. 

During the latter part of October mixed hay was fed at noon, 
beets morning and night, and a mixed grain (No. 35) consisting of 
six parts wheat bran, three parts gluten feed, and one part each of 
corn meal, wheat middlings and linseed meal O. P. The grain 
represented 40.3 per cent. and the beets 43.6 per cent. of the cost of 
the ration. The grain supplied 35.2 per cent. and the beets 46.6 
per cent. of the total digestible nutrients in the ration. Of the ration 
for the rest of the month the nutritive ratio had been the same, the 
same grain and hay had been fed, but green alfalfa and sorghum 
fodder had been fed instead of beets. 

During November corn silage took the place of beets. No change 
was made in the grain or hay. Ofthe cost of the ration, the grain rep- 
resented the same percentage as the silage, that of 41.5. Of the 
total nutrients the grain supplied 35.0 per cent. and the silage 48.0 
per cent. 

By the change from beets to silage the amount of dry matter in 
the food consumed was somewhat increased although there was a 
falling off in the amount digestible. The nutritive ratio was 
made wider and the fuel value somewhat less. The cost of the 
ration was reduced. The diminution in the milk flow following the 
change in the ration was very slight and the per cent. of fat was 
higher. 

The cost of milk and fat production was lessened. There was 
some loss in the live weight during October, and during November 
an average gain of 63 pounds. The greatest daily average milk 
yield for the first mentioned period was 29.5 pounds and the smallest: 
9.5 pounds. The highest average percentage of fat was 6.25 and 
the lowest 2.70. For the last period the extremes in daily average 
milk yield were 29.2 pounds and 12.3 pounds, and in average per- 
centage of fat 6.45 and 3.10. 

In the same table, No. IX, are included for convenience of future 
reference, the data obtained with these same cows for two periods 
immediately preceding those just mentioned. During the month 
of September alfalfa fodder was fed in the morning, mixed hay at 
noon and corn fodder at night. The mixed grain (No. 34) consisted 
of five parts wheat bran, five parts corn meal, four parts gluten meal, 


i 


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REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


442 


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443 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


| 
: are ate | 5 . 5 toh | MolD Ora C = ° 
Lg" LT cg"¢ gg 6h’ BE 1g" L0°1 6G O1°9T (7777 08 “AON, OF T “AON 
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yo spunog jo spunod jo spunog | 
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444 ' REPORT OF THD First ASSISTANT OF THE 


two parts ground oats, and one part each of wheat middlings, lin- 

seed meal O. P., cottonseed meal, and ground flaxseed. The grain 
represented 50.3 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the silage 
32.8 per cent. Of the total digestible nutrients the grain supplied 
30.6 per cent. and the green fodder 55.0 per cent. The extremes 
in daily average milk yield were 31.9 pounds and 17.7 pounds, and 
the extremes in average percentage of fat 5.45 and 2.85. 

For the first twenty days of October alfalfa fodder was fed in the 
the morning, sorghum fodder at night and mixed hay at noon. The 
mixed grain (No. 35) consisted of six parts wheat bran, three parts 
gluten feed and one part each of corn meal, wheat middlings and 
linseed meal O. P. Of the cost of the ration the grain represented 
45.7 per cent. and the green fodder 35.6 per cent. Of the digesti- 
ble constituents the grain supplied 31.2 per cent. and the green 
fodder 52.3 per cent. The extremes in daily average milk yield 
were 30.6 pounds and 14.5 pounds and in average percentage of 
fat 6.10 and 2.80, There was an average gain in live weight during 
September of 18 pounds and an average loss during October of 18 
pounds. 

In the following table is given the composition of each ‘food 
used during the three months: 


445 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


PME erka «fy ape 4) 9) 


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“AONVISHAS AUC NI 


‘saqooud 


446 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE * 


va 


The data for two periods of a feeding trial which show the results. 


accompanying an increase in the amount of silage in the ration, two 
feeds of silage a day and one of hay taking the place of two feeds 
of hay and one of silage, are given in table X. Seven cows were 
used in the trial of the average age of 4.6 yearsand they had been 
in milk on the average 4.2 months. 

From February 16th to 28th, inclusive, corn silage was fed at 
noon, mixed clover hay morning and night and a mixed grain (No. 
37) consisting of six parts wheat bran, five parts gluten feed, two 
parts cottonseed meal and one part linseed meal O. P. Of the cost 
of the ration the grain represented 43.8 per cent. and the silage 24.1 
per cent. Of the nutritive substance the grain supplied 36.7 per 
cent. and the silage 40.9 per cent. 

During March corn silage was fed morning and noon and mixed 
clover hay at night. The grain mixture was the same as during 
February. Of the cost of the ration the grain represented 44.4 per 
cent. and the silage 34.7 per cent. Of the nutritive substance the 
grain supplied 36.7 per cent. and the silage 40.9 per cent. 

By the change in the ration the nutritive ratio was made a trifle 
wider, the fuel value slightly less, the dry matter in the food 
consumed and the amount of digestible nutruients somewhat. less. 
The cost of the ration was reduced. There followed a slight falling 
off in the milk yield, considerably less, however, than might nor- 
mally be expected without change of food. The percentage of fat 
was a trifle lower. Little change occurred in the food cost of milk 
or fat. 

For the month of Febraary there was an average gain in weight 
of about 36 pounds and during March an average gain of about 4 
pounds. From February 16th to 28th the greatest daily average 
milk yield was 43.0 pounds and the smallest 13.7 pounds. The 
highest average percentage of fat was 6.00 and the lowest 2.65. 
During March the extremes in daily average milk yield were 44.0 
pounds and 12.1 pounds and in average percentage of fat 6.25 
and 2.90. 

The data for three periods preceding these two which have just 
been considered, in which the same cows were used, are included in 
the same table for convenience. The results will be referred to in 
some of the following pages. 


447 


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REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


448 


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449 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


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RHPoRT OF THD First ASSISTANT OF THE 


450 


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Ms 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 451 


SumMArRY oF Frepinc Trrats Witrn Corn SILAGE. 


The feeding trials just reported, although some of them for 
periods necessarily rather short, were repeated several seasons and 
the results given are the average from a number of different cows. 
The indications in general given, therefore, of the value of corn 
silage can hardly be considered accidental. 

The following average of all the analyses made of fourteen differ- 
ent lots of corn silage will give an idea of the general composition 
of the silage fed : 


GreCe Mtn O iMlLOUSHULG) 25 Se o1siats wlofaieite Oey sawn se mantels ere ole cin tars Be SH geese 73.66 
emcenteOmas Meuse. 5... sss Sane sos setae Saracannce ace SS 8S et ete cS 1.22 
EE EIC GME MOMs PROUEIN eyo osc Ss cre G in oo Secle Seiceiny een nisintorst Ne Someone ete 2.39 
Hemcenbvom truce alibuminolds ss... scte sass cose scl see eee ees eee eee 1.61 
ereconiter Oly CRUG) fDLG aaac ects a cicrsimiare Seis sec ee cise = ie ee celeron eee 5.31 
RETSC ONG vol: Nn GlOxikaGh seen se = ot nen alee ce ares Soars ee eee hae Pe 16.12 
Pemecentof crude tats) (ether 6xttach)). 42. ts<<26 5-6 ossces 2a acto ceee 1.30 


Corn silage has always been very palatable and has been readily — 
eaten at all seasons of the year, and when Hae in conjunction with * 
many other attractive fodders. 

In determining the cost of milk for purposes of comparison in the 
preceding tables the cost of the food eaten was alone considered. 
The absolute cost of milk or butter production was not given. There 
would be more variation in the net cost due to different conditions 
of keeping the cattle and handling the products than in the gross 
food cost of milk or fat. The manurial values of the foods were 
not taken into account, although under favorable conditions the net 
cost to the farm of milk would be much influenced by the fertiliz- 
ing values of the foods. There would be however, except where 
especial attention is given to careful handling of manure, only a 
small proportion of the total possible amount recovered. There 
were not great variations in the fertilizing values of the different 
rations fed. 

None of the rations fed was extreme. All approximated to those 
that would be generally considered best suited to the foods compos- 
ing them. At no time was silage fed exclusively, one or two feeds 
of silage a day with grain, and generally hay, being given. 

When corn silage replaced some other food or the amount of 
silage in the ration was increased there followed in seven instances 
a decrease in the cost of milk (five times, the decrease was slight) 


452 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


once there was a slight increase in cost and in one instance little 
change. ‘There was an increase in the yield of milk in six instances 
(twice the increase was slight) and in three instances a slight de- 

crease, less than the normal. f 

When the change was from a ration containing corn silage to one 
containing less silage or not any, there followed an increase in the 
cost of milk in four instances and little change once. There was a 
decrease in the milk yield in four instances (once small—less than 
normal) and little change in one instance. 

When corn silage replaced some other food in the ration or the 
amount of silage was increased there followed a decrease in the cost 
of fat in six instances (once but little), a slight increase in cost 
twice and little change in one instance. There was an increase in 
the amount of fat in five instances (three times slight), little change 
in amount three times, and a small decrease once. 

When the change was from a ration containing corn silage to one 
containing less or not any, there followed an increase in the cost of 
fat in five instances (in three of them the increase was small). 
There was a decrease in the amount of fat in three instances and 
little change in amount twice. 

When the change in the ration was to more silage or to silage in 
place of some other food there followed an increase in the per cent. 
of fat in the milk in six instances, (three times the increase was 
slight), a decrease in two instances and little change once. 

After a change from a ration containing corn silage to one con- 
taining less silage or not any, there followed a decrease in the per 
cent. of fat in the milk in two instances, an increase in two in- 
stances (one of them slight), and little change once. 

In general there has been an increase in milk flow accom- 
panying the use of corn silage in the ration and at the same time an 
increase in the amount of fat, the per cent. of fat not diminishing. 
At the valuations for foods given on page 394 milk has very gen- 
erally been produced at lower cost and the cost of the production of 
fat has been lower while corn silage has constituted part of the 
ration. 


Miscetitangous FErepine Trrats. 
Besides those feeding trials just considered in which the results 


accompanying the use of corn silage are especially noticed, it is 
thought well to also report at this time the results obtained in sev- 


— 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 453 


eral other feeding periods. These average data are here given for 
publication in permanent form, so that they may be available for 
future reference in connection with the data of other feeding trials 
found in this and the preceding annual report, when we wish to 
consider the effect of the general composition of the ration on the 
product from milch cows. 

Especial attention is called as in the preceding reports to the rela- 
tive proportions of the total digestible nutrients supplied by the 
green fodders of the ration and by the mixed grains, and also to the 
percentage of the cost of the ration represented. At the prices of 
foods consumed, there has always been a cheaper supply of nutri- 
ment in the green fodder or in silage than in grain. The grain 
usually supplies a larger proportion of protein and when the amount 
of this important constituent is lacking in the coarse food, helps 
adjust the ration to the supposedly proper balance. Alfalfa on oat- 
and-pea fodder contains however as large a proportion of nitrogen- 
ous matter as do ordinary grain mixtures. Equal nutriment is of 
course always supplied in smaller bulk by grain than by tlie coarse 
foods. Owing to the much cheaper supply of nutriment in the 
green fodders it is important to consider any information which 
may help us to determine the relative amounts of grain and coarse 
foods that can be fed to best advantage under different conditions. 
It is expected that the results of future feeding experiments con- 
sidered in connection with the data given in these reports will help 
toward more definite knowledge in this respect. 

The data from a short feeding trial of three periods with young 
cows are given in table XI. The cows were of the average age of 2.3 
years and had been in milk a little over three months when the trial 
began. Hay and mixed grain were fed throughout, but sorghum 
fodder was fed during the first period, corn fodder during the 
second and beets during the third. 

From October 1st to 10th sorghum fodder was fed at noon, clover 
hay morning and night and a mixed grain, No. 11, consisting of five 
parts each of ground oats and corn meal and one part each of wheat 
bran and linseed meal O. P. Of the cost of the ration the grain 
represented 57.6 per cent. and the sorghum 13.9 per cent. Of the 
total digestible nutrients the grain supplied 43.0 per cent. and the 
sorghum 25.5 per cent. From October 11th to 20th corn fodder 
took the place of sorghum in the first ration, otherwise there was no 
change in the food except that somewhat larger quantities of hay 


REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


454 


P°9°T 70 OT LG vl 69° v9°8 GI's 60°6 G8" rE sl ee. Ge Fo ORO GEO) 
8=9"'T GOT 68° FT 68° 10°6 8° 91° L8° OS k= * 0G O SOT a eO0) 
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New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPHRIMENT STATION. 


PFS 16° 9¢° 8h° Sis ¥S°G 80° 0S? Th TS oe age see eh be) OF TG FO 
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jo sooreg | ommwss0 ]wI0L|  [eI04, e1qusesia oAINN 
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Report OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THR 


456 


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jo spunog jo spunog jo spunog 
‘a 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 457 


and grain were eaten. The grain represented 57.3 per cent. of the 
cost and the corn fodder 13.8 per cent. The grain supplied 44.8 
per cent. of the total digestible nutrients and the corn fodder 22.0 
per cent.. For the rest of the month beets were fed in place of corn 
fodder. The beets represented 18.3 per cent. of the cost of the 
ration and the grain 53.1 per cent. The beets supplied 16.5 per 
cent. of the digestible nutrients and the grain 47 per cent. The 
rations for the three periods did not differ much in composition. 
The nutritive ratio for the third period was somewhat narrower 
than for the others. The cost of the ration increased with each 
change. 

There was an average loss in weight during the month of 
about 18 pounds. The greatest daily average milk yield for the 
first period was 25.5 pounds and the smallest 14.2 pounds. The 
highest average percentage of fat was 6.41 and the lowest 3.79. For 
the second period the extremes in daily average milk yield were 
25.5 pounds and 14.1 pounds and in average percentage of fat 5.74 
and 3.33. or the third period the extremes in daily average milk 
yield were 24.6 pounds and 13.5 pounds and in average percentage 
of fat 6.07 and 3.17. 

The following table shows the composition of each food: 


Report OF THE First ‘ASSISTANT OF THE 


458 


60°G 
98° 1 
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8&1 


“qu00 10g 
“0930.1910 
proaranayTy 


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1®30.L 


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(‘yoRayxe 
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ete sale” |. 
. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 459 


In table XII are the data from two feeding periods which show 
the results accompanying a change in the ration from oat-and-pea 
fodder and hay to alfalfa fodder and corn silage, which without 
much other change in the ration considerably widened the nutritive 
ratio. Twelve cows were used of the average age of three years 
They had been in milk on the average about 6.3 months at the be- 
ginning of this trial. 

From July Ist to 15th oat-and-pea fodder was fed morning 
and noon and ciover hay at night. The mixed grain, No. 17, which 
was fed during both periods, consisted of five parts corn meal and 
four parts each of ground oats arid wheat bran. The green fodder 
represented 23.9 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the grain 
52.0 per cent. The green fodder supplied 40.3 per cent. of the 
total digestible nutrients and the grain supplied 37.4 per cent. 

From July 16th to 31st corn silage was fed morning and noon 
and alfalfa fodder at night. The silage and green fodder represented 
44.9 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the grain 55.1 per cent. 
The silage and green fodder supplied 60.4 per cent. of the total 
digestible nutrients and the grain 39.6 per cent. 

There was an average loss in weight per cow of about 4 pounds 
during the month. For the first period the greatest daily aver- 
age yield of milk was 31.1 pounds and the smallest 9.9 pounds. The 
highest average percentage of fat was 5.70 and the lowest 2.30. For 
the second period the extremes in daily average milk yield were 
31.2 pounds and 9.5 pounds, and in average percentage of fat 5.50 
and 2.40. 


Po PT CL 


REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


460 


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RPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


462 


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09° 09°S 
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464. ReEPorT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


In table XIII are given the data for two feeding periods in the 
second of which beets took the place in the ration that alfalfa fod- 
der had in the first, enough change in the grain being made to keep 
the nutritive ratio from becoming unusually wide. In this trial 
seven cows were used, which averaged in age about 5.5 years and 
had been in milk about 5.8 months. 

From October 16th to 31st alfalfa fodder was fed morning and 
noon and mixed timothy hay at night. The mixed grain, No. 43, 
consisted of six parts corn meal, five parts wheat bran and one part 
each of wheat middlings, linseed meal O. P., cottonseed meal and 
gluten feed. The grain represented 44.6 per cent. of the cost of 
the ration and the alfalfa 82.0 per cent. The grain supplied 32.1 
per cent. of the digestible nutrients and the alfalfa 46.8 per cent. — 

From November Ist to November 15th mixed timothy hay was 
fed at night, beets morning and noon and a mixed grain, No. 44, 
composed of five parts wheat bran, two parts corn meal, two parts 
gluten meal and one part each of ground oats, wheat middlings, 
linseed meal O. P. and cottonseed meal. The grain represented 
40.1 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the beets 39.5 per cent. 
The grain supplied 34.6 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients 
and the beets 42.2 per cent. 

The change to beets made a more expensive ration and the efli- 
ciency was not increased. There was a slight average loss in weight 
during both periods. For the first period the greatest daily average 
milk yield was 32.6 pounds and the smallest 17.1 pounds. The 
highest average percentage of fat was 5.60 and the lowest 2.70. 
For the second period the extremes in daily average milk yield were 
30.9 pounds and 15.6 pounds, and in average percentage of fat -6.00 
and 2.60. 


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eon ead ye ; ‘Sq'T ‘Sqr 
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REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THD 


466 


¥6°6 ‘alee ¢8° 68° Fils 66°G 16° [8-6 G9" fae fe ome Gift AON ORT AON 
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SL IG 68°S 
SL OL FL °F 
$7000 ‘sqyua9 


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punod 9uo 103 | punod euo 103 
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jo spunog jo spunog jo spunog 
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‘ 


REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


468 


99° Gee 79 86g | SF Gh1Gr aed PUL ofc 5p ON, ules paxty 
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: O]qe} SULMOT[OF oY} UL UMOYS UOTZISOdUOD OY} PRY, posh SPOOF OIL J, 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 469 


In table XIV are recorded the data of a feeding trial during May 
and June, including four periods of feeding. Seven cows were 
used in this trial of 5.1 years average age. They had been in milk 
on the average about 4.7 months at the beginning. In the second 
period alfalfa fodder took the place of the corn silage and clover 
hay of the first, some change also being made in the grain. In the 
third period hay was again fed in place of some of the green alfalfa, 
and in the fourth period corn silage replaced the hay and part of 
the alfalfa of the ration for the third period. By the first change 
in the ration the nutritive ratio was made narrower. By the 
second change the nutritive ratio was not much affected; but the 
third change was from a “narrower” to a much “ wider” ration, 
with considerable increase in the total food owing to the greater 
palatability of the corn silage over the clover hay. 

From May Ist to 15th corn silage was fed morning and noon and 
clover hay at night. The mixed grain No. 48 consisted of four 
parts wheat bran, two parts linseed meal O. P., two parts cotton- 
seed meal, and one part each of corn meal and wheat middlings. 
The grain represented 43 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the 
silage 38.3 per cent. The grain supplied 29.8 per cent. of the 
digestible nutrients and the silage 51.1 per cent. 

From May 16th to 31st alfalfa fodder was fed three times daily, 
The mixed grain, No. 49, consisted of four parts wheat bran, three 
parts corn meal, and one part each of wheat middlings, linseed meal 
O. P.and cottonseed meal. The grain represented 49.0 per cent. 
of the cost of the ration and the alfalfa 51.0 per cent. The grain 
supplied 36.1 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients and the 
alfalfa 63.9 per cent. 

From June Ist to 15th alfalfa fodder was fed morning and noon 
clover hay at night and the same grain mixture that was used in the 
preceding period. The grain represented 45.2 per cent. of the cost 
of the ration and the alfalfa 35.1 per cent. The grain supplied 
36.3 per cent. of the total digestible nutrients and the green fodder 
47.7 per cent. 

From June 16th to 30th corn silage was fed morning and night 
and alfalfa fodder at noon. No change was made in the grain. The 
grain represented 41.7 per cent. of the cost of the ration and the 
silage and green fodder 58.3 per cent. The grain supplied 26.7 per 
cent. and the silage and green fodder 73.3 per cent. of the total 
digestible nutrients. 


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471 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


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a 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 473 


During May there was an average gain in live weight of 2.3 


_ pounds and during June of 51 pounds. The cost of the ration for 


the second period was less than that of any other, and this ration 
was more efficient than any except that for the last period, when a 
considerably larger amount of food was consumed. There was 
more dry matter in the food eaten when corn silage was fed, and 
the fuel value of the ration correspondingly higher. 

For the first period the greatest daily average yield in milk was 
29.6 pounds and the smallest 18.2 pounds. The highest average 
percentage of fat was 5.35 and the lowest 2.80. For the second 
period the extremes in daily average milk yield were 31.7 pounds 
and 16.4 pounds and the extremes in average percentage of fat 5.30 
and 2.80. For the third period the extremes in daily average milk 
yield were 30.5 pounds and 17.2 pounds and in average percentage 
of fat 5.50 and 3.00. For the third period the extremes in daily 
average milk yield were 32.7 pounds and 17.3 pounds and in aver- 
age percentage of fat 5.60 and 2.75. 

The composition of each food is shown in the following tab- 


ulated form: 


REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


474 


7 


16°G 
69°& 
Lo s1 
GG I 
681 
Soe ~ 
C6" 
68° 


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18301710 
Prourung[ Vy 


96°& 
96°F 
681 
Gor I 
61°G 
gs"s 
Git 
ae 


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“ue80141U 
Te3OL 


“HONVLISAOS AUT NI 


. 


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A Seem Ht O10 HH 


‘quad Idd 
(yoR.193x9 
19199) S9BiT 


¢"9¢ 
0° 6F 
9° 1F 
I 1? 
Gall 
a 
P91 
0°91 


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4oe1yxo 
eety ‘N 


A 


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- 
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QA SH OD r= 


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‘SaO00u4 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 475 


PIG FEEDING. 


Several lots of pigs of different breeds and crosses have, during 
the past two years, been fed under similar conditions from birth. 
They were fed with the sow until they had learned to eat readily 
from a trough. During these two seasons the thoroughbred pigs 
fed were Poland China, Berkshire, Tamworth and Yorkshire, and 
the crossbred pigs were Tamworth-Duroe and Tamworth-Poland 
China. 

Enough pigs have been kept at all times to consume all the skim 
milk from the dairy. Occasionally the supply of skim milk has 
been low, and there has been little to use at times when experiments 
in manufacture of cheese were being made. Generally a liberal 
allowance of skim milk has been fed to the growing pigs and to the 
breeding stock. 

The rations fed were nearly alike for pigs of the same age except 
that the amount of food was varied according to the capacity of 
different lots. For the first four weeks after farrowing and while 
the sow was with the pigs she was fed wheat bran and skim milk. 

After this time a mixture of wheat bran and wheat middlings 
was fed with the skim milk and this ration was continued fora 
short time with the pigs after the sow was removed. Corn meal 
was then added to the mixed grain and a series of grain mixtures 
fed in which the proportion of corn meal was increased as the time 
for marketing approached. The different grain mixtures, numbered 
for convenience 1, 2, 8, 4and 5, were composed by weight as fol- 
lows: No. 1, of equal parts wheat bran and wheat middlings; No. 2, 
equal parts of wheat bran, wheat middlings and corn meal; No. 3, 
four parts corn meal, one part each of wheat bran and wheat mid- 
dlings; No. 4, ten parts corn meal and one part each of wheat bran 
and wheat middlings; No. 5, twenty parts corn meal, two parts 
wheat bran and one part wheat middlings. 

In estimating the cost of food wheat bran was rated at $18 per 
ton, wheat middlings at $20 dollars per ton, corn meal at $20 per 
ton and skim milk at 25 cents per 100 pounds. These prices are 
somewhat higher than would accord with those ruling in the markets 
at the present writing. It is thought better to use these same valua- 
tions, however, as they had been used in estimating the cost of pork 
produced in former feeding trials. The data reported will allow of 
recalculation of cost at any other prices. 


/ 


476 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


The pigs were fed three times a day, about one-third of the daily 
ration being given at each feeding. After one feeding the grain 
and milk intended for the next were mixed and allowed to stand 
for the few hours intervening. Charcoal was fed in small quantity 
once a week, Except in the winter the pigs were allowed the lib- 
erty of small open yards. The pens indoors had wooden floors 
The pigs were generally fed with the sow for about six weeks 


The pigs, and also the sow while with them, were weighed once a 


week. The skim milk and grain were weighed out for each 
feeding. 

The results obtained in the feeding trials are given in accom- 
panying tables averaged in periods of several weeks according to 
the rations fed. There is given for each period the total cost of all 
food consumed for each pound gain in weight made by the pigs. 
Generally there was considerable loss in the weight of the sow 
while suckling the pigs. This would be an immediate loss if the 
sow should be sold, or if kept for breeding would normally be 
restored at an expense of food in excess of that required for main- 


tenance. The food cost of the gain in weight made by the pigs | 


while fed with the sow, making allowance for the cost of restoring 
any weight lost at the same time by the sow, is also given with the 
tabulared data. The average loss in weight by eight of the sows 
was somewhat over 37 pounds, and the average cost of food at the 
prices mentioned, for restoring this weight, was 4.40 cents per 
pound. This was determined by feeding each sow separately after 
she was removed from the pigs. For a few days after removal the 
sow was fed sparingly on mostly dry food, until the secretion of 
milk had about ceased, and then the amount of food was rapidly 
increased. The gain in weight was as a rule made very quickly. 

The first set of tables show the records of pigs fed during the 
summer of 1894. These were Tamworth, Poland China, Tam- 
worth-Duroe cross, Tamworth-Poland China cross, and Berkshire. 
The Berkshire pigs were not farrowed until June, so that they were 
fed for a somewhat shorter time than the others, and during colder 
weather for the last periods of the trial. The pigs of the Tam- 
worth-Duroc cross were farrowed earlier in the spring than the 
others and were fed somewhat longer. The other lots farrowed 
during April were all fed for 196 days. 


a - 
—s nitesnsienimaile 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 477 


The cost of all the food eaten by the pigs of Tamworth-Duroe 
cross made the cost of all the gain for the whole time of feeding 
4.58 cents per pound. Excluding the last period the cost was 4.48 
cents. The cost for the whole time, 196 days, for the Poland China 
pigs was at the rate of 3.78 cents per pound gain; for the Tam- 
worth, 3.63 cents; for the Tamworth-Poland China cross, 3.72 
cents; and during the 186 days that the Berkshire pigs were ee 
3.66 cents per Band gain. 


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480 


481 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


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“AUIHSAAG 


482 


r f 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 483 


The second set of tables give the records of feeding trials of pigs 
for some weeks during the cold weather in the fall and early winter 
months. The pigs were Poland China, Tamworth, Yorkshire, Tam- 
worth-Poland China cross and Tamworth-Duroe cross. Some of the 
Tamworth and Poland China pigs were also fed through the winter, 
and, considering the unusually cold weather of the winter, 
1894-’95, compared favorably with the pigs fed during the summer. 
The Tamworths seemed better able to endure the cold weather how- 
ever. The pens although dry and sheltered were very cold. The 
food cost of all grain for the whole winter was for the Poland China 
pigs 4.22 cents per pound and for the Tamworths 3.95 cents. For 
the first four weeks, while fed with the sow the Yorkshire pigs 
made the most economical growth and the Tamworth the most 
costly. The Tamworth sow however gave very little milk and the 
pigs were at much disadvantage for some weeks on this account. 
For the first month after removal of the sow the Tamworth pig 
made growth at the same cost as the Yorkshire and more rapidly. 
The cost of growth made in the same periods by each of the other 
lots of pigs will be found in the tables. 

The average weight per pig at birth was for the Poland China- 
3.1 pounds; Tamworth-Poland China cross, 2.7 pounds ; Tamworths 
Duroc cross, 2.4 pounds; Tamworth, 2.3 pounds; Yorkshire, 1.9 
pounds. The average weights at different periods of feeding are 
shown in the tables. . 


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REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


486 


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- | 


by New York 


TamwortH—PoLtanp Carina Cross. 


AGRICULTURAL, EXPERIMENT 


ht fed. 


ive weg 


Average per day for each 100 pounds 1 


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*Cost of total gain in weight. 


STATION. 


487 


TamwortH—Duroc Cross. 


Average per day for each 100 pounds live weight fed. 


OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


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* Cost of total gain in weight. 


\ 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 489 


In the third set of four tables are shown the results from feeding 
trials with four lots of pigs made during the past season. The 
cost of all food eaten by the Poland China pigs during the 224 
days for which records are given made the cost of all gain 3.44 
cents per pound. For the Yorkshire pigs during the same period 
the cost of growth was 3.34 cents per pound ;jfor the Tamworths, 
3.81 cents, and for the pigs of Tamworth-Duroce cross, 3.39 cents 
per pound. The cost of growth of pigs during the first month 
while fed with the sow was least {with the Yorkshires. as in the 
tormer trial, and highest with the Tamworths. The growth for the 
first month or so after removal from the sow was at least cost with 
the Poland China pigs. 

The average weight per pig at birth was for the Poland China 
pigs 2.9 pounds; for the Tamworths, 2.6 pounds; for the Tam- 
worth-Duroe cross, 2.2 pounds, and for the Yorkshires, 2.0 pounds. 
The average total gain per pig made during the thirty-two weeks of 
the trial was for the Tamworths a little over 222 pounds; for the 
Tamworth-Duroe cross a little less than 209 pounds; for the Poland 
Chinas nearly 192 pounds, and for the Yorkshires 158 pounds. 

The data for each period of feeding are given in the following 
tables: 


REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


490 


| 
| 
| 


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“pof qybrom avy spunod yoy yeve of hop wad obvuwoay 


"VNIHG) GNVIOT 


491 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


. 


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REporT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


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“pol qybiom oa spunod (ot yove sof hop wad obouoay 
‘AULHSHHO X 


493 


STATION. 


\ 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT 


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| 
| 
| 


“pot qybran aay spunod ot yova sof inp sak obouoay 
‘SSOUL) OOMN(T-HLAOMNY J, 


_——s = 


494 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


POULTRY. 


Experiments in poultry feeding have been continued during the 
past year and records for a breeding experiment continually kept. 


The data obtained in some feeding trials with laying hens will 


probably soon be published in a bulletin, and also the results of 
some feeding trials with chicks and capons. 

A bulletin, in which are recorded some feeding trials made dur- 
ing the preceding year, has been published. The bulletin was as 
follows: 

Among the very many unsettled questions concerning the feed- 
ing of fowls, one of the frequently recurring ones'is that in regard 
to the relative amounts of ground and whole grain that can be fed 
to best advantage. This question is in certain respects so broad 
that carefully kept records of a great many feeding trials in which 
the conditions have been under control must be available before it 
can be restricted to narrow limits. In the belief that they will be of 
use in considering this question and that they may be added to the 
available facts relating to the general subject of poultry feeding, the 
results of one of aseries of feeding experiments being made at this 
Station are published in this bulletin form. 

In this trial fourlots of pullets were used, two of White Leghorns 
and two of Buff Cochins. For convenience they are referred to as 
pens 1, 2, 3and 4. Pens 1 and 2 were Leghorns and pens 3 and 4 
were Cochins.. The two pens of Leghorns each containing at the start 
sixteen pullets, were as nearly alike as it was possible to select them, 
all of the birds being from the same lot of chicks hatched and grown 
at this Station. The two pens of Cochins were also alike, each con- 
taining at the start nine pullets, which were selected from those 
hatched and reared under the same conditions. The Leghorns 
were of a “strain” well recommended as layers, and were vigorous 
and healthy from the shell, so that any insufficient egg production 
can well be attributed to the conditions under which the birds were 
kept and to the food, rather than to inherent lack of laying capacity. 
During the spring months the Cochins, which became broody, were 
allowed to sit on nests or about the floor of the pen at will, no 
attempt being made to break up sitters. 

The records of feeding here given began November 23d. The 
average date of hatching for the Cochins was May 21st, and the 
average date of hatching for the Leghorns was June 15th. There was 


te i all acs ae 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 495 


not opportunity to hatch the chicks earlier in the spring so 


that the pullets were hardly matured enough to lay well during the 
first part of the feeding trial. 

Pens No. 1 and No. 3 were given for the morning feed each day a 
mixture of ground grain moistened. Of this mixed grain which 
was moistened with hot water and fed warm during cold weather, 
and moistened with ordinary water during hot weather,‘all was 
offered that was readily eaten. Later in the any some kind of whole 
grain or cracked corn was fed, scattered in clean straw to induce 
exercise. 

Pens 2 and 4 were fed whole grain of different kinds—the corn 
being cracked. This was scattered in the straw on tight floors and ~ 


_none was left uneaten. 


The fowls in all the pens were fed twice each week all the cut 
bones they would eat. Skim milk was fed to all during part of the 
trial. Green alfalfa or corn silage or soaked, chopped hay was fed 
at noon, the moistened chopped hay being fed warm to pens 1 and 
3. Plenty of limestone grit and oyster shells were kept always in 
each pen. : 

The pens were all in one house separated by partitions, each pen 
having floor space of 10 x 12 feet. The small, open yards attached 
to Nos. 1 and 2 covered about 240 square feet each, and those of 
Nos. 3 and 4 about 160 square feet each. The yards were covered 
with coal ashes. 

Although at the start it was considered best to have a good num- 
ber to average from, it is probable that the sixteen birds in each of 
pens 1 and 2 were too many for best results, for during the winter 
months they were necessarily kept altogether indoors. The average 
floor space per fowl in these pens was less than eight square feet and 
the average space in the open yard about sixteen square feet. The 
only hens at this Station that have laid from ten to twelve dozen 
eggs each per year have had an average of twenty square feet floor 
space in the pen and seventy-five square feet yard space per fowl. 
It is probable that the best results in egg production ean not be 
secured where the space of open run available per hen is much legs 
than seventy-five or one hundred square feet. Fora feeding ex- 
periment, however, in which it is necessary to account for all food 
obtained, it is not possible to allow extended range. Somewhat 
more room than that given to the fowls in this feeding trial would be 
desirable, but no larger yards were available. Under the conditions 


\ 


496 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THB 


of continuous confinement necessary for the whole year, however, 
the ege yields were not too low, and as the conditions for all the pens 
were alike, except the one difference of food, the results are strictly 
comparable. The results from pens 2 and 4 having no grain except 
the dry and unground, can be directly compared with those from 
pens 1 and 3 having all the ground and moistened grain that would 
be eaten at one of two feedings each day. The only limitations 
necessary in conclusions drawn from the comparison are those always 
inherent in any conclusion from a single‘ trial. 

As it was not possible to give the benefit of grass runs, all green 
food had to be fed eut, in troughs. It is fed in this way to some 
disadvantage, for, except at the risk of a large proportion of waste, 
it is difficult to feed as liberally as would be desired at some times 
on account of rapid wilting and drying. Although all the cut bone | 
was fed twice a week that the fowls would eat, the calculated nutri- 
tive ratios?of the rations were wider than desired, but with the 
whole grains obtainable it was not possible to make a narrow grain 
ration for pens,2 and 4. The nutritive ratio of the ration for pens 
1 and 3 was kept about that of the ration for pens 2 and 4, although 
it did usually run somewhat narrower. With the ordinary ayail- 
able, and indeed with almost any whole grain that can be obtained, 
it is not possible to feed a largely grain ration, having a nutritive 
ration so narrow as is by many considered necessary. In order to 
feed a very narrow ration it becomes necessary to use an excessive 
amount of meat or to substitute some of the highly nitrogenous 
grain by-products for part of the whole grain. The necessity, how- 
ever, for a ration so much more nitrogenous than can be had when 
using a good proportion of whole grain is not by any means estab- 
lished, although it seems probable that for laying hens a ration 
somewhat narrower than can be had from whole grain alone is 
essential. 

The mixed grain fed to pens 1 and 3 was made to correspond 
closely to the combination of whole grain being fed at the same 
time to pens 2 and 4. With the exception ofjusing wheat bran and 
middlings instead of ground wheat, the same grains were fed ground 
in the mixture that were fed whole in the contrasted ration 
The ground grain mixture No. 1, fed until January 24th, con. 
sisted of equal parts by weight of wheat bran, wheat middlings, 
corn meal, ground oats and ground barley. The grain mixture 
No. 2, fed from January 24th to July 25th, contained the same 


| | 


f 
oo 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 497 


grains used in No. 1 with ground buckwheat added, equal parts of 
each. The mixture No. 3 consisted of three parts of ground flax- 
seed and one part each of wheat bran, wheat middlings, corn meal, 
ground oats, ground barley and ground buckwheat. The moisture 
in the grain mixtures varied somewhat according to the season, but 
the average per cent. of moisture in mixture No. 1 was 14.5 per 
cent.; in No. 2 until April 25th, 15 per cent.; after April 25th 
9.9 per cent., and in mixture No. 3 10.2 per cent. 

The accompanying table shows the average composition of each 
food. 

32 


REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THE 


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The records of feeding and the results obtained, which follow in 
tabulated form, are calculated, for comparison, to the average per 
fowl in periods of four and five weeks. The whole trial covered a 
period of 357 days, so nearly a year that in discussing the results as 
a whole they are referred to as those for the year. 

The digestibility of the different constituents by fowls not being 
known, the nutritive ratios given are only approximate, but serve 
to show the relative composition of the rations. The actual total 
amounts of the several classes of constituents existing in the 
rations fed at different periods through the year are also given. In 
determining the cost of the rations wheat was rated at the average 
of 57.6 cents per bushel, corn at 50.1 cents, oats at 37.9 cents, bar- 
ley at 61.4 cents, and buckwheat at 56.1 cents per bushel; wheat 
bran at $16 per ton, wheat middlings at $17, corn meal at $19.20, 
ground oats at $24, ground barley at $25.60, ground buckwheat at 
$93.36, alfalfa hay at $9.60, alfalfa forage at $2, and corn silage at 
$3 per ton. Skim milk was rated at 24 cents per 100 pounds, cut 
bone at 80 cents, oyster shells at $1, and stone grit at $1 per 100 
pounds : flaxseed, ground or unground, at 24 cents per pound. 


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512 ' ReEporT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THH 


The mixed ground grain which was fed moistened to the two 
pens constituted on the average for the year 37.2 per cent. of the 
total food excepting skim-milk for pen No. 1, the Leghorns, and 
37 per cent. for pen No. 3, the Cochins. 

The average amount of water-free substance in the food taken per 
day per fowl for the whole year was 2.58 ounces with the pen of 
Leghorns, No. 1, having the moistened ground grain. For the pen | 
No. 2, having only whole grain, the daily average was 2.98 ounces, ; 
an excess in consumption over that of the first lot of 15.5 per cent. | 

For pen No. 1, the cost of food per hen for the year was 72.11 
eents. The average number of eggs was 85.95 and the average 
total weight of eggs 173.45 ounces, each pound of eggs being pro- 
duced at the cost for food of 6.66 cents. One pound of eggs was 
produced for every 5.31 pounds of water-free food consumed. The 
cost of food for every dozen eggs was 10.04 cents. Rating the eggs 
laid during each period at the average wholesale market price for 
the period, the total value of eggs laid per hen was 116.7 cents. 

For pen No. 2 the cost of food per hen was 82.69 cents. The 
average number of eggs was 84.43 and the average total weight 
168.37 ounces, one pound of eggs being produced for every 6.33 
pounds of water-free food consumed. The food cost for each pound 
of eggs was 7.84 cents and the cost per dozen 11.74 cents. The 
average wholesale market value of eggs laid per hen was 117.7 
cents. 

For the pen of Cochins, No. 3, having the moistened grain food, 
the average amount of water-free substance in the food consumed 
per day per fowl for the whole year was 3.28 ounces and for the 
pen No. 4, having whole grain 3.70 ounces, an excess in consump- 
tion by the latter over the former of 12.8 per cent. 

For pen No. 3, the cost of food per hen for the year was 91.85 
cents, the average number of eggs was 59.61 and the average total 
weight of eggs 114.60 ounces, one pound of eggs for every 10.22 
pounds of water-free substance in the food. The average cost of 
each pound of eggs was 12.82 cents and the cost per dozen was 
18.48 cents. The average wholesale market value of eggs pro- 
duced was 84.7 cents. 

For pen No. 4, the cost of food per hen for the year was 105.06 
cents. The average number of eggs was 80.3%, and the average 
total weight of eggs 155.69 ounces, one pound of eggs for every 
8.47 pounds of water-free substance in the food. The food cost of 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 513 


each pound of eggs was 10.79 cents, and the cost per dozen was 
15.70 cents. The average wholesale market value of eggs laid was 
124.56 cents. 

Although all the pens were fed liberally, and had all that was 
needed to satisfy the appetite, the two pens fed the moistened 
ground grain were satisfied with a lesser amount of dry substance 
in the food than the two corresponding pens. The cost of the 
ration containing the ground grain was also less. With the Leg- 
horns the cost of the whole grain ration was 14.7 per cent. the 
greater and with the Cochins 14.4 per cent. the greater. 

The egg yields for the pens of Leghorns were practically alike, 
but the average live weight was nearly all the time greater for the 
pen having the whole grain, except at the start, when the average 
weights were equal. This fairly constant difference in weight, 
however, was not enough to correspond to the difference in amount 
of dry matter in the food eaten, and as it was the more efficient, the 
indications were that the ground grain ration was more fully 
digested than that of whole grain. 

By pen No. 1 one pound of eggs was produced for every 5.31 
pound of water-free substance in the food on the average for the 
year, and by pen No. 2 one pound of eggs for 6.33 pounds of water- 
free substance in the food. For eight weeks during the best part 
of the laying season one pound of eggs was obtained from pen No. 1 
for every 2.72 pounds of water-free food, and, during the same time, 
one pound from pen No. 2 for every 3.57 pounds of water-free 
food. During 119 days, pen No. 1 produced eggs at the rate of one 
pound for every 3.12 pounds of water-free food consumed, and pen 
No. 2 at the rate of one pound for every 3.67 pounds of water-free 
food. There were small losses in live weight with each pen during 
these periods — about equal in amount. For the whole year, how- 
ever, and during shorter periods when the egg yield was greatest, 
pen No. 1 produced eggs from less food than did pen No. 2. The 
market value of eggs for the year from pen No. 1 exceeded the cost 
of food by 61.9 per cent., and the value of eggs from pen No. 2 
exceeded the cost of food by 42.4 per cent. 

With the Cochins, pen No. 3, having the ground grain, gave 
much the poorer egg yield. The egg production for either pen, 
however, was so much below what is possible for the same con- 
sumption of food with the smaller breeds that the relation of food 
eaten to the weig .. of eggs produced by these two pens is a doubt- 

33 


514 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT OF THR 


ful indication of the relative digestibility of the two rations. It is 
possible that the ration fed to No. 3 was a trifle too liberal in amount 
-for fowls of a breed so inactive and liable to excessive fat. During 
the first two months although the dry substance in the ration for 
pen No. 3 was about 22 per cent. less than pen No. 4, the average 
gain in live weight was considerably greater. The average live 
weight was also greater during most of the laying season, but toward 
the end of the year pen No. 4 attained to the highest in average live 
weight. It appears probable that the better results from the 
Cochins having whole grain may be due to the fact that by feeding 
the grain in straw it was possible to insure considerable exercise, 
while in feeding the ground grain ration less opportunity was 
afforded to induce any activity. The more rapid increase in weight 
at the beginning even on less food, seems to show this. 

On the average for the year there were 10.22 pounds of water-free 
substance in the food eaten by pen No. 3 for each pound of eggs laid 
and in the food for No. 4— 8.47 pounds of water-free food for one 
pound of eggs. During the period when the yield of eggs for the 
food consumption was the best, pen No. 3 consumed 5.14 pounds of 
water-free food for each pound of eggs produced and pen No. 4— 
4.61 pounds of water-free food for one pound of eggs. For No. 38 
the market value of the eggs laid was less than the cost of food, 
For No. 4 the market value of the eggs exceeded the cost of the 
food by 18.6 per cent. 

The Cochins are generally classed as indifferent layers and 
with good reason. Narrow confinement, however, affects them 
less unfavorably than it does such breeds as the Leghorn and 
possibly for this reason the one pen of Cochins. No. 4 nearly 
equalled in total average egg production, the pens of Leghorns. 
The average product from the two pens of Cochins was consider- 
ably short of that from the Leghorns, but a comparison between 
the results from the better laying pen of Cochins and the pen of 
Leghorns which was fed a similar ration is of interest as showing 
the relative profits from hens of large and small breeds, when the 
egy yields are about equal, andthe egg yield from the smaller fowls 
does not exceed the usual yield from the larger. This comparison 
is made simply because of the opportunity of comparing the profit 
over food for large and small hens when the egg products are equal 
and the rations alike, and not as a comparison between the breeds, | 
for the necessary conditions were such as to much more unfavorably © 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 515 


affect the Leghorns than the cochins. The pen of Cochins, also, 
which layed the better is compared with the pen of Leghorns which 
gave the poorer egg yield. 

The pen of Cochins had on the average for the year 8.47 pounds 
of dry substance in the food for each pound of eggs laid while the 
Leghorns required only 6.33 pounds of food. The best rate of pro- 
duction for any period made by the Cochins was one pouud of eggs 
for every 4.61 pounds of water-free food, and the best for any period 
made by the Leghorns was one pound of eggs for 3.29 pounds of 
food. The average cost per pound of eggs laid by the Cochins was 
10.79 cents and of those laid by the Leghorns 7.84 cents, the food 
cost of the production being over 37.6 per cent. greater for the 
Cochins. Although the egg yield was somewhat less from the 
Cochins than from the Leghorns, a greater proportion of the total 
product was obtained at the season when prices were better, so that 
the average market value of the product for the year was greater 
with the Cochins and the market value per dozen about 11.4 per cent. 
higher. The excess of market value of eggs over the cost of food 
was 18.6 per cent. for the Cochins and 42.4 per cent. for the Leghorns. 

For the production of eggs only,—considering the cost of 
growing or the purchase price per fowl for two lots of pullets alike 
and the same as their market value, when hens, at the end of the 
year,—the smaller fowls would show the greater profit over the 
cost of food. But taking into consideration the cost of grow- 
ing and the poultry value of the fowls at the end of the year, 
the relation of profit would be different. The average net cost 
per Leghorn pullet, grown in the ordinary way, was a little over 
fourteen cents at the beginning of this feeding trial. The cost of 
eges for hatching and of food for sitting hens made the average 
cost of each chick when hatched 2.15 cents. The average cost of 
food, including the cost of hatching, to grow one pullet and one 
cockerel (the sexes as a rule average about equal in number) until 
the time of separating them was 23.84 cents. The average whole- 
sale market value per cockerel was 24.72 cents. Deducting the 
market value of the cockerel and adding the cost of food per pullet 
from the time of separating the sexes until November 23d, made 
the net cost per pullet under the ordinary practical farm conditions 
14.3 cents. The cost of food for the year made the average net 
outlay per hen 97 cents. The market value of eggs added to the 
poultry value per hen,—three and one-fourth pounds average live 


516 REPORT OF THE First ASSISTANT. 


weight at eight cents per pound,— amounts to 148.7 cents, which 
exceeds the total cost by 48.2% per cent. 

The average cost per Cochin chick when hatched was 3.56 cents. 
The total cost, including hatching, for a pullet and cockerel was 
46.54 cents, and the average wholesale market value of the cockerel 
when the sexes were separated was 54.24 cents. The average total 
net cost per pullet November 23d was 12.9 cents. The cost of food 
for the year made the average net outlay per hen 117.96 cents. 
The market value of the eggs added to the poultry value per hen 
(six and three-fifths pounds average live weight at eight cents per 
pound), amounted to 177.4 cents, an excess over the total cost of 
50.4 per cent. This makes the showing somewhat the more favor- 
able to the larger fowls. In practice the cost of keeping through 
the few last months, including the molting season, would be saved 
and the final poultry value of the hens probably greater, for they 
would be sold earlier in the season. 


SUMMARY. 

1. Two lots of laying hens, of large and small breeds respectively, 
having their grain food only dry and whole, ate more food at 
greater cost per fowl and for the live weight than did two similar 
lots having about 37 per cent. of their grain ground and moistened. 

2. A pen of Leghorns, which had for the year 37 per cent. of 
ther food ground and moistened grain, produced eggs at a greater 
profit than did an exactly similar pen fed whole grain. 

3. Of two like pens of Cochins, the one fed whole grain produced eggs 
at much less cost than did the pens having ground grain, which result 
is attributed partly to the exercise assured in feeding whole grain. 

4, With the kinds of whole grain ordinarily available it is not 
possible to feed a largely grain ration having as narrow a nutritive 
ratio, that is— containing as large a proportion of the nitrogeneous 
food constituents, as is perhaps necessary for best results from lay- 
ing hens. 

5. By using some of the highly nitrogenous by-products with 
ground grain it is possible to feed a somewhat narrow ration with- 
ont feeding an excessive amount of meat. 

&. With hens fed similar rations, when the hens of smaller breeds 

ive only the same egg yield as the hens of larger breeds, the eggs 
are more cheaply produced by the smaller hens; but taking into 
consideration the cost of raising and the ultimate poultry value of the 
hens, the profits will be equal or more favorable for the larger hens. 


Re POR Or THE MYCOLUGIS 


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REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST. 


By F. C. STEWART, M. S. 


During the past year the mycologist has been occupied chiefly 
with the study of carnation rust and methods of combating it. A 
preliminary report upon these investigations will be published in 
bulletin form in the near future. A bulletin on potato diseases is 
also nearly finished. 

Considerable time has been devoted to collecting and mounting 
plants ; both flowering plants and fungi. It is the desire of the 
mycologist to build up the herbarium as rapidly as possible, particu- 
larly in the group of parasitic fungi, 

Addresses were delivered before Farmers’ Institutes at the follow- 
ing places in south-eastern New York: Southampton, Southold, 
Mattituck, Huntington, Mineola, Riverhead, Farmingdale, Jamaica, 
Suffern, Mt, Kisco, Brewster, Newburg, Unionville, Washington- 
ville, New Paltz and Walden. 

The correspondence of the mycologist has not been as large as it 
should have been, It is earnestly requested that farmers report to 
the Station any new plant disease or any unusual outbreak of the 
common plant diseases which may come under their observation, 
All queries will receive prompt and careful attention. 

The following subjects are discussed in this report: 


I, Two Destructive Lily Diseases; 
If. Prevention of Cabbage Club-Root ; 
IIL. Spraying Tomatoes ; 
IV. A Disease of Norway Maples ; 
VY. Witches’ Brooms on Cherry Trees ; 
VI. Observations on Hxobasidium Peckii and Ramularia 
cylindriopsis ; 
VII. Inoculation Experiments with Gymnosporangium ma- 
cropus ; 
VIII. “ Belted” Apples and Pears ; 
IX. A New Leaf-Spot Disease of Apples. 


