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PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 51.
ANNUAL REPORT
Board of Cattle Commissioners
Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
January 9, 1901.
BOSTON :
WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,
18 Post Office Square.
1901.
(o I f.9 Z
A] 3 2
/ 9 Cr^o
REPORT.
To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives.
The Board of Cattle Commissioners herewith presents its
annual report, as required by section 3, chapter 408, Acts
of 1899, of the work it has performed during the past year.
The Legislature of 1900 appropriated the sum of $50,000
for the expenses of the commission in dealing with the con-
tagious diseases of animals. This sum has proved insufficient
for carrying out the law, and all cattle quarantined after the
1st of December were released for lack of funds.
In order to have this report ready by the 10th of January,
it is necessary for the commission to close its books the 15th
of December ; that is, the annual report of the Cattle Com-
mission involves the period between December 15 of one
year and December 15 of the following year; therefore,
while the report shows a balance on hand December 15 of
about $4,300, when the bills against the commission all come
in, January 1, it is feared that there will not be funds enough
on hand to meet them, and that a small deficiency will be the
result, which will probably amount to a little over $3,000.
As work had to be closed December 1, leaving forty or
fifty diseased cows to be looked after another year, and as
the work done during the past year has been only that which
was in the main absolutely imperative, the commission finds
that it will require an appropriation to be placed at its dis-
posal this year of $75,000, in order to properly carry out
the provisions of the law which it has to administer. This
amount will be necessary to meet the expenses incurred in
dealing with tuberculous cows reported by the local inspectors
of animals, keeping up the quarantine regulations requiring
healthy cattle to be brought in from other States, examining
and killing horses with glanders or farcy, investigating and
limiting outbreaks of hog cholera and rabies, and incident-
4 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
ally inquiring into any other outbreaks of disease reported
to it, thought to be of a contagious character.
In dealing with tuberculosis among cattle, the commission
feels that, in taking animals that can be condemned upon a
physical examination or that have tuberculous udders, it is
protecting the public health and giving the State a good sys-
tem of inspection of dairy herds, but that it is little more
than holdino; its own against the disease, and not diminish-
ing it as rapidly as could be desired. Many farmers would
like to have their herds freed from disease, but in most in-
stances it has been necessary to refuse for lack of funds, and
when it has been done, the conditions imposed seem to have
been too onerous for many farmers to bear.
It does not seem unwise, therefore, to suggest the ad-
visability of a special appropriation, in addition to that
absolutely necessary for administering the law, to be used
for testing the herds of cattle of owners who request it,
paying for animals found to be diseased, such owners being
willing to comply with the requirements of the Cattle Com-
mission in disinfecting their premises and keeping their
herds healthy after once rendering them so. If an appro-
priation of $25,000 could be placed at the disposal of the
Cattle Commission for this purpose, it is believed that in
some localities very material advances could be made toward
further diminishing the amount of bovine tuberculosis in
this Commonwealth.
An inspector of animals has been appointed in every city
and town in the State during the past year, nearly all of the
appointments being approved by the Board. In two or three
instances appointments were made of persons who were not
thought by the commission to be suitable for the position ;
in these cases it declined to approve them, as provided for
in the law, and requested that inspectors be appointed who
were properly qualified for these offices. The selectmen of
one town declined to make an appointment after the commis-
sion refused to confirm its appointee ; the Board accordingly
appointed an inspector of animals for them, as provided for
under section 18 of chapter 408, Acts of 1899. In one of
the cities the Cattle Commission appointed an inspector of
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 5
animals. The board of aldermen refusing to confirm the
mayor's appointment, the mayor requested the commission
to make an appointment, as he and the aldermen could not
agree on a suitable person ; this was therefore done.
The inspectors have done very much better work during
the past year than they did the year before ; only four have
failed to make the annual report required of them, and two
of these had good excuses ; while in 1899 the inspectors of
animals in twenty-three cities and towns neglected to make
the reports they should have made.
New books were furnished the inspectors last year in
which to make their reports, and perhaps one reason for
having reports from more towns is due to the books being
simpler and the blanks in them more easily filled out.
Formerly the inspectors were furnished with a book in
which to record the results of their herd inspections and
another in which to record the results of the inspection of
stables and premises ; now one book is sent, having spaces
to fill out, answering questions relative to the animals and
premises all on one page ; and the questions asked are fewer
and simpler, making the inspectors' task lighter, while the
results arrived at are the same.
The commission takes this opportunity of renewing its
thanks to Dr. Theobald Smith, professor of comparative
pathology at Harvard University, for the valuable advice
and assistance he has ever been so ready to render when they
were needed.
The laboratory work required by the commission during
the year 1900 has been performed as usual by Dr. Langdon
Frothingham at the bacteriological laboratory of the Harvard
Medical School, except when he was on his vacation, when
Dr. John N. Coolidge took his place. Their services have
been fully appreciated, as have also the facilities granted the
Board at the Harvard Medical School.
Financial Statement.
During the year ending Dec. 15, 1900, there has been
expended by the Cattle Commission, under chapter 408,
Acts of 1899, as follows : —
CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.
[Jan.
Paid for cattle condemned, killed and found tuberculous,
1,423 head,
Paid for cattle condemned, killed and no lesions found, 43
head,
Paid for quarantine expenses, 17 head,
Paid for expenses of killing and burial,
Paid for arbitration expenses,
Paid for salaries of commissioners,
Paid for expenses of commissioners,
Paid for services of agents, .
Paid for expenses of agents, .
Paid for clerks and stenographers,
Paid for postage, stationery, printing and other office ex
penses,
Paid for expenses of laboratory and experimental work,
Paid for expenses of quarantine stations,
Paid for expenses of glanders, killing and burial,
Paid for tuberculin and implements, ....
Total,
),870 22
886
33
24
15
11
50
1
00
5,740
00
2,227
07
7,390 57
3,130
61
2,608 50
1,206
71
981
99
2,733 79
209 00
184 29
$58,205 73
Of this amount, there was paid for 1899 accounts $12,-
573.52, leaving balance paid for expenses of current year to
December 15, $45,632.21. The average price paid for the
1,466 head condemned was $21.66. During the year there
has been received and paid to the State Treasurer, proceeds
from sales of hides and carcasses of condemned cattle, $791.78.
Tuberculosis.
As in previous years, the chief cause of expense in eradi-
cating the communicable diseases of animals has been in
connection with bovine tuberculosis, and more animals have
been condemned and killed on account of this affection than
any other ; hence it is given the first place in this report,
although it can hardly be considered of greater importance
than glanders under existing conditions, or than rabies at
times when this disorder is very prevalent.
The management of tuberculosis, as in former years, may
be divided under three general heads : —
First. — The maintenance of quarantine regulations against
other States, requiring that all cattle imported into Massa-
chusetts for dairy or breeding purposes shall be free from
tuberculosis, their health being based upon their being able
to pass the tuberculin test. The owner may have them
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 7
tested by a veterinarian satisfactory to the Cattle Commis-
sion before shipment, or after arrival at their destination, at
his expense and risk.
Second. — That portion of the work called for by the
quarantining of manifestly diseased animals by the local
inspectors.
Third. — Testing entire herds at the request of the
owners, with a view to permanently eradicating tuberculosis
from them.
First. — The maintenance of quarantine regulations will
first be considered.
All cattle brought into the quarantine stations at Brighton,
Watertown and Somerville remain in quarantine until re-
leased by the commission. All persons bringing cattle from
without the Commonwealth into these stations are required
to bring with them certificates of test made by competent
veterinary surgeons, the cattle to be tagged in the ear, and
said tag number must correspond with the number upon the
certificate. If any fail to have such certificate and tag, they
are held until tested with tuberculin and released or con-
demned by the commission.
The following tables will show the amount of stock re-
ceived at these stations during the year : —
Receipts of Stock at Brighton, from Dec. 15, 1899, to Dec-
15, 1900.
Maine cattle, 11,203
New Hampshire cattle, 1,689
Massachusetts cattle, 12,290
New York cattle, 917
Connecticut and Rhode Island cattle, .... 436
Western cattle, 81,498
Vermont cattle, 656
Sheep, 25,314
Swine, 681,694
Veal, 39,797
Cattle released on certificate, 9,354
Cattle tested, 495
Cattle released after test, 490
Cattle condemned and killed after test, ... 5
Massachusetts cattle in stock barn, .... 16,969
CATTLE COMMISSIONEES. [Jan.
Receipts of /Stock at Somerville, from Dec. 15, 1899, to
Dec. 15, 1900.
Maine cattle, 1,432
New Hampshire cattle, 5,217
Vermont cattle, 5,027
Massachusetts cattle, ........ 3,422
New York cattle, ....... 605
Western cattle, . 10,819
Sheep, 326,738
Swine,. .......... 17,610
Veal, . . . . .■•.-. . . . 52,896
Cattle released on certificate, . 1,567
Cattle tested, 7
Cattle released after test, 7
Receipts of Stock at Watertown, from Dec. 15, 1899, to
Dec. 15, 1900.
Vermont cattle, 4,578
New Hampshire cattle, 5,097
Massachusetts cattle, 3,007
New York cattle, 26
Western cattle, 44,338
Sheep, . 355,585
Swine, 585,567
Veal, 53,169
Cattle released on certificate, 6,122
Cattle tested, 131
Cattle released after test, 129
Cattle condemned after test and killed, ... 2
Total Amount of Stock at the Three Stations.
Cattle, 192,257
Sheep, . . . ■ . 707,637
Swine, 1,284,871
Veal, . ... . . 145,862
Released on certificate, . . . . . 17,043
Tested at stations, 633
Released after test, . 626
Condemned after test, - 7
This year more cattle have been brought to market without
certificates than in any year since 1896. There have been
tested by the commission 633 cattle, 7 of which number
have been condemned, killed and found to be tuberculous, —
a little over 1 per cent.
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 9
In 1896 there were 501 cattle tested at the stations, of
which number 18 were condemned, killed and found to be
diseased, — 3| per cent.
There has been a steady decrease in the per cent, of cattle
condemned each year, from 3§ in 1896 to 1 per cent, in 1900,
which is due largely, we think, to the care and good judg-
ment the drovers exercise in selecting their stock, as they
report that there are certain sections of some States in which
they do not care to buy cattle for this market, owing to the
prevalence of tuberculosis.
We believe that if the present quarantine restrictions were
removed there would not be such care taken on the part of
the drovers, and many diseased animals would be found in
Brighton market and also all through the Commonwealth
from those districts ; therefore we believe the quarantine
should be made more stringent along the border lines, and
great care taken to protect the citizens and herds of the State
from this disease.
It will be seen that, out of a total of 192,257 head of neat
stock, 17,669 were released as free from disease ; these were
nearly all milch cows for the local market ; the remaining
174,588 were for slaughter or export.
In addition to the above, there were 636 permits issued
and 4,765 dairy cattle were brought into the State, also 16
calves. Of these, 3,120 were tested before shipment and
1,614 after arrival in this State. Some cattle were returned
from pasture during the year, and a good many beef cattle
were brought in for slaughter, the exact number not being
recorded. Of these 1,614 cattle tested after arrival, 22 re-
acted to the test and were disposed of as follows : 6 were
returned to the State from which they came ; 15 were killed
and found tuberculous ; and 1 was killed and paid for, be-
cause no lesions were found.
The following extract from a paper, read by the chairman
of the Board of Cattle Commissioners at the annual meeting
of the American Veterinary Association, at Detroit, last
September, will give an idea of the difficulties the commission
has met with in enforcing!; its regulations : —
10 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
Obstacles to enforcing Regulations requiring the Tuberculin
Test in Inter- State Cattle Traffic.
Massachusetts was among the first States, if not the first State,
requiring cattle brought within her borders to be kept for dairy or
breeding purposes to be subjected to the tuberculin test, although
for several years prior to the use of tuberculin as a diagnostic
agent Maine had maintained a quarantine against all Massachu-
setts cattle, because of the prevalence of tuberculosis in the old
Bay State.
In 1894 the Massachusetts Legislature passed an act providing
that owners should be reimbursed by the State for one-half the
value of cattle killed by order of the Cattle Commission as having
tuberculosis. In 1895 the law was amended so as to provide that
owners should be paid full appraised value for tuberculous cattle
up to a limit not exceeding $60 for any one animal. In 1899 this
limit was reduced to $40, the appraisal to be based upon the actual
market value of the animal for milk or beef purposes at the time
of condemnation, breeding not being considered. No compensa-
tion, however, is allowed for a diseased animal that has not been
owned continuously within the State for six months prior to the
time of condemnation.
It was during 1894, also, that the Cattle Commission commenced
using tuberculin on a large scale as a diagnostic agent, killing all
reacting animals. It was at once obvious that, if the State was
to undertake the extirpation of bovine tuberculosis, only healthy
animals should be brought into the Commonwealth to replace
those killed, and that their condition of health must be based upon
their standing the tuberculin test. Massachusetts does not raise
a great deal of neat stock ; the supply of milch cows is brought in
largely from without the State, especially at the eastern end,
where the milk producers depend almost entirely upon new pur-
chases brought in from other States to keep up their dairy stock.
These cows come largely from Maine, New Hampshire and Ver-
mont, quite a number come from New York State and a few from
other places.
Every Wednesday a large cattle market is held at Brighton, a
suburb of Boston, at which there are often 700 or 800 cows. Of
these, 200 to 250 come from Maine, 100 to 125 from New Hamp-
shire, as many more from Vermont and a carload or two from
New York State ; these are practically all new milch cows. The
rest come from Massachusetts, many of them brought in by milk-
men to sell because they are farrow, gargetty or otherwise worn
out, most of them being sold for cheap beef or bolognas, their
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 11
owners replacing them with fresh stock, mainly from the northern
New England States.
There are about 20,000 head of cattle from without the State
(not counting beeves), mainly milch cows, passing through
Brighton market each year; most of them remain in Massachu-
setts, quite a number go to Rhode Island and a few are taken to
Connecticut. The Cattle Commission, therefore, in the autumn
of 1894 issued regulations requiring all persons bringing cattle
into Massachusetts to have a permit unless brought to the stock
yards at Brighton, Watertown or Somerville, which were desig-
nated by the Board as quarantine stations, and requiring all cattle,
except beeves for immediate slaughter and calves under six
months old, to be subjected to the tuberculin test.