520 ie REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE || | <1 


I. TWO DESTRUCTIVE LILY DISEASES. 


Soon after my arrival upon Long Island in December, 1894, 
Mr. C. H. Allen, President of the New York Florists’ Club, directed 
my attention to a lily disease which was causing serious trouble to 
lily growers in the vicinity of New York City. The Easter lily, a 
variety of Liliwm longifiorum, Thunb., known to florists as Liliwm 
Harrisvi, suffered most, but L. longiflorum also was slightly 
affected. Visits to various growers showed that the trouble was a 
general one. Florists say that it has been known for several years, 
and that it has been gradually growing worse until at the present 
time it threatens the complete destruction of the Easter lily industry 
unless a remedy can be found. In the green-houses of Mr. James 
Dean, a large grower at Bay Ridge, N. Y., about forty per cent. of 
the plants were ruined and probably not more than five per cent. 
were wholly free from it. That it is also prevalent in Bermuda is 
shown by the reports coming from there, and by eut flowers sent to 
the New York market. However, it is likely that in Bermuda the 
disease is confused with another common one known as the “ Ber- 
muda lily disease,” or “ Ward’s lily disease,’ which is discussed in 
another part of this article. 

The disease under consideration is characterized as follows: Very 
soon after the leaves start, they show blotches and streaks of light 
yellow. As the plant develops, the yellow blotches are gradually 
replaced by numerous small, irregular, dead spots, giving the leat 
the appearance of having been gnawed by small insects. The 
flowers are spotted in the same manner. The whole plant presents 
a sickly, yellowish, rusty appearance, making it unsalable. In many 
cases the plants never flower; in others the flowers are distorted. 
The disease progresses very slowly. The bulb appears to be 
normal, but the tips of the feeding roots are found to be dead. If 
a healthy plant is knocked out of its pot, the ball of dirt appears 
white all over the outside with growing rootlets. A diseased plant 
similarily treated shows very few white rootlets. 

The cause is obscure. A microscopic study of the leaf spots 
shows that they are not insect injuries. The cuticle of the leaf is 
unbroken, and, moreover, no insect is constantly associated with the 
disease. However, it is likely that Aphids are in some cases the 
cause*of the distorted flowers. At the beginning I strongly sus- 
pected that the tronble was due to bacteria. All of the symptoms 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 521 


point to bacteria in the tissues; but the microscope reveals neither 
fungus mycelium nor bacteria in the stem or in the diseased spots 
on the leaves. To determine this, a large number of cultures were 
made of the aerial parts of diseased plants. Lily agar was used as 
a culture medium. Cultures made from leaves and buds developed 
various fungi and bacteria, but no one species appeared constantly. 
Cultures made from the interior of stems of diseased plants either 
developed nothing or only occasional colonies of fungi and bacteria 
admitted by accident. From all this, it appears that the cause is 
not to be found above ground. In an examination of the bulb, the 
first objects to attract the observer’s attention are certain circular, 
depressed spots of brown color. These contain the mycelium of 
some fungus which was not determined. They are not constantly 
associated with the disease and probably have no connection with it. 
Cultures made from the dead root tips developed numerous colonies 
of two species of bacteria: /7rst, A very large, motile, spore- 
producing acillus. A single plant inoculated with this germ 
showed no disease, and it was afterward ascertained that the Bacillus 
is a common one in green-houses, on the roots of carnations, callas, 
dracaenas and other plants, even where no lilies are grown ; Second, 
A small, motile Bacillus. A quantity of this germ was grown in 
sterilized lily juice and an inoculation experiment made. In Mr. 
Dean’s green-house four healthy plants were selected. On April 26 
three of these plants were removed from their pots, and their white 
young roots sprayed thoroughly with the lily juice containing the 
Bacillus. The plants were then returned to the pots and a quantity 
of the lily juice poured around the base of each plant. The fourth 
plant was kept asa check. .As late as June 5 none of the plants 
showed any trace of the disease. Here the investigation was dis- 
continued for the time being. 

Dr. Halsted has reported a lily disease (probably the same) which 
he thinks is due, primarily, to a leaf-attacking fungus belonging to 
the genus Phyllosticta. He also found a species of Vermicularia 
and mites, which he thinks may in some cases account for the loss 
of vigor. I, too, found on the bulbs Vermicularia and mites, but 
by no means constantly and seldom in sufficient numbers to account 
for the damage. 

Some florists maintain? that the disease is due to a loss of vigor 


1 New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Report, 1891, p. 872. ‘ 


2 See discussion in Florists’ Exchange for 1895. 


522 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE 


resulting from the practice in Bermuda of cutting flowers from bulbs 
which are afterwards sent North to be used for winter forcing. 
There is no experimental evidence either for or against this theory, 
but it seems highly improbable that the cutting of the flowers has 
any important bearing on the disease. Nor is it likely that the dis- 
ease is due to faulty cultural methods either here or in Bermuda. 
The history of the disease is opposed to such a view. When the 
cause is accurately determined it will probably be found to be some 
living organism in the soil which prevents the roots from perform- 
ing their proper functions. Upon this hypothesis are based the fol- 
lowing suggestions for treatment: 

First. For potting use soil which has never been used for growing 
lilies or other bulbous plants. 

Second. Previous to potting soak the bulbs one and one-half hours 
in a weak solution of corrosive sublimate, prepared by dissolving 
one and one-half ounces of corrosive sublimate in ten gallons of 
water. This is the treatment recommended by Prof. Bolley for 
potato.scab. It does not appear to injure the plants. 

A second destructive lily disease is the one widely known as the 
“Bermuda lily disease.” This disease attacks several varieties of 
lilies grown in the open air, particularly Lediwm candidum. In all 
parts of the world where Z. candidum is grown, the ‘ Bermuda lily 
disease’ is the most serious drawback to its cultivation. 

It manifests itself as circular or elliptical orange-brown spots on 
the leaves, stem, pedicels and buds. In severe attacks the leaves 
are killed, many of the buds rot and the flowers which open are 
padly disfigured. 

Our knowledge of this disease rests principally upon the investi- 
gations of Prof. H. Marshall Ward*® in England on Lilium candi- 
dum and those of Mr. A. L. Kean * in Bermuda on Lilium Harris. 

These investigators proved beyond all doubt that the disease is 
caused by a parasitic fungus, Botrytis sp. To this same genius 
belong the gray moulds so common on a great many plants, particu- 
sarly green-house plants. 

The fungus consists of vegetative threads (mycelium) which run 
in all directions through the tissues of the plant, and of branched 
spore-stalks (conidiophores) which rise above the surface of the leaf 
and produce at their tips clusters of oval spores. When mature 


3 A lily disease, Annals of Botany, Vol. IT, No. VII, Nov. 1888, p. 319. 
The lily disease in Bermuda, Botanical Gazette, Vol. XV, No. I, January, 1890, p. 8. 


ee 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 523 


these spores may fall upon some part of a lily plant and there germi- 
nate, producing a slender, colorless germ-tube. The tip of the 
germ-tube excretes a soluble ferment which dissolves cellulose and 
thus the fungus easily gains access to the interior of the plant where 
it feeds upon the tissues. 

In the course of its development, the mycelium in places becomes 
twisted into hard, dark, seed-like bodies called sclerotia (sing. 
sclerotium). It is probable, but not demonstrated, that in the fol- 
lowing spring the sclerotia produce, as in certain other species of 
Botrytis, trumpet-shaped bodies bearing on their expanded tips a 
second kind of spores in sacks. It is supposed that the fungus 
passes the winter in the sclerotium condition. 

Although the fungous nature of the disease has been known since 
1888 there has been scarcely any experimentation with remedies. 
Mr. Kean noticed that lilies growing under oleander bushes suf- 
fered less from the disease and hence he suggested as a possible 
remedy, that some other plant with high and spreading foliage be 
planted with the lilies in alternate rows in order to prevent dew 
from collecting on the lilies. An abundance of moisture is required 
for the germination of the Gotrytis spores. I understand that 
some lily growers in Bermuda spray with Bordeaux mixture but I 
think that there are no recorded experiments with this fungicide. 

The following experiments were made at Floral Park, N. Y., on 
the premises of Mr. C. H. Allen. Three species, Zdiwm can- 
didum, L., L. Batemanii and L. speciosum, Thunb., were treated 
with Bordeaux mixture made according to the formula : 


Sul PH ALOKOMCOND Clea etaere spe oer. a eo t= Maso Suicie bc ocimec em oceisee ee aes 6 pounds. 
Te OHIO C heed cease He ats Se Oe ier em Re hers eg Ba EE 4 .s 
[Vwalleujee aster crease ee see See on Re istan ces Scie s ons eleciciecew ae temas aes 45 gallons. 


1. A bed of Lilium candidum lilies sixty feet long and four feet 
wide was divided into two equal parts. One part was untreated ; 
the other was sprayed three times — June 7, June 24 and July 6. 
At the time of the first spraying the disease was already far 
advanced. Half way up the stems the leaves were nearly all dead 
and the remainder badly spotted. At the time of the third spray- 
ing there was scarcely a living leaf to be found on the untreated 
part while on the sprayed part there were still a good many green 

. 


524 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE 


leaves. The disease was slightly checked, About July 20 the 
bulbs were dug and appeared entirely normal but it is likely that. 
they were deficient in starch. 

2, Two other beds of Liliwm candidum of about the same size as. 
the first were sprayed twice — June 24 and July 6. A small adjacent. 
bed, equally diseased, was left as a check. The disease was well 
advanced before spraying was commenced. The sprayed beds 
showed green leaves considerably longer than the check. 

3. Two equal beds of Liliwm Batemanii were selected, Every 
plant showed the disease on nearly every leaf. One bed was un- 
treated; the other was sprayed three times —July 6, July 19 and 
August 2, On August 2 there were 45 live plants on the sprayed 
bed against five live plants on the unsprayed bed, 

4, Three beds of Lilium speciosum, in fairly good health, were 
selected. The leaves showed diseased spots here and there. One- 
half of each bed was sprayed four times, July 19, August 2, 
August 15 and August 27. By September 20 the disease had made 
no advance on two of. the beds since July 19. On the third bed the 
untreated portion was badly diseased, while on the sprayed portion 
the disease had made no advance. 

In none of these experiments did spraying do the plants any 
practical benefit, but in all cases sprayed plants held their foilage a 
little longer than unsprayed, indicating that the disease was checked. 
Had treatment been commenced before the disease had become 
established, the difference between treated and untreated plants 
would undoubtedly have been much greater. It is a general truth 
that preventive treatment is more successful than curative treatment. 
Moreover, the weather from June 27 to August 2 was very wet and 
cloudy, furnishing ideal conditions for the development of the 
fungus, while at the same time the Bordeaux mixture was badly 
washed off. 

From the results of the above experiments it seems likely that the 
following treatment will prove effectual in preventing the Ber- 
muda lily disease : 

Commencing with the appearance of the leaves, spray thoroughly 
with Bordeaux mixture at intervals of ten days or two weeks, until 
the flowers begin to open. With the opening of the flowers spraying 
must be discontinued as it will spot them. 


7] 
a | 


New YORK AGRICULTURE EXPERIMENT STATION. 525 
- * ” oe ret 54 y = - 


——— 


oe 
II. PREVENTION OF CABBAGE CLUB-ROOT. 


The disease of cabbage, cauliflower, etc., known as club-root, is too 
well known to need any description. In all parts of the world 
where cabbage is grown this disease is troublesome, and probably it 
is nowhere worse than in the market-garden region of southeastern 
New York. In different countries it passes under different names. 
Club-root, club-foot and clump-foot are some of the names used in 
America. 

So far as known, it attacks only plants which belong to the 
mustard family, Cruciferae. The cabbage and its varieties (cauli- 
flower, kale, Brussels sprouts and kohl-rabi) and the turnip (Brassica 
rapa) suffer most. In Russia the candytuft (7beris wmbellata) and 
stock (Matthiola incana) are attacked. Dr. Halsted has recently 
shown that the disease sometimes occurs on the radish (eaphanus 
sativus) and the two common weeds, shepherd’s purse (Capsella 
Bursa-pastoris) and hedge mustard (Stsymbrium vulgare). Further 
investigations will probably show that it infests other cruciferous 
plants. 

While everyone is familiar with the appearance of club-root there 
“may be some who do not know its cause. Formerly various theories 
were set forth to account for it. Some claimed that it was due to 
insects, and there are farmers at the present time who believe in the 
insect theory. The true nature of the disease was discovered about 
twenty years ago by a botanist named Woronin. He proved con- 
clusively that the disease is due to a microscopic organism of simple 
organization, which lives within the cells of the cabbage root. This 
minute parasite feeds upon the starch in the root, and by irritating 
the tissues produces the characteristic distortions. Woronin named 
it Plasmodiophora Brassicae.’ It belongs toa group of organisms 
called Myxomycetes or slime moulds, very few of which are para- 
sites. Most of the species inhabit decaying wood. 

As for remedies, it is obvious that no spray or powder or other 
treatment applied to the leaves can do any good whatever. The 
seat of the difficulty is below ground, and no fungicide applied to 
the parts above ground can reach the disease. Of the various sub- 
stances applied to the soil, lime has given the best results, and we 
may consider it established that lime is a preventive of this trouble- 


1 For figures and description see Journal of Mycology, Vol. VII, pp. 79-88. Also, New Jersey 
Agr’! Exp. Sta. Report for 1893, pp. 332-345. 


526 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE 


some disease. A recent experiment? made at the New Jersey Ex- 
periment Station shows that kainit, wood-ashes and gas-lime are 
worthless as preventives of club-root in both turnips and cabbages. 
Moreover, kainit and gas-lime wrought injury to the turnip plants. 
Gas-lime injured cabbages also, but kainit stimulated the growth of 
cabbages. Half-strength Bordeaux mixture and half-strength ammo- 
niacal copper carbonate solution applied to the soil at the rate of 
4,320 gallons per acre of turnips did not prevent club-root nor harm 
the plants; but one-half this amount, viz., 2,160 gallons per acre, 
did serious injury to cabbage and did not prevent club-root. Corrosive 
sublimate solution (one part corrosive sublimate to two thousand 
parts water), applied at the rate of 4,820 gallons per acre, lessened 
the amount of club-root in turnips and did not harm the plants, but 
one-half the quantity of the same solution applied to cabbages seriously 
injured the plants and is therefore not to be recommended, although 
it reduced the amount of club-root. (It appears that the cabbage is 
amore delicate plant than the turnip.) Air-slacked stone-lime gave 
good results with both turnips and cabbages. Seventy-five bushels 
per acre is recommended. One hundred and fifty bushels shghtly 
injured both turnips and cabbages. 

A large grower of cabbage at Bayside, N. Y., Mr. R. E. Forbell, 
has for several years successfully used shell lime as a preventive of 
eabbage club-root. This shell lime is made by burning the shells 
of clams and oysters, and can be bought at the kiln for about seven 
cents per bushel. ; 

While the extended experience of Mr. Forbell had convinced him 
of the efficacy of shell lime, the writer thought to place the matter 
beyond doubt by making an experiment. Accordingly the following 
experiment was planned by the writer and carried out by Mr. Forbell. 


2Mew Jersey Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 108, pp. 6-8. Same in New Jersey Exp. Sta. Report for 1894, 
pp. 278-289. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPBPRIMENT STATION. 527 


11% acres. 


90 bu. shell-lime 


poe}Ber1gun 
‘syuud oLp 


per acre. 


—aseqqvo SMOL fF 


‘stivoqg SMor ¢ ‘svod MOI T 


PLAN OF EXPERIMENT. 


The field selected for the experiment had never before been 
limed. In 1892 it was planted to cabbage; in 1893, to potatoes, 
followed by Siberian kale or “sprouts,” which “clubbed” badly, 
and being very cheap the whole crop was plowed under in the 
spring of 1894; in 1894 the field was planted to sweet corn. 

In March, 1895, Plot A was treated with shell-lime at the rate of 
75 bushels per acre, applied broadcast and the ground plowed. 
About April 15, the ground was plowed a second time and marked. 
On April 29, about fifteen bushels more lime per acre were scattered 
in the row and the plants set. 


Plot C was used as a cheek and left untreated. In order to make 
sure that during cultivation none of the lime from Plot A should 
be carried over to Plot C, a space of four rows was left between the 
two plots. Plot C was planted about May 3, with 472 plants from 
the same seed-bed as the plants used in Plot A. The variety was 
Flat Dutch. 

As the season advanced the plants on Plot A grew vigorously 
and produced an excellent crop. The plants on Plot C showed the 
characteristic “flagging” of the leaves due to club-root and many 
of them died without heading. When harvested in July only 60 
marketable heads could be found. An examination of the roots of 
the plants on the two plots showed that about 90 per cent. of the 
plants on each plot had “clubbed,” but with this difference, how- 
ever: On Plot A the enlargements were found principally on the 


528 REPORT OF THE. MYCOLOGIST OF THE 


small roots, seldom on the main root; while on Plot C the main 
root was generally affected. 

From a practical standpoint the experiment may be summed up 
as follows: On soil treated with 90 bushels of shell-lime per acre 
an excellent crop of cabbage was grown while on soil not limed, 
472 plants produced only 60 marketable heads. 

It is probably best to apply the lime two or three months before 
planting, and where lime is applied two or more years in succession 
it is likely that a smaller quantity will be required with still greater 
success in preventing club-root. 

While experiments show that by the application of lime cabbages 
can be grown year after year on the same ground without serious 
injury from club-root, the practice is not to be recommended. By 
a proper system of crop rotation the same end may be attained 
without the expense of applying lime. The system of rotation 
should be such that neither cabbage nor other cruciferous crops are 
grown on the same ground oftener than once in three years. 

As far as possible all cabbage refuse should be destroyed. Upon 
the decay of the infested cabbage plant there are set free myriads 
of spores which are capable of living in the soil until the following 
spring when they will germinate and attack the next crop of cab- 
bage plants. If cabbage refuse is fed to animals the spores of the 
disease will be carried back to the field in the manure if it is not 
thoroughly rotted. There is a popular belief that hog manure 
causes club-root. Such is not possible, except in cases where the 
hogs have been fed on the refuse of infested plants. 

In this connection I wish to record an observation which indi- 
cates that even the leaves of cabbage may contain the disease in 
considerable quantity. In July, 1894, Mr. Forbell planted a certain 
field of late cabbage. The following winter the trimmings (con- 
sisting of leaves only) of these cabbages were spread over the field 
on which they grew. In the spring of 1895, the field was planted 
to potatoes, and these were followed by Siberian kale or “sprouts.” 
When examined in November 1895, the kale was so badly 
“clubbed” that it was nearly worthless. Mr. Forbell thinks that 
the cabbage leaves are responsible for the severity of the disease. 
He assures me that he has practiced this rotation (cabbage, potatoes, 
kale — applying lime before the cabbage) for several years and has 
never had the kale badly “ clubbed”’ except in this case where cab- 
bage leaves were spread over the ground. The idea that the 


a 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 529 


Plasmodiophora infest the leaves as well as the roots is not a new 
one. Woronin demonstrated it long ago. Our own observations 
show its bearing upon practical agriculture. 

The hot-bed where the seedling plants are grown should receive 
careful attention. In preparing it, no soil should be used which has 
ever grown any of the plants subject to club-root. A small quan- 
tity of air-slacked lime should be mixed with the soil as an addi- 
tional precaution. At time of setting, all plants which show the 
least sign of the disease should be discarded. When once the 
disease has gained entrance into the tissues there is no remedy for it. 


Ill. SPRAYING TOMATOES. 


There are several fungous diseases of field tomatoes. On the 
whole, most damage is perhaps done by “black rot,’’ which attacks 
the fruit; but during the past season on Long Island this disease 
has given less trouble than another one caused by a species of 
Cylindrosporium. Dr. Halsted! reports a Cylindrosporium disease 
of tomatoes as being abundant in New Jersey in 1894. On Long 
Island it has been very common and caused great loss. Both early 
and late tomatoes were attacked. Shortly after the fruit began to 
ripen the leaves turned brown and dried up, as if the plants were 
suffering from lack of water, which could not have been, as there 
was an abundance of rain. It was a frequent sight to see whole 
fields of tomato plants with the foliage nearly all dead while still 
loaded with immature fruit, which would finally take on color, but 
was necessarily of very inferior quality. An examination of the 
diseased leaves showed that very little of the ordinary leaf-blight 
fungus, Macrosporium Solani, E. & M., was present. Occasion- 
ally the cinnamon-brown leaf-mould fungus, Cladosporium fulvum, 
Cke., was found, but the majority of the damage was due to a 
species of Cylindrosporium. This appears to be a new disease 
economically. The “black rot” of the fruit, caused chiefly by 
Macrosporium Tomato, Cke., is a destructive disease, but not as 
common as usual on Long Island the past season. Early tomatoes 
do not suffer to any considerable extent. With late tomatoes it is 
observed that the first fruits to ripen are most subject; also, varie- 
ties differ greatly in their susceptibility to the disease. Those 


1 New Jersey Agr’l Exp. Sta. Report for 1894, p. 361. 


34 


530 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE 


varieties which have a tender skin and show a tendency to crack 
near the blossom end are more likely to be attacked by “ black rot” 
and also by a white mould, Fusariwm. 

Spraying tomatoes has not been practiced to any considerable 
extent, although it is likely that it can be done with profit. Howell? 
in South Carolina and Rolfs? in Florida report excellent results 
from the use of Bordeaux mixture against “black rot.” Howell 
sprayed three times with Bordeaux mixture at intervals of two 
weeks, beginning when the first fruits were three fourths of an inch 
in diameter. On the sprayed plants only 4 per cent. of the fruit 
rotted, while unsprayed plants produced 60 per cent. of rotten 
fruit. Rolfs recommends that the first treatment be made when 
the flower buds begin to form. 

It is not worth while to record in detail our own experiments 
because “ black rot” was almost wholly absent from the field where 
most of the experiments were conducted, The previous year 
tomatoes on this field suffered severely from “ black rot” but curi- 
ously enough the same variety on the same ground the past season 
showed only a trace of the disease. These were medium late 
tomatoes, Very late tomatoes of the variety Stone in another field 
showed considerable rot, It appears that “ black rot” thrives best 
in dry weather, July and August 1894 were dry and “black rot” 
was abundant, In 1895, July and August were wet, July very wet, 
and no “black rot” was to be found on the same field. September 
and October 1895 were dry and the late tomatoes ripening during 
these months rotted considerably, Dr, Halsted’s observation‘ that, 
“the more completely the fruit of a plant was sheltered by the 
foliage the smaller was the percentage of rot,” points in the same 
direction. This is an exception to the general rule that moisture 
favors the development of fungi. 

The very late tomatoes, sprayed three times, August 2, 15 and 27, 
had first fruits two-thirds grown at the latter date. They suffered 
much less from rot than did the unsprayed, In all cases spraying 
was discontinued when the fruit began to ripen. Up to this time 
sprayed plants were much better in foliage than unsprayed, but 
later the Cylindrosporium killed both sprayed and unsprayed. It 
is evident that the Cylindrosporium disease can not be controlled 


2 U.S. Dep’t of Agr., Sec. of Veg. Pathology, Bull. No. 11, 1890, pp. 61-65. 
3 Florida Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 21, 1893. 
4 New Jersey Agr’l Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 108, p, 19. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Bod 


with Bordeaux mixture unless spraying is continued after the fruit 
begins to ripen. It is interesting to note that sprayed plants seemed 
to be very distasteful to the hordes of Colorado potato beetles which 
attacked tomatoes late in the season. The same thing was observed 
where potato plants were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, 
Bordeaux is of more value as a check to insects than is generally 
supposed, 

Between the first appearance of blossoms and the ripening of the 
first fruits, tomato plants grow very rapidly. Therefore, it is 
necessary during this period to spray oftener than is recommended 
for most plants. They should be sprayed at least once in ten days 
in order to keep the foliage well protected. 

There is is no danger whatever in eating tomatoes which have 
been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, but consumers prefer to buy 
clean fruit and run no risk. Hence, tomatoes grown for the market 
should not be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture after they begin to 
ripen. Of course, if necessary, the spots can be removed with a 
cloth moistened with water containing a small amount of vinegar or 
acetic acid. Should it become necessary to spray for the Cylin- 
drosporium disease while the fruit is ripening some fungicide which 
does not spot the fruit must be used. Perhaps ammoniacal copper 
- carbonate solution can be used. 

To state the whole matter briefly : 

1. “ Black rot” of tomatoes is caused chiefly by the fungus, 
Macrosporium Tomato. 

2. It can probably be controlled with Bordeaux mixture. 

3. Beginning when the blossoms appear spray at intervals of ten 
days until the fruit begins to ripen. 

4, “ Black rot” is most severe in dry weather. 

5. A new disease caused by Cylindrosporium sp. has been 
destructive to tomato foliage the past season. 

6. If necessary to spray for Cylindrosporium after the fruit is 
ripe, try ammoniacal copper carbonate solution. 

7. Bordeaux mixture is very distasteful to Colorado potato beetles. 


IV. A DISEASE OF NORWAY MAPLES. 


In July of the past season my attention was called to a disease 
which was injuring Norway maples (Acer — platanoides, L.) at the 
nursery of Isaac Hicks and Son, Westbury, N. Y, In a lot of 


532 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE 


several thousand young trees, from four to six feet in height, scarcely 
a tree could be found but what was more or less diseased. Early in 
July the young leaves on the terminal twigs take on a yellowish- 
green color and then blacken and die at the tips asif slightly frosted. 
Some of the very youngest leaves may be entirely dead. From this 
time on to the end of the growing season the majority of the young 
shoots are killed as fast as they appear. Upon the death of the 
terminal shoot, the two lateral buds (the leaves are opposite) develop 
into shoots each of which after growing a short distance is in its turn 
killed part way back and develops two lateral shoots. By the 
repetition of this process there is formed a compact, much-branched 
“head” which must be pruned away before growth commences the 
following season. 

The cause of the trouble is a fungus, Gleosporium apocryptum, ' 
E, & E., the numerous spores of which appear on the dead shoots 
and on the under surface of the leaves, as a cinnamon-brown powder : 
Another member of the same genus, Gleosporium nervisequum,* 
(I'ckl.) Sace., causes a similar fasciation of the twigs of large syeamore 
trees — a disease exceedingly common in south-eastern New York. 
The maple Gleosporiwm is confined entirely to young trees, and is, 
therefore, troublesome chiefly in nurseries. Rapid growing trees 
appear to be more subject to it than trees making slow growth. 

There is good reason for believing that the disease can be pre- 
vented by spraying with Bordeaux mixture or some of the other 
compounds of copper; but at least three applications would probably 
be necessary and Mr, Hicks is of the opinion that it is less expensive 
to prune away the diseased heads than to spray three times. 


Vv. WITCHES’ BROOMS ON CHERRY TREES.! 


In Europe the cultivated cherries, Prunus Avium and P. Cerasus, 
are attacked by a disease which the Germans call Hexenbesen 
(witches’ brooms). The fungus which causes it is closely related to 
the leaf-curl fungus of the peach. Formerly it was considered to 
be identical with the disease on the peach, but Prof. Sadebeck, in a 
- recent monograph,? makes it a distinct species, giving it the name 
1 Identified by Mr. J. B. Ellis. Described in Journ. of Mycology, Vol. IV, p. 52, 

2 Described and figured in U. S. Dept. of Agr. Report for 1888, p. 3&7. 


1 This article appeared in ‘‘Garden and Forest”’ for July 3, 1895. 
2 Die parasitischen Exoasceen. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 533 


Exoascus Cerasi. Although the English cherry, P. Aviwm, is 
commonly cultivated in the eastern United States, and has been 
thoroughly naturalized, the disease was not observed upon it here 
until Mr. Thomas Meehan reported it from Germantown, Pennsyl- 
vania, in 1886. The specimens which he collected were distributed 
in “North American Fungi,” No. 2286, under the name Hzoascus 
Wiesnert. So far as I can Jearn it has been found upon the culti- 
vated cherry in no other locality in America until I found it this 
spring on Long Island, in five different places, namely ; Queens, 
Westbury, Floral Park, Cutchogue and Flatbush. It appears to be 
widespread on Long Island. 

The disease manifests itself by causing the leaves to become red- 
dish and wrinkled before they attain full size. By May 23 the 
under surfaces of the leaves are covered by a white, mealy layer 
which is composed of the spore sacs (asci) of the fungus. Dr. Rob- 
inson says® that the asci occur on both surfaces, but Prof. Atkinson 
found them only on the under surface in the Germantown speci- 
mens. I have examined a large quantity of the Long Island 
material, and in no case have I found asci on the upper surface. 
After the white layer makes its appearance the leaves dry up and 
fall off in a few days. Later, new leaves come out. The affected 
branches produce no flowers. Where flower-buds should be found 
twigs appear instead, and the repetition of this process brings about 
the “broom.” 

Probably the scarcity of the.disease in America is due to our cli- 
mate being unfavorable to it. Mr. Meehan states that it does not 
seem to spread. This is strange, because, according to Mrs. F. W. 
Patterson, the same fungus occurs in America on Prunus serotina, 
P. Americana, P. Virginiana, P. demissa, P. hortulana and P. 
Pennsylvanica. The form on P. serotina is common, and why 
should it not thrive on P. Aviwm ? 

In case the disease should show a tendency to become trouble- 
some, it could probably be controlled by eutting out and destroying 
the “ brooms” before the spores come to maturity. This can easily 
be done, the diseased twigs being indicated by the red color at least 
a week before the spores mature. 

It should be remembered that the fungus is perennial in the 
twigs, hence the disease may be transmitted by grafts. 


3 Notes on the genus Taphrina, Ann. Bot. I, p. 169, 
4 A Study of North American Parasitic Exoasceae. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State University of 
Iowa, Vol. IL, No. 3, p. 121. 


534 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE 


VI. OBSERVATIONS ON EXOBASIDIUM PECKT, HAIS., | 
AND RAMULARIA CYLINDRIOPSIS, PK., IN HERB. 


Exobasdium is a genus of parasitic fungi which for the most part 
attack plants belonging to the Heath Family, “ricaceae, pro- 
ducing conspicuous enlargements of the branches, leaves or in- 
florescence. The only species of economic importance is Hzobasi- 
dium Vaccini which deforms eranberry plants. This species 
occurs on several other plants of the same family. A few cranber- 
ries are grown in the vicinity of Riverhead and Baiting Hollow, 
Long Island, N. Y., where I have sought for #. Vaccinii the past 
season but failed to find it. 

June 15, 1895, while collecting on Hempstead Plains near West- 
bury Station, N. Y., 1 observed that Andromeda Mariana, the 
“ stagger-bush ” or “ ealf-kill,’ which is very abundant in this 
region, was severely attacked by a fungus which distorted the leaves 
and inflorescence. On the leaves it produced circular, discolored 
areas which were convex above and concave beneath. The spots 
were frequently as much as three-fourths of an inch in diameter, 
yellowish-brown above and powdery-white beneath. The flowers, 
which in the normal condition are bell-shaped and nodding, were 
pertectly upright and showed a decided tendency to split into. 
divisions like a polypetalons flower. The flowers were also much 
enlarged. I collected a quantity of the fungus and sent some to 
Prof. Peck who identified it as Hxobasidium Peckiw, Hals., first 
reported! in 1893 from New Jersey by Dr. Halsted. The chief inter- 
est which attaches to these observations is the discovery that the 
fungus attacks the leaves as well as the inflorescence. Dr. Hal- 
sted says:” ‘This species is remarkable in being confined almost 
entirely to the inflorescence.” From my observations it appears to 
be as abundant on the leaves as on the inflorescence. 

On June 29 while collecting more of the Hvobasidium Peckia, I 
noticed another fungus on Andromeda Mariana. It resembled the 
Exobasidium in giving the under surface of the leaf a white, pow- 
dery appearance, but differed from it in not producing any distortion 
of the leaf. It generally appeared at the base of a leaf, gradually 


1. New Jersey Agr’l Exp. Station Report for 1893, p. 484. Also, Proc. Am. Asso. Adv. of 
Science, 1893. 
Qe.ge: 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 535 


spreading toward the tip, and frequently, young lateral shoots 
would be completely killed by it. Under the microscope it proved 
to be quite different from the Hxobasidium. Prof. Peck, to whom 
it was referred, pronounced it a new species of amularia and 
named it Leamularia cylindriopsis. 


Vil. *INOCULATION EXPERIMENTS WITH GYMNO- 
SPORANGIUM MACROPUS, LK. 


The family of true rusts, Uredinew, is very interesting to the 
mycologist and important to the agriculturist. It contains about 
twenty-seven genera and a multitude of species all of which are 
strict parasites living within the tissues of their hosts. Several of 
the species produce destructive diseases in cultivated plants; as ex- 
amples, note the rust of wheat, oats and other grasses (Puccinia 
graminis, Pers.) , blackberry rust (Caeoma luminatum, Schw.), and 
carnation rust (Uromyces caryophyllinus, (Schrank) Scheeter). 
Thus far, all attempts to cultivate the rusts upon artificial media 
have failed. Consequently, the life histories of. some species are 
imperfectly known. The determination of the life histories of some 
species is made yet more difficult because of the fact that they do 
not complete their development upon a single species of host-plant, 
but inhabit different species at different stages in their development. 
The life history of the common wheat rust, Puccinia gramiis, so 
frequently used to illustrate this peculiarity of rusts, is so familiar 
to readers of botanical literature that it is unnecessary to repeat it 
here. It is sufficient to state that wheat rust has three stages, two of 
which are found upon the wheat or some other grass plant and the 
third upon the common barberry ( Berberis). 

The species of Gymnosporangium belong to this class of pleomor- 
phic rusts. There are two forms, representing two stages in the 
development of the fungus. Until about ten years ago these two 
forms were supposed to be distinct species and were given separate 
names. The Gymnosporangium form (considered to be the higher 
form) inhabits, exclusively, species of the Cupressineac, a group of 
the family of cone-bearing trees, Coniferae. The other form has 
received the name /toestelia. It is found on the apple and allied 
plants belonging to the tribe Pomeae of the family 7osaceae. 


*By F.C. Stewart and G. W. Carver. Read before the Iowa Academy of Sciences, Des 
Moines, fowa, January 2, 1896. 


536 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE 


In the United States there are nine species of Gymnosporan- 
gium. Chiefly through the investigations of Drs. Farlow and 
Thaxter all of them have been connected with their corresponding 
species of L?vestelia. 

Gymnosporangium macropus, Lk., the particular species under 
consideration, is confined exclusively to the red cedar, Juniperus 
Virginiana, L. - Its Roestelia form is known as Leoestelia pirata, 
Thax., and is found on cultivated apple (Pzrus malus, L.), wild 
crab (Pirus coronaria, L.) and Juneberry (Amelanchier). The 
Gymnosporangium may be found in the autumn upon the twigs of 
red cedar where it appears in the form of small brown balls about 
the size of peas. In May of the following spring these balls en- 
large and during rainy weather put out several orange-colored, 
gelatinous horns. At this time the balls are very conspicuous 
objects and are universally known as “cedar apples.” The gelatinous 
horns contain numerous two-celled spores on long pedicels. The 
spores germinate 77 s¢tu, each one producing several minute second- 
ary spores which are readily carried by the wind, When these 
secondary spores chance to-fall upon the leaves of apple or other 
suitable plant, they germinate and enter the tissues. In about three 
weeks, small yellow spots appear on the upper surface of the apple 
leaf. This is the oestelia, and when it is mature the spots will be 
one-fourth to one-half inch in diameter, yellow above and with 
tooth-like projections beneath. Within the projections are formed 
round one-celled spores (aecidiospores) which may be carried to a 
cedar where they will germinate and repeat the life cycle. 

The connection of Gymnosporangium macropus with Loestelia 
pirata has been established beyond question by Dr. Thaxter.t The 
inoculation experiments here reported were not undertaken for the 
purpose of obtaining further information concerning the relation- 
ship existing between the two forms of the fungus, but rather to 
ascertain why the cultivated apple in central Iowa should be free 
from Roestelia. Although the field has been thoroughly canvassed 
nearly every season during the past twenty-five years, no species of 
Roestelia has ever been taken on any variety of cultivated apple in 
the vicinity of Ames, Iowa.1* More than this, repeated efforts to 


1 On certain cultures of Gymnosporangium with notes on their Roesteliae, Am. Acad. Arts 
and Sciences, 1886, p. 259. 

1a Prof. Pammel writes that he has never known or heard of Roestelia on any cultivatep 
variety of apple in Iowa. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 537 


artificially inoculate various varieties of cultivated apples with Gym- 
nosporangium macropus have failed. In the spring of 1886, 
Dr. Halsted 2 inoculated G. macropus on two varieties of cultivated 
apple (Rawles Janet and Talman Sweet), wild erab (Pirus coron- 
aria *), pear, mountain ash, Pirus semipinnata, several species of 
hawthorn and two forms of Juneberry on the grounds of the lowa 
Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa. In no case did /2oestelia appear 
on the cultivated apples. He says:4 “The individual experiments 
numbered among the hundreds, and in every case there was a per- 
fect failure of the Gymnosporangium spores to grow except with 
the crab apple, where the inoculation was most emphatic.” Further 
inoculations were made the following season, 1887. He says: 5 
“ During the present season cultural experiments with the native 
cedar have been carried out by special students. It is an easy 
matter to inoculate the wild crab with this, but only failures have 
attended tests upon other plants.” 

In 1893 Prof. L. H. Pammel* made some inoculation experi- 
ments at Ames. <A tree of the variety Tetofsky had been top- 
worked with Fluke crab, which is an improved variety of Pirus 
coronaria. G. macropus was inoculated upon both parts of the 
tree, on the same day, with the same cedar apple. In due course of 
time, /?oestelia appeared in abundance upon the | luke crab portion 
of the tree, but not a single leaf of the Tetofsky portion was affected. 
Inoculations were also made upon pear, Japan quince (Cydonia 
Japonica), cultivated apple and shadbush (Amelanchier almifolia), 
but these all proved failures. 

The above is, in brief, the history of the experiments at Ames 
previous to 1894. It appears to be well established that at Ames, 
Iowa, the cultivated apple is wholly exempt from the /eoestelia 
disease, which is very abundant and destructive in New England 
and in some of the Southern States. The red cedar does not grow 
spontaneously in Central Iowa, but it is frequently planted. There 
are several specimens in different parts of the Agricultural College 
grounds, some of them standing in close proximity to apple trees. 


2 Bulletin of the Iowa Agricultural College, from the Botanical Department. November, 
1886, pp. 59-64. 

3 Bailey considers the wild Pirus of Iowa to be specifically distinct from P. coronaria. He 
has named it Pirus Ioensis. See L. H. Bailey: Notes from a Garden Herbarium VI; The 
Soulard Crab and its Rise. The American Garden, Vol. XII, p. 469. 

4 l.c. p. 63. 

5 Bulletin from the Botanical Dept. of the Iowa Agricultural College, February, 1888, p. 91. 

6 Diseases of Foliage and Fruit. Report of Iowa State Hort. Soc., Vol. XXVIII, 1893, p. 470, 


588 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE 


Gymnosporangium macropus is fairly abundant, the amount vary- 
ing according to the nature of the season as regards moisture. It is 
usually sufticiently abundant to thoroughly inoculate the wild crab 
trees. There is only one species of Gymnosporangiwm, and only 
one species of Roestelia at Ames. A second species of Gymnospo- 
rangium, G. globosum, Farl., has been found but once by Prof. 
Pammel.? This species occurs in Wisconsin, as indicated by Prof. 
Trelease,? and may be more common in Eastern Iowa. It has not, 
however, been found since, and Prof. Pammel writes us that it may 
have been a chance introduction from material sent to Dr. Halsted. 
So far as we know, only one species of /?oestelia has been found at 
Ames. This fact tends to simplify matters considerably. Were it 
not for the fact that Pirus coronaria is so generally affected with 
Roestelia and so easily inoculated artificially, we would at once con- 
clude that the immunity of the cultivated apple is due to the climatic 
conditions in Iowa being unfavorable to the growth of [oestelia. 
It is well known that the range of some fungi is limited by slight 
differences in climate ; for example, the potato-blight fungus, Phy- 
tophthora infestans, De By., which causes great losses in some parts 
of the United States, has, I believe, never been collected in the state 
of Iowa. The climate there is too dry for it. 

Another way to account for the facts is to suppose that certain 
varieties of apples are not susceptible to the disease. and that only 
non-susceptible varieties are grown at Ames. This theory comes 
nearest to accounting for all of the facts. There are two chief ob- 
jections to it. First, the college orchard contains a large number 
of varieties, and it is a remarkable circumstance that they should all 
be Poestelia-resistant. However, it should be noted that most of 
them are Russian varieties. Second, as a case of varietal differ- 
ences in susceptibility to fungus attacks it is unparalleled. 

In the spring of 1894 we started some inoculation experiments at 
Ames. Péirus coronaria, eleven varieties of cultivated apples and 
the previously mentioned Tetofsky tree top-worked with Fluke 
crab, were inoculated with the native G. macropus and with G. 
macropus from Cambridge, Mass., communicated by Mr. B. M. 
Duggar. All were complete failures. The spring and summer 
were unusually dry. This probably accounts for the failures with 


7 Journal -f Mycology, Vol. VII., p. 102. 
8 A Preliminary List of the Parasitic Fungi of Wisconsin, p. 29. 


six varieties were inoculated with Iowa G. macropus 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 539 


Fluke crab and wild crab. Natural cultures of Roestelia on wild 
crab were rare. 

In the spring of 1895, one of us being on Long Island, N. Y., 
and the other at Ames, Lowa, we again undertook some experiments 
with G. macropus. We will speak first of the experiments on 
Long Island. They were conducted in the nursery of Isaac Hicks 
& Son, at Westbury, N. Y. On May 18, four varieties were inocu- 
lated with New York G. macropus— Yellow Transparent, Red 
Astrachan, Ben Davis and Red Pippin. The first three were two- 
year-old nursery trees; the last was a large tree. Many leaves on 
one tree of each variety were smeared, both sides, with the gela- 
tinous spore-masses of ('. macropus. The results were as follows: 
Yellow Transparent showed no sign whatever of /oestelia. Both 
Red Astrachan and Ben Davis showed yellow spots which appeared 
like the beginning of Poestelia, but none of them developed. Red 
Pippin produced the /oestelia, but. the spores did not mature prop- 
erly and the fungus presented a stunted appearance. On May 24, 
Yellow 
Transparent, Red, Astrachan, Ben Davis, Red Pippin, Maiden’s 
Blush and Wealthy. All were two-year-old nursery trees except 
the Red Pippin. One tree of each was inoculated as before. The 
results were as follows: Yellow Transparent and Red Pippin 


’ showed no signs of /oestelia. Red Astrachan and Ben Davis 


started /oestelia spots which never matured. Maiden’s Blush and 
Wealthy developed numerous /oestelia spots and matured the 
aecidiospores thoroughly. As no bags were used to cover the inocu- 
lated leaves, it can not be said positively that the /oestelia on 
Maiden’s Blush and Wealthy resulted from the lowa @. macropus, 
but the conditions were such as to warrant the above conclusions. 
In the case of Red Pippin, there can be no doubt as to which 
inoculation produced the Povestelia. A large tree which stood at a 
considerable distance from the other inoculated trees, was inocu- 
lated on one side with New York G. macropus and on the other 
side with Iowa G. macropus. The leaves of the branch inoculated 
with New York G@. macropus, and a few other leaves in the imme- 
diate neighborhood, produced Poestelia, while the remainder of the 
tree showed not a Roestelia spot. It is also practically certain that 
all of the oestelia found in connection with these experiments 
was the /?oestelia of G. macropus. Careful search was made in 


540 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE 


Mr. Hicks’ nursery and in orchards at Floral Park and Queens, | 
Long Island, but no /oestelia on cultivated apple was found any- 
where on Long Island during the season of 1895, except at Flush- _ 
ing, where a few specimens were taken by Mr. F. A. Sirrine. . 

The following table presents, in a condensed form, the results of 
the experiments on Long Island: 


541 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 


‘7g AB OpvUr o1OM sndo.opW * BAO] YIM SUOTE|NOOU [TV ‘st AvP opvul o1eM sndosoMW *H *K ‘N WIAA SUOTZB[NOOUT [LV » 


*podojodop [OM BIploay 


*podo[oaep [[o BIPlooy 


‘pedojeaop ATTVIQaegq 
"DYyaisaoy ON 


‘qguomdojeaep IoyJANy ON 
‘yuemdojoaep Ioqyany ON 


‘dopesop of Summuiyu0g 


‘dojoaop 0} Sumutya09 


‘Suteedde vyazsa0ay 
‘Dyajsaoyy ON 


“SOAVOT MOT B UO SJods MOT[OX 
*SOABOT MOT B UO Sgods MOTIOX 


‘sutrvodde pyajsaoiy 


‘Sulmvoedde v19,89007 


DYaj8a0g ON 
019389027 ON 


*PIAIOSGO JON 
*pedrosgo JON 


‘qguourdojoaep 19qjInF ON 
‘yuouldojeaep 1oqgany ON 


7yajsaory ON 
Dya}8a0y ON 


‘TS ysnsny wonlpuop 


‘quotidoTeaep 1oqJaINF ON 
“‘quouldojoAep Jeq4yany ON 


3 0yjaj8a0.y ON 
“pyajsa0y ON 


"6g CUNL WOT}IpUuoD 


‘SOABOT MOF TO SJOdS MOTIOX 
‘SOAVOT MOTB TO Sjods MOT[OX 


“wyons90x ON 
"Yya18sa0y ON 


‘gi eunp woNTpUOD 


*sndouovU *) BAOT 


‘sndowovu *) @ MOT 


‘sndowovu “9H *K'N 
“sndo.oDU *4) GMOT 


“ATITEOM 


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*sndowovue *4) *X “NI 
*sndowonuL *4) BAOT 


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“sndowovu *) VAOT 


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"SNdO.LODU *4) BMOT 


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“ALATYVA 


542 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE 


The experiments at Ames, Iowa, were conducted at the Agri- 
cultural College. May 26, 1896, G. macropus from New York 
was inoculated on Yellow Transparent, Griines’ Golden, Duchess of 
Oldenburg, Whitney’s No. 20 and Purus coronaria. A large 
number of leaves on one tree of each variety were inoculated. In 
each case, some of the leaves were rubbed on both surfaces with the 
moistened cedar-apple horns, while others were inoculated by making 
punctures with a sterilized scalpel. On the same date, other trees 
of the same varieties were inoculated in‘the same manner with 
G. macropus collected in Iowa. All of the inoculations, except. 
those on Pirws coronaria, failed. But the Pirus coronaria trees 
were so completely covered with /2oestelia that scarcely a single 
perfect leaf could be found. What part of this was due to artificial 
inoculation, and what part to natural inoculation, it is impossible to 
say. It simply shows that the season was a favorable one for 
Roestelia. 

The results of our experiments at Ames are entirely in accord 
with those obtained by Dr. Halsted and Prof. Pammel. Taken in 
connection with our experiments on Long Island, they show that 
some varieties (notably Yellow Transparent) are wholly exempt 
from oestelia prrata and that there is good reason for believing 
that the absence of /oestelca from cultivated apples in Lowa is not 
due wholly to unfavorable climatie conditions, but chiefly to the 
fact that the varieties grown there are not susceptible to the disease. 
The severe climate of this section has obliged orchardists to abandon 
all except the most hardy varieties. These are mostly either Russian 
varieties or varieties which have originated in the North-West. How- 
ever, the fact can not be overlooked, that Wealthy, a variety shown 
by our experiments to be very susceptible on Long Island, is fre- 
quently planted in lowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota and is there 
exempt from /?oestelia. We have by no means a complete solution 
of this curious problem. 

In the Long Island experiments it is interesting to note, that 
while some varieties showed themselves wholly exempt and others 
were very susceptible, there were also varieties which presented 
intermediate degrees of susceptibility — Yellow Transparent showed 
no sign of /oestelia; Maiden’s Blush and Wealthy contracted the 
disease readily and matured aecidiospores; on Ben Davis and Red 
Astrachan the Poestelia started to grow but never reached maturity ; 
on Red Pippin only part of the aecidiospores matured. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 543 


There are few fungous diseases of cultivated plants which are 
equally destructive to all of the varieties of the species which they 
attack. Usually some varieties are much more severely attacked 
that are others. Some varieties may be but slightly affected while 
others are ruined. Observant fruit growers know that Flemish 
Beauty “scabs” worse than most other varieties of pears, while the 
fungus which produces the leaf-blight and cracking of the pear 
(Entomosporium maculatum), has a preference for the variety. 
White Doyenné. Wheat growers know that some varieties of wheat 
are more liable to rust than are others. These are but a few examples. 
Many more might be mentioned. In the case of /oestelia pirata, 
this preference for certain varieties is carried to extremes. We 
know of no other fungus which attacks some varieties of a species 
so severely and yet can not even be znoculated upon a large number 
of other varieties of the same species. Carnation rust, U/romyces 
Caryophyllinus, (Schrank) Schroeter, perhaps most nearly 
approaches it. This rust is exceedingly destructive to some varieties 
of carnations, while several other varieties are nearly exempt from its 
attacks. One variety (Wm. Scott) is notably immune. We know 
of but one well authenticated case in which the true rust ( /romyces) 
has been found upon this variety, although we have repeatedly 
observed it growing in green-houses where other varieties were 
badly rusted. 

In the present state of knowledge concerning the conditions of 
parasitism it is impossible to completely explain the immunity of 
varieties. The structure and chemical composition of a variety are 
intimately associated with its susceptibility or non-susceptibility to 
the attacks of a particular fungus; but what is the relative import- 
ance of these or what part is played by the mysterious factor called 
“inherent vigor,’ we do not know. 

In conclusion we will record our observations on the effect of 
moisture on the prevalence of Gymnosporangium and Loestelia. 

In the spring of 1894 G. macropus was fairly abundant at Ames, 
but the spring and summer were very dry, and as a consequence of 
the drought, /2oestelia pirata on Pirus coronaria was rare. As 
previously stated, even attempts at cnoculation of P. cononaria 
failed that season. In the spring of 1895, showers were frequent 
during the month of May. This season /oestelia was so abundant 
on P. coronaria that it was difficult to find leaves which were not 


544 REPORT OF THE MYCOLOGIST OF THE 


affected. Everywhere, the wild crab trees were conspicuous because 
of the /oestelia on their leaves. 

On Long Island, the summer of 1894 was very dry. The red 
cedar grows spontaneously here and is very common. May 15, 
1895, we searched very carefully through a large grove of red cedars 
standing near an orchard and found only three cedar apples. At 
Westbury, N, Y., a red cedar standing in the midst of a nursery, 
bore only ¢wo cedar apples. At Queens, N. Y., three red cedar 
trees grew on one side of a road on the other side of which was an 
orchard, Notasingle cedar apple could be found on the cedars. 


VIII. “ BELTED ” APPLES AND PEARS, 


During the past two seasons, apples and pears in New York State 
have been affected ina peculiar way. Fruits, otherwise perfect, were 
surrounded near the apex by a russet zone. In some cases this zone 
was very narrow, while in others it occupied as much as one-third 
of the entire surface of the fruit ; generally, it extended clear to the 
calyx, but sometimes, (particularly on apples) a small area immedi- 
ately surrounding the calyx retained -—the normal color of the 
fruit. 