Commencing Nov. 21, 1894, the cattle arriving at the stock
yards were held in quarantine and tested by the commission, all
reacting animals being killed. Of course, under the law there is
no compensation for a tuberculous animal that has not been owned
in the State for six months ; but if an animal killed by order of the
commission is found free from disease, the State has to pay its
full value to the owner.
Under the method first adopted it was found that quite a num-
ber of animals gave an apparent reaction to tuberculin, which
when killed showed no lesions of disease, and therefore had to be
paid for, making the work quite expensive for the State. This
was due to the fact that many cows, as the result of the excite-
ment of transportation and strange surroundings, would have a
rise of temperature the day after arriving, that could easily be
mistaken for the rise of a tuberculin reaction. The cattle trains
arrive early Tuesday morning ; the cows are unloaded and given
twenty-four hours to rest and bag up, and are placed on the mar-
ket "Wednesday. "Wednesday has been market day at Brighton
from time immemorial, I was going to say ; at least, it probably
has been ever since there was a market at Brighton. In order to
give the cattle time to rest and recover from the effects of trans-
portation, the Cattle Commission had market day changed to
Thursday, the cattle being tested Tuesday evening and tempera-
tures taken Wednesday ; even this was not satisfactory.
It was then proposed that the cattle should be brought down a
week ahead, — that is, cattle intended for sale one week should be
brought down the preceding week and held in quarantine six days,
and then tested. This plan would have entailed an extra expense
that the drovers could not have stood, as it would have upset their
plans and cut into their profits to an extent that would have driven
them out of business. After testing the cattle at Brighton from
12 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
Nov. 21, 1894, to April 30, 1895, with the drovers fighting, object-
ing and placing every obstacle in the path of the Cattle Commis-
sion that they possibly could, the work was temporarily abandoned.
In July, 1895, it was decided that milch cows and breeding stock
coming into Massachusetts must be tested, but that each drover
could employ a veterinarian to test the cattle before shipment, the
examiner to make out a certificate of tuberculin test on blanks
furnished by the Cattle Commission. These blanks are made in
duplicate, the animal described therein is identified and released
by a member of the commission at the stock yards, who gives the
owner the original and keeps the duplicate to file away, where it
can be referred to at any time if a question concerning a particular
cow arises. At the present time each cow is required to have an
ear tag (furnished the drovers at cost by the commission) , the ear
tag number and certificate number having to correspond ; this
makes the identification of each animal more easy.
The drovers entered readily into this plan, and each arranged to
have a veterinarian in his locality test his cattle. The Cattle
Commission obtained a list of veterinarians from the commission-
ers of the other States, whom they considered reliable ; the in-
tention at first was to have only veterinary graduates upon it, and
only those vouched for by Cattle Commissions of their respective
States. In some localities there were no qualified veterinarians,
and it was arranged to accept tests of members of the laity who
were practical cattlemen, castrators and the like, and who famil-
iarized themselves with the proper methods of applying tuberculin.
This work was done honestly, probably, for a few months ; then
crooked work commenced, and has been carried on to a greater or
less extent by some men ever since. (An honest quack is better
than a dishonest graduate.)
This plan has been followed now for five years. The animals
brought to the stock yards each week need no permit ; the cow
dealers give the certificates of tuberculin test (often fake ones) to
the commissioner having charge of this branch of the work, who
identifies and releases the animals. Cattle brought to any other
points can come in only on permits, and if over six months old
and for dairy or breeding purposes must be tested either before
shipment or after arrival at their destination, at the expense and
risk of the owner. If any cows are brought to the stock yard
quarantine stations untested, they are held and tested in five or
six days, in time to go on to the market the next week. Any that
react are killed ; if slightly diseased, the owner can have what the
butcher will allow him for the beef ; if badly diseased, the carcass
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 13
is tanked. If the commission makes a mistake by killing a healthy
animal, it pays for it.
Since 1894 and 1895 many other States have adopted regu-
lations based upon those of the Massachusetts Cattle Commission.
The Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department
of Agriculture requires all cattle held at the government quaran-
tine stations to be tested with tuberculin if over six months old.
The Canadian government also requires neat cattle brought into
Canada to have a certificate of tuberculin test made by a govern-
ment veterinarian in the country from which they are shipped ; in
the absence of this, they are held and tested at the quarantine
station at the port of entry.
One would suppose from this that the State of Massachusetts
had a right to adopt such rules and regulations as were deemed
necessary for the protection of her live stock interests, yet the
commission has had a steady fight on its hands for the last six
years with the cattle dealers and drovers.
The regulations regarding the cattle traffic in various States
differ somewhat. In Massachusetts the law gives the Cattle Com-
mission power to issue all necessary rules and regulations for the
protection of the live stock interests of the State ; the same is true
of Vermont, New Hampshire and Colorado. In some of the other
States the governor issues a proclamation upon the recommenda-
tion of the live stock sanitary boards ; Illinois, Texas, Wisconsin
and several other States are examples of this method. In Maine
the Board of Cattle Commissioners may issue the necessary rules
and regulations, subject to the approval of the governor.
In some States the importation of cattle is regulated by the
Public Statutes ; examples of this are Rhode Island, Connecticut,
New Jersey and Pennsylvania. This legislation may favor the
tuberculin test, or may be directly opposed to it, and may even be
carried so far as to show a distinct animus against the veterinary
profession. The State of Connecticut is the most striking example
of this feeling.
Rhode Island has an intelligent and conscientious Cattle Com-
mission, the secretary of agriculture acting as its secretary, with
a commissioner from each of the six counties, an appraiser and a
consulting veterinarian. Until this year the law of Rhode Island
provided as follows : —
[Chapter 342, Acts of 1896.]
Section 2. All persons, corporations or companies intending to ship,
transport or drive cattle into the state, must produce a certificate to the
effect that the cattle to he so shipped, transported or driven are free from
tuberculosis as far as may be determined by physical examination and
14 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
the tuberculin test. The certificate shall give a description of each ani-
mal brought into the state, sufficiently accurate for identification, and
shall also give the date and place of examination, the preparation of
tuberculin used, the quantity injected, the temperature immediately be-
fore inoculation, the temperature at the eleventh hour and every two
hours subsequent thereto, for at least ten hours, or until the reaction is
completed. The certificate shall be signed by a veterinarian who is a
graduate of a recognized veterinary college, and shall be sent imme-
diately to the secretary of the state board of agriculture, who shall im-
mediately notify a commissioner of the county into which the cattle are
to be shipped, transported or driven, and said commissioner shall exam-
ine the cattle to identify them. Failure to comply with the law shall be
considered a misdemeanor punishable by a fine not to exceed one hun-
dred dollars.
Section 3. Complaint for the violations of the provisions of this
chapter shall be made to the secretary of the state board of agriculture,
and said secretary shall be exempt from giving surety for costs on any
complaint made as aforesaid.
From an intelligent stand-point this would seem to be a good
law, and one which ought to have been left alone ; but the Rhode
Island Legislature of 1900 passed the following amendment: —
[Chapter 756, Acts of 1900.]
Section 1. All persons desiring to import cattle into this state or
from other states without obtaining the certificate required by section
two of chapter three hundred and forty-four of the public laws, shall
give written notice to the cattle commissioner of the county into which
the cattle are brought within forty-eight hours after the arrival into the
state of such cattle ; and such notification shall contain a specified list of
the cattle so imported, with a full description of age, sex, and such other
particulars as may be necessary for the identification of the said cattle
and the place where they can be found.
Section 2. Immediately upon the receipt of such notification the
cattle commissioner of the county into which said cattle are imported
shall proceed within seventy-two hours to the place designated and make
a physical examination of said cattle ; and if upon such examination
said cattle shall be deemed free from tuberculosis, it shall be so certified
by said cattle commissioner upon a permit, and a duplicate thereof be
given to the owner of said cattle, and the cattle shall be released for the
use and benefit of the owner.
Section 3. If after such examination the cattle commissioner shall be
of the opinion that the cattle so examined are afflicted with tuberculosis,
he shall require of the importer that the suspected cattle be tested with
tuberculin, said test to be applied by a veterinarian of a recognized
veterinary college, who shall give to the said commissioner a certificate
in writing that such test has been applied, together with a statement of
the tuberculin used, quantity injected, temperature of each animal before
inoculation and at the eleventh and every two subsequent hours there-
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 15
after, for at least ten hours, or until reaction is complete ; and a duplicate
thereof shall be given to the owner of said cattle, and the original certifi-
cate shall be sent by the said commissioner to the secretary of the state
board of agriculture. If after such test it shall be proved that such sus-
pected cattle are afflicted with tuberculosis, such diseased cattle shall be
immediately slaughtered, upon written order of said commissioner, and
the state shall not be required to compensate the owner for their loss,
and the owner shall pay for testing such cattle with tuberculin ; but if
such cattle shall be found free from tuberculosis they shall be released
for the use and benefit of the owner. If any of such cattle are slaughtered,
and upon post-mortem examination it shall be found that the slaughtered
animal was not afflicted with tuberculosis, then the animal so killed shall
be paid for by the state at the full appraised value, in accordance with
the provisions of section eleven of chapter ninety-nine of the general laws.
Section 4. Any person violating any of the provisions of this act
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not more
than one hundred dollars.
Section 5. This act shall take effect from and after its passage.
It can be readily seen that this law is intended to counteract
that of 1896, and was passed in the face of the opposition of the
Rhode Island Cattle Commission and all intelligent argument that
could be brought to bear against it. This is another example of
obstacles to the tuberculin test on the part of the cattle men.
On the other hand, Pennsylvania and New Jersey have very
good statutes for the protection of their live stock interests, pro-
viding that all persons and corporations must have permits to
bring cattle within their limits, and that cattle for dairy and
breeding purposes must be tested with tuberculin before ship-
ment, by reliable veterinarians, or else be held in quarantine and
tested after arrival at their destination.
Probably legislation such as has been enacted in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey is more efficacious for the protection of the live
stock interests of a State than the power to make rules and regu-
lations given to cattle commissions or live stock sanitary boards ;
because, first, there is more respect for statute law than for the
rules and regulations of a commission ; and, secondly, the courts
will take more interest in enforcing the law than they will in im-
posing penalties for breaking rules and regulations formulated by
a commission.
The Massachusetts Cattle Commission has been impeded and
imposed upon in every possible way that many of the drovers
could devise. Most of the dealers undoubtedly thought, when
these regulations were first adopted, five years ago, that tubercu-
losis was a fad and a temporary matter, that it was of little
importance and that tuberculin did not amount to anything. A
16 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
farmer in one of the northern New England States does not like to
sell a cow subject to the test, and have her left on his hands if
she reacts ; the drover does not like to buy a cow out and out,
and have her react, because he has to sell her at a loss near home,
her value being diminished if she turns out to be an animal he is
not allowed to bring into Massachusetts. The result has been
that a number of the dealers have done their best to corrupt the
veterinarians or alleged veterinarians making the tests, and induce
them to make out certificates without using tuberculin at all, and
in many instances have succeeded in doing so. When the Massa-
chusetts Cattle Commission finds that a man is doing dishonest
work, it refuses to accept his tests, and the drover then has to
find a new man, and, if possible, corrupt him. There have been
a few exceptions to this rule, when the culprit has acknowledged
that he has done wrong, and has promised to turn over a new leaf
when the disgrace of his dishonesty has been pointed out to him,
and he has been reinstated.
In localities where an occasional carload of cows is shipped into
Massachusetts I think that the testing has been in the main prop-
erly done ; but where the cattle are shipped every week, as they
are from certain points in Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont,
corrupt methods have developed. Two years ago last spring the
Massachusetts Cattle Commission had a list printed of men whose
tests it would accept, after dropping a number of names from the
old list, and it is now time to prepare a new one ; the chief reason
for delay is the fact that just when it seems that the names of
only reliable men are ready, it is found that another good man
has gone wrong.
Another reason for dishonest work, in some instances, is due to
competition among the veterinarians, who cut prices in order to
obtain a certain drover's patronage, until they reduce the price
to such a rate that a man cannot afford to test the cattle and use
tuberculin, and so makes out the papers without the formality of a
test. This has been a very foolish cause for this kind of work, as
there are so few men on the list now that they could all agree to a
good price, and obtain it.
Occasionally a tuberculous cow may be honestly tested and fail
to react, — that is, she may be tested by a man one week and
refused a certificate ; and then the owner may have another veter-
inarian test her the following week without informing him that she
has reacted once, and thus obtain a certificate of health because
she fails to react when tested the second time ; or a drover may
have a cow of which he is suspicious, and himself inject her with
a heavy dose of tuberculin, and when she recovers have her tested
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 17
by the veterinarian. Occasionally a badly diseased cow may fail
to react, but these cases ought to be perceptible from the physical
condition of the creature ; but when a man is testing a large num-
ber, and has gotten into the habit of depending entirely on tuber-
culin, he may overlook such a case. In my experience, a cow's
failing to react to a second test made soon after the first one is
not as frequent as many persons believe ; in the majority of cases
an animal that has given a marked reaction once is very likely to
react again.
Numerous specific instances of dishonest work might be given.
Last autumn an Ontario graduate, supposed to be one of the lead-
ing veterinarians of New Hampshire, was called to Dracut, Mass.,
to test a cow just brought in from across the line, held in quaran-
tine until a certificate of test was sent in. Soon after, suspecting
that all was not right, I proceeded to Dracut, and went with the
inspector of animals to see about releasing the cow. I asked the
owner if she had been tested. He said : " Oh, yes ; the man came
and stuck the tubule right into her ; took it out of his pocket and
stuck it in." Asked how long he was there and how many times
he called, he said he "only seen him once, and he was only
there a few moments." All he had done was to take the cow's
temperature, make a physical examination, and then give a cer-
tificate of tuberculin test. The cow failed to pass when properly
tested later. This veterinarian called to see me, and denied that
he ever did such a thing before, but acknowledged his transgres-
sion in the case I caught him on, and said he would be very care-
ful in the future. The words were hardly cold from his mouth
before he was called upon to test a lot of cows to be sold at auc-
tion in southern New Hampshire, some of which might be brought
into Massachusetts. A number were brought in with his certifi-
cate and held by the commission and tested ; several reacted,
showing that they either were not tested properly or probably not
at all. It is needless to say that his tests will not any longer be
accepted by our Board. This is only one example of a number
that I might give.
Early in June a large Jersey breeder in Pennsylvania had Dr.
Francis Bridge test a number of cattle he intended selling at
auction, and sold them with his certificates. A neighbor was
going to have an auction of Jersey cattle at about the same time,
and he thought it would be a favorable opportunity to have Dr.
Bridge test his. I believe there was quite a large number, — over
one hundred, if I am correctly informed, — and some twenty odd
failed to pass, and Dr. Bridge refused to give certificates. The
owner had a local veterinarian test the cattle, who gave certificates
18 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
on some, if not all, and they were sold at the auction with the
other man's certificate. At the sale the statement was given out
that Dr. Bridge did not test all the animals, as quite a little bunch
was overlooked until after he had gone, and therefore they had
been tested by another doctor. Several cattle from this sale were
brought into Massachusetts, but all had been tested by Dr. Bridge.
If any tested by the other man had been shipped into the State
they would have been held and retested by the Cattle Commission,
with, I believe, interesting results.
The Bureau of Animal Industry is in the best position to obtain
honest tuberculin tests, as it holds the cattle in quarantine at the
port of entry and has its own agents to test them, and therefore
knows the work is honestly done.
The greatest obstacle to the enforcement of laws or regula-
tions requiring a tuberculin test in the inter-State cattle traffic is
dishonesty.
First, there are the avarice and lack of honesty among some
cattle dealers and drovers, which lead them to object to the test,
because it interferes with their profits.
Secondly, the dishonesty of certain veterinarians, who disgrace
and dishonor a profession which should be a useful and honorable
one, by claiming to be members of it.
Possibly there is more excuse for the cattlemen, as many of
them think tuberculin is a humbug, that the test is of no value,
and that these regulations are a passing fashion, — not come to
stay. I do not wish it to be understood that I regard all our
cattle dealers and drovers as dishonest or dishonorable, as there
are a number of men among them of the strictest integrity and re-
liability, but it is greatly to be deplored that many of them are not.
The veterinarians ought to know better than to do dishonest
work, and should be glad to co-operate with the authorities in any
State in diminishing a scourge to the farmer, even though too
many farmers are so ignorant and short-sighted as to fail to ap-
preciate what is being done for them. As to the danger to the
public health, I think that is a matter that has been overesti-
mated. The attempt to terrorize the community with the dangers
of the use of dairy products on account of tuberculosis, by certain
veterinarians whom the people have suspected of wanting sal-
aries, has done much to cause a reaction against the work and to
lead to a lack of confidence in the profession, such as is so well
exemplified in the legislation already alluded to in the State of
Connecticut. Much of the trouble seems to be due to a lack of
honesty among certain dishonorable members of the profession.
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 19
"What other remedy there is, except refusing to accept their tests,
I do not know. They ought certainly to be expelled from any
veterinary associations to which they belong, although most of the
offenders belong to a class that do not join associations. Dealers
and drovers or breeders who sell cattle with fake tests ought to
be prosecuted for obtaining money under false pretences ; and a
breeder who will do such a thing ought to be expelled from any
breeders' association, and his cattle ought to be refused registry
in the herd book.
A lack of honesty seems to be a national failing. Parents
should bring up their boys to realize that it is a sin and a disgrace
to steal, and that " a lie is an abomination to the Lord." Our
veterinary schools should lay greater stress on professional integ-
rity than at present ; and if some means could be devised for dis-
ciplining the rascals, even to revoking their diplomas, if that is
possible, it would be a benefit. "Honesty is the best policy; "
but my experience with men has been that a man who is not hon-
est as a matter of principle is not very likely to be so as a matter
of policy.
Other obstacles to the enforcement of regulations requiring the
tuberculin test may be carelessness on the part of railroad compa-
nies in seeing that a shipper to a point outside a quarantine sta-
tion has a permit. It occasionally happens that a freight agent
may accept a shipment of cattle from a man who has not secured
a permit, without notifying the authorities in the State to which
the cattle are shipped. This can be remedied by reporting the
local freight agent to the general freight agent of the road, when-
ever such an instance is heard of ; and in time the work will be so
perfected as to have no such infringement of the rules, as they are
broken more from not understanding them than from any direct
intention to disregard the law.
Another obstacle that will always exist on a small scale is the
trading back and forth of cattle by farmers in adjoining towns
located in different States ; but the number of animals exchanged
in this way is limited. The necessary rules or laws may be en-
forced here to a certain extent, but there will always be a number
of instances where they will be quietly disregarded.
I have necessarily confined myself chiefly to the condition of
affairs in New England, and more especially to Massachusetts, as
this is where my personal experience lies ; but what I have said
will probably apply to a certain extent to other sections, and it
may be that the trials we have been called upon to endure may
result in making it easier for others later.
20 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
Second. — The quarantining of cattle by the local inspect-
ors, because there is reason to believe that the animals are
diseased. Most of them were found on the general inspec-
tion, although there were a few cases reported at intervals
during the year, chiefly upon complaint of the owner to
the inspector of animals in his town.
It is provided by section 29, chapter 408, Acts of 1899,
as follows : —
It shall be the duty of inspectors, in addition to their inspec-
tions of animals for contagious diseases, to examine the barns,
stables or other enclosures in which neat cattle are kept, with ref-
erence to their situation, cleanliness, light, ventilation and water
supply, and the general condition and cleanliness of the said neat
cattle, and to make a detailed report, with names and residences
of owners, to the board of cattle commissioners, who shall embody
the same in its annual report to the legislature.
In accordance with this provision of the law, the following
order was issued to each inspector of animals : —
Boston, Oct. 1, 1900.
, Inspector of Animals.
The Board of Cattle Commissioners hereby directs that you
shall make a general inspection of the neat stock in your town,
and incidentally other farm animals, to commence at once, and to
be completed on or before the fifteenth day of November, as re-
quired by chapter 408, Acts of 1899. You will be provided with
a book to carry out the provisions of section 28 and a book to
carry out the provisions of section 29.
Cattle are not to be quarantined as tuberculous unless they
show enough evidence of disease to make it possible to condemn
them on a physical examination, except where the udder of a
milch cow is tuberculous. On no account are cattle to be quaran-
tined simply for the purpose of testing them with tuberculin, when
they .show no physical signs of disease. The only exception to
this rule is, that it is the duty of the inspectors of animals to
quarantine all cattle brought into the State without a permit from
this Board, until the owner furnishes the Cattle Commission with
satisfactory certificates of a tuberculin test. Before quarantining
any cattle you should decide upon what cows you are going to
quarantine, then send the papers on a number at once, so our
agent can see them all on one visit.
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 21
As section 29 requires that the results of your inspection shall
be incorporated in the annual report of this Board, you will see
that it is necessary to have your returns by November 15 in order
to prepare thern for publication. Your books go forward to-day
by express.
Austin Peters, Chairman,
L. F. Herrick, Secretary,
C. A. Dennen,
Massachusetts Cattle Commission.
The results of the labors of the inspectors in quarantining
cattle supposed to be infected with contagious disease, and
the disposition made of them by the Cattle Commissioners
and their agents, are shown in the following table : —
22
CATTLE COMMISSIONEES.
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1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 23
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1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51, 25
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1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 29
i I i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
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1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 31
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West Newbury,
West Springfield, .
West Stockbridge,
Westborough,
Westfield,
Westford,
Westhampton,
Westminster, .
Weston, .
Westport,
Westwood,
Weymouth, .
Whately,
Wilbraham, .
Williamsburg,
Wilmington, .
Winchendon, .
1901.]
PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.
33
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34 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
It will be seen by the foregoing table that during the year
the local inspectors quarantined for various causes 3,249
cattle; of these, 1,178 have been killed and paid for as tu-
berculous ; 79 were killed on a permit to kill, 15 of which
were too badly infected with tuberculosis to prove fit for
beef, and were paid for, the owners taking the hides and
carcasses of the other 64 to dispose of for their own benefit ;
there are also 242 cattle, killed as tuberculous, which have
not as yet been paid for. This makes a total of 1,435 head
of cattle killed during the year as tuberculous quarantined
by the local inspectors, nearly all of which were so badly
diseased as to be condemned on a physical examination.
In addition to the animals in the above table, 30 head of
cattle were reported as having been condemned as unfit for
food at the slaughter house because of tuberculosis, or as
having been received at the rendering establishments. One
swine was also condemned as unfit for food because of
tuberculosis.
Very little tuberculin has been used except for testing
the animals held in quarantine at Brighton and other points
as coming from without the State, and for 291 animals which
were tested at the voluntary request of their owners, who
wished to eradicate this disease from their herds.
Whether the bovine and human tubercle bacillus is identi-
cal, and whether there is any danger to human beings from
the use of milk from cows with tuberculosis, or not, may be
a question ; but it cannot be denied that cows that are badly
diseased or that have tuberculosis in their udders give tuber-
cle bacilli in the milk, and it is a known fact that milk from
these animals fed uncooked will produce tuberculosis in pigs,
calves, rabbits and guinea pigs, if given to them. Even
granting that it is not proved that milk from tuberculous
cows is any danger to human beings, no sane person would
advocate feeding to children material that will infect calves,
pigs and other animals.
Most of the animals killed were sufficiently diseased to pre-
sent very well-marked lesions, and several had tuberculosis
of the udder ; such creatures are certainly unfit for a public
milk supply in a community where milk is usually used un-
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 35
cooked, to say nothing of the danger there is of a badly
diseased animal infecting other members of the herd.
Beside examining the animals and quarantining diseased
ones, the inspectors in their annual inspection have to ex-
amine the premises and water supply, and report upon their
condition. An idea of the amount of labor involved in this
inspection may be obtained from the following table : —
36
CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.
[Jan.
V,
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1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 37
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38
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Chatham, .
Chelmsford,
Chelsea,
Cheshire, .
Chester,
Chesterfield,
Chicopee, .
Chilmark, .
Clarksburg,
Clinton,
Cohasset, .
Colrain,
Concord, .
Conway,
Cottage City,
Cummington,
Dalton,
Dana,
Danvers, .
Dartmouth,
Dedham, .
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 39
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40
CATTLE COMMISSIONEES.
[Jan.
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1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 43
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1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 45
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1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 51. 47
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49
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Weymouth,
Whately, .
Whitman, .
Wilbraham,
Williamsburg,
Williamstown,
Wilmington,
Winchendon,
Winchester,
Windsor, .
Winthrop, .
Woburn, .
Worcester,
Worthington,
Wrentham,
Yarmouth,
50
CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.
[Jan.
Summary
Number of herds inspected, .
Number of cows inspected,
Number of bulls inspected,
Number of oxen inspected,
Number of young cattle inspected,
Total number of cattle inspected,
Number of sheep inspected, .
Number of swine inspected, ,
Number of stables inspected, .
Number of stables improved since last report,
No report furnished : New Braintree, Rockland,
Warwick and Wayland.
33,000
181,105
6,912
2,399
64,852
258,268
32,411
74,031
33,020
1,662
The above summary shows the tremendous amount of
work accomplished in the aggregate by the inspectors, and,
while the improvements noted are not many, yet there
seems to be a continual tendency toward a better condition
both in the care of live stock and premises.
Many letters were received from the inspectors after com-
pleting their annual inspection, showing that the work is a
benefit, although many of them complain that it is very diffi-
cult to make a complete inspection in the autumn, when so
many of the cattle are at pasture, and they think a more
thorough one could be made in the spring, before the animals
are turned out. This is undoubtedly true. It would also
require more money, as more diseased cattle would be found
after being housed all winter than can be detected after the
creatures have led an out-door life for several months. This
is also an argument for more sunshine, fresh air and out-
door exercise. A spring inspection would require a liberal
appropriation, and it would be necessary to have it available
early in the legislative session.
When it is considered that the summer of 1900 was very
dry and the pastures were consequently poor, it is gratifying
to hear that neat stock looked so well. This is no doubt in
a measure due to the mild weather in the fall, permitting the
cattle to run at pasture until late, and the good pasturage
resulting from the autumn rains after the long drought was
broken, but the inspectors seem to think it is in part due to
the annual inspection leading owners to take better care of
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 51
their cattle, and the weeding out of the diseased and unthrifty
members of herds.
The following letters from inspectors will give an idea of
the benefits derived from this work, and also illustrate the
difficulties of a fall inspection : —
North Attleborough, Mass., Not. 15, 1900.
Austin Peters, Esq., Chairman, Cattle Commission.
My Dear Sir : — I send you to-night by express my report of
the inspection for this year. I trust it will prove satisfactory. I
have been surprised and gratified at the marked improvement seen
everywhere in the care and cleanliness of the animals and the
apparent absence of anything indicating tuberculosis. I have
answered the question, "What improvements," etc., invariably
" None," supposing that the improvements related to the barns or
sheds in which the animals were housed. With but few excep-
tions all are sheltered satisfactorily ; the supply of water from
well, spring, river and the town water works is pure and abun-
dant ; the appearance of the cattle indicate that they are well fed
and groomed.
For the encouragement of the Cattle Commissioners I would
state that very general praise has been expressed by the cattle
owners at the marked efficiency displayed in the management of
the commission, with the wish that they may be satisfactorily sup-
ported by the Legislature this session in their recommendations
and appropriations desired for a continuance of the work.
Mr. H. P. Wilmarth has a very large and prolific goat farm in
the New Boston district, so called, of this town. On my visit
there I found 350 goats, in excellent condition. The farm is well
conducted, and the owner states that this industry is steadily
growing, and profitable. I have not included this inspection in
my report.
Yours respectfully, W. Henry Kling.
Wrentham, Mass., Dec. 3, 1900.
State Cattle Commission.
Gentlemen: — Having injured my hand, have had my report
copied, and trust it will meet with your approval. I send same
by express to-day. I have inspected all of the neat stock in
town, with the exception of 8 two-year-old heifers that broke
pasture and are running wild. This inspection has been very
gratifying ; the hard-headed ones, who at first said it would not
52 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
amount to anything, and some other things, now say, " There
has been good work done." I find a big improvement in the
stock, and many farmers are paying more attention to cleanliness
and sanitation, the latter as far as they can.
Respectfully, E. M. Brastow.
Newburyport, Mass., Nov. 13, 1900.
Dr. Austin Peters, Chairman, Cattle Commission.
Dear Sir : — I send by American express the result of my
general inspection. It has been very difficult to accomplish, as
the cattle were out in the pastures, and I had to go early and late
to find them, and often twice; however, I have succeeded in
making a full canvass of my district. I have never seen the
cattle in such good, healthy condition as they are this season. A
great improvement has been made, and all parties are anxious to
have the commission continue in this good work.