By some, the cause thas been attributed to the use of Bordeaux 
mixture, but this theory is shown to be erroneous by the fact 
that the “belted” apples and pears are frequently found in un- 
sprayed orchards. However, it appears probable that, in certain sea- 
sons, spraying with Bordeaux mixture tends to aggravate the 
trouble. Any slight irritation of the skin of apples and pears may 
result in the formation) of russet cork cells. Spraying mixtures 
sometimes furnish ‘the ‘necessary irritation. Beach, ! Green, ? Jones, ° 
Lodeman * and others have observed that russetted fruit may result 
from spraying; but in such, cases the russet blotches are scattered 
irregularly over the surface instead of being arranged in the form of 
a well detined belt, asin the present case. I fully agree with G. 


1 New York Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 84, pp. 24-33. 

2 Ohio Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 48, p. 12; Proc. Western Hort. Soc., 1894, p. 65. 

3 Garden and Forest, Vol. VII, 1894, p. 497. 

4 Garden and Forest, Vol. VII, 1894, p. 456; Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 86, pp. 53 and 62. 
Mr. Lodeman uses the word “rust” to designate this rough, yellow-brown appearance, I 
consider the term objectionable in this connection as it is liable to lead to confusion. ‘‘ Rust’’ 
has long been the common and appropriate name of a fungus disease of pomaceous fruits 
caused by Roestelia spp. 3 


= 


Fic. 2.—From a photograph of the terminal shootof ajoung Norway maple attacke1 by 
Gloeosporium apocryptum. 


Fic. 3.—Shows how the disease begins The terminal twig, A, has been killed; the lateral 
buds, BB, will develop at once. 


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‘Belted ** apples 


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| New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTion. 545 


Harold Powell, who says*: ‘This belt is due to any injury to the 
epidermis of the fruit in its young stage, and is caused by the freez- 
ing of the dew collected on these spaces.” No other explanation so 
completely harmonizes with all of the facts. The belting of apples 
and pears on Long Island this season was probably caused by the 
frost which occurred on the night of May 16. 


IX. A NEW LEAF-SPOT DISEASE OF APPLES. 


When I first came to Long Island the Station Horticulturist, 
Prof. Beach, requested me to watch for a leaf-spot disease of apples 
which he had observed at Westbury, Long Island, in the summer 
of 1894. Early in May, 1895, I found it in abundance in Mr. 
Hicks’ orchard at Westbury and later at various other places on 
Long Island. In Mr. Hicks’ orchard it was so abundant that by 
July 1 some trees were almost completely defoliated.. This indi- 
cates that it may become troublesome. 

The disease appears in the form of circular brown dead spots about 
one-eighth inch in diameter. In the summer of 1894, Prof. Beach 
failed to find on the spots anything which would give him a clue to 
the identity of the fungus, but in 1895 I found it in fruit as early 
as June 29. The month of July, being rainy, was favorable to its 
development and it fruited abundantly. On each spot there appear 
several black specks which, upon examination under the compound 
microscope, prove to be spherical sacs (perithecia) filled with color- 
less, one-celled elliptical spores. These are the characters of the 
genus Phyllosticta. Saccardo has described Phyllosticta pirina 
which occurs on pear and apple foliage. This species, although 
occurring frequently, has seldom been reported as doing damage. 
Alwood' has reported a P/yllosticta, which he doubtfully refers 
to P. pirina, Sace., as doing serious damage to apples in Virginia, 
in the season of 1891. As our PAyllosticta did not agree with the 
characters of P. pirina, I sent specimens of it to Prof. C. H. Peck, 
who replied that it is a new species and that he has given it the 
name Phyllosticta limitata. The spores are longer and larger than 
those of P. pirina. 


5 Garden and Forest, Vol. VIIT, 1895, p. 417. 
1 Virginia Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 17, June, 1892, p. 62. 


> 4 
ov 


546 Report oF Myconoaist or EXPERIMENT STATION. 


Prof. Peck has kindly given me permission to publish his techni- 
eal description of the fungus. It is as follows: 


Phyllosticta limitata, nu. sp. Spotssmall, obricular, commonly one to three lines 
broad, sometimes confluent, brown or reddish-brown, occasionally becoming 
gray or having a grayish center, often sterile, definitely limited and surrounded 
by a narrow, slightly elevated brown or blackish-brown margin, perithecia 
epiphyllous, few, minute, punctiform, black; spores elliptical, .0003 in. long, 
-00016 broad. 

Living leaves of apple tree, Pyrus malus. Westbury, Long Island. June. 
F. C. Stewart. 


The three applications of Bordeaux mixture recommended? for 
apple scab will probably keep the leaf-spot in check. 


2. N. Y. Exp. Sta. No. 86, February, 1895, p. 70. 


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REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


EA bet FT: 


By Vicror H. Lowe, B. S. 


The following is a list of the subjects discussed in this report: 
I, The Oak Seale at Geneva, N. Y. 
II, The White-marked Tussock Moth in Western New York. 
III, The Cotton-wood Leaf Beetle at Liverpool, N. Y. 
IV. The Corn Worm, 
VY. The Striped Cucumber Beetle. 
VI. The New York Plum{Lecanium. 


VII. A Preliminary Report of Experiments with Remedies for 
the Potato Flea Beetle. 


In addition to the work indicated by the above outline, consider- 
able time has been given to answering correspondents. A station 
collection of insects of economic importance is under preparation — 
and has taken a portion of the Entomologist’s time during the 
summer. 

During the past year the Entomologist has been called upon to 
address farmers’ meetings at Southampton, Mattituck, Southold, 
Riverhead, Huntington, Mineola, Jamaica, Farmingdale, Union- 
ville, Washingtonville, Brewsters, Mt. Kisco, and Northville. 


I. The Oak Scale at Geneva, N. Y. 


This insect has been very abundant on oak trees at Geneva dur- 
ing the past season. The writer’s attention was first called to it by 
Mr. C. K. Scoon who had observed the scales in great numbers on a 
row of white oak trees on one of the streets of the village. The trees 
were examined May 28. The first two trees on the north end of 
the row were nearly leafless and apparently dying. They were 
badly infested with the scale from the highest branches to near the 
base of the trunks. The next two trees were apparently succumbing 
to the scale. Most of the lower limbs had not produced leaves and 
some of the smaller branches were dead. All of the remaining trees 
in the row, three or four in number, were infested with the scale but 
to a less extent, the last one the least of all. The lower limbs in 
each case gave evidence of having been infested first. The young 
scales were not observed moving about at this time. 

The accompanying illustration, Fig. 1,.which shows the scales 
natural size, is from a photograph of twigs taken July 3 from an 
oak tree at Geneva, which was infested on nearly all the branches 
and part of the trunk as badly as the twigs in the illustration. The 
tree was destitute of leaves. 

A few infested twigs were sent to Mr. L. O. Howard, Entomolo- 
gist of the United States Department of Agriculture, who replied 
that the scale is a common European species, Asterodiaspis 
quercicola. Inthe same letter Mr. Howard says: “This insect is 
now to be found ina number of localities in the Eastern States, 
and when it occurs abundantly on the trees is a serious enemy.” 

When requested at another time for a remedy for this insect, Mr. 
Marlatt, First Assistant Entomologist, replied in Mr. Howard’s 
absence that the scale may be reached by spraying the trees with 
kerosene emulsion at the ordinary summer strength, one part of 
the emulsion to 7 to 9 parts of water, if applied in the spring or 


~ le = yaa ty lan — 


Fic. 1.—Young willows showing injury from the beetles. 


PLATE I. 


Fic. 2.—Cotton-vood Leaf-beetles (Willow-beetles) and larva; enlarged about four times. 


Fie. 1.— The Oak Scale, Asterodiaspis guericola, Bouché, natural size. 


Fic. 2.— Caterpillar of the white-marked 
Tussoek-moth. (From a drawing by W. P. 
Wheeler.) 


Areas “y 


Report or Enromoxoaists or Exprertmmentr Station. 551 


early summer, while the young scales are hatching. In order to 
make the work thorough, more than one application will be needed 
in most cases, as Mr. Marlatt says that the period during which the 
scales may continue to hatch extends over a considerable time. 

In Insect Life, Vol. VII, p. 120, Mr. Marlatt states that he suc- 
ceeded in killing newly hatched scales of this species with kerosene 
emulsion reduced to one part of the emulsion to thirteen parts of 
water. 


If. The White-marked Turrock Moth, Orgyia 
Leuco-stigma, in Western New York. 


, 


Numerous complaints concerning the depredations of this insect 
in apple-orchards have recently come from fruit-growers in the 
western part of the State, especially from Yates and Ontario 
counties. One fruit-grower in this vicinity reports that 25 per cent. 
of his apple crop has been ruined this year by this insect. The 
injury is done by the caterpillars alone, which feed not only upon 
the foliage but upon the young apples as well. They gnaw into 
the sides of the apples, thus causing them to become withered and 
deformed. 

This destructive caterpillar is very striking in appearance. It is 
quite slender and covered with hairs of various lengths and colors. 
The prevailing color is bright yellow. The head and two tubercle- 
like projections on the back are coral-red. The four tufts of hair 
on the back are white. The two long plumes in front and the one 
at the posterior extremity are black. A broad black stripe runs the 
full length of the back, and on each side is a broader dark brown 
or black one. Along the sides, arranged in two rows, are numerous 
yellow tubercles, from which radiate pale yellow hairs. 

The adult insect isa moth. The female is wingless, light gray in 
color, and if examined soon after she emerges from her cocoon, will 
be found greatly distended with eggs. The males are provided 
with four dark brown wings, marked with a few dark wavy lines 
and a white spot on the inner angle of each anterior wing. Not 
being able to fly, the female clings to the outside of her cocoon, 
upon which she deposits her eggs, fastening them in place by a 
gelatinous frothy mass, which soon becomes hard and_ brittle. 
Usually one or two dead leaves will be found sticking to the mass. 
According to Mr. Saunders, a single female will deposit from 300 
to 500 eggs in one of these masses. 

It is in this state that the insect passes the winter, the eggs lying 
dormant until about the middle of May or first of June, when the 
young caterpillars are hatched. They quickly spread to various 


| 
4 
1 


a 


. 


——— 


“Reportfor Entomo.oaists or ExpERIMENT STATION. 553 


parts of the tree, feeding voraciously on the under sides of the 
leaves, and, as above noted, frequently upon the young apples as 
well. This brood completes its transformation about the first of 
August, and the second brood before the cold winter weather sets in. 

When the caterpillars are established in an orchard, jarring the 
trees is recommended. Mr. C. K. Scoon, of Geneva, N. Y., who 
found them abundant in his plum-orchard last year, kept them in 
check by frequently jarring the trees by a succession of light taps. 
The caterpjllars at first hang suspended by a silk thread, but the 
repeated jars cause them to fall to the ground; or, better yet, a 
eurculio cart may be placed in position in which they could be easily 
captured and killed. In case the curculio carts are not to be had, 
any large sheet spread on the ground under the tree will answer the 
purpose. 

During the winter, a very careful search should be made for the 
egg masses, which, as above noted, will be found attached to the 
empty cocoons which were formerly inhabited by the females. The 
egos may be destroyed by crushing. 

Spraying with arsenites is also recommended, although the grower 
referred to as losing a considerable portion of his apple crop says 
that he sprayed his orchard three times with Paris green, but 
apparently to no effect. This failure may have been due to a lack 
of lime in the mixture, as an excess of lime has a tendency to make 
the poison remain on the leaves. The spraying should be done 
very thoroughly, care being taken to drench the under surface of 
every leaf. The caterpillars are said to be more susceptible to the 
poison when young. 

According to Dr. Lintner, this insect is widely distributed in the 
United States, being found both north and south as far west as the 
Rocky Mountains. It has a large variety of food-plants, but, accord- 
ing to Mr. Saunders, prefers the apple. It is known to frequently 
occur on the plumb, and has been found upon the pear. Professor 
Beaeh, of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, tells me 
that he hasfound it upen the apricot. In some sections of the State 
it is very destrnctive to shade-trees, particularly the elm and maple. 

Fig. 2 represents a caterpillar feeding upon the under surface of 
an apple-leaf. An injured fruit is represented on the left. The 
drawing for the illustration was made by Mr. Wm. P. Wheeler of 
the New York Agricultural Experiment Station [Garden and 
Forest, August 7, 1895]. 


III. The Cottonwood Leaf Beetle at Liverpool, 
as 


During the latter part of May, 1894, Mr. Joseph P. Kennedy, a 
leading willow grower of Liverpool, N. Y., sent us a number of 
these beetles, stating in his accompaning letter that serious injury 
had been done to the willow industry in that vicinity the previous 
season, and as the beetles were again very numerous he feared even 
more serious destruction the coming summer. 

July 5, the writer visited Liverpool, and in company with 
Mr. Kennedy went through some of the infested fields. Although 
the beetles were not as numerous as they had been a few weeks 
previous, their injurious work was apparent on every hand. 

Appearance of the beetles—'The beetles vary in size from three 
to five-eighths of an inch in length and are a little more than half 
as broad as long. Although the markings vary, the head is usually 
black, the thorax has a broad margin on either side of brick red, 
partially interrupted about midway by an obscure black spot. The 
elytra (wing covers) are marked with black and gold, the black 
being in the form of three interrupted lines extending longitudi- 
nally along each elytron. The legs vary in markings, although in 
the average specimens examined they were brick red and black. 
Some of the beetles are very dark in color, the lighter markings 
being almost obscure. Plate 1, fig. 2, represents two of these 
beetles greatly enlarged. 

Injuries to young willows.—The willow growing industry is a 
very important one in the vicinity of Liverpool. About three 
thousand tons are produced there annually and last year the prices 
ranged from $16 to $40 per ton. The willows are cut the third 
year and made into baskets. 

Although the beetles were very numerous last year on old willow 
trees throughout the section around Syracuse, there was probably 
no more damage done by them than to the young willows on the 
willow farms about Liverpool. One willow grower in that vicinity 
who states that his farm usually yields $2,000 worth of willows 


Report OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF EXPERIMENT STATION. 55D 


annually, yielded this year less than $200 worth. This failure he 
says may be due in part to the dry weather of the previous season, 
but very largely to the work of the beetles. The writer saw this 
field and found it no worse infested than other fields in the vicinity. 
A few growers had given up the business and were plowing out their 
willows on aceount of the persistent attacks of the beetles. 

How the damage is done and habits of the insects.—Mr. Kennedy 
tells me that the beetles are first noticed at Liverpool from the 
twertieth of May to the first of June. The willows are then begin- 
ning to get a good start for the summer’s growth. The beetles feed 
toa certain extent upon the leaves, but they seem to prefer the young 
and tender growth at the tips of the willows. These are some- 
times eaten clear off and at others only part way. The tender 
leaves are also eaten. 

Plate 1, Fig. 1,is from a photograph of a bunch of three year old 
willows which have been injured by the beetles. 

This injury to the new growth not only delays the plant but 
causes the young willow to branch. For the purposes for which 
these willows are grown, this is just what is not wanted. The 
willows should be smooth and straight, otherwise they may be of 
little or no value. Hence, at the very beginning of the season, 
thousands of the willows may be made practically useless in a very 
short time, for the beetles work rapidly. 

The eggs for the first brood are laid at this time. They are 
placed on the under sides of the leaves in clusters of twenty-five or 
thirty and resemble in general appearance the common potato 
beetles’ eggs, excepting that they are yellow in color. The time of 
incubation varies with the season, although the eggs are usually 
hatched in two weeks. The young larve are nearly black in color. 
They feed close together at first on the under sides of the leaves 
devouring the cuticle and soft parts leaving only the upper cuticle 
and framework. As they grow larger they separate eating ragged 
holes or consuming the entire leaf with the exception of the larger 
ribs. If irritated the larvze emit a milky substance of strong un- 
pleasant odor from little tubercles along each side of the body. 
They are usually mature in two weeks. 

Plate 1, Fig, 2, on the extreme right represents one of these 
larve greatly enlarged. 

Pupation takes place above ground, the larve merely attaching 
themselves head down to a convenient leaf or twig. The transfor- 


556 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THB 


mation soon takes place, the pupz being retained in the old larval 
skins. Fig 3 is from a photograph, natural size, of anumber of the 
empty pupa cases as they remain attached to the twig or leaf. 
This stage lasts about ten days, 

During the time that this first brood is maturing, the willows are 
said to grow, under favorable circumstances, about one inch per 
day. As soon as the beetles come forth, however, they begin to 
feed on the new growth, thus causing the injury above mentioned. 

There are said to be three annual broods of these beetles in this 
State. They may be found on the willows at Liverpool continu- 
ously until about the first of August and frequently somewhat later. 

Some of the mature beetles hibernate, thus continuing the brood 
over winter. During this time they may usually be found under 
any convienent debris. 

This insect is widely distributed in the United States, In the 
American Entomologist, Vol. III, p. 159, Dr. Riley states that the 
beetle is found in abundance “infesting the leaves of the cotton- 
wood and other species of Populus and of willows throughout the 
west to Colorado and south to Louisiana,” This beetle is scien- 
tifically known as Lina scripta, Fab. 


REMEDIES, 


London purple and Paris green are the remedies most commonly 
recommended for this insect, Either one may be used. London 
purple is somewhat cheaper and remains in suspension in water 
longer than Paris green, In either case lime should be added to 
prevent burning the foliage by the free arsenic which is dissolved 
by the water. The lime should be added in the form of milk of 
lime. One pound of poison to 150 gallons of water is considered 
strong enough for insects of this kind. 

Mr, Kennedy tells me that although he and some of his neighbors 
sprayed thoroughly and persistently with Paris green they were 
unable to keep the insects in check, This was undoubtedly largely 
due to the fact that the mixture does not stick readily to the 
smooth surface of the willow leaf. This defect may be in part 
overcome by adding glucose or molasses to the mixture using about 
one quart to 150 gallons of water. 

Arsenate of lead is another insecticide which may prove effectual 
against this insect. It has been extensively experimented with by 


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New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 557 


the Gipsy Moth Commission. It has also been recommended as a 
remedy for insects of similar habits to the cottonwood leaf beetle. 

In Bulletin 103 of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment 
Station, in connection with a discussion of the elm-leaf beetle, 
Prof. J. B. Smith says of this material: “It is formed by adding 
four ounces arsenate of soda and eleven ounces acetate lead to one 
hundred gallons of water. The chemicals dissolve readily and unite 
to form a white precipitate which is arsenate of lead, and which 
remains in suspension a long time, settling very slowly, and thus 
requiring less stirring than either Paris green or London purple. 
Two quarts of glucose or molasses to one hundred gallons of the 
mixture will add so greatly to its sticking qualities that even a heavy 
shower will not wash it off completely.” If a less amount is 
desired, it may be formed in water by combining three parts of 
arsenate of soda with seven parts of acetate of lead, the chemical 
action which results producing arsenate of lead. The poison may 
then be mixed with water in the proportion required. This insecti- 
cide, when mixed with water in the proper proportions, is applied 
in the form of a spray in the same manner as Paris green. 

In using any of the above insecticides for the cottonwood leaf 
beetle, the first application should be made when the veetles first 
appear in the spring. This should be followed by one or two other 
applications as the occasion demands. 

Catching and killing the beetles and larve has proved a success- 
ful method of combating this insect at Liverpool, N. Y. The 
insects are caught by means of a machine, as shown in Plate II. 
The original, of which the photographs for these plates were taken, 
was made by Mr. Joseph Kennedy of Liverpool. The dimensions 
of the body are as follows: Length, 5 feet; width at the rear end, 
2 feet; front end, 20 inches; depth, 6 inches. The body thus 
forms a shallow tank, which may be lined with tin or zine, and in 
which kerosene oil should be kept while the machine is in use. A 
number of narrow strips are placed longitudinally over the top im 
the manner shown in Plate II, to keep the willows from touching 
the oil. Stout runners fastened to the underside support the 
machine. 

Plate III shows the machine in position ready for use. As it will 
be observed it is made to run between the rows. The long arms which 
extend obliquely from either side, cause the willows to bend over 


558 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF EXPERIMENT STATION. 


and at the same time rub off the beetles and larvee which drop into 
the tank. 

A lighter machine is made after the same general plan for hand 
use. The chief difference in construction between this and the 
horse-power machine is the wheel which is placed in front, after the 
principle of a wheel-barrow. 

These machines are put in use about the first of June and kept 
running while the beetles remain numerous. One grower told me 
that he killed about ten bushels of the beetles on 20 acres of 
willows with one of the hand power machines during the early part 
of the season, and another that he killed three bushels of beetles in 
one day from 18 acres of willows, the same kind of a machine being 
used, Judging from numerous heaps of dead beetles along the 
borders of the fields, these statements were not exaggerated. 

The Beetles on Carolina Poplars at Syracuse —June 20 Messrs. 
Smiths, Powell Co., wrote us that the ‘“ Willow beetles” and grubs 
were attacking a block of Carolina poplars and threatened to ruin 
them, Upon a previous occasion they had used Paris green, London 
purple, kerosene emulsion and lime in an effort to exterminate the 
insects, but all to no avail. The only insecticide which they found 
at all effective was hellebore. 

The writer visited the above nursery July 5 and found that most 
of the grubs had pupated, although both larve and beetles were 
to be found in comparatively small numbers, A block of Norway 
poplars near by was also found infested. 

In the block of Norway poplars, the insects were much more 
numerous on the tender leaves of a few suckers, which had been 
allowed to grow up between the rows, than upon the leaves of the 
young trees themselves, 

The insects were promptly checked in their work by hand picking 
and also by crushing the pupae and grubs. 


IV. The Corn Worm. ' 


(Heliothis armigera Hubn.) 


INTRODUCTION. 


The corn-worm is a well known pest in both north and south. In 
the south it annually does much damage to growing cotton, boring 
into the bolls and causing them to decay. In the north its chief 
food plant is corn. In both north and south truck farmers especially 
suffer from the ravages of this insect, as it feeds readily upon a 
variety of fruits and vegetables, such as tomatoes, potatoes, beans, 
peas, cucumbers, pumpkins, melons, etc., and is especially fond of 
the tenderest varieties of sweet corn. 

In the southeastern portion of this state the corn-worm appears 
to be increasing to an alarming extent and for this reason it is made 
the subject of this article. The great variety of its food plants, 
together with its peculiar habits, make the insect a difficult one to 
handle. Indeed the only remedy that has yet proven practical in 
the north is fall plowing. The reasons why this isso are herewith 
plainly stated, the habits and life history of the insect are given and 
some of the more important plants on which it is known to feed are 
named. Some of the remedial measures that have beon suggested, 
but that are still of doubtful value, are also briefly reviewed. 

Distribution.—The corn worm is known in a considerable portion 
of the United States and in many parts of the world. As would be 
expected from its wide geographical distribution, this insect has a 
large variety of food plants. In the United States its chief food 
plants are two of the great staples of the country, namely cotton and 
corn. In the south it is known as the Cotton Boll-worm. 

Destructiveness—The abundance of this insect varies with the 
season and locality. Dry seasons are considered more favorable to 
its growth and development. Some opinion of the serious nature of 
its attacks upon corn may be formed from the following which is 


560 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


quoted from Dr. C. V. Riley’s Third Missouri Report, page 107: 
“In 1860—the year of the great Kansas drouth—the corn crop in 
that state was almost entirely ruined by the corn worm. According 
to the Prairie Farmer of January 31, 1861, one county there which 
raised 436,000 bushels of corn in 1859 only produced 5,000 bushels 
of poor wormy stuff in 1860, and this, we are told, was a fair sample 
of most of the counties of Kansas.” 

While the injury to the corn crop in New York State has prob- 
ably not been as serious as this, with the possible exception of a few 
localities, yet the damage is annually sufficient to demand the atten- 
tion of growers who wish to make an effort to bring the pest under 
control. Last fall the writer examined several fields of late sweet 
corn on Long Island and, in one case, asmall field where most of 
the ears were examined, found nearly every ear infested, while other 
fields showed at least fifty per cent to be wormy. At one of the 
New York markets last fall, it was found that a large proportion of 
late sweet corn brought in on market wagons showed the effects of 
the work of this pest. 


Lire History anp Hapits as A Corn AND Tomato PEst. 


Figure 4 represents the insect in all of its stages, aand brepresent- 
ing a much magnified egg, the former being a side view and the 
latter a top view. The eggs are ribbed and of a pale straw color. 
According to Dr. Riley, Third Missouri Report, page 106, each 
female moth is capable of depositing upwards of five hundred eggs. 

On Long Island and vicinity, the winter is passed in the pupa 
state from four to six inches under ground. In these localities the 
moths issue in the spring before corn is up, hence, the eggs for the first 
brood are deposited on some other food plants, preferably peas, beans, 
and tomatoes. These vegetables frequently suffer severely from 
their attacks. In the former cases the leaves and pods are eaten, 
while in the latter the young fruits are attacked, and occasionally the 
stems, the larvee feeding upon the solid parts until decay begins, then 
leaving for a fresh fruit. Figure 5 represents a full grown corn- 
worm feeding upon a tomato. When feeding on pumpkins, 
squashes, or cucumbers, they occasionally burrow into the stems, 
but usually into the fruit. 

The eggs hatch in a few days. The young larvee vary greatly in 
color, from pale green to dark brown, and are striped longitudinally 


Fie. 3 —Empty pupa cases of Cotton-wood Leaf beetle, natural size. 


Fic. 4.— Heliothis armiger a. Egg. from side. b Samefrom top, both enlarged. c Larve— 
corn-worm. d. Pupa. e. Moth with wings expaaded f/f. Same. wings folded. (After 
Riley.) 


. ie 
ihe ae 


ayay 


‘ty 


on 


Fic 5.—Corn-worm attacking tomato. (After Riley.) 


Fic. 6 —Striped Cucumber: 
beetle. (Original.) Fic. 8.— Sherman’s plant protector. 


Fic, 7.—Showing supports for plant protector, (From a figure in the American Agriculcurist.) 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 561 


with darker stripes of the same color. This variation in color may 
easily lead to much confusion, in the mind of the novice, concern- 
ing the identity of the specimens. However, although there is con- 
siderable variation in color there are some markings which, it is said, 
can always be depended upon, namely, eight round shining black 
spots on each segment of the body, from which arise short brown 
hairs, and the longitudinal stripes above referred to. A full grown 
larva is about one and a half inches long. 

The larvee of this first brood do not go very deep into the ground 
to pupate, but spin loose silken cocoons very near or even upon the 
surface, sometimes being protected only by a loose chunk of dirt or 
a bit of rubbish. The pupa or resting state, at this time, lasts 
between one and two weeks. 

On Long Island, the moths of the first brood appear about the 
time that early sweet corn is in roasting ears, depositing their eggs 
usually on the silk upon which the young larvz feed for a short 
time, when they burrow down to the milky kernels. These they 
eat partially or entirely off in patches. The damage done, however, 
is not confined to the kernels actually eaten, but the fermentation 
and decay resulting from the exudation of sap, together with the 
droppings of the confined worms make aconvenient hot-bed for the 
germination and growth of mould, and a breeding place for numer- 
ous species of small insects which are attracted to such places. Thus 
a whole ear may be made unfit for use although but few kernels 
have been eaten. The number of worms in a single ear may vary 
from one to six or eight. We may add here, that although the 
worms seem to prefer the corn when in the milk, they are not in- 
frequently found, in the fall, feeding on hard corn. 

As above intimated, the fall brood of caterpillars when ready to 
pupate, descend to the ground and burrow to a depth of from four 
to six inches. Here each caterpillar makes for itself an oblong 
earthen cell, inside of which a cocoon is spun consisting of coarse 
silk interwoven with bits of dirt. In these snug retreats they finally 
change to the pupa or dormant state and, thus protected, are pre- 
pared to pass the winter, issuing in the spring as moths. Fig. 4, d, 
represents the cocoon, natural size, cut open lengthwise. 

Description of the moth— The moth is described by Dr. C. V. 
Riley in his Third Missouri Report, page 107, as follows: ‘“ In this 
last and perfect stage the insect is quite variable in depth of shading 


36 


562 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THB 


but the more common color of the front wings is pale clay-yellow 
with a faint greenish tint, and they are marked and variegated with 
pale olive and rufous, a dark spot near the middle of each wing being 
very conspicuous. The hind wings are paler than the front wings, and 
invariably have along the outer margin a dark brown band inter- 
rupted about the middle by a large pale spot.” Fig. 4, e and f, 
represents the moths natural size. 

Appearance of infested ears.— The silk is usually partially or 
may be entirely eaten off to the tops of the husks, and if the larvee 
have been at work some time the husks may be wilted and of a 
lighter color. Sometimes the husks are considerably eaten near the 
top. If the larve has left the ear its place of escape is usually 
conspicuous, being a round hole through the husk about half way 
up from the base of the ear. 


REMEDIES. 


When feeding on corn, the corn-worm is distinctively an “ ear- 
worm,” feeding during nearly all of its larval period upon the 
kernels, protected from exposure by the husks. Evidently but 
few parasites or predacious inseats succeed in getting into these 
snug retreats and hence the pests are preyed upon but very little 
during this period of their lives. For the same reason it is very 
difficult to effectually apply insecticides. The only time that 
insecticides would prove available would be just after the larvze 
hatch and while they are yet feeding upon the silk. The uncer- 
tainty, however, in the time when the eggs will hatch, and the short 
period in which the larvee remain exposed, combined with the diiii- 
culty of successfully applying an insecticide to-a field of corn in the 
ear, make this method impracticable as a rule. 


Fartui Piowinea. 


This is undoubtedly the most practical method of combating the 
corn worm in the north, that has yet been tested. It is generally 
recommended by station workers. Concerning this method Prof. 
Smith of New Jersey, says:* “The species should be treated in 
the cornfield by late fall plowing. The general practice is to allow 
cornfields to remain undisturbed throughout the winter, and this, of 
course, allows the insect to rest safely until spring. Fall plowing 


*Report New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station 1892, p. 445. 


EEE 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 563 


breaks up a very large proportion of the cells, and throws many of 
the pupee to the surface where birds find them readily enough or 
where they perish during the winter. Where they are not thrown 
to the surface they are brought into direct contact with the soil, 
which, by freezing and thawing, will crush or otherwise destroy 
them. Very early spring plowing, when frost follows, is sometimes 
quite effective, but plowing after all frost, while it will kill a certain 
proportion by crushing, and will expose another quantity to their 
enemies, will leave uninjured a very large proportion of the pupae.” 
He also adds: “The essential factor in the destruction of the pupe 
is to break up the cells, which brings the surrounding earth into 
direct contact with them. Therefore the first freeze will probably — 
complete the work of destruction by crushing the insect. So long 
as the cell remains entire, extremes of cold will not injure it.” 

It is well to keep in mind that the more larvee and moths 
destroyed in the spring the better. In small fields, the pests may 
be kept under control with comparative ease by cutting open the 
husks of infested ears and destroying the worms. 


Remepies Wuich Have Bren TEstep FoR THE Corn-Worm WHEN 
ATTACKING THE ToMATO. 


In the United States Agricultural Report for 1888, p. 143, Prot. 
S. M. Tracy, of the Mississippi Agricultural College, gives the re- 
sults of his experiments with various insecticides to be used against 
the corn-worm when attacking tomatoes. Of those tested the most 
successful were Paris green, London purple and kerosene emulsion. 
The Paris green and London purple were applied both dry and sus- 
pended in water. His accounts of the experiments with these rem- 
edies are as follows: 

“Paris green, dry and in suspension, in forty and fifty gallons 
of water to a pound of poison, apparently killed half of the young 
worms, but a large number escaped. The mixture in sixty gallons 
of water accomplished but little. 

“London purple, in suspension, produced somewhat more marked 
effects than did the Paris green, but was less effective when applied 
dry. 

“ Kerosene emulsions.—These were much more effective than any 
others of the applications made. When the emulsions were diluted 
with twenty-five, forty and fifty parts of water, nearly every worm 


564 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THH 


and egg on the treated plant was destroyed; when sixty parts of 
water was used a few, perhaps one-fourth, escaped. When twenty- 
five parts of water were used without turpentine? a few of the very 
young leaves were injured, but the damage was so slight as to be 
scarcely appreciable. For several days after making the applications 
the weather was cloudy, so that applications which might otherwise 
have scalded the leaves were harmless.” 


Some Dovustrrot RemepraAt MrEasures. 


Trap lights—The use of trap lights placed in the field or garden 
at night to attract and destroy injurious night-flying moths has been 
occasionally recommended. In 189192 Mr. F. W. Mally, at that 
time connected with the United States Department of Agriculture, 
Division of Entomology, carried on an extensive series of experi- 
ments in the South with the trap lights for the corn-worm moth. 
Conecrning the use of trap lights, he says:* “ Numerous and deci- 
sive experiments with lamps for trapping boll-worm moths were 
made. Some of these were made ander the most favorable circum- 
stances. They all proved the absolute folly of this practice among 
planters. The moth is not attracted much at any stage of its exist- 
ence, and whatever insects are captured are in the whole decidedly 
beneficial. This practice, then, is a positive injury, in that it sys- 
tematically destroys beneficial insects without accomplishing any 
good as a recompense. The measure, so commonly practiced by 
planters, should, in view of the decided and constant harm attend- 
ant upon its use, be unhesitatingly condemned whenever opporty- 
nities are presented for doing so.” In a subsequent publication* 
Mr. Mally reports even more extensive experiments and with prae- 
tically the same results. 

Attracting and destroying moths by poisoned sweets.— Mixtures 
of vinegar and molasses or beer and molasses are frequently used 
by entomolgists and amateurs to attracting night-flying moths for 
the purpose of capturing them. With this fact in mind, various 
experiments have been made with mixtures of molasses and some 
odorous substance to which poison has been added to determine 
whether this would be a practical method of destroying injurious 


2 The turpentine was added at the rate of one pint to two gallons of oi! to make the emul- 
sion more stable. 

3 Bul. 26, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Div. of Entomology, p. 53. 

4 Bul. 29, U. S. Dept. Agrl., Div. Ent. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 565 


moths where they occur in abundance. The mixture is usually put 
in dishes and placed in different parts of the field in such a way as 
to be easily accessible to the moths. Extensive experiments of this 
kind were made in the south by Mr. Mally,® who reports that the 
usual methods of utilizing poisoned sweets against this pest are evi- 
dently useless and moreover expenditures of time and money which 
are practically an entire loss. This conclusion is based upon the 
behavior of the moths towards the sweets during the egg-laying 
period. That time over, many individuals may be caught, but then 
their capture has no real economic significance. 

It may be here added that Mr. Mally experimented extensively in 
the south with poisoned sweets sprayed upon a trap crop, usually 
cow peas, which were planted early enough so as to bloom about the 
time the moths of the first brood were ready to deposit eggs. That 
this method of treatment would be practical on the small farm, and 
especially with the truck farmer, has not yet, so far as we are able 
to learn, been demonstrated. Of course the trap crop upon which 
the poison is sprayed would be of no value as a forage crop, and, 
unless decidedly favorable results were obtained, it is doubtful, we 
believe, whether the experiment would be a success in the truck 
farming communities of the State where the corn-worm is most 
numerous. 


5 Bul. 29, U. S. Dept. of’Agr., Div. Ent. p 4. 


V. The Striped Cucumber Beetle. 


(Diabrotica Viltata, Fabs.) 


INTRODUCTION, 


The striped cucumber beetle is one of the best known of the in- 
sect pests of the garden. In some sections of the State where 
cucumbers, squashes, melons, ete., are extensively grown, it is much 
dreaded. This is especially true on Long Island where these crops 
are very important ones. Here the destructive work of this little 
black and yellow beetle is annually apparent, In some sections of 
Long Island where cucumbers are extensively grown for pickles, the 
ravages of this little insect cause heavy losses every year, and the 
insect has come to be one of the important factors in pickle growing. 

During the past season, letters from growers in different sections 
of the State have come to this Station complaining of the depreda- 
tions of this insect and inquiring for the best methods of combating 
it. Although no experiments with preventive measures or remedies 
have recently been undertaken by this Station, it has been thought 
desirable to publish a brief report at this time giving a short 
account of the life history and habits of this insect together with 
descriptions of some of the preventive and remedial measures 
which have proven a success when properly used. 


Disrrisution. 


This insect is found in destructive numbers in many parts of the 
United States. Indeed it is said to be one of the most broadly dis- 
tributed of our leaf-eating insect pests. In the central, southern 
and some of the western States, as well as here in the east, it is con- 
sidered one of the most troublesome insect enemies of the garden. 

Abundant on Long Island.—In some sections of Long Island, 
where cucumbers are extensively grown, this little beetle annually 
causes heavy loss. An illustration of its destructive work is 
given in the following extract taken from a letter to the writer 


Report or Entromonocists or ExpERIMENT STATION. 567 


from Mr. Wm. H. Williams, of Jericho, L. I. Mr. Williams says: 
“This beetle is quite discouraging to the growers of early pickles or 
cucumbers. Half-grown vines as they begin to produce fruit, die 
here and there; and in most pickle fields the vines also appear to be 
injured as a result of an attack upon the roots. This last evil 
threatens to ruin the industry. It has moved the western limit of 
suecessful pickle growing from the immediate vicinity of Jamaica 
to Westbury* in twenty-five years,” While there are other destruc- 
tive insects which feed upon the cucumber, including one or two 
species of cut-worms known to attack the roots, there is, probably, 
no one species which has been so persistent in its attacks in the 
locality referred to as the cucumber beetle. This insect may be 
considered then, a regular visitor, although like other insects, its 
increase is influenced by the weather. Dry seasons are considered 
more favorable for its growth and development. The two seasons 
previous to this were unusually dry on Long Island and the beetles 
were very abundant, but during the past season rain has been more 
plenty and the beetles less numerous. 


Description AND Lirge History. 


The cucumber beetle is too well known among farmers and 
gardeners to need a description here, excepting for the fact that 
there is another beetle of about the same size and general outline 
which is frequently found in company with it. Judging from our 
experience, this fact often leads to confusion in the minds of many 
growers as to the identity of the real cucumber beetle. The beetle 
referred to is commonly known as the twelve-spotted diabrotica, 
and scientifically as Diabrotica 12-punctata. It is not considered 
an enemy of any importance to cucurbitaneous plants, In its larval 
form, however, it is known as the Southern corn-root worm, and 
is a well known and often much-dreaded pest to corn growers, 

Although the beetles resemble each other in general outline, they 
may be easily distinguished by their markings. As its name indi- 
eates, the twelve spotted Diabrotica is marked with twelve spots. 
These are conspicuous black spots on the wing covers. The striped 
cucumber beetle has three black stripes in place of the spots. Fig. 6 
represents the striped cucumber beetle greatly enlarged. The head 


* A distance of over 1144 miles. 


568 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


is black, legs black and yellow, and the thorax and abdomen, with 
the exception of the stripes, yellow. 

On Jong Island the beetles appear early in the spring, but are 
usually first noticed in the fields about the middle,of June, when 
they appear, as a rale, in great numbers. A variety of plants serve 
as food until the young cucumber or melon vines appear. These 
they eagerly seek, sometimes eating them off before they are fairly 
out of the ground. 

The females are soon ready to deposit eggs, which they place 
upon the stalks or roots of the host plants above, or just below, the 
surface of the ground. The eggs soon hatch, not into beetles as 
some suppose, but into slender white grubs, which, when mature, 
measure about two-fifths of an inch in length and are not much 
larger around than an ordinary pin. These little grubs feed upon 
the roots, usually preferring the pithy interior. Sometimes one 
root will contain six or seven. 

As would naturally be supposed, the vines suffer greatly from 
such injuries to the roots and not infrequently rapidly wilt and die. 

The grubs are mature in about three weeks, when they burrow 
into the ground for a short distance, each one forming a small cell 
in which to pass from the grub to the pupa state. They remain in 
the ground about two weeks, finally coming forth as mature insects. 
The beetles prefer the leaves, which they feed upon during the cool 
of the day. They are usually found upon the under surface. Thus 
the vines suffer from the attacks of this insect not only while the 
beetles are mature, but during their larva or grub stage as well. 

In this climate the beetles may be found upon the vines through- 
out the season. In the fall of 1894 they were abundant on Long 
Island during the latter part of September. This indicates that 
there are more than two broods here. 

During the winter the beetles may be found hybernating in 
various out of the way places. The cold makes them inactive and 
they appear as if dead unless removed to a warm place or allowed to 
remain until the warm sunshine of spring brings them to life again. 
Some of the pupae also are supposed to live over winter. These 
belong to the late brood of the previous season, and remain in the 
ground in the little cells, as above referred to, until spring, when 
they come forth as beetles. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 569 


Meruops or TREATMENT. 


For convenience, this topic may be considered under two heads, 
namely, preventive and remedial measures, 


Preventive Measures. 


The safest way to prevent the attacks of the cucumber beetle 
upon the very young vines, when they are grown in the field, is to 
cover the hills with some form of protector. Concerning this 
method Dr. Riley, in his second Missouri Report, page 66, says: 
“Of all the multiferous remedies proposed against the attacks of 
this insect there are none so effectual or so cheap in the end as 
inclosing the young vine in boxes which are open at the bottom 
and covered with millinet on top. Such boxes are made at a trivial 
cost and if properly stored away each season after use will last 
many years.” 

There are other forms of plant protectors which do not have the 
objectionable feature of shading the young vines while in use. A 
very simple one of this kind is described and illustrated by Mr. L. 
D. Snook in the American Agriculturalist for June 29, page 895, 
as follows: “For a garden where less than two dozen hills are 
planted, the safest and cheapest way to protect the vines is by a 
covering of mosquito netting or cheese cloth cut into pieces 18 or 
‘ 20 inches square. These, to add to their durability, should be first 
dipped in oil and wrung as dry as possible. Now take a piece of 
No. 12 or 14 wire, galvanized if possible, cut into 20-inch lengths, 
bend five inches of each end at right angles, and set them two inches 
into the ground at the corner of each hill, as seen at @a in the 
engraving, Fig. 7. The netting is now spread over this frame, 
and the edges are covered with a little soil to keep it in place. 
This thin covering, while admitting plenty of light and rain as it 
falls, also keeps out the little striped beetle. Cucumbers can thus 
be protected until they send out laterals, and even if the vines press 
against the sides and top it does not injure them. Put on the pro- 
tectors just as the plants are breaking through the ground, remoy- 
ing in about three weeks. Kept in a dry place when not in use, 
they will do service eight or ten years.” 

Dr. C. M. Weed in his book on “ Insects and Insecticides,” edition 
of 1891, describes three forms of these protectors. He also states 
that the cloth may be simply placed over the plants without any 


570 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


support, merely covering the edges with loose dirt to hold them in 
place. The cloth covers should be loosened occasionally so that the 
plants will not be crowded. In the same book Dr. Weed describes 
another protector which has been successfully used. Referring to 
the method of covering the plants with cloth or netting he says: 
“A modification of this method which has been successfully used 
consists of two end boards one-half inch thick, about fifteen inches 
long by six or eight inches wide. On the middle of each of these 
is nailed a piece of pointed lath at right angles to the long way of 
the board. The lower end of each lath projects below the edge of 
the board, and is stuck in the ground a few inches. Before the 
lath are put on, the end pieces are connected with each other by a 
piece of plant cloth about 16x17 inches, the ends being tacked to 
the top and sides of the boards) * * * When it is desired to 
cultivate the hills, it is only necessary to pull up one end, stir the 
earth and put the ends back in position.” 

Another form of protector is easily made by bending two hoops 
into a half circle and sticking the ends into the ground so that the 
hoops will cross each other at right angles over the center of the 
hill. The covering may then be placed in position and the edges 
fastened down with loose dirt. 

Mr. William H. Williams, of Jericho, Long Island, recently sug- 
gested to the writer a style of protector as described below. Ordi- 
nary wire netting, such as is used for screen doors, etc., is cut into 
convenient lengths and bent longitudinally through the middle in 
such a manner that the edges, when the protector is placed in 
position, will not interfere with the hill, but will come as close to it 
as seems desirable. A cross section of the protector when placed in 
position will then represent an inverted V. The protectors may be 
made long enough to cover several hills, and when a number of 
them are placed in position, each should lap over the other slightly 
until the end of the row is reached. The openings at either end 
may then be covered in any convenient manner. Protectors of this 
kind will last indefinitely if properly cared for. They are of 
especial value where the cucumbers are grown in rows. 

On page 424 of Bulletin 75 of this Station another form of plant 
protector is mentioned in connection with a brief discussion of the 
striped cucumber beetle which is therein given. This protector is 
manufactured by I. E. Sherman, of Sidney, New York, and is 
known as the Folding Plant Protector. It has been used at this 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 57 


Station with satisfactory results. Two sizes of this protector are on 
the market. No. 2 is 12 inches square and 9 inches high. No. 3 is 
14 inches square and 12 inches high. Any size desired will be 
made to order. The prices are as follows: No. 2, $6 per 100; 
No. 3, $8 per 100. 

These protectors are made of cloth supported on light wooden 
frames. Fig. 8 represents one of these protectors. 

The above descriptions are given here to enable the reader to 
form a definite idea of some of the different forms of plant 
protectors which have been successfully used. Any of them 
will admit of various modifications to suit the convenience of the 
individual. 

Plant protectors have not come into general use in large fields 
although their failure when used on a larger scale is yet to be 
satisfactorily demonstrated. Some consider them too clumsy while 
others consider them too expensive, not fully realizing, no doubt, 
that it is also expensive to plant the seed over two or three times, 
which is not an exceptional occurrence here on Long Island as a 
result of the work of the cucumber beetle, and then to have a 
late crop in the bargain, The protectors will keep the beetles 
away from the young plants during the time when they are most 
easily destroyed. They may be left on until the vines have made 
a good start. Instead of using the protectors or leaving the very 
young plants to take their chances with the insects, some farmers 
prefer to start the young vines under glass. 

Planting the cucumbers and manuring the hills. — Mr. 
Williams, writes me that he usually succeeds in getting a 
good start of late cucumbers by planting the seed during the last 
of June or early in July, preferably where the ground is wet, having 
previously put manure in the hills and covered it while wet. In 
this way Mr. Williams succeeds in dodging the beetles, so to speak, 
for while the young plants are coming up the early brood of beetles 
are going through their transformations under ground and hence 
but comparatively few of them are present to attack the young 
vines. By the time the beetles come forth the vines are large 
enough to resist their attacks with comparative success, for, as Mr. 
Williams says, “ the tenderer the leaves the more swiftly and surely 
these insects destroy the plants.” 


572 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


Remedial Measures. 


Under this%head we will briefly mention some of the remedies 
which may be applied if the beetles become established in a field, 
or which may be used in connection with the protectors. 

Dry wood ashes and air-slaked lime are successfully used in various 
sections of Long Island as remedies against the cucumber beetle. 
Concerning these remedies Mr. Wm. A. Fleet, of Citchogue, L. L., 
writes me as follows: “ The remedy most used here (for the cucum- 
ber beetle) is dry wood ashes applied when the vines are wet. or 
air-slaked lime is also good, Either of these remedies will keep off 
the beetles if applied frequently and the beetles are not allowed to 
get there first. If the beetles should become established, however, 
a very little turpentine mixed in the ashes will usually drive them 
off. Care must be taken not to use too much turpentine. A table 
spoonful to a peck of ashes is plenty.” The ashes or lime should 
be thoroughly applied. Every leaf should be covered and frequent 
applications made if the beetles are numerous. 

Paris green and plaster have been used with much success. 
This is an old remedy. The Paris green and plaster should be 
mixed in the proportion of about one part of the poison to twenty 
parts of plaster. Apply when the vines are wet. In order to show 
how effectual this remedy has been the following is taken from Prof. 
J. B. Smith’s report for 1890, page 482,* The experiments were 
made under his direction by Mr. F. J. Kroboth, who reported as 
follows: ‘Scattered among 118 hills (three or four vines each) of 
musk melon, I have left ten hills to take their chances with the 
bugs; the remaining 108 I have treated according to your directions. 
The untreated hills are now totally destroyed by the striped bug and 
what appears to be its larva, a small worm entering the stem near 
the root and working down * * * Driven from the melons 
they are to be found among my late cabbages, beans, tomatoes and 
egg plants apparently doing little or no harm. The treated hills are 
all doing well, having melons nearly ripe.” Paris green may also 
be mixed with water, one pound of the poison to 150 gallons of 
water, and the mixture applied in a fine spray. Newly slacked 
lime, at least as much by weight as there is Paris green, should be 
added to prevent burning the foilage. 

Pyrethrum when properly applied has been found a good remedy 


* Report of the Entomologist, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Newark, N. J. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 573 


for the cucumber beetle. Prof. C. P. Gillett records, in Bulletin 5 of 
the Iowa Agricultural College, page 176, a series of experiments 
with pyrethrum as a remedy for this insect. He found that pyreth- 
rnm when dusted over the plants in the middle of the day did very 
little good, but when applied early in the morning, in this case at 
5 o'clock, it was a complete success. ‘‘At this time in the morning,” 
he says, “the beetles are cold and sluggish and their bodies are 
damp with the dew of the night so that they do not fly away and 
every particle of the powder that falls on them sticks.” Pyrethrum 
is a powerful irritant and kills by contract. 

Tobacco dust is a common remedy among farmers and other 
growers for various insect pests. For the cucumber beetle it should 
be applied liberally upon the hills early in the season, preferably 
just as the young plants are about to come up. Later in the season 
if the beetles are numerous the vines should be thoroughly dusted 
with it while they are wet with dew or rain. If the beetles are 
numerous apply frequently. The tobacco not only aids in keeping 
the beetles away, but has valuable qualities as a fertilizer, 

Combinations of preventive and remedial measures may consist 
in using the protectors early in the season, and Paris green or wood 
ashes or lime or other efficient remedies later, if the beetles are pres- 
ent in sufficient numbers to do serious damage to the vines, 


SUMMARY. 


From the above we may briefly summarize as follows: 

The striped cucumber beetle attacks cucumber, squash, melon 
and other cueurbitaceous plants during two stages of its life history 
namely, the larva or grub stage and the mature or beetle stage. 

The beetles attack the young plants just as they are coming to the 
surface of the ground and eat the leaves of the vines later in the 
season, 

The grubs attack the roots burrowing into them and causing the 
vines to wilt. 

The beetles may be found upon the vines throughout the season. 

As a preventive measure the proper use of plant protectors is con- 
sidered practical, 

Among the most successful remedies for this insect may be men- 
tioned dry wood ashes, air slaked lime, dry wood ashes and turpen- 
tine, Paris green mixed with plaster or water, pyrethrum, and 
tobacco, 


VI. The New York Plum Lecanium. 


(Lecanium, sp.) 


INTRODUCTION. 


The unusual outburst of Lecanium scale insects, which recently 
occurred in Western New York, caused considerable alarm among 
fruit growers in this locality. The insects were first noticed in 
unusual numbers early in the season of 1894. At this time they 
were found in abundance upon plum trees especially, although 
other fruit trees did not escape attack. Their work was most 
apparent, however, in several large plum orchards in the vicinity of 
Geneva, Rochester and Lockport. At least two of these orchards 
suffered very seriously from their attacks. 

Specimens of the new pest were sent to the Station from time to 
time accompanied by letters of inquiry concerning a reliable remedy. 
Prof. S. A, Beach, horticulturalist of the Station, thus having his 
attention frequently called to it published a brief notice of the 
unusual increase in Garden and Forest for July 18, 1894. 