Many barns where small herds are kept I have not mentioned,
as they are as perfect as can be for comfort.
Yours respectfully, Geo. M. Knight.
Webster, Mass., Nov. 19, 1900.
Dr. Austin Peters, Chairman, Cattle Commission.
Dear Sir : — I forward you to-day the report of my inspection,
and am pleased to be able to inform you that I have not been able
to detect a single suspicious case of tuberculosis or any other con-
tagious disease, and have found them all in good condition. I
also find that the people are paying more attention to the source of
water supply ; also to light and ventilation.
I have delayed my inspection on account of the unusually mild
weather, the cattle being in fields.
Very respectfully yours, L. H. Paquin.
Dana, Mass., Dec. 4, 1900.
Cattle Commission.
Gentlemen : — I find cattle in better condition this year than I
ever have before.
Respectfully yours, A. W-. Doane'.
Ludlow, Mass., Nov. 15, 1900.
Dr. Austin Peters, Chairman, Cattle Commission.
Dear Sir : — I am sending by express my report of inspection
of neat cattle, etc. There were some cattle out at pasture that
could not readily be found, which are not included. Most of the
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 53
work has been done in the early morning and evening, so as to
find the cattle that are at home in the stables.
There is a marked improvement in the condition of cattle and
stables. If the conditions were such that the inspection could be
made in the winter months, we could do better work, as we could
examine all the cattle closely if necessary, and could judge better
as to the condition of the stables.
Respectfully submitted, A. L. Bennett.
"Wendell, Mass., Nov. 16, 1900.
To the Honorable Board of Cattle Commissioners.
Gentlemen : — I return in this mail the report of inspections.
Found hard work to induce people to bring the stock in from the
mountain pastures, and impossible to get near them in the pasture.
Have inspected 299 head of cattle, 149 swine and 24 sheep,
against 290 cattle, 121 swine and. 14 sheep last year.
Some of the stables where I found tuberculosis have been torn
out and rebuilt, others cleansed. Have found it at the slaughter
houses to some extent, and have notified you of same in each case.
Trusting I meet your approval, I am, very respectfully,
Geo. A. Lewis.
Northampton, Mass., Dec. 6, 1900.
Dr. Austin Peters.
Dear Sir : — I send by to-day's mail my report of inspection
for the last year. I have reported all places containing over 2
head of cattle and have visited besides 153 places containing 1
and 2 head, kept as family cows, kept generally in horse stable
or in small stable by themselves, and have found them in good
condition and surroundings generally healthy.
The work of the Cattle Commissioners is appreciated very much
by the people in this part of the State.
Yours truly, J. H. Roberts.
Middlefield, Mass., Dec. 1, 1900.
Board of Cattle Commissioners.
Gentlemen : — I have completed the inspection of live stock
in town. I find no evidence of tuberculosis or other contagious
disease. With the exception of 15 animals in different parts of
the town that had injured themselves by eating too many apples,
I find animals in an unusually healthy and thrifty condition. The
increased value of live stock has a tendency toward the better care
and feeding of animals.
Respectfully yours, J. T. Bryan.
54 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
Third. — That portion of the work coming under the
third classification is the testing of entire herds at the re-
quest of the owners, for the purpose of eradicating tubercu-
losis from them. This has been necessarily done upon a
very limited scale, as the commission felt that most of the
money would be required to carry on its regular duties,
and that work of this character could not well be undertaken
unless there was a surplus from the appropriation that
could be devoted to this purpose.
In order to make the expense of herd tests as light as
possible for the State, and also to put part of the burden
of expense upon the owner, in order to make him under-
stand that it was important for him to properly disinfect
his premises and buy only tested cattle to replace those
killed, he has been required to sign the following con-
ditions, before the commission would test the herd : —
1900.
I , in asking to have my herd tested at the expense of
the State, do hereby agree to the following conditions : —
That all reacting animals shall be killed; those that are so
badly diseased that they will not pass as fit for beef the State is
to pay full appraised value for, up to a limit of $40, according
to law ; for animals that react, and are so slightly diseased as to
prove fit for beef, I will take what the butcher will allow, and not
expect payment from the State.
I furthermore agree to disinfect my buildings in such manner as
the Cattle Commission shall prescribe.
I also agree to only buy cattle that have passed the tuberculin
test to replace those that are killed.
(Signed)
Witness,
Under this arrangement the commission furnishes the
veterinarian to do the testing, the tuberculin, and pays for
the badly diseased animals, the owner taking what the
butcher will allow for those that are so slightly infected
as to pass as fit for beef.
No farmer will agree to these conditions unless he is sin-
cere in his purpose to eradicate tuberculosis from his herd,
as under them there is no incentive to have his herd tested
1901.]
PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.
55
for the purpose of selling diseased animals to the State as a
matter of speculation.
Under the conditions named, the following herds have
been tested : —
Date.
Name.
City or Town.
No.
tested.
Released.
Killed
and
paid for.
Sold
for
Beef.
No
Lesions
found.
1900.
Feb. 7
F.B
Milton, .
2
1
-
-
1
March 9
M. V. T., .
Westwood, .
48
36
5
7
-
March 9
J. S., . . .
Lenox, .
25
24
1
-
1
April 17
J. S., . . .
Lenox, .
5
5
-
-
-
April 10
H. W. C, .
Westwood, .
5
5
-
-
-
April 14
N. M.,
Hamilton,
1
1
-
-
-
April 24
J. B.,.
Wakefield, .
41
30
5
6
-
May 1
J. B., .
Wakefield, .
3
3
-
-
-
April 24
A. A. S., .
Colrain, .
24
9
13
2
-
June • 7
W. E.C., .
Brookline,
6
6
-
-
-
June 7
E.G.,
Winchester, .
2
1
-
-
-
June 15
E. G-.,
Winchester, .
1
1
-
-
-
June 21
B. L. C, .
Colrain, .
7
3
2
2
-
June 28
B. C. N., .
Rowe, .
36
35
1
-
1
July 23
J. H. G., .
Worcester, .
1
-
1
-
-
Aug. 23
Town farm,
Salem, .
5
4
-
1
1
Sept. 4
C. W.,
Waltham,
53
51
1
1
-
Sept. 12
j. a, .
Colrain,
5
-
5
-
. -
Dec. 4
S. E. W., .
Leicester,
4
3
Unsettled
-
-
Dec. 10
J. L
Groton,
17
9
Unsettled
-
-
291
227
34
19
4
In addition to this, several persons have made applications
for herd tests ; two, however, withdrew theirs when they
understood the conditions imposed upon them if the tests
were made ; the other requests are still upon file in the office
of the commission. If funds were available for more work
of this kind, it is thought more rapid advances in diminish-
ing bovine tuberculosis could be made, especially if it could
be combined with better ventilation, sanitation, and breeding
animals with more vigorous and stronger constitutions.
An improvement in the way of testing the cattle brought
in from without the State is also highly important, in order
56
CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.
[Jan.
to be certain that only healthy animals are brought in to
replace those that are destroyed as tuberculous, or that are
disposed of for other purposes.
Glanders.
Glanders and farcy have continued to prevail during the
past year to an alarming extent, entailing a serious financial
loss upon the horse owners of the Commonwealth, to say
nothing of its menace to human life and health. More
cases, or suspected cases, of this disease have been reported
to the Cattle Commission than in any previous year in its
history. In 1899 more cases were reported to the Board
than ever before, but in 1900 the number has been far in
excess of the preceding year.
While the methods for securing reports of cases and of
calling the attention of the commission to suspected cases
of this malady have had much to do with securing more
information concerning the occurrence of this disorder than
was formerly obtained, at the same time it seems to have
increased somewhat, — at least, that is the opinion of some
of the leading veterinarians and Tenderers who have been
consulted in regard to the matter. Not only is there an
increase in the number of cases reported during 1900 over
any previous year, but it is reported as occurring in more
cities and towns. In 1899 cases were reported from only
101 places, while in 1900 the disease was reported from
128 cities and towns.
The following table gives the distribution and prevalence
of this malady in various localities throughout the State : —
City ok Town.
•6
oS
<v
City or Town.
13
3
13
03
Abington,
Acton, .
Acushnet,
Adams,
Andover,
Arlington,
Ashby, .
Ashland,
Auburn,
Avon, .
Barnstable,
1
1
2
1
8
2
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
Barre,
Bedford,
Belmont, .
Beverly,
Bill erica, .
Blaekstone,
Bolton,
Boston,
Boylston, .
Brockton, .
Brookline, .
1
4
4
1
1
1
192
1
6
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1901.]
PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.
57
•d
-a
City or Town.
■6
cl
City or Town. o
cj
u
M
u
«
Burlington, .
1
Medford, .
4
2
Cambridge, .
49
8*
Medway,
-
1
Carlisle,
_
2
Melrose,
2
1
Charlton,
1
-
Milford,
3
-
Chelsea,
24
-
Millbury,
2
-
Cheshire,
-
1
Milton,
1
-
Chieopee,
2
1
Natick,
2
1
Clinton,
7
5
Needham,
6
1
Cohasset,
2
-
New Bedford, .
11
1
Concord,
1
1
Newburyport, .
-
1
Danvers,
-
1
Newton,
12
2
Dartmouth, .
1
-
North Reading,
1
1
Dedham,
2
-
Norwell, .
2
1
Dover, .
8
1
Norwood, .
1
-
E'ast Longmeado^
v, ■
1
-
Palmer,
1
-
Easton,
5
-
Peabody, .
2
-
Enfield,
1
-
Pittsfield, .
1
2
Erving,
1
-
Plymouth, .
1
-
Everett,
19
-
Princeton, .
-
1
Fall River, .
37
3
Quincy,
5
-
Fitchburg, .
24
13
Reading, .
4
1
Foxborough,
1
_
Revere,
5
-
Gardner,
2
1
Rockland, .
1
1
Gloucester, .
1
1
Salem,
1
-
Goshen,
2
-
Salisbury, .
-
1
Grafton,
2
1
Saugus,
1
1
Greenwich, .
1
-
i Somerville,
39
7
Groton,
-
1
Springfield,
9
3
Groveland, .
1
-
Sterling, .
7
3
Hanover,
1
3
Stoneham, .
7
-
Haverhill, .
1
-
Swampscott,
1
-
Hingharn, .
3
1
Swansea, .
3
-
Holden,
-
1
Templeton,
-
1
Holliston, .
1
-
Tisbury,
-
1
Hubbardston,
1
_
Wakefield, .
3
-
Hudson,
1
-
Walpole, .
2
-
Hull, .
-
1
Waltham, .
7
5
Hyde Park, .
1
-
Watertown,
2
1
Ipswich,
-
4
Wellesley, .
4
2
Lawrence, .
4
1
West Springfiel
i, '.
-
1
Lee,
-
1
Westborough,
-
1
Lunenburg, .
-
1
Westminster,
2
-
Leicester,
3
2
Westport, .
-
1
Leominster, .
4
1
Weymouth,
5
-
Lexington, .
7
3
Whitman, .
1
-
Lincoln,
3
2
Winchester,
2
-
Littleton,
1
-
Winthrop, .
3
-
Longmeadow,
-
1
Woburn, .
1
-
Lowell,
1
2
Worcester, .
37
13
Lynn, .
6
3
Wrentham,
2
-
Maiden,
19
6
Westwood,
4
-
Mansfield, .
-
1
Unknown, .
1
-
Marblehead,
Marlborough,
1
1
Total, .
G99
150
Medfield, .
1
-
1
* One still in quarantine, undecided.
58 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
It will be seen by this table that 699 animals have been
destroyed as having glanders or farcy between Dec. 15,
1899, and Dec. 15, 1900. Of these, 697 were horses and 2
were mules. There were 149 animals released from quar-
antine after careful examination, as free from disease, and 1
is still an undecided case, being under observation at the
time of preparing this report.
Three of the horses killed will have to be paid for by the
Commonwealth, as being free from a contagious disease.
In two of these cases guinea pigs inoculated with some of
the nasal discharge developed glanders ; the horses were
killed, and upon post-mortem examination no lesions of
glanders could be found ; the owners agreed to a reasonable
valuation, and will have to be recompensed. It is impossi-
ble to produce glanders in guinea pigs without having the
germs of glanders present in the material used ; and, as this
work was carefully done, it seems certain that the micro-
organisms of the disease must have been present, yet no
lesions were found in the horses killed. It seems possible,
then, that animals may carry the germs of disease for a
while before appreciable gross lesions develop, and may be
a source of danger to others while apparently in a fair state
of health themselves, aside from a nasal catarrh or some
similar disturbance, in the same manner that a person ap-
parently free from disease can carry the bacillus of diphthe-
ria in the throat, infecting other persons while apparently
in health himself.
It is much better to occasionally kill and pay for such an
animal, than it would be to err in the opposite direction,
and allow a suspicious case to run at large, spreading the
disease wherever it went, because it is not certain that it is
infected.
The third horse was owned in Salem. He had a discharge
from the left nostril, erosions on the mucous membrane in
the nose and a very much enlarged sub-maxillary gland on
the left side. Because of these symptoms he was ordered
killed by a member of the commission, and an autopsy held,
at which a number of veterinary surgeons were present.
The animal was found to be suffering from a cancer of the
palate, the bones in the roof of the mouth on the near side
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 59
being diseased, the five upper back molars loosened, a can-
cerous growth in the nasal cavity, and the enlarged sub-
maxillary lymphatic gland was due to a secondary cancerous
growth, instead of glanders. Such an animal is practically
worthless ; but, as the owner wanted an exorbitant price,
which the commission declined to pay, he has resorted to
the courts, where the damages will have to be assessed.
The commission does not deny that the horse was free from
a contagious disease, — it only refuses to pay more than the
animal was worth at the time of slaughter.
Compared with the report of the previous year, there
appears to have been a decrease in Worcester and Spring-
field ; there is also less in the Merrimac valley than for-
merly. There was less in Clinton in 1900 than for two or
three years, the disease having practically disappeared
among the horses owned by the citizens of the town, the
horses killed in Clinton, Sterling and Boylston having been
in nearly every case the property of contractors employed
upon the metropolitan water works. There were more
cases found in Fall Eiver in 1900 than in 1899, but the in-
crease may be partly due to a more efficient inspector having
been appointed for 1900 than in the previous year. There
has also been quite an outbreak in Fitchburg, 24 horses
having been killed there in 1900, against 9 in 1899.
Aside from the increases referred to, the greater and most
alarming has been in Boston and the surrounding towns,
Boston acting as a centre of infection, and the sufferers out-
side being in many cases farmers, milkmen, expressmen and
teamsters, whose business requires them to make long daily
trips from their homes to the city, their teams often having
to draw heavy loads both ways, hard work lowering the
horses' condition and making them more susceptible to dis-
ease. The nature of the work also leads to an extensive
use of the public watering troughs on the road. The loss
here falls very heavily, as the men who own these animals
are those who can very illy afford to lose their live stock.
The past year was the first during which reports were
received from the Tenderers of the State throughout the
entire year ; and a portion of the increase in the number of
cases reported to the commission must be credited to them,
60 CATTLE COMMISSIONED. [Jan.
as undoubtedly quite a number of horses would be killed
and rendered that the Cattle Commission would never hear
of if it were not for these renderers' reports. Whenever a
case is reported by one of the rendering establishments as
occurring outside of the city of Boston (in Boston the
Board of Health has charge of all matters pertaining to
glanders and farcy, it having been placed outside of the
jurisdiction of the Cattle Commission in this city), that has
not already been called to the attention of the commission,
the inspector of animals for the city or town where the case
occurs is at once instructed to see that the premises from
which the horse came have been properly disinfected, and, if
any other horses are stabled there, to see that they are free
from contagion. In this way it is believed that much good
has been accomplished.
Reports have been made by 9 rendering companies, the
total number received being 168, including 439 animals
supposed to have been suffering from glanders or farcy ; of
these, 172 occurred in the city of Boston, leaving 267
which came under the jurisdiction of the Board. Of these
267 cases, 209 were previously reported in other ways,
leaving 58 to which official attention would not have been
called had it not been for these returns.
A few of these cases, not over half a dozen, may not have
been glanders or farcy ; on the other hand, occasionally an
animal infected with this disease may not have been re-
ported. It is therefore probable that the numbers given
may be less rather than more than the cases which actually
occurred.
The following table will give an idea of the results of the
Tenderers' reports : —
1901.]
PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.
61
o
M
c
35
0}
s
3 a
°l
- —
153
44
3
100
16
60
-
31
-
10
-
4
-
5
-
6
-
7
172
267
i§ssa&
N. Ward Company, Boston,
Mailer Bros., North Cambridge,
Butchers Slaughtering and Melting
Association, Brighton.
Guy N. Barnes Rendering Company
Fall River.
New Bedford Product Company
New Bedford.
Parmenter & Polsey, Peabody,
Jos. E. McGovern, Lawrence, .
Lowe Bros., Fitchburg,
Bartlett & Holmes, Springfield,
Totals, ....
51
39
37
12
7
4
7
4
7
168
197
103
76
31
10
4
5
6
7
439
3
19
18
9
4
58
This does not include the reports from Bartlett's render-
ing works in Worcester, as Mr. Bartlett reports directly to
Commissioner Herrick whenever he receives an animal
with a contagious disease.
The importance and necessity of doing all that is possi-
ble to eradicate glanders from the community has been
emphasized more strongly than in any previous year by the
loss of human life it has occasioned. Three and possibly
four persons have been sacrificed to this malady during the
past season.
Two deaths in man occurred in Fitchburg, a father and
son both dying from disease contracted by caring for a sick
horse. One of the staff of the Sixth Eegiment, M. V. M.,
hired a mare from a Mr. A. of Fitchburo; to ride at the
annual tour of duty at Framingham in June. Two or
three days after returning home she appeared to be ailing,
and a few days later a veterinarian was called, who treated
her for bronchitis; she died Sunday, July 8. The veter-
inarian was not satisfied with his diagnosis, made a post-
mortem examination of the mare, and reported to the
Cattle Commission that he believed she had died of srlan-
62 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
ders. About the date of the mare's death Mr. A. and his
son became ill with a sickness which at first puzzled the
physicians ; the veterinarian told one of them that he be-
lieved the animal died of glanders, and suggested the possi-
bility of the men having contracted the disease. This was
found to be the case, Mr. A. dying of glanders two weeks
later and the son about ten days after Mr. A. This occur-
rence was particularly sad, as the boy was an only child,
the widow being doubly bereaved by the loss of her hus-
band and son so near together.
The case in the mare was one of those obscure cases
where the lesions occurred chiefly in the lungs, and the
usual enlarged glands in the sub-maxillary region ; nasal
discharge and chancres on the septum nasi were wanting.
She undoubtedly had lesions of glanders in her lungs when
taken to camp, and the change of surroundings and work
caused it to develop in an acute pulmonary form soon after
the return to Fitchburg. There is ample reason for be-
lieving this to be the fact, because two more horses owned
by Mr. A. were killed by order of the commission July 23,
and another one owned by his estate November 3, there
being every reason to believe that some of these animals were
diseased prior to the mare being let to go to Framingham.
Furthermore, a list was obtained of all the horses ridden
by officers of the Sixth Eegiment at camp in June, and an
agent of the board or the inspector in the towns where they
were kept examined them all, some seventeen or eighteen
in number, and they were found to be free from disease.
Only one was not seen, as it had been sent out of the
State, but there is no reason to suspect that it was un-
healthy. No trouble has as yet been reported from any of
these horses.
In addition to the animals killed, eight others kept in
Mr. A.'s stables were quarantined and kept under observa-
tion, permission being given to use them, but not to sell
them. The eight remaining horses were finally released
from quarantine November 26, all having been tested with
mallein and failing to react, showing no physical signs
of disease at that time, and the stables having been thor-
oughly disinfected.
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 63
The last day of October, E. M., a hostler, employed in a
stable in Milford, was admitted to the Framingham hospital
as a suspected case of small-pox, he being broken out with
an eruptive disease of some kind. He died Wednesday
evening, November 14. Wednesday, a few hours before
his death, Dr. Shea, one of the physicians of the Boston
Board of Health, saw the man and said there were symp-
toms present that did not coincide with small-pox, and,
upon asking the man's occupation, suggested that it might
be glanders. After his death guinea pigs were inoculated
with material from some of the lesions at the laboratory of
the Boston Board of Health, and also by Dr. Langdon
Frothingham for the Massachusetts Cattle Commission, and
in both instances these little animals developed glanders, —
proof positive that the man who died was infected with this
disease.
An agent of the Cattle Commission was at once sent to
Milford, to investigate matters at the stable where E. M.
had been employed. Here it was learned that a horse
was killed the previous Tuesday, November 13, which the
owner had been treating for pneumonia, but, as it did not
seem to be improving, he had it killed and buried. Mon-
day, November 19, the carcass was exhumed and examined,
and found to have been a case of glanders and farcy. Two
other horses were killed in Milford by order of the com-
mission, one during the summer and the other November
20, because of their having glanders, both of which were
formerly kept in this stable. The man who died is thus
easily connected with the care of glandered horses.
Another possible case of glanders in man has been re-
ported to the Board as occurring in Chelsea last spring.
M. F. was told by a physician that he had glanders ; he
later became an out-patient at the Massachusetts General
Hospital, where it does not appear any definite diagnosis
was made ; he afterward was under the care of another
physician in Chelsea, and died, his death certificate being
made out as a case of cancer of the throat. It is not un-
likely that occasional cases of glanders may occur in man
which are not reported as such, because the disease in
humans is so uncommon that it is not recognized by the
64 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
physicians, and other diagnoses are made. It has been
diagnosed as typhoid fever, pneumonia, pleurisy, peri-
carditis, inflammatory rheumatism, pyaemia, small-pox,
and possibly as cancer of the throat. Considering, there-
fore, the great prevalence of this disease among horses, it
is not unlikely that there may be, once in a great while, a
case in man which is never correctly diagnosed.
An instance illustrating the difficulty of eradicating this
malady, on account of its slow development in some cases,
and the possibility of an animal being a bearer of disease
for some time before definite symptoms develop, is demon-
strated in a case killed by order of the commission in
Ashby last October. This animal was a four-year-old colt,
apparently in very good condition, plump and sleek, yet
with well-marked symptoms of glanders. This colt was at
pasture with a glandered horse in the summer of 1899,
killed in July of that year ; the colt's owner said that it
had a cough when he brought it home the previous
autumn, — a slight, dry cough, which disappeared when it
commenced to run at the nose, about six weeks before it
was killed. It is possible for the colt to have contracted
the disease in some other way, but it is not at all improb-
able that it was infected fifteen months previous to the
time of killing, and, being young and vigorous, it held the
disease in check for a long time.
As to the spread of the infection, there are various ways
in which the disorder is disseminated. The Board is of the
opinion, as it has said in previous reports, that public
watering troughs are one cause, and that in many instances
they are misplaced charities. Blacksmith shops, hitching
posts, baiting stables, where a healthy horse may be put
in a stall previously occupied by a diseased one, and the
actual contact of diseased with healthy horses either at home
or on the street, are all factors in the extension of glanders,
some of course much more important than others.
In the last annual report a condition of affairs was re-
ferred to in Melrose, near the lines of Maiden and Saugus,
where there are men who buy old horses to kill, the refuse
and offal being fed to pigs, and the meat sold either to dog
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 65
biscuit manufacturers or fertilizer factories. These men
pay a little more for a horse- to kill than the renderers will ;
hence a good many worthless horses are sold to them, and
among these animals there are some suffering from glanders.
These animals are led out over the highway often by irre-
sponsible persons, who may water them at the public
watering troughs on the way out, or even sell a horse with
glanders to some other person than the killer, if they can
get a dollar or two more by so doing.
No one would believe, who had not been out there, that
such a condition of affairs could exist, or such a community
be found, within ten or twelve miles of the State House,
and it reflects anything but credit upon the city whose
board of health allows it to continue. There seems to be
no legislation to reach these horse killers. It would be
wise to enact a law that all persons engaged in the occupa-
tion of killing horses shall have a license from the board of
health of the city or town where such business is carried on,
that such a license shall not be granted to any person or
firm which has not a suitable rendering plant, and wagon
for removing dead horses from owner's premises, a penalty
to be provided for any person or firm not having such a
license, and they should also be required by law to report
all cases of contagious disease, among animals received at
their establishments, to the Board of Cattle Commissioners.
It might also be well to provide that any person who
knowingly buys a horse with glanders or farcy shall be
liable to the same penalty as the person who knowingly
sells such an animal, as now provided for in the law, — the
only exception being that a licensed Tenderer may purchase
such an animal for slaughter, if he wishes.
Whether remunerating; owners of slandered horses for
animals killed by the State would help to diminish the num-
ber of cases or not is an open question. If such a policy
were decided upon, it would require an annual appropriation
of $50,000 to $60,000 for some time. Certain it is that the
present condition of affairs is very serious, and the most
stringent measures for its eradication will be none too severe.
The Cattle Commission has done all in its power to mitigate
Q6 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
the evil, and it has certainly been able to show the true con-
dition of affairs the last year as it never has before, and hopes
that its labors may also have accomplished some good results.
Blackleg, oe Symptomatic Anthkax.
During the summer of 1900, a disease resembling black-
leg in many ways has caused a number of deaths among
young cattle at pasture in some parts of Worcester County.
Hubbardston was the town where the disease prevailed
most extensively and where the chief losses occurred, but
similar outbreaks of a more limited extent occurred in sur-
rounding towns, and also in towns at some distance from
Hubbardston. Cases were reported from Barre, Princeton,
Templeton, Rutland, Greenwich, Prescott, Grafton and
Ashby, and possibly Westminster. In the latter town
there was a rumor of trouble, but it was not investigated,
as it was over before the Board heard of it. The cattle
found dead in Westminster were thought to have been chased
to death by dogs, but it is barely possible it may have been
the same malady met with in the other towns.
The attention of the Cattle Commission was first called to
the presence of the disease by Dr. A. S. Cleaves of Gard-
ner, who telephoned to Boston, July 31, reporting an out-
break of a disorder similar to anthrax or blackleg in the
town of Hubbardston. Commissioner Herrick was immedi-
ately telephoned at Worcester, and on the same afternoon
visited the scene of trouble with Dr. Cleaves and Mr. A. W.
Clarke, a veterinary student, who was at his home in Hub-
bardston for his summer vacation.
The following report from Dr. Cleaves and Mr. Clarke
gives a very good history of the Hubbardston outbreak, as
well as of one case in Princeton, occurring in a young cow
owned by N. B. Reed ; the animal was pastured on Little
Wachusett Mountain. The description of the symptoms
given below and the gross post-mortem appearances are so
good that it is not necessary to attempt to detail them fur-
ther ; and the post-mortem conditions found in animals
dying in other localities, where autopsies were made, were
found to be similar in most cases to those existing among
the young cattle in Hubbardston.
1901. ] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 67
John Adams's pasture, lying in the southern part of Hubbarclston
and adjoining Rutland, owned or rented by C. C. Colby of Hub-
barclston, containing eleven head of cattle,' from one to two years
old, owned as follows : —
C. C. Colby, Hubbarclston, 5
C. F. Rugg, Hubbarclston, 2
Adams, Hubbarclston, 1
S. M. Stone, Hubbardston, 3
Total, 11
On visiting the pasture, July 22, one of Mr. Rugg's heifers was
found dead and in a badly decomposed state ; was left lying where
she was found. Pasture was next visited July 29, and one of
Stone's and two of Colby's were found dead ; these were in good
condition, their skins were removed and carcasses left lying on top
of the ground.
The seven remaining alive were driven to the respective owners'
places, except one of Mr. Stone's, which was driven to Mr. Colby's
and turned out with his herd of milch cows, some ten in number.
Mr. Rugg also turned out his with his herd of milch cows, while Mr.
Adams's was kept completely isolated in a small field, and Stone's
was partially isolated, being tied several rods from several other
young calves in an orchard.
Mr. Colby found the Stone heifer dead in his pasture Jul}' 30,
and skinned and buried the carcass where it lay, notifying Clarke
of Hubbarclston next day that his remaining heifers did not appear
well. Notice was sent to Boston and Worcester that morning,
July 31, and Mr. Herrick held post-mortem on the carcass buried
July 30, for purpose of getting pathological specimens, if possible.
Carcass was again buried, and directions left for lime to be
thoroughly worked into the earth around about the spot of burial
and death.
The three heifers left at Colby's had the following temperatures :
black two-year-old heifer, in splendid physical condition, 106f ;
Jersey, eighteen months, fawn heifer, 102f ; brown yearling, lOlf.