Early in the following November, the writer was directed to 
undertake a series of experiments with a view to determining a 
practical method of combating the scale when occurring on plum 
trees in injurious numbers ; the plan and results of the experiments, 
together with such remarks concerning the life history and habits 
of the insect as seemed desirable, to be finally presented in shape 
for publication. The following pages contain the report. It may 
be here added, however, that the work has been carried on during 
four visits to Geneva during the year, which has made an accurate 
study of all points in the life history of the insect more difficult 
than might otherwise have been the case, 


Recent Pusrications ConcerNING THE New York Puivum 
LECANIUM. 


As above mentioned, Prof. S. A. Beach published a notice of the 


alarming increase in the numbers of this scale in Garden and 
Forest for July 18, 1894, giving a brief account of the life history 


Report or Enromoroaists oF ExpERIMENT STATION. 575 


and habits of the insect, together with remarks as to its appearance, 
and, at Mr. L, O. Howard’s suggestion, recommending dilute kero- 
sene emulsion as a remedy. 

In the Rural New Yorker for November 10, 1894, Mr. M. V, 
Slingerland, of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station, pub- 
lished a more elaborate account of the insect, recommending kero- 
sene emulsion as aremedy, to be used not weaker than one part of 
the emulsion to four parts of water, and not stronger than one part 
of the emulsion to three parts of water. In December, 1894, 
Mr. Slingerland published Bulletin 83 of the Cornell Agricultural 
Experiment Station, entitled “A Plum Seale in Western New 
Work.” 

Mr. L. O. Howard, Entomologist of the United States Department 
of Agriculture, speaks of this insect in the Year Book of the 
United States Department of Agriculture for 1894, page 272, stating, 
among other things, that this scale resembles the Peach Lecanium 
in general appearance. 

In the annual report of this Station for 1894, the writer has a 
brief preliminary report of experiments with kerosene emulsion as 
a remedy for this new pest. 

The next and last publication concerning this insect in western 
New York that has come under our observation, is by Mr. M. V. 
Slingerland, in the Rural New Yorker for April 13, 1895, and is 
entitled “ Latest News on the Plum Scale.” 


APPEARANCE OF THE SCALE IN WINTER, 


Generally speaking, two sizes of the scales may be found in this 
latitude during the winter, namely, the large oval ones, which are 
the remains of the mature females of the previous season, and the 
small hibernating scales which are destined to carry the brood over 
to the coming spring. The old dead scales are very conspicuous 
and hence easily recognized, They are dark brown in color and vary 
in length from one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch and are 
decidedly oval in outline, They are not very securely fastened to 
the bark but rub off easily, and in time would be blown off by the 
wind, Fig. 9 is froma photograph of some of these scales enlarged 
to about four times their natural size. When one of these scales 
is forcibly removed it leaves a white mark upon the bark together 
with a white powdery substance which is made up of thousands of 


576 REporRT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


minute pieces of egg shells, the remains of the eggs laid by the scale 
the previous spring. Fig, 10 is from a photograph of an infested 
twig from which the scales had been removed, These white marks 
gradually fade and finally disappear altogether. 

Fig. 11 represents the other form of scale referred to. The scales 
are so small and there is so little contrast between their color and 
that of the bark to which they are attached that they do not show 
very plainly in the figure. These scales, however, are alive. They 
are hibernating after having fed upon the juices of the leaves or 
tender twigs during the previous summer. Most of these scales are 
young females. A description is omitted here as they will be con- 
sidered more in detail later on. 


CLASSIFICATION AND Name. 


The family Coccidale includes all of our scale insects as well as 
certain other insects of similar habits and characteristics. The insect 
under consideration belongs, therefore, to this family. It is further 
classified into the genus Lecanium, a prominent and widely dis- 
tributed genus of this family, and one which includes a number of 
species of economic importance, not the least of which is the well- 
known black scale of California. The females are not provided 
with separate scales or coverings as is the ease with other scale insects, 
but are sort and naked until egg laying begins when the integument 
gradually hardens to a brittle shell; hence these scales are frequently 
called soft scales, although the scientific name Lecanium seems to be 
coming into general use. 

As to the identity of this species there still seems to be some 
uncertainity. Two different specific names were given to the same 
scale sent by the writer to different entomologists, namely, cerasifex 
and juglandis Bouché. In the Year Book of the United States 
Department of Agriculture for 1894, page 272, Mr. L. O. Howard 
speaks of it under the specific name prunastrz Fone., Mr. Newstead 
of Chester, England, having decided that it is identical with the 
European species of that name, and gives it the popular name of 
New York Plum Lecanium. 


DIsTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES. 


The uncertainty as to the specific name of the insect under con- 
sideration makes it difficult to determine its distribution. It is not 
improbable, however, that it is widely distributed throughout the 


Fig. 9.— Plum scales enlarged about four times. 


Fig. 10.— Showing scars, natural size, left by old scales. 


L : . —- : = 


Fie. 11.— Young scales, natural size, as they appear in winter. 


ew yt ATs § 
Oud | Raa f 
it pale cea ype rane 


td Weer 4 


Y ae 
Xa 
wy WD 
eee 
TV 
bead Sees 
4f yo | <—f \ 
Ze 1 hy ‘J \ 
Fig. 12.— Eggs of Plum-scale. 1g aan 
(Original.) 1 Kos £4 
ROSA BN g 
ihe 


Fic. 13— Larva of Plum-scale. under sur- 
face. (Original.) 


Fie. 14. Male Plum-seale (Original ) Fig. 15.— Mature Plum-seale, male. (Original.) 


Fic. 16.—Showing Plum-seaie which has been attacked by parasites, showing holes from 
which parasites emerged; enlarged about four times. 


Figures 12, 13, 14 and 15 — greatly enlarged 


A "= 
ass 
; 


i 
ss er 


‘ wis’ a dew “abe a 
Pt, 1 Gb ta oy Ge yl alate 
* 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Dit 


United States. In Bulletin 83, Cornell Agricultural Experiment 
Station, page 685, Mr. M. V. Slingerland states that the scale may 
be identical with a species observed in Vermont in 1886 and also 
with a Lecanium scale found on plum at Queenstown, Canada, by 
Mr. James Fletcher. 

In Bulletin 32 of the United States Department of Agriculture, 
Division of Entomology, pages 41-44, Miss M. E. Murtfeldt, of 
Kirkwood, Mo., records her observations upon the life history and 
habits of a Lecanium scale, found upon both peach and plum trees, 
which resembles the New York species in many respects, 

In the annual report of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment 
Station for 1894, page 502, Prof. J. B. Smith mentions a Lecanium 
scale, under the name ZL. cerasifex, which he considers identical 
with the New York species, and states that he has found it in small 
numbers “at several points” in New Jersey. 

The writer has had his attention called toa Lecanium scale which 
was quite abundant on plum trees in Lapeer county, Michigan, 
during the season of 1894. In one plum orchard in particular the 
scales were very abundant, and it is reported that several trees were 
badly injured by them, This scale has the appearance of being the 
same species as the New York Lecanium, although we have not yet 
examined it in its different stages with sutlicient care to be positive. 

The seale has also been observed on plum trees by the writer at 
Hector, Lodi, Geneva, Rochester, Syracuse, and Castleton Corners, 
Staten Island. In all of these places, with the exception of Syra- 
cuse and Castleton Corners, the scales were present in sufficient 
numbers to cause serious injury to trees and fruit. 

As before mentioned, specimens of the scale have also been sent 
to the Station from various other localities in the western part of 
the State. 

The above indicates that the scale has a wide range in this State, 
and that it may be well known in widely distant loealities in the 
United States. Thus far, however, it seems to be doing the greatest 
damage in western New York. 

History iy New York. 

From reports received from fruit growers it appears that the scale 
is not a new comer in western New York. One fruit grower states 
that he has occasionally seen the scale in his plum orchard for 
twenty years past. 


7 


5) 


578 REPorRT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


Mr. Slingerland states * that he saw the scale at Lockport in 1893, 
but not in any such numbers as last year. 

It was not until the spring of 1894 that the scale began its rapid 
inerease.. At that time it was noticed in alarming numbers in certain 
large plum orchards in western New York. Further investigations, 
however, showed a wide distribution throughout the plum-growing 
section of the State. The scales multiplied at a rapid rate during 
the spring, and by the following fall the young scales could be 
found literally by the millions on infested trees. 

The winter of 1894-95 was a severe one, but although a large 
number of infested plum trees were examined during the latter 
part of December, we failed to find any change in the appearance 
of the scales. Later examinations at Hector and Geneva during 
the latter part of March, showed a large percentage of the scales 
dead, except on certain trees and in certain orchards which were 
protected, in a measure at least, from the severe winds common 
to these localities, 

At present the scale may be found in many orchards in the State. 
In some, if not all of them, where proper precaution is not taken, 
in sufficient numbers to cause very serious damage in case the con- 
ditions should again be such as to bring about another rapid 
increase, 

Long Island.— Although we have not observed the scale upon 
Long Island, it is said to be known here, It is certainly very near 
here, for, as previously mentioned, it is known to occur at present 
in New Jersey and on Staten Island. In the latter case, a few old 
plum trees and some quince trees near by were found slightly 
infested. It will be well, therefore, for Long Island fruit growers 
to bear this in mind, and to be prepared to stamp the pest out in 
case it should increase to an alarming extent here, 

The Winter of 1894-5 .— The following account of our experience 
in two or three plum orchards situated on the shores of Seneca lake, 
may be of some interest in showing the effect of the wind and cold 
upon the scales. 

The first orchard to which our attention was called is situated on 
the east shore of Seneea lake, about thirty miles south of Geneva, 
The trees stand on a steep slope such as is common to that section, 


* Bul. 83, p. 686, Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station. 


ay 

. ? ee 

- Die, _ 
Ee 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 579 


and contains about 5,000 trees. On either side of the orchard is a 
gully, bordered on the sides nearest the orchard by a moderate 
growth of timber, The prevailing winds during the winter in this 
section are from the south, following the lake. 

When the writer visited this orchard, in November, 1894, it was 
very badly infested with the scale. Indeed, it was one of the worst 
infested orchards in that vicinity. Nearly every tree was black, 
from the highest branches to the ground, from the effects of the 
fungus which grows in the honey dew secreted by the scales. The © 
young scales were abundant on every tree. This was especially 
true in the southwest corner of the orchard, which is protected to a 
considerable extent on both south and west, by a dense growth of 
young trees. Mr. Wright, superintendent of the orchard, tells me 
that the scale was first noticed in this section of the orchard, and 
that it began to spread along the borders of the woods, and finally, 
in 1894, westward through the orchard. As has already been inti- 
mated, this orchard was visited from time to time during the winter 
and following spring. The orchard was again carefully examined 
during the latter part of June. The change which had taken place 
was remarkable. The scales were practically all dead throughout the 
orchard, excepting on a few trees along the woods on the south and 
in the southwestern corner above referred to. Here a number of 
trees still harbored live scales. There seemed to be no other reason 
for their remaining alive on these particular trees, excepting for the 
fact that they were sheltered from the severe south and westward 
winds which prevail in that section. 

Another orchard not far from this one and on the same side of 
the lake, was not found infested to any extent excepting in two 
places, one which was partially protected by woods in a manner 
similar to the above, and the other where the ground sloped away 
from the lake. In both these places there were a few infested 
trees, while the remainder of the orchard including many trees of 
the same varieties and under exactly the same cultivation, were 
practically free from the scale. 

Three orchards at Geneva also illustrates the apparent effect of 
the cold wind upon the seales, In one of them a number of trees 
are planted between rows of large apple trees, while the remainder 
of the orchard contains plum trees alone. Nearly all of the trees in 
that orchard which were infested with the scale were between 


580 Report oF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THBP 


the rows of apple trees, although none of the apple trees were at- 
tacked. The scales on these trees were also apparently unaffected 
by the weather during the winter. 

Another orchard similarly situated was badly infested last year, 
but now the scales are confined to only a few trees, most of them in 
the interior of the orchard and all of them ona slope away from 
the lake. 

The third orchard referred to is situated some distance back from 
the lake and in a hollow, so that it is more protected from the wind 
than any of the orchards above mentioned. This orchard was also 
not only very badly infested last year, but the scales have rather in- 
creased than decreased this year, the winter having apparently had 
no effect upon them. 

During the past summer, Lecanium scales have also been observed 
in great numbers in some of the gulleys which are common along 
the shores of Seneca lake and other lakes in that vicinity. In one 
large gulley in the vicinity of Hector, a number of small maple and 
iron-wood trees were found almost covered with these scales. 
Similar trees, however, growing in exposed places along the banks 
of this and other gulleys in the vicinity, which, during the summer 
of 1894 were badly infested with the scales, were observed the past 
season to be almost free from them. This seems to indicate that 
exposure to the wind had something to do with reducing the num- 
bers of these scales. 

Other instances of a similar nature might be mentioned. From 
the above, however, it does not seem unreasonable to infer that 
the orchards least protected from the full force of the prevailing 
winter winds, other things being equal, are most likely to be com- 
paratively free from the plum scale. 


Foop PLANts. 


In Garden and Forest! Prof. Beach names apple, pear, maple and 
Cissus as among the food plants of this insect. In Bulletin 83? Mr. 
Slingerland mentions cherry and peach as well, in addition to other 
food plants. In addition to some of the above, we have observed 
this or a closely allied, if not identical, species upon the following: 
Quince, apricot, cultivated blackberry, cultivated grape, honey locust, 


1 Garden and Forest, July 18, 1894, p. 284. 
2 Bul. 83, p. 687, Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 581 


black ash, iron wood (Ostryia), and golden rod. In the case of the 
golden rod the infested plants were growing in a badly infested 
grove of black ash trees. The writer has found the scale infesting 
the following varieties of plum: Lombards, Bradshaws, Quacken- 
boss, Prune, Shippers’ Pride, Myrabolam, Yellow Egg, Washington, 
Empire, Hudson River Egg, and Union Purple. In every infested 
orchard examined, which includes six large ones and one compara- 
tively small one, the scales were always more abundant on some one 
or two or all of the first three varieties named, than upon any of the 
others. 

Although the scale is at present chiefly a plum pest, it has lately 
infested quince orchards sufficiently to cause alarm, and has been 
found in apple trees in sufficient numbers to do serious injury. 

Will the scale attack nursery stock ?—During the winter of 1894-95 
we had occasion to examine plum stock ranging in age from one to 
three years in nurseries at Geneva, Rochester and Syracuse, but failed 
to find the scale, excepting in one case where a few scales were found 
on a number of three-year old plum trees which were heeled in in 
the nursery waiting to be sold. In one nursery there were a num- 
ber of badly infested plum trees along a wagon path between blocks 
of young plum stock, but no seales could be found upon the stock. 

In addition to examining the stock we have made numerous in- 
quiries among nurserymen, but have failed to find an instance, with 
the above exception, where the scale has been found upon nursery 
stock. 

How do the Scales Spread ?—This question is one which is often 
asked and receives many different answers. ‘There may be several 
ways. It is possible that birds aid by carrying the young female 
scales on their feet from one tree to another, or from one orchard to 
another. Larger insects, such as certain of our lady bird beetles, 
have been found with young scales crawling about on them, thus 
giving opportunity for transportation from one tree to another by 
this means. They may also easily get on the clothes of workmen 
who are in the orchard when the scales are active during the sum- 
mer or fall, or they may be carried from one place to another on , 
the boxes, baskets, wagons, ete., used in the orchard at various times. 
Another means of travel is undoubtedly upon the leaves which are 
blown from the trees during the summer and scattered about through 
the orchard. During the winter the young scales may freqnently 
be found upon the old dead leaves scattered through the orchard. 


582 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


Insury to TREES AND Fruit. 


As will be shown hereafter, the scales suck the sap from the 
trees both from the bark and leaves. In this way the trees are un- 
‘ doubtedly injured to a greater or less degree according to the num- 
ber of scales present. In one respect, however, the most serious 
injury is done to the fruit. The scales do not attack the fruit but 
they secrete a clear, sweet, sticky liquid knownas honey dew. The 
branches, leaves and fruit of the trees soon*become partially coated 
with this honey dew. Very soon a black fungus begins to grow on 
all parts of the tree and fruit where the honey dew has fallen, until 
a badly infested tree will look as if it had been smoked from the top 
to the ground. The fruit thus becomes greatly disfigured, and as 
the fungus will neither rub nor wash off, may readily render the 
fruit unmarketable. 

Sickly trees are undoubtedly most readily attacked by the scales. 
This is probably common in other cases of insect attacks upon trees 
or other plants. The question why this is so is not easily answered. 
Prot. Comstock, in the United States Agricultural Report for 1880, 
page 285, suggests that the sap of sickly trees may be more nourishing 
to the scales than that of healthy trees, for, as he also states, the scales 
do not usually have an opportunity to select their food plant and 
the scales certainly grow vigorously and quickly cover the weak and 
sickly tree. | 


Lire-Hisrory, Hasrrs anp Description. 


Transformations.—W ith the exception of one order, individual 
insects are said to undergo one of two forms of metamorphosis in 
reaching maturity, namely, complete and incomplete. In the 
former case the different stages are distinct and easily recognized 
one from the other. An illustration of this, as commonly given, 
may be found in the life-history of any butterfly. The butterfly’s 
ege produces a caterpillar, the caterpillar changes to a chrysalis, and | 
the chrysalis produces a butterfly. All of these stages are distinct 
and well defined; no one of them resembles another, ‘This is 
called complete metamorphosis. In the latter case, however; the 
different stages are not so easily distinguished; as for instance, a 
young squash bug or locust resembles the parent in general appear- 
ance and continues to do so more and more until finally mature. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 583 


This is called incomplete metamorphosis and is found to occur in 
true bugs and locusts. 

In the scale insects, which belong to a family of true bugs, we 
find both forms of metamorphosis. The male undergoes the com- 
plete and the female the incomplete transformation. Hence in the 
plum seale we must look for a decided difference in“appearance in 
the male and female scales, although the difference is not readily 
apparent in the larval forms. 

The Egg.— Fig. 12 represents some of the eggs greatly enlarged. 
The eggs average about 0.3 m. m. in length and are oblong oval in 
shape and rounded at the ends. The shell is smooth. At first they 
are white in color but Mr. Slingerland has observed that they 
“become pinkish in color about a week before hatching.” 

The eggs are laid under the mother shell. Indeed it may be said 
that the mother literally turns into a mass of eggs, as but little more 
than the integument finally remains, which, as previously noted, forms 
the brittle oval shell. Egg laying begins about the middle of May. 
Mr. Slingerland notes * that in 1894 egg laying began by the 18th of 
May. June 28 (1895), the writer found at Hector an occasional 
female scale just beginning to lay eggs, indicating that the time 
for egg laying may vary over a month in individual cases. The 
period of incubation varies considerably in western New York. 
June 24 (1895), Mr. Beach wrote that the Lecanium eggs were 
hatching. June 28 the young scales were quite abundant in infested 
plum orchards at Geneva. Eggs from seales on fresh plum twigs 
sent to Jamaica and kept in the laboratory, hatched June 21. 

The number of eggs laid by a single female is astonishing, varying 
it is said, from less than one thousand to several thousand. The 
writer counted two thousand one hundred and thirty eggs under a 
single female of average size. 

The Larva.— The newly-hatched larvee remain under the mother 
shells for a time varying from a few hours to two or three days.+ 
Fig. 15 represents one of these larvee viewed from the under sur- 
face. At this time they vary in size from ,02 to .03 of an inch in 
length, and are a little more than half as broad as long. If 
examined carefully, a side view will show that they are very thin 


* Bulletin 88, Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station, p. 690. 
+ Young scales reared in the laboratory did not come forth from the mother shelis until 
three days after hatching. 


584: REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


and slightly oval above. The slender curved setie, by means of 
which the food is obtained, are shown in the figure. 

As would be supposed, a swarm of little scales are produced from 
a single mother. After leaving the mother shell, they travel about 
apparently aimlessly for a time but within a few days settle down, 
most of them upon the under surface of the leaves along the mid 
ribs and larger veins, although many may be found upon the upper 
surface as well, Still others, however, may be found scattered 
about promiscuously on both surfaces of the leaves, and it is not 
unusual to find some that have remained behind on the new and 
tender twigs. When attacking the leaves of quince trees they seem 
to prefer the upper surfaces. Out of a large number of infested 
quince leaves examined, only an occasional scale could be found on 
the under surfaces, while the upper surfaces were moderately 
infested. The heavy pubescence on the under surface of the quince 
leave may account for this change in the insect’s habits, 

The little insects now insert their tiny setz into the leaves or 
twigs, causing the sap to flow from which they obtain sus- , 
tenance. It should be remembered that these scales are very small 
at this time. They are also very light in color, being almost seimi- 
transparent, and as they stick very close to the leaves are very easily 
overlooked. Hence, in examining the leaves for them, it is well to 
use a small magnifying glass.) When examining plum leaves the 
under sides should be examined first, as most of the scales will be 
found there, but with quince leaves the scales should be looked 
for on the upper surfaces. 

Comparatively little change takes place in the appearance of the 
scales from now on during the summer. They grow slowly,* how- 
ever, and change to a darker color. They also secrete honey dew 
during this time, and when abundant undoubtedly weaken the trees. 

During the latter part of August or early in September+ the 
young scales return from the leaves and seek shelter upon the twigs 
and branches, usually upon the under side, and also upon the 
trunks, On badly infested trees they may frequently be found 
over-lapping one another, and in sheltered places, as in crevices in 
the bark, it is not unusual to find them two or three deep. 

The scales are now of a dark reddish brown color. They 
become quite firmly attached to the bark and unless cne is familiar 


*Mr. Slingerland notes, Bul, 82, Cornell Agr. Exp. Station, p. 691, that during the summer 
{1894) the young scales increased to twice their former size. 
+ September 8 (1895), scales were found migrating at Geneva. 


“‘poyoryye ULBUIAL [IGS SO[VOs pap PO 94] JO May V 


‘OZIS [RINJBU SSo[Bos 


<s pe 
x Sa eR teat aa 


SUIBUIOGIY YIM poysezut sF1M9 wing 


“AI FLV1Tq 


PLaTe V.—Branch of Bradshaw plum infested with Plum-scale. 


Dida 
aT ALT ae ae 
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= 
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) 
= Cie 
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| 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 585 


with insects, to some degree at least, and especially with scale 
insects, he might easily fail to recognize at first sight these peculiar flat 
creatures as being insects at all; for, from an upper view, they appear 
to be without legs or antennee or even ahead. They look more 
like little brown pods which have been stuck on the bark. If one of 
them is removed, however, and examined with a hand lens, the legs 
and antenn will be found drawn under the body and extending 
backwards, 

ITibernation, — The young scales remain thus attached during the 
winter, They now measure from .03 to .04 of an inch in length. 
Plate IV is from a photograpb of two twigs cut from one of 
the larger limbs of a plum tree infested with the hibernating 
scales, As has been previously mentioned, these scales, unlike most 
other scale insects, are not protected by a scaly covering either 
during the winter or at any other time of their life-history, As 
has already been pointed out by Mr, Slingerland,* this is undoubt- 
edly the weakest part in the life-history of this insect, for, although 
they are more susceptible when just hatched to the hee of 
insecticides, they are more easily reached at this time with a spray 
than when the foliage i is on the trees. 

Appearance in the spring; the Female. — During the latter part 
of March or early in April, the young scales begin to move about 
apparently seeking a suitable place to again insert their tiny sete 
to suck the sap. They are soon settled, however. and begin to 
grow with astonishing rapidity.t From the small hibernating scales 
of the winter previous, the females grow in about two months to 
large, oval, fleshy scales, measuring nearly an eighth of an inch in 
length. Plate V is from a photograph of an infested branch 
of the Bradshaw plum. These scales are full grown. The lines 
on the right represent the length and width of an individual scale. 
During this period of rapid growth, secretion of honey dew again 
takes place causing the leaves and limbs and whatever the honey 
dew falls upon to become sticky and finally blackened, causing a 
badly infested tree to present a very unsightly appearance. These 
large scales are soft and stick quite firmly to the bark and, when 
removed, leave a white mark in a manner somewhat similar to the 
old shells when removed during the winter. 


* Bal. 83, Cornell Agr’l Exp. Sta.. p. 692, 
+March 28 (1895), the writer found numerous scales on plum trees at Hector that were be- 
ginning to grow. 


/ 
586 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


As soon as mature, which as above noted, is during May or early 
in June in western New York, egg laying begins. With the pro- 
duction of the eggs the mother dies, her shriveled body and shell- 
like integument being all that remains. Thus the life cycle is com- 
pleted, it having extended over a period of between ten and eleven 
months. 

The Male.—As previously stated the male scales do not grow in 
the spring in the same manner as the females. Very-soon there is 
a decided change in their appearance. Their cast skin becomes a 
beautiful white waxy covering, barred and figured in a manner to 
give it the appearance of fine lace. Under this delicate shelter the 
insect undergoes its transformation from the larva to the mature 
form. ‘These changes may take place in May or June. May 24-28 
both pupze and males were found at Hector. 

The pup are light yellowish red in color with slight markings 
of light brown. We were not successful in rearing the males in 
the laboratory, but from observations in the orchard this stage 
appears to last from a week to ten days. 

Although these male scales are smaller than the females, they may 
be easily recognized. They are oblong in shape, measuring about 
three sixteenths of an inch long by one-sixteenth wide, are 
much flattened and whitish in color. Two long white filaments 
may often be seen projecting beyond the scale from the tip of the 
abdomen of the insect, and not unfrequently the delicate wings, over- 
lapping each other along the dorsal margin, may be seen projecting 
from beneath the scale. The male scales may be scattered about 
promiscuously among the females, or in groups of a hundred or 
more, usually upon the smaller branches. Fig. 14 represents one of 
these male scales greatly enlarged. The white line at the right 
indicates the true length of the insect. 

The males come forth in May and undoubtedly in June, for, from 
May 18-26 occasional empty shells could be found, while mature 
males which had not yet emerged were abundant. June 28 to July 
3, an occasional male scale could be found although most of them 
had disappeared. 

Fig. 15 represents one of the mature males. They are very deli- 
cate and very beautiful. They take no food while in this mature 
state, the mouth parts having disappeared in the development of the 
insect. Although most other winged hemipterous insects are sup- 
plied with four wings, they, in common with other male Coccide, 


X, a 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 587 


have but two, a pair of halteres terminated by hooks being in the 
place of a second pair of wings. The male is light yellowish or rose 
red in color. The life of this little creature is very short after it comes 
forth as a mature insect, probably only a few days, as it dies soon 
after performing its only function. We have thus seen that the 
males and females when mature are two very distinct creatures in 
appearance, resembling each other much less than some insects of 
entirely different species. This, however, is characteristic of the 
Coccidee. 

Summary.—F¥rom the above we may summarize briefly, as to the 
life-history and habits of this scale as it occurs in western New 
York, as follows: 

Most of the young scales appear during the latter part of June 
and early in July, 

During the summer they are to be found upon the leaves, and 
afew of them upon the tender twigs. They undoubtedly injure 
the trees during this time by sucking the sap. They also secrete 
honey dew, but grow but comparatively little. 

They abandon the leaves in the fall and attach themselves to the 
under sides of the twigs and Jimbs, or even upon the trunks of the 
trees. They do net feed or grow but remain dormant during the 
winter. 

They are most exposed during the winter of any time during the 
year and hence most easily reached by insecticides. 

In the spring the females grow very rapidly and secrete honey 
dew. The males can now be readily distinguished from the females. 
They undergo complete metamorphosis and come forth supplied 
with wings, while the females remain wingless and unable to move. 

The males die soon after reaching maturity, and the females die 
with the production of the eggs, the integument becoming hard 
and brittle, forming a covering for the eggs and also for the young 
during a short period. 

There is but one brood during the year. 


NaturaL ENEmIzEs. 


Under this head are mentioned some of the predaceous and para- 
sitic insects which have come under our observation as preying upon 
the plum scale. 

Predaceous insect enemies.— The eggs of at least three species 
of predaceous hemipterous insects were found among the scale 


588 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


insects on infested plum trees during the winter of 1894-5. All of 
these species are probably predaceous upon the plum scales and 
hence aid in reducing their numbers. One of these species at least 
belongs to the genus Sinea. We endeavored to rear some of these 
insects in the laboratory, but through an accident failed to bring 
them to maturity or to prove that they would attack the plum 
scale. They belong, however, to the Redwviide, a family of insects 
the members of which, Professor Comstock states, “are pre- 
eminently predaceous upon their fellows.” These insects have long 
legs and can move about quite rapidly. They are also provided 
with long sharp beaks with which they suck the blood of their 
victims. 

The Twice-stabbed Lady-bird Beetle, Chilocorus bevulneris, is 
another predaceous insect which attacks the plum scale. This insect, 
as its name implies, belongs to the well-known family of lady-bird 
beetles. They were very abundant on infested plum trees last sum- 
mer and the summer previous. They may also be found hibernat- 
ing on the trees. 

Their spiny larval skins may also be found on the trunks and 
branches of the trees. They were very abundant last winter in in- 
fested plum orchards at Hector and Geneva, and were frequently 
observed in groups of from less than a hundred to two or three 
hundred. 

Plate VI, Fig. 1, is from a photograph of some of these spiny 
skins from which the beetles have emerged. At Plate VI, Fig. 2a, 
one of the spiny skins from which the beetle has emerged is 
represented natural size, and at b one of the beetles. Both are 
greatly enlarged, the hair lines at the right showing the true 
lengths. The beetles are nearly as broad as long, decidedly oval, 
and about the size of a fully matured female plum seale. They are 
shining black in color and each wing cover is marked with a 
red spot. 

The larvee of these beetles also feed upon the scales. They are 
peculiar spiny creatures and may be found in the spring and | 
summer. 

HHyperaspis signata is another species of lady-bird beetles, or 
Coccinellide as they are scientifically known, which we have found 
upon infested plum trees, although in much smaller numbers than 
the previous species. They are also much smaller than this species 
but are black and similarly marked. 


Fic. 1 — Pupa cases, natural size, of the Twice-stabbed Lady-bird Beetle 


PLATE VI. 


Fic. 2.—The Twice-stabbed Lady-bird Beetle, pupa case and adult, enlarged. (Original.) 


Cat en eS is 

aye i teg 
\ fae wt ni on 
Pig acl oh aa 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 589 


Several other species of lady-bird beetles were found last year 
upon infested plum trees at Hector and Geneva, among the most 
common of which were the following: Coccinella novemnotata, 
Adalia tripunctata and Hippodamia 13 — punctata. 

Parasitic insect enemies.— During the winter certain of the 
young scale insects will be found to have become much more oval 
through the middle and to have turned to a dark, almost black color, 
excepting a narrow margin of light yellow. Remove one of these 
peculiar looking scales and examine it carefully and you will find 
within, a minute parasitic insect of the order Hymenoptera. If 
allowed to develop, this little insect would come forth a minute 
four-winged parasite. In May and June these little parasites may 
frequently be found moving restlessly upon the branches and 
leaves of infested trees. Some of the old scales will be found with 
one or more small round holes in them as illustrated in Fig. 16, 
which represents one of these scales enlarged. These have also 
been parasitized, the mature parasites having escaped. 

A number of parasitized scales, taken at different periods of the 
year, were brought to the laboratory and placed in breeding jars. 
From these the following species were reared: Dlastothrix longi 
pennis, How., Comys bicolor, How., Coccophagus lecanii, Fitch, 
Huderus lividus, Ashm, and Aphycus albiceps, n. sp., Ashm. 

Doubtless there are other predaceous and parasitic insects which 
prey upon the plum scale. They should be left undisturbed when 
possible, for they are the friends of the fruit grower. Quite a 
large percentage of the scales were parasitized last year. 

A fungus, Cordyceps clavulatum, is often found in shady or 
moist places growing upon scale insects of the genus Lecanium. It 
was very common last year on Lecanium scale insects on maple and 
iron wood in the gulleys along Seneca lake, in the vicinity of 
Hector. This fungus is discussed by Mr. R. H. Pettit in Bul- 
letin 97, Cornell Agricultural: Experiment Station, pp. 341-345. 
The diseased scales are easily recognized. They soon turn to a 
lighter shade, and finally delicate fruiting bodies are given off which 
soon terminate in a conical head. The fungus is described in the 
bulletin above referred to. Attention is here ealled to it, as we 
desire to be notified if any of our readers find the fungus on plum 
scales in their orchards. , 


590 REporRT oF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


‘ 


EXPERIMENTS wWitH REMEDIES. 


A large number ef washes have been recommended as remedies 
for scale insects. Before the experiments were undertaken, how- 
ever, we wrote to Mr. L. O. Howard for his opinion § regard- 
ing a wash which would be effective against the plum scale. 
Mr. Howard replied strongly in favor of kerosene emulsion. In 
a letter to the Director of the station dated December 14, 
1894, he says: “The only absolutely effective wash so far found, 
viz., strong solution of whale oil or fish oil soap, is too expensive for 
application in a large orchard. The only substance which could 


rival the kerosene emulsion as used against your plum Lecanium 


would be one of the resin washes, but the weather in central New 
York in the winter time is too rainy to allow us to expect good 
results from this wash.” It will be remembered that this scale, in 
common with other scale insects, obtains its food by sucking the sap 
from beneath the bark, hence an insecticide which would prove 
effectual when applied on the trees must be one which kills by con- 
tact. Kerosene emulsion is one of this class. The experiments 
were conducted in the orchards of T. Smith & Sons and Maxwell 
Brothers of Geneva, whose courtesy we wish to acknowledge, and to 
also express our thanks to Mr. C. K. Scoon of Geneva and Mr. 
James Wright of Hector for their kind assistance. 

Plan of the Experiments.— The experiments were planned with a 
view to determining the relative merit of different strengths of kero- 
sene.emulsion when applied during the winter, when the young 
seales are hibernating on the trees, when applied in the spring, when 

he young scales are growing rapidly, and when applied upon the 
newly hatched scales. The emulsion was made according to the 
formula usually given. In Bulletin 86 of this station, page 113, 
directions for making kerosene emulsion are given, as follows: “ This 
is made by dissolving one-half pound of either common soap or 
whale oil soap in one gallon of soft water. Heat the mixture and 
when boiling hot remove it from near the fire and add it to two gal- 
lons of kerosene. The whole is now thoroughly mixed by pumping 
continuously through a small foree pump for from five to ten minu- 
tes. Mix until the ingredients form a creamy mass that becomes thick 
when cool and from which the oil does not separate.” In all of these 
experiments the emulsion was sprayed upon the trees, great care being 
taken to thoroughly drench the trees from the tops to the ground. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 591 


Winter Treatment.— The following gives the number of trees, 
sprayed in November and December. As a matter of interest the 
cost per tree for the emulsion is given together with the condition 
of the weather at the time of application, as the force of the wind 
is an important factor in the application of liquid insecticides under 
these circumstances. In figuring the cost of the emulsion kerosene 
oil is valued at .066 per gallon, the price paid for it by the barrel at 
Hector in November, 1894, and soap at .04 per pound.* The cost of 
labor is not included. In all of the experiments a force pump and 
two nozzles were used, requiring three men. 

The following experiments were made in one of Maxwell Brothers’ 
orchards at Geneva. All of the trees sprayed were eleven-year-old 
plum trees : ‘ 

Experiment No. 1.— November 16, 1894, 67 trees were sprayed 
with 44 gallons of kerosene emulsion diluted to one part of the 
emulsion to four parts of water. The wind was very light and 
hence but comparatively little of the emulsion was blown away. 
The cost per tree, for the emulsion only, was less than one cent, in 
actual figures ;6, of one cent. Nearly all of these trees were very 
badly infested with the scale. Three of the worst infested trees 
were left as checks. 

Experiment No. 2.— November 17, 55 trees were sprayed with 
44% gallons of kerosene emulsion diluted to one part of the emulsion 
to six parts of water. A strong wind was blowing and hence much 
of the emulsion was wasted. The emulsion cost ;3, cents per tree. 
Three badly infested trees were left as checks. 

Experiment No. 3.— In this experiment the emulsion was made 
with milk and kerosene oil after the following formula, given in 
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 19 of the U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture, p. 12: 


EMETOS OME te soe ce miele mintela se wotctevalate ate sjetonane e(e/ainio.s.eleie staibiazai Siotojas S/o slee) Mats 2 gallons. 


Tl GO WI) oe ot isu aeesieis ie aoe) sla alate = Sate ace aleisi ie) vie's o sjapomiclersietd claves 1 gallon. 
In making the milk emulsion heating is unnecessary, but it should 
be thoroughly mixed as with the kerosene and soap emulsion. This 
emulsion was diluted the same as in experiment two, and applied 
upon 45 trees. The cost of the emulsion was not figured. 
The following experiments were conducted in the plum orchard 
of T. Smith & Sons, at Hector, N. Y. In this orchard the trees 


*Scrap soap which will answer for this purpose may often be obtained from the soap 
factories at a much lower price. 


592 REpPoRT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THRE 


varied considerably in size and in age. Nearly every one of the 
trees sprayed was badly infested with the scale. — 

Experiment No. 4.— November 22, 69 trees were sprayed with 
125 gallons of emulsion diluted to one part of the emulsion to four 
parts of water. The weather was mild with but little wind. Two 
hours were required for the application; cost per tree, nearly 
1 cents. 

Experiment No. 5. — November 22, 69 trees were sprayed with 
125 gallons of emulsion diluted to one part of the emulsion to 
nine parts of water. The weather was the same as in experiment 
4 and the time required for the application the same. The cost 
was | cent per tree. 

Experiment No. 6.— November 238, 85 trees were sprayed with 
150 gallons of emulsion diluted to one part of the emulsion to 
12 parts of water. The weather was cold and very windy. A 
little more than two hours was required for the application of the 
emulsion, and the cost per tree for the emulsion only amounted to 
a little over ;5, of one cent. 

Experiment No, 7.——- November 23, 71 trees were sprayed with 
150 gallons of emulsion diluted to one part of the emulsion to four 
parts of water. The weather was the same as in experiment seven, 
and the time of application the same. Owing to the wind much 
of the emulsion was wasted. The emulsion cost .02 cents per tree. 

In these experiments the emulsion was used at various strengths, 
varying from one part of the emulsion to four parts of water to one 
part of the emulsion to twelve parts of water. These experiments 
were duplicated with the 1 to 4 and 1 to 6 emulsions. Only one 
application of the emulsion was made in each ease. 

Results of Winter Treatment. —As previously mentioned, most of 
the scale insects in the orchard at Hector were killed apparently by 
the cold weather during the winter of 1894-5, hence we were unable 
to follow the effects of the treatment to the end of the season. Soon 
after the emulsion was applied, however, there was a decided change 
in the appearance of the scales on some of the. sprayed trees, the 
young scales soon turned to a light yellowish brown color, shrivelled 
up and dropped off very easily. This condition was most apparent 
on trees sprayed with the emulsion diluted with four or six parts of 
water. After examining the trees early in December, we esti- 
mated that about 90 per cent of the scales were killed by the emul- 
sion diluted with from four to six parts of water. Some of the 


) ae eae 


eee ee ae 
as 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 593 


scales on trees sprayed with the weaker emulsions showed the same 
effects to a slight degree. 

At Geneva a better opportunity to observe the effects of the 
treatment was given. But very few of the scales on trees in the 
section of the orchard where the spraying was done were killed by 
the cold weather. The results of the treatment in this orchard may 
be briefly summed up as follows: The trees were observed several 
times during the spring and summer. The last observation was 
made September 10. At this time the check trees (trees not 
sprayed) were blackened and unsightly. The young scales were 
abundant on the leaves. Trees sprayed with the emnision diluted 
with four parts of water, and those sprayed with the emulsion 
diluted with six parts of water were to all appearance practically 
free from the scale. In only two or three cases were any traces of 
the scale found on the sprayed trees, and these were very slight, 
while the check trees remained fully as badly infested as the season 
previous. 

Spring Treatment.— A number of infested plum trees in the 
orchard at Hector were sprayed in May, about the time that the 
scales began their rapid growth. The emulsion was at first used 
very weak, but it was soon evident that it had little or no effect. 
The time required for application and the cost of the emulsion were 
not figured in these experiments or the others which follow. 

Fixperiment No. 1.—May 23, 24 trees were sprayed with kerosene 
emulsion diluted with fifteen parts of water. 

Experiment No. 2.—May 23, 35 trees were sprayed with kerosene 
emulsion diluted with nine parts of water. 

Results.—Most of the scales in this orchard were dead at. this 
time, evidently from the effects of the severe winter weather and 
the cold winds from the lake, and hence, although these trees were 
comparatively well sheltered, but comparatively few living seales 
were found upon them. As was expected, however, the weaker 
emulsion had no apparent effect, and very slight if any effects could 
be detected on trees sprayed with the stronger emulsion, excepting 
oceasionally where the scales had made but very little grqwth. 

Summer Treatment.— As previously stated the young seales 
emerge during tbe latter part of June or early inJuly. Fora short 
time they move about upon the limbs and twigs. Naturally these 
young scales are more susceptible to the action of the kerosene 


38 


594 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


emulsion at this time than during the winter. But the eggs con- 
tinue to hatch for nearly a month, making several applications of 
the emulsion necessary in order to insure thoroughness in the work. 
The foliage also interferes with the thorough drenching of the limbs 
and twigs. However, a number of infested plum trees in an orchard 
at Geneva were sprayed early in July, as follows: 

Experiment No. 1.— July 3 (1895), 16 trees were sprayed with 
kerosene emulsion, diluted with six parts of water. 

Experiment No. 2.— Resin wash. In the same orchard 16 trees 
were sprayed July 3 with rosin wash, made after the following 
formula: 


IS@SHN SS Sc5 Bob ooeocoace Be sone Saedds babea0 Sacasocaéoso daocsc case 20 pounds. 
@anzticssodar ((o pel Cent: ss seseeee see cee er eee ase e eee 5 pounds. 
Nie Oise Ses h06 co dood ssecnr osOcoU cndose sasbes bosses sSsses cc 24 pounds. 


\IVEILE (0) WORN OS Ge hoodoo ssooae goss boSSrolossegeacbos csSseoos = 100 gallons. 


Directions for making this wash are given by Mr. Marlatt, 
Farmers’ Bulletin, No. 19, U. S. Dept., Agr. p. 13, as follows: 
‘* Place these substances with the oil in a kettle with water to cover 
them to a depth of three or four inches. oil for one or two hours, 
making occasional additions of water, or until the compound 
resembles very strong black coffee. Dilute to one-third the final 
bulk with hot water, or with cold water added slowly over the fire, 
making a stock mixture to be diluted to the full amount as used. 
When sprayed the mixture should be perfectly fluid, without 
sediment, and should any appear in the stock mixture reheating 
should be resorted to.” 

Fesults.— September 10, all of the trees sprayed in the above two 
experiments were carefully examined. About 80 per cent. of the 
scales had been killed on trees sprayed with either kerosene emul- 
sion or resin wash. The failure to kill all of them was undoubtedly 
due to the fact that most of the scales were on the under sides of 
the leaves and hence it was very difficult to reach them with the 
spray. 


e 
ConcLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CoNCERNING REMEDIES, 


Kerosene emulsion is the cheapest and most practical insecticide 
for the New York Plum Lecanium. 
All things considered, the best time to spray is during the winter. 


e 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 595 


Spray thoroughly, drenehing the trees from the tops to the 
ground. Make a special effort to thoroughly wet the under sides 
of every branch. 

While in the above experiments one application of the emulsion 
was sufficient to indicate the effects of the spray, fruit growers have 
found that at least two applications, and in some cases three, are 
necessary to insure thoroughness. 

For winter treatment do not use the emulsion weaker than one 
part of the emulsion to four or six parts of water. 

If there are still some live scales left on the trees in the spring, 


- do not spray until the young scales begin to come forth, about July 


1st, then spray at once with kerosene emulsion diluted with not 
more than nine parts of water. 

Do not try to use a power sprayer. A hand force pump attached 
to a tank or barrel, so arranged as to be easily carted through the 
orchard, will be found more satisfactory. Use a nozzel that will 
apply the mixture in a very fine spray, such as that produced by the 
Vermorel or McGowen. 


VU. Preliminary Reports of Experiments with 
the Potato Flea Beetle. 


Although more than one species of flea beetle is known to attack 


the potato, the one that is best known on Long Island among potato” 


growers, and has come to be called the potato flea beetle, is the com- 
mon little black species, Crepidodera cucumeris. 

This little insect has come to be a serious pest to potato growers 
in the locality above mentioned. During dry seasons they are 
usually very abundant, not infrequently coming in such numbers as 
to seriously cripple the potato vines before the tubers reach matu- 
rity. Although feeding upon a great variety of plants, this insect 
is pre-eminently a potato and tomato pest on Long Island. 

Last year the beetles were abundant in the vicinity of Jamaica 


until the middle of June. From that time on they became less: 
numerous for several weeks, although the year before they had been 


very abundant throughout the season. 


The beetles injure the plants by eating emai holes in the leaves,, 


which finally causes the leaves to wither and die. They feed from 


both the upper and under surfaces, hence in applying insecticides: 


for them eare should be taken to cover both surfaces. 

Early in the season a field of potatoes at Bay Side, Long Island, 
was engaged for the purpose of conducting a series of experiments 
with remedies for the flea beetle. It was the original intention to 
continue these experiments throughout the season. The work was 
only just begun, however, when the beetles became so scarce that 
the effects of the treatment were not apparent. 

The field was divided into eight plots and treated as follows. 
There was not time to make more than one application of the insecti- 
cides before wet weather commenced and the beetles became 
comparatively scarce : 

Plot I, containing five rows,* was sprayed with Paris green 


* Each row was about ten rods long. 


———— Ee a 


—————- 


Piare VII.—Potato leaves showing holes made by flea beetles. (See page 56.) 


Report or Enromococists oF ExprrRIMENT STATION. 597 


mixed with water, at the rate of one pound of the poison to 150 
gallons of water.* 

Plot II, containing four and one-half rows, was sprayed with 
Paris green and water, in the same proportion as in Plot I, but to 
which whale oil soap had been added at the rate of one pound of 
the soap to four gallons of the mixture. 

Plot III, consisting of two and one-half rows, was sprayed with 
extract of pyrethrum at a strength of two and one-half ounces of 
the extract to four gallons of water. 

Plot IV, consisting of five rows, was sprayed with whale oil soap 
and water, the soap being used at a strength of one pound of the 
soap to four gallons of water. 

Plot V, consisting of five rows, was sprayed with whale oil soap 
and water, at the proportion used in Plot IV, but to which had 
been added extract of pyrethrum at the rate of two and one-half 
ounces of the extract to four gallons of the solution. 

Plot VI, consisting of five rows, was sprayed with one per cent. 
solution of Lysol. 

Plot VII, consisting of two rows, was sprayed with tobacco 
decoction, the tobacco being used at the rate of one pound of the 
tobacco to four gallons of water. 

Plot VIII. This plot included about three acres, and was sprayed 
with Bordeaux mixture, to which whale oil soap had been added at 
the rate of one pound of soap to four gallons of the mixture. 

All of the plots, excepting Plot VIII, were sprayed between 
June 10 and 19. Plot VIII was sprayed a few days later. 

A knapsack sprayer was used in all cases, excepting Plot VII, 
which was sprayed with a power sprayer. 

Owing to the scarcity of the beetles the experiments were discon- 
tinued before final results could be obtained. 


* In each case where Paris green was used the usual amount of lime was added to prevent 
durning. 


AUR ile: 


By F. A. SIRRINE, M. 8S. 


OUTLINE. 


I. Notes of the Season. 

(a) Cut-worms. 

(6) Pear Midge (Diplosis pyrivora, Riery). 

(c) Plant Lice. 

1. Cabbage Louse, Aphis brassice. 

. Green fly, Rhopalosiphum diantht. 
. Apple Louse, Aphis malt. 
. Potato Aphid? Szphonophora sp. 
. Chrysanthemum Aphid, Siphonophora artemesia ? 


OD or HR WK bv 


. Calla Lilly Aphid, Siphonophora circumflexa. 
(@) A Seed-stalk Weevil, Ceutorhynchus seriesetosus. 
(e) Tomato Worm and parasite. 

(7) Imported Currant Saw fly. 


Il. Notes on Remedies for the Pernicious and Other Scale Insects.. 
IIIf. The Bramble or Blackberry Flea Louse, Zrioza tripunctata 
IV. The Spinach-leaf Maggot or Miner Pegomyta vicina. 


I. Notes of the Season. 


The season of 1895, as compared with 1894, has been marked by 
a decided increase in the amount of damage done by certain groups 
of insects; also, by a decrease in amount of damage caused by other 
groups, and by the uniformity in the amount of damage done by 
still others. 

There was a marked decrease in the amount of damage done by 
the “ Cabbage-Root Maggot,” the “‘ Cabbage Louse,” and the “ Corn 
or Boll Worm.” The amount of damage done by the “Colorado 
Potato Beetle,” and the ‘“ European Cabbage Worm,” will average 
well with the amount done last year. Although the number of 
cabbage-worm butterflies was not conspicuous in the early part of 
the season they increased rapidly throughout the summer and 
caused the usual amount of damage to late cabbage. 

Cur-worms.— One of the, first pests of the season to cause an 
incalculable amount of damage was the cut-worm. Complaints of 
damage done by them were universal in the southeast section of 
the State. 

From the reports given at the meeting of Economie Entomologists 
at Springfield, Mass., during the first of September, it is evident 
that they occurred in destructive numbers in all the Northern States 
as well as in the State of New York. They also occurred in 
destructive numbers as far south as Kentucky. 

From the cultural methods followed in the gardening districts 
near New York city it was a mystery how the cut-worms had found 
feeding grounds during the previous fall, especially favorable feed- 
- ing grounds to have survived in such destructive numbers. Several 
localities were visited to determine as far as possible these condi- 
tions. In the onion growing sections of Orange county it was 
found that the fields are usually divided into long narrow plats by 
ditches which answer either for drainage or for irrigation purposes. 
The ditches, not sodded, are allowed to support weeds and various 
kinds of wild grasses. It was evident from the manner in which 
the cut-worms had invaded the plats that the moths had deposited 


600 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


their eggs the previous fall along the ditches and that the worms 
had found food here during the fall and early spring. As soon as 
the onions were fairly up the cut-worms left the ditches and mi- 
grated to the adjoining plats. In some instances only an irregular 
patch of onions through the center of a plat would be left. The 
remainder of the plat being as clean as though gone over with the 
hve the previous day. Some of the onion growers saved part of 
their crop by cutting ditches ahead of the advancing horde of 
cut-worms and keeping the ditches filled with water. 

Probably the species that did the most damage to onions was 
Carneades messoria. It was also quite destructive to potatoes. 

The “ Glassy Cut-worm ” (Hadena devastatrix) did considerable 
damage in asparagus fields. No other food plant was necessary for 
the survival of this species in asparagus fields. 

In most localities on Long Island I usually found Muhlenbergia, 
or “ Drop Seed,” and Agropyrum or “Couch Grass.” From the 
fact that both these grasses form under-ground stems, they are 
called “ Root” or “ Joint Grasses,” by many of thefarmers. These 
grasses were found in fields which were said to have been in constant 
cultivation for the past twenty years. In addition to these grasses 
many of the cultivated fields are overgrown during fall and spring 
with “Chickweed” (Stellaria media). Parsley often furnishes 
plenty of food for the young worms during the fall and ‘ Shepherds’ 
Purse” or “ Pepper Grass,” keeps them from starving in the spring. 
A good many cut-worms have been noticed the past fall feeding on 
“Chickweed ” in squash fields. 

These observations help to confirm the value of the old remedy 
of absolutely clean cultivation at all seasons of the year. 

Mr. Daniel Vaii of Locust Valley, N. Y., tested bisulphide of 
carbon on cut-worms, using the MeGowen Injector. No perceptible 
headway was made against them by this treatment. 

Tue Prar Miner.— This pest is apparently well distributed over 
Long Island. It was found at Flushing, Jamaica, Queens and 
Locust Valley, N. Y. The infested trees noticed at Locust Valley 
were principally Lawrence. In the other localities the variety of 
the pear was not known. Part of the infested trees noticed at Flush- 
ing and Queens lost all their fruit during the month of June. 

Arrangements were made for some observations on the “ Pear 
Midge” in the pear orchards of Mr. J. R. Cornell and Mr. 8. B. 
Huested at Newburgh and at Blauvelt, N. Y. 


‘ « 
— 


a 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Station. 601 


Both these gentlemen had used remedies the previous year. Mr. 
‘Cornell used kainit at the rate of 1,500 to 2,000 lbs. per acre, Mr. 
Huested used muriate of potash at the rate of 1,500 lbs. per acre. 
The orchards were visited April 19th. Traps covering about four 
square feet of surface, made of cheese cloth were placed under 
treated and untreated trees, and so arranged that the midges could 
not escape when issuing from the ground. On April 27th Mr. J. R. 
Cornell of Newburgh, found such countless numbers of “ midges ” 
under all the traps that it was impossible to distinguish any difference 
between treated and untreated trees. 

Very few midges were to be found under any of the traps set in 
Mr. Heusted’s orchard. 

May 9th, at the time the pears were beginning to flower, the orchard 
at Newburgh was visited. None of the adult “midges” could be 
found at this time, nor did I sueceed in finding eggs within the 
opening, or in the unopened flowers. One peculiar fact noted was 
that about one-third of the blossoms on Lawrence trees in an old 
orchard were blighted; the fruit and in many cases the fruit stems 
were much swollen; the latter usually dwarfed. These blighted 
flowers were always on the top branches which were the most 
vigorous. Plenty of the ‘‘ Midge Maggots” were already at work 
in these small fruits. On less vigorous branches only the central 
flower of each cluster was found infested. 

In a letter received September 15th, from Mr. S. B. Huested, he 
says: “The tree of Tyson which was most affected last year had 
two and one-half barrels of pears on this year. The two Lawrence 
trees you looked at have only one pear each.” The Tyson tree which 
Mr. Huested refers to was treated with muriate of potash at the rate 
of about 1,500 pounds per acre. The Lawrence trees referred to 
were not treated. They were small trees which had been left in a 
corner of the nursery and not cared for. 

Mr. Cornell, of Newburgh, writes that the young Lawrence trees, 
which were treated with kainit are in excellent condition, with a 
fair yield of fine fruit. He is confident that the heavy dressing 
which he gave helped the trees, if it did not reduce the number of 
the “ midges.” é 

Mr. Huested’s orchard is located in what is known as the ‘“ Red 
Shale” belt, and, from results obtained by Dr. Smith, of New Jer- 
sey Experiment Station, he might be able to prevent the increase 
of the “midge” in destructive numbers by the application of kainit. 


602 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THB 


Mr. Cornell’s orchard is on a elay soil which has flat broken stone 
on the surface. If he succeeds in the use of kainit it will be by 
applying it every year; then he will only reduce the number of the 
so that the thinning of the fruit, which they will do, will 
be a benefit to trees stimulated as the latter will necessarily be by 
the constant use of the kainit. 

Apparently the ‘“ midges” were as plentiful in the vicinity of New- 
burgh this season, as on previous years, but the peculiar fact noted 
above, as to the way in which they had attacked the blossoms on 
the most vigorous branches, and the first flower on less vigorous 
branches, indicate that either the trees were backward in flowering 
or that the “ midges” issued earlier and had mostly disappeared by 
the time trees pushed forth the flower buds. Whichever may have 
been the case the result was less injury as a whole for this season, 
and a fair crop. 

Prant Lice.— The scarcity of the ‘Cabbage louse” (Aphis 
brassice) on Long Island the past season has been very marked. 
It was noticed in small numbers in two localities, viz., Hicksville 
and Cutchogue. On the other hand, the “Green fiy ” (22hopalo- 
siphum dianthi) has occurred in destructive numbers on turnips, 
in a few cases on cabbage, and especially on kale. During the last 
half of October and the firet half of November this Aphid was 
attacked by a fungus growth, Aimpusa aphidis, which destroyed at 
least 80 per cent. of them. Their destruction by this disease did 
not prove of much benefit to the growers of kale. The leaves 
were already more or less wilted, besides the dead plant lice were 
so firmly, attached to the surface of the leaf by the fungus threads 
that it was impossible to jar or wash them off. The appearance of 
these dead lice injured the sale of the kale more than the live ones 
did, as part of the latter could be gotten rid of by jarring and 
washing. One farmer said if he succeeded in selling a little kale 
to customers he could not sell to them a second time. 

The “ Apple louse” (Aphis malz) bas oceurred in injurious num- 
bers on apple, quince, hawthorn and spireas. Messrs. Keene & 
Foulk, of Flushing, treated part of their apple stock with whale oil 
soap, one pound dissolved in four gallons of water. This was 
applied by simply dipping the ends of the branches into a bucket 
full of the liquid. The effect of the treatment was most marked 
at the close of the growing season. The average growth of the 
untreated stock was one foot with nearly all the leaves curled. 


“midges’ 


=e 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 603 


The treated stock made an average growth of from two to three 
feet, with only a few curled leaves at the base of the new growth. 

The latter part of June a “Green Plant louse” (Siphonophora 
Sp.?) was noticed in large numbers on “ Pigweed” (Chenopodium 
album). On July 8th the same louse was noticed on potatoes and 
tomatoes. By July 15th they had increased in such numbers that 
complaints of their injury commenced to come in. The latter part 
of July they were found feeding on cucumber and squash vines, 
and on “Shepherd’s Purse” or “ Pepper Grass.” I mistrust that 
this Aphid will prove to be identical with the “ Rose Aphis” 
(Siphonophora rose). Emulsions made of crude petroleum, also of 
the light and heavy oils of crude petroleum, diluted with sixteen 
parts water to one part of the emulsion, were tested on this Aphid 
on tomato plants. About 75 per cent. of the Aphids were killed 
and all the plants were injured. 

Besides the “Green fly” (Rhopalosiphum dianthi) two other 
species of plant lice are quite common and do considerable damage 
in neglected green houses. (The “Green fly” usually infests the 
carnations.) The ‘ Dark-brown Chrysanthum fly” (S¢phonophora 
Artimesia? Bucxron) occurs on ‘* Wormwood” or “ Mugwort” 
(Artimesia vulgaris) in the fields and migrates from this to the chrys- 
anthemums before the latter are taken into the greenhouse. In the 
field they usually feed on the under side of the leaves, thus are not 
noticed. About the time the chrysanthemums begin to open their 
flower buds the flies move to the flower stalk, at which time they 
are very conspicuous as well as injurious. 

Another species, Siphonophora circumflexa, attacks calla lilies, 
Cyclamens, “ Dusty Miller” (Senecio cineraria) and Spiraxis. It 
caused the most noticeble injury to the flower of the calla; an in- 
jury for which there is less excuse than for the injury done by any 
other plant louse known to infest greenhouses. The calla is an easy 
plant to wash before the flowers open; all parts of the plant can be 
reached by any method by which the washes are applied. Hence it 
is carelessness to allow this pest to increase until the flowers are 
open. As soon as the flowers open the plant lice crowd into them 
and in a short time make them filthy. A soot-like mould soon be- 
gins to grow on the flowers where these pests work. 

Srrp-staLK Wervin. A seed-stalk weevil of kale, cabbage and tur- 
nip did considerable damage to the above named plants in the seed- 
growing section of the island, especially at Cutchogue. This prob- 


604 Report or Enromo.oaists or EXPERIMENT STATION. 


ably is identical with the species mentioned by Mr. Slingerland in a 
bulletin on ‘‘ Cabbage-Root Maggot.” Specimens were reared from 
all three of the above mentioned plants and sent to Dr. William G. 
Dietz, who kindly determined them for me. He says they are identi- 
cal with the species which he has described as Cewtorhynchus seri- 
esctosus in his forth-coming revision of North American Cewtorhyn- 
chint. Lcould find no trace of them at the west end of the island 
although they were searched for in “‘ Shepherd’s Purse ” and mustard. 
An effort was made during the month of August to determine their 
habits throughout the fall and winter. Only a few specimens were 
found on the ground in the old kale fields and these died in confine- 
ment, although furnished with live cabbage plants. 

During the latter part of August the “Tomato Worm” (Phlege- 
thontius celeus) entirely stripped the tomato vines in many places 
in Queens county. They were so severely attacked by parasites 
(Apanteles congregatus) that it is safe to say that nut over ten per 
cent. of this brood reached maturity. A search of over two hours 
in a field for healthy worms proved a failure. A few which did not 
show signs of being parasitized were taken to the laboratory, but 
they succumbed to parasites in a few days. 

Some complaints of injury to currants by the “‘ Imported Currant 
Saw fly” were received. They were quite abundant the latter part 
of May and where neglected, which was often the case, the currants 
were stripped of every particle of foliage. 


ee. 


II. Notes on Remedies for the Pernicious and 
Other Scale Insects. 


(a) Prrnictous ScALe. 


A brief review of the history of the introduction, distribution and 
spread of the “ Pernicious Scale” has been given in Bulletin No. 
87 of this Station. 

Although it has not been entirely exterminated from nurseries on 
Long Island it is fairly well under control. -At the close of the 
season of 1896 we hope to be able to report that it has been ex- 
terminated not only in all the Long Island nurseries, but also that it 
is in a fair way to be exterminated in private yards and orchards to 
which it has been distributed by these nurseries. At that time a 
complete review of the history, distribution and habits of the pest 
in this section may be valuable. For the present a summary of the 
remedies and measures used with notes made on the same may be 
of some practical use for future work. 

No newly infested nurseries have been located the past year, but 
the pest has been traced to nearly all parts of the Island. In all 
cases where it has been found, the infested trees were obtained 
either from the infested Long Island, or the New Jersey nurseries. 

Winter Washes—On December 21, 1894, the following washes. 
were applied to three and four year old pear trees in the nursery of 
Keene & Foulk, Flushing, N. Y.: 


Trees 
(a) Kerosene emulsion diluted with two parts water.............--.-.-- 60 
(b) Kerosene emulsion diluted with three parts water-...--......-..... 38 
Pee LOR CHIN WASH. 22) 2 ames aah lisa nS swies ao wtveiaes sani aeceeee 35 
(G@)EUnme-sullplion-sali wasn 2-2 occ els cic sept a's win winnie ooo te ee ee 21 
(a) (Crade-potash; saturated solution. --. .--.5 .---..---5.0 ceo eons ence 28 
(f) Fish oil soap, two pounds dissolved in one gallon of water........--.- 8 


At the time the above washes were applied the twigs contained 
frost. All the washes had to be applied warm, even hot in the ease 
of the lime-sulphur-salt and soap washes. The former erystalized 


606 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


as it came in contact with the twigs and the formation of hair-like 
erystals in the spraying nozzle interfered with its application. The 
soap solution hardened when it struck the twigs and did not spread 
well. 

A light rain fell December 25th. This was followed by a heavy 
wet snow and rain December 27th. In a hurried examination of the 
trees made December 29th traces cf all the washes were found on 
them. On January 15, 1895, sample twigs from trees sprayed with 
each of the above named washes were examined, a few live scale in- 
sects were found under margins of buds and at tips of twigs from trees 
which had been sprayed with the lime-sulphur-salt wash. Plenty 
of live specimens were found on twigs from trees treated with fish 
oil soap. No live specimens were found on twigs from trees treated 
with the two strengths of kerosene emulsion, with the winter resin 
wash, or with the crude potash wash. Part of the failure of the 
lime-sulphur-salt wash must be attributed to the difficulty of appli- 
cation. The same is true of the soap wash. The latter was prob- 
ably removed by the rain before it softened enough to act upon the 
scale of the insect. 

Between the 15th of February and the 15th of March, Messrs, 
Keene & Foulk sprayed about 30,000 three and four year old apple 
and pear trees with kerosene emulsion, diluted with three parts 
water. Two applications were made at intervals of about two 
weeks. They also sprayed twice about 15,000 one year old apple 
trees, and resprayed with kerosene emulsion (1 to 3) all of the pear 
trees sprayed December 21. 

From the 1st to the 15th of April, several days were spent in 
careful inspection of stock in Parsons & Sons’ nursery of Flushing, 
who up to that date had not treated any of their stock. During 
this inspection it was found that 90 per cent., if not more, of the 
“ Pernicious Scales” not protected by buds or the rough bark were 
dead. On such plants as flowering quince (Pyrus japonica), 
where the branches rested on the ground, or where dirt had been 
plowed to the trees the previous fall, plenty of live specimens were 
found. Possibly 50 per cent. of the dead specimens should be 
deducted for old scales under which the adult insects had died after 
depositing the last brood of the season. 

The above conditions show that no approximate estimate of the 
per cent. of pernicious-scale insects killed by the washes tested in 
the nursery of Keene & Foulk could be made. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STaTIon. ~ 607 


During the spring shipping season all the infested stock in Keene 
& Foulk’s nursery was destroyed, and all suspected stock sold, 
whether washed during the winter or not, was put through the 
“ oas box”? (See Gas Treatment.) A good share of the pear trees 
washed during December was destroyed. On all the latter that 
were saved, as well as on other stock treated twice with kerosene 
emulsion, a good many live specimens were found in July. In 
most cases they appeared to have issued from adults which were 
fairly well protected around the union of the branches with the 
trunk of the tree. In other cases the adults were protected by 
dirt at the base of the tree; this was especially the case with the 
one year old stock. Undoubtedly some of the scale insects would 
have escaped the action of the washes as well as the climatic effects 
at these points. 

All the one year old stock was injured to such an extent by the 
kerosene emulsion that it had to be cut back. In some cases the 
branches of older stock were injured. 

Summer Washes.— Of summer washes only kerosene and crude 
petroleum emulsions were tested. For the ‘“ Pernicious Scale” 
these washes were tested on one of the most difficult plants to treat 
that could be found in a nursery, viz., Pyrus japonica. Two rows, 
each about ten rods long, of one year old plants, were treated. 
Many of the branches were prostrate on the ground and partially 
covered by dirt in cultivation. This stock was in Parsons & Sons’ 
nursery of Flushing, N. Y., and had received no previous treat- 
ment. The washes were applied during the time that the first 
brood of females was migrating from beneath the mother scale, viz., 
from June 2lst to July 22d. The dates of application of crude 
petroleum emulsion and the strengths used at each application were 
as follows: June 21st, 1 to 12; July ist, 1 to 10; July 15th, 
1 to 11. Kerosene emulsion was applied on the following dates: 
July 2d, 12th and 22d. Only one strength was used —1 part 
emulsion to 10 parts water. 

As the principal object in using these washes was to determine 
which would destroy the largest number of the young during the 
period that they were migrating, the date of application was varied, 
A. secondary object was to test the crude petroleum emulsion on the 
~parent scales. There was a chance that the heavy oils of crude 
petroleum, which form a gummy emulsion, would either smother 
the parent scale or prevent the escape of the young from them. 


-—s 


608 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THD 


For this reason the petroleum emulsion was applied as soon as the: 


migration commenced, 
The final results were as follows: The plants treated with the 


erude petroleum emulsion had very few leaves left on them. Prob- 


ably 80 per cent. of all the young scales which issued during 
the period of treatment were killed. The plants treated with kero- 
sene emulsion retained nearly all their leaves. They were also well 
supplied with live young ‘ Pernicious Seales.” Possibly 50 per 
cent. were killed. Approximately all the exposed young were 
killed by both emulsions at each application. The young which 


issued between the intervals of application of the washes and became 


partially protected with the forming scale were rarely affected by 
the kerosene emulsion, while with the petroleum emulsion many 
of the partially protected young were killed. Although on the 
morning of July 2d, hardly a living young scale could be found 
crawling on the plants sprayed with crude petroleum emulsion the 
previous day, the afternoon of the day foliowing nearly as many 
could be seen as before treatment. 

The exact date at which the first brood of females ceased to issue 


from beneath the parent scales can not be given. Winged males. 


for the second brood were found August 16th. 

Linseed-oil and Whatle-oil Soap.— Between the first and fifteenth 
of August, Mr. Foulk trimmed about one hundred each of one and 
two year old apple and peach trees and had the dirt removed from 
their crowns. Half of each of these he washed, from the branches 


to the exposed roots, with whale-oil soap, using two pounds of soap 


to a gallon of water. ‘The remaining 50 of each he painted with raw 
linseed oil. 

These trees were thoroughly inspected August 21. With the ex- 
ception of a few young which had migrated from the untreated 
branches unto the body where the whale-oil soap had been removed 
by rain, not a living specimen could be found. At that time no in- 
jury to any of the trees was noticeable. 

As the linseed oil could be applied thoroughly more readily than 
the whale-oil soap* solution, Mr. Foulk proceeded to trim, remove 


* Whale-oil soap solution lathers to such an extent that it is difficult for workmen to tell 
how thoroughly they are applying it. Linseed oil not only spreads nicely but it remains on 
the trees longer, besides every spot missed with the brush shows distinctly. It also shows 
distinctly where the tree is infested as the discoloration of the bark caused by the live scale 
is brought out. 


ee ee a titre » = 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 609 


dirt from crown, and paint all his infested one year old peach trees, 
between 3,000 and 4,000, with linseed oil. . 

This stock was all budded and apparently the “ Pernicious Scales ” 
had been on the buds used. This necessitated the removal of the 
dirt from the crown. The plan was to wash the body and crown of 
the trees while the dirt could be easily removed and while other 
work did not interfere, then wash the tops after the leaves had 
fallen. 

About ten days after the peach trees were treated with the lin- 
seed oil the keaves commenced to turn yellow. By November Ist a 
good many of the trees were dead and all were injured to such an 
extent that they were worthless, and all were destroyed. 

One peculiar fact noted was that the peach trees treated first 
as a trial were not injured to such an extent as those treated ten 
days later. Whether this difference was due to a difference in the 
oil, or whether there was a difference in temperature which may 
have caused a large portion of the oil applied to the first lot of trees 
to run from them is not known. 

No injury resulted to any of the apple trees treated, possibly if 
the oil had been applied to the twigs it would have injured them as 
readily as the kerosene emulsion did during the winter. 

During the first half of November Mr. Foulk cut back between 
10,000 and 12,000 two year old apple and plum trees and removed 
dirt from collars. These he had washed with whale-oil soap solu- 
tion, two pounds to one gallon of water. When inspected Novem- 

‘ber 15th, it was found that the cold weather together with the 
frothiness of the solution had interfered with the thorough applica- 
tion of the wash. As a result some of the ‘‘ Pernicious Scales” had 
escaped. All of these trees were re-washed, care being taken to 
keep the wash hot for the workmen. 

Gas Treatment.—Before the spring shipping season opened Mr. 
Foulk of the firm of Keene & Foulk made two fumigating boxes 
for the purpose of treating with hydrocyanic acid gas all suspected 
stock sold. These boxes were 13 x 3 x 3 feet made of flooring and 
without a cover. White lead was used for filliag the mortises and 
putty for the larger joints. The outside of the boxes was entirely 
covered with oiled muslin and the latter given two coats of paint. 
Each box cost about ($10) ten dollars. 

The same amount of chemicals was used to each box of trees as 

39 


610 | REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THB 


recommended for treating scale insects on citrus trees in California, 
viz., 1 ounce of fused cyanide of potassium, 1 fluid ounce of com- 
mercial sulphuric acid and 3 fluid ounces of water for 150 cubic 
feet of space. As each box only contains 117 cubic feet, the amount 
of gas used in each box was a trifle more than recommended. 

About 75 apple trees that had been treated with the gas were 
heeled in and retained for the purpose of noting effect of gas on 
trees and scale insects. They were examined on four separate 
occasions between the first of May and September. 

When inspected in June a single live scale insect was found which 
proved to bea male. No injury to the trees was noticeable. In 
one case where gas treated stock was sent out a pear tree was found 
in August, to be infested. This tree with a number or other pears 
was sold to the purchaser with a plum (Prunus semoniz). The 
latter was badly infested with the ‘‘ Pernicious Seale” and had been 
overlooked the previous fall when the stock was inspected. Of 
course the plum tree was brought in contract with the pears when 
delivered, but at that season the ‘ Pernicious Seale” is sup- 
posed to be dormant. There is also a chance that the owner 
transferred the insects later in the season by handling the trees. 

During the first half of October'all of Keene & Foulk’s stock was 
re-inspected. All infested stock required for fall and spring trade 
was stripped of its leaves, taken up, put through the gas boxes and 
heeled in. Double the amount of gas used during the spring was 
used for each box. It was found that where double the amount of 
potassium cyanide was used part of it was not acted upon by the 
sulphuric acid, hence the following proportions were used: Potassium 
cyanide 2 ounces, sulphuric acid 3 ounces and water 8 ounces. About 
two weeks after the stock was treated a live young“ Pernicious Scale ” 
was found crawling on some currant bushes that had been treated 
with the other stock. On investigation it was found that the work- 
men had placed these currants on top of a box full of trees and 
when the box was inverted no cleats were placed on the ground for 
the trees and currants to rest upon. Asa result the weight of the 
trees forced the currants into the loose soil. Hence there is a 
chance that the failure in this case was due to the fact that the gas 
did not reach all the insects on the currants. What the effect of the 
gas will be used double ordinary strength on the trees, can not be 
determined until next year. 


New YorkK AGRICULTURAL EXPHRIMENT STATION. 611 


The gas treatment, was tested during March, 1894, by the United 
States Division of Entomology at Charlotteville, Va., on trees in 
orchard. A tent was used in this test, and the same amount of gas 
used as recommended for citrus trees. This treatment was not a 
perfect success. 

It is reported that Lovett & Co., of Little Silver, N. J., have used 
boxes for fumigating with hydrocyanic acid gas all the stock infested 
which they have sent out the past eighteen months. It was my 
privilege to watch throughout the summer a lot of apple trees 
which were purchased from Lovett & Co., April, 1895, by Mr. C. W. 
Ward, of Queens, N. Y. This stock was supposed to have been 
treated with gas, as it was evidently infested with the “ Pernicious 
Seale.” At the time the first brood of the “ Pernicious Scale” com- 
menced to appear the above stock was carefully inspected and not a 
tree was found that did not have young specimens crawling over 
them. 

Although some results indicate that the gas treatment is not a 
complete success, in most cases the failures can be traced to some- 
thing which has interfered with its thorough application. Any 
remedy will prove a failure when tested on the “ Pernicious Seale,” 
unless care is taken to make the treatment thorough. Even whale- 
oil soap will prove a failure in nursery unless dirt is removed from 
base of the tree and the wash thoroughly applied to all parts. 

From the amount of stock which I have had the privilege of 
inspecting, after treatment with gas and with whale oil soap, I think 
it is safe to assert that, all things considered, the gas treatment is 
the cheapest remedy for nurserymen who handle and ship fruit trees 
in large quantities, and will be as effective as any remedy under 
ordinary conditions of application. 

ITlow to Use the Fumigating Bowes.—Figure 2, Plate I, sigan 
a box filled with trees, inverted and banked with dirt ready to have 
the gas generators inserted. One generator will answer but two are 
better. An ordinary glass fruit jar makes a good generator. The 
fused potassium cyanide should be weighed and put into packages 
containing the proper amount required for each generator, so that 
all the workmen will have to do will be to empty the package into 
the generator after having placed it under the box. He should be 
provided with two measures, one for the acid and one for water. The 
acid and water should be put into the generator before the latter is 


612 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


placed under the box. As soon as the potassium cyanide is dropped 
into the generator the hole under the box should be closed with a 
short piece of board and banked with dirt. It is best to run the 
generators during cloudy days, or during early morning and 
late in the afternoon.. The gas should be allowed to act for one 
hour. 

Dipping Stock—As Parsons & Sons Nursery Co., follow the 
plan practiced by some nurserymen of digging their stock only as 
needed to fill orders, some plan, which would be as cheap and more 
convenient, for small lots of trees than the gas treatment, had to be 
devised. Dipping the trees in a solution of whale-oil soap appeared 
feasible and harmless to the trees. For this purpose the tank shown 
at Plate II, was made. This nursery haul their stock to one 
packing house to pack, hence it was an easy matter to dip the stock 
before packing and the principal cost by this method of treatment 
was the tank and soap. The tank was made of galvanized iron and 
cost $9.00. It is approximately 8 x 2x 1 feet, and will hold a trifle 
over 94 gallons. It was found more convenient to only use from 
60 to 70 gallons of the mixture at a time. Whale oil soap costs 63 
cents per pound in half barrel (200 Ib.) quantities in NewYork city. 

C. L. Marlett * in his report on ‘ Experiments with winter washes 
against the San Jose scale” says: “ Whale-oil soap washes, even at 
three pounds to the gallon are thin enough when cool to be sprayed 
without difficulty and no trouble whatever was experienced with 
one and one-half and two pounds to the gallon.” 

There must be a difference in the whale-oil soap manufactured by 
different firms. It was found that two pounds of the soap, obtained 
in New York city, added to a gallon of water had to be kept at a 
temperature of about eighty degrees to work well, and, if allowed 
to cool below sixty degrees it formed a very thick softsoap. It had 
to be scooped out of the tank into a kettle each morning and 
remelted, after which it was kept warm by placing an ordinary oil 
stove under the tank. 

Parsons & Sons Nursery Company have only used this tank since 
November 10th, ana none of the treated stock has been inspected. 
From the tests made of whale-oil soap by the United States Division 
of Entomology near Riverside, Maryland; also, from those made 
during the fall in the nursery of Keene & Foulk at Flushing, it is 


*Insect Life, Vol. VII, p. 368. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 613. 


quite evident that a whale-oil soap solution made by dissolving two 
pounds of the soap in a gallon of water, will kill all the “ Pernicious 
Scale” insects, if thoroughly applied, and not injure the trees. 
Hence, failure by the process of dipping must be the result of care- 
less work. 


(6) OrneR Scare Insects. 


As soon as there was the least evidence of the eggs of the Oyster- 
shell Bark-louse hatching, a number of poplar trees in nursery of 
Keene & Foulk were washed with the following substances: Lin- 
seed oil, whale-oil soap, 2 pounds to 1 gallon of water; and 
kerosene emulsion 1 part to 4 parts of water. These washes 
were applied each to an equal number of the trees May 28th. 

Examination of the trees July 8th showed the following results: 
Very few live specimens on trees treated with linseed oil; about 
twice as many alive on trees washed with whale-oil soap ; while 
on trees treated with kerosene emulsion they were so numerous no 
estimate could be made. Portions of the bark on these trees were 
rough ; this would account for the escape of a few of the pests where 
only one application was made. No injury resulted to any of these 
trees. 

A number of poplar trees which had not been previously treated 
and on which the young were issuing from beneath the old scales, 
were sprayed June 6th with crude petroleum emulsion diluted with 
20 parts water. A number of other trees were sprayed the same 
day with crude carbolic acid (95 per cent.), 1 part to 100 parts 
water. 

June 7th, dead specimens were found on all the trees sprayed June 
6th, but the young were still issuing from beneath the old scales in 
countless numbers ; hence no estimate of the number killed of those 
treated could be made. After this last test Keene & Foulk had 
all their poplar trees washed with the strong whale-oil soap solution. 
Only the bark lice not reached with the wash escaped. 

The value of a series of applications of crude petroleum and kero- 
sene emulsions was tested on Huonymus latifolius and HEuonymus 
europeus against the “ Enonymus Seale” (Chionaspis ewonymt) in 
nursery of Parsons & Sons, of Fiushing. Both emulsions were 
diluted with ten parts water and applied on the following dates: 
Crude petroleum emulsion, 1 to 10, 20 plants, June 21st, July Ist 


' 


614 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THR 


and 22d. Kerosene emulsion, 1 to 10,15 plants, July Ist, 12th 
and 22d. | 

It was found after the second application had been made that a 
few male, but no female scales were alive on the plants treated with 
the crude petroleum emulsion ; while on those treated with kerosene 
emulsion enough live male scales remained to give the impression 
that not over 50 per cent. had been killed. The females were not 
so plentiful. A third application of both washes was made to make 
the test as complete as possible. 

Whether the male specimens issued from beneath the parent 
scale after the second application, or are not as easily affected as the 
female scales, is a question. The foliage was slightly injured by 
the crude petroleum emulsion, but the plants retained the injured 
leaves throughout the summer. When examined the latter part of 
August no living specimens could be found on plants sprayed with 
the crude petroleum emulsion. A good many of both males and 
females had escaped the action of the kerosene emulsion. 

The above results show that the ‘“‘ Enonymus Scale” can be con- 
trolled, and, if the work is thoroughly done can be exterminated by 
three successive applications of crude petroleum emulsion. The 
first application should be made about June 20th and the last July 
20th. If the spraying should be left until July 20th and only one 
application made, many of the voung would be so well protected by 
their scale they would not be destroyed. They could probably be 
controlled by the use of kerosene emulsion, but four applications of 
this between the 20th of June and July 20th would be required, as 
it would not do to allow the young to become protected in the least 
by a scale. 

The Oyster-shell Bark-louse can be controlled by the same washes, 
but the treatment should be commenced about 15 days earlier. The 
latter can be easily treated to advantage on some kinds of trees just 
before the eggs hatch with either linseed oil or whale-oil soap. 


(c) Summary. 


With the exception of whale-oil soap none of the ‘ winter 
washes” have proven successful in the tests made by the United 
States Division of Entomology. It was also proven by these tests 
that none of the washes were as effective when applied in winter 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 615. 


as when applied during the fall. Fairly good results have been 
obtained at the Florida Experiment Station from the use of ‘resin 
wash.” In this section of the country winter is not only a disa- 
greeable time to apply the washes but rains are liable to remove 
them before they have time to act on the dormant scale insects. 
Hence the only conclusion that can be drawn is, that better results 
will be obtained by applying “winter washes” during the fall; 
that “winter washes” applied in the winter are liable to be a waste 
of time. Also, that the simplest remedy, viz., whale-oil soap, 
makes the best wash for general use. 

In order that any wash may prove a success when applied to nur- 
sery stock for the “ Pernicious Scale ” it is absolutely necessary to 
remove the dirt from around the crown and apply the wash 
thoroughly from buds down to the roots. This is‘especially true 
for all stock which is budded, grafted or grown from cuttings. 
Hence for nursery stock the wash must be applied during the fall or 
early spring. It is recommended that the wash be applied during 
fall ‘in preference to spring, as the ‘“‘ Pernicious Seale” is active 
during the fall and more susceptible than during the spring. 

It should be remembered that whale-oil soap solution is more dif- 
ficult to apply than some other washes unless applied during warm 
weather. By spraying the tops of the tree with a summer wash at 
intervals of five days during July, possibly whale-oil soap solution 
could be used to an advantage on the trunk of the trees during the 
summer. 

All things considered, the gas treatment is the simplest and 
cheapest remedy that many nurserymen can use. As far as tested 
on nursery stock here on Long Island it has given as good results 
as any of the other remedies.. 

For nurserymen who dig their stock only as the orders are filled, 
probably the dipping of the stock in a solution of whale-oil soap 
will prove the simplest and cheapest remedy. 

The ‘“ Oyster-shell Bark-louse” and the “ Euonymus Scale ” can 
be controlled by summer washes. If the latter are applied often 
enough and thoroughly at the right season, viz., from the Ist of 
June to the 1st of July for the “ Oyster-sheil Bark-louse,” and 
from the 20th of June to the 20th of July for the “ Euonymus 
Seale,” these pests can be exterminated. 

Linseed oil is not a safe remedy to use at any season on peach 


616 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THB 


trees, and 'should®be carefully tested on all plants with thin bark 
before being recommended for general use against scale insects. 
As far as tested it is the most effective remedy for scale insects 
during their dormant condition. Mr. Foulk thinks it can be safely 
applied to apple and pear trees, excepting the young twigs, at any 
season or stage of growth, and if applied to the old scales during the 
winter no young will ever issue. 

The experience of Keene & Foulk demonstrate that kerosene 
emulsion, diluted with three parts water, applied even in winter is 
very unsafe and by no means certain in its results. In the tests 
made by the United States Division of Entomology only pure kero- 
sene emulsion killed all of the ‘“ Pernicious Scales.” It also killed 
the trees. 

Poor results from the use of kerosene emulsion often occur, 
which can be traced to some slight detail in its manufacture, such as 
too much lime in the soap or in the water used, or to improper 
emulsifying. Hence the above results are given simply as they 
occurred and not to condemn kerosene emulsion for all purposes. 

Crude petroleum emulsion is more expensive than kerosene emul- 
sion. It will be a more dangerous remedy to use than kerosene 
emulsion. 


(2) MiscenLangous Noves. 


From the foregoing report the natural conclusion must be that 
Messrs. Keene & Foulk of Flushing have made strenuous efforts 
to rid their stock of the “ Pernicious” or “San José Seale.” The 
destroying of their worst infested stock, together with the unfortu- 
nate test of linseed oil and kerosene emulsion, has reduced their stock 
nearly one-half. They are practically free from the pest. It only 
remains to watch their stock another season in order to be sure 
that stock grown from cuttings, put out last spring, and the young 
budded stock has not accidently become infested. They are taking 
the extra precaution to dip in whale-oil soap solution, all cuttings of 
ornamental shrubbery which they expect to put out. 

Up to November 10th Parsons & Sons Nursery Co., of Flushing, 
had simply destroyed their worst infested stock. This stock was 
marked for them. Since November 10th they have been dipping in 
a solution of whale-oil soap the stock used to fill orders. How 
thoroughly this work has been done can not be determined until 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 617 


next July, at which time the trees can be examined in private yards 
and orchards to which it has been distributed. 

Boulon of the Sea Cliff Nursery, Sea Cliff, N. Y., has simply 
destroyed his worst infested stock. This was marked for him. 

As the stock destroyed by the two last named nurseries was 
practically worthless, the principal loss at present to these nurseries 
has been the expense of removing the stock. 


PLATE L. 


Box for treating trees with hydrocyanic acid gas. Fig. 1. Box 
ready to be filled with trees. Fig 2. Box filled, inverted and 
banked with earth ready to have generator inserted. 


PEATE, i 


Tank for dipping trees in whale oil soap solution. 


(Drawn and photographed by F. A. Sirrine.) 


‘postosul 10jJVL0US OABL OF APB Y4IBE YIM poyuB puB peqoaul ‘po, Y pod °% O14 ‘PeLY eq 09 Apved pog *] ‘pIyT 
‘ses pov o1usAoorpAy WII Seedy Suyvesdy 10J pog —'[T aLv1g 


3 6. —=—— - 
x SS = a x — 
= —, Y me 
= 1 


Puate Il.—Tank for dipping trees in whale-oil soap solution. 


Il]. The Bramble-Flea Louse. 


(Trioza tripunctata, Fitch.) 


Orper HemirpreraA: Famiry Psyiuip. 


Hisroricat.— The first notice of the injury caused to blackberry 
canes by this insect was given by Drs. Walsh and Riley,* in 1869, 
from*material received from Charles Parry, of Cinnaminson, N. J., 
who reported that it was injuring the cultivated blackberry. 

In a paper read before the New Jersey State Horticultural 
Society, in 1880, A. 8. Fullert stated that this insect was api 
increasing and doing more damage each year. 

Mrs. Mary Treat described, i in 1887, in ‘* Injurious Insects of the 
Farm and Garden,” the work of the “ Bramble-Flea louse ;” but 
her description is apparently a repetition of that given by A.S. 
Fuller, and undoubtedly refers to the injury at that date, viz., 1880. 
Whether it has caused any serious injury since the above date, I 
can not say; at least I find no record by any of the Station ento- 
mologists or horticulturists of injury done by it. It is a peculiar 
fact that all recorded complaints of injury by it are from New 
Jersey. 

Dr. Riley states that it occurs on pine from Canada to Florida. 
The blackberry, as will be shown further on, is its principal food 
plant. Hence it is liable to increase in destructive numbers during 
almost any series of years which are favorable for it, and every pre- 
caution should be taken to prevent its increase. 

Soon after commencing work in the Second Judicial Department, 
I noticed a peculiar curled and deformed condition of the wild 
blackberry leaves and canes. As, at the time I was not familiar 
with the species of Psyllidxe of the Atlantic coast, whose method of 


a 


* American Entomologist, vol. I, p. 225. +American Entomologist, vol. III, p.62. 


620 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THB 


work resembled so closely the work on plants of many of the plant 
lice, I mistook the injury for the work of plant lice. On investi- 
gating the trouble, although a few plant lice were found, thé cause 
was found to be the work of an immature form of a species of 
Psyllide. 

This insect closely resembles the pear psylla, and will probably 
do as much damage as the latter in case its native wild food plant 
ever becomes scarce, or a series of favorable years should occur for 
such an inerease that the wild blackberry would not furnish enough 
food for it. Even though there is an abundance of wild plants, it 
will cause some damage each year. 

Lirr-History.— At the time (August 6, 1894) this injury to black- 
berries was first noticed no adult insects could be found. No pupal 
forms were found until September 12th. The first winged forms 
were reared from these September 29th. Specimens of these were 
submitted to Mr. Charles W. Mally, of Ames, lowa, who deter- 
mined them tobe Zrzoza tripunctata. After October 15th, only the 
winged adults could be found within the curled leaves. During the 
month of October, I had occasion to visit the nurseries of R. P. 
Jeffery & Son, of Bellmore, N. Y., and of P. H. Foster, of Babylon, 
N.Y. These gentlemen had cultivated blackberries. Not a new 
cane could be found in their nurseries which was not distorted and 
dwarfed by the work of this pest. As yellow pine as well as wild 
blackberries grew in abundanee in the vicinity of these nurseries an 
effort was made to find evidence of the work of this insect on the 
pines. There was plenty of evidence of their work on the wild 
blackberries, but no signs of work or of the insects could be found 
on the pines. Later in the fall a few adults were still to be found 
hidden away in the curled dry leaves which adhered to the canes. 
In an examination of the curled leaves of blackberries on March 
11, 1895, I did not succeed in finding any of the adult insects. 
During the early spring an occasional specimen was found on pine 
trees. 

About the first of June the adults were observed working on the 
new canes of blackberry, causing the leaves as well as the ends of 
the canes to curl. On June 28th, a few minute larvee were found 
within the curled leaves. At the same time the eggs were found on 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 621 


the canes and leaf petioles near the curled leaves, The females 
were apparently busy puncturing the canes, as shown in Fig. 4, 
Plate III, and depositing their eggs. Whether the females feed 
when they puncture the cane or simply puncture it to irritate and 
cause it to curl, I can not say. 

Because of the lack of breeding facilities the observations were 
confined to the field. Hence the exact period for the deposition of 
the eggs, the time required for the latter to hatch, the number of 
moults and lengths of larval and pupal stages were not determined. 

Concrusion. — From the observations made the life-history: is 
approximately as follows: The adult females deposit their eggs 
‘during the month of June and possibly July, on blackberry. The 
larvee do not reach the pupal stage until September, change to 
adults within a month and hibernate as adults wherever they can 
find a dry protected place. 

From the statements of Dr. Riley, I understand that only the 
adult forms have been captured on pine trees, where they possibly 
feed and pair during the spring. Have not observed them on the 
Dewberry, ‘ Running-vine Blackberry.” 

Description — The eggs are light yellow in color and will not be 
found without the aid of a lens. They are deposited on the leaf 
petioles and on the canes near the curled leaves. These portions of 
the plants are quite hairy, and the eggs are held by the hairs and not 
inserted into the epidermis. 

As a general rule, only the larval form will be noticed. In the 
larval stage they are nearly pure white, varying to greenish white, 
and to the unaided eye resemble some of the ‘leaf mites” or spiders 
more than they do plant lice. If they occur in numbers they appear 
to be covered with a white powdery secretion, which in reality is the 
excreta. When the larve are nearly full grown, or have changed to 
the purpal stage they are of a pale yellow or yellowish white color. 

During the pupal stage they are nearly as broad as long and 
appear to be nearly circular in outline. 

To the unaided eye the most distinctive character of the adult or 
full-grown insect is the yellowish-brown color of the whole body 
excepting the eyes, which are dark brown, and the three yellowish- 
brown bands on the wings, shown in Fig. 4, 6, Plate LI, as black ° 


bands. 


622 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THB 


The injury which the insect causes is more conspicuous than the 
insect itself ; the twisted and distorted ends of the canes bear a cluster 
of curled leaves, which in summer are of a deeper green than the 
uninjured leaves and remain attached all winter. New canes, when 
attacked by a colony of the larvee, only make an average growth of 
from 12 to 18 inches in height. In many cases the adults injure a 
eane but do not establish a colony. In the latter case the cane con- 
tinues to grow, but has a twisted crook near the base. They often 
attack the branches of the old canes, in which ease their injury is not 
so marked as it is usually distributed over a larger number of 
branches. 

Remepres.— The only remedy that has been recommended is the 
gathering of the curled leaves, or cutting off the ends of the canes, 
and burning them. It is also recommended that this should be done 
early in the morning, or late in the evening, and that the leaves or 
the severed canes be placed within sacks as gathered. This un- 
doubtedly is the most practical remedy that can be used, providing 
this cutting of the infected canes is done at the right season of the 
year. The latter, which is the most essential point, is not given in 
any of the recommendations, probably from the fact that all the 
habits of the insect were not known. From the few scattered facts 
obtained the past year it is evident, that, if the cutting out of the 
infested canes is done as soon as the leaves show signs of curling, 
say in June, only about one-half of the adults will be destroyed. 
They are quite active at this season and are able to fly ; furthermore 
they are not confined to the curled leaves. 

If pruned too early a second pruning will be necessary and con- 
sequently more of the young canes spoiled. If the pruning is left 
until the month of August, at which time the adult insects are all 
through depositing eggs, probably dead, and the larve are confined 
to the curled leaves and ends of the canes, one pruning will be suf- 
ficient. 

If the pruning is done in August no such precautionary measures 
as has been recommended with regard to placing in sack and burn- 
ing will be needed, for the larve are unable to travel far. By 
simply cutting out the infested canes and piling them on an open, 
or plowed piece of ground the larvee will all perish by the simple 
drying of the leaves. 


= 
Npw York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 623 


This means of getting rid of the pest does not save the canes and 
in order to make it thorough all wild blackberries in neglected ae 
should be cut at the same time. 

Possibly frequent applications of a weak kerosene emulsion, at the 
time the curling of the leaves is first noticed, will greatly reduce the 
amount of injury done to the cultivated berries, for at this time part 
of the adults as well as many of the eggs are exposed. 


PiA TRE ie 


Figs. 1 and 2. Modified camera lucida outline drawings of the 
pupal and larval forms of the Bramble-Flea louse, which are found 
under the curled leavesin August. About sixteen times natural size. 
Drawn from transparent balsam mounts. 


Fig. 3. ‘‘Waxhairs” from body of larva, greatly magnified. 
(a) The point at which the “ waxhairs” break when shed by the 
pupa. These hairs are arranged in double rows on head and 
abdomen. 


Fig. 4. Photograph of curled branch and leaves of the black- 
berry, showing three adult specimens of the Bramble-Flea louse at 
(d); about two and one-half times natural size. 


(All figures drawn or photographed by F. A. Sirrine.) 


PuaTE III. 


IV. The Spinach-Leaf Maggot, or Miner. 
(Pegomyia vicina, Lintn.)* 


Orper Dirrera; Famity ANTHOMYIID. 


A small, white maggot which mines the leaves of spinach, beets 
and “ Lamb’s quarter,’ or “ Pigweed,” causing them to have a 
blistered appearance. The eggs, which are deposited by an oliva- 
ceous, ash-colored fly, are white and are usually to be found on the 
lower surface of the leaves. 


Hisrorrcau. — This insect has been called “The Beet leaf 
Pegomyia” by Professor Howard. As it causes the most marked 
injury to spinach in this section of the State I take the liberty to 
eall it “The Spinach-leaf Maggot or Miner.” It has some near 
relatives (Chartophila betarwm, Lint and Phorbia jfloccosa, Meade) 
which also mine the leaves of beets. 

The first record that I am able to tind of Pegomyia vicind’s being 
known as injurious to beets, as well as the first description of the 


* Two other species of flies have been reared by Dr. Lintner from maggots found mining 
the leaves of beet; one of which (Chartophila betarum) was a new species. The other, 
Phorbia floccosa, Prof. Slingerland thinks is identical with the ‘‘Cabbage-root Maggot” 
(Phorbia brassicz). Whether either of the above species mine the leaves of spinach or 
Chenopodium I cannot say. Twenty-five specimens were bred from spinach, fifteen from 
Chenopodium and five from beet leaves, none of which agree with specimens of Phorbia 
brassicze bred from roots of cabbage and turnip. Specimens reared from both spinach and 
Chenopodium were sent to L. 0. Howard, of the Division of Entomology, who pronounced 
them all Pegomyia vicina. 

There is considerable variation in the size of the flies bred from all three plants, but those 
bred from Chenopodium are all smaller than those reared from the beet and spinach leaves. 

They vary in color from an olivaceous ash to a very dark ash color. In addition to the 
characters given by Dr. Lintner, the following are noted: All the males (20 specimens) 
bred have the anterior femora, excepting the apical third, dark ash to black. Although the 
variation in the venation of male and female shown in Fig. 5 and 5/is partially due to the 
angle at which the wings were photographed, there is as much variation in the venation of 
different specimens of both males and females as figured by Dr. Lintner for the two genera 
Chartophila and Pegomyia, but in no case are all the legs black. In all the male specimens 
the abdomen is darker colored than in the females. (As material rearedin breeding jars is 
liable to be consigned to the “Cyanide bottle” before the integuments are hardened, some 
variation in color must be allowed for the difference in the density of the integument of dif- 
ferent species.) 


40 


626 REPortT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THD 


fly and its maggot was given by Dr. Lintner * in 1882. He noticed 
it first at Middleburgh, N. Y., mining the leaves of beet. From 
material collected he reared the two species mentioned above and 
Pegomyia vicina. Of the latter he says: “This species was therefore 
obtained in larger numbers from the mined beet leaves than either 
of the other two.” During the same year he noticed the work of 
maggots in beet leaves at Bennington, Vt., and had injury to beet 
leaves by maggots reported to him from Morrisville, N. Y. In 
his Second Reportt Dr. Lintner quotes from a letter received 
June 9, 1884, from South Britain, Conn., in which the writer states 
that an observing farmer of that place had noticed injury to beet 
leaves by maggots for the past six or eight years, and, that he (the 
writer) had seen similar larvee in the leaves of spinach. 

During the summer of 1886, injury to beet leaves by maggots 
was reported from Middletown, Orange county, N. Y.+ 

Flies reared in 1890 from maggots feeding in leaves of lambs- 
quarters (Chenopodium Album) at Ames, lowa, by Prof. Gillette § 
are possibly identical with the spinach-leaf maggot. 

In 1891, sugar-beet leaves were reported as injured, by maggots, 
at Castorville and Watsonville, California, and some of the infested 
leaves sent to the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture at Washington, 
D.C. Mr. Koebele, a government field agent, was sent to investigate 
the trouble. He obtained a large number of the maggots and 
reared the flies. These all proved to be Pegomyia vicina; at least 
Prof. Howard || does not mention that any other species was. reared. 

Lawrence Bruner ia his report as special agent for 1892, re- 
fers to a dipterous larva mining the leaves of Chenopodium album 
and suggests a possibility of its being the same as one of the species 
of Anthomyia which Dr. Lintner found mining the leaves of the 
beet. He says, “ whether or not this is one of the species of Antho- 
myia which Lintner found mining the leaves of beet in New York 
I can not say, but from what I have observed * * * there is 
danger of all the enemies of the Chenopodaceous plants attacking 
the beet.” 


* First Annual Report State Entomologist of New York, pp. 181 and 209-211. 
+Second Annual Report Sta'e Entomolgist of New York, p. 46. 

¢Third Annual Report, State Entomologist of New York. p. 835. 

§ Insect Life, Vol. II, p. 2&1: || Insect Life, Vol. VII, pp. 379--381. 

{J Bull. No, 30, Div. of Ent. p. 40. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 627 


Prof. Slingerland writes me that in 1893 he bred a Spinach-leaf 
Miner at Cornell University, which Dr. Williston determined as 
Scatophaga sp. 

Although “leaf miners” have been observed on beet, spinach, 
and in fact on Chenopodium, for the past ten years, it is evident 
from the above gleaned facts that they were not considered of very 
great economic importance previous to 1882. In fact, their injury 
to beets was of such a nature as not to attract attention unless the 
leaves were used for “greens.” It is also quite evident that the 
flies which caused the damage were not widely known. 

In the month of August, 1894, I collected near Queens, N. Y., 
beet leaves infested with a maggot that was new tome. During 
September, Mr. Backus, of Newton, N. Y., told us that some insect 
was injuring his spinach. Mr. Lowe visited Mr. Backus’ farm, and 
found an unknown maggot mining the leaves. On September 25th 
the same trouble was noticed in spinach leaves on the farms of 
Mr. O’Donnell and Mr. Augustine, near Jamaica, N. Y. In many 
eases every leaf on all the plants covering small areas would be 
mined. 

Throughout the past summer it has been impossible to find a 
plant of Lamb’s-quarters that did not have some of these maggots in 
the leaves. During the fall they have attacked the spinach so 
severely that it was impossible for many of the farmers to sell their 
spinach after carting it to market. The injury to beets has not 
been so marked. 

Lire History.— All the flies reared by Dr. Lintner were obtained 
during July and August. Mr. Koebele’s material was all bred dur- 
ing the month of June. In September, 1892, material was sent 
from California to Dr. Riley from which the adults issued Septem- 
ber 8th. The following year in October more material was for- 
warded from California to the Division of Entomology at 
Washington, but no adults were obtained from this. 

Spinach and beet plants whose leaves were infested with maggots 
were transplanted to breeding cages October 25, 1894. All had 
pupated November Sth. Flies commenced to issue in the cages as 
early as March 27, 1895, but the majority of them did not issue 
until about April 16, 1895. This proved that part at least of the 
flies pass the winter in the puparium. Probably they do not issue 
as early in the field, at least in this locality. The breeding jars 


628 oO REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


had to be kept in an ordinary living room. Furthermore no larve 
were found in spinach leaves until after the 15th of May, 1895. 

Howard * gives from three to four days as the time required for 
the eggs to hatch, seven to eight days as the larval or maggot stage 
and twenty days for the puparium or resting stage; thus making 
the length of the Life-cycle about one month. Specimens of 
Pegomyia vicina bred from the leaves of beet by Prof. Comstock 
emerged after twenty-days pupation. Dr. Lintner says: “ The 
period of their (the beet leaf miner) pupation was not ascertained.” 
It will probably be found not to vary much from two weeks. 
Bruner gives ten days as the time required for one specimen which 
he bred from Chenopodium to change from the maggot to the 
adult. Specimens taken here in leaves of Chenopodium album 
June 7th commenced to issue June 30, 1895. 