August 1, black heifer,
August 1 , Jersey heifer,
August 1, brown heifer,
August 2, black heifer,
August 2, Jersey heifer,
August 2, brown heifer,
106f
102
102
107f
101f
1021
68 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
The two-year-old black heifer was killed on the afternoon of
August 2. Temperature immediately before death registered
106|-, having dropped from 107-| in the morning. Symptoms
were disfressed breathing, bloodshot eyes, local ©edematous swell-
ing in the sub-maxillary space and about the larynx and pharynx,
pulse 100, and evidence of much pain in the throat; tongue pro-
truding and black, and an inclination to drink water, but unable
to do so. This heifer and the Jersey and brown one had been
removed from the main herd into a small enclosure across the road.
Post-mortem revealed lesions entirely localized in the larynx,
pharynx, roots of tongue and surrounding muscles and tissues,
except the blood had a peculiar black appearance, and left a dark
cherry stain on the hands ; mucous membrane at base of tongue
very black, and tremendous amount of oedema, extending clear
through to the skin.
The temperatures of the brown and Jersey ran as follows : —
August 3, brown heifer, . . ... . . 103|
August 3, Jersey heifer, ...... 102
August 4, brown heifer, 104
August 4, Jersey heifer, ...... 104 £
i. . , x. ■* f 0-M) 107i
August 5, brown heifer, . . . . WP M ( 1082
August 5, Jersey heifer, lOlf
In the afternoon of August 5 the brown heifer commenced
breathing in a labored sort of way, pulse very weak, eyes blood-
shot, and blood commenced oozing out around the ears, neck and
both shoulders. She died some time before 6 a.m. August 6,
and the post-mortem revealed hemorrhagic spots entirely dotting
the folds of serous membranes in both the abdominal and pleural
cavities, about the size of twenty- five and fifty cent pieces ; no
lesions in the throat visible.
A record was made of the temperature of the four remaining
heifers until August 29, as follows : —
1901.]
PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.
69
Colby's
Rugg's
Adams's
Stone's
Jersey.
Jersey.
White.
Brown.
August 7,
101
1021
1021
August 8,
101
102|
102f
lOlf
August 9,
102|
102
lOlf
102 1
August 10,
102
102§
102|
103
August 12,
lOlf
102f
lOlf
101
August 14,
lOOf
102f
1011
100^
August 16,
ion
102f
102
102-1
August 19,
100f
102
1011
1011
August 20,
100f
104|
1011
1011
August 21,
101
102
lOlf
1011
August 23,
100f
101|
lOlf
lOlf
August 25,
lOlf
102
101|
101
August 27,
ion
102
102
102
August 29,
lOOf
-
1011
lUl-f
Mr. Rugg's heifer, August 20, developed quick respiration,
bloodshot eyes, quick pulse, vomited in the morning of August 20,
and commenced to improve until she was evidently normal.
In the Bennett pasture, located in the north-west part of Hub-
bardston, near the Templeton line, containing thirty-eight head of
young cattle, July 28, a bull two years old was found dead. He
was partially buried where he died ; he belonged to Blanche Ben-
nett of Hubbardston. August 2, L. S. Mooi'e found one of his
two-year-old heifers dead ; she was also partially buried up. Au-
gust 6, an eighteen-months-old heifer, belonging to L. S. Moore,
was found dead. When the pasture was visited the previous day
the three men there were unable to catch this heifer, though they
were sure she had a clearly developed enlargement about the lower
jaws. Ante-mortem showed cedematous condition about the
larynx and pharynx and sub-maxillary space ; heifer was found
lying in the ferns, and no evidence whatever of any struggling
before death. Post-mortem revealed lesions entirely localized in
the region of the larynx, pharynx and sub-maxillary muscles,
apparently identical with the black Colby heifer. August 9,
Frank Hayes found one of his eighteen-months-old heifers dead
in this same pasture. All of these carcasses were finally thoroughly
burned in this and all the other pastures.
August 8, in the John H. Lackey pasture, located in the south
part of the town, and about two miles from the Adams pasture,
John Collar found one of his two-year-old heifers dead. This
pasture contained three head.
D. P. Ford, living iu the western part of the town, having three
70 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
heifers and one cow, found one of his yearlings dead, August 4,
apparently all right the day before. August 12, a two-year-old
was taken sick and was left in the barn ; had profuse bloody
diarrhoea, oedema of throat and right side; temperature 105|.
Died some time during the night, and was dragged across the yard
to the road, along this some two hundred yards, then down into
the woods, where both carcasses were eventually burned.
Mr. Prentiss, Hubbardston, in chai'ge of a pasture in the eastern
part of the town, containing twenty-six head, young and old,
belonging to Mr. L. W. Newton, Southborough, found one of
the two-year-olds dead August 16 and one eighteen months old
August 17. Both carcasses were burned. Another three-year-
old, ear tag No. 213, seemed to wish to isolate herself from the
others, and no inclination to eat; temperature 104, pulse 90.
August 18, she resumed eating, and temperature was normal.
August 27, heifer No. 70 was found dead. A three-year-old
was isolating herself from the others, ears lopped, eyes dull and
sunken, pulse 95 and temperature 106 ; August 28, temperature
104-|, same physical symptoms; August 29, temperature 104,
same physical symptoms, with the addition of bleeding at the nose ;
in the afternoon, temperature 105-f. Killed for post-mortem and
pathological specimens. Lesions were found in the pharynx, and
in both the serous and mucous membranes in the abdominal
cavity. The lesion in the pharynx immediately about the glottis
consisted of almost total destruction of the mucous membrane,
and oedema extending into the surrounding muscles, slightly dis-
colored at the base of the tongue. All the serous membranes
were affected with hemorrhagic spots about the size of quarters
and fifty-cent pieces, while on the mucous surfaces immediately in
opposition were spots much resembling small ulcers leading one to
suggest that the lesion originally started from this surface. These
carcasses were all disposed of by burning.
D. V. Meaney, living in Williamsville, directly west of Hubbard-
ston, on August 17 noticed, in a pasture containing ten head of
young cattle, that one of his two-year-olds was ill, evinced labored
breathing, eyes dull, weak pulse, bloody discharge from rectum
and temperature 105| ; died some time during the night. Post-
mortem held in the afternoon of August 18, and lesions localized
in the throat ; mucous membrane was dark in color at base of
tongue and in pharynx slight oedema ; carcass was burned. Mr.
Meaney found a yearling dead some ten days before this.
Mr. N. B. Reed, Princeton, had four heifers turned out in a
pasture in the north part of the town. August 13 he noticed that
1901.]
PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51.
71
a four-year-old Devon was not feeling well ; she was taken to his
barn in the village and placed in the cellar ; she would try to eat
and drink, but seemed unable to do so. August 16, temperature
104-f, pulse 98, eyes bloodshot, respiration 7, comatose in charac-
ter ; swelling in throat and evidence of pain ; drooling profusely
from mouth ; inclined to lie down a good deal. August 18, symp-
toms much the same, except respiration was quite rapid, tempera-
ture 105 and pulse 100 ; killed for autopsy. Post-mortem showed
lesions entirely localized in the pharynx and immediate surround-
ings. The mucous membrane was entirely broken down and quite
black, considerable oedema of the pharyngeal muscles and liga-
ments.
September 5, Mr. Morgan, living in the east part of Hubbard-
ston, noticed one of his two-year-old Jersey heifers with profuse
diarrhoea. September 6, she would not eat, seemed very dull and
inclined to lie down; died that same evening. .Post-mortem re-
vealed hemorrhagic spots on the serous surface in the abdominal
cavity and black discoloration at base of tongue ; bloody faeces in
rectum and floating color. This heifer was in milk and running
with four others, all but one being milch cows, and the exception
was a heifer about thirty months old, in milk. Carcass was burned.
Summary.
Pastures owned bt-
Number of Head. Died.
Mr. Adams, .
Mr. Bennett, .
Mr. Lackey, ,
Mr. Ford,
Mr. Newton,
Mr. Meaney,
Mr. Morgan,
Mr. Reed,
Totals,
11
7
38
4
3
1
4
2
26
4
10
2
5
1
4
1
101
22*
* Percentage, 21.78.
Respectfully submitted,
A. S. Cleaves.
A. TV. Clark.
72 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
There was a report circulating in the town that this was not the
first or largest outbreak of this sort in the town, but upon investi-
gation it was found that the only recent deaths in pastures were in
1897. In the Wm. Hartwell pasture, located in the southern part
of the town, about two miles from the Adams pasture, H. Clarke
found four of his yearlings dead, and Edgar Tilton found three of
his dead in a pasture about two miles from these other two pastures.
A. S. Cleaves.
As already stated above, Mr. Herrick visited the John
Adams pasture with Dr. Cleaves and Mr. Clarke, July 31.
August 4, Dr. Peters, Mr. Herrick, Dr. Cleaves, Mr.
Clarke and Mr. J. H. Burtch, inspector of animals of Hub-
bardston, visited the Adams pasture and the surviving
animals that had been removed from it, and also the Bennett
pasture.
August 18, Dr. Theobald Smith accompanied Dr. Peters,
Mr. Herrick and Dr. Cleaves to Hubbardston. On the way
from Gardner to Hubbardston a Mr. Le Claire of Temple-
ton informed the party that he had just found two yearlings
dead in his pasture. Time did not permit of a visit to his
premises, but from his description the heifers died from a
similar malady to that occurring in Hubbardston. Upon
arriving in Hubbardston, the pasture of David Meaney was
first visited, and an autopsy made upon a heifer that died
the night before ; but decomposition had been so rapid that
no specimens were taken, as they were valueless for scien-
tific investigation. The Newton pasture was next visited,
but no new cases were found there on this date. From the
Newton pasture the party drove to Princeton and went to
Mr. N. B. Reed's, where the four-year-old Devon cow,
mentioned in Dr. Cleaves' report, was in quarantine. The
animal was killed, and specimens taken from the local lesion
in the throat and various viscera for examination by Dr.
Smith.
August 29, Dr. Langdon Frothingham visited the Newton
pasture with Dr. Cleaves, when a three-year-old heifer
which was sick was killed for autopsy and specimens taken
for scientific study. September 6, autopsy on Morgan
heifer was made by Dr. Cleaves, Mr. Herrick being with
him.
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 73
From the report made by Dr. Cleaves and Mr. Clarke,
it would appear that some animals were affected with the
disease in a light form, and after being slightly sick for a
few days recovered ; others seemed to have enjoyed an im-
munity from it ; and about twenty per cent, suffered from
a severe form, which was rapidly fatal, an animal that was
ailing one day frequently being found dead the day following.
After September 10 the disease subsided, and, as no new
cases were reported, the quarantines on the infected past-
ures were raised September 17 by advice of Mr. Herrick
(who went to Hubbardston September 14), except on Paul
B. Morgan's pasture, which was removed October 2.
August 6, a yearling heifer was quarantined by Perley
Goddard, the inspector in Grafton, owned by Albert Brad-
ish, as having anthrax. A post-mortem examination, made
August 7 by Mr. Herrick and Dr. C. H. Perry, revealed
a similar condition to that found in the Hubbardston cattle.
Portions of lung, kidney, spleen, stomach, intestine and
tongue were sent to the Harvard Medical School, , and
examined by Dr. John N. Coolidge, who found a micro-
organism of the same character as that found in specimens
taken from the Hubbardston cattle, which will be described
later. Another yearling owned by Mr. Bradish was found
dead in the pasture a few days before Mr. Herrick's visit,
and was buried. A cow kept with them remained healthy.
This is the only outbreak reported in Grafton.
August 18, Dr. Chas. Paquin, the inspector in Barre,
quarantined the cattle in two pastures because of the
appearance of a disease similar to that occurring in the
adjoining town of Hubbardston. One contained fifty-six
head of young cattle, the other fifteen head; several died
in each pasture. No new cases occurred in these pastures
after September 20 ; the quarantines were therefore re-
moved October 1.
September 6, a letter and quarantine dated September 3
was received from W. H. Glazier, the inspector of Green-
wich, the animal quarantined being a small gray yearling
heifer owned by Fred L. Edson. Dr. Cleaves was at once
sent to investigate the case. He went to Greenwich Sep-
tember 7 , and reports as follows : —
74 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
West Gardner, Mass., Sept. 8, 1900.
Dr. Austin Peters.
Dear Doctor: — The heifer in quarantine died September 6,
the day before I arrived in Greenwich, and was buried when I got
there. Mr. Edson was away, but the hired man gave me a very
intelligent history of the outbreak. It seems that Mr. Edson and
Gray of Greenwich hired a pasture in Prescott of Mr. Chas.
Abbott, and turned in fourteen head. Edson owned seven, Gray
five, Ezra Alden and Chas. Mauley, both of Greenwich, each
owned one. Four weeks ago they found three heifers dead in the
pasture, one each of Edson's, Alden's and Manley's. They had
evidently been dead several days ; ' ' they were buried about three
feet deep, at great trouble to the diggers."
Mr. Gray immediately drove his five head into a pasture adjoin-
ing the Abbott pasture, where they have since remained perfectly
well, apparently. Mr. Edson drove his home, and turned them
with his milch cows in a hill-side pasture near his house, ex-
cepting one which he left at Mr. Felton's to have pastured.
About August 3 or 4 one of the heifers, about fifteen months old,
refused to eat. She grew very emaciated, bled at the nose, had
bloody diarrhoea the day before she died, which was August 18 ;
would seem to try to eat for a while, but could not ; also drink.
Buried her in a sand bank.
The quarantined heifer was about a year old, and they first
noticed her August 30, when she would not eat; a considerable
amount of swelling around her throat, gritting of the teeth, evi-
dence of some pain, and the day of death bloody diarrhoea and
blood exuding through the skin around the head and shoulders.
She died September 6, and was buried in a sand bank.
Mr. Glazier had gone to Springfield, but I waited to see him,
and advised him to quarantine the Edson farm and any others if they
should show evidence of an outbreak. I also told the Edson's to
use lime by working it into the earth all about the graves of each
animal, and Mr. Glazier said he would see that it was done. The
pasture being in Prescott, I suppose you will have to communicate
with the inspector there. It certainly appears to be the same
thing that is occurring in Hubbardston.
Yours truly, A. S. Cleaves.
Upon receiving this report, Mr. Henry N. Grover, in-
spector of animals for Prescott, was written to, telling him
to quarantine the pastures where the disease occurred.
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 75
September 14 he quarantined two pastures owned by
Charles J. Abbott. No new cases being reported from
these pastures, the quarantines were ordered removed
October 11.