We can safely assume that the period for a generation of the flies, 
throughout the summer, as given by Prof. Howard for material 
which was bred in California is approximately correct for the same 
species of fly in other sections of the country. Here on Long 
Island the larvze or maggots have been found for the two seasons of 
1894 and 1895 working on spinach as late as November 20th. They 
were observed feeding on Chenopodium throughout the entire 
season of 1895. As previously stated they were noticed mining 
spinach leaves as early as the middle of May. Thus in this locality 
they have an abundance of food plants and the season is long enough 
for them to produce seven broods. Hence we can safely assume 
that there are six if not seven broods in this section of the State; 
the last brood passing the winter in the puparium or resting stage. 
As we have no insectary, or even a green house, where food plants 
can be grown and the broods separated it was impossible to determine 
definitely the number of broods. 

Hasirs.— The adult flies are not very conspicuous. They can be 
seen by close observation flying near the surface of the ground, 
hovering around “ Pigweed” or crawling over the leaves. The eggs 
are usually deposited on the lower surface of the leaf and are 
arranged in twosand threes, sometimes in foursand fives. (See Fig. 


fe Plate ly.) 


* Insect Life Vol, VII, p. 378. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 629 


As soon as the young maggot hatches from the egg it buries 
stself within the leaf tissue. When they first begin to feed they 
make quite a distinct thread-like “ mine ” but they soon feed, as Dr. 
Lintner says: “Ina curve of an entire semi-circle.” The anterior 
portion of the body is extensile and allows them to feed in this 
manner. As soon as they begin to feed in the last-named manner 
the mine appears as a blistered blotch. The blistered appearance 
being caused by their devouring the green tissue or parenchyma of 
the leaf. From three to four larve are often found in one blistered 
portion of the leaf. When feeding on Chenopodium one leat does 
not furnish enough food for one maggot, so they have to migrate to 
other leaves. This same habit holds when they feed on spinach, at 
least while the spinach is small or in case they attack the seed leaves. 
In spinach which is gathered for market they seem to have more of 
a tendency to migrate and find the greenest leaves. This habit 
prevents the sharpest-eyed house-wife finding them all, when pre- 
paring the spinach for “ greens,” for it is impossible to detect their 
presence within the leaf tissue until after they have eaten a portion 
of the parenchyma. 

Occasionally the maggot changes to the pupa within the leaf 
especially if the latter lies on the ground and is decaying. The 
majority of them enter the loose soil a short distance or crawl under 
the fallen leaves to pupate. 

Foop Prants.— As far as known the beet, spinach and Cheno- 
podium are the only plants on which this maggot works. Where 
all three of these plants are raised in such abundance as they are 
liable to be in gardening districts the flies are sure to find plenty of 
food plants to deposit their eggs upon. Where chenopodium is not 
disturbed by cultivation it matures about October 1st; hence the 
principal food plant during the fall is spinach. 

There is a possibility of their feeding on the leaves of some of the 
“ docks” or “sorrels.” 

Drsorirtion. — The eggs are white, about .03 of an inch in 
length, delicately reticulated and nearly cylindrical in shape. The 
white reticulated portion of the egg is an outer covering and is 
easily removed in little scale-like particles. When the eggs are 
deposited this covering is apparently viscid and aids in attaching 


630 REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THD 


them to the surface of the leaf. Beneath this renieulated cover- 
ing is a semi-transparent membrane. 

The maggot or larva is about five-sixteenths of an inch long, when 
full grown, larger at the posterior than at the anterior end. When 
first taken from the leaf they have a white, glassy appearance. 
In the posterior half of the body the green contents of the intes- 
tine show quite distinctly, while the black, hook-like jaws, or what 
answers for jaws, can be seen as a curved line at the anterior end. 
(See Fig. 2, Plate IV.) 

The puparium, or resting stage, is about .21 of an inch long, 
chestnut brown in color when first formed but soon changing 
to a dark brown and difficult to distinguish from the surrounding 
soil. 

The flies are quite variable in size. They usually carry the body 
in a slightly curved position. The front of the head is silvery 
white with a reddish brown line extending vertically through the 
centre. The females are of an olivaceous ash color, and can be dis- 
tinguished from the males by the following characters: The eyes 
are smaller and placed further apart than in the male. The legs, 
excepting the tarsi, are yellow or reddish yellow. The body is not 
as hairy as in the males, nor are the hairs as long, except at the end 
of the abdomen where there is a distinct tuft of long hairs. (See 
Fig. 5’, Plate [V.) The males are darker colored than the females, 
more hairy ; the femora of the front pair of legs are nearly the same 
color as the body, the remaining legs are the same color as in the 
females. The eyes are large and nearly meet on the crest of the 
head.* 

Enemies,— Thus far no parasites have been bred from the 
material collected. No indications of parasites have been found in 
the field; neither do I find any record of parasites having been 
reared. 

In the field maggots were often found dead within the leaf. For 
some time it was a question as to what was the cause of this, until 
finally the finding of the bugs (Coriscus ferus, Linn.) shown at 
Fig. 6 and 6’ Plate IV, were found hunting under spinach leaves. 
These bugs were too wary to be caught in the act of killing maggots, 


*For a technical description see ist Rept. St. Ent. p. 209. 


New York AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 631 


but the leaves which contained derd maggots showed on close 
examination a smaJl puncture at the point where the dead maggot 
lay. LBesides it is known that this bug feeds on other insects, 

Remepirs. — The only remedies that have been recommended are, 
first, the gathering and destroying of the infested leaves; second, 
crushing, by hand, the maggots within the leaf, and third, plowing 
the field after the beets have been gathered. Apparently these 
remedies were all recommended on the supposition that the beet 
was the only food plant of the maggot. Since it is known that the 
maggot feeds on beet, spinach and Chenopodium, and on the latter 
more than on either of the others, a fact that was quite evident here 
the past season, it is a self-evident fact that very little will be accom- 
plished by simply destroying the maggots on beets or even on 
spinach. It is also quite evident, from the habits of the maggot, 
that no insecticide can be used to destroy them, Thinking there 
was a possibility of reaching the maggots through the blistered por- 
tion of the leaves with some wash of an oily nature, during the fall 
of 1894, I tried kerosene emulsion of severa different strengths on 
spinach. In one trial it was used as strong as one part of the stock 
emulsion to six of water. This injured tle leaves, but in no case 
could I find any injured maggots. In a few instances they had left 
the injured leaves and found their way to fresh leaves. From the 
fact that the eggs are deposited on the lower surface of the leaf it 
will be impossible to get at all of these with washes; besides, the 
washes would have to be applied so often that it would become an 
expensive remedy. 

The only feasible plan of keeping them in check is culture 
methods, which should be as follows: Throughout the summer all 
* Lamb’s-quarters,” or “ Pigweeds,’” should be cut, hoed or eulti- 
vated out every ten days or two weeks. If it is impossible to keep 
these weeds cut from neglected corners, hedges, fences, roadsides, 
driveways and “ turnrows,” such places should be kept in grass or 
clover. In the case of turnrows, rye or oats can be used instead of 
grass or clover. Crimson clover will not answer on Long Island, as 
usually there is as good a stand of weeds as of clover. Destroying 
the weeds every ten days will cut off the food supply of many 
newly-hatched maggots. 


632 REpPoRT OF ENTOMOLOGISTS OF THE 


On Long Island, land on which beets or spinach have been raised 
should be plowed at least six inches deep any time between the 
middle of November and the 15th or 30th of March, depending on 
the forwardness of the season. Spinach sown for spring cutting if 
sown late is not liable to harbor many of the maggots. 

The plowing should be thoroughly done and the ground rolled, if 
possible, as the object of the plowing is to bury the puparia so deep 
that the delicate flies, when they issue, will be unable to get to the 
surface. 

True, many of the gardeners and farmers on Long Island as well 
as elsewhere practice late fall and early spring plowing, and are still 
troubled with the “ Spinach maggot.” 

Undoubtedly they destroy a goodly number of the pests but it is 
the same with cultural methods of treatment as with other remedies, 
it must be thoroughly done and at the right time. Furthermore, 
care must be taken not to allow some corner to grow two or three 
crops of weeds which furnish a good breeding ground for the flies, 
and plenty of food for the maggots. 

Possibly some farmer who reads the above recommended measures 
will decide that it is useless for him to take all this trouble to keep 
his fields clean unless all his neighbors keep their fields clean. I 
have noticed a decided difference in the amount of damage done in 
fields of thrifty farmers and in the fields of those who simply exert 
themselves enough to get a crop to grow. This fact would indicate 
that the migration of the flies from one field to another is slow. Pos- 
sibly corntields or other crops act as barriers. 

It is also quite evident that if roadsides and fence corners were 
kept in grass and clover that it would add 50 per cent. to the 
appearance of many farms, besides yielding some return in hay and 
a better crop of beets and spinach. 

Conciusion.— The “Spinach maggot” is known to feed within 
the leaves of beets and Jamb’s quarters (Chenopodiwm album) as 
well as within spinach leaves. 

As far as known these are the only food plants that this species 
feed upon in this country. 

It can not be destroyed by any insecticide without injury to the 
plant. 


New YorK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 633 


The brood which passes the winter in the pupa state can be 
destroyed by plowing the ground deep enough to bury the puparia 
to such a depth that it will be impossible for the flies to work their 
way tothesurface.* The latter method will do only a small amount 
of good unless measures are taken to prevent the growth of lamb’s- 
quarters in uncultivated places and in cultivated fields after the 
crops are “laid by.” 


* Since the above was written actual tests have shown that this species of fly can work its 
way through eight inches of dirt. The only gain of deep burying was to retard for several 
weeks the time of {their appearance in the spring. F. A. 58. 


PLATE LV 


Fig. 1. Eggs of Pegomyia vicina on leaf of Chenopodium album. 
Magnified about 16 times. The irregular dots on the surface of the 
leaf is a peculiar wax-like secretion which gives the epeconed iam 
leaf its mealy appearance. 


Fig. 2. The maggot or larva. Magnified approximately three times, 
showing the hook-like jaws and the irregular dark area of the 
intestinal contents. 


Fig. 3. Puparium magnified approximately three times. 


Fig. 4. Leaf of spinach showing mined area at (a) slightly 
magnified. 

Fig. 5. Male. 5’ female magnified about 4 times. 

Fig. 6 and 6’. Top and side viewof the bug (Corzseus ferus) 


which feeds on the maggots, magnified about 4 times. 


All figures photographed from natural objects by F. A. Sirrine. 


PLaTE IV. 


me, hy 
i en 


: we "> “7 


INDEX. 


A. PAGE. 

Aching Director and-Chemist, TEPOLt-OLs.. «sec crise cine oo oes cee 5 
PRN ROCIO LE ILIC INGS errs /o) orosensverone ejedere orale ahevevaswiate eietae oistete. aie eae 6 ecnionetes 40 
PHOS PUA UC scare salar cesWare lel ote le, oh a SURIONOe: o eeis fo a wher als eroyoienelereie: sels. o:a\e Stele, Biers 65 

AS MANUEL PLESCLVA TIVE: «(epee .2:2tsy ors ce isso. sucla olwiesa\cisie «state 80 

AVAL AD UWE Ob sree. oy cPaiole severe ol ols ovens eon clave oa visisine olave ers 87 

AMENCS), Sa REN each SES ARN SACIG. OC IC CROC hO Ce DICIC NT SRD ALIC HEE PR nora 40 
PML S SOS fore ctects Ueicleie ete Paleveray eter Sueh ojos: seins © elleteyioi oud eyes) 8 one's ovaje.o isi welavene oracle 11 
CEM VEECO SDV NEY COLOSISE a aockeccsz cr cceto eisieicrs wie oles Gcislin oneterolebeiot ons 519 

PIVENEDY “NTOMOLOZISE. osc io:osate sco cece sax mrsivagejeve o e-estensisientete 549 

PALE CLIVE UME LEINOINGS aye ee cate sis sYoxeietere's)/s srslerecexeie supe sGelelajelcss Siauereue ereiene 39 
PLEA eH CE GIIZEES POM circ: oiais oilole, « selec’ sia oor b%S aVeiove al efeh's ole evcceiaioreie sisiefeleints 96 
Dy ACC RUIML ZIM My VA UE MOL s.(s; craves. wie) oic'/ele, s'S oho] cle dcforeiaraotehe) eiepsiet aioe 76 

PORTIA Let S LLP GCs Olt e cpela, cicheis ie sisie, 6 Snalae-s) os sie b:'s1s b.0, o{aapdiais’ o/syelexe saversiors 62 
Ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate............ Bs.5 fs Sins aseetereeeeole 383 
PAIN ONILE eM TCLOSEM Moe cree cicts evclerocicicte a wialeie sic oper dire. «: opacgevelamuevate cen 63, 64 
AMAL SOS) CrAvuILOUS, LULCS TELVEINS tO). : 5 6. ci oie ers aru Bice 0:2, 0/51 geyoin clicloret 241 
of commercial fertilizers for fall of 1895................. 198 

SPLINGiOl 1 SOD tee co cle cste ces area 156 

AMTANY SIGE OssI MUS U TOONS ar.c. sic. orotic © Se eucieie «occ 6.6. 5.6 s'sehoj0.a:nie' s qo a etabeteae 341 
SOUS epee ete delcle tal o7e referers 4s cto itece: cis tole ss bis oi cuaceie alsuere) oleielaicronereenvemete 84 

Aninral nitrogen compounds in fertilizers....................2... 63, 64 
EET ACH OSC Ola DCAM eter rspeiercieteiie cy cis cs aie 3,0 (5 «01s o\0 0 \elol o/s © tela 610 8 sele/uieiers 371 
EWIEGRY. S66 Sopa OOO pen an SRBC On te dchde ce ba otc 372 

DIAG DEL yeeros ieyarciaks.« <vsc.c) Sietlevel'svel o]eieieiein ale (eis) efatntelateter alte 351 

ET UDG pcre rogers Peter tevee ai oralescisvele/ cies slakeisi oie le eiaicjeleraisioly ststororaie 355 

PAS OLIV ators ote ieeiciei ore =.6. (0 © kcle siie wieielelw c/slujelels) cietets 342, 368 

AD DHL MPNOSPUOLIC/AGCIO. LIN: 5 ais cicleicisisicls os 0 sicsclsjne oc.cee vie vices sales sive vel 
PA) LL Semen Mere ane reie) aivic ots a) ciel ove aisis/a cleie's sie e\s)2,s:0's s.ere'e ore c'eee.cieisie eieiels 379 
BSNS Lead Mette cy aie ck clave evexcl ctal's.c.c © ore] o.c pisteiensielejwia 0.6, 0)s 0,018 6/0 palcein ale 602 
CRIN Ie elo iaia) wiaticiel cre cictovetie\e/ ale e's a\e/eialaie Suie.c's(s oe ce mislelcisinie'v cit 373 
CHET VMI tei oaicie cis seieieis eais\e 0 e.eo'b(s oisieiew sie se. nse si siouleereias seis 380 
Apple, diseases and insects injurious to..... 345 
NGS ose co és son Jd dso BoC OCOD Een Coe area oeo: 602 

SC eee eer iaialie ce cicie oe ass sje le'e a vers a/0,e'e 0 0aie'e, ols cjou seine ei 345 

MG LIC OVENS eVetaecia to's ofc ois isis) ile svc o.0 a0 sce cicensevseprevsis 346 


tree: borenrsas.e a ean, ow co 'o'e io: 6/0, nid 010 pele, v/a) o.n-w ole te 3847 


636 INDEX. 0) eater fe 


PAGE 

Apples‘and crab: apples Jiicc ccs ons oc» sierslo eee enero ese oo See 251 
pears; “belted? eee eayere acho oon Seales See aie er eee 544 

FErtilizens! LOT 334.5 hese niece sos crews sroniaveres ere ake Sere mee entero 97 
fertilizine’ materialstcontainedsiniiece fae cise cence 93 
inoculation’ Of Sopp er. vie Foy cee iiauee hi etn fohtaoviateeyetle fo alist 539 
tabulated-results: Of 522.5 2toet once see eee 541 

leaf-=Spot <GISGaSe Of asic 5.2.2. eis! avsjereecayone a rome ea eter oneLopenc oe atoetemefonerete 545 

THOUS S OM: Siege. Se Secs ok aes pci own sens ae cae ra cote alfehst/ere te ae tohs iac/oreTsliane ome eeee 252 

AUNt Ginnie... se eevee eeeleecn es Se ae & ote ae 252 

Downing Winter Maiden sBluShas> ce ee. oc eee 252 

Golden White ys seers taste ee ee isle arent eee 252 

PRCIM OLN? eis sre he Shakes velar acer teens le ohete Te Weteueat ora ede ere rete 253 

PACODS i. aces sreists ae cte ane ae ceteaa te tere le ohoee PACE AC rR oR nae ere 253 

Jonathan Bulets x is Scio iaectacthe crore erator etevegciol eee rerere 253 

Landsberger Reinette nye keys Sec tetcsmels aa alent 253 

Northwestern’ Greenin'? 2. si.0-0 eckson els artleneeeee 254 

Ornament de*Table ose nc cas he ome noite oe eee 254 

Prolifie (Sweetin esse, oc. cree ccogrete ws ehaerettek eer rereroniete 254 

Rome "Beauty te chon ee ew ccvecel orate mens trace tates aacsrcben ees wave kenenrenewrere 254 

Smells 9757S Siew ae or eee fos cesrolenborsvevel oieuessnene 6 cue tea toaete 255 

Switzer en ccleiche Som ates areterele Ceara elacere ve rape era eee 255 

SIL, 0 000) 0 Jeena ie ea naa Ae nneebie inn Una crn. lame RG So 255 

Williams “Mavorite cs chscic/. ice sia s cle: sistalote rs ese reegee 255 

Season: Of LIPEMING. Joke ec Saw ioe ae Gis see ee aw SO oe ieee 257 
Vieldpof Minw1TSOo hs secesaeieercceiee acalig casa are Bveias evel Sia) lena ere 256, 257 
Applying fertilizers, methods and seasons of...................---- 120 
APTicCOt, GISCASES ANG INSECTS IN ULIOUS) GOs ciclo ere recieieeeneete ee 350, 351 
APTA COULS) Soe jaiiein, cock seco rete ss eins wiststee| a hcace ale oaliesel Cl aeatene at stat epaticy one aha oneRs Gut otalrere Teens 268 
GESCHIP TION: OL 554s, she 0 areas aersieelis oa ie ere auatareeie a sioaniotele ee arenenonS 271 
ATOR AN GOT Ao ose ciccs «Saxe elena StOGTe aC Nero reer 271 

Black or Purple sss 235.2 eis cee eee 272 

BuUGG sais eccteeroee tore ones, ste5e Sere eestor eae 22, 

CATRETING  ciloaicics ot s:1e'owtolle sl osha one ever eee ene arenes 272 

Harly Moorpark jo c225 oe. ye crscccste role rsichereneeiers 272 

Gibb? shea sce Goce earls ale ee estore elope oes 272 

Golden: Russia ms .ciic ices eaten ererenie PAP pe PAG) 

Large Warly sis gz 'o3s5 eee one oe ee ene 273 

List of; rows Me VSODs Se ecketecs on sro erereen oreo ereheTohe fe iia al Remeletenete ate 
PLOAUCTIVENESS: 25, «ic adores cele emis ho roleL ere ereretonclolee oucres erate toecione | 271 

DUTP] Oho dic aloo nce arcuate cule «ag viata areas er oPens evetatoheviere Ch-Veneroneie cna reice tenemetens 272 
PRUSSIA Siac. cisiseie orale ve eres aisane elie allenel’alatot eters pepente rete rsl one ceuetansystemeneneneneeemens 270 
Arithmetic Of: TErtZELS ss 5 5 oc So shoveis owns wove ele coteliousite tel lerst ove tuereusteme cron enemeemen 125 
Arsenate of lead for willow beetle. soo. ci. os ave. « swivels. « ciel <noreriens chelenereretatte 557 
Aghes, léached; potash ime icc coe ne ei tepe tatoos sis crates tlerete renee tone 73, 74 


Asparagus, fertilizers LOL. Aovcicis ois eccin lore evonerel eforclonarenecceetedeleterellatenetoneletereeenets 98 


PAGE 
AV ALA Ole? pleut ROOM. crc s areratavaletcieveusier sveysy se!) <j. vis ares Mabe manie, « Pebetehnyeietoute 48 
AV Mis Dilys Of ACIGeDNOSPNATC ss .' ees aie o-u:c. o's ws devs, ererete crepe c eietwra oreee 87 
DONG=OUIS terarcyre csc Oe oa ec Havas aleeowwto dane octepe WHOIS 87 
WOON E=IGHILE rare cya retainers <ai's foneig te lo eia'le Gro wistts Gp Mepapeere eres 87 
CATDONATE TOL SPOtAS Ny as.cieleis colo wioi ce +m phew w ebelaeleho ce 
dierent forms ToL plant foods ....-)scieec os celeeere 86 
GniCdi blood ss 5c isrssacnicateees on «ave SSE eee 87 
STOUN Gy SH elas jaraerererevectetaae eee cele s haelett avsbo ie eet oer 87 
STOUNG LOAM E es gorse haeve cea fo suk olehe «Ss. sels atorcwavcllstehene 87 
iMsolubleyphosphateseer cmcccisisciketao sa« «ae eis See ee 87 
TM SDUSS CLAP ia fe foie sasisi'c Fo sayehahnyleyasabevevenccewskexeles oucucrSieleankate <. see 87 

MUULIaAte, OF -POtABHE s..tejais itera = astae elses e a cn <'< «'o settee 87 
MItLACE OL SOMA Mts etcienc lta, ste eter RV o.sooajseee on ae 87 
revertedaphosphoricsacidi:c.vcizssier- wears aaah e oe ete 87 
sulphate ofa mmonias inc cts vlesacie wicca x cabelas ce cereale Ser 
sulphateviof  potasbyccctercccietortexclerstevesorvevevele tree cake 87 
WOOL WAS COs mane tey-ctewevedarerarausreasuewanatonedacenecouthors b Tain or reateaede eae 87 
FUZO vIn MItLOS EMMA > wis o cferai sie) cee,< overs «oles = == Te eT RE cass rer ten ae 63, 64 

B. 

Aly whORe ZEUS el Ole at siecsyisiaciaie or reie «: sGusieions wisjere! avs Gr) oe Store cto coer 98 
fertilizing, materials contained) inms.,.,:,. <, «1. + 261-4 selersciehe se cieree 93 
SOA AMUMTACMOSC i oci cre siete cr elereiel st svele, cue. suelie ala suslsralie.avas oaddey shes ramen eele Rima 371 
TON Cy aaeper «jot sitox sro) cade sols eitices o) a Sovevere arcs tq Glalakcicuats, « Eke wae a ae 373 
SWIC Valders tereystelcvorstencteuspaheve eh etsuauaie wlevaie ious erapeusyavereteners his te starter anes fens 372 
1s OCT I Cueioerh oO Hbig MO SECO OS IOIA er IO ELLG ARICA En 6 beedc rc 372 
CHA MRETOMIZEES: LOD ss ioe soaisioehe releteriel soled ree sik oeceretols ay atole chee evita cee 99 
FerulLizinesMacerials: contained: ins cr. . cise ereitl soles see. caslae ae 93 
ESO Cm SuLipe dsm GCtICHIN DET. sa) sjosera.cn oe a.c)eid 6s 6a BEI e BUI oe ee 566 
IS CCUS ELEN ETS Olsens reperencber sisi es 7810020 oss’ o. ssa cere. syne, agaieits aj/oue ascrebn ue eRe eee 99 
SP SCLLCH 22 A DDLOS ANGE D CIES toctchetais cudvonclas ole uavelorekelessrsicvctouclavetoae i ae eee 544 
Berkshire pig, details of experiments with.......... Mit sos ot. ee 482 
Benmuda wily Giseasess ~ayc cctcae die ayers « sicitle ciancle sere esis s KS ees 522 
EXPELTIMENES i ecicvrccsrcsns Ose oe eae a ore ole Ue ee Ee 523 
DECV.CIMULOM Obs cyoree «.0)c.cFuimepierer ok crticha ppaicie state ane reine 524 
BISMIDHIGes OL CARDO: o<.0 015,05 vm cietcitin wre Roles eoratele IE Octloe se 386 
PP IACEDELRICS) ANG GCEWDEETICS «So cB iies sieve ors iare tone do te)lare hove clans) tevore Oe ee 302 
SetinvlS95 .. 6.5.45, os Ub ek cea eee 304 
fertilizers! Lore. yaad eo ies oe tha ce ee 100 
list of growing at Station. ......<...J0. <.062 303 
per. cent, :winter-killedsi:. 225.5. 0 tee 303 
Blackberry anthracnose vi ys Sjse os tele tees eile See es ee ae 351 
EUSU Ofsieisc Gai wh cad sce taoie hones oom Blots Meat a ee ae on Lee 351 


638 INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Black Currants; MAtiVers. «etic oc) -1-toletate okra Vel ole) eel ol ol otal oleletNelotielel teletclcvatene 292 
VlCl AOL tes eee clots lotelorstera cherekar SOOO G GGL BOC 291 

IBIEVE Raa K ye ooo Gaon GOpoUmOoGon On Ooo ub oUooUOA ou dne Sao O DoS GC 363 
CHELTY 500 wk ee aitates a ooo os altetoy ot enetanalane| aan ete te laren ciersl stem otaeiawes 351 

IWIN 6 Socio sue es ele fa terete stats pate o tatetetat eter otatte (oaye ape aie Pokal on Pallageuer ental 362 

TOME YVULOL a ees elaLtsls loloeteteperetteR Ie inlatel sae chet eke 363 

Black raspberries, list of, at Station. .................. 2.2222 e ee eeee 306 
NOLES COM AVALICCLES Scere ai creer xchaterera Pals eieliedelele elle letetats 304 

per cent. of winter-injury............-...---..20. 306 

BEk-rot: OL SLAPS sic oi0.0 iai'sis' ccc) e/a’ «eiele iat ebay steteter alee oe si eraeiellotaa/<)alc\latartenens 356 
[HOLITEZ] IO ee ERS RACHAGICOGOE.OO 5 COCCI OO oO OSU OS OO RO OOUEUCO SC 376 

Bordeaux mixture against.........--..-----.-50- 530 

SuUIMMANy, OF WOLk WwALIG a oscraeenare erties rele -iel-l ter 531 

PODMACOES ss siaws aie aheeid sabe te lc lake tareuelercledelob stoners ete eele rer meeMeney exerts 529 

Bent Of DlaCk DEVI .~.5/5: diets. :ciet/svcnm a.6'a ote alebela,w efes= oie) tS ieee eters le ronal 351 
DO CATO Ms cles c eie te os stele sie yakole olater ic tofelontetel ons tei secrets eR teR-e= 5 oko (omens 376 
Bone-ash, PHOSPWOLIG Cue 1s oy eel eleva oes hee oleae lok atte ettetelel ol -leten = ietelie 68; Ti 
Bone-black, Phosphoric Acid) imi. yess oie los « ) es eteiey = ieee tt =P oeel CSaamGr 
ISAM, Ch CVI VIA? isp sooenaucnodoUnCODOUoO Cd aou odo DCO O00 50000" 87 
Bone-meal, Ayala wiuity; Of ereicyaie cle cveveveuslokovencroueneNebeNe tee ienek-kalenat= tej) telsiedntene 87 
MRGRIVRS Ny SHEaGaMeo Od seOCUUUU CO coe soaUdE cduopdo God CC 69 

1h} Gane IIT ORTON CIC e OO mene Od OS BG.0'D OC 68 

SUCAIIIC, cir crane eyerererevatsy atectoreonetenatarerevehonsBelaueue lorem shevsycVetensHoRar eters 68 
Bonewphosphate cL inte: 2 cussresseiseneiche vents eecorsioncistcretemt torre ieee 65 
OMESS MELO SSM pl Ms orders stovere ose his cherie cues lone ie leremiensede GWnseet eho teRRe sooner Meade 68 
DION NISMO LOGE WN sogcuonocansodscododcGaguD Doon 4OudE S0b¢ 68, 71 

SOLE CRU IMEX EUEOS aie a ioccreiar sie Ciclo (cuehails conctionsi ohagevel o iors onsiel oka, oten Oe tet aenenae terrae 383 
against black-rot of tomatoz... 2... 2c a-ereetnet tele 530 

Preparation Ofs..cin os ekoiere eels e creak eaeeatatee 384 

COLOPLEStise cata tciets sietere © se-felo mice As eR ee 385 

Borer, apple-tree.. os ott Roa ease ge ne ees gk: Coin a a 347 
OLUTT COP a ve avs (anche cone ccstees eels see orenet ie tomatoe loroust= (2, 20s Beek s RR Nene 367 
Borers, peach......... “Sadie, oaretcco’s AOE Oe ne Ra TE eee 359 
BLAME flea’ TOUS w.is oc esete sate nore efeparacreaete ie hi< le oak oleras crea rete eomeeeterete peasy aarene 618 
OR SOg) HOMO inon ease oo adgudoCcdecones.obpa0Doo CoS 621 

Life History. Of ois cog eas. chee g See id Pee ee ieee Eenons 620 

TEMECGIES LOLS. core arsracais, ole na sino tin os Da eRe Oe Rae 622 

IBSTOAC CASTS: \.025. 6.4 oe joe its cone soigeluwxe,sarconssie, 61.ch alos ojo omc Pee eens Oe rarer 120 
Buekwheat;, fertilizers fore cosidsteteeS ee fale ocisiein oie clacslomheistae cee oteiats 100 
fertilizine material sicomtainedeue sce micrtsee ere ett eeieens 93 

BB URCL TOES Fs cio dw ila ee SA Seah pees Lenore ee SST 347, 379. 
Bulletins) publishedvauring V8 9oteecccicers severe clctenstencie ein eiee eet eorieren 9 
Butter and cheese, comparative profits derived from.................. 21 
cream, comparative profits from)... he eke eet 20 


cheese and cream, comparative profits derived from selling.... 11 


- 


INDEX. 639 

Butter and cheese — (Continued). PAGB. 
COSPAO LM ONOMUGIM Ge tele ae srersiatersisteisvs c.« sss axes a as dlalelscatdeiais ele elope 14 

PROMO CLIVEOerCOMe SAMMI Siercte tetas co) ¢. cle celiclp elsasielaierstc sinresaite ete 16, 20 

VANUIORO Leverpaetets cieforstelelcisvaie storsiste sis ovelsl s,s, aie Sivve's avai eie 6 cian wateaiole Nee a 
By-products and waste materials, composition and value of........... 148 
mManurial value Ot... =.) een 148 

C. 

WA TELS trercreersre sc lose) teas foule slisie sie) e's. aia: e.etciedave! ees eyeretelereveus Sicja opsbelereietee 37 
RUD R LOO Lge cre sete aye reh sie sier one's. 18'se,,avelevs joke teneiw eo ole wee eke evel bievars voters ser elane 525 

MOT GIMIZOLS PLO Ler. 2 < eiar elspose'alasratel anes ob SMevetove jevrvislieves Sievela seks es0cal ais ; 100 
fertilizing materials contained in. ..........0..- raps, ois. 5:disieke 93 

MIRA FOG ores eisirs, sisi sai inl seuese ie ishes eae: erepesovehovere sevetorava/er aren sirelereyerw ohne 374 
WV OISIMD as retcas Naverais'esettorein’ arco koneretievete 1s ualecaneileievarcuoietremebe reuste <aleyere Gkohareharerte 374 
DCU pk COLON, OUR IGS A its ro) 5 cic 'cs oes caveile ou lebe/o1 0 ¢-tasey even sis ore oreis.evsies sheet ares 54 
CESCHIPMOD CEC Dero atere, oles ou eterere wiles svete eee aXe Ss Seletare''s s sasle aU lodotane 46 
PEVACIOMMLOPNENCILIZ OTS! 5 <c:esere' ms, efeiers ot oto everele) stars iaist'cl«) srelore miele 51 
UU TONE Ctreeten crs tare ss pevcac Toran eta eiie’ ere efatane ehavevese.avevev elie s alele are ore einen eee 59 
WA WRE=N OTM oa iciseicicienste exe cis a Sloe.» wloverciew els sieve ciclovevavevete: Stave araus ocetetedeTne ote 348 
CALHON ACHMOM IM PLANTS. 5.5 6 c1s)> c\cis 6s ein) a eeuele ee teWetlaaliet sr ue aj eRereceve sterosevert are 52 
ATTN PSO Me teMIN CO a teye yes elie ove elevate eusts eharave fovoxsvatersie oflo cere Diels, aco erereeraietne 41 
EES ULL PONY CLO eres creates sare atin sivavece are /os aiel's, eset ei'aucyerecsyaifers roavalreteyoucte’seuy teres Oke 386 
OCCULT OM CON eiasisie: o/sne/e(cheier el 65116) 5 vis'/svsjit eyes) a) wisi as eleirer ay © er cieye ela sveverera 41 
ECLA COMM tO eNeTOULIZEOTS 5 syarerenar eater hci eieiere: eel te cai TOROS 49 
Curckands preservation: Of LAM MANULES). 2)..65) <<. oss s vei eo oes ine & 80 
CALM SiMeUanO. PhHOSPHOTIC ACG IMS. sje oteie's aio bore leis o cieeue © sToolw cre ae 71 
MB EDETISHUMUCOMPRO ETS TITIES cre cian cei cu etsy ovchal ovate cuties keer era ete Sen iat oreo! ciole ee eon levee 12, 14 
AERO CS MRE RUUIZELSE LOR prc <sere a,c coe sale teasers wietals e Sieicuawere ed sinxaterscieloheies oles 101 
MOS Ot) CAUSE emer ete te ehet eee ch cf ayia) Shai) oc. G1 $4) 60S Sal eles Si os6e, 6:5 Wave <iSib, Sibia eratororenoseutvens 349 
WASLOL-DCAN POMC: sVIGEOMEIM ATM «cis: wcaicis.cley sieeve «ee /tves ae ale slerslerwic 6 68, 64 
MNOS DUOEICEAGCIC IIs siz oto. ciscecreiee sis le etorstarere eherstemioe 63 
DOCS Hie psatparc res /.0e svc s: olevt av claeisisio bie eo ein Bee 63 

OA ELE BREE CIINO cxetoynier severe ele. ar et leuecel cleiete Lope’ e ‘eval o, o's, 0) aaieveldvaye tie lee evaretere.e Mebane 391 
G@anlinOxyvers eLEIZOI LOL ca. cre cela lescrereicisveis. as ove1 cusiitvels (eve ere alae bee Rlo meta 101 
SOS MCCTICCHE DIS UG. the: s)<'0-e clerciekolerctoretansveisjare:s) 0:9 /5)010"s wins sere ernterce: rele Kon OLD 
MEECWIZCLS SL OL cre cove. sisted eet eteurcoveuslelecs|s eyeiacubererers sae oe atettia aie: evalorarsiers 101 

LEME SHO GIOISCASES q crs tecssorereiancre ns Sihveteis| oveie ovale mare terate ale tele ieee Se meee 375 

Cheese and butter, comparative profits derived from................ 21 
cream, comparative profits derived from................ vay 

milk, comparative profits derived from............... 16, 19 

COS O Le PLOU MGI trey atennie, ala nreutioravarerd os¥oravere Sithe: sere Steines. Meer aene 14 

milk, butter and cream, comparative profits derived from sell- 
MET Eerareevaya corovateunvel kivteinte! svershayenetege 4) ecoy si ava roiee\s) chet ereiteareiepe eiaieieratoiate 11 


640 INDEX. 


PAGE 

Chemical differences of, phosphates se... ic <. «clseisie siete eter encore siaterite 67 
CLEMONS -o 555 s'hel eats legeres rete! oo. a lsie'a “otee rotors lays) nace eps lotalonohererebeneponole 37 

WOLK, ALLAN GCINENETOL ae hoe secre wie ke ale 50) sustayn eiole eteretepsranenereaale 11 

Chemist. and Acting Director, report) Of me -cso> cicnoencl binieeko eine erie 5 
Cherries, fertilizers LOM ss sa ceciors evelsseteersse ain va eraveie lave) oe ore wiakeleveraveteket eee 102 
Cherry: ‘Aphis’ saa sep acaaeus th aie sidl sca ve 0 0: siogane.cia teieielere tare otevone covets lo ey sehen Rene 380 
black=KknOt iOP ss vss weed sie ec oe = elete ine alate leas ose See 351 

ED ULEHLO ROL A ire a wis eves sale oye pos ebstoin in wrouoyert eae eere renee ns) cues lols ateeereMer teres 351 
leaf-Dii oh tot 2: s/.8kac siecsre Cos iorene sleceteie toe RIG nee ene 352, 379 
TstOW Ra)? os ois cis cre Secale ua Atom tetoeteve ais ioe ois a roe ears one ene 1. 274 

STS ye in 25 loves cole dtastaras eles asel due value Sees Ree eto eteT erate eee cee eu leer are Seteaeons 353 

trees, witches brooms ‘ON w.:.15; «sca nee oroiote aiceols Go cishe ero 532 

hii SATEP Str Sox ses 4 Fs 8 os wireelereve Swen a serere See Re ere onesies citrate 62 
Chlorine -action in plamts sy./55 sess) loveiecae seacelote eee aioe eete Sere eneseeaeesaaerae 54 
GESCrIPLONS CLC iacisiechsioe eisc oiieinle hee eee OO EEE 45 

relation to fertilizers.x Gass kd eke elo eee Cee 50 

Cay, A CtLO TL OLE 55e's 5 aire vaensn bie 0 ia lororevera tele Be etecave te tae ene he eae eee 56 
Clover, crimson, fertilizing materials contained in.................. 93 
EOTEUIZERS LOL a oi. siecivinre shavtel svsiccies'ese.cvcvavedsjetsveuste-etelele esse oie tenner 103 

hay, fertilizing “value Of sas aoaenters te Oe eee eee 76 

red, fertilizing materials) contained mej... 2c vse sere rele 93 
GIUb-Lerullizers. 9. sisicieseisnecorals oben viotees austieie te eteehaiene | Oko oetee Ue Gees 119 
root, Of .CaDDAGEs .\.,. 5 wi. si a.s.0 sc oraie ioe es Shige Soe el dere one 525 

SHE =]: LOM. sone; i5 is rere eeuategieeece Soak eee 527 

Codlin SMO. 4.5.5 bs bre Srailo te sis, ere Bione ote wo niare nated Shans Die eee eee 349, 368 
TOMO Y GEOL. wiiserckehe-sre wrong ioc is ie oie Ree oe oe EC ee 350 
Commerical fertilizers, analyses of, for fall of 1895........... Se 198 
Springyot W895. 1.5: eee 156 

fel :CEStS Ofisiacnb ace a aisle ea ne Bh ee 25 

stable manure supplemented by............. 123 

valuations of mixed fertilizers, how to make, 133 

Companies selling unmixed materials, addresses of................. 119 
Composition and value of by-products and waste materials......... 148 
Gairy Products « si-2%..5,. sere yacpeelete eee 148 

farmVanimals:© sci sie ss setee te haere eae 148 

FLUTES oF sis 0d: re ieee Steels Cooke ne OR ere 147 

grains and other seeds. coc ase eee eel ao 

green ‘fodders):<).): nia aces ee cs aot 145 

hay and dry coarse fodders............. 145 

materials used in fertilizers.............. 143 

Mill Products si. Gee ee ete eee eee 147 

roots; bulbs} iete@<-s.rc <..:< cis « aieisievone incre 146 

straw, chaff, ete. ik oiciccunat eee 146 

vegetables’. fescue oskevs sate as dese eee 147 


INDEX. 641 


Composition and value of — (Continued). PAGE. 
elementary“of plants <<... sets cic ele cere ole 37 

farm manures; yvariation@iny.. sees 74 

liqnid’and: solid manurets.. 1-2 so. eeoee ee 82 

COPPELAS SOUL OMe tenet chctelotcrststetere stele saber eevee wo 0. oo aiisle cals lec acetals tareiarar ote 386 
Copper carbonate; ammoniacal solution Of. 0.2.06. .2 deeces sce ces eule 383 
SUL PNACC RMD UY ALS. taretalcetatet se lelsleleechelele’s oes cc oe cee eae 384 
GISSOlvini gc ftne rect tthe aie ce ooo eee Otte oan tiene gee 384 

SOLULIOMS yA As ae saad teal toate ew oie Se eee ae 385 

COLMA CLUUIZCES COT tet tatcrate! ste oh akclavatetevalote holtdl clebatahel Valcicte els! ale's chomite ae onan 103 
LeLuiluizine materials Contained imi). cea. sos fc cisle es esse 93 

MCA PBLCEUIIZING *VaAlUe’ OL. t.1c/cielectaloiel lel heleletaeiteicls eae ete ome 76 
Silave tercvilizing “Value Ofsi. sani hiss oS oe eee shee ne aoe 76 

fOr MilCh" COWS Ae exces oe iss bee wie acee eee eee 393 

suMMary, feeding strials- wither acle- cic sieve. cleceve clciarereeeste 451 

SWiODTIIE Forsvotctal crates stato tebotictctalstetctalstevereie te ote ars tere love ydioierele wistnelere sis Ge emia 559 
anacking tomatoess remedicstore .. oc... ssce s+ cceeeniae 563 
GESETUCtIVENESS! OL Se Conia tarot aie ois. c leis aia evetetaeie aie ener 559 

distribution: OL rstyace Sas setae aie cioiovere cis ele yebaiele miele crac eetere 559 

MEEHHISCOLY IOI = 5-55 ds sacs kaos eos ie delete anes ores 560 

MEIMCCICS LOL caccc.o- tac shee Bis sess eae ora_oe © apo neler e svesins Geers 562 
CWorrosiverxsublimate> SolMtiOn Rist t 4 sc cesta Oakes Says aie, clece ce aools ere cere 386 
Cost of production of milk: and its products: 25. ....66.o5.....22-a0 ee 14 
Cottonseed-hull-ashes,- potash: is 55525 sts osc cee cee ccs se tcee cuss WO re: 
TCD ey ereelatet et atatates stot ote atahotatetatarel cloidiahe iets ieee eens le ee eo eats 62 

fertilizing value:-Of)55.sdeeivceiails sees sees ore teae 76 

MICTLOSEN TANS Becca ae out Fe ee ee ee ee ee 62, 64 
PHOSPHOLvie-acid=inwersyes as sere teste he cee eaten 62 

OLAS IVI rtocerere terete stele ts ctoretete ole la'e 5.30 5 connects eee 62 
SOELOUWiOOUMLER I DECTLON. sci ctetetersistelerarel oie le latoke’srels! clotalercta cieste tte ote aheterevens 554 
WO Ve TIAMULO Hyer tar te rototahedete Mate tcla tate "atatatelolcteteiele’srele te’ atelalclale hoes tieae on etee 15, . 82 
Cows; Cornersil age stor crest ve letare tolote Nate's lore la le Glele aa os lee ie ee lees Soe ee 393 
rationssted. during sthesyear tO. 20.2. ste .to's Sere. este oe oe nee 391. 393 
tOMineleedinte trials) isc. Ble wselloiee see cose eee 395 -470 

tabulated data showing results of experiments with........ 396-474 

CEBD AAPDISS srotsitavs rotararesaneronciorare WEN relate tele eie wa oe Cha Soe aan Magee 251 
Vleld yor iMGl SOG ery tre fe ote sete oia:e vissc0's-0¥eino’orcolorsrane eee 256 - 266 

Cream and butter, comparative profits from.................ccccccce 20 
eheese; ‘coniparativecprofitssfrom:).is. scons: oe cee oe 22 

milky comparative profits: from ts. oss. ok eee ee eee 17 

cheese, butter and milk, comparative profits from selling. ...... i5l 

COStH OL: DLOGUCING, tarore wteratetatclematoettin's "sto o e'ele eleisie os 010 Seis on chee 14 

VIC O Leap sr. tevatctonaret eter icPatohalcRabe’s fone ohotols cts.s sis atattetolol lela a ath Ao ee 12 

Crops, experiments in ascertaining needs of.............. cc cece ee eeee 85 
RECas OL: SoluindicAteds Dy;cvsicveicierste oa Cott ela nis one oOo oe 85 
SPEPIRG SME CHER: TOR sc x cicalsin cree aeons, HREM Lets sie o's cymes 97 


41 


642 INDEX. 


na pen PAGE 
Cubasczuano;- phosphoric acidhinteje- ore ee eee eee ieee eee 71 
Cucumber Deetle striped ss yas retestavsuc tore re oss chek ou elo ore cietete aie om ra eres 566 
preventive MeEASULES co. < occ cle elocnte cre ceche oes te 569 
Temedialoymeasures| tons... coterie 572 
SUIMMALrY -LelaLin eo CO ee seis tiie cele e eeete 578 
@ucumbers;, fertilizers: TOMS eocce siapneisie Soe eee OREO OR OC 103 
planting vandsmanuLin gece eee eee eee eon 571 
ColtivationiOL cCurrantsh san ces cre saeco eae een Cee 281, 295, 297 
Cureulio pea chi -y.gcjocicters .oersss (o svee cies @ areretere ers oslo nL ene eee eee 359 
OVUM YS eset a ses Ge easier oud w oyata voters Oot crel cls Gia oltre iene Per Oe 365 
QUIN CO 5 255 eisiels oid die waiwis waaay e wie eee ee eee: Rapala tek he 368 
Teme yotOr. \CHELT Yin sie cies 3 ee OE eee ee ee 353 

Currant, black, description: > 
Bald wither, 32 casceatheadins sone eee 290 
Black GrapGssitcs ac cone cence eee 290 
Champion yeo% datos eee eee eee 290 
Common Black...... staat a) seeta elevator t= el <lefees 290 
Hn ISH: 2s. ctr sve austowis easyer ees aie eee 290 
TGs dich ee Bins he Ss eae WMO eI 290 
INSDIOS otis oak es er Oe eee 290 
Prince of WW alesi-petiias vcore eee 290 
SAUNGOLS tes Hd eh Ts eine be obras 290 
INOS Qoeks sis)en eee OS AS Oe Mo RIO eae DSO 291 
cuttings “spring settingsn... cece. aos cee cee an REE ee 294 
Huropean (blacks... <ivacieues rita core lsis oe Oe oe ee 289 
NEAT-SPOELOL sas vous exer te mista a 0s eke eects ee 353 
TOG 85 otis 2s toutheeciee aya lanersnstergneentns mths ene ee eee 282 
UPA TIES He hata) sha leiseeienoa = eigeats inns Sela Goto hee A eae 280 
lack, yilelduotry.< wus terete wotis eee aa EE EOE 291 
Guitivation [Of oy. shi cor isniie ina eee ee ee 281, 295 
Gistanee “apartys ioa:« Sc eee oes Ss bs BSTC ee 297 
FETuUMZATION: Of <ccte 201s serene eee eee eee 298 
FELUUUZENS: LOLs. 2iais! oess aiataey eR eee ee ee 194 
insect and: fungous/foesiss si gaviniae oe eae ee 300 
mative ‘black,, descriptions) sgn Genes cco eee tee 292 
Crandall |. .c..hewki sas See eon 292 
JOY, = 33 c.cce-yytnereeiitns eee eh CREE 293 
Dla nth) os 6 :o.s 00s aus wiepore oS MEGEL. BORE PEE Eee 298 
propagation of cuttings nee eee ee eee eee 294 
IAVOVS + .isisrst sietsisiwas tetera ee ae eee 296 
S@@G! soc sc gid seers ew eRe ae tee ee 296 
DPEUMING 16 o3s swiss d. fag Soe clehros Pak SEER ee ee eee 299 

red, description: 

Oherry : cncw ieee Ree. eee 282 


Be Dee .0ocdsinis scunieeaae nee ees eae 282 


INDPX. 643 


Currants — (Continued). 


red, description — (Continued). rica 

Aer ras crceata tans (ovata (ar crate avalate-n ctaietahatese ome apsineen cts 283 

Gloirexd GySMDlONSs 5 ios.ci2'e sacl reste sieve sins e oyele< 283 

PiOMGOWM MRED Se a sic oss dite co wche sto dereaerelc enlerele 283 

IMGTISS SIN OF 2O ereererytereca cite atthe vis bere chee sues see 283 

IMIS RINO SO 2i ar cieis\etarctatere ciclo s aicneretae ere Oetelaaaene 284 

NTITISHSINO S25 aera alae soacitnie ces Steel c eta ere meres 284 

IMERISERINOS LONE were tes, oe iavecieesic. 3 acayctete oun aerate 284 

IN OVENS Cats sis ryecsre aie eter seveiste obshenelw:«.0, steerer evens 284 

Prince, Albert scr. ces eleisteretets a, scia wieuscm se 284 

RECON CLOSS!.. Foca see wlere ne etelcisnele leis. sfos ep oneatorons oe 285 

Red Duteh se ers apencvs Srastecsieisiaeie se oietee ss 285 

Ruby | Castles eosin oe Siccns okersk sleet wictsy ser wions 285 

Storms (& ELareisoms@omsNO wcrc cess oeeniets 285 

WMersaillesy steers soe cisits ic tectaiele s siels wie eveorelecoreters 285 

WViGtOniay foes cn eaten eile wierd slave 5 Sioa ee oes erties 286 

Wal ero cictsecnetacie ss arereeisvore eens crete tte 286 

EVt OL O Seataretoyercesceders.-a,croncetecetaye) vaneiste el overeaeye, seis sats 6 wos isi c.s) opevete 286 

Whites Geseriptrom 25 .cate.0s tare clot © as eyes eked cue © apeisiayerse se Schenck 287 

Caywood. Seedlings. scm. seen ote 288 

GHampionre teres Saree cic a alee eee eee 288 

Marvin Seedling. seca act c= «neve ace sche e stare 288 

White Dutebis 55.29 2h kee oe eee 288 

Wihite: Grapereni Ohi. ois baste sata eeberen alae 289 

White Versaillaises es crcncch.nem +3 cle aoe 289 

p EV LEME Oty eke uc say ctoucte retedsravavay ska toey Stoke tach cena ete «tenet eienale, e¥e 288 

GUS ISHN OVO E IMs my clia cs (a arco vayc er avcistw ere bevelatevase eis ov ereeons, rove texcis chave aiah te ctiic eietens 31934, ats 

BOWE CY: 4 LOW saves s averse Actes Sense sle ene oe he eialahe tavelidie te ace aneivie 6 s.002 354 

MOAN WVOTITIS Ge rcporenc rove tiey (oar) = sao! 4.010) 5.0 oats rei ciay slavoete eosieve Side ee, ot opteleiet aici oe ee 599 
1): 

Dairy proauets: compositionjand’ value OL. </.,22\<ij<.3 2006 sv srs cies os eels 148 

manurial products of......... Pgen Ar Nivel es eee 148 

SUMMALYs COMPALWblVye PLOMUS) OF -.:.1<<' ccre cles eres s areas 24 

MC WHELEICS ANG! DIACKDCILICS.<;< cic siclere sista stele a0 1: cunte cps - Sseiepele « ale anewiele 302 

BOC, Ml SIO eters ev cse sche seve sie: chan onanaagare MES ane 304 

LiSt.of, prowine at Stations. ..ssso- see 303 

per cent of winter-killed.- . 2.42. ssccse ee 303 

DInGChwLeCRtiliz ioe aerial Sc rccc cere rateste s/s siya. plalexsrciaveterchic) 0119) cnarel e/s\ahersiabetere 61 

Disease:or hilly; Sugrestions for Treatments. 5... owe oe cle ain ie wm ieiels wees 522 

OL eNO EGY A yNNl DDLOSE far cise toraay obs iseclatetans eigiciaisicie/els/e.aqes m or = anova terete 531 

Diseases and insects injurious to apricot................ So TRO 390, 351 

OEE A yomceatestte ersvci diets oo er eienet a ev areA Te eTS, SRE aie! Sov ohiafhe rete tates hays: coe 20 


644 INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Downy mildew. of :rapese ccs a cre = © spc erste tome a ctole sere chateiele euetepene teense gs 357 

Dried blood, availability, Ofscecc sce: - oc cusses «cto we cterehero sie nerloene eer 87 

NiItLO PEN IMPs wieneese stan Noes) teres saree aesin x selouseneseno nace 63, 64 

fish; ‘nitrogen in vases eet Glee sllen ise tei coat entice 63, 64 

POPU eins sce enters Seon ww eels: ls eye aicbaele enue le oo OIE 120 
E. 

HMlements, “acta forming, 3%)5 55. cvecets cre oo cole eve Sreeronet obetetonale octell oie ero ae et 40 

 air-derived :. sick leo ise eee oe ee 39 

CHEMICAL. oe Se idig eke shoteyesste ee clear erc are gele ‘sucicve: sts) otcucic oR ere 37 

Fo) 6 (zh 215 Mere eeiestraio nob Oi ira A ncigme ee i mioieisic A oo. 0.0-0.0'c 39 

Hliementary composition of plants... -cmserecieeisieres Clete crsial<ereiee oielens ieee 37 

Hntomolorist; addresses: Piven Wyre ess selcct ieee eee icuaneiete ceeesnerer sie aisiersiote 549 

PEPOLE SOL ostsa os ce ce Ge eee aisle Seperate 549 

PALE Bice ces he ns wists o Mile Ae AR ete 598 

Hee-plant,) fertilizers. LOLs. atee:e asshe-leve Greys. oie st euselrovelal o alePereiey sie sve tenon eretone 104 

Huropean: black: Curramts .27..5).%6 eroiere oe) 0.6. crese cleiniie oTeisnein ee eto och es eee 289 

Hxobasidium Peckii. Hals; observations on=.).. assoc oleae 534 

Hxperiments with Bermuda lily disease... 1... 2 scciss 2) 1 cieiel et ckeletenenets 523 

F. 

Farm animals, manurial value of........ sid Rasta, aardnesowota tere ehates aroleeeneiome 148 
fertilizing2zmaterials producedtone smi ccee cerca ckeiate oreo eee 74 
manures; care and preservationvol. <7 4.12 =. oe eee reer 80 

economic Value Of)... baile s bese eee 74 
WSO. OL se asic dud discs 6 4 Ries o.a.01 a dey Gaels 35 paielenees eterna steam 122 
Variation: Ne COmMpPositiony Olarts sects eee rere 74 

Harmyard manures deh mi tlomvOLer aa ciscisrecrcsterere ome eiete ereicuere aetna 74 

Feeding experiments, tabulated data concerning.................. 396 -474 

Mermentation Of Manure CAUSES a acy crclccce cele ceo sie Dickerel elena een CT 

changes iproduced! Dyce -ce eo eee 78 

CONGICIONS) sd. seve s wisieusinrensatere oc ele earl eee 78 

Hertilization Of Currants s, qs <.</5 scopes c1atore ls ©2010) aol vaio ralaveye) are BysterennieeieeeReen 298 
Fertilizer, composition of, used in potato experiment.................. 25 
GefimitiOM’ OF ea. F 5 s-sicve wcete le! «, eye! wie wie eveite o-wracee siSre stole aR Re 47 

INGILECE, GYPSUM secs ave = .c:o 5 wi ounces; ots) a siToha crs elo yauaelodsnereveceayeetne 59 
TANG=PlASCER. s s:2 3.5 seis hs os lone:cisceuete sal avcrerie ie Say ato ee rep ote eee eran 59 

CUT CRIT Crs ss5e oaiaes recone lo cairo: 6, 0 6! ouohoves slatel etaienatter oot Gray ienb) ereirereac teen 60 

used, relation of yield of potatoes to cost of................ 25 
Kertilizers; amount O£ sneede@)n occ. ascans oe sie tenis cis eieiie cielo sient heiethe 91, 94 
for alfallan acces tcees os oa ste ee eet 96 

ADDICS civic Sinets af onic ee oe 97 

ASPARAGUS crc cye ce sisreicey=ietorerclhelotekoneteds 98 


DArl@y oss seis sds Sole cioreleyer peter 98 


INDEX. 645 


Fertilizers, amount of, needed for — (Continued). PAGE. 
DORN ieepeten<'<teccserors ais Bre re ache coer 99 
PRP OUR ak «oo toes bie Rorateheordaces 1 eee 99 
bidelksbenriesm. i.e increas coos 100 
DUG WHERE (8 So. c5 custncelewinta's a ticcterces 100 
CANVAS CTE. sak so Soe eee 100 
GCAETO USM ewerste sitet sie ceva: u.sara oro ctollele te estaretern 101 
CAUNIMO WERT resists Seclaintaies auetete tae "101 
COLOR yrpee ciery cae cso blssevoperene AOS 101 
Cherries ay hrs eae aa soitornie ot aa aveiarce 102 
CLOVER at sa nies aetna diy ote was 103 
CLUDSia ei ches erste te ane «hod bees 119 
COLTS Sore aso patetics oe oks.cie'ol 5 OS TVeIeVal ccna aie, OIE 103 
CUCHIMDCESH «wars cote sapnavetisn oh cae 103 
CUTT ANUS Faritoreeyteecusicicicias ante win cece 104 
CL Z-PlANS okies craks oe eta ae ete ae 104 
UE) O8S See Oi POCIIERT Ot OER MER ECE Reece 105 
ZOOSEDELLICS xc. jckecr ees beta ee ee 105 
STAD OS Warevetcisi tens orci astaloretons yak oloreer cate 105 
SLASS LOMMAWHSSe. cots oo see cee 106 
LTASS| LOE MEAGOWSisc. 02-0. eos cess 107 
LrassPLlorspPAaAStULress.; saa ciecciewe ose 106 
HODS* Noone atte ce ae Oi Reino eee 107 
horse-radishyers: cee oSrierecuc aclns steers 108 
TGUEU COR cisinie sass totes tanh pei sioner tron 108 
110} U (2) Pea SRS eRIN ORS COIs Cate ce clan 108 
MUUSKIMELONS se pepo easiceyaieore estes 108 
MUTSEr Ve SLOCKS series aroresineec oe 109 
OP oe RAN Con GRA CORO. Boe Se ne 109 
OMI OUS Prarie rajsteiowlsteteloclne coe OTE 109 
BEACHES si ie2 ie 2-5 toa eae ee Mo eee 110 
DCATS Be eiaesetetorgissene oc; 5.0 cio otetcroetematoneieneehe 111 
CAST, iain sinieimcicaaievers cvcle stctacel a Stel cetera ahi! 
DIGMS2 sane oo aad are 111 
MOtALOCS Fie ecsr este leo ae oe eee 111 
PUMPKINS I, jams cs] s curses aes oe ae 111 
QUINCES br. Se esas Ah AS es ee nla tL 
FAGISNESN Gacierspsies teas ns ee 112 
TASPDeIriesy c2isee dac.ccess os eee 112 
EV Givers heyereisyotemtarn ty ace cies Senne ee 112 
SOP SNUM Fea dicho ocike ee See eee 112 
MDIBAGCH seen Soe tel ses aXe reek Sask oer 113 
SQUASHECH xs 6/si eames nines Sete ee cee 113 
ISULANUDEITICS ys curse ave ook oS eae 113 
tODSCCO a5. sh ee eho eee 113 


646 INDEX. 
Fertilizers, amount of, needed — (Continued). PAGE. 
LOL CULMIDS! 5 ci. cieve.sus oo: 0:ssgee a Cates onan 114 
fOr WaAtermelONS i. «= .ccrae coerce 114 
LOD WA CBE iva cieire:b's ares cra naaet ale australe tonnes 114 
amounts applied in potato experiment................... | 28 
analy sestofsfor falleOf USO a, oc <verewieroae sie ove ease: ec cierenen eee 198 
SDUIN SVOL MM SOG ccrecicicuorsncveiee oleletacnore enone 156 
ALE CL AM 3-2 55i5 ain tea elec ee tere he oie le veretove ote iareiee re a clone coene arene 48 
availability of, on cultivated clay loam.................. 88 
broadcast and sim LOW rierted as o crele.e%s siete ais eevee) screlohereuseeseetees 26 
COMPLETE we isceh ovata cial ac wo Galatea lereloain Sie Sco seni nis wierees ieee ete 49 
composition of, used in potato experiments............... 29 
description ‘of materials usedsasnes-seee eee eee eee 59 
GiNeet sae eee ahaa eels lol eh eveunieue onete rete Eevancistale tener tig ovsienacels 48 
fineness: and dryness importante... <1 iecicrerecmeereeie cle 118 
forms of plant-food essential tones srsrcinciee cis ae eee eerie 59 
home-made; how: tO! MAKey Ups sce os nec eee che ele creer eeneneeierere 116 
INCOM PETE” x has Setseere ele eee woe aioe Skee he ee re ere wae er emote 49 
AN GIT CE e555 05:4, bos! ais Syd ohav eras aoe, whore alah eleototreysconeuc erorcnei eee nee 59 
insoluble sdistribwtionvOherey. os isicrs oe clmie reece ere 121 
materials used in, composition and value of.............. 143 
method of applying s+. 2S 1h 2 os slo. serene els eke ove one tese rs oem 120 
MACWUPAL iss SRS LS ae Se tiorece nih d vw so rsue rapleie ouleesiaee ete rehe ORS 48 
ONnKCultivatead MEME SOUSE eek cs ccsveeccus-csi saiensekels eieae ee eRe . 88 
onUcultivatedtpasturenlandGe spore roe eon eer: 88 
purchasevand sUSewOf a2 sos weicetes ia eee ee eee 82 
purchase Of 05. O55. se bee aie = eras «arabe cieuagess atatebeereasionseuebeieiene 115 
EVAL CE CCRMKEIIIN Wo dogo odcndbds oo ooGe oO oeoNos OOOO COS 51 
CATDON SEOs oie Se ca ensie sustetsccvsie se enoctie oncce te iatkeye eee menere 49 
CHV OTIM SACOG ee ie aie ke! sitetens:o Levels .lojeuee bois ues boeeeerereeete 50 
elementsrofplants toc on. «« sree cree ile eros 49 
NY GVO LEMMON i. sc5. cals eve ansis Bw se eters we enero ene 49 
TKS) OW ROM ia cic RRO RENO CMRI CO OO UCD ra 00. 6:06.0 5 
MA SN ESTUMIM CON ac. apc. ala ew wrscecoue ras cecetallelstecoueiamelonenet 51 
MUCLO SOM MACON! ss  o-sMe He oe alsieucue sue tocesoheree ee heen eee ees 50 
OX GON GO ale wc, os aie ale oie sions sroncneks sistem enerete 49 
PHOSPNOLUS TOs cece ieter ove ers oo ete eke osuretor erento 50 
POTASSIUM COL ca ycaievs, 5 clalers siscotetelenstorersioceetomcretenel 51 
SITCOM CO Ree Siacd go. closes seve siete eve eieserenescyerenotenenene 51 
LONGO) OUI eR ROR ME canon n o Gd Clore Coe Opcdld 50 
Seasons Of Apply ins se so-so secre. o scstel overs; erexorerste eLedeneveqercueucvensuetene 121 
soluble, idistributionvolsaen. cc. creo elclercicls ole oe renoeerercine 121 
Stim Ula s+ hoes ps gS Sa ede eeow. ways ore tessuisiaveis te onsetencie tebe enenereane 59 
GAN Ger IME UWSIN SA yeverieisie 6 eisks elelicreleysiciste er etetnciens 60 


time: of application. SoG Seine sie cress tre ole: sjoieinvare aha rokorereseletonerene 121 


InpDEx. 647 


Fertilizers — (Continued). PAGE. 
unmixed, advantages in purchasing..................... 115 
economysingpurchasing ss jcccesicss cere cele cee 115 

used Incerowdngs DOLATOES «0. «rte ks oelele 6 «occ. sicrec s ceielstoecle 25 
VAL O TIO SUSC aan ciara er save cio alert craters, alot siccteel ate, lav alejeuciate angie evermore 83 
Fertilizing constituents applied on one acre of potatoes.............. 25 
MACeria SUCONtAINEGs 1M APPlESis:c)aie(eiers oleic c:c:vc cle tie sie wees 93 
DEC Vitis satee stciiln<’s'sieie’s oo Ren 93 

DORN She kretacieits 2 ois 505.5) s:aetoe steers 93 

bueckwheat..5 tsi osc dnote 93 

CADDALE) gos ceclaticte since stout ectente 93 

COLD ite tcrarers ayasenetetata ois elela.id secs late mierene 93 

erimsons ClOVers sa setae see te cota 93 

different /Cropsi.tsacise sete a oale ee eee 93 

PT DDCS US tele crererneholene ero eietad etn avereiete 93 

HOVS Sy heat sk gid lara asa Bier te ee 93 

mixed May i. Hsjess dee woes 93 

OATS SS SSaeS 4 eect sia otto oo escore 93 

ONIONS) 5.225 bee Seats Cee ior 93 

PORES 3} 5.5) 6 a siasie states la ielet eile ate oheouete 93 

DEAS Fe SE Sais Cire etaiesohe site oreo 93 

UTES SA avevenclians oi ciaver sist hens exe whee 93 

DOCALOCS Sh. siictd pb eth tr ereis ercvoreiete sore 93 

LFEGNGClOVEDS..)6. osc) tate ceetcret ose eee 93 

LA, ETPOTORT CRG cre bie C5 Ar GR OAS creo 93 

stable manure. lossi0fies- ese coe 79 

SULALLDCCIS sea ta veers eee ane 93 

timothy. (Da y;.../5 «sels tr osteo 93 

TODA CCOMS SI rehite's «selec epee See 93 

LOMATOESK sis Suisse Seite seers 93 

GULNIPS ys eis Ne) s hela sinove lectern erence 93 

WHE sciescrdtse oeks croc mioeide se store 93 

containing nitrogen compounds................ 61 
phosphoric acid)... omsacos as oreo 65 

potash ‘COMpPOuUuNdSiiccisis ecicte clea cee [2 

GiNE CU ara sec idie eave ciends) she oe wkc aeiaieie qe wleetetare e eimereiede 61 

TAUGIN ELV Pore crctereisia's ci e\e'ste cisncieinse levels clotoenete ciereneierete 61 

of Tood recovered in) Manure. 5. .)00< «acces so cee 77 

DEOGUCER ODE LATMN sy... 5 ose oc cne o ssitesa etn cpaptierasins 74 

VWalucvor alfalfa Hey. aes css hs.s'0.6u9 </0ja'sje1c ae) s telebtinre sioner 76 
COTTHAME BOE. ais evs ics tie ete oleia aie ei clornre, Nalosia’ oteneinel erie 76 
CONUS PO Aion hocie, «niece ecetod Sasous ous nails aici neieteie ete 76 
COLLONSE EC Ime ae aki io, oinve.e.css,ayspoey=seiese ere Saree pote 76 
Pluaten=m eal eer cect os creepeicoweve = cea eave where 76 

Min BCCU=MERU wer vteie eis wale kts iiela’s 01d. elefs eo neneeieee 76 


SHCAI-ACTA DE, cae .ccs Gas Cass dies wads wee eee 76 


648 INDEX. 


Fertilizing, value of — (Continued). rice: 
OAtS aida st slntie & sisi Mensaateiehe eM nlere ate @ eintalie anaes 76 
red) cloviersha Yi sus: Y sostersiers sores cee aoe ete 76 
skimemilk.. So sige disieeee cise Vite ee ee tome 76 
timothy Way, ... s.ec Ss, es sisters sine Io lee eae saree 76 
GUTIIDS asi Beare bicker miseceakh ee ea Bee 76 
WHORE eo 5. cis tom. ceh icra eer ire Se ee eee 76 
WHOA t- DAM eiisieis cidis-cose ieveneee ousre.s Meliss eens a olor eee 76 
Wiheat-Straw: techie sc ais. s a ciede peeee susteere oes alee 76 
Mirst Assistant; report :Of «ics Atl eytetecs winccisce ic iatecate ae cl oetotetetelots eleeioinioe 391 
Mish round: availability Of; pacectsw crete tee keel cise coieterec ootens aera 87 
SCLAP; MILO PED. TM osc cic cl eeereneks ors speree tole le ereks easisie 3 eal caine 638, 64 
Max. fertilizers) f OM x: <<, sapstegies ea Geiss letsis otevessromeyemavercielts edsvenetelelerays sin si evenevetete 105 
Hlorida rock, phosphoric: acidvimisay gacee cc ees sv erceereiereieroletotnaereietreneie crete ql 
soft phosphate; phosphoniceacid@ink sete ceive steiete sees oes 71 
Hoods digestibility of; and manurialsvalue. <i. cs octe cleus clelerleteiieneioye 77 
INATENCeLOL, UPON) ANANUTSseete sis cone Seite enero eres Tiel bis ore semen 76 
materials Of, TECOVELEA 1M MAMUTE Ss oe i-1e ies erelclaie lelevaverererelevatstenatone 77 
preference shown by plants for different forms of............. 89 
Moreing: lettwCe! in spots. sg viscose ers Sveitelen evs tsvsiave cosets sieve) cieneis tore arecereiche emebetenete 326 
Formulas for fertilizers, examples of............ laeecdater alstiars ukoiacetohore 138, 139 
how: toOsMake Up. accesses veo scree eae 137 
Hresh: stable manure; Use vOL.«cteverererevover sorte rnc ele: ove /a1ns0, 0) oueroversb sterol tereetenchetene 123 
HrwiGerot. Of iCHELIY, y.) 5,5, oe Bioete leo a etekesatoval sek evelo eroneve ofeustevenetoucnonererece ee reneten 351 
DOCH so. ios cisissonarave coneliotn trehctore cate cones Aveltis erator sitic a lsleun eter oem 358 
PLU sath SRA si SIS esc, a averse a conmcnis agers cota heeled ener meno ere 364 
TEMECGY, LOTS cs a.d Lo waen eMac eles osc ayes ave ronce ete) slsha,atoneremetonsiatercletess 352 
SPOCHOL. QUIN CO iy. isccctacersie ashore) Shatatel elo olexeie siete oracenclelotemerenelevelonoiene fe oO 
PO MEG Y, LOTR Ha cskio:s (ois wie sete ueiel chotevsite ieee levels etercloteherete 367 
EOTINItSCOMPOSitiONANG! value Ofer iets cree clei siciel shelley cle cvelers) <1aker relate noisiete 147 
MANUTIAl Valwe: Of si c.5 cape erctatotare wie os siSie sp aneve ‘evs: eyes ei cueltovenertereneiee 147 
number of, crowneandermaiited ins 1895. ae ie «cies cic ckelelsnoreienerenene 251 
UES Iden oth aes AGO IS hin SLO OOOO MOMOdcdO OO COUSU00 OUS00D00 249 
IUIIN PACT MES Has crever ere e)ctenolct ate torohoucvevctereneteReneray> elev role) clo lier obeloder sNekoretoteranelcieticerete 383 
ANG: INSECTICIDES S HORE Rate sence sais arscenete aiererelstegsionelesieterensee nen 382 

G. 
Citta to: theiStatiom or. Skeets Nor emilerscever coke cake er oretenshepekehonsiotel steeckcraete ne 230 
Gluten-meal’ fertilizing valtte Ofc. c cceris 2 «ole eetat eile seis. eeisie et epencrens 76 
Gooseberries, fertilizers LOM cos er cits coo ccs Sestaio ater erste ele etetoieiieiove o/c) 1 eensrenerentiens 105 
Gooseberry mildew, remedy forces. cicie ooh sro olsiele ale rec clctc skerslerebevetersrereee 355 
Grains and other seeds, composition and value of..................-.. 146 


manurial value: Of s% < pite's ctais i vin viele cl cvenvieretetoiene 146 


INDEX. 649 

PAGE 

RUNS SUTRCAn CETE GEAPEL GTI OV GME to carers rots ole raxctu We iaeeie! G/t (0% roro% < Siegom ia 6 'wreterd te elerwnacatota ole 355 

DLAGCISNO DLO are ratelone Pe tee Mn yan tah eca char cle Sars vet sacra Stra aces 356 

LO WWALYAMTIALC! CW Olea retateccvanescreneisre tars seraeloreperels odie dle gradiehs meatier e els 357 

AIO Wy CL OTay ae TIN LEW es Oleoraln er enaveiste sc sateisakeies fase lorstercy ote! eter eh eek teary dehy eoanaen, ale 357 

(CHEATER. ASS obs SA Ge OCS DOCROIOD IE SCR SER CaO ROE On Ren CoP ae 85 Ce eine 274 
description of: 

Alexander (winter)..... LISSA ge «Bre 

AMICON a eerb icra: s ace SRA ovens BIS CRETE GS sao VOR OE 275 

ATIVE CRO Fa 5 Hae ante chats ca ee rao etalsl sietars ecleae 276 

PATTIE iar or Mavats KivetaVetetoreretohove Pe torets (ene tore Faaoxer eee 276 

Gy: 5. Besxs cys tepsaren aera ia tr ee Oe mont ohers Seals 276 

Orta oes reveta lose Slevecslr a ele ase Sci meee arin TA SUE ee 276 

1 Baked Sp. os Rete ee nausea ae ANI ee Ee Ae ee eee cee 277 

IODC: csctitercmomnmate so Lee twas cos ee tae 277 

SLOWING. tok ate: wie cia teach ata etal one ele lel sheesh a oie hate tee 277 

CamMP WEIN sey ewes he tee, hale es.) ave ooo Me ose 277 

CaMV aM a sateyaters +s ieccies esooreha hatte Siete coolers atte eee PAM 

Chandleriiis Syoue i hatie tee ee es aate ees aoa 217 

OWolersinMes Ses EA, See SE ee 278 

Cortland? 4 f2K5 ie 35s eee eer eee been oe 278 

rz Collyer once Ric tete tee ore he ae ae oer 278 

Dr: Hexamer Gs: 2450 e MP ae aoe owe ccae ere 278 

Marly Golden: $24.35 ssitah temo eee oe aoe ee 278 

Vitor otiiagen ct he ees ee ne so ee ae 279 

Hdmeston; “Now 2 ssece ence oe eee 279 

HISSO Kei F FAS arate Sishs a aetet cheteteMto tele ar stetore apeterteeee 279 

Hstheres 7 2HS Tb ee a ee aS pe legeae 279 

Rockwood): 3225652255 :34202.785 UES eee 279 

LO ZELS, NOSE rere iceatare fa tere ein ait cleoeh hee eee 279 

DAP ves iaGY ot eee Nee RTE ise Oe 280 

VALGUOTI Beste sas: soieis crs 5c bccrels ator arnie ie ot hele cee eee 280 

SWWAILE BEO Ty stench crate ose 21 svehel at shotchongrstatalar scot Mahe Aan ene Ce 280 

WHEE cess art cae ot teas ote cts bt eas De eee ee 280 

PEMUIIZELS LOL shorstever te lolateis aialet holes Ge ne beh eae ths oe ee ee 105 

LELMUZINe Materials :contained: iN. ssc 5. <.% <c/0%.- onc oe ceive cs salen 93 

Nise Ge partlally selt-fortile, sche. <. 2.2.5 ces he eee 322 

MSIOL SOLE Crt © <piyc, ores cress .ecsyerahorevessiace dos cv cnet ee tenas oaks es eee 321 

productiveness of, affected by self-fertilization................ 320 

SOUSTO Os i cinicasin.e oo air aee time Me kis a5 ete tone ches Seder - 324, 325 

Gouass:-forlawnsierertilizers forts tees esise ak J thee aeons Gone 106 

MEBAOMS LCL ULUIZOLN: Sf Oli srsyeies evcncresclaycicacsareisys) sale ratham aloes ht eee 107 

DE SENTES: SLOEEIUZETS SLO. tty flee e cers aot weno wise cis ore be eae 106 


Gratuitous chemical analyses, rules NOLQUINS5CQ 7. cyexrcsorcienet ot ors oer vee 241 


650 INDEX. 


PAGH 
GLOOM A Ye. 2 sors lacs te wueiis.o 1s Shewwils ois whew iste Wolo Gucllene eke jocete te ele je rele OTNCTe TRC eroeee 603 
fodders, composition and manurial value of..................-. 145 
sand, mark potash z.cu..cihe we nie Cate wiswies his hater er ie ere Ue 
Ground fish; -availabilityOl se ciccse goes oiciece ows o eaciniee ehetotacle ee eee 87 
nitrogen in ..... Sahay eles eyai ad, os aren eE eae orapeite ret Nenana 63, 64 
leather: availability (Ofc. 5 coc occu weitere ete tie eee 87 
GUANOS;, NItLOGESN OWS. eiessia z Sisiiaice tov eee yoshowe haa Pa Lage anete de ahs ee eset es leian olel aneeeaene 64 
Guan OF PRErU Via Miche enecsceig ve a sraeverere a aieles eearare locales Gree ie oan eore ee ae Gy = 7al 
Gymnosporangium macropus, Lk., inoculation experiments with...... 535 
GYD SUMS oarcys sisters ovo-ecdie wise eo isielcs a Te Oe cee eee 59 
as Manure (Preservatives. a. ms sneer eee eisin reson 80 

H. 
Elaine MitrO@eNn, IN5 <.\sv< sis sc, «.<, «eros, swiss wis) ious. Wveteee tots aes levels erelonetel PERRO 63, 64 
Hay and dry coarse fodders, composition and value of................ 145 
manuriall valuelofanc ces => citi rents 145 
PRELVS DONC 55 ccrese ce. 08 os. so eam aiele: Gioia. arate th aa tereh ses VE EONS ARITA © leveceletio one al ore aero 387 
Eens; Vayine. feeding, experimentsawiths. «eee eee csr ene ere 494 
summary of feeding experiments with................. 516 
TATIONS LEM: CO..s Seis a6 oss Sie sige wee Siar hens a teeee te by oles weve ave oeveuone 495 -497 
results, of ‘experimentsiswithe ic cc.ce chert bei el cea 512-516 
Home-made fertilizers, how: to make wWpeeeciccos alesis ceeie cele ieleneteions 116 
ELOME-MIXANG; AAVANMCALES <5 .<.c.c as sore megane tale fe Sista petchenhore @ enotetene ener. 115 
NOW: COME 6s 50.5035 /o..9 one.ss le ceca teense have inlets ieee renee eke RTS 116 
FROOP-MEAT, MICMO GEN TI see ass c:siraid 0) arelad @ ansveto of snaroheerbimiele «e's Gate oom eter 63, 64 
18 (oy ols Fy cs) MUN YAS) cio 0) panne RRC were CLA Ont ols.ci15 cio Orr OINItO aIORIeNG.C 107 
fertilizing materials;containedoini:. 5 4. -timtisdeiieerce ee cleseie ey eisisione 93 
ELOEN-AUSt; MICK O SOME a= cys) oe sons ste nevstors aiacenal tbayenaye aha heroin overs aloes mpenenene 63, 64 
IELORSE! TATA so. cijaascl a5, srw ciao earaee eiahas Sener OST ol SPOR a cre ee oe Thay te 
radish; fertilizers LOM. 5 se occ pei sa Sissies 6 seis SSO eee 108 
ELorticulturist, report Ofer... «6,215 sscc sreela ise wis oh Dlehaeel oveits) sie een canoe eee 247 
FERUIMUS; (ACCOM (OL... 5 cxske eye; « overerepeceue ne evs wsloum ofepeueyeyehouehereusne cele de vatenleconeeateh ale 56 
Hydrogen, occurrence and deseriptione: «5:5. . 5) ctete «2 cals eeieielels sieeiele 42 
relation’ to: fertilizers: peiijes cies 3 5. 5,2 wires cis estate eel ern roee 49 

i 
mM pProvem ents am Glad GUETOMS A eyes etetencseienereve clelouekexsporee ete ie tereuetaei le ker- 6 
Im@irect, Fertilizers... ost es sy ee es B a et he ecds cake mere eto torsion stone ketene 59 
Injury to peach foliage from Paris green, etc.............. 200s ween 358 
Inoculation experiments with Gymnosporangium macropus, Lk....... 535 
(0) G20) 0) (2: aE eRe EEE RATA oo AQ Nitrates Dit 6.6.0.4 FO.b O00.C 539 
tabulated results sof sirens shsictecis cate Cee teroenemeion 541 
EMSC CUICIIES oa idca sce sexeve ove ain exe uate erehavele rahe Bitiaets, See el aeaen a ieee eee etek 386 
Hols Ws qigetea (O61 MeN Br GH eIonn oMod cocod Dd roo oc 382 


Insoluble phosphates, availability ofe.. 2. eres etelcteserieieielereeneiensleneiet 87 


PAGE 
PROM A CLLONG UMM LATUUS! echetaicic siete eG iclelenewas +» A: 8 jo) sis oy nats e abeTorsban renee atehere 54 
ATA ED LAIVES ete oct cries vate a sieve encase rise) istalie a's «ied reuse wee Shhe eratesaler ces 47 
FELATONGLOLCRGINIZELS fo nctei oe ys steels bi cia Sayee WS hMNe ee eave eee ees 51 
SU PM ALC ESOL G OM epee adore con ctats bs is 1S waa jane miele are jee ace Oe eee OM GIS ane 386 
Ke 
PN EEA Sm) METS OESCTVELELVIC’ cis cle stele a arcic lars ce choles eicie Ste oo douse clecse 80 
[OXOUEES UL IU Chena te orhe< Ane acl CERES AE a AR fit nee diet io) Sa (2, Me 
CrISEN em eC NTELSION ie ererclcher fe. sherecs sie oe athe et cece ero tenteweinete eis «ara ee ce ata 387 
LOLSCALC ON! OBL, iva etoshelotecre ome tans ie ate ene 550 
Keystone concentrated phosphate, phosphoric acid in................. (far 
SILC MPOME SEN LI c ci ac aieid cae Sie ecsuede ev scent es eieteie te & oo ccl sue ateTaeie ore whol 72, 74 
L. 

MAN OALOLY. “WiOlKfOLs 1S Oot. cies soko ts cies ele. ieictalars cue blaieleravcietel «0. litem bike 10 
HAAUY CETUS CG leemmepenccc teres (oh crore eaten ee uci weoisye. ole leis voy anclegies ayote Gfacoqe in sacyets otmasicia else the 59 
ASTIMANULTEEPLESEL VALVE se toec oc teve cio sos tiste oe oieaiokare ene 80 
PAS eh EMGUITTET GS oh OMS stoteacpatev eters, « bys, obalw ters. ote ava cote lo false oe epeeapenetans ehokene 106 
MawaerclatilsOnpeachy ViellOWSe cs cio ooo oc os ctelere » era wrcreldtes lore elcicie steer ere 363 
OVC KRM O Eetrerers Sicte ere e wrsvasye re eye aIOTS, oe Dak 02 CIETN ake ID TiS OS 363 
WE DSH iEOMmenetlyasetan acre sicits. ceed ole cies s GOs Ot et cone ene 352, 379 
DCA aay clorcve erereetar-Varokeretercierdl aie tis. oo, epanste costae BA Seateta eae 360, 380 
MEMO YS oo oteie co cet ans eas sere a ete te ee NE Ress 381 
DMUs Poe eee see ee po tin eo ee OR On Oe oe 365, 381 
MIRULINGC OS casas, crovevetetooaterateselave east oisre eects ete ete ee coca sone eter ere 381 
SUM W DOLLY ate carons ee erore fate tera ersyn ee cent tecteg ae el aie eae ie ees 370 
ASTD Ca A Cert a osahe sce ato Wie te lotahtte alone o Pats ste "sls bo ee eatin ep aaa ane 359 
SHO GISCASCROLMADDICS. cp. oe oe cece ee ee eee ee eee ne eee 545 
ORICUETAUY wetter tate arse ie cee aches otosieelee io eieeio aie eee eraes 353 
MeALICL VeTOUNRG availability One. «sc cr csc see «cc celcca ceases 87 
TIGA MTELO SCM a ers mee en aes alecs ceraee Seis bd Saha Se renee 64 
SCLAPS AICO MSM TN pees are te cts halatistatalel alates (tesa ie 2 ear ae asters 64 
Me LGuCes CULULVATION Ofte. cite eo. Te ee ee os oleae ee ee ae ees 326 

description of: 
IBiSMBOStOMe ie fe tie oe oe ae SOO Oe eee 327 
SAUNT ATI OT Pitter vote oe ens art re oto Serer ae Pere 327 
PUNE ade APs Sere, og ttek Lieve aa erp eee wera 327 
Elendersom se" NG@w: WOrks «ke. os sc eee ee ee 
Grand Rapids ea ee soe See eo en eee ee 327 
Hanson i) seee seeks PRD Cede d otek ee pene eee 328 
INE Ww lGeber generis Was 22 eS ee ee eee 328 
GoldenyB all eae ce oS oe eer eee ee oc 328 
TOLGEN  QUCCIE Somes ois =: sisdae yeltranias a ere eieeness 328 
Vi Ze PEMOS G irs ravaialtopetetetal o's (erarctevelaluictate na eet ei are ats 328 


652 INDEX. 
Lettuce — (Continued). PAGE. 
fertilizers: fOr. 2c sissies ths soe oe ee be Rae ee eee 108 
forelag ins pots seis we Gh aes asics eele ghee oe ee ere et SLR eee 326 
list‘of varieties for forcings. 22 <3 es a ket eee een ee oe 330 
MATKCUNS Swe e se eee ORs hn Le RO Oks Release eeth et eee 326 
Miebig’s: POUT Laws. sxsersrese tisnstetis) stares telenavarevare coy oracerssere, oteseie leer eteiere Oe 36 
Life ‘history: Of “COLRM WOM. oe ors %.< «enacts tae ees acehe eaeuetaylo nial eletene Cee 560 
plum: Scale’ ....c ss c.cs «aso w sieve Maes carter ie ee eee 582 
striped cucumber beetle. -:-crceraerer ese 567 
ilies “dusty.miller’’sattackingay. eyes. oe cello aire Pocicoricikare nore ae 603 
Wily? "Bermudas Gisease: OL ss. csiers 2-1. tore aponsteleneyels) ejeveleneis iaseis a elbow stokeleneperstces 522 
disease; ‘Bermuda, experiments) watlere-icicecicleieieiceiee eestor 523 
prevention: Of 5:02 525. cceteiserte oes Loe eps SO 524 
suggestions! Lor treatment. erie cracciclaue ie tirerneiemieicene 522 
GISCASES? (iso FPR sie Fb Galata terre win cravat aha o saingelei Sten sheds: tHolbe aoe Renee arene 520 
times shells tor eclub-roo0tok Callao ri rroreloterercl alot ereleler eyelets) Neleteneteteac aie 527 
inseed-meal, fertilizing valuevOfe cna. ce <tc sccm ciel @ vin ete ete eee teen 76 
HiQuUId MANUe) COMPOSITION OL.) ere oe lore leye oles even tnenele setae tee 82 
1 fo 0X6 (oy clay 6100 yo) (Uris eee Raa EA A A An Ae URAC Se ARMS 0 85 387 
utovka (cherry <5. 2.2 cS See ose De web ee tie ete ere ais Oe otetenehersia eee 274 

M. 

Macvot: Cabbage, TEMG yi. a2). o:25 veye ei ot rotene) oeictare taal etaiel seiner eee B74 
Spinach=leak Ore MaMe ry ere ca ate a leie renee fel avenete ere yatoro repaint eseetnetenetene 625 
Maznesium, actions in plants o.\s< <()2 syap-t in a'eieieelelaielel epee eee eam 54 
Say DLA TITS eso. c's./ose, uso aus, aL0l cence apieney a lek etecetoeeeieagm SIRE er ere cen 47 
relation=to, fertilizers..22.% 5:26 csc cic ieee 51 
Mas AMESE HUM LVI perso ieioieye letecoralle celeliets sicloneheteNeteiee coer oi het aics tatters 47 
Manure, causes of fermentationyOf sc. .cmemiete = steele eee 77 
changes produced by fermentation of..................s2c0. 78 
conditions of fermentationsOf.-.. 1... ee eee 78 
(0) Gee aOR Se LN Fis Oa SERIES S PSEA Cro hero sot 6 o.c 75, ° 82 
fermentation. Of bic ciesccsssesie-orie Se ,5's os orn Oelaio Tae enone Ou 
fertilizing materials of food recovered in.................... 77 
TOLSO! a ciaiis cpcressie ca bieiovexeVavora se fo te alee tehekepencasketstacetetens cues ee Rare ener ne 15, 82 
influence Of age OF ANIMAS Os cc) covers la cretenslolereretarelerd ete erate 75 
LOOG. UPON Se kie Behe Ries che hase rera cust Oona erent 76 
Kind of animal Onk si. j..hajcsspeeie crarieleial-)sioietoeie eae 75 
liquid and solid, composition. 52)... cnc ase n+ «ais oe ee ne cies 82 
loss of fertilizing materials ins eevee chereietaiciener renee 79 
DUS io ois stern bus Stora ayeilareisieuelanet eXeinus Reha nee eR Oe nOne 75, 82 
101020) ba a ere Ee ear terre Tis sy Sanaa isto Gouna oo 00 75 
preservation-of, Dy Gy PSUs screws sicusihersie cra lier oncle tencremerorenene 80 
Kiainit: cisiciiccetieisteuee s o:o olere vere eeeneee 80 
BEC ssc eicieis ots eee eestys sda ieveiw wicker abana sie reiohele rere ree Recenter {i555 87 
stable, differences between fresh and fermented.......... sicte. SAD 


INDEX. 653 
PAGE 
Manurial value of by-products and waste materials.................. 148 
Collie aio) WoXe Kein Sacro cieichoi tas Kir acco tao cis beat aaa nic ce 148 
FDU TTA SLUR TLNN Eh LS iaiy ro rotors votcirals ib Yoi'e o wi'el-e'o Naleh thet ahe tere loa el sceterste ts 148 
SETSRIUE Sireterotay a eteioy ove orevor ee els voice eer ete:'ehe oa tev el eve) ate’ steal aaMetelare 147 
SLAMS eAM Ge OVNCLISCCAS sieve: @ «/e!ailc.c aie ei ee = ers erete eee 146 
SLECUMLOM CEL Nsetarsrewiaieic sreietees eles clare 6. cheyelis) atfel ches stonteteta 145 
NayAaNGsGry COAESe LOMGELSs wasaice ciel le esioneree 145 
MULE PrOGUCTS cs: Siancdetetere cet eecehetarearas « lard atckekarceteteee 147 
POGUES POULDS MCLG? Secs eee dae ani he ios Sine eee 146 
SCRAWABCHMAME,: CUCL... cercleicu oielene eet NS Bie eae eee ele 146 
ME POTMOLES He < c:6' 5 0neicck io avereeustole ets WA otan Stes ooh adareenake, «dinates 147 
Materials; used, as fertilizers, description Of; 2... 25056 So. ede ec. ccc ce 5Y 
MPH ONS EEC LIMIZOLS LOLS corre, ay ckere rel ste) aeokar obo lesa che rctaanaia.a toate ciataial stake ohdie ears 107 
MiGMiESCLADS LVAl a DLTEY sOl. ce oterscrtercteece siete oth aiehe sestlerouclade tee eee an 87 
FErcLIZING, VAG OL Sars cicte cee tae Ser aehe ee Ww dee Saher Giekere 76 
FUL UO SOM M s or ve cicreirchs Gite ws nole sey Oise onioue ore Gsoliettnate nek on ete 64 
Methods: Of applying LerviliZers. << 2c ci. ces 6 encores © oie odorata nero BS tste kiana 120 
MALE OWS uel COMI NO Lessee ever svcrfei Nia si tial esonaesy crey sons ere olieisi Oe sioeelemete tour eiane over 391 
Mane wrOn SOOSEDELrY~ TEMECGY: LOL. «ac. 6 o\ers ere cnr e.e a cietee clon eehels «ls getsteuets 35D 
Millan d.GresmM: COMPALALVe PLONE, LOM. serc.ci crores cic srers c clolayate «sce ereie ce LF 
Cheese weconiparabive Prohtis from... .. co enee ae eee. jee. LG; 9 
LESH PLOGUCES, COSt OL PLOGUGLION Obs wists etches cee oe aces 14 

butter, cream and cheese, comparative profits derived from 
Seo LMEN eae testayes Ne aver ieie revere re Sie 5 wee iS bin, Si ocouosahen m vyev oRO RPE he tans ciate ones 11 
COSGLOL PLO CU CHIN aoe: overall al ove ol orevexesovaravcrareiey torere rete a PE ey aa isms 14 
HLoOniGerivied: from /SElin & 5.5 «2.5 sae Saree el et eos ohms be ware ee 16 
VSL TLC WO Lacperapcsostay a) atcr‘si hora) soipoor efo. ots eis rere Ree See OIE RT Ome ae OMA oa Se et iene 12 
UE Pee TEUUUACTS RL OI 5) si yelansts: ocelot ac arai's) ores atorer let evevaveral o.cierane. ISTE ee wee eat 108 
Mil products composition and value Of... 2s... ac eos ocean oe ee oe - 147 
AAT Al eV DUT ECO bieversee sieves coe ks Shee eee ce EEN eos eee 147 
Mineral nitrogen compounds int fertilizers... .).../:.1.0. og cise abd cs ee oe 62 
Mixed hay, fertilizing materials contained in........................ 93 
MiSSPULeR LOL: CierentuGlopStcrericcicis suis = 6 oe ce SR oes 95 
Mona islandssuano: phosphorievacidrin= /........ see oe nee ee one. 71 
Muniate-oLspotash,, availability: (Ofsmeci.ico1-<1- dcidtcl te ictoct ade ce tee 87 
DOtAS DIN ecricyest are Otte eee LR ee 72, T4 
tosmaketyaluationvo£ Aer ae eet ee ee see 136 
PEM ERE NS OUIEN, 2G AN ata) o ot end vrnial tm mic Apane <ohepaeeRL Oe ie eRe ea RO ale ee 331 
ANE SIT OL is claw x site ere ae Ee ee 341 
greenhouse; Cultures... cle eee a ete ee ee ee 333 
PRATKCHIPLICCP OL aisia sai oaiis ates. cie ste RCE Se ee 332 
DLepaAnMe Or stablec cc. eee ce eee eee 341 


654 ; INDEX. 


PAGE 
Muskmelons,, fertillZers: fore <i cic oie Sele tacts ise cle eiaiteclewel uate sic eer 108 
My cologist, addresses: delivered iyi’). « <.steeoicters cis ostoletofale -ieiele  elietroi= tere 519 
TEDOLEU (Of: io dave Ge oe wee sie DOR Tae SO ne ne nee 519 
N. 
Native: black. CUnrants visser ci eel eote eee toes eae teat oto ei chots Gracie wt vite G eoestonee: 292 
Navassa phosphate; phosphoric acid vinta sc ce eit ie ele einen 71 
Newspapers and periodicals presented to the Station................. 239 
New York plum (ecGa mimesis. ccuyaretlareromtersiciche cle slelete cvorcseustoberetnaene 574 
Nitrogen; action in ‘plants: <i:c)..o cnc cele eee ees ce cls cer aeerone 53 
AMOoUNE in) SOUL. s/s) Ce ai teieis Sesee ee eee ee tedeks bts recone i abrene 56 
compounds; animal; inv fertilizers). 1-1 eleie ieee 63 
excess! of; Indicated by crops... .. - cis cel teeters Sa xdkeekete ieee 85 
forms. useful to plants... 05.40 sci) .Beies aoe ele ieee eas 43 
RTD BAT ace vis cso eye ce sie 0 ve eleuattesso\'e sove couanoseseUanie she GUC omens hel ote eRe nee 42 
DINMONILS | oS s-8 ee dieve cis os dle eas oes ea he oe REE Oa el eee 43 
INNO MICE o aneiss ays: b. oucsetssoe ovens Vevey Spekovel cecpece ue neelve: Cuaron ered Moreen meee 63, 64 
AZOTIMN 5.5 o--.ceaiss ea soonest Oe DE oer ae 63, 64 
DOTS ia aleavdse encralloce cote cal Sg OER eo Si Ue oye ee eee 68 
DOME-MEAT -. 5.05.5 SEES ae ate Siac atalino eee Oe 68 
castor-bean = pOmMmacesy: Baars iia ola wees seers waite eier ae o 638, G4 
cottonseedsimeals)iii 53.0 eee. ES ie enol osteo 62, 64 
ALIEMMDLOOM iis ihe yeautvis lcisiohord's ey etenote seer eee CS Sock 63, 64 
Arie FSW ysie a isiciieve Biss sete reradhyeterocleue enevse ec le eee 63, 64 
fertilizing ‘materials)..;...cc<.5..,0c) Balko be sian tee eae eres eee Gl, 64 
PUSHES CLAD S Sissy roses Rie Scene w70 a honsrovekss ieee cea seh RENT edo a 63, 64 
STOUR shins cscveys; cyadec ene ronecctay onckowenouctevere tvekeusioke ee ages Cher eee 63, 64 
ULATION Asis ide rsdetaiser eras oc ote a bate ce ntehs Snes tata ae torte te pe aoe Nee 64 
15:0) ene Mr ERC aNCS Ehret een. Lar aremie rene MALRn a dich AGUA BG cb 63, 64 
Hoof-=meal Cys, eae Baws RAR eee 63, G4 
WOFN-GuUS bai k, ose Se os DRL tae eee 63, 64 
Teather SCEAPS ss 056 Sic ois sie: vo sso ts Soe Wotdiehe ect ee he Phat eee Rees 64 
MCAt* SCLAPS ciatedore, crates bis che okegerhel etek ae velekoneiohedon ete hen meen 64 
nitrate; Of SOMA <icccistonicisseevevedies Sd ctoireae ele een beatae 62, 64 
MICPATES! Pore ciehs Siarevane ae susie cizesencus soca lste seen ea MOP eE efevotlal oRoRarlofenerobonelions 43 
Plants andy animals nreys ctejeesertctenctevclsueherarey= cholo meneetNelecelfevorree 43 
SUlp hater OL: AMMO MUA yey erenery oyea-d neue} oneal ree reltoned seer 62, 64 
ETI A LON ei sateyssete crohinvenokouelis ne aise coe tel cucu feteueWotstinye teem atee-tene meet 64 
lack of, when indicated by crops.................5...-+-+- 85 
Toss: From. SOU Ae sac cle sin ate clet cholevemeteuston tte Melcrlel hater ote tren ster Rometens 57 
mineral, ins Fertilizers ec crcicieree lerente terete ete schokel ered en teheNeRe feted te 62 
OCCULTENGE 554s elie aie where eas eee «lela che estcte tole eteenene teed maltate 42 
relation’ to Lertilizensae ais. ocietete c leuctsie okorebene evel chefelohleheloRsEtt=as 50 


vegetable, in fertilizers... ... 2.2... 220. cece cc cee cine cree ces 42 


INTGRO LET OMS OIL OM aierrevel acerca) cus viele Wien ei busisvo%. oletseiauerleveie '¢.s)/avere: Valle! sau giewane- 
INGE COOL SOURS. chances sic 10 rcrs0) ole sos ston ava) siave¥erc, s1ecsi sie ie leis epeteys. oicisteleSeiel ¥ plero sreie 
Ota a Sarco GOtetie eR occ ee- OO SOURCE TRE Caee OR amrE Ou Co. 