There was an outbreak of blackleg in one pasture in
Ashby, probably of a similar character to those appearing
in other places ; the following correspondence will give a
sufficient history of it : —
Ashby, Mass., Aug. 14, 1900.
Dr. Peters.
Dear Sir : — I was called this morning to make an autopsy on
a heifer that was found dead in the pasture. On making inquiries,
I find that this is the third one within the same number of weeks.
The heifer was very badly decomposed, but I made the autopsy
as best I could, and found it was blackleg or symptomatic
anthrax. I did not know before that the commission had any-
thing to do with that disease, but read in your report that you
came up here two years ago to see some cattle belonging to a
John Wright in Ashburnham. I thought I would let you know,
and you can do as you like about it. I examined the rest of the
cattle in the pasture, of which there were thirty-three, and found
them all right ; part of them are young stock. As the carcass
was in such a condition, I had it burned.
I have forgotten to say that these cattle are in the pasture
belonging to Mr. Woodard of Ashby.
Yours in haste, C. B. Shaw.
Dr. H. D. Clark of Fitchburg was telephoned to investi-
gate this trouble, and Dr. Shaw was written to that this
had been done. The following letters are reports of Dr.
Clark's visits : —
Fitchburg, Mass., Aug. 16, 1900.
Dr. Austin Peters.
Dear Sir: — I went to Ashby yesterday, and saw Dr. Shaw.
Dr. Shaw told me there were no new cases of sickness or death
among Mrs. Woodard's cattle, and that all those that had died had
been buried or burned. The only one Dr. Shaw saw had been
dead three days, so he could not make much of an examination.
I drove over to Mrs. Woodard's pasture this afternoon, and saw
the cattle, thirty-two of them, and all well. The cattle are to be
seen every day, and if there is further trouble Dr. Shaw will be
76 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
notified ; and I suggested that he telephone me, and together we
would make as careful an examination as we could, and send a
specimen to you.
Yours truly, H. D. Clark.
Fitchburg, Mass., Sept. 1, 1900.
Dr. Austin Peters.
Dear Sir : — Dr. Shaw of Ashby telephoned me this morning
that auother heifer had died in Mrs. Woodard's pasture. I went
up there, hoping to make a good examination of the carcass and
get a specimen to send you, but found the heifer had been dead
several days, and was so badly decayed that I could not make a
satisfactory examination. I noticed the skin was wrinkled and
cracked open just back of right fore leg and on inside of left
thigh ; the right leg and thigh had a bloated appearance. I opened
the abdominal cavity, but found the maggots working there in such
enormous numbers that I could not make much of an examination.
There was a spot on right side of the body, about fifteen by six
inches, where the hair was all gone and the skin seemed dry and
hard, while the skin as well as the muscles on other parts of the
body was very soft. The neck was nearly half eaten off by mag-
gots a few inches back of head.
There was one heifer that Mrs. "Woodard thought did not act
quite natural (the animal had a scaly skin eruption), and I had the
animal with a few others shut off in a small part of the pasture,
where she can be better watched.
Yours truly, H. D. Clark.
The disease seems to have disappeared here during Sep-
tember, as it did in the other towns. A few cases were
said to have occurred in Rutland, but these were not offi-
cially reported to the Board. Mr. Herrick was informed that
there is a large pasture in the western part of Princeton
where young cattle are said to die every year, and that
trouble has existed there for many years, perhaps as many
as thirty or forty. It is said that a few young cattle died
in this pasture early in the summer of 1900, but these cases
were not reported to the commission, and there was no op-
portunity for an investigation.
Reports were received from more distant parts of the
State of deaths among young cattle in Chester and Monroe,
and agents of the commission were sent to investigate
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 77
them. The results of the investigations do not show the
trouble to have been blackleg ; but, in view of the cases
elsewhere, it is not impossible that this disease was present
in these pastures, and that it had subsided when the agents
made their visits.
The following correspondence is sufficiently explana-
tory : —
Aug. 13, 1900.
Cattle Commissioners, Boston, Mass.
Dear Sirs : — As I have been losing cattle for two weeks past,
five in all dying, I reported it to the cattle inspector of Becket,
Mass., as that is the town that I live in, but I got no satisfaction
from him, as he did not come to see them. It is reported around
here that it is a contagious disease that is causing them to drop
off. The last two died last Friday and were buried Saturday.
My next neighbor lost three in the same manner.
I live between Middlefield and Chester. Trusting that you will
give this your attention, and oblige me greatly.
Yours very truly, A. T. Boyd.
Pittsfield, Mass., Aug. 17, 1900.
Dear Dr. Peters : — In accordance with your instructions, I
went to Chester to-day and investigated the trouble among the
cattle on the pasture of Archibald T. Boyd, and have to report as
follows : —
Five weeks ago there were in Boyd's pasture seventeen animals ;
of these, eleven two-year-old heifers and steers were the property
of Boyd, while six animals (a mature bull and five two-year-old
creatures) were owned by Mr. Farnham, the neighbor mentioned in
Boyd's letter. Five weeks ago one of Boyd's young cattle was
found dead in the pasture, and, as there had been a thunder storm
the day before, the cause of death was supposed to have been
lightning stroke. No more animals died until the latter part of
July and the first ten days in this month, during which time four
more of the young stock of Boyd and the bull belonging to Farn-
ham died, the last death having occurred Friday, August 10. On
August 6, Mr. Farnham removed his five young cattle from the
Boycl pasture and turned them into a lot further up the road. These
animals were not seen until the following Sunday, August 12, when
it was found that three were alive and two were dead. The con-
dition of the carcasses when found led the owner to think that the
animals probably died within one or two days from the time they
78 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
were removed from the Boyd pasture and put into the new one ;
further, Boyd thinks they were sick before they were taken from
his pasture.
August 1 0 all the remaining cattle were taken out of the Boyd
pasture, since when there have been no more deaths, and all the
animals are noticeably improving.
As to the pasture, the land where the seventeen animals had
been summering comprises about twenty-four acres, and is of ob-
long shape, about two-thirds of it open and comparatively level,
while one-third is partly wooded and partly brush, sloping down
into a lake. The whole is extremely rough and barren. Of the
actual surface of the open land, at least one- third is rock and
stone, and as I saw it to-day, after having been vacated of stock
for a week and after our recent rains, there is positively hardly a
spear of grass that an animal could pull, excepting in a few hollow
places where there is rank vegetation which the cattle seem to have
entirely refused. The wooded and scrub part bordering the lake
bears a few tall trees of maple, hemlock and black pine, with a
very dense undergrowth of alders, wild rhododendron and laurel,
and more especially the latter. Of distinctly poisonous vegetables
or trees I did not recognize any.
The last of the dead animals having been buried for over a
week, and being described as having been in a bad state of decom-
position before burial, I did not think a post-mortem examination
under the circumstances would be of any value, and consequently
I did not exhume any of them.
As to the nature and cause of the trouble, I am of the opinion
that it is all a question of insufficient pasture. The land has
never been under cultivation, and the vegetation, in addition to
being wild, would at the best be very scanty. Considering the
nature of the land, it was overstocked, and this is more especially
true when we consider the prolonged period of extremely hot and
dry weather which we had until ten days ago. The result was
that two-thirds of the available surface was absolutely devoid of
anything the animals could eat. The only thing left for them was
the coarse, indigestible brush around the margin of the lake, and
this, in my opinion, acted as an irritant, causing inflammation of
the stomach and resulting in death. The symptoms described
would bear out this idea, the animals being noticed dull and walk-
ing with a staggering gait one day, and found dead soon after,
usually within a day. I would say that towards the north end
of the lake was the part where nearly all the dead animals were
found, and, judging from the way the ground was tramped and
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 79
from the amount of droppings, it must have been the rendezvous
of the herd. It was also the part where the rhododendron and
laurel were most plentiful, the latter making a dense, continuous
brush.
I anticipate that, with change to fresh pastures and with acces-
sion of cooler weather and rains, there will not be any more trouble
with the herd.
Very truly, • George N. Kinnell.
Monroe Bridge, Sept. 22, 1900.
Cattle Commissioners.
Dear Sirs : — I have just returned from inspecting a dead
yearling heifer of Geo. Brown's. H. C. Shippee has had two
die, which I did not see, as I did not know of it for several days ;
but Mr. Brown found his last night, and notified me. Upon
opening it, I found the throat near the windpipe black and putrid ;
the heart black, with no blood in it, — a little nasty water ; the
lungs of an ink color, a thin fluid flowing from them when cut
into ; the paunch discharging quite a quantity of very offensive
watery matter. I think the case requires an investigation by
some one of more experience. If one of your board will come,
will meet you at Monroe Bridge, upon notice when you will be
there.
Very truly yours, D. H. Sherman, Inspector.
Greenfield, Mass., Oct. 3, 1900.
Dr. Austin Peters, Boston, Mass.
Dear Sir : — I wrote D. H. Sherman, inspector, Monroe Bridge,
and made a date to meet him, but, owing to its being so very
mountainous, I did not reach Monroe Bridge on time, and he had
gone. I then drove to Geo. Brown's place. Mr. Sherman had
been there that day. There has not been any more deaths. Mr.
Brown's yearling is the only death in this town of Monroe. Mr.
Shippee, who lost two animals, lives in Vermont, so I did not visit
him.
The post-mortem that Mr. Sherman held on Mr. Brown's year-
ling was not for twenty-four hours or more after it died, and, as
these deaths were over ten days ago, I think probably the Brown
cow did not die of a contagious disease.
Yours truly, M. L. Miner.
The inspector of Salem reported some deaths among cows
pastured near a tannery, but, as the animals had been
removed and rendered before he reported to the commis-
80 CATTLE COMMISSIONEBS. [Jan.
sion, it is not known whether these animals died from being
poisoned by some chemicals used in the process of tanning,
or from an infectious disease introduced in the hides. His
report is herewith given : —
Salem, Mass., Aug. 8, 1900.
Dear Doctor : — I have made post-mortem examination upon
four cows that have died suddenly in pastures of Salem, and found
the same condition in all four, namely extensive gastro-enteritis,
also discovered tuberculosis of the lung in one. I understand
there have been in all thirteen die that have been in this pasture ;
the board of health are investigating. There is drainage from a
tannery that runs through this field. Please advise me.
Yours truly, F. Saunders.
The first cattle to die in Hubbardston were left to decay
on the ground, after being skinned ; later, those that died
were buried, until the commission took charge ; after this,
all animals that died were ordered to be cremated wherever
it was practicable, and the ground where they lay was
burned over. This may have helped to limit the disease ;
whether it did or not, the percentage of mortality in the
Adams pasture, where the first case reported occurred, was
much greater than it was later, when all the carcasses were
either buried with quicklime or burned.
This concludes the history of these outbreaks, so far as a
study in the field is concerned. The results of the labora-
tory work undertaken for the Board of Cattle Commis-
sioners will next be considered.
July 31, Mr. Herrick and Dr. Cleaves made an autopsy
on a heifer that died in the Adams pasture during the night
of Sunday, July 29. She was very much decomposed, but
specimens were taken from the lungs, liver, spleen, third
stomach and mesenteric lymphatic glands, which were sent
to the Harvard Medical School, where they were examined
by Dr. J. N. Coolidge. These arrived in very much
decomposed condition. August 2, upon examination, Dr.
Coolidge found a bacillus which resembled the bacillus of
anthrax; in addition, there were many putrefactive bacteria
of various kinds. Further study by means of cultures and
inoculation experiments on guinea pigs showed that it was
not the bacillus of anthrax, but a bacillus resembling the
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 81
bacillus of malignant oedema, and also resembling the
bacillus of blackleg. Extracts from Dr. J. N. Coolidge's
report follow : —
August 3, specimens received from a two-year-old heifer kept
in the same pasture, from lungs, liver, posterior pharyngeal,
mediastinal and mesenteric lymphatic glands, tongue, larynx and
pharynx, showed the same bacillus as in the specimens received
August 2. Further investigation showed this to be an anaerobic
bacillus. Inoculated guinea pigs died in less than forty- eight
hours, and showed much oedema.
The bacilli were not found in the guinea pig's blood before
death. There were no microscopic changes in their organs.
Bacilli were found in small numbers in their blood after death,
and in the spleen. They were spore-producing ; sometimes were
in filaments, and in rather long, narrow chains. They decolorized
by Gram's method. They grew in anaerobic conditions [i.e.,
they grew when cultivated in the absence of oxygen] . Smears
from the peritoneum showed filamentous forms.
August 7, specimens received from Mr. Colby. The results
were the same ; the organs sent were the same.
August 8, specimens from Grafton; same organs, same results.
August 30, material brought by Dr. Langdon Frothingham
from Hubbardston. Very little found in smears. Inoculation
experiments not conclusive. Guinea pigs died in five days;
rabbits not affected. I have not tried to draw conclusions.
The material taken August 18 from the four-year-old
Devon cow, owned by N. B. Eeed of Princeton, included
specimens from the throat, lungs, spleen and liver. The
lungs contained a few small foci of pneumonia, which may
have been mechanical, as the result of taking minute par-
ticles of food into them, due to an inability to swallow
properly on account of the throat lesions. Dr. Smith, how-
ever, was able to isolate from the throat lesions, liver and
spleen an anaerobic spore-bearing bacillus, similar to the one
described by Dr. Coolidge. A streptococcus and other
bacteria were found which were not studied further. Inocu-
lation tests upon guinea pigs proved equally fatal ; it also
killed mice.
A healthy two-year-old heifer, brought down from Pep-
perell by Commissioner Dennen, was inoculated August 24
82 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
with a culture made from the liver of the Princeton cow, in
bouillon, August 21. Four cubic centimeters of this cult-
ure were injected into the subcutaneous connective tissue
on the right shoulder. In twentj-four hours there was a
swelling at the seat of inoculation the size of half a hen's
egg, which was hard and very painful on pressure. The
heifer's temperature arose to 103° F., where it remained
four or five days, when it gradually subsided to normal.
There was very little loss of appetite ; the animal fed spar-
ingly for two or three days, and then fed as usual. The
swelling remained for some time, becoming less painful, and
had not entirely disappeared when she was disposed of three
weeks later.
Whether this inoculation would protect the heifer if she
had been introduced into an infected pasture, is a question;
it very probably would. Furthermore, would the germ in-
troduced into the subcutaneous tissue of the shoulder act in
all cases as it did with this animal, or, if tried on a larger
scale, would it act fatally in some cases? A single experi-
ment proves nothing, beyond suggesting the importance and
necessity of further study, and experimentation upon a suf-
ficiently large scale to lay a foundation upon which to base
correct conclusions.