DVT DOME yarOLersis: octets ices sein or aletels wiahohe's sich ytraid aan Rae 
aun eOy eal all eg ae OCR RTE ke Sites bidoe or 62, 

INGEWVn IAD LES GUSCASEY Olt. aire shove rcherstolei ote iefaysns sis) o,0) cher sfeasen avotenclete Semi e 
NESEY AS LOCK at CLUIMZOLS eLOP a. cisis:c,estsid tie, ¥ chuneleteasty » slats fois wh cme Rian teriotine 
INGE Ve ol Clu Zin SMALE AIS ..:65.. 1. crersie teres sie eres), «. 2 o's stele to cs] tae WS PPE 


MMS LEE MN ZETS) TORS... sherc, cvstis eve ocisssve) cranelel iene’ o #0 retsvstenstelley hele! eines eiece eyerierets 
fertilizine; materials Contained: Anis. peyenie «)o el sieieioiei ete sere 


MONS TECLUNIZETS LOT ca oscar raioe ohetetecer arte Tore Lea haie Coheed ESR UC TENS «tue ule steuevoretoe 
FELbUIZINSCMAaterials) COCAINE mss.) c nee tone ioe ckely ererarene orate etele 

OPDALeS TUS ty OLeVAS POC Vis io evcic ere cicrere ever opalayate Guoranerere eleveiorejst ei cichorer es oiete 
Orehiig SuAMnos PHOSPHOLVIC ‘Ald: As spas go) s:seloy'sys is ie ays ayers = ckens sacs ol e\ensse) seis 
Orgyia leucastigma, white-marked tussock-moth.................... 
OX CON ACO Me Na LUIS eis, 3, ovetexove, wvopatorsy Melorczsxo, ef tokepey) < foveValiesale oncteya stetelels 
OGCULTENGE TANG GESELIP TOMS 36 cya scraiaideieisls ieee: olsieicis «elects sia) shene 
TElAMONOMPE tI ZETSi es crowes isis tosis ies atay ochre atetoveieus ces talons 


JBAPIE ARAN S oo Bo Oban SOOO DEBUT O-COLOUd OOo DODDS D CUDOOnE OD OC OOO 00:0 6 
ALS S ee TUlLIZ ESM Olsenerercielc/aleicreteiel stokeieisie oielelr sels mrcuctele elesierateyclolelaierelars 
ASHUIECS LeCLUILIZCLS LO Levpehseys mic otsie cise) sieisr sys] ei a5) s)elal= eis) tsvsiv|ieics ©:0) aye cale 
Baer Tee MI EGIS setiscr setae eer eae clas OOS oe ME Rk RABY own german ns oeetae 


GUT C ULL OM arahe See da a eda oe Hao so so ee w Royfelens) Svenavs cue ob efuuacs ats sheheke Pens 


foliage; injury to; from Paris green; et@.j.- 2. ..cee ccm eee 
PTA GALO Ge Ollie arn accoro te letercuemiors lokam atauaictiewo Vole dial hs uefonera. sy'< cate, ucuslel sickest oes 
ermierenhd LridepioncdiococoC come OOCCOU UO OOO COSC DDOMOUCODIOd Ga ob oc 
SS LTO OVS wheie ale < ie iohs iwi cearayel oi cuntatee wrele's a « «/\scg « a-ahaieley miei mi nea MlGioa/ el iaeniedeete 


PenGhess TeLuuiZels! LOL erere ciele << (etewhsjeelebeisl oes elute, ol pik efole =: = el/utvjiole insite lebatein efeas 
SRI DIVE ere Seo iucttey sfane dos hig lows oie Sto oeaje soins eta els pais lei. sista’ sims atnielnynselenetaie 
nayenvohe akins swam sods HOMO Uc GO ORDO Or COMOCE ERNE ope cok 

lent- DLR, Sei leis 65s acre ve kee etme taped Cote mid obj alan cea isicheterd vale minty 


656 INDEX. 
Pear blight — (Continued). PAGE 
SCM hi eis sae Satie eee cache oa epee cbeis, hic caleeueiana cle teateresh recone eeemears 36C 
TEM OGY LOL edie HRS acdc) s. Breyesevdascerelaveseelons a eseetetens rewards 360 
Goede cocedadcodgddodgoocdulabd0cd Eniqduss IONIC Kap ods< 362, 381 
Pearsand-apples,: “ beltedi a 75 to 20 is cawa-ce sisenache se erence lente 544 
fertilizers: FORE Cee sei iis bees owe bee niciehela eters ia coer es alata 
fertilizing materials contained anti aa secs oe -ce rotten te et ee ee Ss 
listoffineStationrorchardtinetSohae ae eee oes en eerie 267 
Péas -fertilizerseihorc sy a c2 aay FE Scena ds he ete haere Pees ren ene iLL 
fertilizing amaterials, Contained ils cir. cercter-hctete ei <)cielsl helt eel act 93 
Pas WOVil es eae § cis ass Wikis, alanars, cveleradnretoneto eyene sore) etehouayiele refs ie el sven-vonereememe ese 376 
SLM CIOUS SCALES wis ed wissen asia: wvrateus sraneienerotenctene serch oak ssteriene sere ane olorenc aera ren ne 605 
PSVUVADM GS UATIOW| -.\ ave crstervere oie oenelsicievarer tetenereremele Gee ees? Seen eee 
Bhosphateof Lime; insoluble, fs vecrcatoey cress crea encarta ee 65 
TOVELtE Rit a) Satie ote icra od Si hahew ae eoe iret © te 66 
Phosphates chemical*diffierencesiofs ccna. emcee se seek eerie 67 
Phosphorie acid, abundance of, when indicated by crops............ 85 
fertilizing materials containing................. Gos val! 
TD VAD ALITOS Hace rovon wie eceusnsros, covert seeciciea tole lone kere 71 
DONE=4AShy eo eS eee eae eae eee eens @e, 1 7a! 
bone-black i itats Oe a Balotareh serene ae OO ERIE 
Bones Se AEN SELL REN TA SRANTAE Bb a Sone pee etree oe er Gone tall 
Caribbean guano so paces . sens ae ators eee ea 
castor-bean: pomacers. sere aoe oes 63 
cottonseed-meal ‘..cne ci hoes sae eee 62 
CU bas SUAS 5.) oi5)c sien csrcrcl toasts oo aie ee eer emer 71 
HMO MIG a LOCK «5 5. czendistensre terrors ioe eee Ree eae fal 
ENGrida: softsphosphatesere sss eee oe eee 71 
MOO t-IME sas eg SOS a sel ie ih are ar eel tren te Oe 63 
HOED USE > 5 c.slscte Silo cia oein eee olen GS chs i eee 63 


Keystone concentrated phosphate............... Tl 
Mona; Island guano... s+ hsacsn 5c Nee ee ele 
Néaivassa phosphate. 4 «i255 7a 2.0 cccted ee ee Tal 
Orchillavguanor. 2056 3. 2A Se ee ee Call 
phosphaticieuanos:. i. 2522 see cee eee en OO) an tall 


rock. phosphates). .n.:.intcicemre merce Mena eee 69; 71 

SOW cae la Rhee bape epee ee ees 57 

South Carolina:rockiss 1332 22s e nae eee ee eee 71 

superphosphlates! 41:4 concussion eee 69) til: 

THOMAS SAS. < She wt Se tow rose ee Stee ot Oe TO ial 

WOOd-aShES 4s aeia acs Anns oaatio aati Oe ates ae eee 73 

loss. from) SOil «si.3. 5 «is. pnceisghee-s70 old als Se OO 

cuanos, phosphoric acid inwsjacnaeeee te eee eee 69 
Phosphorus,actionuiny plants; ss 255206 sos a0 secession e eee eee 53 
description €t@. cies ws 6k sec iaal ea ole Sead ee ae 44 


relation: to fertilizers’ «n.ccce nade ee de ae eee 50 


INDEX. 657 


PAGE 

Ehvilosticta limita GescriptionnOn.. «sss «ss. ss oss se clecis sternite cies 546 
PA PE COGN ee tetete caret seer steals; stejeiacveyotey aie’ ora ales, ciate ed sa art ehereiers taeee clePetere teeke 475 
ITV IN LO me gerncter hesitate vekelayetectia e's Grete’ levee siecle avstererd-sreie crete oe ele ere ewe 75, 82 
Pigs, Berkshire, details of experiment with. ............cccccecvecees 482 
DLECASHUSEG INT EXMELIMENTS! 1. sislcis cieleicielc o ole v's eld oe ee cleleniele a eisiets 475 
COSTRORSLOOUREOUS cay. Guster ais eta cit acckclaiateletevelsvcra 08 as’atel oe elelafetachereiatarsiee 475 
UIT VCLE MG, Oli2, act eraiercys tprele eievelctaler<: 5 cueteirere tetsu sie torele teeters 477 

Poland China, details of experiment with................00. 479, 484 
Tamworth, details of experiment with................. 478, 485, 491 
Tamworth-Duroe cross, details of experiment with..... 480, 488, 493 
Tamworth-Poland China cross, details of experiment with. .481, 487 
Yorkshire, details of experiment with.............cccccee. 486, 492 
EAANtRGISEASeS; treatment OL5 cy, cccccc c eiers sleio cic cere ceisiawie sveleelelelele stereo) 845 
LOOG > AMOUNT" SOME 5.75 ci ererers slsresisis, ater olsiee micros ctelera oslo elelevarle terete 57 
availability of (ditlerenteforms'r. siayeersisiee eters cloe eter erencterciste 86 

Feng Wl E21) 0) (ES ete ass cy RM aH ae MPR At. Sears oe RT nat Gy Fy 48 

economy in purchasing differents forms of.............. 89 

FOLINS TOL, WCSSenitals CO) LEGEIIZET Sica cre siecle ee) ere scat cher eretevere 59 

HOLINESS LOMO UYes, orotate ey siehaveie elisletareletaners rereitretal erbictosvel iors cnsrere anette 86 

INESOIL whHOW -GELELMIMECG., x ccicneic: otels apeievs'ssets) Sess w/ate areas erakete 91 
HOSSHEROIMASOI. 0 os) ecko sacs OAL AR ee od aoe eee 57 

ULE AV AITEVIDI C7 5S svayere evcreisccrehe estate Sere ete terevs ciclo clots: cvsvevel Latter 48 

what constituents of, are needed................ceccene 84 

Mi COM yetoccteus: cevelal cieters;viletevsiofovefcraj.cisl scelclohala ie cveletelevataterevarsteaa aictene one step enetaare 602 
Elants and Sous 7 relations Of. <<! cc: cies ale eleveiBle civ sear tte ears viele, siciete terete 58 
CONSUTUENMUS, OL Fos stays ohsinve eleleteieisielete Giavecs, elsgerere tcreters 37 

elementary, COMPOSITION! OL. jajic ccvcccie © o.cle ole cle csleieiare 37 

LOLIMS OL AM LtTOSEMGUSELUL COs ceiver eiclels eeleleleienelaieiereiers 43 

preference shown by, for different forms of food... 89 

relation of elements to fertilizers... oc 6..0ceoee oc cece 49 

HPIUM  Cureullo, remedy, LOLs, sis, «aiss) c/svs\<. <1 oys)s.s\aye o/s\eje(e ogagsialatelaieial ea) cjeiete siete 365 
AUST OG. “OL. (sie: 0r 5a) oleh ovey'oih ayers sere, 6s: <9) :svehe solepsl uogale tepeieMee oie wire hee 364 
LOBE DUI SG (OMe si ci2cy etatreyereceie\e a cieters widis: Salelareletovaa ealsemeuems ens ie eee eee 365 
Hecaniums: NG Wi MOUS, | sccc ecve lars. vic iewie smo 2 2 ow sien tee steatversin Serene 574 

SSCEDL OT aire satis cop oleic Saka) eile eres Slral et wit lle fa’ oifal.sy'eiia (o's o's oaban'e./s (a see cles Renee et ea te nae 575 
ClassificationsanaeMaAMe’ vers. c/sicccls wroseigialecoreyene eucleneeneeee erate 575 

GIS EHUD UGCLON OLS 3/5 is sereiay.0:5y5) she asters a 15 ebeyert,a.enerabahe ts olete Siento 576 
POOG-DIANUSH OL. <tec wcw.ece ois ces ansid So. 0, Serena eles thee poeta elena ee 580 

IES GOTY. «cei dis di iesoireses oVakatoke cy suotele tale; ets ola evsherablerute arate, eneio, Siete 577 

AFA UTEY: ELOUN: 52 2 ls aco ol ciorsiore e\cuelete wes cleieie. eiele, ¢.ath Ate vel ec tear eeete 582 

MIPS HISTO YO livviaFe: ue accia, stare. qroiavtalnic Ceutalats cake «at bioheiete ase ae 582 
MALULAMCHEMIES: Ob aye eis:cia shale cle sis ee eiote cl wiele aya Sie he east tenants 587 

OUSMUPSELYs SlOC Koos os tic clastic s s’ eres cle sinless Siete wie las Eee 581 

TPEME GILES RE OF. Coyseectevons sie steel aforsis reste aieaareiain ean eussatein Sale eieieiete 590 

BDLCAGPOL wisicuc srejeistel wos ni ctarcteterabePurs ease, ears 's akela set eset pets nleceete tetas 581 


658 INDEX. 


PAGE 

PUTING CULCUILO FOr eveleieroreeieielokeheteloleleodenalel oredr Nee eptege tetera h tele ened 365 
HELCIMIZELS LOW a cienccielelcleveisuctarecieieve chek ksterie eveveyotenerarovalaucl efeNsl Relalatelete Meta 111 
fertilizing Material Sweombalwed Merry etclel ee ilerelnelal “l= tereter ster stetneiete 93 
Poland China pigs, details of experiment with............... 479, 484, 490 
PWOMACCOUS LEU cic cece iereeiecrcreleleloleasisicilcioieienelchale tothe ieli-noier- lemons 251 
Potash, abundance of, when indicated by CropsS.............eeeceeees 85 
ANG MASHESIA WSU HALEY OL stele sleloietel sloteleteloistelshaj-neleletenVeleienelohelenelons 1(33 

AV AAD WIG ROLTCArDONALE TOL. </aletelleiecickelenlcleieitelen-ieierenel-deieietiotaens 87 
muriate of..... Sioijeusleits aiekatensuclabeneieeouoye shepacereboneuenanees 87 

Subhornh Key Os GA gn oclonanenoobdDes boob Orban 076 87 

COMPOSITION, CLC. cicreierelepetel everelte iS enaualis tele talre vans svails lereseyecagetars/eterenereete 46 
eompounds in fertilizing, material sari. -eieecis circle ei) (2, T4 
CAPMALICC! seis: sie aces suatevatece leyslsverenekeuele te veroveler sieves 72, T4 

CAStOr-DeaNn POMACE. & ouiccire sce ciletemereieterelalsiotaielc 63 

cottonseed-hull ashes..............0cseeeeee 72, 74 

COTLONSEEG=MeEAT! oi. 5 siz eve vebs. ersiaie sy caepeicre cose ke ee eenneTe 62 

STECN-SaNd MAL! oi5 6 sieve sve a c.s aieseis svoreve ove iesorelevetene ee 

BVT INTE ean oo fo faye ta tape creas vale tatertoiere (ieee terere orolevie teramerceehe (5 Te! 

US ICO 6 ios vereiersicere 0 gyareueie sis sbsiershetereisterorevelpeiolststte (2, T4 

WEACHEO ASHES US aetelesaleonecicus eke ictal sreletersn oeueroraneys 73, 74 

MULPIAte LOL POLASIN se sens a vc lsuetetolerle e eieleetederekorers 72, 4 

SOM! 2. do esa sieve 5, sigislers ocavate/ Daletauete duel ares evatererneleemetoete 57 

TODACCO SLOTS oe os ra: 2ilsvere aie laps ialsyorers isis sileisrer sieveate 73, 74 

WOOG ASHES. cic 05.suonensisle vehi sheiavenenercieuteceerenerereteeae 73, 74 

HOSS) LEON’ ‘SOs scree eysiehe w areversce. vers tetolelegekelteenslesereienetslaterete comet aers 57 

TUN TAGS MOL. jo 5's sis si orererc rela to evetevels\iorwietckaleks Lelaitsiara aan eter vereered men Renee 72 
tocmake Valuation’ OF 5.5.5. sictctere wcerercasvenes mints sien iererenetete ie rotare isi tie 136 

MICE ATO Of cre relovelos suc s cla velerdlene, 2 ssusncietere vodsusuatarchele cmeystaus versie rsiete tele vc enclose 73 

SUI MAatve s Obey ievesercpcrsveneie aie cecee chatsyieh eve laueeal ewete saree cactene rs ces iolon scone eeetere 73 
POtASSIUM, <ACHON: IM) DIAG. s:crerevs is exe vere core ls Colenailaneters letatereychorenn loreueemeteterens 54 
GES CLIPTIOI SOLO cicrepeieieece wieliovetevsunto otee! ove icavabederstornetersrce een ereneT 46 
ferrocyanide test for Bordeaux mixtures................-. 385 

PElATON sO LELUILIZErS ee chara cteisrerss alles, gusvevel ele ats otencteieher Letebene ee 51 

SUlp Hide SOVMCOME gee eis leceue ie sie: olieio ls 2) sibcerousyey eels theveleee Se teteretereners 386 

POTATO WEE TLE 2525 eietts rocco ong sale everleushtole tetepetelce tells siioususnel okciny Cisiare Rev oneReWartuer nei mciaters 378 
LOLUK =e Ol ee Re Sere SEEN RIA Cee tanh Bah Mere Ninn orolaG COD OOS © 376 
TEMEGLSG): isc everaeierais wievehaate sire aitereis bakolegevs cuore oetometo enero ero 377 

EXPCLIMENE INtTLOGUCHION LONs eee one eee eeene 26 

HOA DECLISS saat sie.) sve 'exeieisiaieye revere wieia shereter clae Sie lekel one ere oreo OTe 378 
EXPELIMEM tS» Walbl eis 5) ocze potenesel etoyaucleserenerereiaces eee 596 

BCID ira cigs care: oueielsvese susierereiels sist sieve oneyeterste eiaie MIRC ee sae 377 
Potatoes, commercial fertilizers used in growing................... 25 
PET LUIZELS LOTS se: ass:  erelle: ale soxates ofeteere sioner ee eae are CE 111 
feriulizing materials) Contained intryrarmemiscmcie ceeeeeeeeinee 93 


yield o£, in fertilizer ExperimentshaaeceeescL oat 33 


INDEX. 659 


PAGE 
PIQGRUEIY. aie aleric wine ais och ainy6)aiale oe. sjehv.c sins’ a. siejejnys >/elelvie woe oe aiclte Wa clone ale 494 
HreedsuSeGeIMy SX PELIMIOMES sieycte)aietjeie cc ole sie1e wise oe vie Me chev ete tare 494 
feeding experiment, details of. ............sesseeee Wests 494-511 
TUVVINUE Wersioiarel er aieie Ade 30666 6 COCO COOIODIRC ORD OOO Comm iooatadaoe 75 
results of experiments With. i. .cccc cede ccccscces oeee Ol2-516 
Powdery mildew on apple Stock... .... cece cess cece ee erence ese s erence 379 
ORT AD Cererarcieyciohalova sel stata ohote, Pelele sete per e/sl e's icFokoinfbetsiel/*isiehnlei 357 
Preservation and care of farm-MaNuUresS. ......... cee ee ee cecececccces 80 
Prevention of Bermuda lily disease... ..........ssccecscescsccsscees 524 
Propagation Of CUITANtS. .. 2... cece cece cere cs cece ce rceccccsesces 294, 296 
PUGS) (CUTEAMIUS: 0)< cleo co = 010 0 800.0 evans weisisielelsicl secs elsicscccessic cis 299 
ES TaUU ENE SPATS ERT CUT SCA alc 'a/a.0ilc10 edeveve: exei siieye ere cveleyelale\oheye cool elis)#/e\ sielo/=iejsiere erste 269, 270 
PPR VAL PERI s oie) <.sye:cie.ciscieie slelaieie'elare we als’ Bejetewalee s cuis see aes cise ecesies 361 
POMEL Vek Ola cieetelclelstereietoterstelare crokeraedefeie (ener cleVeleletsi«! sye)iclav el eyetal 362 
Pumpkins, fertilizers for...... cece eecc cece reer cc cccscerces ce cccccee 111 
UR GHASe OL ECKUILIZOLS® clara’ sicle eels sfeialele eioleiwicl cle) ciieleleeo\e eloleneieln isle = s/sle)elie 115 
Purchasing high-grade materials, advantage Of.............-eeeeeeee 117 
Q. 
Quicklime as indirect fertilizer... 1... .. cece cece ee ee ee cece eee er cence 60 
MPMCO DUIS Hier. s cters Sele ww cre sce oe os wae o sini om clei dyn eelideis eo siesadacenses 366 
LTO! 415-5 AO CGO LOCC ODM OICCOOD EE > CO OOo CaO ptidoD OC ULOmODOr 367 
GUT CULO Mere Toie eral sicko ra oral lato olice, stajcvelcncltiel ele clare; el’slalans (alelielaretevel'sl sleretofe 368 
MAIN, IO) eS AoGr.600 HOD COOC RO OO 0000 OC UO DOOD on ho or 368 
THEMES NOL Cami Good SOLO DUD OIONO OF COO DO ORIDDOmOCID DOO OM ODO OS ¢ 367 
MOTICC YE LOL clo sleveyeieieyelel crete) val sVehet atlehe lof stot ele eYalat terete 367 
MUGIE 2.05 56.00, DD DOUDDIG DIES COG O'p Loan 5 ciGdo:0.e- 6 DIO DIOGIOL ss OIgmIBOIdo Co 367 
QUWINCeESPECEUMIZErSHLOR:, 6 oc01e jello ale os cle ee oe 5 ee) vlnlnleiw nica wieisielee seals alata 
List OL MI stanion Onenard: 1met895'..).)-n.teeieice mis fil selale eile oie 268 
R. 
RAGISHES: LEUIIZErS! LOM. << cielo crlelalese,s 0 0.00 0s 06 .c/u oes ele = falofale sical nie wie feie els 112 
Ramularia cyclindriopsis Pk., observations ON.............ese ee eee 534 
FRIAS DDCETICS Mircte/cle ciel osaselelescreieiclee cre) sit.s aie-eiels,« © s\s oa om wishawieieiniye/ aw pels ors 304 
black, notes on: 
Ba beoek;, NOs Bisse avers: svaiet aie te arevepavaroyal stage eters 3804 
Bis iererehom yo cycenths tarapaperareaehs etears 304 
Oi asrc tre: Siere tetehoters  apaioeleapetalerertaae 304 
ITOK OS cud arava cicsrorevo-craicmenehsteporato er laloricteta te ova 304 
slob: GADOMME COG spore Sad Nao 304 
SONS AS a. ci veral/aciea sielaberavepeteisbetatekatetsJalerenetatets a 304 
MPA WATIN So INO: sistas leyoevereetele eve a letutat brurenets 305 


MOHLOT: Re sihis crckaisie sib larsto\atieve ole omns Sic whofe eerners 305 


660 INDPX. 


Raspberries, black, notes on — (Continued). PAGE. 
Palinver’ SM sis cise meres careers oi sve srotevactareenoreteuare 305 
Poscharsky, YNOwoesoce cece cece ores 305 
Ao ett pretreat iene Cher Met sed Scliclanng A 305 
BUS) Aaa Ran hee Anh encnrececniirito. crc 305 
MoWNSENG'S,INOM Ze cic aicse sec cis cies cee nie 805 
LELtUIZErS HOLY Hos Neitecns kc ccaucea coraicc tate lonchetis te iere telat elena eenenene gs 112 
inNjUPEauby: AWiNter He Ss ke LS rs Salas Ne eee ee valerate ae 305 
[SIDE 5 Sy babooploK UO NO OOD OUdOcolO Doo dod Guido o> OMe 310 

red, notes on: 
Cline eye BS Re eee eh ee eee nee 807 
FTArris + 1 ANSE AYRES Ne RU SS ees 307 
TEXT U2 Sc cert Ca oo OI euale ete = Seetertols 307 
FE OMY Os Feces id HAS ae arte ena atone eee eee cn ets aaa 307 
RTI ee ee sis bie erence teeta cio” eter anaeieemesaasn ste 307 
THOUGMOM soi: s etic eieigic wustesve aie eiatere een Ete ae, 6 307 
AMD OE “nod elder csciancclertecsis Sere et rere eee 307 
ranked: accordingstovyielas ver. cme oe cle cee ce ener 309 
relative productiveness, early and late.............. 308 
SCUANSPLING OF, PEO. os ato cis \staielere oe botaterenelenclevors ievoneteateractenetere 310 
V.GLLOWArs craves cievs waicleve cies oislevovelernecueverste re acheter cieiereueke oer erations 310 
Raspherty \ANCHLACMOSE ss occ cress ateneve comereredeie orclare cis tetera raeveveree chee, crane 342, 368 
TEMEMIES! LOLI Sartore or vermi ee Cole tee eee 369 
attacked by pear “Dlieht Lay. 26 toc nei cee noe 369 
TUS Sheeler lotsa ates iatereerctche se okotomens cleo ticrs ig ere Teen Ra eto 370 
IRCONCULTAIG Hel. rierais choc otesteistsatee™ere ele tetanic teiaied ota eee 282 
CUILANES) sVICLONOL So lelerotererers oteteln ctovshetotenc note rene rote oe aeee DAO eats 286 
IEMedies fOr COLMTWOLM).\. tas ile. totctertele ie ee eRe eee 562 
attacking sCOmMAatOeSsaesaeeise cee cies cratic eee eet 
MIU SCATON A otactate les tclotelotenetolotetencte crater eee he eT eae 590 
Striped:cuecumbershbeetleysy. stee see se ase ee oe ee O12 
WiAllOWADEELIOS TN Merete tovcteneotenete ete fect sshettke cae eee eee 556 
Remedy. Loristriped cueumbeniwbeekless age. stain eee eee 569 
Reportot Acting Directonand, Cheniistyas. cscs cote eee ee 5 
HINtOMIOlO VISE He teach bohectece anes clot elertie ease eee en Se eT 549 
| OF ig Ra ete na a Bet rcee em HESbeE NI Phr  n 598 
ELOLtICWICULISH tit. ccc ee eie co meroen hte ee ee ee 247 
Mey COLOSISE Ae cre cic anes svorste sanerotere stotenene eine roie TCC a eee 519 
TRPCASULER * Nero ls ers cates telerste oy erehetorenaie he aero ee al 
ReEporisio£ different departments outlinetoLs.4.s cee eee eee eee 6 
Reverted phosphate; availability tofsa oe ero eee eee 8 
OL Limes ake ee reverent oe Cera eee 66 
phosphoric acid availability ofc es aero eee 87 
RUSS VULSUMAN  ) eeestah hatte wae eit are Oo nrere ore re Tee eae ee 292 
TAR SISTA. 9. ores ar a ete tow wie test bia, sare nuevo: eee RR Cay crane cea ae Teen oe a 289 


PUP rua 2.2 SEL ero ce once eete Ore eee ea 282, 287 


PAGE 
ROCK SWANS... 0. cee cee secs see e rece nec ew rene seescoemeindane sss ‘69 
Roots, bulbs, ete., composition and VELLTLOVOE's <0 dvs .eid crelava nays) eet tomheel ail hens 146 
TAIT LAE ViSLLULOS OL sic orale ele onlin ole a ctefoherateliet clause! st ivi el apshatsty= 146 
Rotted stable manure, USC Of. ..... 2. eee eee eee eee eee eee teen eees 124 
Rules relating to gratuitous chemical amalySeS........++eeeeeeeeeeeee 241 
RUSSIAN APTICOtS..... 02. cacdeciee coaaion see ceeeienee se eeseene se seen ae 270 
PLOMUCTIVENESS 62... cece ee ee eee eee te tent ee ee eeees 26%: 
Rust of Dlackberry......ccceccccsccccecsenccnsecccscescessevcncsece 351 
QUIS oie cern die sais wlavele e 0a wi wim Hinie aie Wie tilnlababelsiald\’s u| ¢/o\sia's\oin a\0/e.siminva 367 
TASDDCLEY: is cle cies vicas vices wes aun eaeidbiae ohne belie clesiencaawa 370 
SDE T esa Eye ete ere el aha iw Waa’ che eo allae dott ta behe foke i ohete tat Suafebielevsheeh\e!ei\aiaPaneieja\e 0380 
Rie, fertilizers fr... 220... cecsee coc nccenne sect cnecsesecssesseseces 112 
fertilizing materials contained iM......... see cece ee ee eee eens 93 

s. 
Salt as indirect fertilizer... ...... cece ee cece eee e eee e cee eee cee encee 60 
RAMEPIETEG: (OIL, oc) <afe) wie: sjnies oelein nis = a winle wie oe ain)n wd cl einin's © # aie sintiiagdls/conisinis 63 
Rinitic) GOS Ssiditnctioc Saigon mOtOmoddtr acm oon Sndotic Sunt tog OOM OO CI IG 40 
Bam) LCHONMP OL. « civinin i <)am clans oie rie temie sineisicieie'ne “ete yep apiamieiier oe 56 
iene NGSE RG ALE oie nicie. aca Gisie.s einjaun aisle 6'0/eiers 0 eines’ «! si aime apa ecsiarmie is she minimal sols ue 605 
summary of treatment for... 1... 2. eee ee ee ee ence ener 614 
PPREY , TIOESLO NG Jalen win = <2) oi0'5 js: 00)0,0/ex0)0/0) vine «oo ©. 0:e) ps ejoie wie sisisini sare qinie rine Melts 377 
Seale infesting pIUM. .......cceceen ccc ccc cee cesccn css cccrerscscncee 575 
haefelel Ss GS RO ObrC BOB OOo DOC car BODO CUUIC Rm Or DO aera a ET 5,0 605, 613 
PNT OBIS reve ei ticlaielesersia clajeleicie. eietellois cleielojele » v.sls/c/elspsioletalsists ojoKese= Lb ielale 550 
kerosene emulsion fOr. ....... cece cencesscccccccccesees 550 
pernicious ......... Be OG a Aaa etn BODIE. CI ODIO aIDO0,0 Se ¢ 605 
Se TTTMR LOS CMe cael ee reteteisvsleiclars eine oisisfoiholesm ale ele!s!-s/e/.s).e) wie\/e aioe) sinielersiefeletelsis 605 
furmigating fOr... ... 22s cee eee cee c eee cece cee cecsccees 611 
Seasons of applying fertilizers. ...... 2... ee eee eee eee tree teen neees 120 
Second judicial department, Work in.......-- eee eee cere erences 8, 248 
Self-fertile grapes, list OF... ccc. ccs nce cece ccc e cece ertercenccceses 321 
DIATELY sain 5 oes) snyanin © 0 i 0.0, sisin ois pie nieyeiels 322, 323 
Self-fertilization of grapes, productiveness affected by.....-.-.+.+++ 320 
sterile TAPES .... ccc ccc ccccccecccccs ccc ceecescssresscesecse 324, 325 
RCE) DUATMEC.  5:sc0, 5/0. s:0)0 seis nieleyn se W aieiniale Wee aie + ve Keni eae Binnie in sini Moyer 
Silage for Milch COWS......2scecseccceccecses ene crccecensceeesscess 393 
summary feeding trials With. ..........ee seer secre eee ee ences 451 
Silicon, action in plants...... brats fa cathe ete okeuctasers lobe al Tete ncx make aie ere oka aneneiaie 54 
GeSCLIPTION, CTC. 2. ccc cc cece cscs cece ce snrcrcsnereececececeses 45 
TEIATION: tO. LOLCUIZ ETS ojo feie vehencs< one, eeis0s0pe :8)=/ == ion) alle mis 0:0 =) 0, sl \<)m owe 57 
Skim-milk, fertilizing value Of. .......... cece eee ee ee enter een ee eens 76 
BUN CNOTEY 6c 0 0:0 c/a 0's:v.ae cia civin vs \¢6,5,¥)6 aia'e'em adiceiqvinis bis mail «4:035\s/sieia 8 sim 353 


DCRR v's kiele © ww ale’ nsw a 9 wiihinne tainals ee ape he Nome tye gent sean Ne ge 362 


662 INDEX. 


PAGE 

Sarva TIPU ts sian aie; o otaesievencier chal etevoieveter ciel) ajavloreteteVereber he a ACER os oan G 251 
Soda, sMitrate: OL. :.cie's; araveteiellaloyaiec, ohstele lolcats henate eiretebeterstetale ts iclaicts ciecebteps ciate 63 
SOGLUM) OCCULLEM CE CECH Ly o)eiesepai siey.ecayaucs sete ei etolr et cieletehakenotene teres ook ete eteastens 47 
Telation, CO.MELULIZEIS soc vcyereresc: sii sraretere tat oale slelel oe le ee naa Meroe 51 
Soil}:amount of plant-food bine c~ceieleie etches iets ee oie eee ee eee 57 
character of, used in potato experiments...............0ceccce0 27 
Gerived ClEMI|SNES ooicjeictcksisrsyelsiercys) cial avove: Wareeleh havetehe Gietoade: of ay.c er aeveRne ene 39 
LOSS/Of :MIGTO TEM ALOT. iG; ce es «leu ercueie oicvevet evs euelonetor eiavete ate ete ee ele 57 
PHOSPHOLI CaCI oir O MN ys scene ores ereveeo otevnccconel arerekeiete eee 57 

Plant: LOOM, LOM. sive sesireleveucterois. «syecel + haere eR ES RO ree 57 

POTASH POW | $e i51cs1 Wee ojare sere, ohebwalonsweneteney atonckcdopsnever ons hater mete aie 57 

NECAS MNGICATEA DY: CLOPSic cercichevsrereverwete enor eee eek 85 
WVICTO SOM AM: x. seejcvs leven eioyeteikeysitere (oh ot cioteie date hoete hehehe: seeks Tae E Meee enolic etet rete 57 
Phosphoric Aid) AM. «52 syeide.c1esjo1 ce o's ciessiersl lee see ee oe 57 
POCA HN 5 10eks'la; a: di-aie felereyeile hota /elee te voice y/evelauel eleeeaeieiore Chelotene eet nenet ene to 57 
preparation: for, planting potatoes: ).jccime cereus ee steers 20 
previous history of, used in potato experiments................. PAS 
Solls} analysis Of sepals cpus stats ors nee Wiecn Cer aerate ne eee 84 
and plants: relation syOfsc.c sieves svelersieerevevs o eisterere oot ae Oe 55 
COMPOSition ang \ OLIZiNe.)..c.ctelenersvorslovorotiers Rictoore tee eee races ieee foo 
food-ConstitWeENntS! OL F Mian sie lois wictenatoreietoretere eisieraestre eae eo chorea 55 
mechanicaliconstitutentsyOf-.. icici oii ecicien ceri eeeeeee ay) 
Solids manuresicompositionsOL vce. eee eee eee ee eee 82 
Sorghum) ‘fertilizers fOr 2 ie cise eels eee Oe eek ORE EE Ee 112 
South Carolina rock; phosphoriesaeid ins: 33622 oes eee ee 71 
Spinach; fertilizers for oii icsclei cco ale cats ore cioeree e ore AS 
leatpmag got) Or miner, |e reese een eee cee 625 
GeSeriptTOmy oc cercieieockccane'sersvers os serene 629 

EMEMICS LOL epee rece score oes cheater le ey pene 6380 

TOO “plants! OL. ci%s,< ct. sreyere cote tere rere 629 

HADUGSAO LS Sai, «tec scar cco ele crake emcee ee ereeeemeere 628 

NILSEN ISTO: <. <:3)o:0 ave csc ois, crs copedstersreneretette - 627 

TEMICHICS is ieielerevesayessicsere lareeei ate ent ote 631 

Sprays ow tO see caine ete Gas cotioca tiers iste eee oer ere 382 
Spraying for white-marked Tussock-moth..................0.cecee00 553 
UCOMMATOES reek aici oere rentals ite ererevel oh ote re\evereiteravoveueralencneraccynutere setenetelne 529, 530 
Squashes,\ fertilizers LOL. gio 56 cieness id Fecteceud eiclaleve dele eicde ecetometers aio icecisterotovenete 113 
Stable manure} applying Proad Caste srcre cere cietereclelheteterueisde deere tenetnstete 124 
In HEADS 6 eae ete weiss oun a coseveiae Shows ete eeeerene . 124 

TOW. Se Bie SS Sse Sasiwtels ue wtews ere: oat eneroreteme tote 125 

Gefinitionvoreynpcnicie cee ate lolaiietar ete ote vareretetcre tolaretererehe «. T4 

differences between fresh and fermented............ os 4&9 

exclusive use! notiaG vised are cree cicleterelslelalclereieneie iene stetetetete 122 

Fresh} iUSElOL jeleterrelerstevetetoreioiecterere itoleterlh atatetenntnerch seen 123 


loss’ of fertilizing’ materials ime .cc ese «cleiiie eenenetene - 9 


INDEX. 663 


Stable Manure — (Continued). 


PAGE 
TMETNOUA VOL! AP DIUICAELOIN: ¢ 5:<:6\0.0 vlcivis) pis a1 elelalal clei sto) olsialel slake 124 
PORCCC MISC st Olsets elfe siistelin/o) e/a) 21 ayale) v/s e/n\nfel/selelc, viouw otslel s/s yareparet sya 124 
supplemented by commercial fertilizers.............. 123 
LITE) CO eis SOO CEI EIODIORISS OB EDEROCOCn prsaciocirtors cicreuee 122 
VULTIUILATU GREER ULLIZOES Tarcrerctevel c/s ale) cleliersi biel e's: slelaual's «. 0: «)'elsPeiue a)s a elcvolstavalcle! siateta 59 
GANSE HM USIN of. ols ols oleic) sa .cta iene e_aieiayslerelelei inten 60 
KT TREC TES ois.s 45 WOOO OL BOIS. OUDE OO OCOD OOO OS CIRICEEEECOOn: IIACO rr oto oc 251 
Straw, chaff, etc., composition and value Of...........scccccecsscees 146 
TVIATUUT VV ALITO: OL ie )c,c1 cuss ver heverores hele s wieeisotel sleet arate 146 
WEA E. LOLGII ZI, VALS Ole. 5/0 ler or0).07e, «6a pie) #1 o/eliel ©) she) 014) vie aie) «| viele) wrens 76 
Sirswherries; COMpParative VIL... <\c\)c 0124.0 «ime «ele ein el sle'0 oh 317, 318, 319 
LONI ZOTS We eyotetonet-tsroheiereis voleierscs/arsicl cies |ehekenevs ers) aveleiare variate i 113 
LISTHOLSNOG PEUMITCE cia cueteveiere erate crs cre Lele) cles syelole\ alevejaye:<pstaleiayeieis 3820 
notes on: 
PAST hte Lo eeaIN OBS aukle se fc)-ere ious ayelsnsc, <0) oot plaverascletetenatet ole 
ANI) INO) A336 ao ebb Seda OO DO DUUo Hod On aa cr oc 311 
GF ome siete. ay'o,0:leiabajal aie, ste; ola neyatere sees heanstee 312 
Se aregstere cals; cia/er et ciehticseterera ste eee eens 312 
1 he ee PRES BERRACIDIE CECI OIE Acke o: 312 
FATANUIE) WUTC creneie ot sre ctetesene lee otelsis/ ole iclaratatarate 312 
1B SCN ES Oo Io CIDOB DOOD OULOOOR SOnicp Daome 312 
ROME Bieperseievae, s/0ce/e, sate chetele'e cic. che cvel= oteteie aint 312 
TO STOMIAME | yates sacclare oo. oteierevaraice wise) oy sla) sieParetaretetata 312 
ESDEUTIGLY; Wr OI Gs orc) ois =<) cla ataliels) sisie’el <!ele evelnudlaceietetata - 312 
EG TUNC HIG elope tate ares veverarels.2 oleic oa. ele wet eieivatstoleiae 312 
SVAN Geroios clers orate: sictciercisjaieleieleln alsva\e/peletelsiefelwiela 313 
Oharlieg ac ccloeoere caie's sce eis a.e ove! eletoie/Neteiatene 313 
(Onl Goslot), aan SAU B eA SG RD EMD BEBO DD OOS D DOS Oc 313 
GY CLOME Pit revclets stsi cave © ess, visio /einin) ole ise e alogaietstaatay™ 313 
DDE WOOD Fos ste orci: ois oc, c'o1o\e o's) hotel's) tay siataheeielelatels . 313 
HHGHOltz SCCM Ss ce canis, ort orton etalnrey=folabe ele tenets 3813 
QUIN OR Te ware ware. oe ciel w'sicie)'e/al viele s'/stofalela! olohsialaslefere 313 
GUT ADNAG es eeale Sin cia sieiate ec a's fois /avay ote vo\ntalenclatetapstayetelats 313 
Hadsell Seedling. 72). oj.) cicie ols c’ele <intntels) ale ele Sie ee 
ay Ness, NOG SLs sc <s,0 cre ake <i aielele ele nia a clsloteieie's ais Ole 
TOW a BEAULY.. ca s.0'e a om wine. winteraleie sole! olevain biel atelm 314 
Tay GLOGS. eicyeicts eocis oreretete cele a terstoceie’ aleteleietolererete 314 
1b S:V0 (sibs AS ian etka arene O natin otomio craoricicc 314 
GUGINO T tease crane eve tere estore dors te sate, ers a ietelorelerels ieteletananta 3814 
Manchester. cetsic,s oe ce a.c\s ale\t-drn.ctalere c. ccetwiole Siete . 314 
CATS ATs Seers.c ciae aiettcs net ie aici eieimarare ye Cleese 314 
IWATSCOTIS tes wie ercic, Weis clatetacaielotanaleta s bielcie) mc p's Mista 314 
Mexican) Hyerbearin gs coe cic sce oe ais oaislvicanin 314 
IN SATA Se eicactede, ce erento ie\erstatols is aieiet sl aa Wieheunts /ale rere cmcints 314 


664 INDEX. 


Strawberries, notes on — (Continued). PAGE. 


Orange iCowMtbly,- cys ewer cceveca risen vevence eee rere 315 

FRA TGOMD ero evei ater cle tesiceranahaee ete ve nepenehe tre eRe ete 315 

RIGHT INO 35 coche ce eyeee Sie epeieleee Chel eae 315 

CERAM Ra ia AERC aces SA Oc 315 

RUS Hay ss, :c,5evenerelsys cre rewitere: sy oe ate cies ere SWORE 315 

Sanders SUCCeSs2 Ak. cay cccersieienieters ie iisie ont renee 315 

See NOs Mes 5 6 cise ease loleusestene iar wclsloie es cee teeotane 3815 

Dev slbjctedeta ieee Meopickentove check eine Gee 315 

SHELMAaM a5 hese i ioyest chausie seious ales loecitacios exeraeaaes 315 

Shucklessy ek sas Seack oovecns sicasbalo ey =sevete Sere enone 315 

Splendid: 33. :ce%epers teak mer one en ee 315 

SunnyAiSides esi care tatesetats si een ae caewore ener a eral cee 316 

MONNESSEO > is. o5.)54e aio ony suateeys aie) Sees ERS Lema ovekoieter 316 

Tim Dell iiccsco siecle a's! oe Snes ogorsgcesee eee er. 316 

White: Nowveltay soacmiciunect sc soiree eee eee iol G 

Wilder, INO) Bisse. jskore ecclesia ics ossuetnaie Srauatntar creer 316 

(GMa ee crina:cra emo cd ooo 316 

WilsOmiedT 5 iis avs e's! alec ms enero toteraroe ie Grape eres 316 

Vioune’s Seedling? cee odcicssse siecstorstere roereneteerete 316 

rankeqdvaccordine, GO: Viele secieteacre cle slew oltaledoapnemetenetare 318 

SOV wDeEPy: - STUD. as siscs.sccpsisrsceye ctae'e Sueiersverere ey chehewecetinie/iefevotedsys elteteta) elrele rete Renee 371 
eEhiel hid tinbo idea codad sooo polbd Gan aanco oe bbo do ues ease 370 

Siriped cucumber beetles i.e. c\-) atcjsie e's sarsrs/ehosepousi sieuey ousvetievoleveley esl oxexsy cveroter stones 566 
GIStribution: ‘Of soz ysis se ws ohera ocean eis erste 566 

Mf] WMISTORY LOL s.r: h. oye) cyena) ous evenovay sretisteyeds ieieke Reams 567 

PLEVENELVe INEASULES mye acis oe cielo eelerere eee eon , 569 

Sugar beets, fertilizing materials contained in....................... 93 
Sulphate’ Of a mam Oma yryeye eels eye) <saye as sue 0c) sieya seus ecepaveusvoncvonetavens tonebsneletersemove dover 62 
availability: Of. < scisicy.ctrsieusts iste. eeoticys oye)» eusisteleveveasrae 87 

MIEPO SSM TGS cies i. oie wheve tasaciensic cual oie relate tevesetens 62, 64 

DUNE esac crc vahe taser seve opaanedeasrobepenstanvorsioigne nel ier suaveltoreheCor eceeunettene 59 

POUASH are ce h ccsnsce trakertepaierabotstecor ore inverse oie me Olen ereoneenorete er te 

ANG MASMO STAs s/5 sere eels kohcich are rele ate eleveleenclonctolecrekel 73 

AV AINA DIGy: OLS ccecseycreiere chemouc ere ehetehetal rks rato TALent ere 87 

Sulphur, Action in’ PLANES. acis.cvevclesevorshaterstes = ccuoieceuavowsliele clel sce slerersvers aes telene 55 
GESCLIPtIOM, iOLCS. races elekerscersys sucesterore loners ce oxnovol enone ee mmc doroncrer ene 45 

relation: to: FErcilizersiys sci sisccrobopeensteysncl hele a ehelonersierstele ele nearer 50 
Summary, comparative profits of dairy products.................e.e. 24 
Superphosphate: Of MM esc). 61b)- Gisele sucvar's © econeek jadete lieve Seo oneretele kore heteonee 69 
AVAUMADIICY OF 5, oieascpssenncieysioiss oo nielovolevels ters siciersrereds 65 


Superphosphates; phosphoric acid) in’ os .cmeeiecc rece oes owes ciereisierets 69 


INDEX. 665 

T. PAGE. 

Tamworth pigs, details of experiment with..............--05. 478, 485, 491 

Duroe cross, pigs, details of experiments with..... 480, 488, 493 

Poland China cross, pigs, details of experiments with. ..481, 487 

Mankage, NITTOSTED IM. 02... cee vecccccceseccccsesccssscvevavsversess 64 

PPGESHINS LEWIS. 5 co oc 0 cee cre cee ne cue ve dee neg cae vn vinsievie ys ein vin ais aims 249 

Thomas slag, PHOsphoric acid In. 22.2.0. ccc ce seee ce ecvescecarcens qpl 

Timothy hay, fertilizing materials contained in...............eeee0e- 93 

Wiel: OL sein oleserateterens sere ote yal elalusle (a o.m ia, svoia\ Urekateyeverena 76 

Ria hieCOr ase Ali SCGu ClO Ss ca ccicie sic clei ssetcieleletelsrclaels) svereie e/o\o ated viloiepelvin nists 388 

CUES teers ea Tar cre rite ovsVouiots ecctsvayers, crave rasateForarcieie olefelecalePabeneens «| ais) stejscetetoierele BYG) 

HOISTS LOM sean cieieiatans.snelsietsis.euetajwis bs levels era ala fetaialeuetella el anaitets "a etersieds 113 

fertihizine materials Contalmed WW... << s)<1 ne «cicle ews cie's ws cle ete 93 

SEGTINS, DOUASI UME, siete ee clete, c/n lniskejaire dia fojacavn telemeka beta aiss oct ataleae ee 13, 14 

BOT UE MeL CK =L Obi Olea ac) ciaiatetoie cisie.s/alare 'sinse,ejotes eiaye (ora) ojsiaqo)<(aininys lars este le\ehs lala’ 376 

Bordeaux mixturelacainst Dlack-rob OL. wisisiieye spose ies aeiolone ote 530 

COLrMaWwOEM Attacking, TEMeEGiIes! LOT. \.jc)<istebiciaicimiele ™ «1 «' were leiate 563 

Summary, Of WOLk wath’ DIAGK-OG) Ofer aie scjeisisis nai /-te ae Eoin 531 

WOU we retateletersverelars) oie) sleicre/arcus)sle/erere ae ieveksladecoustetensioretosiel ticiaheie aks teae 604 

EROIMISLOCS HL CR=LOb OLsicicyacss ciel els aiclsielejaisiclers ele, sls) cleyelesstofesel skenerat iese/et-iststel abel 529 

PETHUMLACTS LOLs csictcteicicler che ots sictalelacrajcuscela shes iereneiainisis srelstaiatetetate 114 

fertilizing materials contained in..............0.-ccenecce 93 

UMA Hacc hoceoG OOOO OUUODEAUA ONS OCO soc dee aco: 529, 530 

PRCA SULCTY SAT CT OLUs ciciciere) ole a lcrel clersiw. o's c apaiclayeisiw sisi eiel aie taislohala’et sieiaieisiaa's/afelele 1 

bee LCT MAZEL S MOIS.) ofeiels) ote eles i¢ lore) «inlaletayer6<!e\eleinaiclelsi sie) vic ise is) = evelaiaie avele 114 

fertilizine materials contained in... .....02. 0. wencceccsccns 93 

SWUITLOM Ole shave vetans oleic. ps tere ao) eforete ters Jejoueres orsis. visi syeldyc o/s sieve. oe ahauntes areketene 76 

‘Tussoek-moth, white-marked, Orgyia leucostigma.................46. 552 
10)n 

SIS yev 1 DL Cups A) Ga OO Cleves ciel oinleieie ietererm hase) (wjonosascliaie/ers/o olataletmialeaetatioters (ered 48 

Wnmixed fertilizers; economy in’ purchasing. .:. .). osic.cciem< swiclems ale wi 115 

Materials, WHEE TO! PULCHASE.. ...:<.cisisicie steve oe lnjoneleys <gaatmelapmeieke 119 

US CNO Let AT I=) AIVULCH 01-1 ¢/ alc cieiateleisisjoisis|sisicis/siuiae e/aiule) wre © ojalslatal ere sia [eileielalers 122 
Wis 

WValistion OF mMuriate of potash, to Make. <5... 6. ws cc seas cc cece clases is 136 

Value and composition of farm animals. ....000 + co asnis ccc ce es oeem winks 148 

Vegetable nitrogen compounds in fertilizers.............. ee ee ee ees 62, 64 

Vegetables, composition and value Of. ......... ccc cccccncccccvcscece 148 


MANDO UMIAL AVALUC) Ole « civics mia(eiciv vias sina Naloiwisik ils wtesteretha ORGIES 148 


G66 5° INDEX. 


W. PAGE. 
Water, action in plants..... ENP AICiS cS OIO RCIA IO SoinosoDbies erat elerorcretem eyes 
NV AtermMelONs= shenciliZersiehorwererrereereretenetieiel cketetecveleterenen stele enetenertel-Retene tele 114 
Weevil infesting beans, remedy. .........2..cccceccscvccsresescssccs 373 
Wihale-Oil(SOap ein tctortorernerehstorevetstetsteorclopare cir ionereleeierous/oteteierenclarerelerenatietetetere 388 
Wheat bran fertilizimemvaluegobeneresicereteretoleleicenslencieleleieieielie eleeysteleterere . EG 
FELTULIZEES LOLs teteerchctetetetleretencveneterePolcheuekeretcvscctereletaveher cteledcrelettetRetets 114 
fertilizing materials contained Me...) .e ee eielee ces sieleioiensierslele 93 
PULSE estas hate tots rasa fa'e. etovetente ta ohe rele loleretenertneceiehelettiche teraictobarel shoot paerener ne tens 535. 
WTEC: CUETATIESE ere = ols ferciovela sie oretecclier suey eseteroe tefereretehe foneteenenerohoter ote lonstetenanciocers . 23k 
VICI OLB oats afeilg rele rata toustenede tes totaie ca tole eve lg evoutronsre beta coleman te ilote 288 
White-marked Tussock-moth, Orgyia leucastigma.................06. 552 
SPEAVINS LOLs crerroocyericiewcrerore, vieus'o seme tetere 553 
Willow beetle; catching vand Milling ese a. evlete cre creretelatereieiersteietere er etelelater 557 
arsenate (of lead fore.) ic alates ls lateieis sel seen oetes siete 557 
Willow. beetles on: Carolina pOplars’icjee.<i cies eles cheie! ciel el oheleholenebenenensicce ie 558 
TEMECMIES HOM ivereis soc slo soy sies ere ets rere) erie revere stove len eeetsucLo 556 
Willows injured’ by beetle aes es is ct ones oe soe eters sclaters «onc steeeteney ee 554 
Witehes!brooms On VCHEEDy A TPeeS vari acierstencietelie/e: el ate: chore elcheletecels)cve a onerenetercrs - 5382 
WV ood-ashes; phosphoric: acid contained rims ce vcle cre ciaicierol+l clcversiclereiarenciei 73 
MOtashe ims JeeeF SS We Seles eetreoroeato alin vale lovetelle Gh ashore eters 73, 74 
W OO waste, Ja vaila bility. OL sso scree evecvotereis ole oeisretete crereorel onset raleteaehelene 5 tsitf 
Workin laboratory 1m 1895 5 252i ic ses one Cotes eine Oe ee ee so eaters eters > 20 
second judicialidepartm enter. creretele oieuereieiels cieteleneratelensientetetonere 8 

Yi 
Yield of apples and crab-apples in 1895. ............ ccc ce eee ce eceee . 206 
EKO ee (QoinghUcha Sqagoodooedoreos GOovodo0u odo OOlodODO ODDO OOS 291 
potatoes, relation of, to cost of fertilizer used................ 25 
TOO CULLAMES aero cteievesietoieisiet svereisi ciehetene overs) sis oiateiehelove hcnenelehoietct metas . 286 
Straw Derries, COMPALaly.Crerererersiec orem store) ccetokelerleneienereretetnetenteone 317 
WHTES (CUTTAMUS:. arereictersietedeveveteieia cieferevcrelereieierctayeleleloy eiemoreRomenekeretoie ners 288 


Yorkshire pigs, details of experiments with...................0.. 486, 492 


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