Kitt is quoted, in Freidberger and Frohner's " Pathology
and Therapeutics of the Domestic Animals," fourth Ger-
man edition, Vol. 2, page 416, as saying that animals
inoculated with cultures of the blackleg bacillus are given
immunity from natural infection ; but it would require fur-
ther study of the behavior of the bacillus separated from the
Worcester County disease before it could be decided that
this was the case there.
In the fifteenth annual report of the Bureau of Animal
Industry, 1898, there is a very interesting report upon black-
leg by Dr. Victor A. Norgaard, in which he gives an ac-
count of its history, geographical distribution, distribution
in the United States, symptoms, post-mortem appearances
and prevention, to which the reader is referred for more
detailed information. Norgaard says that in ninety-nine
per cent, of all the cases the tumors develop on the surface
of the body ; and this would seem to indicate that the
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 83
infection takes place through the skin ; in fact, deeper-
seated muscles, such as the diaphragm or tenderloin, are
very rarely affected. He says : "It is doubtful if infection
ever takes place through ingestion. In any case it has
proved exceedingly difficult to produce the disease, even by
feeding enormous doses of highly virulent material to sus-
ceptible animals."
The name of the disease, blackleg, is a popular one,
based upon its symptoms and lesions. It has been known
as quarter-evil as well as blackleg, because it usually attacks
one quarter of the animal, causing a swelling, with for-
mation of gas under the skin, which causes it to crackle on
pressure ; the surrounding tissues are infiltrated with blood
or bloody serum, and the adjacent muscles are dark brown
or black, and easily torn. Comparing these appearances
with most of those described as occurring among the young
cattle of Worcester County, it would seem that, if the
disease there was blackleg, it was certainly a peculiar form.
In the majority of cases where post-mortem examinations
were made the lesions were chiefly in the throat, in the
walls of the pharynx, the roof of the tongue, the glottis
and surrounding tissues. These lesions were quite con-
stant in the animals that died within a day or two of being
taken sick ; in animals that lived several days the lesions
were then found in other parts of the alimentary canal, and
the patients presented symptoms of generally sick animals,
having a high temperature and loss of appetite, but no
swellings upon the surface of the body or legs, as described
as being among the symptoms of blackleg.
The one inoculation experiment upon a heifer did not
produce the results that might be expected from the hypo-
dermic injection of a large quantity of the bacillus of black-
leg, but a single experiment of this kind is not conclusive.
The disease is spoken of as blackleg in this report be-
cause the bacillus found by Drs. Smith and Coolidge re-
sembles so closely the blackleg bacillus ; but, if it is the
same, it seems to be a modified form, having an affinity for
the digestive tract instead of a tendency to produce its
lesions in the muscles near the surface of the body and the
subcutaneous connective tissue.
84 CATTLE COMMISSIONEKS. [Jan.
It is possible infection took place through injuries from
coarse food, instead of through punctured wounds of the
skin, which Norgaard suggests may be the usual mode of
infection.
The United States Bureau of Animal Industry furnishes
an inoculating outfit and an attenuated blackleg virus for the
protective inoculation of young cattle upon farms where
blackleg exists, and the results have been very gratifying in
diminishing the ravages of this disease. The Bureau of
Animal Industry about the first of September sent one of
these outfits to Mr. Herrick, upon application from the
Board of Cattle Commissioners. Mr. Herrick notified the
farmers of Hubbardston and vicinity that he was prepared
to furnish the protective inoculation, at their risk if they
desired it, but that occasionally an animal inoculated might
die. As the disease had commenced to subside by that
time, no one availed himself of this offer. It may be as
well that none of the farmers cared to avail themselves of
this opportunity, as there is a possibility that their pastures
might have been infected through this means with a different
form of the disease than that already there, or even that true
blackleg and the disease occurring in Worcester County
may be totally distinct, and thus the pastures might have
become contaminated with another disease, in addition to
the one already there.
The last two summers have been excessively dry, and the
summer of 1900 was one of not only great drought, but
great heat as well. It may be that these unusual meteoro-
logical conditions were conducive to the production and
development of a germ which will disappear under more
normal conditions, or it may be that these pastures may
become permanently infected. In the latter case, it will
become incumbent upon the Cattle Commissioners to devise
some method of prophylaxis for the protection of the young
cattle in these districts.
Owing to the scarcity of forage during the last season,
the young animals may have been driven to eating coarse
grasses, sedges, briars .and similar material, which might
cause scratches and abrasions in the mouth and throat, by
which germs might gain access to deeper tissues and pro-
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 85
duce disease ; while in ordinary years food of a more succu-
lent character would be eaten, which would not injure the
mouth or throat, and thus these germs would produce no
bad results, even if a few were present in the food.
How the disease spread is an interesting question. Where
the animals were kept unburied, as they were at first, it
could be seen that foxes had been working at the remains,
eating them and pulling them about. It is possible that
foxes or birds might carry the disease from one pasture to
another, voiding the bacilli and spores in their excrement,
even although these germs were harmless to their bearers.
Certain it is that when the Cattle Commission insisted upon
having the carcasses burned or carefully buried the disease
commenced to diminish.
This disease is certainly one worthy of further investiga-
tion and experimentation, and, if it should become of a per-
manent character, no doubt it will be possible to determine
upon some means for its prevention. It is the opinion of
Dr. Theobald Smith that it would be better to attempt to
prepare a virus for protective inoculation from the germ
already there than to blindly adopt the use of the material
for the prevention of blackleg furnished by the Bureau
of Animal Industry, until it is proved that the disease in
Worcester County is identical with blackleg, and not a
different form of the malady, or possibly a distinct disease.
In fact, it cannot be too strongly emphasized that it would
be a very unwise plan to use a blackleg preventive vaccine,
for fear of infecting the pastures with another disease, until
it is conclusively proven that true blackleg and the dis-
order described here are identical.
Texas Fever.
There has been no Texas fever in Massachusetts during
the summer of 1900, neither has there been for several
years. The commission has taken the usual precautions ;
that is, cattle brought in during the summer months from
infected districts can only be brought in for immediate
slaughter, and must be unloaded at the slaughter house and
not driven into pens or over streets that are used for north-
ern cattle. The regulations of the United States Bureau
86 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
of Animal Industry relating to Texas fever are an addi-
tional safeguard. The cars having cattle from localities
where Texas fever exists are placarded ; that is, a placard
is tacked upon them, stating that the cattle are from
quarantine districts, and that they cannot be yarded in pens
used for northern cattle, or driven over runways or roads
upon which northern cattle are likely to be driven. These
regulations have had the effect of reducing the danger to
Massachusetts cattle from Texas fever very much, com-
pared to several years ago.
Rabies.
Very few cases 01 rabies have been reported to the Cattle
Commission during the last year. Rabbits were inoculated
with material from the brains of three dogs, sent in during
the autumn of 1899, which did not develop any symptoms
of rabies at the expiration of three months after the
beginning of last year ; these three dogs, therefore, were
not rabid.
The head of a dog owned in Newton was sent in January
8. The dog had bitten two children, and was killed ; it was
thought advisable to be sure that he was not rabid. A
rabbit and guinea pig inoculated January 9 were still
healthy April 28 ; the dog, therefore, was free from this
disease.
There were but two other cases of supposed rabies re-
ported, and neither of these was verified by inoculating
rabbits or guinea pigs. One was reported from Fall River,
the other from Weston. It does not seem improbable now
that the Weston case may have been one of rabies, as, at
the time of preparing this report, an outbreak of rabies was
reported among dogs in Watertown, Waltham and Belmont,
The Cattle Commission hoped rabies had been practically
eradicated from among the dogs in this Commonwealth, as
such an interval had elapsed since the occurrence of an
authentic case. The last one which was proved to have
been true rabies was in March, 1899. It is, therefore, a
disappointment to hear of the new outbreak to which we
have just alluded.
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 87
Swine Diseases.
During the past year eleven outbreaks of hog cholera, or
diseases supposed to be hog cholera, have been reported
among swine. In addition to these, one case of tubercu-
losis was reported in a pig in Townsend, which was ordered
killed by the Board, and was found to have this disease.
When an outbreak of hog cholera occurs, all it seems
possible for the commission to do is to quarantine the
premises, and forbid owners to buy or sell any swine until
the disease has disappeared. This is usually accomplished
by killing the badly diseased, waiting until the sick ones
have recovered and no new cases appear, then disinfect the
pens. Occasionally where there is a bad outbreak an owner
prefers to kill all his swine, disinfect the pens and restock
with healthy animals.
Outbreaks of hog cholera have been reported from Col-
rain, Lee, Brockton, Greenfield, Brookline, Medfield, West-
field, Stockbridge and Sterling.
The outbreak in Sterling was found to be due to pneu-
monia late in the fall, as a result of not housing the swine
properly. These reports involve 523 animals; 420 were
released, the others having died or been killed. Those
released were the animals left after the outbreaks had sub-
sided.
Where hog cholera appears in a herd of swine, if the ani-
mals are large and ready for market, perhaps the best course
to pursue is to kill all of them for pork, when all that are
found to be free from disease can be utilized and the others
sent to the Tenderers. In a number of cases there seems to
be no doubt that hog cholera or swine plague may be caused
by feeding swill that has been kept some little time, and
not cooked. The germs of hog cholera may perhaps be ob-
tained from uncooked swill, as a result of throwing refuse
from western pork into it. Swine plague may be produced
by the germs of the disease developing in the putrefying
swill. The swill from large public institutions, and city
swill, seems to be especially dangerous, and should always
be cooked before being fed. Small quantities of house
swill fed fresh daily to pigs kept at home is less dangerous.
88 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan.
An agent of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
Animals telephoned September 13, reporting a disease in
pigs in Agawam resembling mange. An agent of the
Board was sent to Springfield September 15, and proceeded
to Agawam. He reported that, in his opinion, the pigs
had eczema ; that they were in a dirty, dusty pen, and the
dust collected upon them, making thick scabs after the
eczema appeared. He advised a change of food, as they
were then getting distillery slops, and also advocated let-
ting them run in the fields, where they could get some green
food, and where it would not be so dusty. Nothing has
been heard of this trouble further, so it is hoped that the
change of food and care was beneficial.
Miscellaneous .
February 23, Dr. C. H. Playdon of Reading reported
what he thought might be a contagious disease among cattle
on a farm in Saugus. The chairman of the Board and Dr.
Langdon Frothingham visited the farm February 24, and
found five cows had died and five more were sick ; eleven
cows and one bull were healthy. The animals that were
sick seemed to be grinding their teeth, leaning forward in
the stanchions, and those that were very sick would get
down and seem unable to rise before death took place.
Post-mortems were made on some of the animals that were
dead, and the blood was black and tarry, and some of them
showed little patches of broncho-pneumonia, but not all.
Cultures were taken by Dr. Frothingham from the blood
and various organs, but he did not succeed in finding any
pathogenic germs. One peculiar thing in this case was that
there was no rise in temperature ; the sick animals did not
seem to be feverish, their temperatures remaining normal.
The food seemed to be of the usual quality : salt marsh hay,
English hay, Chicago gluten meal, bran, corn meal and a
little steamed linseed meal. The water supply came from
a well a little distance from the barn, and seemed to be of
good quality. The second visit was made by the chairman
and Mr. Dennen, March 1, when the eleven cows and the
bull, which were quarantined February 24, were released,
as they remained healthy. Four quarantined cows that
1901.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 51. 89
were sick were killed by a butcher, who bought the hides
and carcasses to be sold to a renderer. Mr. Dennen susr-
gested that the animals showed symptoms of lead poison-
ing, and thought, if some of the organs had been analyzed,
instead of examined for bacteria, lead might have been
found. In this instance ten animals out of twenty-two died.
Boston, April 5, Dr. C. A. Keene of Fitchburg notified the
Cattle Commission of a supposed outbreak of a contagious
disease in Westminster. The chairman of the Board at
once went to Fitchburg, and with Dr. Keene visited the
farm where the sick animals were. Six cattle had died,
four were sick and eight were in a lane back of the barn,
apparently well. These animals presented much the same
symptoms as those in Saugus ; there was no rise in tem-
perature, the animals staggered and stood pressing forward
in the stanchions, and finally seemed unable to stand, fell
down and could not rise again. Post-mortems were made
on three, but no well-marked lesions were found. One
animal, which was nearly dead, was killed, and specimens
were taken, consisting of a bit of heart muscle, bit of liver,
bit of kidney and a piece of the spleen, and were sent to
Dr. Frothingham for examination. Remembering the sug-
gestion that the animals in Saugus might have lead
poisoning, part of the contents of the third and fourth
stomachs, bit of small intestine and a portion of the lungs
were taken from the one that was killed and the one that
died in the morning, and sent to Dr. Chas. Harrington of
Boston, to be analyzed, in order to see whether the animals
had been poisoned in any way. Dr. Harrington was unable
to detect any of the common poisons in the specimens sent
him, and Dr. Frothingham found no pathogenic germs in
the material sent him. The causes of these two outbreaks
of disease, which appeared to be identical in character, are,
therefore, mysterious. If any similar cases are reported
another winter or spring, it is hoped that some reason for
their occurrence may be discovered.
July 30, a farmer in Weston found a cow dead in the past-
ure, and on the 31st two died in another pasture. The chair-
man of the Board made post-mortems on the two that died
July 31, but all that could be found was an inflammation of
90 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS. [Jan. 1901.
the small intestine in one and of the small and large intes-
tines in the other ; in each cow the interior surface of the
small intestines were covered by a purulent mucus. Speci-
mens from the spleen, liver, kidney, heart and small intes-
tines from one cow were taken to Dr. Theobald Smith,
who could not find any germs of disease. Some of the
portions of the intestines, lungs and kidneys were also
taken to Dr. Chas. Harrington for analysis, and he re-
ported that he could not find any of the common irritant
poisons. It seems that these cases must have been the
result of the cows eating something that disagreed with
them, causing acute inflammation of the intestines. As it
was hot weather, it is possible that some toxic substance
was produced, as a result of the decomposition of some of
the food, which may have produced fatal results.
Respectfully submitted,
AUSTIN PETERS, Chairman,
LEANDER F. HERRICK, Secretary,
CHARLES A. DENNEN,
Board of Cattle Commissioners.
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